diff --git "a/data/years/1978/clefip2011_en_classification_1978_validated.csv" "b/data/years/1978/clefip2011_en_classification_1978_validated.csv"
--- "a/data/years/1978/clefip2011_en_classification_1978_validated.csv"
+++ "b/data/years/1978/clefip2011_en_classification_1978_validated.csv"
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-ucid;date;country;kind;lang;date_produced;status;family_id;main_code;further_codes;ipcr_codes;ecla_codes;title;abstract;description;claims;inventors;applicants;application_date;patent_number
-WO-1978000001-A1;19781019.0;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;27125127.0;C03B19;C03C3, C03C11;B01D17, B01D39, B01J20, B01J35, B01J37, C02F1, C03B19, C03B37, C03C3, C03C11, C03C13, C03C23, C08J5, C12H1, G21F9;B01D  13/04H, B01D  17/02B, B01D  39/20B, B01J  20/28, B01J  35/06B, B01J  37/02C, C02F   1/68C, C03B  19/12, C03B  37/016, C03C  11/00, C03C  13/04, C03C  23/00S, C03C   3/00, C08J   5/22, C12H   1/04B, G21F   9/12;LOW TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF VITREOUS BODIES AND THEIR INTERMEDIATES;"A method of making glass of high purity and in virtually unlimited shapes via solution deposition on a porous self-supporting body by reaction between a first solution and a second solution; an a product made thereby. The rust solution containing at least one basic glass forming solute is confined within a porous container, the walls of which are substantially impermeable to the basic solute. The second solution containing at least one acidic solute is diffused into the porous container through its walls which are substantially permeable to the said acidic solute. The reaction between the rust solution and the second solution takes place within the porous container leading to the deposition of a self-supporting porous body on the inside walls of the container. The porous body which is crystalline, vitreous or intermediate between the two, is purified by leaching and/or washing, dried and thermally consolidated, to a transparent non-porous glass.";"LOW TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF VITREOUS BODIES AND THEIR INTERMEDIATES FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a novel method for making a vitreous body and its intermediates. More particularly, the method relates to a low temperature production of a vitreous body via synthesis of a self-supporting body by solution deposition. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART In recent years, the most commonly employed commercial process for the manufacture of glass is the direct melting process. This process is somewhat tedious and has not been very successful in the melting of easily devitrifiable and high refrac¬ tory glass. Many of the latest technological advances demand glass to be in a state of high purity which is seldom met in a direct process. Operational cost of the direct process is energy-sensitive and recurring energy crises continue to have significant impact on glass making operations. Consequently, a method for preparing glass at low cost, in a state of high purity and in relatively unlimited composition is needed. A number of indirect processes, namely, anodization, shockwave treatment, and neutron bombardment, have been proposed, but their use has never been realized on a large scale. These processes severely limit the operational flexibility and in most cases, the production cost is higher than for the direct process. In U.S. Patents 2,480,672, 2,106,744 and 3,785,793, for example, a process is disclosed wherein the silica content of an easily meltable alkali-borosilicate glass is enriched by phase separation and leaching. The porous glass which is obtained as an intermediate product is thermally consolidated at elevated tempera¬ ture. Although the process is comparatively inexpensive, it suffers from the limitation with respect to choice and regulation of glass-forming compounds. Choice and regulation of modifying compounds can, however, be achieved via a doping operation in the pores of porous glass. Physical doping operations are dis¬ closed, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,336,227, 3,232,782, 3,938,974 and in the Ph.D. Thesis of M. Samanta, ""Molecular Engineering of Silica-Rich Glasses Produced by Phase Separation,"" Catholic University of America, 1975. A chemical doping process is disclosed in a pending U.S. patent application, Serial No. 832,230 filed September 12, 1977 by M. Samanta. High purity glass has been prepared by a vapor deposi- tion process as described, for example, in U.S. Patents 2, 326,059, 3,884,550 and 4,062,665 among many others. In such a process vitreous silica is deposited in the form of a self-supporting porous body singly or in combination with a dopant. This process is expensive and the shape of bodies obtainable from such a process is limited. Polymerization processes have been tried for glass making with limited success. Two distinct lines of approach have been attempted. First is the concentration of a colloidal solu¬ tion under controlled conditions as described, for example in U.S. Patents 2,886,404 and 3,535,890. Second is the interaction in solution between a silicon compound and a polymerizing agent therefor, as described, for example in U.S. Patents 3,678,144, 3,827,893, and 4,059,658. The main difficulty in both lines of approach is the large shrinkage accompanying the process which makes the glass susceptible to breakage and which presents a poten¬ tial problem in the design of molds. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In the process of the present invention, first and second solutions separated by a permeable barrier are provided. The first solution contains at least one basic or alkaline glass forming solute and the second solution contains at least one acidic solute with the permeable barrier being substantially permeable to the acidic solute but substantially impermeable to the basic solute. When the first solution and the second solution are originally at suitable concentrations, passage of the second solution through the barrier occurs and a chemical combination takes place resulting in the deposition of a porous self-supporting body on the side of the barrier in contact with the first solution. The porous body can be purified, dried and thermally consolidated to a non-porous glass. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention facilitates an economical mass production of vitreous bodies in a state of high purity and in virtually unlimited shapes. According to this invention, a porous self-supporting body deposits on a substrate, when a first solu- tion containing a suitable concentration of at least one basic glass forming solute is allowed to react, on the substrate with a second solution containing a suitable concentration of at least one acidic solute. When the concentration of the acidic solute in the second solution falls outside of the range of suitable concentrations, amorphous or crystalline particles result with no interconnectivity. The broadness of the range of appropriate con¬ centrations depends on the particular type of reaction and can be determined experimentally by trial and error. The first solution and the second solution are separated by a permeable barrier the walls of which act as a substrate for deposition of a porous self-supporting body. The second solution is diffused through the through the barrier which is substantially permeable to the acidic solute but substantially impermeable to the basic glass forming solute. This assures a reaction between the first solution and the second solution on the barrier to deposit a porous self supporting body. The nature and composition of the solutions which are useful for glass formation are shown in Table 1 (first solution) and Table 2 (second solution) . The solutions may be binary (containing one solute) or multicomponent (containing more than one solute) . The solvents useful for the purpose of making a solution may be water, hydrocarbons such as benzene, alcohols such as methanol, ketones such as acetone, ethers such as diethyl ether, carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and mixtures thereof. TABLE 1 First Solution All solutions contain moderately high to very high concentrations of the basic glass forming solute. The solutions may be true solutions or colloidal solutions. The solutes exemplified in the above table may be simple solutes or complex solutes. Simple solutes are those which are combinations of two different oxides; complex solutes are those which are combinations of more than two oxides. An example of the simple solute is the silicate Na 2 O,x Si0 2 where x= 2 to 4 available in commercial water glass solution. An example of the complex solute is the silicate or borate, K 2 O. 2B 2 O 3 . 3SiO 2 which can be made synthetically. A convenient method for making an aqueous solution of a simple solute or comp¬ lex solute is to mix suitable raw materials in desired proportion, fuse the mixture at high temperature and finally treat the fused mass with hot water with or without the use of pressure. Other methods include dissolving amorphous oxide in hot aqueous alkali. In many cases the aqueous solutions of the simple solutes or complex solutes are turbid, presumably due to the homogeneous distribution of some undissolved solute in colloidal dimension. In cases where more than one basic glass forming solute is used complications might arise due to the interaction of two solutes leading to the formation of a gel. As an example, the inter¬ action of sodium silicate and sodium aluminate in aqueous solu¬ tion leads to the formation of a gel. The problem can be avoided by using a low concentration of one solute so that gel is formed in small amounts which can be dispersed throughout the solution in colloidal dimension. The prefered concentration range of the basic glass forming solute in the first solution should be such that it will be able to provide from 0.10 mole to 40 moles of glass forming oxide from 1 liter of solution. Stronger or weaker concentra¬ tions may also be used to tailor the process to the product desired. In case more than one basic glass forming solute is present or in case the basic glass forming solute is a complex one, the first solution should be able to provide from 0.10 moles to 40 moles of at least one glass forming oxide. TABLE 2 Second Solution Most solutions should contain very low to moderately high concentrations of the acidic solute; very high concentrations have been found to be useful in special circumstances. The con¬ centration range of the acidic solute in the second solution depends on the concentration of the first solution and can be ascertained by trial and error. The solution must be a true solution. Table 2 continued - is a rapid initial movement of the second solution into the first solution because of large differences in osmotic pressures between the two solutions. With the progress of reaction, this difference decrease because some of the impermeable component deposits out of the solution. The reaction at any stage can be controlled by using external pressure either on the first solution or on the second solution. Various additives may be added to the first solution and/or the second solution to have the desired effects. Suitable additives include peptizing agents, protective colloids, coagulating agents, structure modifiers and composition modifiers. Additives may be present in the first solution as dissolved solute or in homogeneous suspension. They increase the viscosity of the solution and offer resistance to the movement of the basic solute which is desirable for producing a self-supporting structure. The additives may co-deposit in the porous body to increase the porosity and pore-size. Additives for the second solution must be present as dissolved solute. They may increase the pH buffering capacity and/or the osmotic pressure of the second solution which is desirable. The porosity and pore-size of the porous self-supporting body are found to be directly proportional to the concentration of the second solution and inversely proportional to the concentration of. the first solution. Thus, an asymmetric distribution of pore- sizes in the deposited porous body can be achieved merely by pro¬ per manipulation of the concentrations of the solutions at various instants of the process. It has been found that washing the depo¬ sited porous body with water increased the pore diameter and the porosity to a small extent due to the slight dissolution of the porous skeleton by a solution of unreacted basic solute. The thickness of the deposited porous structure is a function of duration of combination. The duration of combination also determines a composition profile within the porous body. A portion of the porous body near the walls of the porous container has more complete deposition than a portion far from the walls. This profile in composition can be destroyed- by leaching with an acid. It has already been pointed out that depending on the concentration of the first solution, a range of concentrations of the second solution can be used to form a self-supporting porous body. When the actual concentration is high in the range of concentrations, the deposited porous body is predominantly crystalline. When the actual concentration of the second solution is low in the range of concentrations the deposited porous body is predominantly vitreous. It is possible to develop in the porous body two or more layers having different compositions merely by replacing the first solution and/or second solution with a different composition. This is an example of discontinuous variation of composition in the porous body. A continuous variation of composition in the porous body can be achieved by varying the composition of the first solution and/or the second solution continuously. In making compositionally inhomogeneous porous body, the importance of both first solution and second solution has to be considered since in the deposition process, the glass forming oxide corresponding to the basic glass forming solute is deposited either singly or in combination with an oxide derived from the acidic solute. The physically bound impurities in the porous self- supporting body can be removed by washing with water at room temperature. The composition profile in the porous body due to non-uniform deposition can be eliminated by leaching. Leaching is done with N/1000 to 3N dilute mineral acid at temperatures varying from 25°C to 100°C. The porous structure can be doped physically or chemically with a modifier. Physical doping processes are described, for example in U.S. Patents 2,336,227, 2,232,782, and 3,938,974 and in the Ph.D. Thesis of M. Samanta, ""Molecular Engineering of Silica-Rich Glasses Produced by Phase Separation"", Catholic University of America, 1975. In this process, the porous body is impregnated with a solution of dopant, dried at room temperature to remove most of the solvent, heated to decompose the dopant into an oxide and finally consolidated at high tempera¬ ture to incorporate the oxide. A chemical doping process is disclosed in pending U.S. patent application, Serial No. 832,230 filed September 12, 1977 by M. Samanta. This chemical doping process involves exchange of protons in the porous body with cations in a weak basic medium. Most of the physically bound water in the undoped or doped porous body can be removed by room temperature drying. Rapid drying introduces tension, particularly at the cut edges of the porous body which then tends to crack. This can be prevented by coating the cut edge with a thin film of polyethylene glycol as described in U.S. Patent 2,861, 351. For a porous structure containing pores of 200 A or lower, controlled drying under a relative humidity of 60-90% is preferable. Capillary forces in this case ar-e very high and too rapid drying causes breakage of the structure. Chemically bound water in the form of surface hydroxyl groups cannot be removed by room temperature drying. These can be removed by vacuum drying at temperatures below the consolidation temperature of the porous body as described in U.S. Patent 2,505,001 or by chemical methods as described in U.S. Patents 2,982,053, 3,459,522 and 3,535,890 wherein replace¬ ment of hydroxyl groups in the porous body is done by halogen. An efficient chemical method ϊs> disclosed in U.S. patent application Serial No. 832,231 filed September 12, 1977 by M. Samanta. In this method, the combination of two non-bridging hydroxyl groups in the porous body to form a single bridging oxide group is sought to be achieved in the presence of an acid anhydride. The doped or undoped porous structure, after removal of most of the physically bound water by room temperature drying for 2 days is heated at the rate of 100°C per hour. It is then kept at about 600° for 2 hours and chemically bound water is removed by appropriate treatment. The temperature is raised again at the rate of 100°C per hour until the porous body is consolidated to a non-porous vitreous body. For a crystalline porous body, the consolidation temperature is close to the liquidus temperature of the consolidated glass (liquidus temperature is the maximum temperature at which glass coexists with crystal) . For a vitreous porous body the consolidation temperature is close to. the glass transition temperature of the consolidated glass (glass transition temperature is the temperature corresponding to the breakpoint of the specific heat versus temperature curve of a glass) . For a mixed phase porous body, the consolidation temperature lies between the glass transition temperature and the liquidus temperature. It is found that glass prepared by the process of this invention is extremely pure. Thus, in the deposition of a germania and silica porous body, impurities like Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr preferentially migrate into solution. Glass made from such a porous body is highly transparent to ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation. In order to indicate more fully the nature and utility of my invention, the following specific examples are set forth. In all examples, tubular cellulose dialyzer membranes having an average pore diameter of 4.8 nm are used. All concentrations expressed in percentage are gms per 100 ml of solution except where otherwise differently stated. All chemicals are laboratory reagent grade chemicals except for sodium silicate and cesium nitrate. EXAMPLE 1 In each of the following experiments, a dialyzer tube 4"" in length and 0.5"" in diameter is closed at one end and then filled with 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution (first solution). 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution has a composition of 6.5% Na 2 O, 25% SiO 2 and 68.5% H 2 0, all percentages being expressed in gms per 100 gms of the solution. The tube is then closed at the other end. The closed tube which has a length of 2.5"" is almost filled with silicate solution and contains very little space filled with air. The tube is completely immersed in a horizontal position in 3000 ml aqueous ammonium chloride solution (second solution) for 24 hours. .Because of the molecular sizes, only ammonium chloride molecules and no sodium silicate molecules can diffuse through the membrane. The results of various experiments are shown in Table 3. The average room temperature recorded during the experiments is 24°C. TABLE 3 Table 3 continued - Table 3 shows that against a concentration of 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution (first solution) concentrations of aqueous ammonium chloride solution (second solution) corres¬ ponding to Experiment Numbers 4, 5, 6, and 7 are suitable for the formation of a porous self-supporting body. Thus, against a concentration of 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution (first solution) the range of suitable concentrations is from 0.5% to 5% for aqueous ammonium chloride solution (second solution) . Table 3 also shows that when the actual concen- tration of aqueous ammonium chloride solution is high in the range of concentrations, the deposited porous self-supporting body is predominantly crystalline; when the actual concentra¬ tion of aqueous ammonium chloride solution is low in the range of concentrations, the deposited porous self-supporting body is predominantly vitreous. The concentrations of the reactants useful for deposition of a porous self-supporting body, as demonstrated above, may not be suitable under a set of different conditions. Use of a membrane of different pore size, use of different temperature and use of pressure on either solution can alter the concentration of either solute available for reaction on the membrane substrate. Four deposited porous self-supporting bodies are separated from the membranes and their diameters appear to be larger than the diameter of the original dialyzer tube. This is due to the fact that in the initial stage, there is rapid absorption of ammonium chloride solution within the tube due to the large difference in osmotic pressure between the ammonium chloride solution and the sodium silicate solu- tion. Consequently, within the tube there is a development of pressure which is partially relieved by expansion of the tube both in diameter and length. The porous bodies after washing with water 2 times, are leached with .01N H 2 SO 4 at 21°C for 10 hours to remove sodium ions and then washed with water to remove the acid.. The porous bodies after washing are dried at 21°C for 48 hours to remove most of the physically bound water. They are heated under vacuum at the rate of 100°C per hour. They are then held at 600°C for 2 hours. The temperature is raised again at the rate of 100°C per hour until the porous bodies are consolidated to a non-porous glass. Table 3 shows that consolidation temperature for a crystalline porous body is higher than that for a vitreous porous body. Theoretically, a crystalline porous body should have a consolidation tempera- ture close to the liquidus temperature of the consolidated glass, whereas a vitreous porous body should have a consolidation temperature close to the glass transition tempera¬ ture of the consolidated glass. All four consolidated glasses are analyzed for silica, sodium and iron concentration. The average sodium concentration is 50 ppm, the average iron concentration is 15 ppb, and the average silica concentration is 99.99%. Thus, it is found that very pure silica glass can be prepared by this invention. The concentration of sodium which deteriorates the refractoriness and the concentration of iron which deteriorates the optical quality can be further decreased by using raw materials of high purity and/or using a more severe leaching condition. EXAMPLE 2 In each of the following experiments, a dialyzer tube 4"" in length arid 0.5"" in diameter is closed at one end and then filled with 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution. The tube is closed at the other end. The closed tube which has a length of 2.5"" is almost filled with silicate solution and contains very little air space. The tube is completely immersed in a horizontal position in 3000 ml 50% aqueous aluminum sulfate solution for the desired time. The deposited porous vitreous body is separated from the dialyzer tube and washed with water. The wall thickness of the washed product is measured. The results of various experiments are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 Average temperature of the experiments = 24°C. This example verifies that wall thickness of the deposited porous body is directly proportional to the duration of combination of the two solutions. In the above experiments, changes in length and in diameter of the dailyzer tubes are practically zero, presumably because the osmotic pressures of the two solutions are very close. It has to be noted that reaction between aqueous aluminum sulfate solution and aqueous sodium silicate solution is very slow. Other reactions like the reaction between aqueous ammonium chloride solution and aqueous sodium silicate solution are very fast and a consider¬ able amount of wall thickness of porous body can be built up in a very short time. EXAMPLE 3 In the experiments of Example 1, it is found that the shape and size of the deposited porous body were slightly different from the original shape and size of the membrane. This is due to the rapid osmotic absorption of the second "" solution within the tube towards the beginning of the experi¬ ment. This leads to a development of pressure and makes the membrane dimensionally unstable. In the following experi¬ ment (Experiment No. 12) the system is buffered with respect to change in pressure. A dialyzer tube 0.5"" in diameter and 20"" in length is closed at one end and is partially filled with 75 ml 40 Be aqueous sodium silicate solution. The open end of the dialyzer tube is fastened to a support and the tube is suspended vertically in 5000 ml 0.5% aqueous ammonium chlo- ride solution so that 75% of the solution within the dialyzer tube is immersed in ammonium chloride solution. The part of the dialyzer tube which is not filled with silicate solution remains more or less collapsed. The initial rapid diffusion - of the second solution into the tube is thus prevented by a counter acting hydrostatic pressure. Further, solution diffused into the dialyzer tube is accommodated by the inflation of the collapsed portion of the dialyzer tube and this prevents any dimensional instability of the immersed portion of the dialyzer tube. The deposited porous glass tube is found to be perfectly cylindrical conforming to the shape and size of the dialyzer tube. The average room temperature recorded during the experiment is 24°C. It is found that non-uniformity in deposition can be caused by variation in pressure from point to point in a porous container. This gives rise to a problem when the portion of the porous container directly involved in the deposition process had a large vertical length. This problem can be minimized or eliminated by positioning the porous container in the second solution to occupy the shortest vertical distance, and providing the porous container with a flexible non-porous closure which can expend to relieve the pressure developed in course of the process. It is preferable to have the porous container as rigid as possible and to have solutions of very close osmotic pressure. An alternative method for relieving the pressure is to provide the opening of the porous container with a solution-tight piston which can yield to pressure by moving away from the container across a path enclosed by a non-porous structure. In another alternative method a hollow needle may be used to bleed off excess pressure. EXAMPLE 4 138 gms potassium carbonate, 248 gms boric acid and 314 gms germania are intimately mixed together and the mixture is vitrified by melting in the ceramic crucible at 1300°C. While hot, the molten mass is poured into 1000 ml of water at room temperature whereby the glass is broken into numerous fragile particles. The mixture is filtered and both the resi- due and filtrate are further treated. The residue is ground to powder which is then added back to the filtrate and the combina¬ tion is heated at 100°C for one hour to dissolve as much solute as possible. The volume of the solution is adjusted to 1000 ml. The potassium borogermanate solution thus obtained contains one mole of K 2 O, two moles of B 2 O 3 and 3 moles of GeO 2 . The solu¬ tion appears turbid, presumably due to the homogeneous suspen¬ sion of some undissolved solute in colloidal dimension. 15,000 ml of pH 5.00 acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solurion is prepared as follows. 10,000 ml sodium hydroxide solution and 10,000 ml acetic acid solution, each of approximately 0.5N concentration are made. The actual concentrations of acetic acid solution and sodium hydroxide solution are determined by titration and are found to be 0.500N and 0.426N respectively. Using these values, a 15,000 ml pH 5.00 acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer is prepared by adding 6420 ml of sodium acetate to 8580 ml of acetic acid. In each of the following experiments, a dialyzer tube 0.5"" in diameter and 20"" in length is closed at one end and is partially filled with 75 ml aqueous potassium borogermanate solution. The open end of the dialyzer tube is fastened to a support and the tube is suspended vertically in 5000 ml acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution so that 75% of the solution within the dialyzer tube is immersed in buffer solution and the other 25% of the solution stays above the buffer solution. After the desired length of time, the deposited porous glass body is taken out and is separated from the dialyzer tube. The porous glass tube is washed with water five times and dried at room temperature for two days. The samples from several locations inside glass tubes are analyzed for potassium oxide concentration. The results of various experiments are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 This example demonstrates the use of a complex solute (consisting of more than two oxides) in the first solution and the use of a buffered second solution containing an organic acid. Further, this example demonsrates the existance of a composition profile which is a function of time. EXAMPLE 5 To 1000 ml vigorously boiling distilled water is added drop by drop, a freshly prepared solution made by dissolving 5gms of ferric chloride in 5 cc of water. As each drop falls into the boiling water, ferric chloride suffers hydrolysis, forming a beautiful deep red ferric oxide sol. The sol obtained is rapidly dialyzed in a cellphane bag against warm water to free it from the hydrochloric acid and undecomposed ferric chloride. The purified sol is then concentrated to a volume of 10 ml by slow evaporation. In the following experiment (Experiment No. 16) 75 ml red colloidal solution is prepared by uniformly mixing 70 ml of 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate and 5 ml of ferric oxide sol. A dialyzer tube 0.5"" in diameter and 20"" in length is closed at one end and is partially filled with 75 ml red colloidal solution. The open end of the dialyzer tube is fastened to a support and the tube is suspended vertically in 5000 ml 0.75% aqueous ammonium nitrate solution So that 75% of the solution within the dialyzer tube is immersed in ammonium nitrate solution and the other 25% of the solution stays above the ammonium nitrate solution. After 30 hours, the deposited red porous body is taken out and is separated from the dialyzer tube. The deposited porous body on analysis shows the presence of ferric oxide. The average room temperature recorded during the experiment was 24°C. This example demonstrates the use of an additive in the first solution to incorporate a modifying compound in the deposited porous hody. EXAMPLE 6 In the following experiment (Experiment No. 17), a dialyzer tube 0.5"" in diameter and 20"" in length is closed at one end and partially filled with 75 ml of 40° aqueous sodium silicate solution. The open end of the dialyzer tube is fastened to a support and the tube is suspended vertically in 5000 ml 0.5% aqueous ammonium chloride solution so that 75% of the solution within the dialyzer tube is immersed in ammonium chloride solution and the other 25% of the solution stays above the ammonium chloride solution. After 25 hours of reaction, the solution within the dialyzer tube is replaced by 70 ml of of aqueous potassium borogermante solution as prepared in Example 4; other conditions of the experiment remain unchanged. The reaction is allowed to continue for another 25 hours. The deposited composite porous glass is taken out and is separated from the dialyzer tube. The average temperature recorded during the experiment is 27°C. The porous body, after washing with water two times, is leached with 0.005N H 2 SO 4 at 27°C for 10 hours to remove sodium ions and potassium ions and then washed with water to remove acids. The porous body after washing is dried at 21°C for 48 hours to remove most of the physically bound water. It is heated under vacuum at the rate of 100°C per hour up to 600°C. The vacuum is then taken off and the porous glass is treated with SO 3 vapor for 2 hours at 600°C. This process removes the chemically bound water. The porous glass is subjected to vacuum again and the temperature is raised again at the rate of 100°C per hour until the porous body is consolidated at 1450°C to a transparent non-porous glass tube. The tube is a composite with the outer wall substantially made of silica and the inner wall substantially made of germania. EXAMPLE 7 In the following experiment (Experiment No. 18) doping with cesium salt is performed using the porous silica glass made in Example 3. For good optical quality, both the cesium salt and the porous glass need to be purified. The purification of porous glass is done by leaching with 0.005N H 2 SO 4 at 27°C for 10 hours. A more severe leaching condition is next adopted by leaching the porous glass with 2N H 2 SO 4 at 95°C for 24 hours. The tube is washed with water to remove acids and is ready for the doping operation. Commercial grade CsNO 3 contains 3 - 5 ppm of iron which is detrimental to the optical quality of glass. It is found that a solution of CsNO 3 saturated at 100°C has a pH of 6, at which some iron must precipitate in order to maintain the solubility product of Fe(OH), at its extremely low value. 250 ml of solution of CsNO 3 saturated at 100°C is vigorously boiled under reflux for 6 hours. The solution turns reddish due to precipitation of Fe(OH) 3 and the filtered solution is cooled to crystalization at 23°C. The crystals are separated by filtration and the filtrate which is a saturated solution of CsNO 3 in water at 23°C is used in the doping process. To 100 ml of CsNO 3 solution is added 200 ml of liquid NH,. The purified porous glass tube is dipped into the above solution. In this process, the protons from the porous glass are replaced by the cesium ions. The ion exchange is complete in three days. The tube which looks white is washed with water to remove CsN0 3 and NH 3 . The tube is dried at 23°C for 48 hours to remove most of the physically bound water. It is heated under vacuum at the rate of 100°C per hour up to 600°C. It is held at that temperature for 2 hours. The temperature is raised again at the rate of 100°C per hour until the porous body is consolidated at 1450°C to a trans¬ parent non-porous glass tube. It is found that the first solution and the second solution used in the above examples would form a gel when combined without the use of a porous container. The use of a porous container densifies the gel structure which is intra- connected so as to form a self-supporting porous structure. Thus, although the discussion and the example mainly concern themselves with the formation of certain inorganic oxide porous bodies by acid-base type reactions within a porous container, any reaction in which the reactants fulfill the requirement of gel formation and the requirements of permeability for one and impermeability for the other will be suitable for formation of a porous self-supporting body. Thus manufacture of metallic glasses, organic glasses and other inorganic glasses is possible by the process of this invention. In the method thus generalized for low temperature synthesis of a porous self-supporting body a first solution containing at least one first solute and a second solution containing at least one second solute are provided, wherein the first solution is capable of reacting with the second solution to form a gel. The first solution is confined within a porous container the walls of which are sub¬ stantially impermeable to the first solute and the second solution is diffused into the porous container the walls of which are substantially permeable to the second solute. Within the porous container the reaction between the first solution and the second solution takes place to deposit a porous self-supporting body on the walls. The selection of the concen- tation of the first solution and of the concentration of the second solution are done by trial and error. The first solution and/or the second solution may contain additives to have desired effects. The additives are, for example, peptizing agents, coagulating agents, protective colloids, structure modifiers and composition modifiers as known in the art. Additives offer resistance to the movement of the first solute and this may cause an otherwise permeable (through the walls of the porous container) first solute to become an apparently impermeable one. A weakly gel forming reaction can be converted into a strongly gel forming one by use of certain additives. The porous self-supporting body can be purified, dried and consolidated to a non-porous body. The following table summarizes different types of reactions which can be used to synthesize a porous self-supporting body. TABLE 6 By using the process of this invention vitreous bodies and their intermediates can be made at a much lower cost,with much higher purity, in virtually unlimited compositions and in virtually unlimited shapes. It has a great deal of operational flexibility which is a contrast to the tedious conventional process. The simplicity of the process allows it to be prac¬ ticed in a light chemical facility provided with a minimal number of process accessories. Most of the raw materials useful for the process are cheap, easily available and pose very little danger to the environment. Many of the raw materials can be made indigenously. Atmospheric pollution due to emission of harmful gases is totally absent in many cases and this is a big plus over direct melting processes where pollution is caused by oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, carbon and sulfur. The porous self-supporting body prepared by this invention has many desirable physical and chemical properties. These are high refractoriness, chemical inertness, large surface area, controlled porosity and exceptional purity. The main uses of the porous body are as a filtering medium, as a carrier, as an absorbent and as an ion-exchange medium. Dispersed solids can be separated from liquids and gases by means of the porous body. The separation is based on the molecular size and the porous body can be used for purifi- cation of toxic gases and polluted air and for separation of suspended impurities from waste water. Dissolved solute on the other hand, can be separated from the solvent by hyperfiltration using a membrane made from the porous body of this invention. For this purpose the porous body is considered to be superior to the organic membrane com¬ monly used. Use of an asymmetric membrane will contribute to more efficiency. The separation is based on reverse osmosis and can be used for desalination of saline water, purification of waste water and separation of mixtures of fluids from one another. Dissolved solutes can be separated from one another by ultrafiltration using a membrane made from the porous body of this invention. As in the case of hyperfiltration, an asymmetric membrane will be found more useful in this case. The separation is based on molecular sizes and can be used in laboratory and industrial dialysis. When coated with non- thrombogenic material, the membrane can be used in an artificial kidney. Other potential uses of ultrafiltration or hyper- filtration using a membrane made from a porous body of this invention are in the dairy industry, in food processing, in pulp and paper manufacture and in electroplating waste treatment. The membrane useful for ultrafiltration and hyper- filtration can be in the form of flat membranes, tubes or hollow fibers which are easy to fabricate by following the process of this invention. The porous body can be used for chromatographic applications and as a carrier for biologically active materials such as antigens, antibodies and enzymes. As a catalytic support, the porous body will find applications in chemical process industries like petroleum refineries and in the cata¬ lytic converters of internal combustion engines. The porous body of this invention is a strong absorbent for certain types of molecules which may be solids, liquids or gases. As an absorbent, it can purify liquids and gases like purification of air in an enclosed space and puri¬ fication of beer and wine. It can be used as a drying agent to remove moisture from a system. It can be used to separate a mixture of gases and mixture of liquids which are not readily separable by any other means. An example is the separation of n-hexane and n-octane. The porous body of this invention is a very good medium for ion exchange. The exchange is conveniently done by following the procedure disclosed in U.S. patent application Serial No. 832,230, filed September 12, 1977, by M. Samanta. A prospective use will be purification of nuclear waste liquid containing radiocesium Cs 137 . When a porous body immersed in waste liquid is treated with NH 3 , Cs 137 will be absorbed in the porous body and other radioactive impurities like radio- strontium will be precipitated. The precipitate and porous body will be separated from the liquid which will thus be free from the radioactive material. The precipitate can be properly sealed in a suitable container and the porous body can be consolidated before disposal of the concentrated waste. An alternate procedure will be to exchange the protons in the porous body with Li + , Na + or K + and then treat the nuclear waste liquid with the exchanged porous body whereby all the radioactive cations will be absorbed within the porous body. A porous body exchanged with an alkali metal cation can be used for water softening, absorbing Ca ++ and Mg ++ during the process. The porous body prepared by this invention is hydro- philic and it has a strong affinity for water. A mambrane made from the body is readily wetted by water. The membrane will allow the water to pass through, but no air or gas entrained in the liquid will be able to pass. This property makes the membrane useful for intravenous injection devices where the passage of air into the veins has to be prevented by all means. The porous body prepared by this invention can be made hydrophobic by coating the hydrophilic surface with a hydrophobic material or by deactivating the surface hydroxyl groups. A membrane made from a body so treated will not be wetted by water. The membrane will allow air to pass through, but no water entrained in the air will be able to pass. Typical use of the membrane will be in the design of vents. The hydrophobic porous body has a strong affinity for gasoline and oil. So, it can be used for removal of water from gasoline and for removal of oil slicks from sea water. The porous body can be used as a filler and reinforce¬ ment for polymeric material and as a thermal insulator for home and industry. It can be used as an intermediate in processes for making foam glasses. Other uses of the porous body made by this invention are as an electrolytic separator in an electrochemical cell, as a microorganism-impervious cover for medical containers, as a matrix for a composite super conductive body and as a carrier for dynamically produced reverse osmosis membranes. The consolidated glass having a composition profile will have two basic uses. One will be glass strengthening, wherein glass will have a compressive skin because of the composition profile. Typical uses may be in high strength radar domes, and in chemical strengthening of laboratory and commer- cial glassware. The second basic use will be in fiberoptics. Because of the very high purity and the composition profile, glass will be used in making step-index and graded index optical fibers for optical communication and medical endoscopy. The proposed uses of consolidated glass without any profile potentially are many. This invention permits the making of glass within such wide limits of composition that virtually any desired mechanical, chemical, optical and dielectric property can be obtained by selecting a suitable composition. Important uses of consolidated glass should in¬ clude the uses related to household glassware, general labora¬ tory equipment, packaging for electrical components, mirror blanks for astronomical telescopes, acoustic delay lines, wind¬ shields for supersonic vehicles, accessories for thermonuclear reactors, and nose cones for intercontinental ballistic missiles. Of course, many variations and modifications of the subject invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.";"I CLAIM; 1. A method for the synthesis of a porous self-supporting body, comprising the steps of: providing a first solution containing at least one basic glass forming solute; providing a second solution containing at least one acidic solute; providing in contact with and separating said solutions a permeable barrier substantially impermeable to said at least one basic solute and substan¬ tially permeable to said at least one acidic solute; and permitting said second solution to pass through said barrier to react with said first solution to deposit on the side of said barrier in contact with said first solution a porous self-supporting body. 2. The method of Claim 1 wherein said permeable barrier is a dialyzer membrane. 3. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one basic solute is selected from the group consisting of borates, aluminates, silicates, germanates, stannates, plumbates, phosphates, arsenates, antimonates, bismuthates, selenates, tellurates, zirconates, titanates, tungstates, vanadates and molybdates. 4. The method of Claim 1 wherein said first solution is a true solution. 5. The method of Claim 1 wherein said first solu¬ tion is a colloidal solution. 6. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the time during which said solutions are in contact with said barrier so as to obtain a certain thickness for said deposited self-supporting body. 7. The method of Claim 1 wherein said deposited self-supporting body is crystalline. 8. The method of Claim 1 wherein said deposited self-supporting body is partially vitreous and partially crystalline. 9. The method of Claim 1 wherein said deposited self-supporting body is vitreous. 10. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of heating said porous body to consolidate it into a non- porous vitreous body. 11. The method of Claim 1 and including the steps of: leaching said porous body with acid: washing said porous body with water: drying, said porous body; and heating said porous body to consolidate it into a non-porous vitreous body. 12. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of doping said porous body. 13. A product made by the process of Claim 1. 14. A product made by the process of Claim 10. 15. The method of Claim 1 wherein said first solution contains an additive. 16. The method of Claim 1 wherein said second solution contains an additive. 17. The method of Claim 1 wherein said first and second solutions contain additives. 18. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the rate of deposition of said self-supporting body. 19. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the rate of reaction by varying the concentrations of said solutions. 20. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the rate of reaction by varying the temperature of said solutions. 21. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the rate of reaction by varying the relative pressures of said solutions. 22. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the porosity and pore size of said self-supporting body by varying the concentrations of said first and second solutions. 23. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the porosity and pore size of said self-supporting body by varying the concentration of said first solution. 24. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the porosity and pore size of said self-supporting body by varying the concentration of said second solution. 25. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one acidic solute is seleced from the group consisting of acids and salts of strong acids and weak bases. 26. The method of Claim 1 wherein the concentration of said first solution is such that one liter of said first solution contains from 0.10 moles to 40 moles of at least one glass forming oxide. 27. The method of Claim 1 wherein the solvents for said- first and second solutions are selected from the group consisting of water, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, carboxylic acids and mixtures thereof. 28. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one basic solute is a simple solute consisting of two oxides. 29. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one basic solute is a complex solute consisting of more than two oxides 30. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one acidic solute is a salt of a strong acid and a weak base. 31. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one basic solute is selected from the group consisting of silicates and germanates. 32. The method of Claim 1 wherein said barrier is in the form of a container with said first solution on the inside of said container and said second solution on the outside of said container. 33. The method of Claim 1 wherein said barrier is in the form of a shaped article whereby said porous self- supporting body conforms to the shape of said barrier. 34. A pro duct made by the process of Claim 33. 35. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of changing the compositions of said first solution and said second solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said body, layers of different composition. 36. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of changing the composition .of said first solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said body, layers of different composition. 37. The method of Slaim 1 and including the step of changing the composition of said second solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said body, layers of different composition. 38. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of continuously varying the composition of said first solution and said second solution during deposition of said self- supporting body to develop in said body a continuous variation in composition. 39. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of continuously varying the composition of said first solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said body a continuous variation in composition. 40. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of continouously varying the composition of said second solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said Body a continuous variation in composition. 41. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the time during which said solutions are in contact with said barrier so as to develop a certain composition profile for said porous self-supporting body. 42. A method for the synthesis of a porous self- supporting body, comprising the steps of: providing a first solution containing at least one gel forming solute: providing a second solution containing at least one solute which will form a gel with the said first solution: providing in contact with and separating said solutions a permeable barrier substantially impermeable to said at least one first solution solute and substantially permeable to said at least one second solution solute: and permitting said second solution to pass through said barrier to react with the said first solution to deposit on the side of said barrier in contact with said first solution a porous self-supporting body. 43. The method of Claim 30 wherein said salt of a strong acid and a weak base is an ammonium salt, 44. A product made by the process of Claim 41. 45. A product made by the process of Claim 40.";SAMANTA M;SAMANTA M;1978.0;1978000001
-WO-1978000004-A1;19781207.0;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10194750.0;F16L13;F16L23, F16L47, B23P11;B23P11, F16L13, F16L23, F16L47;B23P  11/02B, F16L  13/00C, F16L  23/024, F16L  47/22;PIPES AND COUPLINGS AND METHOD OF COUPLING PIPES;A method of securely joining a pipe (1) to a pipe fitting (3) without the need for rotating either element. The fitting (3) or in some cases the pipe (1), is expanded by heating whereby the other element may be inserted in it and the elements are secured together upon cooling by the interengagement of matching grooves (4) and ribs (14) which are provided on the circumferential surfaces of the elements.;"Pipes and couplings and method of coupling pipes Field of Application The invention relates to a method of joining pipes to couplings or other fittings, and pipes and couplings or fittings for joining by the method. Disclosure of invention Various methods of joining pipes have been known in the prior art but some of these, including the screwing of one element into the other, whilst producing a secure joint, have been impractical in the assembly of complex pipework systems, and the present invention offers the advantage, among others, of ease of installation without loss of security. According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of joining members comprising first and second pipe elements of which one member is of thermally expansible material and has an internal cylindrical surface of diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical external surface of the other member, wherein one of said surfaces has at least one circumferential groove therein and the other of said surfaces at least one matching circumferential rib projecting outwardly therefrom, the method comprising expanding the said one member to an extent dependent on the outward extension of said rib or ribs by heating below its melting point to enable one of said membe to enter the other beyond the rib or ribs, assembling the members one within the other, with the or each rib in regis with a corresponding groove, and allowing the expansible member to contract by cooling on to the other member so that the or each rib engages in a corresponding groove. Preferably the said one member is expanded to such an exten that the other member can enter it only by elastic de- formation of the said rob or ribs Preferably there is a plurality of spaced grooves and matching ribs, and the grooves and ribs are of ratchet-like configuration. A sealing and/or sliding agent may be appl to at least one of said surfaces. According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a combination of members comprising first and second elements characterized in that one member has an internal cylindrical surface of diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical external surface of the other member when both members are at the same temperature, one of said surfaces has at least one circumferential groove therein and the other of said surfaces has at least one matching circumferential rib projecting outwardly therefrom, and the said one member is made of material having such a co-efficient of thermal expansion that it can be expanded by heating below its melting point to such an extent that the one of said member is to enter the other beyond the rib or ribs so that on contraction of said one member the or each rib can engage in a corresponding groove. Prefereably there is a plurality of spaced grooves and matching ribs, and the grooves and ribs are of ratchet-like configuration. According to yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided a pipe element for combination with a further pipe element as aforesaid. Description of Figures Figures 1 to 4 show sections through combinations of pipes and fittings according to the invention. Description of Invention Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the drawings. The combination shown in Fig. 1 comprises a pipe 1 having a free end 2 and a flanged coupling 3. The pipe 1 is of polypropylene, but inother embodiments may be of other plastics material such as polyethylene, or of metal or other suitable material. The flanged coupling 3 is also of polypropylene, any substitute for which, in other embodiments, will be expansible by heating below its melting point to an extent indicated below. The pipe 1 has an external diameter <3, and at its free end 2 is machined or otherwise formed with circumferential grooves 4. Each groove is defined by a wall 5 substantially perpendicular to the axis of the pipe and an inwardly inclined wall 6, the perpendicular wall being nearer the open end of the pipe. The length of the grooves in the direction of the axis of the tube is 9.5mm. The coupling comprises a flange portion 7 provided with holes 8 for mounting the coupling. Extending from the flange portion is a tubular portion 9 having an internal annular flange 10 which provides an annular shoulder 11 for abutment with end face 12 of the pipe 1 when assembled as will be described below. Between the flange 10 and the open end 13 of the tubular portion 9 of the coupling 3, the internal surface is formed with what may be regarded as a series of circumferential ribs 14 extending outwardly (that is to say towards the axis of the tube) from a theo- retical cylindrical surface of diameter d_. The ribs 14 have faces which are respectively substantially perpendicula to the axis of the tube and inclined at the same angle as the walls 6 of the grooves 4 of the pipe 1. The length and the outward projection of the ribs 14 also correspond to the length and depth of the grooves 4. Between the innermost rib and the shoulder 11 the internal surface of the tube 9 is tapered at 15 at an angle corresponding to the taper 16 at the end 12 of the pipe 1. Typically, the diameter d_ is 50mm and the depth of the groov 4, equal to the projection of the ribs 14, is 2mm. As shown in the drawings that projection of the ribs 14 prevent the insertion of the end 2 of the pipe 1 into the coupling 3 without the distortion of one or other of the components. However, the material of construction of the coupling 3 is such that on heating to a temperature below its melting point, it expands by an amount at least equal to twice the projection of the ribs 14 in a length d_ of the material. Such an expansion will enable the end 2 of the pipe 1 to be inserted into the couplings; a slightly smaller expansion will permit the insertion only by a slight distortion of one or both of the components such as might be effected in a thermal plastics material under an applied load without exceeding the elastic limit. In practice of the method of the invention the coupling 3 is heated in a uniform manner by means for example of hot air, hot oil or by the fluid bed technique. The temperature rise is controlled so that the component does not reach the softening point of the material but sufficiently to ensure that the internal diameter between the peaks of the ribs 14 is only so slightly less than d_ that the end 2 of the pipe 1 can be inserted in the coupling with a snap action by imparting a sharp tap on the coupling in the direction of the axis of the pipe. The end face 12 of the pipe 1 engages the shoulder 11 and thus ensures that the ribs 14 and grooves 4 are in register with one another and, in the absence of a similar force acting in the opposite direction, the pipe 1 will not snap out again. With the source of heat removed, the coupling 3 will cool and return to its original dimensions; in the fully cooled state the components will fit tightly with one another with each rib engaged in a corresponding groove. A certain amount of tolerence can be provided by adjustment of the diameter of the pipe and coupling and of the dimensions of the ribs relative to the grooves, and improved sealing may be afforded by providing a sealing compound in the grooves or between the ribs before assembly of the components. if polytetrafluoroethylene paste is used as the sealing compound, it will also aid the slipping of one component relative to the other. Because of the ratchet-like shape of the ribs and grooves, couplings so assembled will be substantially permanent unless a means can be found of re-heating the coupling without at the same time expanding the pipe. It is envisaged that a range of fittings, such as the coupling 3, will be provided to correspond with pipes having a range of external diameters, The pipes, when cut to the required length, will be cut with external grooves in a similar manner to that in which pipes are sometimes threaded. However, the provision of grooves will be somewhat simpler than the provision of threads and the assembly of the components will be far simpler than screwing of components. Figs. 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings show respectively an elbow and a T-joint, whilst Figure 4 shows an alternative form of flange fitting. in the fittings shown in Figures 2 to 4, the pipe elements in the form of components respectively designated 20, 21 and 22, are cut with grooves 4 on the outer cylindrical surfaces similar to the end 2 of pipe 1 in Figure 1. These components are joined to pipes, such as pipe 23, in Figure 4, by means of further pipe elements in the form of coupling sleeves 24. Each of the sleeves 24 has an internal annular shoulder 25, and between ""the shoulder and each open end has a series of ribs 26 formed similarly to ribs 14 on the internal surface of the tubular portion 9of flanged coupling 3. In order to join the pipe to the component the coupling sleeve, which is of thermally expansible material, is heated and snap-fitted to the other elements. It will be understood that the coupling sleeve may be moved relative to a stationary pipe or component, may be moved relative to a stationary coupling sleeve, or there may be movement of both in the snap-fitting operation depending on the requirements of the installation. Two pipes may similarly be joined by the use of a coupling sleeve as described above. Reverting to Figure 1, it will be clear that if the coupling 3 is not used as described above, the end face 13 is available for butt jointing to a pipe of internal diameter d_, and to this extent a coupling or other fitting according to the invention may be regarded as a dual-purpose article. In an alternative embodiment, which may not be quite so advantageous, the end of a pipe may be formed with circumferential grooves at its internal cylindrical surface and a corresponding coupling or other fitting formed with matching ribs at its outer surface. In these circumstances the end of the pipe will have to be expanded by heat to enable the elements to be inserted one within the other. It will also be understood that each of the pipe elements of a combination may comprise a pipe and thus two pipes may be joined one inside the other by the method without the use of a coupling, provided that the outer pipes is thermally expandable.";Claims 1. A method of joining members comprising first and second pipe elements of which one member is of thermally expansible material and has an internal cylindrical surface of diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical external surface of the other member, wherein one of said surfaces has at least one circumferential groove therein and the other of said surfaces at least one matching circumferential rib projecting outwardly therefrom, the method comprising expanding the said one member to an extent dependent on the outward extension of said rib or ribs by heating below its melting point to enable one of said members to enter the other beyond the rib or ribs, assembling the members one within the other, with the or each rib in register with a corresponding groove, and allowing the expansible member to contract by cooling on to the other member so that the or each rib engages in a corresponding groove. 2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein there is a plurality of spaced grooves and matching ribs. 3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the grooves and ribs are of ratchet-like configura ion. 4. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein a sealing and/or sliding agent is applied to at least one of said surfaces 5. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the said one member is expanded to such an extent that the other member can enter it only by elastic deformation of the said rib or ribs. 6. A pipe element (9) having an internal cylindrical surface of a predetermined diameter, for combination with a further pipe element (2) having a cylindrical external surface of corresponding diameter which external surface has at least one circumferential groove (4) therein or at least one circumferential rib projecting outwardly therefrom, characterised in that said pipe element is provided εt its internal surface with a circumferential rib (14) or groove matching the or each groove or rib, respectively, of the said further pipe element (2) and that said pipe element (9) is made of material having such a coefficient of thermal expansion that it can be expanded by heating below its melting point to such an extent that said further pipe element (2) is able to enter it beyond the rib or ribs (14) so that on contraction the or each rib (14) can engage in a corresponding groove (4) . 7. A pipe element as claimed in Claim 6 having a plurality of spaced grooves or ribs. 8. A pipe element as claimed in Claim 6 or Claim 7 wherein the cr each groove or rib is of ratchet-like configuration. 9. A combination of members comprising first and second pipe elements characterised in that one member has an internal cylindrical surface of diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical external surface of the other member when both members are at the same temperature, one of said surfaces has at least one circumferential groove therein and the other of said surfaces has at least one matching circumferential rib projecting outwardly there¬ from, and the said one member is made of material having such a co-efficient of thermal expansion that it can be expanded by heating below its melting point to such an extent that the one of said members is able to enter the other beyond the rib or ribs so that on contraction of said one member the or each rib can engage in a corresponding groove.;ARMITAGE ARTHUR;ADVANCED CHEM EQUIP LTD, ADVANCED CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT LTD;1978.0;1978000004
-WO-1978000007-A1;19781207.0;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25185689.0;F02D11;;F02M47, F02M63;F02M  47/02D, F02M  63/02C, R02B 275/14;DIRECT INJECTION FUEL SYSTEM;Injection pressure generated by a suitable flow source (16) and a pressure-flow regulator (28) is carried by a common rail or manifold (20) to each injector valve of an engine. The valves (22) are of the closed differential needle, hydraulic-operated type, opening and closing for the injection period by virtue of hydraulic pressure imbalance and balance exerted on the effective piston areas of the valve needle. Balance conditions are controlled by fuel flow through ports and orifices (72, 74, 78, 102) of electric solenoid-operated sliding spool valves (52) by an engine-driven timer device (38, 40) which controls the start and end of the injection period. Controlled by-pass flow from the spool valves (52) may be collected by a low pressure manifold for return to the reservoir along with the overflow from a high pressure manifold (20).;"DIRECT FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM Technical Field This invention relates to control of fuel injection in internal combustion engines, especially diesel. More particularly, it relates to a common-rail, closed dif¬ ferential needle, hydraulically operated injection valve system for fuel flow control. Background Art U.S.- Patent No. 3.537,547, which I will refer to hereinafter as the AMBAC system, employs a common rail for operation of a diesel engine. Two pumps are required, one a high pressure pump for operating a type of hydraul¬ ic ram which acts on fuel supplied by the other, a low- pressure pump. Fluid from the high pressure pump is not injected into the engine. In the AMBAC system, the fuel is delivered to the injection valves at an injection pres¬ sure equal to the pressure in the common rail. The fuel delivery from the low pressure pump to the ram is init¬ ially mechanically timed from the engine, and initially metered by adjustment of the low pressure pump. Final metering of fuel into the engine is determined by con¬ trolling the length of the injection period, this being accomplished by the high pressure as it varies the en¬ gine speed. As speed and pressure increase; injection duration decreases the so-called torque control. These timing and metering adjustments are critical and high¬ ly complicated. They require use of an expensive pump test stand which can be handled only by special tech¬ nicians. The prior art AMBAC solenoid is single wound and acts electrically in only one direction, return action being by spring. It can be used only on signal to be¬ gin an injection period, apparently playing no part in the duration. The single-wound solenoid operates through a diaphragm and push rod to open or unseat a ball-type check valve. The prior art AMBAC system also employs an hydraul¬ ic imbalance-operated valve, the imbalance being created by the solenoid-operated check on the valves. It is used to control high pressure from a high pressure common rail system to operate a hydraulic ram which forces fuel from the fuel source system into the injection valve for injection into the engine. This valve in itself Is non-adjustable, and in itself cannot control final me¬ tering or duration, this function being performed by the pressure variations in the high pressure system. Therefore, in view of the Inadequacies of the prior art AMBAC system as set out in aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 3,587,547, development of a simple, uncomplicated sys¬ tem for injecting diesel fuel to an engine at the right time and In the right quantity to obtain peak power without an undue amount of pollution represents a high¬ ly desirable result. Furthermore, there is a need for such an improved fuel injection system which does not require the expensive percussion-built injection pumps now in use and one which will permit manufacture and use of economic diesel passenger cars at substantial saving of fuel and improved pollution control. Disclosure of the Invention After extended investigation I have developed just such an improved fuel injection system, particular¬ ly useful for diesel engines. In its broader aspects my invention involves a single-pump fuel injection system In which the pump is of the positive displacement type capable of pro¬ viding sufficient cooling flow against the required rel¬ atively high pressure suitable for proper Injection. The pump of my system may be driven by an associated engine or by other means. According to my invention, a common rail manifold connected to the pump discharge is also joined to a plurality of injection valve assemblies and pressur¬ ized to injection pressure by a pressure-regulating relief valve located at the manifold end opposite the inlet. Overflow from this valve may be piped back to a reservoir. Equal pressure is employed at each valve inlet, with minimum injection lag resulting. The injection valves of the system of the invention are of the closed, differential needle, hydraulic-op¬ erated type, modified according to the invention so that they may be both opened and closed by hydraulic pres¬ sure. This modification makes the spring chamber func¬ tion as a pressure chamber. The injection valve spring helps close the valve at the end of injection. Adjust¬ ments may be made to obtain the proper rate of inject¬ ion and valve balance for best efficiency. An important feature of my invention comprises electrically operated sliding spool valves which cause the mechanical motion of the injection valve needle by controlling the hydraulic pressure balance conditions exerted on the valve needle. Each of the spool valves of the invention consists of two sections, the spool having three lands and two undercut sections. One sec¬ tion controls a by-pass flow from the spring chamber of the injection valve by opening or closing a port leading to a by-pass manifold. The other section re¬ ceives injection pressure from the high pressure system and passes it through a combination port-orifice into the injection valve spring chamber. In the non-inject position, the by-pass port of the first section remains open, permitting flow from the spring chamber, and the port-orifice is in the orifice condition by means of the spool land forming a restriction. Flow through this orifice causes a pressure drop in the spring chamber and allows injection pressure on the valve needle to open the valve for injection. One advantage of my invention is the possibility of using a common low pressure by-pass manifold to re¬ ceive fuel by-passed by the spool valve and connect with the overflow return line from the high-pressure mani¬ fold. Double-wound solenoids may be employed to actuate the spool valve spools in both directions. Solenoid plungers may be used as extensions of the valve spools and equipped so as to hold the spools In their shifted positions. Also, by means of a travel adjustment, spool travel may be set, acting as an orifice size adjustment and rate of injection adjustment. The two oppositely wound solenoid coils may be terminated at three exter¬ ior connectors in such a way as to provide positive bi¬ directional valve spool motions as each coil may be commonly connected to one of three terminals, and this terminal connected by wiring to a suitable electric power source through an on-off control switch. The other two ends of the two coils may be separately connected to the other two terminals, and these terminals connect¬ ed by wiring to proper respective terminals on a timer. According to my invention the preferred timer de¬ vice is mechanically driven by and timed to the engine of my injection system and includes two sets of contacts mounted on suitable bases, with one set to control start of injection and the other to control the end of injection. Each set contains a separate contact for each Injection valve of the engine, and these contacts are connected by wiring to corresponding terminals on the aforesaid solenoids. Included may be a rotating con¬ tact or brush for use in energizing the solenoids in se¬ quence. One set of contacts amy be made variable in relation to the other set so that the length of the injection period may be varied, thereby achieving control of me¬ tering and engine speed. Normal shutdown may be accomplished by an on/off switch. Emergency shutdown may be accomplished by a manual control on a pressure relief valve to dump off the in¬ jection pressure in the high pressure manifold. According to my invention I prefer to use a var¬ iable speed type governor to throttle the engine. This governor employs a fulcrum lever to articulate a mov¬ able contact disc in a timer. The governor is thus en¬ abled to read the engine speed and automatically set the fuel delivery for the particular engine speed read. This, especially when combined with my system of meter¬ ing, which is accomplished by electrical control of duration of injection, permits the air-fuel ratio to be strictly and easily adjusted on the engine inframe at any and all engine RPM points by matching the fuel delivery curve to a volumetric efficiency curve, there¬ by insuring peak torque with a minimum of pollutants and substantially no smoke. signal source 118 Includes as basic components there¬ of a rotatable contact plate 120, for injection dura¬ tion control, a grounding bush rotor 122 and a stat¬ ionery contact plate 124 timed to the engine. In the timer-governor of Fig 5 the setting of throttle 108 controls the operation of the governor. The brushes complete the circuit to open the coil in the solenoids such as the one depicted in Figs 2 and 3. One set of double windings (64 of Figs 2 and 3) is to pull the valve into position. The stationary contact plate 124, which is timed to the engine via the cam¬ shaft gives a constant beginning of injection by pull¬ ing the valve to open the port or a constant ending by pushing the valve to close the port. The other plate 120, rotatable, lags behind. When the amount of fuel needed by the engine is injected as dictated by the gov¬ ernor throttle, a second brush contacts the other plate and de-energizes the opposing set of windings, causing the solenoid to go in the other direction. Contact plates 120 and 124 are adjustable at the initial timing. It can be readily seen from the foregoing descrip¬ tion that my fuel injection system, by providing control of pressure by a spool valve-solenoid arrangement, elim¬ inates a leak-off chamber and permits improved fuel in¬ jection or delivery and obtains optimum efficiency by better control of fuel-air ratio. Constant high pressure rail and manifold system such as depicted in Fig 1 which employs a single high pressure pump for both pressure and fuel delivery. The spool valve-solenoid arrangement such as shown in Fig 4 controls the pressure so that the high pressure source is tapped off, with the spool valve, which is electrically controlled by the solenoid, going down as pressure comes in via lower lines 98 and 78 and then back through by-pass inlet port 76 and line 96 into chamber 86 as by-pass outlet port 74 connected to by¬ pass manifold 32 of Fig 1 is closed. By-pass outlet port 74 is opened when the orifice formed near 80 becomes o- pen as the spool valves turn and go up, thus providing an exit for pressure in the injection valve, as In Fig 4, thereby dropping the pressure therein so that the constant high pressure opens the valve and injects fuel to the engine exactly as needed in a controlled manner as the needle valve 94 moves. Following are several features or advantages of the fuel injection system of the invention. 1. A single high pressure pump or fuel to be in¬ jected and an injection pressure which is set and con¬ trolled by a compound pressure-regulating valve where¬ by excess may be spilled back to a tank. No adjustment of the pump is necessary, the injection pressure being adjustable by the regulatory valves. 2. An impulse source to begin and end injections, the duration being variable by a movable set of contacts. Beginning and ending of injection may be either constant- variable or vice-versa. 3. Hail pressure is dictated by setting a compound pressure relief valve. 4. A double wound solenoid enables positive elec¬ trical action in either of both directions upon sig¬ nals for a definite beginning and ending of the injec¬ tion period. It is mechanically connected to and op¬ erates an associated spool valve. 5. An electrically operated solenoid valve with two sections or chambers. One section starts or stops fuel flow into a by-pass manifold, and the second sec¬ tion restricts or opens an orifice, creating a pressure drop or pressure balance on an Injection valve needle, thereby opening and closing it for injection. Because the valve spool travel is adjustable, it regulates the size of the orifice, the rate of pressure drop, the valve opening and the rate of injection. 6. Capability of obtaining an optimum fuel air ratio (20:1 running) for a maximum 90% volume efficiency. Since conventional intake manifolds have no butterfly controls, the amount of air in the engine cuts back as the RPM increases. Since the fuel curve increases as the air curve increases, on accelerating, the engine fuel delivery must be cut back to between the torque peak and the hp peak. This can be done according to my invention by use of the nozzle valve being operated di¬ rectly hydraulically. While the invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, the claims appended hereto are intended to encompass all embodiments which fall with¬ in the spirit of the invention.";Having thus described my invention and certain pre¬ ferred embodiments thereof, I claim: 1. In a fuel injection system an electrically operated spool valve device comprising in cooperative association a spool valve, a double-wound solenoid adapted to oper¬ ate said valve, an orifice adapted to be opened when the spool valve turns and moves upward, a by-pass port a- dapted to be opened when the spool valve turns and moves up, and entering and exiting channels adapted to be con¬ nected to an injection valve. 2. The spool valve device of Claim 1 in cooperative as¬ sociation with at least one additional spool valve de¬ vice of the same structure in common manifold alignment. 3. The spool valve device of Claim 2 in cooperative as¬ sociation with a governor, timer, pressure pump and in¬ jection valve. 4. In a fuel injection system an Injection valve com¬ prising a high pressure inlet, a high-low pressure cham¬ ber, a nozzle body, a wall, an injection pressure cham¬ ber, a needle valve positioned at the end of said in¬ jection valve opposite said high pressure inlet, and lines adapted for releasing pressure from said inject¬ ion valve and returning pressure thereto. 5. The injection valve of Claim 4 in cooperative as¬ sociation with a solenoid-operated spool valve where¬ by the pressure In said injection valve may be controlled. 6. The injection valve of Claim 5 wherein the solenoid- operated spool valve comprises the spool valve device of Claim 1. 7. The injection valve of Claim 4 in cooperative assoc¬ iation with a governor, timer, pressure pump, common rail manifold and solenoid-operated spool valves and fuel source. 8. A direct injection fuel system comprising in cooper¬ ative association a governor-timer, a single high pres¬ sure pump adapted to supply and distribute fuel at a controlled pressure and amount to an engine, and a com¬ mon rail manifold in association with a plurality of injection valves connected to corresponding solenoid- operated spool valves adapted to regulate the pressure in said injection valves. 9. The system of Claim 8 wherein the governor-timer comprises a governor comprising a throttle, fulcrum lever, peak fuel adjuster, air-fuel ratio adjuster, an RPM reader, and, in association with said governor, a timer comprising a rotatable contact plate for injection duration control, a grounding brush rotor and a sta¬ tionary contact plate adapted to be timed to an engine. 10. A process for controlling fuel-air ratio and pressure injection of fuel into an internal combustion engine which comprises generating injection pressure by a high pressure pump and a pressure-flow regulator valve, carry¬ ing same along with fuel by a common rail manifold to a plurality of needle valves in hydraulically operated in¬ jection valves, controlling fuel flow in said valves through pressure ports and orifices to and from a corres¬ ponding plurality of solenoid-operated sliding spool valves and employing a governor-timer to control, a- long with said spool valves, the starting and ending of the injection of fuel into said internal combustion en¬ gine. Having thus described my invention and certain preferred embodiments thereof, I claim: 1. In a fuel injection system an electrically operated spool valve device comprising in cooperative association a reciprocating action spool valve operated by a double-wound solenoid and an Injection valve having two matching passages therebetween, apressure differential orifice created when, in operation, the spool moves from a non-inject to an inject position, said orifice adapted to be created when the spool valve moves upward, a by-pass port adapted to be opened when the spool valve moves upward, and entering and exiting channels. 2. The spool valve device of Claim 1 in cooperative as¬ sociation with at least one additional spool valve device of the same structure in common manifold alignment. 3. The spool valve device of Claim 2 in in cooperative as¬ sociation with a governor, timer, pressure pump and injection valve. 4. In a fuel injection system an injection valve com¬ prising a high pressure inlet, a high-low pressure chamber, a nozzle body, a wall, an injection pressure chamber, a needle valve positioned at the end of said injection valve opposite said high pressure inlet, and interconnecting passages be¬ tween said injection valve and a reciprocating action spool valve operated by a double-wound solenoid, said passages adapted for releasing pressure from said injection valve and returning pressure thereto. 5. The injection valve of Clain 4 in cooperative as¬ sociation with a solenoid-operated spool valve whereby the pressure in said injection valve may be controlled. 6. The injection valve of Claim 5 wherein the solenoid- operated spool valve comprises the spool valve device of Claim 1. 7. The injection valve of Claim 4 in cooperative as¬ sociation with a governor, timer, pressure pump, common rail manifold and solenoid-operated spool valves and fuel .source. 8. A direct injection fuel system comprising in cooper¬ ative association a speed governor which comprises a throttle and a fuel adjuster, a timer-made up of a rotatable contact plate for injection duration control, a grounding brush rotor and a stationary contact plate adapted to be timed to an engine, a single high pressure pump, adapted to supply and distribute fuel at a controlled pressure and amount to an engine, and a common rail manifold in association with a plurality of in¬ jection valves connected to corresponding solenoid-operated spool valves adapted to regulate the pressure in said injection valves. 10. A process for controlling fuel-air ratio and pres¬ sure injection of fuel into an internal-combustion engine which comprises generating injection pressure by a high pres¬ sure pump and a pressure-flow regulator valve, carrying same along with a fuel by a common rail manifold to a plurality of needle valves in hydraulically operated injection valves, con¬ trolling fuel flow in said valves by means of a plurality of solenoid-operated sliding spool valves having pressure dif¬ ferential orifices created when the spools move from a non- inject to an inject position and employing a governor-timer to control, along with said spool valves, the starting and ending of the injection of fuel into said Internal combustion engine . STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19 STATEMENT EXPLAINING THE AMENDMENT AND DRAWING ATTENTION TO THE DIFFERENNCE BETWEEN THE REPLACED SHEETS AND THE REPLACEMENT SHEETS Claim 1 of replacement sheet 12 has been amended to make clear that (1) Applicant's spool valve is a reciprocating-action valve 24 operated by a double-wound solenoid 26, (2) The two principal parts (of which there may be a series) of Applicant's feed value system are the spool valve 24 and the injection valve 22, which have two matching pas¬ sages 76, 96 and 78, 98 between them, as depicted in Fig. 4 in detail, and (3) The orifice near 80 Is a pressure-differential ori¬ fice created when the spool moves from a non-inject to an inject position (sheet 10, lines 1-15) In Claim 4 of replacement sheet 12 it is now specified, as with respect to Claim 1, that Applicant's valve 24 is a double-wound solenoid 26 and that there are interconnecting passages 76, 96 and 78,98 between the spool valve 24 and the injection valve 22 (sheet 10, lines 1-15). On replacement sheet 13 Claim 9 has been combined with Claim 8 to specify that Applicant's speed governor 106 (sheet 8, fourth to last line) is made up basically of a throttle 108 and a fuel adjuster 114 and that his timer 118 comprises a rotatable contact plate 120 for injection duration control (line 2, sheet 9), a grounding brush rotor 122 (line 3, sheet 9) and stationary contact plate 124 (line 4, sheet 9) adapted to be timed to an engine. Claim 10 bridging sheets 13 and 14 has been amended on replacements sheets 13 and 14 to specify how Applicant's solenoid-operated sliding spool valves have a pressure dif¬ ferential orifice created, as. explained hereinabove and in Applicant's specification, when the spool moves from a non- inject to an inject position (lines 1-15 - sheet 10). Please note in this respect Applicant's remarks hereinabove in con¬ nection with the changes made in Claim 1 on replacement sheet 12.;PFEIFFER W M;PFEIFFER W M;1978.0;1978000007
-WO-1978000009-A1;19781207.0;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25185496.0;E03D9;B01D23, B63B29, E03D11, C02C1;E03D11;E03D  11/11;NON-POLLUTING TOILET SYSTEM;A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a reversible, motor-driven pump (56) and a two-position valve (58) operable, on the one hand, for taking water into the system for flushing effluent from the bowl (10) into a treating chamber (12) and, on the other hand, to empty the treating chamber and discharge the effluent from the system so that both the pump and the valve are self-purging. There is a two-position switch (S3) for reversing the motor-driven pump and a valve rod (80, 82) for moving the two-position valve from one position to the other. A motor-driven macerator (54) in the treating chamber provides for effecting maceration of the effluent flushed into the treating chamber. A bacteriacide may be employed to render the effluent innocuous. The macerator is operable independently of the motor-driven pump so that the system can be purged without simultaneous operation of the macerator.;"Non-Polluting Toilet System There is need for a non-polluting toilet system for marine use, recreational vehicles, mobile homes, vacation homes, construction sites, trains, planes and the like, regardless of whether or not sewer facilities are available. Chemical and incinerator-type toilet systems have been developed to meet the aforesaid means. However, such systems as have been developed have in common been unable to meet the good health and sanitary requirements and/or the federal standards with respect to decontamination and/or reduction in particle size or have not been sufficiently non- polluting as far as disease-causing bacteria are con¬ cerned; and have required extensive plumbing, holding tanks, pumps, valves and the like which are difficult to keep sufficiently clean to eliminate odor and which form a harbor for the development of bacteria. The objective sought herein was to design a system which would reduce the bacteria to zero or virtually zero coliform bacteria count and to reduce the solid content to microparticle size below any presently available system. Also, a system so designed as to simplify the plumbing, provide pump and valve components which are self-purging so as to eliminate the last vestige of odor and bacterial contamination, and the unpleasant duty of having to disassemble pumps, valves and the like in the system for cleaning. SUMMARY OF IN ENTION As herein illustrated, the toilet system comprises a bowl, a reversible motor-driven pump operable in one direction to supply flush water to the bowl to flush the same, a single treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl, means for supplying a bacteriacide to the treating chamber and a macerator in the treating chamber for reducing the solid content to microparticle size. The macera- tion is effected in isolation from any other fluid. Valve means operable in one position to cause the' pump to effect flushing of the effluent from the bowl into the treating chamber and in the other position to discharge the treated effluent from the chamber provides for purging the system. There is a control circuit including switch means for reversing the motor-driven pump, switch means for initiating operation of the macerator motor, a timer for terminating operation of the macerator motor and manually or electrically- operable means for shifting the position of the valve. The treating chamber is of a predetermined capacity such as to receive a predetermined volume of effluent for treatment and the pump is designed to discharge the entire amount of the treated effluent from the treating chamber and terminate the macerating cycle. Alternatively, the system may be provided with two motor-driven pumps, one for delivering water to the bowl to effect flushing and the other to withdraw the treated effluent from the treating tank and discharging it, When a two-pump system is employed, a filtering assembly may be included so that the system becomes a closed loop wherein a predetermined quantity of water may be used repeatedly, thus to economize on the use of water. The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a plan view of the toilet structure; FIG. 2 is an elevation taken from the left- hand side of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is an elevation taken at the rear side of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a vertical section taken on the line 4-4 of FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a fragmentary section taken on the line 5-5 of FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is a plan view partly in section of the motor-driven pump and valve assembly; FIG. 7 is a section taken on the line 7-7 of FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is a section of a modified form of the valve assembly; FIG. 9 is a wiring diagram of the control for operating the system; and FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the control for operating the system. FIG. 11 is an elevation of an alternative toilet structure wherein two motor-driven pumps are used; FIG. 12 is a plan view of the two motor- driven pumps; FIG. 13 is a block diagram of the control when using two pumps; FIG. 14 is an elevation of a filtering unit for use in connecting the system to a closed circuit; and FIG. 15 is a view similar to FIG. 6 showing an alternative valve assembly; FIG. 16 is an elevation partly in section of one of the valve components of the valve assembly shown in FIG. 15; and FIG. 17 is a section taken on the line 17-17 of FIG. 16. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, the toilet as herein illustrated comprises essentially a bowl 10,. a treating chamber 12 containing a macerator 14 and a combination pump and valve assembly 16, FIGS. 6 and 7, connected by suitable plumbing to the bowl and to the treating chamber in such a way as to enable delivering flush water to the bowl for flushing the effluent therefrom into the treating chamber and, after macera¬ tion has been accomplished, discharging the effluent from the system. The bowl 10 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 is of generally oval cross section and is provided at its rear end with an integral extension 18 and an upwardly inclined control panel 20 upon which are mounted switch means and indicators which enable conveniently initia¬ ting the flushing operation and/or the cleaning opera¬ tion and of determining at any time the condition of the apparatus. The upper or rim of the bowl 10 is provided with a downturned skirt 22 which extends all the way around and along the opposite sides of the extension and the panel to afford an attractive appear¬ ance. A seat 24 is mounted atop the bowl in conven¬ tional fashion and is provided for this purpose at its rear end with transversely spaced holes 26-26 for receiving hinge means for pivotally connecting the seat to the bowl. The lower end of the bowl, FIG. 4, has a centrally located opening 25 defined by an annular 26.1 flange 2-6 which seats against a cover plate 30 at the top of the treating chamber 12. The plate 30 contains an opening 32 through which the effluent can be flushed into the treating chamber. A combination gasket and splash guard 27 is provided between the bowl and the treating chamber to provide a watertight joint and to prevent splash of the effluent during maceration up¬ wardly into the bowl. The treating chamber.12 is of generally cylindrical cross section at the lower part, having a side wall 34, FIG. 4, which is generally perpendicular to the bottom, except for one side, the forward side, which has an upwardly and forwardly divergent wall 36. The bottom wall 38 is of annular configuration and has at its center a step bearing 40. Near the bottom, at the side substantially opposite the forwardly divergent wall 36, there is a discharge port 42, FIGS. 4 and 5. The annular, hemitoroidal shape at the bottom is like United States that in application/Serial No. 610,097, filed September 4, 1975, for ""HYDRAULIC ATTRITION UNIT FOR MARINE now United States Patent 4,054,519 TOILETS""/and provides in conjunction with the macerator blade an especially effective means for beating paper stock into its constituent fibers. The macerator 14 is mounted within the treat- ing chamber 12 in a housing 44, FIG. 4, provided .with a flange 46 at its top by means of which it is attached to the cover plate 30 within an opening 47. The housing 44 is of sufficient size to receive the macerator motor Ml and is provided in its lower part with a horizontal bottom part 48 to which the motor housing can be bolted. The lower part also contains a central bearing 50 for rotatably and sealably receiving the motor shaft 52, to the lower end of which is fixed the macerator blade 54. Desirably, the shaft 52 extends beyond the blade for en¬ gagement with the step bearing 40. The macerator blade 54 is of the kind disclosed United States Patent 4,054,519 in the aforesaid peHding-applieatien and as described herein is designed to effect maceration by causing impact of the particles of the effluent with each other rather than a shearing action such as is commonly used by others for effecting the communition of solid material. The specific reason for using a macerator of this kind rather than a shearing type of cutter is that the effluent con¬ tains a large proportion of paper which a shearing blade will not cut through and which requires repeated pounding and recirculation to break it down into its constituent fibers. A cutting blade merely collects the fibers and becomes choked with the fibers so that its efficiency and effectiveness is reduced to uselessness in a very short period of time. The combination pump and control valve assembly 16, FIGS. 6 and 7, comprises, as shown, a motor-driven pump 56 and a selector valve 58. The motor-driven pump is mounted at the rear side of the treating chamber 12 and comprises a pump block 60 bolted to the supporting plate or foot plate of the toilet and a motor M2 superimposed upon the block and bolted thereto with its drive shaft 62 extending perpendicularly downwardly therefrom through suitable bearings into a pump chamber 64 in the block 60. An impeller 66 is keyed to the shaft 62 in the pump chamber 64. The pump chamber 64 contains two ports 68 and 70. The motor M2 is reversible so that by effecting rota¬ tion of the pump in one direction, the port 68 will be an intake port and the port 70 will be a discharge port and by effecting rotation of the pump in the opposite direc¬ tion, the port 68 will be a discharge port and the port 70 an intake port. The selector valve 58, FIG. 7, comprises a valve housing 72 containing a vertically arranged valve chamber 74 in which there is slidably mounted a valve spool 76, the upper end of which is connected to the lower end of a spindle 77 which extends through suitable packing 78. The protruding end of the spindle 77 is connected to the lower end of a plunger rod 80 which extends upwardly from the 18 valve assembly through the horizontal extension 17 of the bowl so as to be located forwardly of the panel 20. A 82 knob'2-Θ at the upper end of the rod provides means which may be grasped to move it upwardly and downwardly. The valve spool contains ports 84 and 96. When the port 84 is brought into alignment with.the port 70 and the pump is rotated in the proper direction, the water will be drawn into the system through the port 68 and delivered through a coupling 88 and conductor 90 into the bowl for flushing the latter. The valve housing 72 is provided with a port 92 which is connected by a pipe 94 to the port 42 in the treating chamber so that when the valve spool is moved to align the port 96 with the port 92 and the pump is reversed the effluent will be withdrawn from the treating chamber and discharged. The selector valve 58 may, as stated above, be manually actuated by lifting and depressing the rod 80. However, as shown in FIG. 8, it may be automatically actuated by means of a solenoid SOL connected to the upper end of the spindle 77. The system is controlled partly through manually operable switches and partly automatically as follows, FIGS. 9 and 10: Referring to FIGS. 1, 9 and 10, there is mounted on the panel 18 a two-position switch S3 which, in one position, effects flushing and, in the other position, discharge. Power is supplied to the system through a cir¬ cuit breaker 102 and when the power is on, this fact is indicated by a white light W adjacent the circuit breaker. It is within the scope of the invention to automate the . entire cycle of operation. It is not only necessary to macerate the effluent, but also to effect decontamination and deodori- zation and, of course, the greater the amount of macera¬ tion and, hence, reduction in particle size, the greater is the effectiveness of the decontaminant and/or deodor¬ izer. A combination decontaminant and/or deodorizer is introduced into the system in suitable form, for example, the form of a tablet directly into the bowl and, for this 4 purpose, there is provided, as shown in FIG. 1, at the rear end of the toilet seat, a slot 106 through which the tablet may be dropped. At the underside of the seat adjacent the opening 106, FIG. 4, there is a recess 108 within which there is mounted a switch assembly SI provided at its forward end with an actuator finger 112 which extends into the opening 106 and, when deflected, by dropping the table through the slot 106, will complete a circuit through the switch to start the motor Ml of the macerator. Desirably, the switch-actuating finger 112 is set so that a predetermined force is required to effect its displacement and the tablets are made strong enough to effect such displacement so that a tablet not specifi¬ cally made for this purpose will not actuate the switch and, hence, will not start the macerator. Instead of the switch SI, a sensing device of well-known kind such as a magnetic switch, photocells, proximity switch, microswitch, reed switch or the like may be used operable by, or in response to, the size, shape, hardness, color or embossment of the bacteriacide. The bacteriacide itself may be a tablet, cartridge, capsule, powder or liquid. It is within the scope of the invention to in¬ troduce the bacteriacide into the effluent prior to or after its maceration, for example, it may, as described above, be deposited in the bowl and flushed together with the effluent into the treating chamber, or it may be in¬ jected directly into the treating chamber, for example, by squirting a charge of bacteriacide directly into the treating chamber each time the bowl is flushed or the macerator is started. It is foreseen that a multiplicity of toilet systems such as described may be used in apart¬ ment-type dwelling units, might be connected by suitable plumbing to a common holding tank or discharge tank so that the macerated effluent from the entire building could be temporarily held where, for example, there is not an available sewage system, and where, for example, it is not desirable to have individual holding tanks for each unit. Such a system would eliminate the responsibility of the individual to introduce the bacteriacide into the toilet, shifting the obligation to the building manager or some other responsible person, thus making it a more foolproof system of disposal without accidental contamination through the carelessness of individual users. The effluent so collected may be recoverable as a liquid or solid, for example, by evaporation of the liquid for fertilization purposes. A large proportion, of the effluent, of course, is paper which is not valuable as a fertilizer and, fur- theimore, tends to clog plumbing. Hence, it is desirable to remove this bulk paper fiber from the treated effluent. This can be done by inserting a filter unit between the discharge side of the toilet system and the waste pipe leading to the holding tank or to the sewer system. Desirably, such a unit should be designed to be expendable so that when it becomes filled, it can be removed and replaced by a new filter. The macerator is allowed to run for a predeter¬ mined length of time as determined by a timer T to effect complete decontamination and reduction of the effluent to a particle size which is acceptable and to a bacteria count which is acceptable, whereupon the switch S3 is changed over to the discharge position and, in this posi¬ tion, will start the motor M2 of the pump to rotate the pump in a direction to discharge the macerated effluent from the system. After having run the system through a cycle for the purpose of macerating the effluent and dis¬ charging it, the system can be cleaned of any residual effluent without reintroducing a chemical and without operation of the macerator by simply flipping the switch S3 first to the flush position and then to the discharge position to circulate fresh water through the system. This may be done two or three times so that the entire system is thoroughly cleaned and will contain no residual fluids which could result in a deposit when standing in the system and become a source of bacterial growth or unpleasant odor. Prior to depositing the chemical tablet, it is, of course, necessary to shift the selector valve 58 either mechanically or electronically to a depressed position to provide for taking water into the system and prior to discharge, that is, after the macerator has completed its function, the valve must be shifted by pulling the rod upwardly. At the right-hand side of the 20 panel i8, FIG. 1, there is a white light W which in¬ dicates the power is on. At the left-hand side of the 20 .panel 18, FIG. 1, there are two lights, an amber light A in the control circuit indicating that the system is in use and a red light R indicating the treating chamber is filled and should be emptied. The selector valve 58 as described above is mechanically or electrically operated. There may be substituted for this selector valve a check valve assembly 150, FIG. 15, containing passages 152 and 154. Passage 152 is connected to the passage 68 of the rever¬ sible motor-driven pump and the passage 154 is connected to the passage 70 of the reversible motor-driven pump. The passage 154 is, in turn, connected by a check valve 156 to the conductor 88 which leads to the bowl and by a check valve 158 to the conductor 94 which leads to the treating tank. The check valves 156 and 158 are so arranged that when the pump is rotating in a direction to draw water into the passage 152 and force it through the passage 154, it will flow through the check valve 156 to the bov/l, but will be prevented from entering the conductor 94. When the pump is driven in the opposite direction, the check valve 158 will permit the treated effluent to be withdrawn from the treating tank and dis- charged by way of the passage 154 and the passage 152 while the check valve 156 will prevent entry of the 88 effluent into the conductor 188 to the bowl. Since urine is sterile and contains no solid matter, operation of the macerator is not required nor is it necessary to introduce a bacteriacide. The system may be flushed and discharged simply by flipping the switch S3 first to the flush and then to the discharge. If the toggle switch were flipped to the flush position for flushing solid effluent without also starting the macerator motor, the system would instantly become in¬ operative since the conductor pipes and ports of the pump and valve are so small in diameter that they would not pass the effluent, hence, no harm can come of actuating the toggle switch to effect discharge in the event the macerator has not been operated or has become inoperative. The conductor pipes and parts are, for this purpose, approximately 7/16 inches in diameter. The system is made ready for use by closing a master switch S as shown in FIGS. 9 and.10. Closing the switch S energizes the white light W to indicate that the power is on. In order to flush the toilet, the toggle switch S3 is moved to a position to start the pump motor M2 and held in this position until the bowl is completely flushed into the treating chamber, whereupon it is moved back to its neutral, position and-the pump motor M2 stopped. After flushing, a tablet is forced through the slot 106 and, as it passes through, it actuates the switch SI which starts the macerator motor Ml. A timer T in the macerator circuit is adapted, to be set to continue operation of the macerator for a pre¬ determined time and then to stop the macerator motor. When the macerator motor Ml stops, the amber, light A goes on. Following maceration, the toggle switch S3 is moved to a position to start the pump motor. M2 in the opposite direction and held in this position -until the treating chamber is empty, whereupon it is released and the motor M2 will stop. The circuit as thus arranged enables purging the system without operating the macerator by the simple expedient of holding the toggle switch in. the first position to charge flush water into, the treat¬ ing tank and then holding it in said second position to cause the water to be pumped out of the treating chamber. The valve 76 has to be moved in cons.onance with the pump motor to position it in a first position to admit flush water to the bowl for flushing and thereafter to a posi¬ tion to permit the effluent to be pumped out of the treating chamber when the switch is moved to the position to discharge the treating chamber. This may be effected 80 by means of the push-pull rod ,82 or by a solenoid 96, FIG. 8. Desirably, both the push-pull rod and solenoid are included in the system, the push-pull rod serving as a backup in the event that, for some reason, the solenoid fails to operate. There is a red light R on the panel which goes on when the treating chamber is filled to indicate to the user that the chamber should be emptied before reuse. A float-operated switch S2 serves to close the circuit to the red light when the effluent in the treating chamber reaches a predetermined level. The system as described above is essentially of great simplicity as compared with most systems designed for the same purpose and is particularly attractive for the reason that its design frees the system from residual accumulations which may become the source of deposits within the system. This is provided by the reversible pump which is thus self-cleaning in operation and by employing a single selector valve through which the flush water reversibly flows. Efficiency in operation is achieved by disabling the macerator during the purging of the system. Further, as previously indicated, the macerator itself is especially effective in breaking up the solid material to a fineness to promote maximum decontamination and deodorization and the fact that the configuration of the macerating chamber and its isola¬ tion from the pump provides both ideal and maximum exposure of the effluent to the macerator. An alternative toilet system is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 wherein two motor-driven pumps 160 and 162 are used provided with motors M3 and M4. The motor-driven pump 160 as shown in FIG. 12 is provided with a fitting 166 for taking water into the system and a fitting 168 for receiving one end of a conductor 170, the other end of which is connected to the bowl 10. The pump 162 is provided with a fitting 172 which is connected by a conductor not shown to the treating tank 12 and a fitting 176 for connection to a discharge line not shown. The control circuit for the two-pump system is illustrated in FIG. 13 wherein there is a combination on/off circuit breaker switch S4 which, when placed in an on position, connects the circuit to a source of power comprising a battery so labeled. When the switch S4 is placed in the on position, a white light W1 is turned on to indicate that the power is on. A switch S5 in the circuit provides for, in one position, starting the motor M3 and its associated pump 160 to take water into the system and deliver it to the bowl for flushing. As in the previously described system, when the effluent has been flushed into the treating tank, the macerator therein is started by forcing a tablet through the slot provided for this purpose, whereupon the macerator runs for a predetermined period so as to effect complete maceration of the solid matter. During operation of the macerator, a red light R1 in the circuit is turned on to show that the macerator is running. When the macerator motor stops, the red light is extinguished, whereupon the switch S5 is moved in the other direction to the discharge position so as to start the motor M4 of the discharge pump 162 and thus discharge the treated effluent from the treating chamber to the discharge line. There are situations where there are restric- tions on the amount of water that is available and restrictions as to discharge and, for this reason, the system may be provided with a filtering unit as shown in FIG. 14 and the system closed. The filtering unit comprises a tank 180 divided by a partition 182 into two chambers 184 and 186. The chambers 184 and 186 are closed at the top by a cover 188 and are interconnected at the top by a conductor 190. The chamber 184 is filled with a plurality of particles . 192 which may be generally spherical in shape and which may be all of the same size or of different sizes. The particles 192 are buoyant and so will float on liquid delivered into the. chamber 184. These particles may be made of plastic and, desirably, have a somewhat roughened surface. A conductor 194 19-2- is mounted to the cover 188 with a portion extending into the chamber 184 to a position close to the bottom. 196 194 The upper projecting end/of the conductor 196 is connected to the discharge side of the pump 164 so that the macerated effluent withdrawn from the treating chamber is delivered into the chamber 184 near the bottom. As the effluent rises in the chamber 184, the solid matter is entrained by the particulate material so that the liquid at the top is substantially free of any solid matter. The filtering particles are sufficiently effec- tive so that the water is substantially clear at the top of the chamber 184 and this clear water flows by way of the conductor 190 into the chamber 186. A conductor 198 is mounted to the cover 188 with a portion extending down to near the bottom of the chamber 186 for withdraw- ing the clear water from the filter tank and returning .200 it to the system for flushing. The upper end/of the conductor 198 is connected to the intake side of the pump 160. Thus, there is provided a closed system wherein a predetermined quantity of water is circulated by the pump through the filter tank where the solid matter macerated by the macerator is trapped. The filter tank may be periodally cleaned either by removing the cover 188 and dumping out the filtering particles and replacing them or a drain valve may be provided at the bottom of the chamber 184 so that fresh water may be flushed through the bed of particulate material from the top to the bottom to clean the particulate material. As described hereinbefore, the flush water has been drawn into the system for flushing the bowl by a motor-driven pump and, for marine purposes, where the clean water which is to be used for the system is sea water, a pump is essential. It is very possible and contemplated within the scope of the invention to use the system in areas where the local water pressure is sufficient to supply water to the system without having to pump it and, accordingly, it is contemplated that the motor-driven intake pump may be dispensed with the con¬ ductor 172 connected directly to a domestic water pipe with a suitable valve such as normally used in any flush water and float control for shutting it off when a suffi¬ cient amount of water has been delivered to effect flush¬ ing. It should be understood that the present dis- closure is for the purpose of illustration only and in¬ cludes all modofications or improvements which fall within the scope of the appended claims.";1. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a reversible, motor-driven pump operable in one direction to supply flush water to the bowl to flush the same, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof in isolation from any other fluid and a two-position valve operable in one position to cause the pump to effect flushing of . the bowl and in the other position to effect dis¬ charge of the treated effluent. 2. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solidmatter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a reversible, motor-driven pump, a treating chamber, valve means operable when the pump is rotated in one direction to take water into the system through a port and deliver it to the bowl to flush the latter and when the pump is rotated in the opposite direction to withdraw the effluent from the treating chamber and discharge it through the same port, macerator means in the treating chamber for macerating the effluent when flushed into the treating chamber and means for supplying a bacteriacide to the treating chamber. 3. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a reversible, motor-driven pump, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl thereinto, a macerator in the treating chamber operable to effect maceration of the effluent therein, means for supplying a bac¬ teriacide to the treating chamber so as to be present therein during the period of operation of the macerator, valve means movable to a position to con¬ nect the pump to the bowl for supplying flush water to the bowl to flush the effluent into the treating chamber and to another position to connect the pump to the treating chamber for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber and means for effecting rotation of the motor-driven pump in a direction to take water into the system when the valve is in the one position and in a direction to discharge the treated effluent from the system when the valve is in the other position. 4. A toilet system according to claim 3 wherein there is a switch for reversing the motor-driven pump and means for shifting the valve. 5. A toilet system according to claim 3 wherein a bac¬ teriacide is used to render the effluent innocuous during the maceration thereof and there is means operable by deposit of the bacteriacide in the bowl to automatically start the macerator. 6. A toilet system according to claim 5 wherein, the treating chamber is of a predetermined capacity such as to receive a predetermined volume of effluent for maceration in isolation and wherein the motor-driven pump is designed to discharge the entire amount of the treated effluent from the treating chamber. 7. A toilet system according to claim 6 wherein there is means for terminating the treating cycle within a predetermined time. 8. A toilet system according to claim 3 wherein there is a double-acting switch operable in one position to effect rotation of the motor-driven pump in the direction to take in flush water for cleaning the bowl and in the other position to discharge the cleaning water from the treating chamber without concurrent operation of the macerator. ' 9. A toilet system according to claim 3 wherein there is a slot for receiving and guiding a tablet into the bowl and a switch for initiating operation of the macerator provided with an actuating arm located in a position such that a tablet passing through the slot .will actuate the switch and thus initiate opera¬ tion of the macerator. 10. A toilet system comprising a bowl, a treating chamber to which the bowl is connected for receiving effluent from the bowl, a macerator in the treating chamber, a reversible, motor-driven pump, a two- position selector valve movable to one position to cause the pump in one direction of rotation to take water into the system and deliver it to the bowl to effect flushing and in the other position to cause the pump in the other direction of rotation to empty the treating chamber and discharge the effluent from the system, switch means for controlling the direc¬ tion of rotation of the motor-driven pump and means for changing the position of the two-position valve. 11. A toilet system according to* claim 10 wherein the bowl is connected to the top of the treating chamber by way of a splash guard, and the treating chamber is emptied through a port at the bottom thereof. 12. A toilet system according to claim 10 wherein the treating chamber is designed to contain the effluent in isolation during maceration and to be completely emptied following maceration. 13. A toilet system according to claim 10 wherein the bottom of the treating chamber is toroidal in vertical and diametral section. 14. A toilet system according to claim 10 wherein-the macerator is motor-driven, there is means for receiving a tablet and conducting it into the bowl and a switch operable by receipt of the tablet to start the macerator motor. 15. A toilet system comprising a bowl, treating chamber to which the bowl is connected for receiving effluent from the bowl, a motor-driven macerator in the treating chamber, a reversible motor-driven pump, a two-position selector valve movable to one position to cause the pump in one direction of rotation to take water into the system and deliver it to the bowl to effect flushing and in the other* position to cause the motor in the other direction of rotation to empty the treating chamber and discharge the effluent from the system, and a control circuit including a toggle switch operable in one position to actuate the pump motor to rotate in one direction and in the other in the. opposite direction, a solenoid connected to the two position valve operable by actuation of the toggle switch to move it to the - appropriate position for the direction of rotation of the pump motor, a switch actuatable upon entry of a bacteriacide into the treating chamber to start the macerator pump and a timer for. terminating opera¬ tion of the macerator pump following a predetermined interval. 16. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein there is an ON-OFF switch for supplying power to the control circuit. 17. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein there is an indicator light which becomes illuminated when the ON-OFF switch is on, indicating that the power is on. 18. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein there is an IN-USE light operable when the macerator pump is in operation to indicate that the system is in use. 19. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein there is a FULL light operable when the level of the effluent in the treating chamber reaches a pre¬ determined level. 20. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein the pump is ported with 7/16 inch intake and discharge ports such as to completely block passages of any unmacerated solid matter. 21. A toilet system capable of rendering effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to a microparticle size comprising a bowl, a treating tank for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the content thereof, means for in¬ troducing water to the bowl to effect flushing and for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber and a two-position switch operable in one position to effect initiation of water to the bowl and in the other position to effect dis¬ charge of the treated effluent from the treating chamber. 22. A toilet system capable of rendering effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter to micro¬ particle size comprising a bowl, a treating chamber for receiving the effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the content thereof, motor-driven . pump means for supplying fresh water to the bowl to effect flushing and for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber following macera- tion and a two-position switch operable in one position to effect flushing and in the other position to effect discharge. 23. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof, first means for introducing water into the bowl, second means for discharging the treated effluent from the treating tank and filter means interposed between said first and second means such as to provide a closed circuit for repeated circulation of a predetermined quantity of liquid in the system. 24. A toilet system.according to claim 23 wherein the filter comprises a tank containing a plurality of buoyant particles which float upon the disseminated effluent and wherein the first means delivers the disseminated effluent to the bottom of the tank and the second means removes the filtered water from the top of the tank. 25. A toilet system according to claim 23 wherein the filter means comprises a tank divided into two chambers, one of which contains a mass of buoyant particles, conductor means connected to the first means for delivering the macerated effluent to said one chamber, a conductor connecting the top of the one chamber to the other chamber, and a conductor connecting the bottom of the other chamber to the second means. 26. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid material .therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, .a treating tank for receiving effluent flushed f om the bowl . for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof, a valve and conductor connecting the bowl to a source of water pressure operable to effect flushing of he bowl, a motor connected to the treating chamber for effect- ing discharge thereof and a two-position switch operable in one position to open the valve to effect flushing of the bowl and in the other position to energize the pump to effect discharge of the treating chamber. 27. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof, a motor-driven pump for supplying flush water to the bowl to effect flushing and for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber following maceration and a valve comprising a flow passage and two checks, one of which connects the flow passage to the bowl and the other of which connects the flow passage to the treating tank. 28. A toilet system capable of rendering effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof, a motor-driven pump for supplying flush water to the bowl to effect flushing and for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber following maceration and a valve containing two one-way gates, one of which is opened by operation of the pump in a direction to supply water to the bowl and the other of which is closed and the other of which is opened by operation of the pump in a direction to discharge the effluent from the treating chamber and the one is closed.;ALBERTASSI J H, HEINZE W O;INT WATER SAVING SYST INC, INTERNATIONAL WATER SAVING SYSTEMS INC;1978.0;1978000009
-WO-1978000014-A1;19781221.0;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25189784.0;C02B9;E02B15;B63B35, E02B15;E02B  15/04C3;METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OIL SKIMMING;Method and apparatus for removing oil from water surfaces including a self-propellable vessel having a catamaran type hull (10, 12) defining an oil collection channel (16) therebetween through which is advanced a series of loosely supported, parallel flexible rope belts (38) of floating oil collecting material which are moved countercurrent to the direction of vessel advance at substantially zero differential velocity relative to the water surface to pick up the oil on the surface. The rope belts (38) float freely on the water surface and are free to move vertically and longitudinally under the action of the water. Lateral deflection of the ropes under the action of debris or other obstruction is also possible. The free floating nature of the flexible belts (38) prevents adverse headwaves from being formed at their initial contact with the water surface and allows relatively high vessel speeds.;"Method and Apparatus for.Oil Skimming Background of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a method and apparatus for remov¬ ing oil from a water surface and particularly to an improved method and apparatus for effecting the continuous removal and recovery of large quantities of oil from extended area water surfaces. 2. General Background and Prior Art. Pollution of natural waterways and defining marginal land masses, such as harbors, rivers, lakes and defining shore lines and even open seas by oil floating on the water surface is of primary environmental significance. Recent years have witnessed ever increasing quantities of oil spillage from tanker or barge damage, drilling accidents, tank cleaning or other sources with attendant environmental damage to both land and water. Such has been accompanied by an ever increasing public concern both with the problem and with the apparent inability of current technology to ameliorate, much less to solve, the problem of large volume oil spillage. Although many expedients have been proposed for effecting the removal and collection of oil floating on water prior to adjacent land mass contamination, such as dispersion, skimming, absorbtion, burning and the like, such efforts have been gener¬ ally ineffective, at least insofar as oil spills of any large quantity and consequent areal size are concerned or where water surface turbulence of anything over minimal character is in¬ volved. Prior attempts at the design of skimmers, crafts which move throughout an oil slick and collect the oil therefrom, have pro¬ ved to have very limited effectiveness. An inherent problem with these devices is that they all present a rigid structure, usually in the form of a belt assembly with a rigid support, to the on¬ coming oil. When such a moving rigid structure is presented to an oil slick a ""headwave"" is formed in the oil near the structure. At very low relative velocities of the headwave becomes hydro- dynamically unstable. Studies have shown that at relative speeds in excess of approximately 1.25 knots the headwave breaks up, a entrained droplets of oil are swept past the oncoming structure Studies have also shown that this phenomenon occurs even the structure is provided with a continuously moving belt of o collecting material. Thus, a serious limitation of "" prior skimm designs has been that they can only operate at speeds of t order of 1 knot if they are to have any significant collecti efficiency at all. A further complication that has materially militated again prompt resolution of oil spill problems is the totally unpredic able nature of the causes thereof and the widespread geograph areas within which which such spills may occur. As a practic matter, the necessary time that passes between the initiation- an oil spill and the physical availablity of any collection mea at the locus thereof usually permits the spread of the spill oil over an area that far exceeds the ability of any present d techniques for collecting or otherwise handling the same. As corollary to the above, all problems attendant oil removal a markedly accelerated as the gallonage of the spill increase both with respect to the geograpic ' areas involved and wi respect to disposition of the collected oil itself. Prior patents of possible interest are cited below: PRIOR ART PATENTS U.S. Patent No. Patentee(s) Issue Date 3,643,804 D. E. Sharpton 2/22/72 3,668,118 H. M. Rhodes 6/6/72 3,670,896 F. E. Hale, Jr. 6/20/72 3,744,257 W. F. Spanner 7/10/73 3,968,041 E. A. De Voss 7/6/76 4,061,569 J.A. Bennett, ETAL 12/6/77 General Discussion of the Invention This invention may be briefly described as an improved me¬ thod and apparatus for removing oil from a water surface and which, in its preferred embodiment, includes a modularly asse b- lable, self-propellable catamaran type vessel defining a longi¬ tudinal oil collection channel of inverted U-shape. Large surface areas of oil collecting material for example, polypropylene, in the form of elongate endless belts or ropes are freely and loosely supported on the water surface to move therewith and are abvanced through the inverted U-shaped channel countercurrent to the direction of vessel advance and preferrably at a zero differential velocity relative to the water surface to maximixe oil collection. The preferred oil collecting material is polypro¬ pylene, formed in thin strips and radially disposed about a core belt or rope. Although oil collecting material in continuous flat wide belt or sheet form is possible and contemplated in the present invention, a series of independent rope belts is greatly preferred because it allows further freedom of movement in the lateral direction between the individual belts due to the presence of debris or other obstacles. Associated therewith and disposed upon a deck structure bridging the catamaran hulls are means for advancing the oil collecting material concurrently with the movement of the catama¬ ran vessel through the water and for removing the collected oil prior to the reintroduction of the material into the oil collec¬ tion channel. In its narrower aspects, the subject invention includes the conjoint usage of the catamaran hulls or sections thereof to temporarily store the oil removed from the water sur¬ faces. Among other advantages of the subject invention is the pro¬ vision of a self-propellable oil collection vessel that serves to maximize the collection of oil and the separation efficiency of the oil collecting material employed with respect to the quantity of oil exposed to collection and the time of explosable contact therebetween. Further advantages accrue in oil collection and efficiency when the multiple strip poypropylene ropes used. Still further advantages include provision of a collect method and apparatus that is effectively operative independent sea conditions both with respect to surface turbulence and to presence of floating debirs thereon. Still other advanta include the provision of increased oil storage facilities with detrimental diminution of oil collection efficiency and provision of a readilly assemblable modular structure that easily transportable for rapid assembly at the locus of intended use thereof^ An object of this invention is the provision of impro method and apparatus for effecting the collection of oil from surface of water in calm waters as well as in relativ turbulent waters when needed and at relattively high speeds. Other objects and advantages of the subject invention w become apparent from the following specification and from appended drawings which illustrate, in accord with the mandate the patent statutes, a certain presently preferred embodiment oil collection apparatus embodying the principles of this inv tion. Brief Description of Drawings For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like parts are given like reference numerals and wherein: Figure 1 is a schematic plan view of an improved oil collec¬ tion apparatus incorporating the principles of this invention. Figure 2 is a schematic side elevation of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a vertical section as taken on the line 3-3 of Figure 1. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Referring to the drawings there is provided a catamaran t vessel formed of a pair of elongate spaced hull sectio.ns 10, spanned by a deck section 14 suitably constituted, at least part, of metal grating or the like and supported by a plural of cross beams removably securable to the hull sections 10, The transversely spaced hull sections 10 and 12 and the overly deck assembly generally define an inverted generally U-shaped collection channel 16 running the full length of the vessel w the surface of the water disposed intermediate the hull sectio The hull section 10, 12 and overlying decking may be pref ricated in easily assemblable modular sections of, for examp readily transportable 20 foot lengths, and detachably joined at 18 to form an assembled structure. Further, the hull secti 10, 12 are of multi-co partmented construction. Some of th compartments may be filled with buoyant foam material wh others may be utilized for storage of collected oil. As will hereinafter become apparent, and is clear from F ure 2, the oil collecting material herein employed is slack loose when the vessel is at rest and thus floats loosely upon water surface and allows substantial ""give"" or movement of t material under water action; hence particular depth of catamar hull section immersion is not a critical or determinati operative parameter and additionally this looseness allows oper tion of the vessel at higher speeds as discussed more ful below. Mounted in the stern portion of each of the catamaran hu sections 10, 12 in an inboard motor 20 controllable both as speed and helm response from an operating console 22 mounted the deck section 14. Although having the vessel being sel propellable is preferred, it is of course possible to utili some of the basic principles of the present invention in a tow type or other type movable vessel. Peripherally disposed abo the deck section 14 is a guard rail assembly 24. The oil collecting material employed in the practice of the herein described invention may be any of a number of types of materials. For example, sponge may be used, in a sheet or other continuous belt configuration, for collection by absorbtion. However, the material preferred for use in the present invention is polypropylene, formed into the structure disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,668,118. Such structure is essentially comprised of an elongate core strand having a multiplicity of thin guage narrow polypropylene strips extending generally radially there¬ from and constituting a relatively loose mass of individually discrete strands or strips that compositely provide a markedly extensive or expanded surface area for the oleophilic attraction and adherence of oil. As is apparent from the disclosure of such patent, the composite structure is both easy to handle and effective in removing the olepohilically adherent- oil from the oleophilic material prior to its reexposure to oil . Such material will hereinafter be termed an ""elongate oleophilic rope element"" or ""elongate oleophlic rope material."" Mounted on the fore portions of the deck section 14 are a pair of oleophlic rope element driving and oil separation assem¬ blies, generally designated 30 and 32 respectively. As best shown in Figure 2, each of these assemblies includes a pair of compres- sively engaged drive rollers 34, 36, adapted to advance an assem¬ blage of a plurality of elongate oleophilic rope elements, for example, three endless belt type oil ropes 38a, 38b, and 38c in the direction indicated by the directional arrows 40. Associated therewith are a plurality of guide rollers 44 and 46 to direct the path of travel of the elongate oleophlic rope elements from the drive rollers 34, 36 downwardly into loose, floating disposi¬ tion on the water surface intermediate the catamaran hull sections 10 and 12 adjacent to the bow of the vessel. As can be seen in Figure 2, the lowermost bow guide roller 46 is located substantially above the water line ""W.L."" (for example three feet above in an exemplary vessel of forty feet in length) with the ropes having several extra feet of slack which allows the slack oil collecting material 38 to contact and ride onto the init contacted water surface freely or loosely with substantial "" permitting it (note 38') to be easily moved longitudinal vertically in response to wave or other water action, as we laterally. Additionally preferably no further guide roll other longitudinal or vertical movement restriction mean provided along the length of the oil collection material 38 it is in the water or close thereto. The rope elements 38 float freely on the wate surface without being taut or ri presented or under any substantial tension or restraint ad to the water surface contact and its contemplated movement. Suitable spacing means, such as vertically disposed ba mounted at each end to a housing 54, are desirably includ maintain the elongate oleophilic rope elements,* for example 38b and 38c, in a desired laterally spaced relation .during travel through the drive asemblies 30 and 32. Mounted on the rear of the deck section 14 and prefe well above the water level ""W.L."" is a guide roll assemb adapted to elevate the oil saturated oleophilic rope ele from engagement with the water surface and to direct them an elongate catch pan 52 on which they are supported during advance as effected by the drive rollers 34, 36. Suitable such as radially extending plates or flanges are included i guide rolls assembly 50 to maintain the oil rope belt laterally spaced relation. The catch pan 52 drains towar driving and separation assemblies 30, 32. Each of the oleopo rope element driving and oil separation assemblies 30 includes a housing 54 and an oil sump from which collected o transferred via schematically illustrated conduit 58 and pu are also utilized to transfer collected oil from the compart 62 to other storage vessels. In using the described unit, the separated modular co ents thereof are adapted to be shipped via air or other means of transportation to the locus of their intended us there assembled. By way of example, the main modular compo thereof may comprise the illustrated two catamaran hull sections, the deck gratings, the oleophilic rope clement driving and oil sepoaration assemblies, the control console assemblies and the like, or may include further sub-assemblies thereof. At "" or near the locus of use, the readily transportable modules are readily assembled to form the structure depicted in the drawings. The assembled structure is then towed to or drive under its own power to the locus of spillage. In operation, the illustrated vessel is adapted to be ad¬ vanced through the oil spill at a predetermined speed. For the purposes of explanation, such rate of advance may be considered as the water moving from the bow to the stern at a rate of Vw knots. Concurrently therewith, the oleophilic rope element driv¬ ing and oil separation assemblies 30 and 32 are adjusted to ef¬ fect a displacement of those portions of the endless belt elong- gate oleophilic rope elements floating upon the water and dis¬ posed within the oil collection channel intermediate the cata¬ maran hull sections 10 and 12 in the bow to stern direction at a predetermined speed, for example, at a rate of V knots. As best shown in Figure 1, each of the oleophilic rope element driving and oil separation assemblies serves a plurality of separate and discrete endless belt type elongate oleophlic rope elements and whose composite transverse extend substantially fills the trans¬ verse space between the hull sections 10 and 12. As will now be apparent, if the speed of displacement V of the elongate oleophilic rope elements is substantially equal to or slightly in excess of that of V of the elongate oleophilic rope elements is substantially equal to or slightly in excess of that of V , optimum conditions will be established with respect to dwell time for oleophlic pick up of the oil on the strands of the oleophlic rope material. Thus, if the transverse extent of the channel formed between the hull sections is substantially filled with the floating oleophilic mop material and the differential speed relation between such material and the water surface is main¬ tained at a minimal or zero value as described above, essentially optimum conditions, effectively, independent of water surface condition or the presence of ' floating debris, can be established and maintained for enhanced oil pick up on a quantitative basis. As is also now apparent, each set of the elongate oleophilic rope elements, for example, 3aa, 38b, 28c, will sclective- ely and preferentially entrain oil from the water surface an they pass upwardly and over the guide roll assembly 50 effe vely separate appreciable quantities of the oil from the w surface. The guide roll assembly 50 directs the elongage o philic rope elements 38 on to the surface of the catch pan 5 support the same as it is advanced into the bite of the pressively engaged drive rollers 34 and 36. The drive roller and 36, which preferably have a surface of elastically deform material, serve both to advance the endless belts of elon oleophilic rope material in the manner described and to pressively squeeze or otherwise displace most of the entra oil from the surfaces of the elongate oleophilic rope materia it advances therepast. Such separated oil is collected in sumps from which it is removed and stored in the tank section of the catamaran hull sections 10 and 12. As will no apparent, the depth of immersion of the catamaran hull sect 10 and 12 is not critical since all collection activity t place on the water surface within the channel marginally def by such hull sections. The loose floatation of the oil collec materials, such as the elongate oleophilic rope elements 38, only maintains the same contact with the floating oil but renders the unit effectively impervious to floating debris or in the water, and within limits, to the degree of turbulenc the water surface since the free floating oleophilic mate will travel over and around any debris and will generally con to the water surface contour. The permitted control of the differentiated velocity bet the floating elongate oleophilic rope elements and the ve velocity permits high efficiency utilization of the oleoph capabilities of the rope elements and consequent high volume high efficiency oil separation from the water surface in a mobility vehicle under widely varying conditions of operation Exemplary dimensions for a vessel as illustrated and actually buit, tested and successfully used are a forty (12.2m) aluminum catamaran vessel for inland waters use. Such a vessel can be disassembled and the total vessel stored in two eight-foot-by-eight-foot-by-twenty-foot standard containers. The vessel was powered by two diesel engine driven outdrives and was designed for recovery rates of up to one hundred and seventy-five gp (662 1/m) . Each hull had its own plant and oil recovery system and was capable of operating independently of each other. The vessel had an on-board storage capability of two thousand gallons (7,570 1) and its own discharge pumps for unloading purposes. Further specfications and exemplary details are outlined below: -DIMENSION SPECIFICATIONS- LOA 39'- 8"" ( 12 .1 m) Beam 13' - 2"" ( 4.01 m) Draft (empty) 1' - 0"" ( .305m) Endurance Time 16 hours Radius Operation 125 N.M. (231 km) Engines ( 2) GM 3-53 N Fuel 200 gal. (750L) Oil Recovery Rate 175 gpm (662 1/m) - -OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM- (2) ""Oil Mop"" Mark 11-9 recovery systems (6) Continuous loop ""Oil Mop"" 10"" (254 mm) ropes 35' (10.7m) long ea. (2) 135 GPM (511 1/m) independent sump/discharge pumps (6) Independent oil tanks (2000 gal. [7,570.1] total) (2) Manifolds for -fill and discharge (6) Manholes (one into each tank). A vessel at least generally identical to the foregoing was successfully tested for effective oil recovery at speeds up to five kts. The foregoing details and examples are merely exemplary, and subject to great variation within the scope of the present invention. Thus the vessel land its oil collecting materials can be of various sizes and configurations from for example a single hull with the oil collecting materials hung off its side to the preferred multi-hull configurations with centrally defined chan¬ nels. Thus, while the fundamental novel features of -invention been shown and described, it should be undrstood that var substitutions, modifications and variations may be made wit departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Accordin all such modifications and variations are included in the sop the invention as defined by the following claims.";"What is Claimed is: 1. A vessel suitable for removing and collecting oil float¬ ing oh the surface of water comprising: (a) an elongate hull defining at least in part an oil coll¬ ection area and having means for advancing the hull through the water; and (b) support means associated with said hull supporting at least one oveable belt or pliant, water floatable oil collecting material to float loosely upon the water surface in the oil collecting area to collect oil floating upon the water surface with the material's initial water surface contact area being free to move vertically and longitudinally under the action of the water. 2. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein there is further included drive means associated with said hull for moving the oil collecting material longitudinally through the oil collecting area and wherein said drive means includes control means for controlling the speed* of advance of the oil colleting material through the oil collection channel. 3. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 2 wherein said drive means also serves as separating means for separating the oil > from the oil collecting material after the oil collecting material is removed from the surface of the water and wherein the drive means and the separating means comprise at least one pair of compress- ively engaged rollers. 4. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 including stronger means associated with said hull for storing the separated oil on the water. 5. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said oil collecting material comprises multiplicities of thin strips of oleophilic material suitably arranged on said belt to present- a fibrous mass to said oil covered water surface. 6. Apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said belt endless and comprises a continuous rope-like formation of s oil collecting material. 7. The appartatus as set forth in Claim 6 "" wherein s rope-like formation of oil collecting material comprises m plicities of thin strips of oleophilic material generally ra ally disposed about a central rope-like belt. 8. The apparatus as set forth in Claims 5 or 7 wherein s oleophilic material comprises polypropylene. 9. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 6 wherein said s port means includes means for supporting a series of said be disposed in parallel, side-by-side disposition in the oil co ecting area. 10. A vessel for removing and collecting oil floating the surface of water comprising: a. a pair of laterally spaced elongate hull sections fining a longitudinally disposed oil channel therebetween; b. deck means bridging said laterally spaced hull secti and overyling said oil collection channel; c. means for advancing said vessel at a predetermined sp through water having oil on the surface thereof; d. a series of parallel, side-by-side endless belts pliant water floatable oleophilic material each having a port thereof disposed within said oil collection channel substantia parallel to the longitudinal axis thereof, the oleophilic ma rial of each belt being adapted to float loosely and freely u the water surface within the oil collection channel and to c lect oil floating upon said water surface by holding such oil it at adherent interfacial relation therewith; e. a guide roll assembly disposed at the stern.of the v sel; c. controlling said speed of hull section advance and collecting material to render the differential therebetween s stantially zero; 11. 45. The method of Claim 9 further comprising the steps of: a-. introducing said oil collecting material to the water surface at a generally forward location in said collection chan¬ nel; * b. removing said oil collecting material from the water surface at a generally rearward location in said collection chan- ne1; and c. removing the collected oil from said oil collecting ma¬ terial. , , 12. 44. The method of Claim 1-5- wherein said belt is endless and there is further included the steps of: 1) advancing said belt as it slackly floats on the water said surface in s-as-i-B water collection section as said vessel moves across the water in a direction countercurrent to the direction of the vessel movement; and ii) controlling the relative longitudinal speeds of said vessel and of the floating belt portion to render the difference therebetween substantially zero. 11 13. t . The invention claimed in Claims 1, 5, 9 or i5 wherein oil the portion of said belt in said et collection section or channel extends longitudinally along the water surface in contact there¬ with a substantial distance of the order of some feet. AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 20 November 1978 (20.11.78) What is Claimed is: 1. A marine vessel suitable for removing and collec ing oil floating on the surface of water comprising: (a) an elongate hull defining at least in part extended oil collection area and having means associat with the vessel for advancing the hull through the wate and (b) support means associated with said hull for su porting at least one moveable belt of pliant, water floa able oil collecting material to float at least in pa loosely and slackly upon the water surface in the o collecting area to collect oil floating upon the water ^ su face with the material's initial water surface contact ar being free to move by itself vertically and longitudinal under the action of the water. 2. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the is further included drive means associated with said hu for moving the oil collecting material longitudinal through the oil collecting area and wherein said drive mea includes control means for controlling the speed of advan of the oil collecting material through the oil collecti area. 3. The apparatus of Claim 2 including separating mea associated with said hull for separating the oil from t oil collecting material after the oil collecting material removed from the surface of the water by said drive means. 4. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 3 wherein said drive means also serves as said separating means, and wherein the drive means and the separating means comprise at least one pair of compressively engaged rollers. 5. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 3 including storage means associated with said hull for storing the separated oil on the vessel. 6. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 including said belt(s) being freely supported on said support means from the initial contact area and back therefrom a substan¬ tial distance. 7. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 6 wherein said belt(s) of oil collecting material comprise(s) multiplici¬ ties of thin strips of oleophilic material suitably arranged on said belt to present a fibrous mass to the water surface. 8. Apparatus as set forth in Claim 6 wherein said belt(s) comprise(s) endless belt(s). 9. Apparatus as set forth in Claim 8 wherein said belt(s) comprise(s) a continuous, rope-like formation of said oil collecting material. 10. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 9 wherein said rope-like formation of oil collecting material com¬ prises mutiplicities of thin strips of oleophilic material at least generally radially disposed about a central rope-like belt. 11. The apparatus as set forth in Claims 7 or 1 wherein said oleophilic material comprises polypropylene. 12. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein sai support means includes means for supporting a series of sai belts disposed in parallel, side-by-side disposition in th extended oil collecting area. 13. A marine vessel for removing and collecting oi floating on the surface of water comprising: a. a pair of laterally spaced elongate hull section defining a longitudinally disposed, extended oil collectio channel therebetween; b. deck means associated with said hull sections an overlying said oil collection channel for bridging an connecting together said laterally spaced hull sections; c. propulsion means associated with said hull section for advancing said hull sections through water having oil o the surface thereof; d. support means associated with said hull sections for supporting movable belts and a set of parallel, side-by-side endless belts of pliant, water floatable oi collecting material mounted on and supported by said suppor means with each belt having a portion thereof dispose within said extended oil collection channel substantiall parallel to the longitudinal axis thereof, the oil col lecting material of each belt being supported by sai support means to float loosely, slackly and freely upon th water surface within said oil collection channel with th material's initial water contact area being free to move b itself vertically and longitudinally under the action of the water and being adapted to collect oil floating upon the water surface by holding the oil on it in adherent inter- facial relation therewith; e. guide assemblies associated with said hull sec¬ tions and disposed aft of the initial water contact area and of said drive means; f. drive means associated with said hull sections for advancing the endless belts of oil collecting material through said oil collection channel in a direction such that the portions of the endless belts of oil collecting material disposed within said oil collection channel are advanced countercurrent to the direction of vessel advance through the water and for further advancing the endless belts of oil collecting material over the guide assemblies elevating the oil collecting material from engagement with the water surface; and g. separating means associated with said hull sections for separating the oil from the oil collecting material prior to the reintroduction of the oil collecting material back into the oil collection channel. 14. The apparatus as set forth in Claim. 13 wherein the drive means includes control means for controlling the speed of advance of the oil collecting material through said oil collecting channel. 15. The apparatus as set ' forth in Claim 13 wherein th drive means and separating means are at least in par combined and comprise at least one pair of compressivel engaged rollers. 16. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 13 furthe comprising catch pan means associated with said deck mean and disposed under said oil collecting material in it return path from said guide assemblies for supporting sai oil collecting material and catching oil falling therefro as it is advanced from said guide assemblies to said driv means. 17. The apparatus of Claim 13 wherein said oi collecting material is oleophilic material. 18. The apparatus of Claim 17 wherein said oleophli material presents a fibrous mass to the water surface. 19. The apparatus of Claim 18 wherein said fibrou mass comprises a rope-like formation having multiplicitie of thin strips of oleophilic material at least generall radially disposed about a central rope-like belt. 20. In the emoval of oil from a water surface method comprising the steps of: (a) advancing a marine vessel having a longitudinall disposed, extended oil collection area through the oi covered water; (b) supporting and concurrently advancing at least o elongate, pliant belt of oil collecting material counter current to the direction of vessel advance through the water while slackly and flexibly suspending it on the water -surface in..said oil collection area and while allowing "" the oil collecting material in at least the initial portion of said area to freely move by itself vertically and longi¬ tudinally under the action of the water; and (c) removing the oil collecting material from the water surface to separate the collected oil from the material. 21. The method of Claim 20 further comprising the steps of: (a) introducing said oil collecting material to the water surface at a generally forward location in said collection area and allowing it to remain in contact with the water over an extended distance of some feet; (b) removing said oil collecting material from the water surface at a generally rearward location from said collection area; and (c) removing the collected oil from said oil collec¬ ting material on the vessel and returning the material to the water in said air collection area for further oil collecting. 22. The method of removing oil floating on a water surface comprising the steps of: (a) providing a vessel defining at least one side of a longitudinally disposed, extended oil collection area having at least one floatable, pliant belt of pliant, water floatable oil collecting material adapted to float slack and flexibly upon the water in said area; (b) moving the vessel in the longitudinal directi across the water while supporting said material of sa belt(s) in said area to float loosely and slackly upon t water surface with its initial water/oil contact porti being free to move vertically and longitudinally by itse in said oil collection area under the action of the water said oil collection area as the vessel moves across t water; and (c) retrieving said belt(s) from the water at generally rearward location from said collection area. 23. The method of Claim 22 wherein said belt(s) endless and there is further included the steps of: (i) advancing said belt(s) as it slackly floats on t water surface in said water collection area .as said vess moves across the water in a direction countercurrent to t direction of vessel movement; and ii) controlling the relative longitudinal speeds said vessel and of the floating belt portion in sa collection area to render the difference therebetween su stantially zero. 24. The invention claimed in Claims 1, 13, 20 or wherein the portion of said belt(s) in said oil collecti STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19 Enclosed are substitute claim pages (pages 13-20 ) for the originally filed pages 13-15 for the above-identifie patent application. ""New"" claims 1-24 are very similar to the originally filed claims 1-17 in substantitve content and scope, but are rewritten versions of the original claims to put them in better form and to more clearly define applicant's inventive concept. The ""new"", substitute claims do not include any new matter not found in the original specification and claims as filed. area or channel extends longitudinally along the wate surface in contact therewith a substantial distance, of th order of-some feet.";MCLELLAN C;MCLELLAN C, OIL MOP INTERNATIONAL INC, OIL MOP INC;1978.0;1978000014
-WO-1978000019-A1;19781221.0;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25192733.0;F24J3;;F24J2;F24J   2/13, F24J   2/18;ENERGY CONCENTRATOR SYSTEM;A radiant energy concentrator system (10) for maximizing the amount of radiation flux (18) impinging and being absorbed in a particular area. The concentrator system (10) includes a stationary spherical reflector (12) which is fixedly secured to a base surface (16) or ground element. A receiver (14) having an extended length in a particular direction extends partially internal to the concave spherical envelope of the reflector (12) and is adapted to be maintained in a direction substantially parallel to the incident radiation (18) impinging and being reflected from the spherical reflector (12). The receiver (14) is displaced in a manner maintaining the extended length of the receiver (14) in a parallel direction to the incident radiation (18) responsive to directional ray variations of the incident radiation (18) impinging on the spherical reflector (12). Secondary radiation concentration devices (90) are mounted on the receiver (14) for reflecting radiation initially reflected from the reflector (12) back onto the reflector (12) and then back to the receiver (14) for absorption.;"ENERGY CONCENTRATOR SYSTEM BACKGROUND OP THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to energy conservation systems In particular, this invention relates to an energy con¬ centrator system for maximizing the input of energy flux into a particular area. Still further, this invention relates to a radiant energy concentrator system utilizing a stationary reflector and a movably actuated receiver system where incident energy is reflected from the re¬ flector to the receiver. More in particular, this in¬ vention pertains to a radiant energy concentrator system whereby the receiver is movable in a two axis rotation for maintenance of the extended length of the receiver in a parallel direction to incident radiation being applied from an external source to the spherical reflec¬ tor. Still further, this invention relates to a radiant energy concentrator system where reflected radiant energy is applied along a line of focus of the spheri¬ cal reflector to be intercepted by the receiver. Addi¬ tionally, this invention pertains to a radiant energy concentrator system utilizing a secondary concentration device mounted on the receiver for re-reflecting radiant energy initially reflected from the receiver mechanism back to an outer wall of the receiver for absorption of such energy. PRIOR ART Energy concentrating systems are well-known in the art. However, in some prior systems, the reflector portion of the system was movable responsive to the directional variations of the incident radiation from an external source. In such prior systems, in order to achieve significant amounts of radianύ energy from an external source such as the sun, large surface areas of the reflectors were necessary. Thus, extre¬ mely sturdy support members had to be utilized for movement support of the reflectors of such prior art systems. This increased ' the cost of such systems which had the disadvantage of making then uneconomical. Additionally, in prior art systems, where the re¬ flector was movable, wind forces had to be taken into account. This further increased the necessity for high load bearing structural members and reduced the accuracy of the focusing of the reflected radiant energy. In other prior art systems of energy concentration, the overall concept was to concentrate the energy to a point focus. In general, the concentration in this concept is through use of paraboloid reflector. In order to achieve focus to a point when utilizing a paraboloid of revolution, the incident radiation should be directed substantially parallel to the axis of the paraboloid. In such systems, when the incident radia¬ tion is to be maintained parallel to the axis of the paraboloid, the reflector must be displaced or a helio- stat must be utilized which redirects the light or radiant energy to the paraboloid of revolution. In either case, it was found that the heliostat or the ■ paraboloid of revolution must be displaced and mecha¬ nisms having large surface areas had to be moved. Thus, such prior systems had increased cost and a corresponding decrease in accuracy. Additionally in some prior art systems, the rays being reflected to a receiver area, once having inter¬ cepted the receiver area were dissipated by reflection to the external environment. In some of these prior * systems, there were no secondary concentrating devices in order to utilize the reflections from the- receiver units. Thus, additional energy was wasted in the overall concentrating -systems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A radiant energy concentrator system which includes a reflector fixedly secured to a base surface for re¬ flecting incident radiation impinging thereon from an energy source. A receiver having an extended length in a predetermined direction is maintained in a direc¬ tion substantially parallel with the incident radiation, A secondary radiation concentration device is mounted on the receiver for further concentrating the reflected radiation to the receiver. The concentrator system ' includes a receiver displacement mechanism secured to the receiver for maintaining the extended length of the receiver in the parallel direction responsive to directional variations of the incident radiation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an elevational partially cut-away view of the energy concentrator system; FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the receiver displace¬ ment mechanism taken along the section line 2-2 of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a graphical schematic diagram showing the incident ' and first reflected radiant energy rays impin¬ ging and reflecting from the spherical reflector; FIG. 4 is an elevational view of the receiver showing a plurality of compound parabolic concentrators mounted thereon; FIG. 5 is a frontal view of-the spherical reflector having a geodesic type concave contour; FIG. 6 is an elevational partially cut-away view of an embodiment of the receiver showing a secondary concentrating device mounted to the receiver outer wall; FIG. 7 is an elevational partially cut away view of an embodiment of the receiver mechanism showing a plurality of secondary concentrating cup elements mounted to the receiver outer walls; PIG. 8 is a sectional view of the cup elements shown in FIG. 7 taken along the section line 8-8 of FIG. 7; and, FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the cup elements shown in FIG. 8 taken along the section line 9-9 of FIG. 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 3, there is shown energy concentrator system 10 for reflecting incident radiation represented by substantially parallel rays 18 emitted from an energy source such as the sun, from reflector 12 to receiver 14. Additionally, and as will be shown in following paragraphs, secondary radiation concentra¬ ting mechanisms are mounted on receiver 14 for addi¬ tionally capturing and concentrating reflected radiation rays 20 for further impingement on receiver 14. In overall concept, reflector 12 is maintained in fixed securement or positional orientation to ground or some other base surface lβ while receiver 14 is displaced in a manner such that the extended length of receiver 14 is maintained parallel to incident energy rays 18 as a function of the variational changes of the energy source as a further function of time. As will be shown in following paragraphs, reflected energy rays 20 intercept receiver 14 substantially along a line defined by principal axis 22 of reflector 12. Principal axis 22 for purposes of this description is defined as being parallel to incident rays 18 and pass¬ ing through center of curvature 26. In this manner, fluid or other material maintained within receiver 14 is provided with a maximization of energy for purposes to be described and are well-known in the art. Spherical mirrors in general, have been used to deflect or deviate a beam or ray of incident radiation 18. The center of curvature 26 of reflector 12 may be reflector defined as the center of the envelope of inner surface 24. In general, many spherical mirrors which are used for optical purposes are relatively flat, thus the dimensions of the .mirror or reflector are small in comparison with the radius of the surface and such mirrors are defined as having small apertures. In such prior cases, incident energy rays 18 which are parallel to principal axis 22 converge through a common point, referred to as the principal focus of the mirror after reflection. If the mirror is concave, the prin¬ cipal focus of the mirror on receiver 14 has a dis¬ tance which is located on principal axis 22 approximately halfway between the center of curvature 26 and the inner surface 24 of reflector 12. reflector In reflectors 12, which include inner sur¬ faces 24 having a relatively large aperture or in reflectors 12 where incident rays 18 have a relatively large inclination to principal axis 22, the images formed are somewhat imperfect and do not wholly focus at a point. Thus, incident rays 18 issuing from an energy source provide for a series of reflected energy rays 20 which cross or intercept principal axis 22 nearer or closer to inner surface 24 than those which are reflected from a center portion as is clearly seen in the schematic ray diagram of FIG. 3. The imperfection is generally referred to as spherical aberration. As can be seen in FIG. 3. there does exist a concentration of reflected energy rays 20 in the area 30 along principal axis 22 and such is referred to as a first order focus area. First order focus area 30 lies approximately halfway between the center of curvature 26 and the receiver inner surface 24 contour as is shown, and lies in a line which passes through center of curvature 26 and is parallel to incident radiation rays 18. Addition¬ ally, it will be noted from FIG. 3 that a great or large proportion of reflected energy rays 20 intercept principal axis 22 in the region between first order focus 30 and reflector midpoint 28. Thus, by providing receiver 14, which is displaceable in a manner such that it may be maintained in a positional location parallel to incident energy rays 18, and close enough to inner surface 24 in order to intercept reflected rays 20, in an area between points 28 and. first order focus 30 s --ka - a large percentage of incident energy rays.20 after reflection may be intercepted from spherical inner surface 24. Additionally, reflected rays 20 from reflector 12 subsequent to impingement on receiver 14, only provide for a portion of the radiant energy- to be absorbed by receiver 14. Thus, the ray diagram shown in FIG. 3 only provides for a first impingement schematic diagram, of receiver 14 ray impingement. Dependent upon the optical as well as other thermo-physical properties of receiver 14, there is a large amount of impinging rays 20 which are in themselves reflected away from receiver 14. By including secondary ray concentrating devices mounted on receiver 14, to essentially capture and re¬ direct reflected rays 20 back to receiver 14, there has been found a substantial increase in the energy efficiency of energy concentrator system 10. Such se¬ condary concentrating devices are generally mounted on receiver 14 for further concentrating and capturing reflected radiation rays 20 for re-impingement on receiver 14. Such secondary concentrating devices will be described and defined in following paragraphs. Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown reflector 12 which is fixedly secured to ground or base surface 16. Reflector 12 is utilized for reflecting incident radiation 18 impinging on inner surface 24 from some external source such as the sun. Reflector 12 may be secured to reflector housing 32 which in turn may be fixedly mounted on base surface 16, or reflector 12 may be secured or otherwise fastened directly to ground 16 in-a manner not important to the inventive concept as is herein described. In general, where the sun is the main external energy source, reflector 12 is generally mounted in either a North/South or East/West orientation. Reflector 12 includes receiver inner surface 24 which is generally curvilinearly contoured and adapted to reflect incident energy rays 18 onto a line defining principal axis 22 as is shown in FIG. 3. In order to provide convergent reflected rays 20, inner surface 24 is concave in con¬ tour and directed toward the external energy source as is shown in FIG. 1. For overall maximization of the incoming energy reflection utilization and for uniform energy distribution, reflector 12 is formed into a substantially spherical contour. Inner surface 24 may be formed of sheet metal polished to a high degree of reflectivity and may be formed of aluminum or some like material and possibly have a coating to protect oxidization aspects of any metal used thereon. Further, it will be noted that reflector 12 may include a spherical frame 32 upon which vacuum deposited metal may be adhered to provide inner surface 24, or in another mode, frame 32 may be mated to a reflective sheet material such as aluminized Mylar or like material, to provide the appropriate re¬ flection properties. As shown in FIG. 5 . reflector 12 may be formed in a geodesic dome type configuration having a plurality of reflective elements 34 of predetermined contour. Each of reflective elements 3 contiguously interface with a next successive reflective element 34 and includes a reflective surface facing the interior of the geo¬ desic dome configuration in the manner clearly shown in FIG. 1. Reflective elements 3 1 * may be planar in contour and consist of mirror tiles or some like reflective element, Additionally, the overall contour of elements 3 to form a geodesic dome type configuration may be in the form of equilateral triangles as shown in FIG. 5 or such may be in the contour of hexagons or pentagons in order to form the geodesic dome type configuration. Where receiver 12 is formed of such reflective elements 34, the cost of producing such reflectors 12 are re¬ duced in that elements 34 may be formed separate and distinct from any base frame 32 and may be inserted on-site of energy concentrator system 10. This leads to a pre-fabricated type system which is important in that the transportation costs as well as the labels costs for producing reflector 12 may be minimized to a substantial degree. Receiver 14, as shown in FIG. 1, includes an extended length in a predetermined direction-generally, but not necessarily defining a tubular member. As is important to energy concentrator system 10 of the instant inven¬ tion, the extended length of receiver 14 is maintained In a direction substantially parallel to incident radia¬ tion 18 from the external source. Receiver 14 is posi- tionally maintained coincident with a focal line defined by reflected radiant energy 20 as is provided by sche¬ matic diagram shown in FIG. 3- Receiver 14 provides for a collector tube having internal chamber 3 within which material or fluid may be passed therethrough in order to heat such responsive to the interception of reflected rays 20 through a first reflection or through subsequent reflections by utilization of secondary concentrating devices mounted to receiver 14. In any event, the reflected rays 20 finally impinge on an outer wall of receiver or collec¬ tor tube 14 and resulting in a high percentage of energy absorption. Fluid may be inserted through chamber 36 by incorporation of ingress conduit 38 and removed by egress conduit 40 through maintenance of a predeter¬ mined pressure head through external systems not impor¬ tant to the inventive concept as is herein defined. Thus, where fluid is passed through chamber 36, the fluid is heated by impingement and absorption of re¬ flected rays 20 on collector tube 14 and then removed for utilization purposes. Receiver 14 as is shown in FIG. 1, is directed to a simple passage type collector tube. Thus, fluid is inserted through conduit 38, heated within receiver 14 and removed for utilization through conduit 40. How¬ ever, tube 14 may include a circulating fluid type collector having a plurality of fluid passages exten¬ ding along an axis thereof for continued heating and heat exchange type transfers throughout the length of portions thereof of collector tube 14. Thus, receiver 14 may include an internal tubular member concentric with the overall contour of receiver 14. As an example, fluid may pass through the centrally disposed tube element in a direction of predetermined orientation. At the end of the centrally disposed concentric tube contour, the fluid passes to the outer annularly shaped tube section where it travels in an opposing direction and absorbs heat directly from the external wall of receiver 14. In order to maintain the extended length of receiver ' 14 parallel with incident radiation rays 18, receiver displacement mechanism 42 is secured to receiver 14. This allows receiver 14 to be maintained in a parallel direction to rays 18 responsive to directional varia¬ tions of incident radiation 18 from the external source. As will be seen in following paragraphs, receiver dis¬ placement mechanism 14 includes mechanisms for rotating receiver 14 about a pair of mutually perpendicular axes. For purposes of reducing the power and strengths of material in displacing receiver 14, displacement mecha¬ nism 42 may be mounted to receiver 14 near or around the center of curvature 26 of reflector 12. This mounting may be made through lug elements 44 and 46 through bolting or other like securement mechanisms mounted directly to the external surface of receiver 14. This type of connection allows for a lower moment of force to be applied for displacement of receiver or collector tube 14. Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, rotation of receiver or collector tube 14 about mutually perpendicular axes is accomplished by first motor displacement mechanism 48 and second motor displacement mechanism 50. Each of such mechanisms 48 and 50 respectively control motion of receiver 14 about axis line 52 and second axis line 54. First motor displacement mechanism 48 is mounted to vertically extending structural elements 56 which is secured to base surface 16 through bolting or some like mechanism. A pair of structurally main¬ taining arm sections 8 are pivoted-to vertical frame member 56 at pivot point 60 as is shown. Inclined arm member 62 is supported on vertical fraπ-ie member 56 through bolt or screw member 65 which main¬ tains inclined arm member 62 in a positionally fixed location. Additionally, inclined arm member 62 is bolted in a pivotal manner to arm sections 58 through first axis line 52 as is shown in FIG. 1. Thus, in¬ clined positioning of arm sections 58 may be provided through incorporation of both members 64 within one of adjustable openings 66 formed through arm member 62. First motor displacement mechanism 48 includes first motor 68 which may be of a DC type well-known in the art and may be bolted to one of arm sections . 58 as is shown in FIG. 2. First drive gear 70 is mounted and secured to rotational shaft 72 extending from first motor 68. First drive gear 70 which may be a spur gear matingly engages first driven gear 74. Thus, first driven gear 74 is rotationally activated respon¬ sive to rotation of rotational shaft 72 acting through first drive gear 70. As can be seen, first driven gear 7^ is a spur gear formed into a semi-circle for purposes to be described in following paragraphs. Additionally, irst driven gear 7 is rotationally mounted on first axis shaft 72 passing between and through opposing arm sections 58 to permit rotation of gear 74 about first axis line 52. Shaft 76 may be mounted to opposing arm sections 58 through threaded bolt securement or some like tech¬ nique not important to the inventive concept as is herein described. Thus, from the foregoing description, actuation of first motor 68 has a resultant effect of causing rotational receiver 14 about first axis line 52. Second motor displacement mechanism 50 includes second motor 78 which is secured through bolting or some like mechanism to first driven gear 74 on upper flattened surface 80. Second motor 78 is fixedly secured to first driven gear 7 in the manner shown in FIG. 1. Second drive gear 82 is fixedly mounted on rotational shaft 84 which is in turn secured to second motor 78. Second drive gear 82 may be a spur gear of appropriate tooth dimensions adapted to drive second driven gear 86 which is an internal spur gear. Thus, second driven gear 86 mati'ngly engages second drive gear 82 respon¬ sive to rotation of shaft 84 extending from second motor 78. Inclined shaft 88 is mounted to second axis line as is shown in FIG. 1. Receiver 14 is secured to second driven gear 86 through lug members 44 and 46 and thus receiver 14 is rotationally movable responsive to rotational displacement of gear 86 about second axis line 54. "" In.this manner, receiver 14 is mutually rotatable about perpendicular axis lines 52 and 4 to provide a mechanism whereby tube or receiver 14 may be positioned parallel to incident radiation ray directions 18 respon¬ sive to the energy source location. In operation, receiver 14 is displaced into parallel relation along its extended length with incident radiation energy 18 impinging on spherical reflector 12. Reflected radiant energy -20 is reflected from reflector 12 to tubu¬ lar receiver 14 for interception of rays 20 by receiver 14 along a focus line as provided and shown in FIG. 3. Referring now to FIG. 3 S there is shown a graphical schematic diagram of incident energy rays 18 initially impinging on and showing a first energy ray 20 reflec¬ tion from inner surface 24 of reflector 12. For pur¬ poses of discussion, it is assumed that collector tube or receiver 14 is positionally located along principal axis 22. Reflected rays 20 which are reflected in an intercepting path with receiver 14 after a first re¬ flection from surface 24 are shown in FIG. 3. A portion of inner surface 24 may be divided into reflection segments 102 and 104. First reflection rays 20 reflected from segment 102 intercept receiver 14 in collector tube segment 106. Similarly, reflection rays 20 reflected from segment 104 Intercept tube or re¬ ceiver 14 may be positioned parallel to incident ra¬ diation ray directions 18 responsive to the energy source location. In operation, receiver 14 is displaced into parallel relation along ts extended length with Incident radia¬ tion energy 18 impinging on spherical reflector 12. Reflected radiant energy 20 is reflected from reflec¬ tor 12 to tubular receiver 14 for interception of rays 20 by receiver 14 along a focus line as provided and shown in FIG. 3- Referring now to FIG. 3 S there is shown a graphical schematic diagram of incident energy rays 18 initially impinging on and showing a first energy ray 20 reflec¬ tion from inner surface 24 of reflector 12. For purposes of discussion, it is assumed that collector tube or receiver 14 is positionally located along principal axis 22. Reflected rays 20 which are reflected in an intercepting path with receiver 14 after a first reflec¬ tion from surface 24 are shown in FIG. 3. A portion of inner surface 24 may be divided into reflection segments 102 and 104. First reflection rays 20 reflected from segment 102 intercept receiver 14. in collector tube segment 106. Similarly, reflection rays 20 reflected from segment 104 intercept receiver 14 in tube segment 108. Calculations show that appro¬ ximately 58$ of incident radiation energy is initially reflected into an intercepting path to segment 106, with approximately 42$ being initially reflected into segment 108. Further, and of significant importance, is the fact that incident angle 110 of rays 20 inter¬ cepting segment 108 have a low angular value through¬ out a major portion of segment 104. After initial impingement and reflected from segment 108, radiant energy would be generally dissipated into the external environmen . In order to increase the efficiency of energy con¬ centrator system 10, it has been found that addition of secondary concentration devices may be utilized to capture the initial ray reflections from receiver 14 and rereflect those rays back to receiver 14 for further concentrating effects. FIGS. 1 and 6 show one type of secondary concentrating device 112 mounted to receiver 14. Device 112 may take the form of cup element 11 mounted in secured fashion to an outer peripheral wall of collector tube 14. Additionally, cup 114 is a contour of revolution having an axis sub¬ stantially coincident with the axis of tube 14. Cup element 11 . 4 may be a compound parabolic concentrator type shape having substantially parabolically shaped walls. Cup element 114 have mirror-like inner reflec¬ ting surfaces for reflecting rays 20 back onto tube 14 in order to maximize the total radiant energy impingement on tube 14. As can be seen, cup element 114 is secured to tube 14 in the neighborhood of first order focus area 30. The largest diameter of secondary device 112 is generally formed sufficient in length to accept an initial reflected ray 20 from reflector 12. Cup member 114 may be in¬ creased in size to accept, substantially any incident angle 110, as shown in FIG. 3-, dependent on the physi¬ cal conditions and size limitations of energy concen¬ trator system 10. Device 112 may be mounted to tube 14 through bolts, screws, or other fixed securement mechanisms not im¬ portant to the inventive concept as is herein described. It will be further noted that a plurality of cup elements 114 may be mounted to tube 14 along and substantially coincident with the axis of receiver 14. Such cup elements 112 may be varying sizes in order to maximize the final radiant energy flux impinging on tube 14. Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown another type of secondary radiation concentration mechanism 90 applied to the outer boundary wall of receiver 14 for concentra¬ ting reflected energy impinging on receiver 14. As can be seen, secondary concentration mechanism 90 is formed of at least a pair of parabolic- reflecting surfaces 92 and 94 which extend in a generally outward direction from collector tube 14 for capturing reflected radiant energy 20 between surfaces 92 and -S . Elements 92 and S are generally at least segments of parabolic surfaces of revolution and channel radia¬ tion impinging and being reflected thereon into region 96 which is a region of concentrated electro-magnetic radiation. Regions 96 passing around collector tube 14 may be mounted to solar cells or other like devices for utilizing the increased radiation energy Impinging thereon. Such secondary concentration devices 90 may be referred to as compound parabolic concentrators. In specific, the basic theory of compound parabolic concen¬ trators have been illustrated in detail in the magazine entitled ""SOLAR ENERGY"", Volume 18, Pages 93-111. How¬ ever, it is not believed that the utilization of such secondary concentrator systems 90 have been adapted to provide structural elements mounted in combination with the energy concentrator system 10 shown and described in the foregoing paragraphs. Each of compound parabolic concentrators 90 are mounted to a peripheral wall of collector tube 14. Radiation collection devices 90 have a radiation receiv¬ ing opening 134 and an opposed radiation collecting surface 136. Radiation receiving opening 134 and ra¬ diation collecting surface 136 are joined by at least the sidewalls 92 and 9 having substantially parabolic profiles. Further illustrated in FIG. 4, it is seen that radiation collection devices 0 include pre¬ determined lateral dimensions 130 and 132. For optimi¬ zation, a lateral dimension ratio of radiation collecting surface 132 to radiation receiving opening 130 is sub¬ stantially equal to the sine of a half field of view of compound parabolic concentrator 90. For each compound parabolic concentrator 90, there exists exis line 138 which is substantially equidistant from each of sidewalls 92 and 94. In particular construction, devices 90 are formed such that each of parabolic wall profile 92 and 94 include a focus 140 at a position on the opposing sidewall at collecting surface 136. In this manner of construction, there is provided a highly efficient type of solar radiation collection device. Additionally, and still further, concentrating system 90 may include a lens 142 secured to sidewalls 92 and 94 and positionally located within radiation receiving opening 134. Such lens 142 may be of the Fresnel type and further provides for concentration of reflected radiation 20 for passing and capturing within each of compound parabolic concentrators 90. As can be seen in FIG. 3, at any particular location on tube 14 along axis line 22, there is generally a fairly high degree of parallel rays 20 entering radiation receiving opening 134. Utilization of lens 142 positional within opening 134 having a focal point at or substantiall .near collec¬ ting surface 136 allows further concentration of rays 20 within concentrators 90 to increase the overall efficiency of system 10. Additionally, and in further regard to FIG. 4, there is shown cut-away views of receiver tube 14. Each of secondary concentrating devices 90 in the form of compound parabolic concentrators may be angled in a particular fashion dependent upon the physical location of compound parabolic concentrators 90 on tube 14. Where the secondary concentrating devices 90 is in the area 108 of tube 14, devices ' 90 may be inclined at a 90° angle to the extended length of tube 14 in order to accept a maximum amount of reflected rays 20. In opposition, as shown by the device 90 on the right side of tube 14 in FIG. 4, where such device 90 is located in area 106 of receiver 14, it is seen that secondary concentrating device 90 may include an oblique angle 144 in order to accept a maximization of reflected rays 20. Still further, as is clearly seen in FIG. 6, compound parabolic concentrator cup members 114 may be placed in combination with secondary reflection devices 90 pre¬ viously described. Such combinations may be mounted in secured manner to an outer wall of tube 14 as has been previously detailed. Another embodiment of energy concentrator system 10 is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 where another type of secondary concentrating mechanism 116 is employed. Mechanism 116 includes a plurality of secondary cup elements 118 mounted in an interfacing manner each to the other around re¬ ceiver 14 as is shown. Each of secondary cup elements 118 may have an open end 120 directed toward or facing incoming radiant energy 20. Each open end 120 may simi¬ larly include a lens for further concentrating any energy internal to mechanism 116. In this manner, re¬ flected rays 20 from segment 104 of reflector inner surface 24 may be captured within an internal volume of secondary cups 118 and eventually be directed to the outer wall of receiver 14. Outer walls 124 may include a contour approximating a compound parabolic concentrator contour for optimization of re-reflected rays being directed to receiver 14. Ele- ents 118 may be secured to -receiver 14 through bolting, or other like mechanisms not important to the inventive concept as is herein described. Thus, there has been shown a method of concentrating reflected radiant energy into a predetermined area by initially establishing stationary spherical reflector 12 on a base surface 16. In general, when incident radiation is initiated at an external source such as the sun, and base surface is ground, reflector 12 may have a generally North/South or East/West orientation. Movable receiver 14 having an extended length in a predetermined direction is provided for receiving reflected rays 20 from receiver in a- surface 24. Movable receiver 14 is established having a substantially linearly direc¬ ted contour in Its extended length direction. Linearly directed receiver 14 is provided having an extension at least within a line length defined between inner surface 24 and center of curvature 26 of spherical reflector 12. Receiver 14 is generally displaced coincident with a focus line for interception of reflected radiant energy 20 being reflected from surface 24. "" Receiver 14 may be tubular in contour and is adapted to contain material to be heated within internal chamber 36 through which the material is passed. Although this Invention has been described in connec¬ tion with specific forms and embodimentsthereo , it will be appreciated that various modifications other than those discussed above may be resorted to without depart¬ ing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, equivalent elements may be substituted for those specifically shown and described, certain features may be used independently of ther features, and in certain cases particular locations of elements may be reversed or interposed, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A radiant energy concentrator system, comprising: (a) reflector means fixedly secured to a base surface, said reflector means for reflecting incident radiation impinging thereon from an energy source; .(b) receiver means having an extended length in a predetermined direction, said extended length being maintained in a direction substantially parallel with said incident radiation; (c) secondary radiation concentration means mounted on said receiver means for further concentrating said reflected radiation to said receiver means; and, (d) receiver displacement means secured to said receiver means for maintaining said extended length of said receiver means in said parallel direction respon¬ sive to directional variations of said incident radiation. 2. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 1 where said receiver means includes collector tube means having an axis positionally located in a direction substantially parallel said incident radiation direction. 3. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 2 where said secondary radiation concen¬ tration means is secured to an outer, peripheral wall, of said collector ' tube means for intercepting said reflected radiant energy. 4. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 2 where said secondary radiation concen¬ tration means includes cup means mounted to a peripheral wall of said collector tube means for intercepting ra¬ diant energy being reflected from said reflector means. 5. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 2 where said secondary radiation concentration means includes cup means mounted to a peripheral wall of said collector tube means, said cup means being formed by a paraboloid of revolution contour having an axis of revolution substantially coincident with said collector tube means axis. 6. The radiant energy 'concentrator system as recited in claim 5 where said cup means is positionally mounted to said collector tube means approximately at a position¬ al location equal to one-half a radius of curvature of said reflector means. 7. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 2 where said secondary radiation concentration means includes radiation collection means mounted to a peripheral wall of said collector tube means, said radia¬ tion collection means having a radiation receiving open¬ ing and an opposed radiation collecting surface, said radiation receiving opening and said radiation collecting surface being joined by at least a pair of sidewalls having substantially parabolic profiles. 8. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 7 where said radiation collection means includes a lateral dimension ratio of said radiation collecting surface to said radiation receiving opening substantially equal to the sine of a half field of view of said radia¬ tion collection means. \ 9. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 8 where each of said sidewall parabolic profiles includes a focus at a position on the opposing sidewall at said collecting surface, each of said pro¬ files having an axis line substantially equidistant from each of said sidewalls. 10. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 9 where each of said sidewalls includes an inner reflecting surface. 11. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 7 including lens means secured to said sidewalls and positionally located within said radiation receiving opening. 12. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said reflector means includes a curvi- linearly contoured- reflective surface adapted to reflect said incident radiant energy. 13. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said reflector means includes a concave contour reflective surface directed toward said energy source. 14. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said reflector means is a spherical reflector adapted to reflect said radiant energy. 15. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said reflector means Includes a geo¬ desic dome configuration having a plurality of reflec¬ tive elements of predetermined contour, each of said reflective elements contiguously line interfacing with a next successive reflective element, each of said re¬ flective elements having a reflective surface facing interior said geodesic dome configuration. l6. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 15 where said reflective elements are planar and triangular in contc-ur. 17- The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 15 where said reflective elements are planar and hexagonal in contour. 18. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said receiver means is positionally main¬ tained coincident with a focal line defined by said reflected radiant energy. 19. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 18 where said receiver means includes collector tube means having an extended length and being position¬ ally displaced in a direction parallel to said incident radiation direction. 20. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 19 where fluid is passed through said collector tube means, said fluid being heated by said reflected radiant energy impinging said collector tube means. 21. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said receiver displacement means in¬ cludes means for rotating said receiver means about a pair of mutually perpendicular axes. 22. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 21 where said reflector means is spherical in contour, said receiver displacement means being se¬ cured to said receiver means approximately at a center of curvature of said reflector means spherical contour. 23. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 21 where said rotation means includes: (a) first motor displacement means rotationally mounted to said base surfa ' ce for rotating said receiver means about a first axis line; and, (b) second motor displacement means mounted to said first motor displacement means for rotating said receiver means about a second axis line normal about first axis line. 24. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 23 where said first motor displacement means includes: (a) first motor means; (b) first drive gear means secured to a rotation¬ al shaft extending from said first motor means; and, (c) first driven gear means matingly engaged to said first drive gear means responsive to rotation of said shaft. 25. A method for concentrating reflected radiant energy to a predetermined area, including the steps of: (a) establishing a stationary spherical reflector having a principal axis; (b) providing a movable receiver having an exten¬ ded length in a predetermined direction; (c) establishing a secondary radiation concentra¬ tor mounted on said receiver for further radiating said reflected radiation to said receiver; (d) displacing said receiver into parallel rela¬ tion along said extended length with an incident radiation energy direction impinging on said spherical reflector; and, (e) reflecting said incident radiant energy from said reflector to said receiver. 26. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 25 where-the step of provi¬ ding said movable receiver includes the step of estab¬ lishing a substantially linearly directed receiver in said extended length direction. 27- The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 26 where the step of estab¬ lishing said- linearly directed receiver includes the step of providing said extension at least within a line length defined between an inner surface and a center of curvature of said spherical reflector. 28. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 27 where said receiver ex¬ tended length is displaced coincident with a focus line for interception of said reflected radiant energy. 29. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited In claim 28 where said receiver is tubular in contour, said receiver adapted to contain material to be heated. 30. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 25 where said step of dis¬ placing includes the step of pivoting said receiver about a pivot point approximately coincident with said principal axis of said spherical reflector. 31. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 30 where the step of pivoting includes the step of rotationally moving said receiver in a two-axis rotational mode. 32. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 25 where-the step of estab¬ lishing a stationary spherical reflector includes the step of forming an inner reflecting surface in a geo¬ desic dome configuration, said inner surface having an envelope approximating a spherical surface.";BUNCH J;BUNCH J;1978.0;1978000019
+ucid;publication_date;application_date;country;kind;lang;date_produced;status;family_id;main_code;further_codes;ipcr_codes;ecla_codes;title;abstract;description;claims;inventors;applicants;application_year
+EP-0000256-B2;19910925.0;19780620;EP;B2;EN;20100220.0;new;10241609.0;A61K7;;A61Q11, A61K8;A61K   8/19, A61Q  11/00;THE USE OF A LANTHANUM SALT FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF AN AQUEOUS COMPOSITION FOR CLEANING TEETH;The invention relates to a method of cleaning teeth by applying thereto one or more elements selected from yttrium, scandium and lanthanum and the lanthanides, and to compositions, such as mouthwashes, toothpastes and dental gels, for use in such a method.;"This invention relates to dental hygiene, and more particularly it relates to a method of cleaning teeth. It is known that a wide variety of elemental cations, including those derived from gallium, yttrium, lead, indium, beryllium, cerium, dysprosium, iron, arsenic, thorium, iridium, rubidium, vanadium, zirconium, titanium, tin, thallium, aluminium, copper, ruthenium, gold, samarium, rhodium, mercury, lithium, cobalt, lanthanum, uranium, zinc, barium, caesium, strontium, calcium, cadmium and chromium, reduce the acid solubility of tooth enamel in an in vitro test system (R. S. Manly and B. G. Bibby, J. Dent. Res., 1949, 28 , 160―171 ). It is also known that tooth enamel may be remineralised by sequential application to the teeth of a cationic and an anionic component which react below the tooth surface to form an insoluble salt. Examples of the cationic component are ions derived from barium, lanthanum, manganese, lead, tin, zinc, indium, zirconium, iron, titanium, vanadium and cadmium (UK Patent Specification No. 1,452,125, equivalent to French Patent No. 2,202,697). French Patent No. 997,488 states that caries can be prevented by using an oxidising solution containing a metallic catalyst derived from iron, copper, manganese, zinc, silver or one of the 14 rare earth elements. This patent contains no Examples. It has been found that administration of yttrium nitrate to rats, either by intraperitoneal injection or via the drinking water, reduces the incidence of caries and this effect has been attributed to the incorporation of yttrium into the dental enamel, thus reducing its acid solubility. (R. Castillo Mercado and T. G. Ludwig, Arch. oral. Biol., 1973, 18 , 637―640). It has also been found that mouthrinsing with a stannous fluoride solution reduces plaque formation on tooth enamel (N. Tinanoff, J. M. Brady, and A. Gross, Caries Res., 1976, 10 , 415―126; N. Tinanoff, J. Dent. Res., 1977, 56, Spec. Issue A, A138). It has now been discovered, and herein lies our invention, that deposits such as dental plaque may be removed from the surface of teeth, or may be prevented from adhering thereto, by application of the lanthanum cation. The invention consists of the use of a salt of lanthanum for the manufacture of a non-oxiding aqueous composition for cleaning plaque and for stains from human teeth which consists essentially of the unbound cation of the element lanthanum in the form of a water soluble salt and in free of any ingredients which precipitates the cation as a water-insoluble salt. The invention is particularly useful for cleaning teeth in human beings. The efficient cleaning of teeth is, of course, of immense cosmetic value. One of the substances routinely found on the surface of teeth is bacterial plaque and the method of this invention is particularly useful in removing plaque from teeth or in preventing its adhering thereto. The method of the invention is also useful in removing various types of stain from teeth, for example the stain produced by smoking tobacco. In addition bacterial plaque is generally regarded as a dominant etiological factor in caries and periodontal disease and removal of plaque from teeth or prevention of its accumulation is known to have a beneficial effect in those conditions. Only a very small proportion of the population of an industrialised country is free from caries or periodontal disease, and it is to be expected therefore that, for the majority of that population, application of the method of the invention will result in the additional benefit of a reduction in the incidence of caries and/or peridontal disease. When used in the invention, the cation is in the form of a water-soluble salt. Examples of such water soluble salts are the chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, acetate or sulphate. The cation may also be used in the form of a salt with an antibacterial anion. The preferred compound for use in the invention is lanthanum chloride, LaCl₃. The amount of cation used in the method of the invention may vary from 0.01 m.moles to 1 m.moles of cation and preferably form 0.1 m.moles to 0.5 m.moles of cation, and it may be applied from once a week to 1 to 10 times per day. A preferred regime is three times per day, after meals, or failing this, twice per day, night and morning. The invention achieves a satisfactory result simply by application of the cation to the teeth, for example in the form of a simple aqueous solution. However, an improved degree of cleansing can be achieved if the invention is combined with one or more of the normal mechanical methods of cleaning teeth, for example if combined with the use of a toothbrush, toothpick, dental floss, dental probe or rotary dental brush. A particularly preferred adjunct to the invention is the use of a toothbrush. The cation for use in the invention may be presented in the form of a composition such as a simple aqueous solution or suspension or in the form of a more sophisticated composition such as a mouthwash, toothpaste, prophylaxis paste, toothpowder, pastille, chewing gum or oral spray, or it may be incorporated into a beverage, nutritional substance or confection. It may also be incorporated into the public water supply. The compositions described above are those which are well known to those skilled in this art. They may incorporate any of the ingredients normally used in such compositions, with the addition of the cation in the form of a salt. In the case of a mouthwash or oral spray the cation is incorporated at the desired user concentration. In the case of a toothpaste, prophylactic paste, toothpowder, lozenge or chewing gum, it may be necessary, depending on the nature of the ingredients in the composition, to increase the concentration of the cation to above the level of the desired user concentration, for example by up to five times the desired user concentration, in order to allow for incomplete availability of the cation in use as a result of specific binding of the cation to one or more of the ingredients. In these formulations it is preferable to use ingredients which avoid precipitation of the cation in the form of an insoluble salt. A typical mouthwash has an aqueous base and generally incorporates a thickener and a flavour. A gel has an aqueous base and generally incorporates a gelling agent, a surfactant, a flavour and a preservative. A toothpaste has an aqueous base and generally contains an abrasive, a binder, a thickener, a surfactant, a humectant, a flavouring agent and a sweetening agent. Specific compositions are described, by way of example only, in Examples 6 to 9. The invention is illustrated, but not limited, by the following Examples:― Example 1 Sixty dental students, average age 19 years volunteered for the experiment. After having had a thorough prophylaxis, all the students were instructed to suspend oral hygiene for 3 days. To provoke plaque formation the students rinsed with 10 ml. of 15% w/v aqueous sucrose solution for 1 minute every second hour between 8 a.m. and 10 p.m. At the end of this period the amount of plaque which had accumulated on the teeth was estimated by use of a Plaque Index, as follows:― 0 ― No firmly attached plaque 1 ― No firmly attached plaque visible, but some collected with a dental probe 2 ― Slight amount of firmly attached plaque visible 3 ― Extensive amount of firmly attached plaque visible. The 16 individuals showing the highest Plaque Index values were selected for further study over a period of 4 days. At the start of this period, the participants were brought to Plaque Index=0. During the test, no oral hygiene was allowed, and in addition to the sucrose rinses, 2 daily rinses with 10 ml. of 20 m.molar aqueous lanthanum chloride solution were instituted in a group of 8 individuals, the remaining 8 acting as controls. At the end of the 4 day period, plaque estimations were made by one person, the results being statistically averaged. The whole experiment was carried out under double blind conditions. The control group had a mean Plaque Index of 1.0 whereas the treated group had a mean Plaque Index of zero. The very small amount of deposit which was present in the treated group was very loosely attached to the tooth surface and could be blown off with an air jet. In a parallel experiment, individuals who rinsed with a 20 m.molar solution of aqueous stannous fluoride had a mean Plaque Index of 0.3. Example 2 A test panel of ten volunteers had a thorough prophylaxis to remove plaque from their teeth so that the Plaque Index measured according to Löe, J. Periodontal., 1967, 38 , 610―616, was zero at the start of the experiment. The panel was provided with new toothbrushes and instructed to brush their teeth each morning and evening for 30 seconds over a period of four days, according to each individual's own habits, with a 10 ml. test solution, and then to rinse the teeth with the remainder of the test solution. The test solutions were 20 mM aqueous NaCl, 10 mM aqueous LaCl₃, 20 mM aqueous LaCl₃ and 20 mM aqueous YCl₃. The whole experiment was carried out under double blind conditions, each person using one of the test solutions in turn. Each person's Plaque Index was brought to zero before using a new test solution. The results obtained were as follows:― Example 3 In a parallel experiment solutions of 20 mM aqueous GdCl₃ and aqueous YbCl₃ were tested in groups of four people according to the protocol described in Example 2. The results obtained were comparable with those obtained for YCl₃ in Example 2. A similar result was obtained using 20 mM La₂(SO₄)₃ though a complete solution at this concentration was not achieved. Example 4 A test panel of 10 volunteers all of whom had intact buccal surfaces on their upper and lower teeth, first molar to first molar inclusive, were separated into two groups (A and B) having five persons in each. On Day 0 each person's mouth and teeth was stained with a plaque disclosing agent, erythrosine and then each person had a thorough prophylaxis in order to reduce to zero Gingival margin Plaque lndex measured according to Harrap, J. Clin. Periodontol., 1974, 1 , 166―174. On Days 1 and 2 each person was instructed to brush their teeth as normal with their own toothbrush and toothpaste. They were then re-examined to ensure the presence of healthy gingiva, and their Gingival margin Plaque Index was again reduced to zero. On Day 3, at 7 a.m., each group brushed their teeth with 20 ml. of either a 20 mM aqueous lanthanum acetate solution or water respectively with a new soft toothbrush dipped in the respective test solution. Rinsing for 1 minute was then carried out with the remainder of the test solution. No after-rinses with water were permitted. On Day 4, at 1 pm., each person's teeth was stained with disclosing agent and the Gingival margin Plaque Index scored, the scoring being performed blindly. Days 1 to 4 of the test period were repeated, groups A and B interchanging test solutions. The results obtained were as follows, the figures in the second and third column being a summation of the percentage score for each of the 24 teeth. Example 5 A subject rinsed his mouth and teeth with 10 ml. of 20 mM aqueous LaCl₃ solution for 1 minute. The solution tasted salty but was not unpleasant―there was no metallic taste. After rinsing the subject spat out pieces of organic debris. His mouth and teeth felt much cleaner and in particular his teeth felt dry and clean. On a separate occasion the same subject rinsed with 10 ml. of 20 mM aqueous stannous fluoride. The solution tasted acid and metallic. The cleansing effect experienced with stannous fluoride was not as great as that with LaCl₃. A different subject found that rinsing with 20 mM aqueous LaCl₃ solution significantly reduced the amount of tooth stain caused by smoking tobacco.";1. The use of a salt of lanthanum for the manufacture of a non-oxidising aqueous composition for cleaning plaque and/or stains from human teeth which consists essentially of the unbound cation of the element lanthanum in the form of a water-soluble salt and is free of any ingredients which precipitate the cation as a water-insoluble salt. 2. The use of lanthanum chloride for the use claimed in claim 1.;ROELLA, GUNNAR, WINTERS, MICHAEL ROY CARLTON, Rölla, Gunnar;IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES PLC;1978
+EP-0001924-B2;19910313.0;19781102;EP;B2;EN;20100220.0;new;25301976.0;A61K31;A61K31;A61K31;A61K  31/445, A61K  31/54, A61K  31/14, A61K  31/55, A61K  31/495, A61K  31/415, A61K  31/685;PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION FOR ADMINISTERING CHOLINE;A pharmaceutical composition comprises choline, or a natural or synthetic compound that dissociates to form choline, and a drug and is administered to a patient in order to potentiate the effect of the drug by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain or other tissues, and/or to suppress, or block the development of, unwanted side-effects of the drug, by increasing acetylcholine levels in the brain or other tissues. Suitable choline precursors are lecithin and choline chloride. The composition is effective in suppresing tardive dyskinesia when used to administer anti-psychotic drugs.;"Pharmaceutical composition for administering choline This invention relates to the use of lecithin or lecithin analogs for the manufacture of medicaments. These compositions are provided for the administration of a drug with lecithin or lecithin analogs which dissociate to form choline in order to increase acethylcholine levels in brain and other tissues and alleviate human disorders arising as side-effects of the antipsychotic drug as it is specified below in move detail. There are a number of diseases which affect acetylcholine-containing neurons in the brain or other tissues, and which are treated by drugs that cause undesired side effects by diminishing acetylcholine release; there also exist diseases now treated by other drugs in which the potency and/or efficiency of the drugs could be improved by combining them with choline or natural or synthetic compounds that dissociate to form choline in order thereby to enhance the release of acetylcholine. Such diseases include both those primarily involving the brain (e.g. diseases of higher cortical functions; psychiatric illnesses; movement disorders) and those involving the peripheral nervous system (e.g. neuromuscular disorders). Tardive dyskinesia is a particularly common movement disorder associated with inadequate release of brain acetylcholine as a result of drug administration for the initial brain disease (e.g. psychosis). Tardive dyskinesia is a choreic movement disorder characterized by involuntary twitches in the tongue, lips, jaw and extremities. It typically occurs in susceptible persons after chronic injestion of neuroleptic drugs and may involve an imbalance in the postulated reciprocal relation between dopaminergic and cholinergic neurons in the basal ganglions. Thus, drugs that either block catecholamine synthesis (e.g. alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine), deplete the brain of monoamines (e.g. reserpine, tetrabenazine) or antagonize dopamine's actions on synaptic receptors (e.g. pherothiazines, haloperidol) often suppress tardive dyskinesia, whereas drugs that indirectly stimulate dopamine receptors (e.g. amphetamine, levodopa) often exacerbate the abnormal movements. Drugs assumed to increase the amount of acetylcholine within brain synapses (e.g. physostigmine, deanol), also tend to suppress the chorea of tardive dyskinesia, whereas anticholinergics (e.g. scopolamine), make it worse. It has been shown that choline administered by injection or by dietary supplementation increases blood choline levels in the rat; (Cohen et al LIFE SCI., Vol. 16, 1095-1102, 1975 and SCIENCE Vol. 191, 561-562, 1976), this, in turn, increases choline levels in cholinergic neurons within the brain and elsewhere in the body, thereby accelerating the synthesis of acetylcholine, increasing tissue acetylcholine levels, and increasing the amounts of acetylcholine released into brain synapses. In human beings, oral doses of choline were found to cause dose-related increases in blood choline levels of sufficient magnitude (based on the studies on rats) to enhance brain acetylcholine synthesis and release; choline levels in the cerebrospinal fluid also rose in parallel (Growdon et al., J. Neurochem Vol. 28, 229-231, 1977). It has also been reported (Davis et al. LIFE SCIENCES, Vol. 19, 1507-1516, 1976) in four human patients that the administration of choline decreased the choreiform movements of tardive dyskinesia; no data were provided as to whether or not the drug given concurrently for psychosis (haloperidol, 3 mg per day) continued to be effective during the brief period of choline administration, and it was concluded that the apparent effectiveness of choline had to be interpreted with caution, since ""... all four patients with tardive dyskinesia could have been gradually improving during the study"" since this disease is characterized by extreme variability of clinical course. Thus, prior to our invention, it had not been known that the concomitant administration of lecithin along with an anti-psychotic drug that causes tardive dyskinesia as a side effect could significantly reduce or prevent the onset of tardive dyskinesia, without blocking the effectiveness of the drug in treating psychosis. This invention is based upon the discovery that lecithin or a physiologically-acceptable lecithin analog that dissociates to form choline, when administered concomitantly with a drug, can, by increasing neuronal acetylcholine levels, 1) reduce or prevent undesirable side effects of the drug associated with inadequate acetylcholine release, and/or 2) potentiate the effectiveness of the drug. The lecithin and the drug may be administered orally such as in tablet, capsule or liquid form or parenterally by intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. This invention is useful even with patients having a prior history of the undesirable side effect or of suboptimal therapeutic response or of therapeutic responses requiring a very large drug dose, but who continue taking the drug. In accordance with this invention, lecithin (or a lecithin analog), which dissociates to form choline, is orally administered to a patient together with a drug in order to increase blood levels of choline, and thereby to increase the level of acetylcholine in the brain. The acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl CoA in a reaction catalyzed by choline acetyl-transferase (CAT). It has been found that the administration of lecithin to form choline potentiates the drug by reducing the incidence or suppressing side effects of the primary drug and/or that lower dosages of the primary drug are needed to attain the desired effects of the drug. While the results obtained will vary from patient to patient, the reduced side effects and increased efficacy observed are sufficiently significant as to justify the conclusion that their reduction is caused by administration of the compound that dissociates to form choline. There are a number of brain and peripheral diseases involving cholinergic neurons that are presently treated with drugs that are only sometimes effective, or that require very large doses of the drugs (with correspondingly greater cost and incidence of side effects); some of these diseases can be more effectively treated by combining the existing drug therapy with concomitant lecithin or a lecithin analog that disscociates to form choline. One example is the mania phases of manic-depressive psychosis, which is currently treated with lithium salts. These salts, as a biochemical side effect, interfered with the uptake of choline into the brain; this tends to reduce brain acetylcholine levels, which exacerbates the mania. The co-administration of a choline-producing compound with the lithium salts would allow more effective treatment of the mania, and a reduction in the lithium dose needed by most patients. Another example is myasthenia gravis, a peripheral disease involving the cholinergic nerves that innervate skeletal muscle. The current mode of treatment involves giving drugs like neostigmine (Prostigmin) that increase acetylcholine levels in neuromuscular synapses by blocking the degradation of this neurotransmitter. Were the compound that dissociates to form choline to be given concomitantly with the cholinesterase-inhibitor, the resulting increases in acetylcholine levels would both potentiate the effect of the cholinesterase-inhibitor and allow for a reduction in its dose. Some of the drugs utilized in the present invention are those which cause significant undesirable effects. Representative of such drugs are neuroleptics, such as chlorpromazine (THORAZINE®) and haloperidol (HALDOL®) that are used in the treatment of such diseases as schizophrenia, Huntington's disease and Tourette's syndrome. Other drugs that cause undesired effects include phychomotor stimulants such as amphetamine (DEXADRINE®) and methyl-phenidate (RITALINE®) that are used to reat patients with minimal brain dysfunction, hyperactivity and specific dyslexias. The effects of some other drugs utilized in this invention are potentiated. Representative of such drugs are: 1) isoxsuprine (VASODILAN®) and dihydroergotamines (HYDERGINE®) that are used in the treatment of senility; 2) glucocorticosteroids such as triamcinotone (ARISTOCORT®) and prednisone (METICORTEN®) and anticholinesterase drugs such as neostigmine (PROSTIGMIN®) and pyridostigmine (MESTINON®) that are used to treat neuromuscular diseases, including polynigositis and myasthenia gravis; 3) lithium (ESKALITH®) that is used to treat manic-depressive illness and 4) tranquillizers such as phenobarbital (LUMINAL®) and diazepam (VALIUM®) that are used to treat anxiety psychoneurosis. Lecithin or lecithin analogs such as lyso-lecithin are used as the choline source since they are not degraded in the gut, in contrast to choline. They are administered so that a choline level of 20-30 nanomoles/ml and usually between at least 10 and 50 n moles/ml is attained in the patient's blood stream. When utilizing lecithin in a liquid carrier, such as a sweetened elixir, it is administered in amounts of between 0.1 and 50 g/day. When lecithin is administered in granular form as a tablet or in a capsule, it is employed in amounts of between 0.1 and 100 g/day, usually between 30 and 50 g/day. Normally, lecithin is not available as a pure compound and is available in admixture with other phospholipids wherein the lecithin comprises 20-30 weight percent of the mixture. Using the composition as manufactured according to this invention, the compound that dissociates to choline is administered concomitantly with the drug. However the effect may be achieved when the compound is administered prior to the drug, but the period of time between the compound administration and the drug administration must be less than when acetylcholine concentration reduction begins to occur in the brain. Generally, the period of time between administrations is less than 36 hours, preferably less than 24 hours.";1. The use of a drug and lecithin or a physiologically acceptable lecithin analog that dissociates to form choline to manufacture a medicament for concomitant use of the drug and lecithin or its analog in therapy wherein lecithin or its analog acts as an agent for increasing neuronal acetyl choline levels 1) to alleviate undesired side-effects of the drug caused by inadequate acetyl choline release occasioned by use of the drug, or 2) to potentiate the effectiveness of the drug in causing acetyl choline release, the lecithin or its analog being provided in an amount sufficient to cause a blood choline level of 10-50 nanomoles/ml. 2. The use of a drug and lecithin or a physiologically acceptable lecithin analog that dissociates to form choline to manufacture a medicament for sequential use of the drug and lecithin or its analog by administration of lecithin followed by the drug in therapy wherein lecithin or its analog acts as an agent for increasing neuronal acetyl choline levels 1) to alleviate undesired side-effects of the drug caused by inadequate acetyl choline release occasioned by use of the drug, or 2) to potentiate the effectiveness of the drug in causing acetyl choline release, the lecithin or its analog being provided in an amount sufficient to cause a blood choline level of 10-50 nanomoles/ml. 3. The use of a drug and lecithin or a physiologically acceptable lecithin analog according to claim 1 that dissociates to form choline to manufacture a medicament for concomitant use of the drug and lecithin in therapy wherein lecithin or its analog acts as an agent for increasing neuronal acetyl choline levels 1) to alleviate undesired side-effects of the drug caused by inadequate acetyl choline release occasioned by use of the drug, or 2) to potentiate the effectiveness of the drug in causing acetyl choline release, the lecithin or its analog being provided in an amount sufficient to cause a blood choline level of from 20 to 30 nanomoles/ml. 4. The use of a drug and lecithin or a physiologically acceptable lecithin analog according to claim 2, that dissociates to form choline to manufacture a medicament for sequential use of the drug and lecithin or its analog by administration of lecithin followed by the drug in therapy wherein lecithin or its analog acts as an agent for increasing neuronal acetyl choline levels 1) to alleviate undesired side-effects of the drug caused by inadequate acetyl choline release occasioned by use of the drug, or 2) to potentiate the effectiveness of the drug in causing acetyl choline release, the lecithin or its analog being provided in an amount sufficient to cause a blood choline level of from 20-30 nanomoles/ml. 5. The use according to claim 1, 2, 3 and 4, wherein the drug is chlorpromazine, haloperidol or a lithium salt. 6. The use according to claim 1, 2, 3, and 4 wherein the drug is amphetamine, methyl phenidate, phenytoin, phenobarbital or diazepam. 7. The use according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the drug is a dihydroergotamine or a gluco-cortico steroid. 8. The use according to claim 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the drug is isoxsuprine, prednisone, neostigmine or pyridostigmine. 9. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the medicament is in capsule or tablet form. 10. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the medicament is in liquid form. 11. The use as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8 wherein the medicament is formulated for oral administration.;GROWDON, JOHN H., WURTMAN, RICHARD J.;MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY;1978
+EP-0003016-B1;19811230.0;19781018;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;25699303.0;C07D498;A61K31, C07D513;A61K31, C07D241, A61P25, C07D513, C07D498;M07D241:24B, M07D498:04, M07D513:04, C07D 241/24, M07D513:04+281B+241B, C07D 513/04, M07D498:04+267B+241B;PYRAZINO-BENZOXAZEPINE AND -BENZTHIAZEPINE DERIVATIVES, PROCESSES FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM;Compounds of formula I, wherein R₁ is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl with a maximum of 4 carbon atoms, which may be acylated by an alkanoyl group of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl with a maximum of 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkylalkyl of 4 to 7 carbon atoms or a group of formula II, wherein R₅ is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and either i) X is -CH₂- and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3 or ii) X is -CO- and n is 1, 2 or 3 or iii) X is -O- and n is 2 or 3 and R₂ and R₃ are independently hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl or alkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, each of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R₄ is hydrogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Z is -O- or -S-, with the proviso that, when R₃ is trifluoromethyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, R₄ is other than alkoxy, are useful for inducing sleep and treating psychotic disturbances and depressions.;"PYRAZINOBENZOXAZEPINE DERIVATIVES, PROCESSES FOR THEIR PRODUCTION AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM The present invention relates to pyrazinobenzoxazepines, processes for their production and pharmaceutica compositions containing them. The present invention provides compounds of formula I, EMI1.1 wherein R1 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl with a maximum of 4 carbon atoms, which may be acylated by an alkanoyl group of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl with a maximum of 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkylalkyl of 4 to 7 carbon atoms or a group of formula II, EMI2.1 wherein R5 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or al koxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and either i) X is -CH2- and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3 or ii) X is -CO- and n is 1, 2 or 3 or iii) X is -O- and n is 2 or 3 and R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl or aikyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, each of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R4 is hydrogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Z is -O- or -S-, with the proviso that, when R3 is trifluoro methyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, R4 is other than alkoxy. Any alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms is preferably of 1 to 3 carbon atoms, especially 1 and 2 carbon atoms. Hydroxyalkyl has preferably 2 or 3 carbon atoms. Preferably the hydroxy group is attached to a carbon atom other than the carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom. The alkoxy moiety in alkoxyalkyl is preferably located in the terminal position of the alkylene chain which preferably has 2 or 3, especially 2 carbon atoms. The alkoxy radical in alkoxyalkyl is preferably methoxy. Cycloalkyl or the cycloalkyl moiety of cycloalkylalkyl is conveniently cyclopropyl or cyclopentyl. The alkyl moiety of cycloalkylalkyl is conveniently methyl. Halogen means fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine or chlorine, especially chlorine. R1 is preferably hydrogen, alkyl or a group of formula II, R5 is preferably hydrogen or fluorine. X is preferably -CH2- or -CO-, n is preferably 1 or 3. R2 is preferably hydrogen, halogen or alkoxy. R3 is preferably hydrogen, halogen or alkyl. R4 is preferably hydrogen. When R2 and R3 are other than hydrogen, Rq is preferably in position 8. Z is preferably -0-. The present invention also provides a process for the production of a compound of formula I as defined above, which comprises reacting a compound of formula III, EMI4.1 wherein R2, R3, R and Zare as defined above and y is a leaving group, with a compound of formula IV, EMI4.2 wherein R1 is as defined above. The reaction may be effected in conventional manner for the production of similar compounds. Y is preferably chlorine. The process may be conveniently effected at a tem perature Ct fran 20 to 170 C in an inert organic solvent such as toluene, methylenchloride or dioxane. When R1 is hydrogen conveniently a compound of formula III is added to a solution of a compound af formula IV. The starting material of formula III may be prepared in known manner, e.g. as described herein, for example via the corresponding lactam, e.g. by reaction with phosphoroxychloride. Insofar as the production of starting materials is not particularl described these compounds are known or may be produced in analogous manner to known compounds. Free base forms of the compounds of formula I may be converted into acid addition salt forms in conventional manner and vice versa. Suitable acids are e.g. maleic acid, oxalic acid, methanesulphonic acid, hydrochloric acid and hydrobromic acid. In the following Examples the temperatures given are in degrees Centigrade and are uncorrected. In the table the following abbreviations are used: *) monomÅaleate **) monooxalate EXAMPLE 1: 11- (4-thyl-l-piperazinyl) -pyrazino [2,3-b) [1,5]benaxazepine 3.6 g 1-methylpiperazine are added to a stirred suspension of 4.2 g 11-chloro-pyrazino[2,3-b[l,5]benz- oxazepine in 50 ml as. toluene. Stirring is maintained for four hours at room temperature. 100 ml water and 100 ml ethyl acetate are added and the mixture well shaken. The organic phase is filtered, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in ethanol and 1 equivalent of maleic acid in ethanol is added, to yield the heading compound in monomaleate salt form, m.p. 190-191 . The starting material 11-chloro-pyrazino[2,3-b7 tl,5]benzoxazepine may be obtained as follows: a) pyrazino [2,3-b] benzoxazepin=11(10H)-one OH)-one A solution of 51 g 3-bromo-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid in 130 ml hexamethylphosphorotriamide is cooled to -10 and treated under stirring dropwise with 18 ml of thionyl chloride4 After 5 minutes there are added in one portion 27.3 g of owmnophenol and the reaction mixture i8 stirred 'for 2 honri at room temperature. The mixture is poured on tce and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with 2N hydrochloric acid, 2N sodium carbonate and finally with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate, filtered and evaporated. The residue is treated with 2.2 1 of 0.1 N sodium hydroxide and stirred at 700 for 15 hours. The resulting solid is filtered, washed with water and dried in vacuo at 800 to yield the heading compound, m.p. 269-2720. b) ll-chloro-pyrazino[2z3-b][l-5]benzoxazepine 16 g of pyrazino[2,3-b][1,5]benzoxazepine- -11(10H)-one, 140 ml of phosphoroxychloride and 5.6 ml of N,N-dimethylaniline are refluxed for 15 hours. Residual phosphoroxychloride is removed by distillation. The residue is dissolved in methylene chloride and poured on ice. The methylene chloride layer is washed with 4N hydrochloric acid and water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate and evaporated to give the heading compound, m.p. 123-1i60, In analogous manner to that described in Example 1, the following compounds of formula I are obtained, wherein Z is -0-: : EMI8.1 <tb> Example <SEP> R1 <SEP> R <SEP> Ra <SEP> R4 <SEP> m.p. <tb> <SEP> 2 <tb> <SEP> 2 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 223-224** <tb> <SEP> 3 <SEP> CH2CH2OH <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 218-220** <SEP> (dec.) <tb> <SEP> 4 <SEP> H <SEP> 8-C1 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 197-199* <SEP> (dec.) <tb> <SEP> 5 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 8-C1 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 118-119 <tb> <SEP> 6 <SEP> CH2CH2OH <SEP> 8-C1 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 230-232** <SEP> (dec.) <tb> <SEP> 7 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> 171-173 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 8 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 175-177 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 9 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> C1 <SEP> H <SEP> 134-135 <SEP> F <tb> <SEP> 10 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 197-198 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 11 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> 178-180 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 12 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> C1 <SEP> H <SEP> 184-186 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 13 <SEP> 02H5 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 170-171 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 14 <SEP> OH <SEP> (OH3)2 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> II <SEP> 145-148 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 15 <SEP> CH2CH2OCH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 157-158 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 16 <SEP> H <SEP> 8-CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 196-197 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 17 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 8-OH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 171-172 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 18 <SEP> H <SEP> 7-CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 215-216 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 19 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 7-CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 160-162 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 20 <SEP> H <SEP> 8-OCH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 178-180 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 21 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 8-OCH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 159-161 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 22 <SEP> H <SEP> 8-F <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 181-182 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 23 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 8-F <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 170 <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> 24 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 178-179 <tb> <SEP> 25 <SEP> CH2CH2 <SEP> < <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 140-141 <tb> <SEP> 26 <SEP> CH2CH2 <SEP> e <SEP> 8-OCH3 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 215-216** <tb> <SEP> - <SEP> (dec.) <tb> <SEP> 27 <SEP> CH,CH, <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 201-203 <tb> <SEP> 27a <SEP> CH2CH2 <SEP> t <SEP> H <SEP> C1 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 204-208 <SEP> * <tb> EMI9.1 <tb> Example <SEP> R1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> R3 <SEP> R4 <SEP> m.p. <tb> 28 <SEP> CH2CH2 <SEP> t <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> 136-138 <tb> <SEP> (OH2)2O\ <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 160-162** <tb> <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> (dex.) <tb> <SEP> 30 <SEP> (CH2)3CO <SEP> e <SEP> F <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 130-131 <tb> <SEP> 31 <SEP> CH2CH2 <SEP> t <SEP> H <SEP> C1 <SEP> H <SEP> 135-137 <SEP> F <tb> <SEP> OH <SEP> 2 <SEP> e <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 137-138* <tb> .33 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 9 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 119-121 <tb> <SEP> C1 <tb> <SEP> 34 <SEP> (CH2)2CH2 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> 133-135"""" <tb> <SEP> r <SEP> ) <tb> <SEP> 35 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 200-202* <tb> <SEP> 36 <SEP> OH2CH2 <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 182-183 <tb> <SEP> 37 <SEP> H <SEP> 8-C1 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> 192-193* <tb> <SEP> 38 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 8-C1 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> 189-192* <tb> <SEP> 39 <SEP> 2 <SEP> t <SEP> 8-Cl <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> 212-213** <tb> <SEP> - <SEP> (dec0) <tb> <SEP> 40 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 8-C1 <SEP> C1 <SEP> H <SEP> 207-209 <tb> <SEP> 41 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 42 <SEP> CH2CH2 <SEP> e <SEP> 8-Cl <SEP> H <SEP> H <tb> EMI10.1 <tb> <SEP> Example <SEP> R1 <SEP> b <SEP> R2 <SEP> 3 <SEP> R4 <SEP> m.p. <tb> <SEP> 43 <SEP> CH2 <SEP> < <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 44 <SEP> CH2 <SEP> < <SEP> H <SEP> C1 <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 45 <SEP> CH2 <SEP> < <SEP> 8-C1 <SEP> H <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 46 <SEP> < <SEP> H <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 47 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 48 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> OCH3 <SEP> H <tb> ¯ <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> e <SEP> H <SEP> OCH3 <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 50 <SEP> H <SEP> H <SEP> C1 <SEP> CH3 <tb> 51 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> C1 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> 121-123* <tb> <SEP> 52 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> SOH3 <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 53 <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <SEP> SOCH3 <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> 54 <SEP> H <SEP> CH3 <SEP> H <tb> In analogous manner to that described in Example 1, the following compounds of formula I are obtained, wherein Z is -S-: Example R1 R2 R3 R4 m. p. 55 H H H H 158-161 56 CH3 H H H 171-173* 57 H 8-C1 H H 191-192* (dec.) 58 CH3 8-C1 H H 148-149 59 CH CH OH 8-C1 H H 235-237** (dec.) 60 CH2CH2OH H H H 253-256 naphthalene 1,5-disulpho- nate (aec.) 61 CH3 7-C1 H H 169-170 62 H 7-C1 H H 209-211* 63 CH3 8-F H H 64 H 8-F H H 65 CH3 8-F CH3 H 66 CH3 8-F Cl H 67 CH3 H CH3 H 68 CH3 H C1 H 69 CH3 H SCH3 H 70 CH3 H SOCH3 H 71 CH3 H SO2CH3 H 72 CH3 8-Cl' CH3 H 73 H 8-C1 CH3 H 74 CH3 8-C1 C1 H The starting material ll-chloro-pyrazinot2,3-b] [1,5]benzothiazepine for Example 55 may be prepared as follows: a) 3-(2-amino-henylthio)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl eser A mixture of 18 g 3-bromopyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl' ester, 13.4 g 2-amino-thiophenolhydrochloride and 250 ml triethylamine is refluxed for 3 hours. Thereafter the solvent is evaporated and the residue treated with methylene chloride and water. The organic phase is dried over sodium sulphate and evaporated, whereby there is obtained the heading compound, which after recrystallisation from ethyl acetate has a m.p. of 155-1560. b) pyrazino [2-3-bltlL5lbenzothia2eEin-ll(lOH)-one Freshly prepared sodium methylate (from 1.8 g of sodium) in 200 ml abs. toluene and 16.8 g 3-(2-aminophenylthio)-pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid methyl ester are stirred together at room temperature for 15 hours. The mixture is poured on ice and the resulting precipitate filtered, whereby there is obtained the heading coMpound, which after recrystallisation from ethyl acetate has a m,p. of 280-2820, c) ll-chloro-pyrazinof2z3-b? rlL51benzothiazesinn In analogous manner to that described in Example lb) there is obtained the heading compound. The compounds of formula T exhibit pharmacolo- gical activity. In particular, they exhibit sleep inducing activity, as indicated in standard tests. For example in one test according to the principles of A.O. Sayers and G. Stille, Electroenceph. Clin. Neurophysiol. 27, 87-89 (1969), the sleep inducing activity in rats is observed after a single peroral administration of from about 0,5 to about 80 mg/kg animal body weight. The compounds are therefore indicated for use as sleep inducing agents. For this use an indicated daily dose is from about 1 to about 100 mg conveniently given shortly before retiring to sleep. Additionally, the compounds of formula I exhibit neuroleptic activity, as indicated in standard tests. For example, in one standard test an inhibition of spontaneous motor activity is observed in mice on p.o. administration of from 1 to 50 mg/kg anir,al body weight cf the compounds in accordance with the principles of Caviezel and Baillod [Pharm. Acta Helv. (195E), 33, 465 484) The compounds are therefore indicated for use as neuroleptic agents. For this use an indicated daily dose is from about 50 to about 500 mg, conveniently given in divided doses 2 to 4 times a day in unit dosage form containing from about 12.5 to about 250 mg, or in sustained release form. Additionally, the compounds of formula I exhibit antidepressant activity, as indicated in standard tests, for example, by an inhibition of tetrabenazine-induced catalepsy and ptosis in rats on intraperitoneal administration of from 5 to 15 mg/kg animal body weight in accordance with the method described by Stille (Arznei mittel-Forsch. 1964, 14, 534). The compounds are therefore indicated for use as antidepressant agents. For this use an indicated daily dose is from about 5 to about 150 mg, conveniently administered in divided doses 2 to 4 times a day in unit dosage form containing ftom about 1.25 to 75 mg, or in-sustained release form. The compounds of formula I may be administered in pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt form. Such acid addition salt forms exhibit the sane order of activity as the frec base forms. The present inven tion also provides a pharmaceutical ccmposition com prising a compound of formula I, in free base form or in pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt form, in association with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent. Such compositions may be in the form of, for example, a solution or a tablet. The sleep inducing activity and the neuro leptic activity is the preferred utility for compounds of formula I. The compounds of formula I wherein Z is -o- , especially those of Examples 1 and 25 are especially indicated as sleep inducing agents. The compounds of Examples 5, 7, 9, 31, 38, 58and 68 are especially indicated as neuroleptic agents. In one group of compounds R1 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl with a maximum of 4 carbon atoms or alkoxyalkyl with a maximum of 6 carbon atoms, R2 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R3 and R4 are hydrogen and Z is -O-. In another group of compounds R1 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl with a maximum 0±- 4 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl with a maximum of 6 carbon atoms or a group of formula II, wherein R5 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and either i) X is -CIS2- and n is O, 1, 2 or 3 or ii) X is -CO- and n is 1, 2 or 3 or iii) X is -O- and n is 2 or 3, R2 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R3 is hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl or alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio, each of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R4 is hydrogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and Z is -O-.";WHAT WE CLAIM IS: 1. A compound of formula I, EMI17.1 wherein R1 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl with a maximum of 4 carbon atoms, which may be acylated by an alkanoyl group of 2 to 18 carbon atome, alkoxyalkyl with a maximum of .6 carbon atoms, cycloalkyl of 3 to 6 carbon atoms, cycloalkylalkyl of 4 to 7 carbon atoms or a group of formula II, EMI17.2 wherein R5 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or al koxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and either i) X is -CH2- and n is 0, 1, 2 or 3 or ii) X is -CO- and n is 1, 2 or 3 or iii) X is -0- and n is 2 or 3 and R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, halogen, trifluorpmethyl or alkyl, alkoxy, 'alkylthiO alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, each of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R4 is hydrogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Z is -O- or -S-, with the proviso that, when R3 is trifluoro methyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl or alkylsulfonyl, R4 is other than alkoxyor an acid addition salt thereof. 2. A process for the production of a compound of formula I, as defined in claim 1, which comprises reacting a compound of formula III, EMI19.1 wherein R21 R3, R4 and Z are as defined in claim 1. and y is a leaving group, with a compound of formula IV, EMI19.2 wherein R1 is as defined in claim 1. 3. A compound of claim 1, wherein R1 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl with a maximum of 4 carbon atoms or alkoxyalkyl with a maximum of 6 carbon atoms, R2 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R3 and R4 are hydrogen and Z is -O-. 4. A compound of claim I, wherein R1 is hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydroxyalkyl with a maximum of 4 carbon atoms, alkoxyalkyl with a maximum of 6 carbon atoms or a group of formula II, wherein R5 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and either i) X is -OH2- and n is O, 1, 2 or 3 or ii) Xis -CO- and n is 1, 2 or 3 or iii) Xis -O- and n is 2 or 3, R2 is hydrogen, halogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R3 is hydrogen, halogen, trifluoromethyl or alkyl, alkoxy or alkylthio, each of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, R4 is hydrogen, alkyl or alkoxy of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and Z is -O-. 5. A compound of claim 1, which is 11-(4-methyl-l- piperazinyl)-pyrazino[2,3-b) [l,5)benzoxazepine. 6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of claim 1 in free base form or in pharmaceuti cally acceptable acid addition salt form in association with a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.;LEUTWILER, ALBERT, DR., SORG, DIETER, DR.;SANDOZ AG;1978
+EP-0003024-B1;19820120.0;19781207;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6029252.0;B23Q41;B65G47;B23Q41, B65G47;B65G  47/48B2, B23Q  41/02;FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEM;1. Flexible manufacturing system for workpieces affixed to pallets, comprising a plurality of processing machines, a workpiece-pallet conveyor system connecting such processing machines with each other, and a loading and unloading station, identification means to be associated with individual workpiece pallets, reading stations for reading said identification means at the exits of said conveyor system, and means for enconding a new target address, characterized in that said identification means comprises a drum rotatable into a plurality of registering positions, on the periphery of which drum there is disposed a plurality of code strips the number of which is equal to the number of registering positions of said drum, each of which code strips is adapted to represent a complete target address including possible parity characters, that at least a portion of said code strips includes further identifications, and that said means for encoding a new target address comprises an indexing mechanism which in each case automatically rotates said drum by one step from one registering position into the next following.;"Flexible 6 Fertigungssystem Die Erfindung betrifft ein flexibles Fertigungssystem für Werkstücke, bestehend aus einer Anzahl Bearbeitungsmaschinen, einer diese miteinander und einer Lade- und Entlade-Station verbindenden Werkstückförderanlage, den einzelnen Werkstücken zuzuordnenden Kennzeichen, Lesestationen zum Ablesen der Kennzeichen an den Ausfahrstellen und Einrichtungen für die Einstellung einer neuen Zieladresse (""Werkstatt und Betrieb 108 (19?5) Heft 8, Seiten -481 bis 554). Bei dem bekannten Fertigangssystem dieser Art besteht-das Kennzeichen aus einer festen Codierung und einer ver änderlichen Codierung an Jeder Palette. Nach der Bear¯ beitung eines Werkstücks in einer Bearbeitungsmaschine wird die veränderliche Codierung geändert, indem einzelne kippbare Nocken umgestellt werden, daraus ergibt sich, ob die betreffende Palette, und damit das Werkstück, schon in einer Bearbeitungsmaschine war oder nicht. Eine solche Kennzeichnung hat den Nachteil, dass an jeder Bearbeitungsmaschine eine Einrichtung vorgesehen sein muss, mit der die Codierung geändert werden kann. Eine solche Einrichtung erfordert einen beträchtlichen Aufwand an jeder Bearbeitungsmaschine. Ein solcher Aufwand lässt sich allenfalls noch vertreten, wenn die Änderung der Codierung und damit die Einstellung der neuen Zieladresse sich darauf beschränkt, einzelne kippbare Nocken umzustellen, um anzuzeigen, dass das Werkstück bereits die erste Zieladresse (Bearbeitungsmaschine) durchlaufen hat, ist aber praktisch nicht mehr vertretbar, wenn das gleiche Werkstück in einer grösseren Anzahl von Bearbeitungsmaschinen bearbeitet werden muss, und vor allem, wenn das gleiche Werkstück nach einer Zwischenbearbeitung auf einer anderen Bearbeitungsmaschine nochmals zu einer Bearbeitungsmaschine zurück muss, um dort nach einem anderen Programm bearbeitet zu werden. In diesem Falle genügt nämlich nicht die einfache Kennzeichnung, dass das Werkstück bereits die betreffende Bearbeitungsmaschine durchlaufen hat, sondern es muss nicht nur eine vollständig neue Zieladresse, sondern auch das dort abzurufende Bearbeitungsprogramm in das Kennzeichen eincodiert werden. Mit anderen Worten bedeutet das, dass an jeder Bearbeitungsmaschine eine Einrichtung vorhanden sein muss, mit der das Kennzeichen völlig neu programmiert werden kann, wozu natürlich gehort, dass an dieser Einrichtung auch das nächstiolgende Programm abgerufen und bei der Einstellung der neuen Zieladresse in das Kenn- zeichen eingege#ben werden kann. Bllgemern veränderbare Xeflnz#ichen und Einrichtungen zu- - deren Veränderung sind be-kannt, neben den bereits erwähnten kippbaren Nocken beispielsweise magnetische Kennzeichen (DAS 19 30 923). Allgemein haben veränderbare Kennzeichen darüber hinaus den Nachteil, dass sie beim Umlauf der Werkstücke auf der Förderanlage versehentlich verändert werden können, wodurch erhebliche Störungen entstehen können, die bis zur schweren Beschädigung einer Bearbeitungsmaschine gehen können, beispielsweise wenn das Endbearbeitungsprogramm abgerufen wird, ehe das Vorbearbeitungsprogramm durchlaufen ist. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es deshalb, ein flexibles Fertigungssystem der eingangs genannten Art derart zu verbessern, dass veränderliche Kennzeichnungen und die zu deren Veränderung erforderlichen Einrichtungen an den einzelnen Bearbeitungsmaschinen überflüssig werden. Erfindungsgemäss wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass das Kennzeichen aus einer in mehrere Raststellungen drehbaren Trommel besteht, auf deren Umfang eine der Zahl der Raststellungen gleiche Zahl von Codierleisten angeordnet ist, in deren jeder wenigstens eine vollständige Zieladresse einschliesslich eventueller Prüfzeichen darstellbar ist, und dass die Einrichtung für die Einstellung einer neuen Zieladresse aus einem Schaltmechanismus besteht, der die Trommel jeweils um eine Teilung aus einer Raststellung in die nächstfolgende weiterdreht. Die erfindungsgemäss vorgesehene Trommel weist keine ver änderlichen Kennzeichen auf, so dass die Gefahr einer versehentlichen Umcodierung völlig beseitigt ist, ein Schaltmechanismus, der die Trommel jeweils in eine folgende Raststellung dreht, ist im Vergleich zu einer Einrichtung zur Änderung des Kennzeichens ausserordentlich einfach. Darüber hinaus kann eine solche Trommel so viele Zieladressen enthalten, wie Raststellungen vorhanden sind, also für praktische Bedürfnisse unbegrenzt viele, und es ist ohne weiteres möglich, neben der Zieladresse auch die erforderliche Programminformation im Kennzeichen unterzubringen. Geeignete Codierleisten sind bekannt (vergl. beispielsweise DAS 15 56 643). Dadurch, dass die Trommel jeweils in einer Raststellung verrastet ist, ist bereits eine weitgehende Sicherheit gegen unbeabsichtigtes Verstellen erreicht. Eine absolute Sicherheit kann gemäss einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung dadurch erreicht werden, dass die Trommel formschlüssig in ihren Raststellungen durch Eingriff von Rastzähnen festgelegt ist, die axial aus dem Eingriff herausschiebbar sind, und dass der Schaltmechanismus eine die Rastzähne aus dem Eingriff herausschiebende Steuerbahn aufweist. Durch eine solche Massnahme ist gewährleistet, dass die Trommel unter keinen Umständen versehentlich aus der eingestellten Stellung heraus verdreht wird. Die Rastzähne können dabei durch Federkraft und/oder Eigengewicht in den formschlüssigen Eingriff gedrängt sein. Grundsätzlich ist es möglich, für ein Werkstück eine Trommel fest zu codieren und an der Werkstückpalette anzubringen, wenn nämlich die Werkstückpalette speziell nur für ein bestimmtes Werkstück vorgesehen ist. Für den Fall, dass Änderungen des Werkstücks berücksichtigt werden sollen und/oder dass die Palette für unterschiedliche Werkstücke geeignet ist, wird zweckmässigerweise jede Codierleiste zur auswechselbaren Aufnahme einer Reihe von Nocken, Schaltbolzen, Magneten, optischen Markierungen oder dergleichen Kennzeichnungselementen vorgesehen. Bei Änderungen am Werkstück braucht dann nicht die ganze Trommel ausgewechselt zu werden; es genügt, die Kennzeichnungselemente an der betreffenden Codierleiste bzw. den betreffenden Codierleisten auszuwechseln, bzw. zu ändern. Die Lesestationen müssen natürlich, wie üblich, zum Ablesen der gewählten Kennzeichnungselemente geeignet sein. Um ein Verschmutzen der Kennzeichen während der Bearbeitung, etwa durch Späne oder Schmiermittel, zu verhindern, was besonders bei magnetischen und optischen Markierungen wichtig ist, weist zweckmässigerweise der Maschinentisch jeder Bearbeitungsmaschine eine Abdeckung auf, die die Trommel bei auf dem Maschinentisch befindlicher Palette völlig abdeckt. Wenn eine solche Abdeckung vorgesehen ist, ist es im allgemeinen nicht, oder nur schwer, möglich, das Kennzeichen abzulesen, wenn die Palette sich auf dem Maschinentisch befindet. Es ist deshalb erforderlich, die im Kennzeichen enthaltene Programmangabe für die Bearbeitungsmaschine, soweit vorhanden, an einer anderen Stelle abzulesen. Dazu stehen mehrere Möglichkeiten zur Verfügung, als praktisch günstigste hat sich die Lösung herausgestellt, dass zwischen jeder zu einer Bearbeitungsmaschine führenden Ausfahrstelle und der betreffenden Bearbeitungsmaschine eine speichernde Lesestation zum Ablesen und Speichern des über die Zieladresse hinausgehenden Teils des Kennzeichens angeordnet ist. Eine solche Lesestation nimmt die Programmangabe unmittelbar vor dem Einfahren des Werkstücks in die Bearbeitungsmaschine auf und hält sie zum Abruf durch das Bearbeitungsmaschinenprogramm bereit, so dass der Abruf unmittelbar nach Beendigung der Bearbeitung des vorhergehenden Werkstückes erfolgen kann und bereits während der Werkstückwechselzeit die Bearbeitungsmaschine mit dem für den kommenden Arbeitsgang benötigten Werkzeug bzw.Nehrspindelkopf bestückt werden kann. Die Erfindung soll anhand der Zeichnung näher erläutert werden; es zeigen: Fig. 1 schematisch eine Aufsicht auf ein flexibles Fertigungssystem; Fig. 2 eine isometrische Ansicht einer Ausfahrstelle der Werkstückförderanlage des Systems nach Fig. 1, die zu einer Bearbeitungsmaschine führt; Fig. 3 eine Aufsicht auf eine erfindungsgemässe Kennzeichentrommel in Verbindung mit einer Lesestation; Fig. 4 einen Längsschnitt durch eine erfindungsgemässe Kennzeichentrommel in Verbindung mit einem Schaltmechanismus; und Fig. 5 einen Schnitt längs der Linie V-V in Fig. 4. In Fig. 1 ist ein flexibles Fertigungssystem mit drei Bearbeitungsmaschinen A, B und C und einer Werkstückförderanlage D dargestellt. Die nicht dargestellten Werkstücke werden in bekannter Weise auf Paletten 11 aufgespannt und mit diesen in einer Lade- und Entladestation 12 auf die Förderanlage D in ebenfalls bekannter Weise aufgegeben. Von dort laufen sie in ebenfalls bekannter Weise im Sinne der Pfeile 13 auf der Förderanlage D um. Vor jeder der drei Bearbeitungsmaschinen befindet sich in der Förderanlage D eine Ausfahrstelle 14, von der die Palette mit dem Werkstück jeweils auf einen Schwenktisch 15 gelangen kann, von dem sie wiederum zum Maschinentisch 16 der zugehörigen Bearbeitungsmaschine gebracht wird. Nach der Ankunft auf dem Bearbeitungstisch 16 und dem Verspannen erfolgt die Bearbeitung des Werkstücks durch die betreffende Be arbe itungsmaschine nach einem vorgegebenen Programm, anschliessend wird die Palette mit dem Werkstück über den Schwenktisch 15 und die Ausfahrstelle 14 wieder in die Förderanlage D eingeschleust und läuft weiter zur nächsten Bearbeitungsmaschine bzw. zur Entladestation 12, wo sie aus der Förderanlage herausgenommen wird, das bearbeitete Werkstück abgespannt und ein neues Werkstück auf die Palette 11 aufgespannt wird, die dann wieder in der Ladestation 12 auf die Förderanlage D aufgegeben wird. Ein solches Fertigungssystem ist bekannt und braucht deshalb hier nicht näher erläutert zu werden. Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind drei verschiedene Bearbeitungsmaschinen, eine Vielspindel-Bohrmaschine A mit auswechselbaren Mehrspindelköpfen, eine Fräsmaschine B und ein Bearbeitungszentrum C mit automatischem Werkzeugwechsel vorgesehen. Eine Erweiterung um zusätzliche Bearbeitungsmaschinen, sowohl gleichartige als auch andersartige, ist ersichtlich ohne weiteres möglich; der Ubersichtlichkeit halber sind jedoch nur die drei genannten Bearbeitungsmaschinen dargestellt. Um echte Flexibilität des Systems zu erreichen, ist es notwendig, dafür Vorsorge zu treffen, dass Jedes Werkstück die Bearbeitungsmaschinen in beliebiger Reihenfolge anlaufen kann, und dass es vor allem möglich ist, das gleiche Werkstück nach einer Zwischenbearbeitung auf einer anderen Bearbeitungsmaschine nochmals zu einer Bearbeitungsmaschine laufen zu lassen, die das Werkstück früher bereits durchlaufen hat, um dort eine weitere, andere Bearbeitung durchzuführen. Wie aus Fig. 2 ersichtlich ist, befindet sich,in Laufrichtung der Paletten 11 gesehen,vor einer Ausfahrstelle 14, eine Lesestation 17, an der ein Kennzeichen 18 an der Palette 11 abgelesen werden kann. Ergibt sich aus dem Kennzeichen, dass die Palette mit dem Werkstück der zugeordneten Bearbeitungsmaschine zuzuführen ist, wird diese, sofern der zugehörige Paletten-Wechseltisch 15 aufnahmefähig ist, in der Ausfahrstation 14 angehalten und die Ausfahrstation, wie durch Pfeil 19 angedeutet, um 900 geschwenkt. Die Palette 11 wird dann auf den Paletten Wechseltisch 15 gefördert, der eine zweite Lesestation 20 aufweist. In der Lesestation 20 wird das Kennzeichen auf das in der Bearbeitungsmaschine durchzuführende Programm abgefragt und zweckmässiger- aber nicht notwendigerweise geprüft, ob die Palette tatsächlich für die zugeordnete Bearbeitungsmaschine bestimmt ist. Diese Progra=kenn- zeichnung wird in bekannter Weise gespeichert und zum Abruf durch das Programm der angeschlossenen Bearbeitungsmaschine bereitgehalten. Der genaue Aufbau von Kennzeichen 18 und Lesestation 17 bzw. 20 wird später erläutert. Nach Beendigung der Bearbeitung des vorangegangenen Werkstücks in der Bearbeitungsmaschine wird dieses vom Maschinentisch 16 auf den Schwenktisch 15 zurückgefördert, so dass die zugehörige Palette die in Fig. 2 dargestellte Stellung einnimmt. Das Kennzeichen 18 einer in dieser Stellung befindlichen Palette befindet sich über einem Schaltmechanismus 21| in dem das Kennzeichen 18 zwangsläufig umgeschaltet wird, wie noch näher erläutert wird. Nachdem der Schwenktisch 15 mit einer oder zwei Paletten beladen ist, einer mit einem zu bearbeitenden Werkstück vor der Lesestation 20 und/oder einer mit einem bearbeiteten Werkstück gegenüber dem Schaltmechanismus 21, wird der Schwenktisch 15 im Sinne des Pfeils 0 22 um 180 geschwenkt. Das zu bearbeitende Werkstück wird dann auf den Maschinentisch 16 gefördert, das bearbeitete Werkstück kommt in die Ausfahrstation 14, diese wird wieder entsprechend dem Pfeil 19 zurückgeschwenkt und das bearbeitete Werkstück kann im Sinne des Pfeils 13 auf der Förderanlage D zur nächsten Zieladresse, sei es einer anderen Bearbeitungsmaschine oder der Lade- und Entladestation 12 weiterlaufen. Der Schwenktisch 15 wird anschliessend im leeren Zustand wieder zurückgeschwenkt, so dass er wieder die in Fig. 2 dargestellte Stellung einnimmt. Wenn eine Palette auf den Maschinentisch 16 aufgespannt ist, befindet sich vor dem Kennzeichen 18 der Palette 11 eine Abdeckung 23, die das Kennzeichen gegen Schmiermittel, Späne oder andere Verschmutzungen schützt. Wie aus Fig. 3 bis 5 hervorgeht, besteht das Kennzeichen aus einer um eine zur Bewegungsrichtung der Palette (Pfeil 13) senkrechte Achse 41 drehbaren Trommel 25, die im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sechseckigen Querschnitt hat, es sind jedoch auch andere Querschnittsformen, wie Kreiszylinder, möglich. Am Umfang der Trommel sind Codierleisten vorgesehen, von denen der Ubersichtlichkeit halber in Fig. 3 nur eine einzige durch einen vorstehenden Nocken 26 angedeutet ist. Gemäss Fig. 4 weist jede Codierleiste Aufnahmen 42 für Steuernocken wie 26 auf, in die entsprechend den darzustellenden Kennzeichen vorstehende Nocken wie 26 eingesetzt werden, bzw. nicht; in Fig. 4 ist die Trommel ohne eingesetzte Nocken dargestellt. Die Anzahl der Aufnahmen 42 jeder Codierleiste hängt von der Anzahl der Zieladressen und Programme ab, im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sind zehn Aufnahmen 42 vorgesehen. Wie bereits erwähnt, können statt der Nocken auch andere Kennzeichnungsmittel verwendet werden, wie optische Kennzeichen; bei unmagnetischen Werkstoffen kommen auch Magnete in Frage. Die in Fig. 4 dargestellten Aufnahmen 42 können auch als um den Trommelumfang herumlaufende Nuten ausgebildet sein, so dass der Angabe ""Codier- leiste"" nur eine funktionelle Bedeutung insoweit zukommt, als damit eine zusammengehörige Reihe von Nocken oder dergl. Kennzeichnungsmitteln bezeichnet wird und nicht notwendigerweise eine körperliche, von der Trommel trennbare Halterung für Kennzeichnungsmittel. In Fig. 3 ist die Trommel 25 einer Lesestation 17 gegenüber dargestellt. In der dargestellten Ausführungsform weist diese Lesestation 17 zehn Schalter 27 auf, die betätigt werden, wenn ein Nocken wie 26 dem Schalter 27 beim Vorbeifahren gegenübersteht, die übrigen Schalter bleiben unbetätigt Solche Lesestationen sind bekannt und brauchen deshalb nicht näher beschrieben zu werden. Wenn an Stelle von, Nocken c andere Kennzeichnungsmittel verwendet werden, wie Magnete, optische Kennzeichnungen oder dergl., muss die Lesestation 17 entsprechend abgewandelt werden; auch solche Lesestationen sind bekannt und brauchen deshalb nicht erläutert zu werden. Im Innern der Trommel 25 ist ein Rastbolzen 24 koaxial zur Achse 41 angeordnet. Er ist mittels einer Passfeder 39 mit der Trommel 25 verbunden, so dass er nur mit dieser gemeinsam verdrehbar, dieser gegenüber aber längs verschiebbar ist. Der Rastbolzen 24 trägt einen Zahnkranz 28, der mit einem entsprechenden Zahnkranz 29 an einer an der Palette 11 befestigten Halterung 30 im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel sechs Raststellungen definiert. Der Rastbolzen 24 wird durch sein Eigengewicht und zusätzlich eine Feder 37 in diese Raststellungen gedrängt, so dass er, und damit die Trommel 25, ungewollt nicht aus diesen Raststellungen herausgedreht werden kann. Bei axialer Verschiebung des Rastbolzens 24 gegen die Wirkung der Schwerkraft und der Feder 37 wird er aus den Raststellungen herausgehoben, so dass anschliessend die Trommel 25 mit ihm gemeinsam in die nächste Raststellung verdreht werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck ist der Schaltmechanismus 21 vorgesehen, der in Fig. 4 näher dargestellt ist. Dieser weist eine in Richtung der Achse 41 heb- und senkbare Steuerbahn 31 auf, deren Betriebsstellung durch zwei Mikroschalter 32 und 33 angezeigt wird, die je nach Betriebsstellung der Steuerbahn 31 mit Hilfe eines Nockens 34 betätigt werden. In der angehobenen Stellung der Steuerbahn 31 ragt diese in den Laufweg der aus der Halterung 30 nach unten hervorstehenden Spitze des Rastbolzens 24, so dass dieser aus seiner Ruhestellung angehoben wird und die Rastzähne 28, 29 ausser Eingriff gebracht werden. An der Steuerbahn 31 befindet sich eine Schaltrolle 35, die in der angehobenen Stellung gemäss Fig. 4 in den Laufweg eines Schaltrades 36 ragt, in der Halterung 30 drehbar gelagert und mit dem Rastbolzen 24 mittels einer Passfeder 40 drehfest aber längs verschiebbar verbunden ist. Wenn die Palette 11 im Sinne des Pfeils 13 in Fig. 5 an einem Schaltmechanismus 21 vorbeiläuft, dessen Steuerbahn 31 angehoben ist, läuft zunächst die nach unten vorstehende Spitze des Rastbolzens 24 auf die Steuerbahn 31 auf und wird durch diese angehoben, wie in Fig. 4 dargestellt. Anschliessend kommt die Schaltrolle 35 an einem Zahn des Schaltrades 36 zur Anlage und beim Weiterlauf dreht das Schaltrad 36 und damit der Rastbolzen 24 und die Trommel 25 um eine Teilung, im dargestellten Falle 60 , weiter. Anschliessend läuft die Spitze des Rastbolzens 24 wieder von der Steuerbahn 31 ab und senkt den Rastbolzen 24 in die nächste Raststellung, die durch die Zahnkränze 28 und 29 definiert ist. Es ist dann die in Fig. 3 strichpunktiert bei 26' dargestellte Codierleiste an der Stelle, die in Fig. 3 durch die in durchgezogenen Linien dargestellte Codierleiste 26 eingenommen wird, so dass beim Passieren der Palette an der nächsten Lesestation dieser ein vollständig neuer, jedoch von vornherein festgelegter Code dargeboten wird. Diese Codierleiste enthält neben einer beliebigen neuen Zieladresse (nächste Bearbeitungsmaschine bzw. Lade und Entladestation) auch ein Kennzeichen für das an der Zieladresse durchzuführende Programm, d.h., eine Kennzeichnung für das in der durch die Zieladresse identifizierten Bearbeitungsmaschine durchzuführende Programm. Beides, Zieladresse und Programm, sind durch Einstecken von Nocken unveränderlich vorab festgelegt. Eine Änderung kann lediglich gewollt erfolgen, wenn bewusst der Rastbolzen 24, etwa durch einen geeigneten Schlüssel oder eine getrennte Wechselstation ohne Schaltrolle 35 aus der Rastung herausgehoben und die Trommel 25 so verdreht ist, dass die zu ändernde Codierleiste zugänglich ist. Die Nocken 26 oder anderen Kennzeichen können dann manuell ausgewechselt werden, ein versehentliches Ändern der Kennzeichnung ist jedoch ausgeschlossen.";Patentansprüche 1. Flexibles Fertigungssystem für Werkstücke, bestehend aus einer Anzahl Bearbeitungsmaschinen, einer diese miteinander und einer Lade- und Entlade-Station verbindenden Werkstückförderanlage, den einzelnen Werkstücken zuzuordnenden Kennzeichen, Lesestationen zum Ablesen der Kennzeichen an den Ausfahrstellen und Einrichtungen für die Einstellung einer neuen Zieladresse, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Kenn- zeichen aus einer in mehrere Raststellungen drehbaren Trommel besteht, auf deren Umfang eine der Zahl der Raststellungen gleiche Zahl von Codierleisten ange ordnet ist, in deren jeder wenigstens eine voll ständige Zieladresse einschliesslich eventueller Prüf zeichen darstellbar ist, und dass die Einrichtung für die Einstellung einer neuen Zieladresse aus einem Schaltmechanismus besteht, der die Trommel jeweils um eine Teilung aus einer Raststellung in die nächst folgende weiterdreht. 2. Fertigungssystem nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Trommel formschlüssig in ihren Raststellungen durch Eingriff von Rastzähnen festgelegt ist, die axial aus dem Eingriff herausschiebbar sind, und dass der Schaltmechanismus eine die Rastzähne aus dem Eingriff herausschiebende Steuerbahn aufweist. 3. Fertigungssystem nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass die Rastzähne durch Federkraft und/oder Eigengewicht in den formschlüssigen Eingriff gedrängt sind. 4. Fertigungssystem nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Jede Codierleiste zur auswechselbaren Aufnahme einer Reihe von Nocken, Schaltbolzen, Magneten, optischen Markierungen oder dergl. Kennzeichnungselementen vorgesehen ist. 5. Fertigungssystem nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Maschinentisch jeder Bearbeitungsmaschine eine Abdeckung aufweist, die die Trommel bei auf dem Maschinentisch befindlicher Palette völlig abdeckt. 6. Fertigungssystem nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass zwischen jeder zu einer Bearbeitungs maschine führenden Ausfahrstelle und der betreffenden Bearbeitungsmaschine eine speichernde Lesestation zum Ablesen und Speichern des über die Zieladresse hinaus 6gehenden Teils des Kennzeichens angeordnet ist.;HAUSSMANN, HERBERT, MAIER, HEINZ;GEBR. HELLER MASCHINENFABRIK GMBH;1978
+EP-0003025-B1;19840418.0;19781207;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;25773228.0;B66C13;G05D3, B63B27;B66C13, G05D3;B66C  13/48, G05D   3/14, B66C  13/30;ROTATIONAL GEAR OR LIFTING GEAR DRIVE CONTROL ARRANGEMENT FOR A CRANE;"1. Regulation means for slewing or fifting gear drives of a crane, in particular for ships, wherein at the end of an inner crossbeam (4) rotatable about a swivel (3) there is arranged an outer crossbeam (11) rotatable about a swivel (10) having a loading gear (19), where the drives (5, 13) of the inner crossbeam (4) and of the crossbeam (11) are respectively equipped with an angle of rotation regulating device (25 ; 31), which device possesses a theoretical value generator (24) having a control lever (23) to set the angle of rotation (gamma) of the inner crossbeam (4) in relation to a reference line (9) and the angel of rotation (epsilon) of the outer crossbeam (11) in relation to the inner crossbeam (4), the generator output signals fed to the regulator (25) for the slewing gear drive (5) in order to adjust the angle of rotation (gamma) of the inner crossbeam (4) in relation to the reference line (9), where a function generator (30) serves as a theoretical value former for the angle of rotation (epsilon soll ) of the outer crossbeam (11) in relation to the inner crossbeam (4), characterized in that the function generator (30) is supplied with the output signal (gamma soll) of the theoretical value generator (24), and that the function generator (30) is equipped with a computing module (39) provided with an adjusting lever (36) or an electric follow-up circuit, which serves to adjust parameter values (gamma O/R) defined by the distance of the transportation path(s) from the inner swivel (3) of the inner crossbeam (4) and the length of the inner and outer crossbeam.";"Regelung für Drehwerks- oder Hubwerksantriebe eines Krans Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Regelung für Drehwerks- oder Hubwerksantriebe eines Krans, insbesondere für Schiffe, bei dem am Ende eines um ein Drehgelenk drehbaren Innenholms ein um ein Drehgelenk drehbarer Aussenholm mit einem Ladegeschirr angeordnet ist. Ein Kran dieser Art ist bereits vorgeschlagen worden. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine Last von einem Aufnahmepunkt zu einem Absetzpunkt entlang einer vorgegebenen Kurve, insbesondere einer Geraden,zu bewegen. Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe besteht bei einer Regelung der eingangs genannten Art darin, dass die Drehwerksantriebe des Innenholms und des Aussenholms mit einer Drehwinkelregeleinrlchtung ausgerüstet sind, die zur Vorgabe des Drehwinkels des Innenholms gegenüber einer Bezugslinie einen mit einem Steuerhebel versehenen Sollwertgeber besitzt, dessen Ausgangssignal einerseits zur Einstellung des Drehwinkels des Innenholms einem Regler für den Drehwerksantrieb des Innenholms und andererseits zur Einstellung des Drehwinkels des Aussenholms gegenüber dem Innenholm einen Funktionsgenerator zum Bilden eines vom Drehwinkel und Verlauf des Lastweges abhängigen Winkelsollwertes zugeführt wird, der zur Vorgabe des Winkels zwischen Innenholm und Aussenholm einem weiteren Regler für den Drehwei > ks- antrieb des Aussenholms zugeführt ist. Auf diese Weise kann man innerhalb des Aktionskreises des Krans durch Steuerung der Drehbewegungen des Innen- und Aussenholms in der Horirontalen beliebige Transportwege und damit eine Verkürzung der Transportzeit erzielen. In der Zeichnung ist ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung dargestellt: Fig. 1 zeigt eine schematische Seitenansicht eines Schiffskrans mit waagrechten Rnicklenkern, Fig. 2 eine Draufsicht zu Fig. 1, Fig. 3 eine Regeleinrichtung für die Winkeleinstellung der Knicklenker des in den Figuren 1 und 2 ge zeigten Krans, Fig. 4 eine Prinzip-Darstellung der Schaltung des in Fig. 3 gezeigten Funktionsgenerators, Fig. 5 eine Abhängigkeit der Drehwinkel des Innen und Aussenholms vom Transportweg s und Fig. 6 eine Einrichtung zur Erzielung einer vorgeb baren, insbesondere konstanten Transportge schwindigkeit. In Fig. 1 ist auf einer Konsole S eine Säule 2 angeordnet, an der an einem festen senkrechten drehzapfen eines Drehgelenks 3 das eine Ende eines Innenholms 4 drehbar gelagert ist. Zum Drehen des Innenholms 4 dient ein Drehwerksantrieb, der aus einem Motor 5 und einem Getriebe mit Ritzel 6 sowie Zahnkranz 7 besteht. Ein Winkelgeber 8 dient zum Erfassen des Drehwinkels , den der Innenholm 4 gegenüber einer Bezugslinie 9 (Fig. 2) einnimmt. Am anderen Ende des Innenholms 4 ist ein weiteres Drehgelenk 10 für einen Aussenholm 11 mit einem weiteren Winkelgeber 12 angeordnet, der den Winkel ± zwischen dem Innenholm 4 und dem Aussenholm 11 erfasst. Zum Drehen des Aussenholms 11 gegenüber dem Innenholm 4 dient ein weiterer Drehwerksantrieb, der aus einem Motor 13 und Getrieberit Ritzel 14 und Zahnkranz 15 besteht. Im Aussenhom 11 ist eine durch einen Motor angetriebene Winde 16 angeordnet, dessen Seil 17 über eine Laufrolle 18 am freien Ende des Aussenholms 11 ein Ladegeschirr 19 für die Aufnahme einer Last 20 trägt. Die beiden Drehwerksantriebe 5, 6, 7 und 13, 14, 15 sind - wie Fig. 3 zeigt. - mit einer Drehwinkelregeleinrichtung 22 ausgerustet, die zur Vorgabe des Drehwinkels T des Innenholms 4 gegenüber der Bezugslinie 9 einen mit einem Steuerhebel 23 versehenen Sollwertgeber 24 besitzt, dessen Ausgangssignal °8011 zur Einstellung des Drehwinkels des Innenholms 4 einem Regler 25 für den Drehwerksantrieb 5, 6, 7 des Innenholms zugeführt ist. Dieser Regler 25 besitzt einen Soll-Istwertvergleicher 26, einen Regelverstärker 27 und einen Steuersatz 28 für ein im Ankerkreis des Motors 5 angeordnetes elektronisches Stellglied 29. Der mit dem Motor 5 in Verbindung stehende Winkelgeber 8 liefert ein Signal, das als Istwert ## ist dem Soll- Istwertvergleicher 26 zugeführt wird. Andererseits wird das Ausgangssignal fsolk des Sollwertgebers 24 zur Einstellung des Winkels des Aussenholms gegenüber dem Innenholm einem Funktionsgenerator 30 zum Bilden eines vom Drehwinkel ## und Verlauf des Transportweges s abhängigen Winkelsollwertes gsoll zugeführt, der zur Vorgabe des Winkels ± zwischen Innenholm 4 und Aussenholm 11 einem Regler 31 für den Drehwerksantrieb 13, 14, 15 des Aussenholms zugeführt ist. Der Regler 31 besitzt einen Soll-Istwertvergleicher 32, einen Regelverstärker 33 und einen Steuersatz 34 für ein im Ankerkreis des Motors 13 angeordnetes elektronisches Stellglied 35. Der mit dem Motor 13 verbundene weitere Winkelgeber 12 liefert den Istwert ist' der dem Soll-Istwertvergleicher 32 zugeführt wird. Mit dem Sollwertgeber 24 wird vom Kranführer der Drehwinkel des Innenholms als Sollwert vorgegeben. Abhängig von diesem Drehwinkel t wird im Funktionsgenerator 30 für den Drehwerksantrieb des Aussenholms 11 ein Sollwert 6soll von solcher Grösse gebildet, dass das Ladegeschirr 19 mit der Last 20 auf einem vorgegebenen Transportweg bewegt wird. Hierzu ist der Funktionsgenerator 30 derart ausgebildet, dass sein Ausgangssignal nach der mathematischen Beziehung E,Sou=f Yo} Yo > .... (1) vom Eingangssignal ## soll abhängt. Dabei ist y0 ein Parameter des Transportweges von der innen Drehachse des Innenholms 4. Für einen geradlinigen Transportweg gilt: EMI5.1 Darin bedeutet R die Länge des Innenholms 4, die im vorliegenden Fall gleich der Länge des Aussenholms 11 ist. Für einen vorgegebenen Kran ist die Grösse R eine Konstante. Der Wert y0 kann für jeden gewünschten Transportweg zu Beginn der Ladetätigkeit in den Funktionsgenerator 30 über eine Eingabevorrichtung mit einem Stellhebel 36 eingegeben werden; er ist hier der senkrechte Abstand des Transportweges s von der inneren Drehachse des Innenholms 4. Wie Fig. 4 zeigt, befinden sich im Funktionsgenerator 30 zur Berechnung des Sollwertes soll entsprechend der oben angegebenen Beziehung (2) mehrere Rechnerbausteine. Der am Eingang des Funktionsgenerators anstehende Sollwert soll wird einem Cosinus-Bildner 37 zugeführt und dessen Ausgangssignal cos óll im Subtrahierer 38 von dem im Rechner-Baustein 39 gebildeten Signalwert yo subtrahiert. Im einfachsten Fall ist der Rechner-Baustein 39 ein Potentiometer 40 mit Abgriff 41, das an einer Batterie 42 liegt. Der Abgriff ist mit dem Stellhebel 36 verbunden. Das Ausgangs signal R Y - cos soll des Subtrahierers 38 wird in einem Multiplizierer 43 quadriert. In einem Konstantwertbildner 44, der im einfachsten Fall durch ein Potentiometer 45 mit Abgriff 46 gebildet ist, welches an einer Batterie 47 liegt, wird der Wert 1 gebildet, wobei das maximale Ausgangssignal des Cosinus-Bildners 37 identisch eingestellt wird mit dem Ausgangswert des Konstantwertbildners 44. Im Subtrahierer 48 wird vom Konstantwert 1 des Konstantwertbildners 44 der Ausgangswert des Multiplizierers 43 abgezogen. Das Ausgangssignal des Subtrahierers 48 wird dem Radizierer 49 zugeführt, dessen Ausgangssignal im Multiplizierer 51 mit dem Ausgangs signal des Sinus-Bildners 50 für den Wert oll multipliziert wird. Der so gebildete Wert wird einem Eingang eines Subtrahierers 52 zugeführt. Der andere Eingang des Subtrahierers 52 ist mit dem Ausgang eines weiteren Multiplizierers 53 verbunden, dessen Eingänge einerseits an den Ausgang des Cosinus Bildners 37 und an den Ausgang des Subtrahierers 38 angeschlossen sind. Der Ausgang des Subtrahierers 52 liefert das Signal cos 6soll' welches im Baustein 54 invertiert wird, d.h. es wird der arc cos von cos soll und danit ±soll gebildet. Für einen geradlinigen Transportweg und vorgegebene Werte yO und R ergibt sich die in Fig. 5 dargestellte Zuordnung von ysoll und ±soll Zu Beginn eines Transportvorganges stellt der Kranführer den Kran durch Verstellen des Steuerhebels 23 (Fig. 3) so ein, dass das entlang des einzuhaltenden Transportweges s bewegte Ende des Aussenholms 11 im Schnittpunkt mit der Bezugslinie 9 liegt (gestrichelte Stellung in Fig. 2). Je nach Grösse des sich dabei er gebenden Startwinkels °0 ist dann der senkrechte Abstand y0 des Transportweges von der Achse des festen Drehgelenks 3 des Innenholms 4 festgelegt. Dieser Wert y0 kann von Hand mit dem Stellhebel 36 (Fig. 4) oder über eine elektrische Nachlaufschaltung abhängig vom Startwinkel ##o nach der Beziehung yO=2Rcos#o ....(3) automatisch in den Funktionsgenerator 30 eingegeben werden. Hierzu braucht lediglich der am Ausgang des Winkelgebers 8 in der Startposition anstehende Signalwert über eine Rechenschaltung und eine Nachlaufschaltung mit Stellmotor zur Verstellung des Potentiometer abgriffs 41 herangezogen zu werden. Nach der Einstellung des Abgriffs 41 des Potentiometers 40 bleibt der am Potentiometer eingestellte Wert für sich wiederholende Transportvorgänge erhalten. Der Kranführer fährt durch Betätigen des Steuerhebels 23 (Fig. 3) das Ladegut vom Aufnahmepunkt zum Absetzpunkt entlang einer Geraden. Ist am Ende des Aussenholms 11 für das Ladegeschirr 19 eine Drehscheibe 55 mit Drehwerksantrieb 56, 57, 58 angeordnet (Fig. 2), so ist es vorteilhaft, den Winkel der mit einem Drehgelenk 21 versehenen Drehscheibe 55 zur Linie s abhängig;Tom Drehwinkel zu und dem Winkel g zwischen Inneholm und Aussenholm nach der Beziehung EMI7.1 derart zu steuern, dass die Last 20 entlang des Trans- portweges s parallel zu ihrer Achse verschoben wird. Dadurch kann ein Stapelvorgang zeit- und personalsparend durchgeführt werden. Dies ist insbesondere bei automatischem Transportbetrieb, insbesondere bei Verladung durch eine Schiffsluke von Vorteil, da z.B. Container ihre parallele Lage zur Schiffslängsachse in Jeder Position des Transportweges beibehalten. Der Drehwerksantrieb für die Drehscheibe 55, bestehend aus Motor 56, Getriebe 57 und Winkelgeber 58 (Fig. 1 und 3) ist mit einem Regler 59 ausgerUstet, der einen Soll-Istwertvergleicher 60, einen Regelverstärker 61 und einen Steuersatz 62 enthält, welcher ein elektronisches Stellglied 63 für den Ankerstrom des Drehwerksmotors 56 beaufschlagt. Der Sollwert Z soll wird in einem Addierer 64 und einem Subtrahierer 65 gebildet. Gemäss der mathematischen Beziehung (4) wird der Addierer 64 von den Sollwerten und ±soll gespeist und der Subtrahierer 65 von einem Potentiometer 66, in dem der konstante Signalwert 4 gebildet wird. Es st zweckmässig, der Drehwinkelregelung eine G schwindigkeitsregelung derart zu unterlagern, dass eine vorgebbare Transportgeschwindigkeit, insbesondere eine ausserhalb des Anfahr- und Bremsbereiches zumindest annShernd konstante Transportgeschwindigkeit eingehalten wird. Hierzu sind - wie Fig. 6 zeigt - im Regler 25 für den Drehwerksantrieb 5, 6, 7 des Innenholms 4 zwischen den Soll-Istwertvergleicher 26 und dem Regelverstärker 27 ein Verstärker 110 mit nachgeordnetem Differenzierglied 111 und ein weiterer Soll-Istwertvergleicher 112 angeordnet. Im Differenzierglied 111 wird der Winkel sollwert ° soll differenziert und als Winkelgeschwindig-éitssollwert --- soll im Soll-Istwertvergleicher dt 112 mit dem in der Differenziereinrichtung 113 ge d rist bildeten Winkelgeschwindigkeits-Istwert ##ist ver glichen. Der Differenzwert wird dem Regelverstärker 27 zugeführt. Fermer werden im Regler 31 für den Drehwerksantrieb 13 14, 15 des Aussenholms 11 zwischen dem Soll-Istzert- vergleicher 32 und dem Regelverstärker 33 ein Verstärker 114 mit nachgeordnetem Differenzierglied 115 und ein weiterer Soll-Istwertvergleicher 116 angeordnet. Im Differenzierglied 115 wird der Winkelsollwert 6soll differenziert und als Winkelgeschwindig keitssollwert d# soll im Soll-Istwert-Vergleicher 116 mit dem in der Differenziereinrichtung 117 gebildeten d± ist Winkelgeschwindigkeits-Istwert dt s verglichen. dt Der Differenzwert wird dem Regelverstärker 33 zugeführt. Durch die dabei erzielte zumindest annähernd konstante Transportgeschwindigkeit kann bei einem frei wählbaren Transportweg eine optimale umscfilagleistung erzielt werden. 6 Figuren 4 Patentansprüche";Patentansprüche 1. Regelung für Drehwerks- oder Hubwerksantriebe eines Krans, insbesondere für Schiffe, bei dem am Ende eines um ein Drehgelenk drehbaren Innenholms ein um ein Drehgelenk drehbarer Aussenholm mit einem Ladegeschirr angeordnet ist, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t dass die Antriebe des Innenholms (4) und des Aussenholms (11) mit einer Drehwinkelregeleinrichtung (22) ausgerüstet sind, die zur Vorgabe des Drehwinkels ( °) des Innenholms (4) gegenüber einer Bezugslinie (9) einen mit einem Steuerhebel (23) versehenen Sollwertgeber (24) besitzt, dessen Ausgangssignal ( f ll) einerseits zur Einstellung des Drehwinkels ( ## ) des Innenholms (4) einem Regler (25) für den Drehwerksantrieb (5, 6, 7) des Innenholms (4) und andererseits zur Einstellung des Winkels (6 ) des Aussenholms gegen über dem Innenholm einem Funktionsgenerator (30) zum Bilden eines vom Drehwinkel (f) ) und Verlauf des Transportweges abhängigen Winkelsollwertes ( ±SOll) zugeführt wird, der zur Vorgabe des Winkels zwischen Innenholm und Aussenholm einem weiteren Regler (31) für den Drehwerksantrieb (13,. 14, 15) des Aussenholms (11) zugeführt ist. 2. Regelung nach Anspruch 1, d a d u r c h g e k e n nz e i c h n e t , dass der Funktionsgenerator (30) mit einer Eingabevorrichtung, insbesondere einem Stellhebel (36), zur Änderung eines von der Geometrie des Krans abhängigen Parameterwertes, insbesondere des Abstandes (yO) des Transportweges (s) von der Drehachse des inneren Drehgelenks (3) des Innenholms besitzt. 3. Regelung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2 für einen Kran, bei dem am Ende des Aussenholms eine Drehscheibe mit Drehwerksantrieb gelagert ist, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass der Drehwerksantrieb (56, 57, 58) der Drehscheibe (55) abhängig vom Dreh winkel zur t ) des Innenholms und dem Winkel ( 6 ) zwi- schen Innenholm und Aussenholm derart gesteuert wird, dass die Last (20) entlang des Transportweges parallel zu ihrer Achse verschoben wird. 4. Regelung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e 5 c h n e t , dass der: Drehwinkelregelung eine Geschwindigkeitsregelung derart unterlagert ist, dass eine vorgebbare Transportge- schwindigkeit, insbesondere eine ausserhalb des Anfahrund Bremsbereiches zumindest annähernd konstante Transportgeschwindigkeit eingehalten wird.;BEHRENDT, VOLKMAR, ING.(GRAD), BERTLING, TONI, DIPL.-PHYS. DR.-ING.;O & K, ORENSTEIN & KOPPEL AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT WERK LUBECK, SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;1978
+EP-0003036-B1;19801015.0;19781220;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;25773626.0;E04C1;B28B11;B28B11, E04B2;E04B   2/14, B28B  11/00E2;METHOD OF MANUFACTURING CERAMIC BRICKS, ESPECIALLY BRICKS WITH GRID-LIKE CAVITIES AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING SAME;1. A method of manufacturing ceramic building blocks with intersecting webs, more particularly perforated bricks, in which a continous mass is first extruded which is divided by cutting up into blocks, wherein each block is cut off from the continuous mass with a longitudinal surplus and before drying and firing is rolled or closed by rubbing down the longitudinal surplus on at least one of the front faces and so obtains its final size, characterized in that before rolling or rubbing, the webs of the grid extending perpendicular to the processing direction in the area of the longitudinal surplus are removed to the level required for the rolling or rubbing.;"Keramischer Baustein sowie Verfahren und Einrichtung zu dessen Herstellung Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen keramischen Baustein, insbesondere Gitterziegelstein mit stirnseitigen Öffnungen sowie auf ein Verfahren und eine Einrichtung zu dessen Herstellung, bei dem zunächst ein Rohlingsstrang extrudiert wird, der dann durch nacheinander Abschneiden in Rohlinge aufgeteilt wird, die auf Rohlingsfertigmass gebracht sowie anschliessend getrocknet und gebrannt werden. Keramische Bausteine mit stirnseitigen Öffnungen haben den Nachteil, dass beim Mauern viel Mörtel dadurch verloren geht, dass der aufgestrichene Mörtel zum Teil in die Öffnungen hineinfällt und hierdurch das Wärme däinmverhalten ungünstig beeinflusst wird. Der Erfindung liegt somit die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen derartigen Baustein so zu gestalten, dass diese Mörtelverluste nicht mehr auftreten können, sowie ein einfaches Verfahren zur Herstellung eines derartigen Bausteins zu finden. Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss dadurch gelöst, dass eine der beiden Stirnseiten geschlossen ausgebildet ist. Auf diese geschlossene Stirnseite kann dann der Mörtel aufgetragen werden, ohne dass die Gefahr besteht, das Verluste wie bei den bekannten Bausteinen auftreten, Ein derartiger Baustein soll nach der Erfindung dadurch hergestellt werden, dass jeder Rohling mit Längenzugabe vom Rohlingsstrang abgeschnitten und vor dem Trocknen und Brennen wenigstens einer der Stirnseiten zugewalzt wird, wobei der Rohling das Rohlingsfertigmass erhält. Die geschlossene Stirnseite des erfindungsgemässen Bausteins wird somit durch Zwischenschaltung eines einfachen Verfahrensschritts hergestellt. Bei Gitterbausteinen mit senkrecht zueinander verlaufenden Gitterstegen gestaltet sich der Zuwalzvorgang besonders einfach, wenn, wie die Erfindung ferner vorsieht, vorher die in Walzrichtung verlaufenden Gitterstege im Bereich der Längenzugabe in der für das Zuwalzen erforderlichen Höhe entfernt werden. Die verbleibenden Gitterstege brauchen dann nur noch umgebogen zu werden, um eine glatte und geschlossene Fläche zu erzielen. Vorzugsweise sollen die Rohlinge wenigstens beim Passieren durch die Einrichtung zum Verschliessen der Stirnseite(n) parallel zu ihren Stirnseiten transportiert werden. Dies ermöglicht es, das Verschliessen der Stirnseite(n) und damit das Verkürzen auf das Rohlingsfertigmass während der Vorbeifahrt an der Einrichtung hierfür vorzunehmen. Für diesen Vorgang muss der Baustein somit nicht mehr angehalten werden, wodurch die Produktionsgeschwindigkeit erheblich gesteigert werden kann. Eine weitere Verbesserung lässt sich ferner dadurch erzielen, dass das Verschliessen der Stirnseite(n) des Rohlings durch Abschleifen der Längenzugabe geschieht. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass diese Massnahme hinsichtlich Zeitaufwand und der erforderlichen Längenzugabe besonders günstig ist. Zur Durchführung dieses Verfahrens wird vorgeschlagen, dass für das Abschleifen wenigstens eine rotierende Schleif- scheibe vorgesehen ist. Dabei ist es zweckmäBig, dass die Schleifscheibe derart angeordnet ist, dass sie mit einer ihrer Flachseiten über die Stirnseite(n) des Rohlings fährt. Damit der Rohling kontinuierlich auf das Rohling fertigmass gebracht werden kann, wird vorgeschlagen, dass die Schleifscheibe in der Transportbahn mit ihrer Stirnseite parallel zur Transportrichtung angeordnet ist. Je nach verwendetem Material kann es von Vorteil sein, wenn die Schleifscheibe an ihrer Flachseite entweder aufgerauht oder glatt ausgebildet ist. In der Zeichnung ist die Erfindung anhand von schematisch den Verfahrensablauf und die Einrichtung zum Verschliessen der Stirnseite darstellenden Ausführungabeispielen näher veranschaulicht. Es zeigen: Fig. 1 in schematischer Darstellung die Herstellung eines Gitterziegelsteins mit einer geschlossenen Stirnseite; Fig. 2 eine andere Ausführungsform. In der in dieser Ansicht linken Seite der Fig. 1 ist ein Pressenmaul 1 einer Extrusionspresse gezeigt, aus der sich in Richtung des Pfeils A ein Rohlingsstrang 2 bewegt. Dieser Rohlingsstrang 2 wird dann in einer hie r nicht näher dargestellten Schneidvorrichtung in einzelne Rohlinge 3, versinnbildlicht durch den Rohling 3', aufgeteilt, wobei die Schneidflächen die Stirnseiten 4,5 bilden. Diese Rohlinge 3 sind als Gitterziegelsteine mit gitterförmig zueinander verlaufenden Stegen 6 ausgebildet, so dass eine Vielzahl von Kanälen entstehen, die von Stirnseite 4 zur Stirnseite 5 durchgehen. Der Rohling 3' ist dabei nicht auf Rohlingsfertigmass geschnitten, sondern erhält eine Längenzugabe, so dass er um einen bestimmten Betrag länger als der fertige Rohling ist. Im Anschluss daran werden die in dieser Ansicht parallel zur Zeichnungsebene verlaufenden Gitterstege 6' im Bereich der Längenzugabe an der rechten Stirnseite 5' herausgeschnitten, so dass der Rohling 3"" entsteht, der rechts neben dem Rohling3' dargestellt ist. Auf diese Weise verbleiben nur die senkrecht zur Zeichnungsebene verlaufenden Gitterstege 6a"" . Diese Massnahme ist für den weiteren Verfahrensgang nicht unbedingt notwendig. Im nächsten Arbeitsgang wird der Rohling 3"" um 900 gedreht, so dass seine Gitterstege 6a"" nach unten zu liegen kommen. Auf diese Weise nimmt der Rohling 3""' die neben dem Rohling 5"" gezeichnete Stellung ein. Die Transportrichtung bleibt gleich und verläuft in Richtung des Pfeils B. Beim Weitertransport dieses Rohlings 3""' stossen dessen Gitterstege 6a""' vor eine mit ihren Flachseiten waagerecht angeordnete Schleifscheibe 7, die von einem Antriebsmotor 8 in schnelle Umdrehung versetzt wird. Hierdurch werden nacheinander die Gitterstege 6a""' abgeschliffen, wobei sich die Gitteröffnungen in der Stirnseite 5""' zusetzen und gleichzeitig der Rohling 3""' auf Rohlingsfertigmass gebracht wird. Auf diese Weise entsteht der ganz rechts dargestellte Rohling 3"""" mit einer geschlossenen Stirnseite 5"""". Dieser Rohling 3"""" ist dann fertig zum Trocknen und Brennen. Beim Ausführungsbeispiel nach Fig. 2 wird zunächst, wie oben beschrieben, der Rohling 3"" hergestellt. Im nächsten Arbeitsgang werden dann die Gitterstege 6a"" bzw. 6a""' umgebogen, so dass die dortigen Öffnungen verschlossen werden. Dieser Verfahrensgang ist an dem nach rechts folgenden Rohling 3''' dargestellt. Das Umbiegen geschieht hier durch eine in Richtung des Pfeils B bewegte Walze 7, die auch gleichzeitig dafür sorgt, dass der Rohling 3""' sein Fertigmass erhält. Nach dem Umbiegen hat der Rohling die Form des ganz rechts dargestellten Rohlings 3'''''. Er ist dann fertig zum Trocknen und Brennen.";Patent ansprüche : 1. Keramischer Baustein, insbesondere Gitterziegel stein mit stirnseitigen Öffnungen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine der beiden Stirnseiten (5) geschlossen ausgebildet ist. 2. Verfahren zur Herstellung von keramischen Bau steinen mit stirnseitigen Öffnungen, insbesondere Gitterziegelsteinen, nach Anspruch 1, bei dem zunächst ein Rohlingsstrang extrudiert wird, der dann durch nacheinander Abschneiden in Rohlinge aufgeteilt wird, die auf Rohlingsfertigmass ge bracht sowie anschliessend getrocknet und gebrannt werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jeder Rohling (3) mit Längenzugabe vom Rohlingsstrang (2) abgeschnitten und vor dem Trocknen an wenigstens einer der Stirnseiten (5) zugewalzt oder durch Abschleifen der Längenzugabe ver schlossen wird, wobei der Rohling (3) das Rohlingsfertigmass erhält. 3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, wobei die Bausteine als Gitterbausteine ausgebildet sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass vor dem Zuwalzen die in Walzrichtung verlaufenden Gitterstege (6) im Bereich der Längenzugabe in der für das Zuwalzen erforderlichen Höhe entfernt werden. 4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, bei dem die Rohlinge zu einer Einrichtung transportiert werden, die jeweils wenigstens eine Stirnseite der Rohlinge unter Verkürzung auf das Rohlings fertigmass verschliesst, dadurch gekennzeichnet dass die Rohlinge (3) wenigstens beim Passieren der Einrichtung (7,8) parallel zu ihren Stirnseiten (4,5) transportiert werden. 5. Einrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass für das Abschleifen wenigstens einp rotierende Schleifscheibe (7) vorgesehen ist. 6. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass die Schleifscheibe (7) derart angeordnet ist, dass sie mit einer ihrer Flach seiten über eine der Stirnseiten (5) des Roh lings (3) fährt. 7. Einrichtung nach den Ansprechen 5 oder 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schleifscheibe (7) in der Transportbahn mit ihrer Stirnseite parallel zur Transportrichtung (B) angeordnet ist. 8. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schleifscheibe (7) an ihrer Flachseite aufgerauht ist. 9. Einrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schleifscheibe (7) an ihrer Flachseite glatt ausgebildet ist.;SMEETS, HEINRICH;PETER VAN EYK GMBH & CO. KOMMANDITGESELLSCHAFT;1978
+EP-0003039-B1;19821222.0;19781222;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;26067287.0;B65D83;;B65D83;B65D  83/00A;A CONTAINER FOR CONTAINING SUBSTANCES IN A HERMETICALLY SEALED CONDITION AND A METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME;The container of the invention is adapted to contain a liquid or viscous substance (15) such as a sealing compound or an adhesive in an air tightly sealed condition. The container comprises a rigid or stiff peripheral wall (10) which is closed at one end by means of a distendable membrane (16) the outer surface of which is exposed to ambient atmospheric pressure. In a preferred embodiment the container is shaped as a cylindrical cartridge which is closed at the other end by means of an ejection piston (13). The distendable membrane may be made from a stretchable sheet material which is fastened to the cylindrical container body in a tight condition, whereafter the sheet material is permanently stretched by filling a heated substance into the container and exposing said substance to a compressive force.;A container for containing liquid substances and a method for making the same ¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯ The present invention relates to a container or package for 'containing liquid substances, especially viscous substances, in a hermetically sealed condition, and comprising a substantially rigid or stiff peripheral wall. Such containers or packages containing liquid or viscous substances are often stored for a long period of time under greatly varying temperature conditions before the content of the container is used. As the thermal coefficients of expansion of the container and its content, respectively, are normally different a partial vacuum may be generated in containers or packages of the type in question. When sealing compounds, adhesives, and other similar viscous masses or substances are packed in containers or packages of this known type the more fluid components, such as solvents, have a disadvantageous tendency to separate during storage of containers or packages containing such viscous substances or masses. It has been found that this tendency to separation of fluid components is substantially reduced by using the container according to the invention which is characterized in that the peripheral wall is air-tightly closed at one end thereof by a distendable membrane or wall part. This advantage is presumably due to the fact that even during storage with greatly varying temperature conditions the content of a container according to the invention is not exposed to pressure conditions differing substantially from the ambient atmospheric pressure because the distendable membrane or wall part will function as a kind of thermal expansion and contraction compensator. The said membrane or wall part may possibly be'protected against mechanical stresses, for example by means of a lid-shaped rigid end wall. However, in this case the said end wall must be provided with one or more greater or smaller air passages securing that the outer surface of the distendable membrane or wall part is always exposed to the ambient atmospheric pressure. If desired, the distendable membrane or wall part may be sealed to the lid-shaped end wall along its periphery, and when the content has been filled into the container or package the distendable membrane or wall part may be fastened thereto together with and possibly also by means of the lid-shaped end wall. Alternatively, the rim portion of the membrane or wall part may be wedged or clamped between the container and the lid-shaped end wall without being united with the latter. In any case, the lidshaped end wall may have a form so that the distendable membrane or wall part may freely move so as to compensate for variations of the volume of the substance or mass contained in the container. Thus, the container or package according to the invention may, for example, have the form of a bucket or pot provided with a lid. The invention may, however, with special advantage be used in connection with a cylindrical container or cartridge for containing a sealing compound, an adhesive, or other viscous masses or substances, and'of the type being closed at one of its ends by means of an ejection piston displaceable within the cylinder. When the content of such a container or cartridge is to be used the cartridge is normally placed in a socalled ejection pistol which comprises a plunger to cooperate with the ejection piston of the cartridge, and which may be operated manually or by means of pressurized air so that the viscous substance, for example a sealing compound, is discharged through a spout or nozzle. Containers or cartridges of the said type provided with an integrally formed spout the free end of which is closed, but adapted to be cut off immediately before the content of the cartridge is to be discharged, are known. It is also known to provide cartridges with a discharge opening defined by a threaded pipe stub on which a discharge spout. or nozzle may be fastened. In that case tl, discharge opening of the cartridge or container may be closed by a perforatable wall which is stretched tightly across said tube stub and which may be perforated by means of a pointed tool immediately before the content of the cartridge is to be discharged or ejected. In practice containers or cartridges with a content of a viscous substance is often stored for a long period of time before use, under greatly varying temperature conditions as mentioned above. As the thermal expansion coefficients of the container or cartridge and its content, respectively, are normally different, the varying storing temperatures cause that the ejection piston is displaced backwards and forwards in the cylinder-shaped container or cartridge. It has been found, however, that a temperature caused reduction of the content of the container or cartridge is often partly or totally compensated for by suction of air from the ambient atmosphere through the space between the inner wall of the container and the outer wall of the cylindrical skirt of the ejection piston into the inner space of the cylindrical container or cartridge. Such suction of air into the container or cartridge may be rather disadvantageous, partly because the air reacts with the content of the container in an undesired manner, and partly because air bubbles included in the viscous substance in the container or cartridge may cause an undesired splashing or spattering of the substance when it is later discharged or ejected from the container or cartridge. According to another aspect of the invention the said peripheral wall may have the shape of a circular cylinder which at its other end opposite to said distendable membrane or wall part is adapted to be closed by an ejection piston displaceable in said cylinder. The container according to the invention may then be used as a cartridge of the type described above. In that case the distendable membrane or wall part will not only hermetically close or seal said other end of the cylinder, but due to its distendability it may also serve as a thermal expansion compensator, because without exerting any substantial resistance it may be distended more or less dependent on the actual temperature of the mass or substance contained in the cylinder. Consequently, the ejection piston may remain stationary in relation to the cylinder, and undesired suction of air into the cylinder may be avoided. Furthermore, the tendency of solvents and other fluid components to separate from the remaining content of the cylinder or cartridge is reduced as explained above. The container or package may at said one end comprise an end wall defining a discharge opening therein, and according to the invention the distendable membrane or wall part may then be arranged within the container so as to cut off communication between said discharge opening and the inner space of the container. A distendable membrane or wall part will then be arranged well protected within the cylinder. When the inner surface of said end wall has a concave shape, the edge portion of said distendable membrane or wall part may, according to the invention, be sealingly fastened to the inner surface of said end wall, preferably along the transition to said peripheral wall, and adapted to engage with and be supported by said end wall in its fully or partly distended condition. By this embodiment it is obtained that the distendable membrane or wall part may be made from a relatively weak or thin-walled material because when distended it is supported by the adjacent, much more heavy concave end wall. When the viscous substance is filled into the container in a hot condition and at a temperature substantially above the maximum temperature to which the container or package may be exposed during storage, the membrane or wall part may be distended and caused to engage with the end wall of the cylinder during the filling operation whereby the membrane is supported and a complete utilization of the space of the cylinder is obtainable. When the viscous substance is later cooled, the membrane or wall part may move away from the cylinder end wall to an extent corresponding to the thermal contraction of the viscous substance or mass. The distendable membrane or wall part may be of any suitable material, for example an elastic rubber or plastic material which may be stretched without offering-any substantial resistance when the temperature of the container content is increased. It is preferred, however, to produce the membrane or wall part of a substantially inelastic material of a type permitting heat sealing or gluening of the rim portion of the membrane or wall part to the container. When the said membrane or wall part is of a substantially inelastic material it is preferably provided with folds or pleatings in its non-distended condition, whereby collapsing of the distendable membrane or wall part is facilitated when the volume of the liquid or viscous substance contained in the container is reduced due to thermal contraction. The distendable membrane or wall part is preferably made from a thin sheet material which is impervious to air and which may easily be heat sealed to the container wall. Therefore, according to the invention the said membrane or wall part is preferably made from a metal foil such as an aluminum foil, coated by a layer of heat sealable plastic material, such as a plastic film or a heat sealable lacquer. The present invention also provides a method of making a cylinder-shaped container or cartridge of the above type, and the method according to the invention is characterized in closing one end of a cylindrical tube length or section by positioning a thin stretchable sheet material, such as a film or a foil across said one end and sealing it to the surface of said tube length, filling the liquid substance to be packed into the tube length through the open other end thereof and exposing said substance to a compressive force so as to stretch said sheet material permanently. The sheet material may then be fastened to the tube length in a tight condition whereby the fastening process is facilitated, and the distendable membrane or wall part is then provided by the later stretching process. The liquid substance is preferably filled into the tube length in a heated condition. Thereby the filling process is facilitated, and provided that the temperature of the heated mass or substance exceeds the maximum temperature to which said substance is expected to be exposed during the later storage, the membrane or wall part will never be distended to the same extent during storage as during filling of the container. On the contrary it may be expected that the mass or substance is contracted so that the membrane or wall part will become more slack. Because the sheet material has been stretched permanently during the filling process and thereby obtained a certain oversize, it will be able to compensate even for the reductions of volume occurring at extremely low temperatures. The said compressive force may be applied to the liquid or viscous mass filled into the tube length by any suitable means. The said compressive force may, however, advantageously be applied by means of an ejection piston which is inserted into the open end of the tube length or section. As mentioned above the membrane or wall part may be fastened to said one end of the cylindrical tube length in any suitable manner, for example by gluening or heat sealing depending on the materials from which the tube length and the membrane or wall part are made. The sheet material being used for making the distendable membrane or wall part may, for example, be a laminate of a metal foil, such as an aluminium foil, and a plastic film, such as a polyethylene film. The plastic film may be used as the inner layer, and the sheet material may then be heat sealed to the cylindrical tube length which may also be made from plastic material. The purpose of the plastic film is to make the membrane or wall part impervious to vapour and solvents. The invention will now be further explained with reference to the drawings illustrating various embodiments of the method and container according to the invention, and wherein Fig. 1 is a side view and partially sectional view of a container or cartridge according to the invention filled with a viscous mass and comprising a membrane shown in a substantially distended condition, Fig. 2 is a view similar to that in Fig. 1, but with the membrane in a non-distended condition, Fig. 3 is a side view and partially sectional view of a second embodiment of the container or cartridge according to the invention, Fig. 4 is the same as Fig. 3, but with the membrane in another position, Figs. 5 to 7 illustrate various steps of a method for making a third embodiment of a cylindrical container or cartridge provided with an ejection piston, Fig. 8 is a side view and partial sectional view of a cylindrical container or cartridge made by the method illustrated in Figs. 5 to 7 and being provided with an end wall having a discharge. spout, Fig. 9 is a ridge view and partial sectional view of the container or cartridge and the end wall shown in Fig. 8 arranged in a conventional, manually operatable ejection pistol, and Fig. 10 is a side view and partially sectional view of a modified embodiment of the container or cartridge shown in Fig. 8 and 9 placed in an ejection pistol which may be actuated by means of pressurized air. Figs.l to 4 show a cylindrical container or cartridge 10 having an endSwall 12 provided with a threaded tube stub 11. The other end of the cartridge or cylinder 10 is closed by an ejection piston 13 which is displaceable in the cylinder. The threaded tube stub 11 defines a discharge passage 14 therein. The passage 14 is separated from the inner space of the cylinder 10 which contains a viscous substance or mass 15, by means of a distendable wall part or membrane 16. In the embodiment shown in Figs. 1 and 2 the rim portion of the membrane 16 is sealingly fastened to the end wall 12 along a transitional zone 17 between said end wall and the cylindrical wall of the cartridge or container 10. The membrane 16 has such a size that it may be brought into engagement with the concave inner surface of the end wall 12 as shown in Fig. 1. The membrane 16 may, for example, be in this position immediately after the filling process by which the viscous mass 15 has been filled into the cartridge or container 10, preferably in a heated condition. When the mass or substance 15 is cooled so that the volume thereof is reduced the piston 13 may remain in the position shown in Fig. 1 in relation to the cylinder because the reduction of the volume is compensated for by the distendable membrane 16 which is moved a suitable distance towards the piston 13 as indicated in Fig. 2. In this manner the membrane 16 may serve as a thermal volume change compensator as well as for hermetically sealing the inner space of the cylinder or cartridge 10. When the content of the cartridge 10 is to be used it is placed in an ejection pistol of a type as that shown in Fig. 9 or 10 and comprising a plunger by means of which an inwardly directed pressure may be applied to the piston 13 of the cartridge 10. Thereafter, the membrane or wall part 16 is perforated by means of a suitable, pointed tool or instrument and a kind of discharge spout, not shown, may be mounted on the threaded tube stub 11. The viscous substance or mass 15 may now be ejected or discharged at the place of use in a manner known per se. The embodiment shown in Figs. 3 and 4 corresponds to that shown in Figs. 1 and 2 apart from the fact that in Fig. 3 and 4 the rim portion of the membrane 16 is fastened to the inner surface of the end wall 12 immediately adjacent to the discharge passage 14, and the distendable membrane or wall part 16 has a folded or pleated shape. Also in this embodiment the membrane may serve as a thermal volume change compensator as illustrated in Fig. 3 and 4 so that displacement of the piston 13 in relation to the cylinder is avoided even when the cartridge or container 10 is stored under varying temperature conditions. Consequently, suction of air through the space between the piston and the cylinder wall and into the inner of the cylinder is avoided. The cylinder 10 and the piston 13 may be of any suitable material, but they are preferably made by ejection moulded plastic material. In principle, the membrane or wall part 16 may be made as an integral part of the container or cartridge 10. However, in order to facilitate production it is preferred to make the membrane 16 and the cylinder 10 separately and the membrane may then be fastened to the cylinder by heat sealing, gluening, or in any other suitable manner. The membrane or wall part 16 is preferably a laminate of metal foil, preferably aluminium foil, and a heat sealable plastic material, such as polyethylene. Such a laminate is impervious to vapour, gases, and liquid solvents and may be heat sealed to the cylinder or container 10. Figs. 7 to 10 show other embodiments of a cylinder-shaped container or cartridge 10 made from a relatively stiff or rigid cylindrical tube length 18, one end of which is closed by means of an ejection piston 19 which may, for example, be of the type which is described in Danish patent application No. 1149/78 and which cooperates with a separate piston engaging member 20. At its other end the tube length 18 is closed by means of a distendable membrane or end wall 21 the rim portion of which is sealingly fastened to the adjacent part of the outer surface of the tube length 18. The end wall or membrane 21 may be of the same type as the membrane 16 previously described, and the membrane 21 may be fastened to the tube length 18 in any of the manners described above in connection with the membrane 16. In its mounted condition the end wall or membrane 21 has a certain oversize, which means that its area exceeds the cross sectional area of the tube length 18. The end wall or membrane may, alternatively, be of a highly elastic material. As indicated by broken lines in Fig. 8 the membrane or end wall 21 may be moved to such an extent that it may compensate for thermal changes of volume of a viscous substance or mass 15 contained in the container or cartridge 10 so that at any time the substance or mass will be subjected to a pressure corresponding substantially to the ambient atmospheric pressure whereby the advantages previously described may be obtained. The substance or mass 15 contained in the cartridge 10 may, for example, be a sealing compound, an adhesive, or a similar viscous mass. When the content of the cartridge or container shown in Fig. 8 is to be used, the cartridge may be placed in a conventional ejection pistol as that shown in Fig. 9 and generally designated by 22. Immediately before the container or cartridge 10 is placed in the pistol 22 a discharge spout 23 having a socket 24 is mounted on the end of the cartridge which xs closed by the membrane or end wall 21. A cutting edge 25 forming an extension of the wall of the spout 23 extends axially from the inner surface of the socket 24, and a pair of concentric, annular sealing ridges 26 surround the cutting edge 25 as best shown in Fig. 8. When the trigger 27 on the pistol 22 is operated in the usual manner the piston 19 of the cartridge 10 is pressed inwardly by means of a plunger 28 of the pistol 22. Thereby the membrane or end wall 21 of the cartridge 10 is caused to move outwardly, and the cartridge 10 will be pressed tightly against the inner surface of the socket 24. As a result, the cutting edge 25 will make a curved cut in the membrane 21 whereby communication is established between the inner space of the cartridge 10 and the passage of the spout 23. At the same time the membrane 21 is pressed tightly against the sealing ridges 26 (Fig. 9) so that the content of the cartridge is prevented from penetrating between the end wall or membrane 21 and the inner surface of the socket 24. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 10 the outer surface of the cylindrical tube length 18 is provided with locking projections or cams 29 and 30, respectively, at both ends. The socket 24 of the discharge spout 23 is provided with corresponding inner cam surfaces 31 by means of which the spout 23 may be fastened to one end of the cartridge 10 as shown in Fig. 10. When the socket 24 is mounted on the cartridge the cutting edge 25 will perforate the membrane or end wall 21 as described above. By means of the locking cams 30 the other end portion of the cartridge 10 may be fastened to a conventional ejection pistol generally designated by 32 and being of the type operated by pressurized air. When the trigger 33 of the pistol 32 is operated the piston 19 of the container or cartridge 10 will be pressed inwardly by means of pressurized air so that the viscous substance 15 is ejected from the cartridge through the discharge spout 23 as described above. In conventional sealing compound cartridges of the type described the discharge spout forms an integrating part of the cylindrical wall of the cartridge or container, and therefore these conventional cartridges must be produced by ejection moulding for which reason they are relatively expensive. In the embodiments of the container according to the invention shown in Figs. 7 to 10 the tube length may be cut from a tube of a longer length which may be produced in a substantially cheaper way, for example by extrusion. The tube length 18 may be made from plastic or metal, such as aluminium, or it may be made from a laminate of plastic material and metal, for example an extruded plastic tube being outwardly coated by an aluminium foil in order to make it impervious to gases, vapours, and liquid solvents. As shown in Fig. 7,the membrane or end wall 21 may similarly consist of a laminate formed by an inner plastic film, such as polyethylene, and an outer metal foil, such as aluminium. It may, however, involve certain technical difficulties to fasten the membrane or end wall 21 to the tube length 18 so that a hermetical seal is obtained because,as mentioned above, the membrane must have a certain oversize and must consequently be in a folded or pleated condition when fastened. However, according-to the invention a method has been provided by means of which a container or cartridge as that described above may be produced in a much more simple manner. This new method is illustrated in Figs. 5 to 7. As shown in Fig. 5 a stretchable sheet material 21' which may be a laminate of films or foils or may consist of a single layer of material, is fastened to one end of a tube length 18. The sheet material 21' is fastened to the inner or outer surface of the tube length 18 in a substantially tight condition, preferably by heat seal*ly or gluening. The container or package manufacturer may ,ien deliver this semi-manufactured article together with associated piston parts to the manufacturer of the viscous substance or mass 15 to be packed in the container or cartridge. The viscous substance 15 is filled into the open end of the semimanufactured article shown in Fig. 5 in a hot condition, the said article being arranged so that the end of the tube length 18 closed by the sheet material 21' is engaging with a concave surface of a die 34 as shown in Fig. 6. The open other end of the filled tube length 18 is now closed by the piston 19 whereafter an inwardly directed force is applied to the piston 19 by means of a plunger 35 of a suitable force applying apparatus, not shown. The plunger 35 applies such a force or pressure to the piston 19 that the sheet material 21' is stretched permanently to such an extent that it is brought into engagement with the concave surface of the die 34 whereby the distendable membrane or end wall 21 is formed. The plunger 35 may now be removed and the piston engaging member 20 may be mounted on the container or cartridge which is now ready for storage or shipment. When the mass or substance 15 contained in the container or cartridge 10 is cooled the volume of the mass or substance is reduced, and the membrane or end wall 21 will then take up a folded or pleated shape as shown in Fig. 7. Provided that the maximum temperature to which the content 15 of the container 10 is exposed during storage and shipment does not exceed the temperature during the filling process, the end wall will be able to compensate for the thermal volume changes which will occur during storage and shipment. Even though the container or package according to the invention has predominantly been explained with reference to so-called cartridges for sealing compounds and similar substances, it should be understood that the invention may also be used in connection with packages and containers of other types being adapted to contain a viscous mass or substance in a hermetically sealed condition. As an example, the container according to the invention may be shaped as a can having its upper end closed by means of a membrane like distendable end wall which may possibly be protected by means of a removable lid provided with one or more air passages securing that the membrane like end wall is exposed to the ambient pressure. It should also be mentioned that even though the distendable membrane or wall part is preferably made from a substantially inelastic sheet material it may, alternatively, be made from an elastic material extending across the end of the cylinder 10 in its strainless condition. The membrane may then have such a resiliency that it may be stretched sufficiently to for example engage with the concave inner surface of the end wall 12 shown in Figs. 1 to 4 without applying any substantial elastic force to the content 15 of the container 10.;CLAIMS 1. A container for containing liquid substances, especially viscous substances (15), in a hermetically sealed condition, and comprising a substantially rigid peripheral wall (10, 18) c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the peripheral wall (10, 18) is airtightly closed at one end th > , of by a distendable membrane or wall part (16, 21). 2. A container according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said peripheral wall has the shape of a circular cylinder (10, 18) which at its other end opposite to said distendable membrane or wall part (16, 21) is adapted to be closed by an ejection piston (13, 19) displaceable in said cylinder. 3. A container according to claim 1 or 2, comprising at said one end an end wall (12) defining a discharge opening (14) therein, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said distendable membrane or wall part (16) is arranged within the container (10) so as to cut off communication between said discharge opening (14) and the inner space of the container. 4. A container according to claim 3, wherein the inner surface of said end wall (12) has a concave shape, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the edge portion of said distendable membrane or wall part (16) is sealingly fastened to the inner surface of said end wall, preferably along the transition (17) to said peripheral wall (10), and is adapted to engage with and be supported by said end wall (12) in its fully or partly distended condition. 5. A container according to any of the claims 1 to 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said distendable membrane or wall part (16, 21) is of substantially inelastic material and is provided with folds or pleatings in its non-distended condition. 6. A container according to any of the claims 1 to 5, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said membrane or wall part (16, 21) is made from a metal foil coated by a layer of heat sealable plastic material. 7. A method of making a cylinder-shaped container according to any of the claims 2 to 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in closing one end of a cylindrical tube length or section (18) by positioning a thin, stretchable sheet material (21') across said one end and sealing it to the surface of said tube length, filling the liquid substance (15) to be packed into the tube length through the open other end thereof, and exposing said substance to a compressive force so as to stretch said sheet material (21') permanently. 8. A method according to claim 7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said liquid substance (15) is filled into the tube length (18) in a heated condition. 9. A method according to claim 7 or 8, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said compressive force is applied by means of an ejection piston (19) which is inserted into the open end of the tube length (18). 10. A method according to any of the claims 7 to 9, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in using a sheet material (21') which is a metal foil, such as aluminium foil, laminated with a plastic film.;NIELSEN, OLE SIMONNI MUNDELING;NIELSEN, OLE SIMONNI MUNDELING;1978
+EP-0003042-B1;19811202.0;19781223;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6029543.0;E06B3;E05D15, E06B7;E06B1, E06B3;E06B   1/70, E06B   1/32B, E06B   3/46B;FRAME PROFILE FOR A SLIDING DOOR OR WINDOW;1. Frame profile for the lower transverse frame member or the sill of at least one sliding leaf or panel (24), having at least one rail (23) and with, facing the interior of the room, an inner element (1, 2) and connected therewith in plug-in fashion, an outer element (3, 4), the inner element (1, 2) consisting of a material having a poorer heat conductivity than the outer element (3, 4) characterised in that the outer element (3, 4) engages beneath the inner element (1, 2), the rail (23) is mounted on the inner element (1, 2), its long side (26) which is situated beneath the sliding panel (24) and which is directed towards the interior of the room being at least substantially covered by the inner element (1, 2).;"Rahmenprofil für ein Fenster, eine Tür od. dgl. Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Rahmenprofil für ein Fenster, eine Tür od. dgl. Dabei ist in erster Linie an den Aussen- oder Blendrahmen gedacht. Aus verschiedenen Gründen fertigt man solche Rahmen bzw. Rahmenprofile aus Aluminium oder aber aus Holz und versieht dieses, zumindest an seiner sich quer zur Fensterbene erstreckenden Fläche, mit einer Rahmenabdeckung aus Aluminium oder einem anderen Metall. Metall hat indessen den Nachteil, ein guter Wärmeleiter zu sein, und infolgedessen kühlt es sich in der kalten Jahreszeit wesentlich rascher und stärker ab als beispielsweise Holz. Bei ausreichend grosser Luftfeuchtigkeit bildet sich an einer derart abgekühlten Innenseite des Rahmenprofils Schwitzwasser. Die nachteiligen Folgen des letzteren sind insbesondere auf dem Fenster- und Türsektor hinreichend bekannt. Abgesehen davon entsteht auf diese Weise auch ein nicht unerheblicher Wärmeverlust, der sehr im Gegensatz zu dem neuen Gesetz zur Energieeinsparung steht. Die Aufgabe der Erfindung wird infolgedessen darin gesehen, ein Rahmenprofil für ein Fenster, eine Tür od. dgl. zu schaffen, welches nicht zur Schwitzwasserbildung neigt und dessen Wärmeverlust geringer ist als derjenige eines zumindest teilweise aus Metall, insbesondere Aluminium, bestehenden Rahmenprofils. Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe wird ein Rahmenprofil für ein Fenster, eine Tür od. dgl. vorgeschlagen, welches entsprechend dem kennzeichnenden Teil des ersten Anspruchs ausgebildet ist. Da dem Rauminnern lediglich das aus schlecht wärmeleitendem Werkstoff hergestellte Innenelement zugeordnet ist, wird der Wärmeabfluss aus dem Rauminnern in der angestrebten Weise erschwert. Das sich in folge seiner vergleichsweise besseren Wärmeleitfähigkeit wesentlich rascher abkühlende Aussenelement kommt mit der Luft im Rauminnern nicht in Kontakt, so dass sich daran auch kein Schwitzwasser bilden kann. Andererseits hat es aber den Vorteil höherer Stabilität, die vor allen Dingen beim unteren Querholm eines Blendrahmens eine wichtige Rolle spielt. Das Aussen- und das Innenelement sind in bevorzugter Weise miteinander insbesondere steckbar verbunden, was die Herstellung sehr erleichtert. Im Bedarfsfalle kann man sie zusätzlich noch miteinander verschrauben, um ein gegenseitiges Verschieben insbesondere bei starken Belastungen, wie sie beispielsweise bei schweren Schiebetüren auftreten, sicher zu verhüten. Eine besondere Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besteht darin, dass das Aussenelement das Innenelement untergreift und wenigstens eine, insbesondere aber zwei im seitlichen Abstand angeordnete, sich in Längsrichtung des Aussenelements erstreckende Halteleisten, in je einen zugeordneten Halteschlitz des Innenelements eingreifen. Selbstverständlich können Halteleisten und Halteschlitze auch in umgekehrter Weise angebracht werden. Die Halteleisten sichern die Steckverbindung quer zu ihrer Längsrichtung, d.h. quer zur Ebene des Fensters oder der Tür. Wenn die Verbindung stramm genug ist, reicht sie auch zu einer einwandfreien Sicherung in Längsrichtung der Halteleisten aus. In Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass jede der beiden Halteleisten eine Verdickung insbesondere an ihrem freien Ende aufweist, wobei die Verdickungen gegeneinander weisen und jede von einer Wulst des Halteschlitzes hintergriffen wird, wobei sich die Wulst an einer elastisch nachgiebigen, jeweils eine Schlitzflanke bildenden Wand des Innenelements befindet. Der Zusammenbau dieser beiden Teile ist verhältnismässig problemlos, indessen lassen sie sich hernach nur noch schwer trennen, was im Sinne einer guten Verbindung sehr erwünscht ist. Bei einem Rahmenprofil als unterer Rahmen-Querholm oder Bodenschwelle mit wenigstens einer Laufschiene für einen Schiebeflügel besteht eine andere Variante der Erfindung darin, dass die Laufschiene auf das Innenelement aufgesetzt und seine nach dem Rauminnern weisende, unterhalb des Flügels gelegene Längsseite, durch das Innenelement wenigstens weitgehend abgedeckt ist. Insofern wird auch die Bildung einer Kältebrücke im Bereich der Laufschiene unter bunden. Letztere besteht vor allen Dingen bei Schiebetüren aus festigkeitsmässigen Gründen immer aus Metall, vorzugsweise aus Aluminium. Sie wird mit dem Innenelement zweckmässigerweise verschraubt. Eine andere Ausbildung eines Rahmenprofils mit einem parallel zum Flügel angebrachten, zusätzlichen Feld besteht darin, dass parallel zur Laufschiene im seitlichen Abstand von dessen nach aussen weisendem Längsrand ein Aufsatzprofil am Aussenelement montiert ist, auf welchem sich das zusätzliche Feld ab stützt. Das Aufsatzprofil kann seinem Zweck und seiner Belastung entsprechend gestaltet und dimensioniert werden. Entsprechendes gilt auch für die Werkstoffwahl. Der Zwischenraum zwischen dem Aufsatzprofil und dem Innenelement mit der Laufschiene ist in weiterer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung mittels eines Füllstücks überbrückt. Der fragliche Bereich gehört ebenfalls der kalten Zone an, und dem Füllstück kommt daher die Aufgabe zu, Schwitzwasserbildung zu vermeiden, Es verhindert nämlich eine Luftzirkulation in dem genannten Bereich. Eine weitere bevorzugte Variante der Erfindung wird darin gesehen, dass der Aussenfläche des Innenelements eine Dichtung vorgesetzt ist, die sich von der Laufschiene bis zum Aussenelement erstreckt. Vorzugsweise handelt es sich dabei um eine streifenförmige Dichtung, die in eine entsprechende Nut eingelegt oder an einem der sie umgebenden Teile, beispielsweise dem Innenelement, befestigt, insbesondere angeklebt sein kann. Noch vorteilhafter ist es allerdings, wenn man diese Dichtung einstückig mit dem Innenelement als sogenannte Hart-Weich-Kombination herstellt. Das Füllstück besteht gemäss einer Weiterbildung der Erfindung aus einer Profilschiene, die sich einerseits am Aufsatzprofil und andererseits wenigstens an der Dichtung abstützt. Dabei ist es sehr von Vorteil, wenn der von der Dichtung abgewandte Längsrand des Aufsatzprofils in der Art einer Anpresslippe ausgebildet ist, um einerseits dicht an das Aufsatzprofil anzuschliessen und andererseits die notwendige Anpresskraft im Bereich der Dichtung aufzubringen. Eine andere Variante der Erfindung sieht in diesem Zusammenhang vor, dass das Füllstück aus Kunststoff besteht und seine am Aufsatzprofil einerseits und an der Laufschiene und/oder dem Innenelement andererseits anliegenden Längskanten oder -bereiche aus weichem elastischem Kunststoff bestehen, während das übrige Füllstück aus steiferem Kunststoff gefertigt ist. Demnach handelt es sich hier um ein Profil in sogenannter Hart-Weich-Kombination. Der harte Kunststoff gewährleistet dauerhaft die Formstabilität, während der weichere das Anschmiegen und gute Abdichten auch bei nicht ganz ebener Dichtfläche oder -kante sicherstellt. Das Aufsatzprofil besteht gemäss einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung aus tragfähigem Kunststoff, und es ist insbesondere als auf den Schenkeln stehendes U-Profil gestaltet. Dabei können zur Vergrösserung der Auflagefläche die beiden U-Schenkel verbreitert bzw. umgebogen, vorzugsweise nach innen hin umgebogen sein. Dabei ist es sehr von Vorteil, dass wenigstens der äussere U-Schenkel gegenüber dem Aussenelement mittels einer Dichtung abgedichtet ist, diese insbesondere in die Stirnfläche dieses Schenkels eingelassen ist. Sie verhindert das Eindringen von Wasser und Schmutz ins Innere des Aufsatzprofils, falls dieses an irgend einer Stelle nicht vollkommen dicht aufsitzt. Gemäss einer zweckmässigen Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist das Aussenelement als sogenannte Rohrschwelle ausgebildet und das Innenelement im wesentlichen winkelförmig gestaltet, wobei sein vertikaler Schenkel die nach innen weisende Fläche der Rohrschwelle übergreift. Diese Konstruktion macht es möglich, die Rohrschwelle bis unter die Laufschiene hindurchzuführen, was aus statischen Gründen erstrebenswert ist. Trotzdem werden auch hier Schwitzwasserbildung an der Innenseite der Rohtschwelle bzw. des Aussenelements und die Schaffung einer Kältebrücke verhindert. Im übrigen befinden sicn beispielsweise bei Schiebetüren ohnehin zumindest das raumeinwärts gelegene Ende der Rohrschwelle und damit auch mindestens der vertikale Schenkel des Innenelements unterhalb des Bodenniveaus. Dies trägt natürlich auch zur Erreichung der angestrebten Ziele bei. Eine andere Ausbildung der Erfindung sieht vor, dass das Füllstück aus Schaumstoff besteht. Es ist infolgedessen leicht herzustellen, billig, von geringem Gewicht und hinsichtlich des angestrebten Zwecks von hoher Wirksamkeit. Eine weitere Variante der Erfindung sieht vor, dass das zusätzliche Feld als Schiebeflügel ausgebildet und das Aufsatzprofil mit einer Laufschiene versehen, insbesondere einstückig damit aus Aluminium hergestellt ist. Gemäss einer anderen Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird vorgeschlagen, dass das Aussenelement als sogenannte Rahmenabdeckung für eine Holzschwelle ausgebildet ist. In der Zeichnung sind zwei Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung anhand vertikaler Längsmittelschnitte durch ein als unterer Blendrahmen-Querholm ausgebildetes Rahmenprofil dargestellt. Das erfindungsgemässe Rahmenprofil besteht aus dem Innenelement 1 bzw. 2 und dem Aussenelement 3 bzw. 4. In Fig. 1 ist das Aussenelement 3 als sogenannte Rahmenabdeckung ausgebildet und an eine Schwelle 5 angeschraubt. Demgegenüber handelt es sich beim Aussenelement 4 (Fig. 2) um eine sogenannte Rohrschwelle. Letztere und die Rahmen abdeckung 3 sind aus Aluminium hergestellt, und es handelt sich dabei vorzugsweise um Abschnitte stranggepresster Profile. Das Innenelement 1 des ersten Ausführungsbeispiels verlängert das Aussenelement 3 nach dem Rauminnern hin und schliesst insbesondere bündig mit der dem Rauminnern zugekehrten Längskante 6 der Schwelle 5 ab. Im Gegensatz dazu übergreift das Innenelement 2 beim zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel die Längskante 7 des Aussenelements 4 mit seinem nach unten gerichteten Winkelschenkel 8. In vorteilhafter Weise ist im Bereich des unteren Endes der Längskante 7 eine Steckverbindung 9 vorgesehen. Sie kann beispielsweise durch einen hakenförmigen Ansatz 10 des Aussenelements 4 mit nach oben weisendem Schenkel einerseits und einen sich insbesondere innen erweiterten Aufnahmeschlitz 11 des Winkelschenkels 8 gebildet sein. Jedes aus einem Werkstoff schlechter Leitfähigkeit, beispielsweise PVC hergestellte Innenelement, ist an seinem Aussenelement mittels einer Steckverbindung 12 gehalten. Zu diesem Zweck besitzt jedes Aussenelement zwei parallel verlaufende, im seitlichen Abstand angeordnete Halteleisten 13 und 14, die an ihrem freien, nach oben weisenden Ende jeweils innen eine wulstförmige Verdickung 15 bzw. 16 tragen. Die Halteleisten stecken in einem zugeordneten Halteschlitz 17 bzw. 18, wobei jede Verdickung 15 bzw. 16 eine Wulst 19 bzw. 20 am Mündungsrand des zugeordneten Halteschlitzes 17 bzw. 18 hintergreift. Um ein Verrasten zu ermöglichen, sind die Wände 21 bzw. 22, welche eine der beiden Schlitzflanken bilden, elastisch auslenkbar. Die Steckverbindung lässt sich ohne grössere Mühe herstellen, jedoch ist sie nachfolgend nur noch schwer zu lösen. Damit ist ein fester Halt des Innenelements am zugeordneten Aussenelement gewährleistet. Auf das Innenelement 1 bzw. 2 ist eine Laufschiene 23 für einen strichpunktiert angedeuteten Schiebeflügel 24 montiert. Die Befestigung kann mit Hilfe von Schrauben 25 vorgenommen werden, die in entsprechende Schlitze oder Bohrungen des Innenelements 1 bzw. 2 eingedreht werden. Die Laufschienen bestehen, ebenso wie die Aussenelemente, aus Metall, insbesondere Aluminium. Um eine Schitzwasserbildung an der Rauminnenseite im Bereich der Laufschiene zu verhindern, wird die nach dem Rauminnern weisende Längsseite 26 der Laufschiene durch eine nach oben weisende Leiste des Innenelements 1 bzw. 2 abgedeckt. Parallel zum Schiebeflügel 24 ist noch ein zusätzliches Feld vorgesehen, welches beim Ausführungsbeispiel der Fig. 1 als Schiebeflgel 27 und beim Ausführungsbeispiel gemäss Fig. 2 als festes Feld 28 ausgebildet ist. Parallel zur Laufschiene 23 und im seitlichen Abstand von dessen nach aussen weisendem Längsrand ist ein Aufsatzprofil 29 bzw. 30 am Aussenelement 3 bzw. 4 montiert. Hierauf stützt sich das zusätzliche Feld 27 bzw. 28 ab. Der Zwischenraum zwischen diesem Aufsatzprofil und dem Innenelement 1 bzw. 2 mit der daran befestigten Laufschiene 23 ist mit Hilfe eines Füllstücks 31 bzw. 32 überbrückt. Das Füllstück 32 besteht aus einer Profilschiene mit im wesentlichen U-förmigem Querschnitt, das auf seinen beiden U-Schenkeln steht. Der in Fig. 2 rechts gelegene U-Schenkel besitzt eine annähernd S-förmige Gestalt. Das U-Mittelstück ist gegen das Aufsatzprofil 29 hin verlängert. Als Werkstoff wird für das Füllstück 32 Kunststoff verwendet, und zwar in einer sogenannten Hart-Weich-Kombination. Dabei besteht die im Querschnitt etwa winkelförmige ;Verlängerungs- leiste 33 beispielsweise aus weichem Kunststoff, um sich dichtend an die zugeordnete Wandung 34 des Aufsatzprofils 29 anzuschmiegen. Gleichzeitig wird das Füllstück 32 gegen eine streifenförmige Dichtung 35 gedrückt, so dass auch auf der gegenüberliegenden Seite eine gute Abdichtung erzielt wird, die das Übertreten von Luft an das darunter liegende Teilstück ces Aussenelements unterbindet. Die Dichtung 35 besitzt eine streifenförmige Gestalt, und sie ist zwischen dem über ihr befindlichen Schenkel der Laufschiene 23 und einem nach oben ragenden, leistenförmigen Ansatz des Aussenelements 3 bzw. 4 eingesetzt, wobei die genannten Teile aussen bündig zueinander verlaufen. Wie bereits erläutert, kann die Dichtung 35 mit dem Innenelement 2 auch einstückig als Hart-Weich-Kombination herstellen, mit der Dichtung als weiche Komponente. In Fig. 2 liegt der konvex gewölbte Teil des rechten U-Schenkels des Füllstücks 32 an der Dichtung 35 an. Die darüber befindliche Ecke 36 kann ebenfalls aus weichem Kunststoff hergestellt sein, während man die restlichen Teile vorzugsweise aus hartem Kunststoff spritzt. Das Aufsatzprofil 29 hat einen im wesentlichen U-förmigen Querschnitt, und es wird zweckmässigerweise aus Kunststoff gefertigt. Man kann es beispielsweise in eine nach unten offene Nut 37 des festen Feldes 28 einlassen. Die beiden U-Schenkel sind nach innen hin abgewinkelt, wobei der äussere mit einer zweckmässigerweise im Querschnitt 0-förmigen Dichtung 38 versehen wird. Diese gewährleistet auch bei gewissen Unebenheiten der aneinander anliegenden Flächen, die insbesondere beim Einbau entstehen können, das Eindringen von Feuchtigkeit und Zugluft unter das Aufsatzprofil 29. In Fig. l besteht das Füllstück 31 vorzugsweise aus Schaumgummi. Das Aufsatzprofil 30 ist einstückig mit einer Laufschiene 41 aus Metall, vorzugsweise Aluminium, hergestellt. Es besitzt eine im Querschnitt etwa U-förmige Form mit beidseits angesetzten Verstärkungswinkeln. Letztere bilden Gegenflächen für in den Schiebeflügel 27 eingelassene Dichtleisten 42, 43 bzw. deren nach aussen ragende Dichtlippen. Weil das Innenelement das Aussenelement gegen das Rauminnere hin überragt und seine Wärmeleitfähigkeit bedeutend geringer ist als diejenige des Aussenelements, verhindert bzw. erschwert man wirkungsvoll einen Wärmefluss vom warmen Innenraum nach aussen. Durch den Wegfall der früher bei aus Aluminium hergestellten Rohrschwellen bzw. Rahmen abdeckungen üblichen Kältebrücke unterbleibt auch die Schwitzwasserbildung im wärmeren Innenraum. Trotzdem ist dieses Rahmenprofil in beiden beschriebenen Ausgestaltungen erheblichen Belastungen ohne weiteres gewachsen, ohne dass dabei der Einbau unzumutbare Massnahmen erfordert. Es kommt noch hinzu, dass dieses Rahmenprofil die Verwendung der üblichen Eckverbindungsteile gewährleistet. Im Falle der Verwendung bei Türen kann man die begehbaren Teile ohne weiteres aus Aluminium fertigen, so dass das Profil in dieser Hinsicht nicht empfindlicher ist als vorbekannte Rahmenprofile. In diesem Zusammenhang wird ausdrücklich noch darauf aufmerksam gemacht, dass die Wände 21 und 22 des horizontalen Winkel schenkels des Innenelements 2 nicht allein als Steckverbindungselemente, sondern gleichzeitig auch als Stütz- elemente dienen.";Ansprüche 1. Rahmenprofil für ein Fenster, eine Tür od. dgl., gekennzeichnet durch ein dem Rauminnern zugekehrtes Innenelement (1, 2) und ein Aussenelement (3, 4), wobei das Innenelement aus einem Werkstoff schlechterer Wärmeleitfähigkeit besteht als das Aussenelement. 2. Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch l, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Aussen- (3, 4) und das Innenelement (1, 2) miteinander insbesondere steckbar verbunden sind. 3. Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Aussenelement (3, 4) das Innenelement (1, 2) untergreift und wenigstens eine, insbesondere aber zwei im seitlichen Abstand angeordnete, sich in Längsrichtung des Aussenelements erstreckende Halteleisten (13, 14) in je einen zugeordneten Halteschlitz (17, 18) des Innenelements (1, 2) eingreifen. 4. Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jede der beiden Halteleisten (13, 14) eine Verdickung (15, 16) insbesondere an ihrem freien Ende aufweist, wobei die Verdickungen gegeneinander weisen und jede von einer Wulst (19, 20) des Halteschlitzes (17, 18) hintergriffen wird, wobei sich die Wulst an einer elastisch nachgiebigen, jeweils eine Schlitzflanke bildenden Wand (21, 22) des Innenelements (1, 2) befindet. 5. Rahmenprofil als unterer Rahmen-Querholm oder Bodenschwelle, mit wenigstens einer Laufschiene für einen Schiebeflügel, nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Laufschiene (23) auf das Innenelement (1, 2) aufgesetzt und seine nach dem Rauminnern weisende, unterhalb des Flügels (24) gelegene Längsseite (26) durch das Innenelement (1, 2) wenigstens weitgehend abgedeckt ist, 6. Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch 5, mit einem parallel zum Flügel angebrachten zusätzlichen Feld, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass parallel zur Laufschiene (23) im seitlichen Abstand von deren nach aussen weisendem Längsrand ein Aufsatzprofil (29, 30) am Aussenelement (3, 4) montiert ist, auf welchem sich das zusätzliche Feld (27, 28) ab stützt. 7. Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Zwischenraum zwischen dem Aufsatzprofil (29, 30) und dem Innenelement (1, 2) mit der Laufschiene (23) mittels eines Füllstücks (31, 32) überbrückt ist. 8. Rahmenprofil nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 5 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Aussenfläche des Innenelements (1, 2) eine Dichtung (35) vorgesetzt ist, die sich von der Laufschiene (23) bis zum Aussenelement (3, 4) erstreckt. 9. Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch 7 und 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Füllstück (32) aus einer Profilschiene besteht, die sich einerseits am Aufsatzprofil (29, 30) und andererseits wenigstens an der Dichtung (35) abstützt. 10. Rahmenprofil nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 7 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Füllstück (32) aus Kunststoff besteht und seine am Aufsatzprofil (29) einerseits und an der Laufschiene (23) und/oder dem Innenelement (2) andererseits anliegenden Längskanten oder -bereiche aus weichem elastischem Kunststoff bestehen, während das übrige Füllstück aus steiferem Kunststoff gefertigt ist. 11. Rahmenprofil nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 6 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Aufsatzprofil (29) aus tragfähigem Kunststoff besteht und insbesondere als auf den Schenkeln stehendes U-Profil gestaltet ist. 12. Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch ll, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens der äussere U-Schenkel des Aufsatzprofils (29) gegenüber dem Aussenelement (4) mittels einer Dichtung (38) abgedichtet ist, diese insbesondere in die Stirnfläche dieses Schenkels eingelassen ist. 13. Rahmenprofil nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Aussenelement (4) als sogenannte Rohrschwelle ausgebildet und das Innenelement (2) im wesentlichen winkelförmig gestaltet ist, wobei sein vertikaler Schenkel (8) die nach innen weisende Fläche (7) der Rohrschwelle übergreift. 14o Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Füllstück (31) aus Schaumstoff besteht, 15. Rahmenprofil nach Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das zusätzliche Feld als Schiebeflügel (27) ausgebildet und das Aufsatzprofil (30) mit einer Laufschiene (41) versehen, insbesondere einstückig damit aus Aluminium hergestellt ist. 16o Rahmenprofil nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 12 bis 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Aussenelenent (3) als sogenannte Rahmenabdeckung für eine Holzschwelle (5) ausgebildet ist.;MAUS, JULIUS;GRETSCH-UNITAS GMBH BAUBESCHLAGFABRIK;1978
+EP-0003044-B1;19810805.0;19781223;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6029140.0;C03C27;C08L83, B32B17;C03C27, C08L83, B32B17, C09J183, B32B7, B32B27;C09J 183/04+B4S, C03C  27/10, C08L  83/04+B4S, B32B  17/10G;LAMINATES AND METHOD FOR MAKING THEM;1. Optically transmitting laminates consisting to two or more laminae which are bonded by one or more intermediate layers of organopolysiloxanes, characterized in that the intermediate layer consists of an optically transmitting organopolysiloxane prepared by a platinum-catalysed addition reaction, the organopolysiloxane comprising the following individual components : I. Organopolysiloxanes of the general formula : R2 R'SiO(R2 SiO)n SiR2 R' wherein R is monovalent, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted radical which is bonded to silicon and contains no aliphatically unsaturated groups, and R' is a monovalent, linear or branched, substituted or unsubstituted radical containing an aliphatically unsaturated group bonded to silicon and n is a positive integer of a value such that the viscosity of the compound is between 50 and 100,000 mPa', preferably 100-70,000 mPa's. II. Organopolysiloxanes containing structural units of the general formula : Ra H6 SiO[4-a-b)/2];"Schichtkörper und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung Die vorliecende Erfindung betrifft optisch durchlässige Schichtkörper, die durch eine oder mehrere Zwischenschichten aus optisch durchlässigen und durch mit Platin katalysierter Additionsreaktion hergestelltem Organopolysiloxan verbunden sind, und ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung. Gängige Werkstoffe für Schichtkörper sind z.B. Glas, Polycarbonate, Polyamide oder Polymethacrylsäureester. Zur Erzielung bestimmter Eigenschaften werden die Schichtkörper aus einem Werkstoff oder durch Kombination mehrerer Werkstoffe hergestellt. Der sich zwischen den plattenförmigen Materialien befindende Zwischenraum kann in verschiedener Weise ausgefüllt werden. So ist es z.B. möglich, in den Zwischenraum ein Gas, im einfachsten Falle Luft, einzubringen, des weiteren können Folien aus Polycarbonaten, teilacetalisierten Polyvinylalkohlen, Polyvinylbutyraten, Polycarbonatsiloxancopolymeren oder thylenvinylacetatcopolymeren verwendet werden. Ferner wurde bereits die Verwendung von kondensationsvernetzenden Organopolysiloxanen (DT-OS 1 955 514, DT-OS 2 239 404) und additionsvernetzenden Organopolysiloxanen (DT-OS 1 940 124) vorgeschlagen. Es ist bekannt, Schichtkörper, die aus zwei durchsichtigen plattenförmigen Materialien, die parallel zueinander in einem bestimmten Abstand angeordnet sind, mit einer Zwischenschicht aus elastischen Organopolysiloxanen herzustellen. Diese werden in giessfähiger Konsistenz zwischen die beiden plattenförmigen Materialien gebracht und härten in situ durch geeignete Vernetzersubstanzen oder Polymerisationskatalysatoren zu einer elastischen Zwischenschicht aus. Für diesen Zweck wurden sowohl kondensationsvernetzende Systeme (DT-OS 2 239 404, DT-OS 1 955 514) als auch additionsvernetzende Systeme (DT-OS 1 940 124) vorgeschlagen. Bei allen bekannten Methoden ist das Problem der genügenden Haftung an den plattenförmigen tlaterialien, insbesondere bei Polycarbonaten, Polyamiden oder Polymethacrylsäureestern, verbunden mit optischer Fehlerfreiheit nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst. Werden für die elastische Zwischenschicht kondensationsvernetzende Systeme verwendet, so bewirken die Spaltprodukte, die während des Härtungs- vorganges freigesetzt werden, erhebliche Schwierigkeiten. Ferner treten Trübungen oder Spannungsrisskorrosionen an der Oberfläche von Polycarbonaten, Polyamiden oder Polymethacrylsäureestern sowie eine ungleichmässige Vulkanisation oder Schwunderscheinungen auf, die durch überschüssig verwendete Vernetzersubstanz hervorgerufen werden. Die Funktionen derartiger Schichtkörper sind vielfältig und umfassen z.B. Schalldämmung, Wärmeisolierung, Brandeindämmung, Schutz gegen mechanische Beanspruchung, wie z.B. Schlag- oder Schussbeanspruchung oder auch die dekorative Gestalung von Räumen. Eine weitere Forderung besteht darin, dass die Schichtkörper ein relativ geringes Gewicht aufweisen sollen. Es besteht daher ein Bedarf an solchen Schichtkörpern, die eine gute optische Durchlässigkeit bei gleichzeitiger guter Schalldämmung und Wärmeisolierung verbunden mit hervorragender Beständigkeit gegen Durchschlagen und Absplittern aufweisen. Wesentlich ist ferner die Forderung nach schlechter Brennbarkeit, leichtem Gewicht und einfacher Herstellungsweise. Eine der Aufgaben der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht deshalb darin, Schichtkörper zu schaffen, welche die genannten Forderungen erfüllen. Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung sind deshalb optisch durchlässige Schichtkörper, die durch eine oder mehrere Zwischenschichten aus Organopolysiloxanen verbunden sind, welche dadurch gekennzeichnet sind, dass die Zwischenschicht aus einem optisch durchlässigen und durch mit Platin katalysierter Additionsreaktion hergestelltem Organopolysiloxan besteht. Im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung wird unter optisch durchlässig sowohl durchsichtig als auch durchscheinend verstanden. Ferner schliesst plattenförmig im Sinne der Erfindung auch gewinkelte und gebogene, flächenförmige Materialien ein. Vorzugsweise sind diese Materialien durchsichtig und parallel zueinander in einem gewünschten Abstand angeordnet. Das Organopolysiloxan wird durch Reaktion eines aliphatisch ungesättigte Gruppen enthaltenden Organopolysiloxans mit einem siliciumgebundene Wasserstoffatome enthaltenden Organopolysiloxan unter dem katalytischen Einfluss einer Platin-Verbindung gebildet, und der Vulkanisationsgrad wird über das stöchiometrische Verhältnis des aliphatisch ungesättigte Gruppen enthaltenden Organopolysiloxans zu dem siliciumgebundene Wasserstoffatome enthaltenden Organopolysiloxans eingestellt. Nach der vorliegenden Erfindung werden folgende Einzelkomponenten durch die Organopolysiloxan-Zusammensetzungen umfasst: l I. Organopolysiloxane der allgemeinen Formel: R2R' SiO(R2SiO) nSiR2R' worin R ein an Silicium gebundener, einwertiger linearer oder verzweigter substituierter oder nicht substitu ierter, keine aliphatisch ungesättigte Gruppen auf weisender Rest und R' ein einwertiger linearer oder verzweigter substituierter oder nicht substituierter, eine an Silicium gebundene aliphatisch ungesättigte Gruppe enthaltender Rest ist, und n eine ganze positive Zahl ist die so bemessen ist, dass die Viskosität der Verbindung zwischen 50 und 100 000 cP bei 25 0C liegt, bevorzugt bei 100 - 70 000 cP bei 250C liegt. II. Organopolysiloxane mit Struktureinheiten der allgemeinen Formel: EMI5.1 worin R die vorstehend, bei Komponente I beschriebene Be deutung hat, a einen Wert von 1,00 - 2,00, b einen Wert von 0,1 - 1,0 und die Summe von a + b etwa 1,5 - 3,0 be trägt, wobei mindestens zwei an Silicium gebundene Was ser- stoffatome je Molekül vorliegen und III. ein Platin-Katalysator. Der oben angegebene Bestandteil der allgemeinen Formel I ist ein lineares Organopolysiloxan, dessen Molekülkette end ständige an Silicium gebundene ungesättigte Gruppen auf weist. Zu den Resten R gehören Alkylreste, wie z.B. Methyl, Äthyl, Propyl, Isopropyl, Butyl, Octyl jeweils in verzweigter oder nicht verzweigter Form; Cycloalkyl, wie z.B. Cyclopentyl, Cyclohexyl: Aryl, wie z.B. Phenyl, Naphthyl, Tolyl und Xylol; Aralkyl, wie z.B. Benzyl, Phenyläthyl, sowie halogen substituierte Derivate der vorgenannten Reste, wie z.B. Chlor methyl, Chloräthyl, Chlorpropyl, Bromphenyl u.ä. Vorzugsweise sind mindestens 75 % der vorhandenen Reste R Methylreste und die verbleibenden Reste Phenylreste. Besonders bevorzugt sind Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel I, in denen R für den Methylrest steht. Verbindungen gemäss der allgemeinen Formel I können in einem Molekül auch verschiedene der o.a. Reste enthalten. Zu den Resten R' der allgemeinen Formel I gehören Alkenylreste, wie Vinyl, Allyl, Butenyl und Alkinylreste, wie Äthinyl, Propinyl und Butinyl. Vorzugsweise steht R' für den Vinyl- oder Allylrest und besonders bevorzugt für den Vinylrest. Bei den Organopolysiloxanen der allgemeinen Formel II handelt es sich um Organosilicium-Verbindungen, die siliciumgebundene Wasserstoffatome enthält. In einem Molekül des Bestandteiles II müssen jedoch wenigstens 2 siliciumgebundene Wasserstoffatome vorhanden sein. Der Rest R entspricht der unter Bestandteil I gegebenen Definition. Die organischen Reste R können dabei gleich oder verschieden sein. Bei Bestandteil II kann es sich um ein Homopolymer, ein Copolymer oder ein Gemisch aus 2 oder mehr solcher Verbindungen handeln. Besonders bevorzugt im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung sind Organohydrogenpolysiloxane der allgemeinen Formel 3-xHxSiO(SiHyRzO)nR3-xHx wobei x einen Wert von 0 oder 1 besitzt, y einen durchschnittlichen Wert von 0 - 0,8, bevorzugt von 0,3 - 0,8 und z einen solchen von 1,2 - 2,0 aufweist, die Summe von x + y nicht kleiner als 1 und die Summe von y + z nicht grösser als 2 ist. Die Zahl n besitzt einen solchen Wert, dass die Viskosität des betreffenden Organohydrogenpolysiloxans zwischen ca. 3 und 1000, bevorzugt 5 und 100 0 Centi-Poise (cP) bei 25 C liegt. Diese Angaben stellen keine Einschränkungen im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung dar, sondern alle Verbindungen gemäss der allgemeinen Formel II sind geeignet. Als Bestandteil III wird ein Platin-Katalysator verwendet, der die zwischen der Si-CH=CH2-Bindung und er Si-H-Bindung stattfindende Additionsreaktion katalysiert, z.B. feinverteiltes ele montares Platin, Hexachloroplatinsäure oder Komplexe von Platin-VerbX dingen mit Olefinen. Vorzugsweise wird eine Lösung von Pt(00)2Cl2 in Tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasilexan verwendet. Besonders bevorzugt werden solche Platin-Katalysatoren verwendet, die in den Organopolysiloxanen, den Bestandteilen der erfindungsgemässen Mischung,löslich sind. Solche Platin-Katalysatoren sind Stand der Technik und z.B. in US 3 220 972, US 3 715 334, US 3 159 601 oder DT-OS 2 251 297 beschrieben. Die zugesetzte Katalysator Menge beträgt im allgemeinen 0,1 bis 100, vorzugsweise 0,2 - 50, besonders bevorzugt 0,5 - 20 ppm Platin, bezogen auf das Gesamtgewicht der in den Mischungen enthaltenen Organopolysiloxan-Bestandteile. Ganz besonders bevorzugt werden erfindungsctemäss nur 0,7 - 5 ppm Platin verwendet. Zusätzlich können die Mischungen Inhibitorensubstanzen enthalten, welche die Aktivität der zugesetzten Platin-Verbindungen bei Raumtemperatur oder leicht erhöhter Temperatur vermindern, hingegen bei hoher Temperatur 0 im Bereich von 100 C und darüber keinen Einfluss auf die Aktivität der Platin-Verbindungen ausüben Beispiele für Inhibitoren sind Benzotriazol, acetylenische Verbindungen oder auch stark komplexbildende Verbindungen, wie z.B. Acetylaceton. Ein wesentliches Merkmal der vorliegenden Erfindung ist in der Wahl des Verhältnisses der in Komponente I vorhandenen aliphatisch ungesättigten Gruppen zu den in Komponente II vorhandenen an Silicium gebundenen Wasserstoffatomen zu sehen. Das stöchiometrische Verhältnis, von den in der Mischung vorhandenen aliphatisch ungesättigten Gruppen zu den an Silicium gebundenen Wasserstoffatomen, kann aufgrund der Zusammensetzung der Komponenten I und II rechnerisch leicht ermittelt und so das gewichtsmässige Verhältnis der beiden Komponenten eingestellt werden. Das stöchiometrische bzw. gewichtsmässige Verhältnis von Komponente I zu Komponente II ist bestimmend für die Endkonstistenz der fertigen Mischunq. Das nach der vorliegenden Erfindung gewählte stöchiometrische Verhältnis von aliphatisch ungesättigten Gruppen der Komponente I zu an Silicium gebundenen Wasserstoffatomen der Komponente II hat einen Wert von 1,1 bis 5,0, bevorzugt 1,5 bis 3,0. Das Verhältnis wird bei bekannter Zusammensetzung von Komponente I und Komponente II durch die gewichtsmässige Dosierung von Komponente I zu Komponente II eingestellt. Verarbeitungs- und Reaktionszeit werden bei gegebener Zusammensetzung von Komponente I und Komponente II durch Art und Menge des als Komponente III dienenden Platin Katalysators, gegebenenfalls durch Zusatz einer geeigneten Inhibitorsubstanz, eingestellt. Üblicherweise liegt die Verarbeitungszeit bei 30 Minuten bis ca. 12 Stunden und die Reaktionszeit bei 120 Minuten bis 48 Stunden. Durch Wärmezufuhr kann die Reaktionszeit erheblich verkürzt werden. Die optische Durchlässigkeit sowohl der plattenförmigen Materialien als auch der Zwischenschicht soll so hoch wie möglich sein, was jedoch nicht ausschliesst, dass eine Einfärbung und/oder oberflächliche Beschichtung der plattenförmigen Materialien und/oder der Zwischenschicht vorgenommen werden kann. Eine solche Einfärbung oder auch Trübung kann z.B. durch anorganische Pigmente, wie z.B. Russ, Titandioxyd, Eisenoxyde oder andere Schwermetalloxyde oder organische, farbige oder färbende Substanzen vorgenommen werden. Die Färbemittel dürfen jedoch mit der elastischen Zwischenschicht nicht reagieren. Vorzugsweise werden bei der vorliegenden Erfindung optisch durchsichtige Substanzen für die plattenförmigen Materialien verwendet, wie z.B. Glas, Polymethacrylsäureester, Polycarbonate, Polyamide oder eine Kombination dieser Substanzen. Die Zwischenschicht wird bei dem erfindungsgemässen Verfahren zwischen die einzelnen plattenförmigen Materialien eingebracht, indem die plattenförmigen Materialien in dem gewünschten Abstand arretiert und die die Zwischenschicht bildenden Materialien eingegossen, eingepresst oder eingesaugt werden. Es ist jedoch auch möglich,auf eine Platte die erfindungsgemässe Zwischenschicht aufzutragen und dann eine zweite Platte mit einem solchen Druck aufzupressen, dass der gewünschte Abstand zu der ersten Platte erhalten wird, wobei das Organopolysiloxan den gewünschten Zwischenraum vollständig ausfüllt. Dieser Vorgang kann in analoger Weise wiederholt werden, wenn ein Schichtkörper bestehend aus mehr als zwei plattenrörmigen Materialien hergestellt werden soll. Die vorliegende Erfindung wird durch die folgenden Beispiele noch näher beschrieben. Alle angegebenen Teile sind Gewichtsteile, soweit nicht ausdrücklich etwas anderes festgestellt wird. Beispiel 1 Zwei Glasscheiben von 2 mm Stärke und einer äusseren Abmessung von 50 x 50 cm wurden in einem Abstand von 1,5 mm parallel zueinander mit Hilfe eines äusseren Rahmens angeordnet. Eine Seite des Rahmens blieb offen. In die offengebliebene Seite wurde eine Mischung aus folgenden Einzelbestandteilen gegossen: 1000,0 Teile vinylendgestopptes Polydimethylsi loxan einer Viskosität von 1000 cP bei250C 1,4 Teile eines Organohydrogenpolysiloxans der allgemeinen Formel EMI11.1 bei der n und m so bemessen sind, dass die Verbindung eine Viskosität von 11 cP bei 250C aufweist und einen Si-H-Gruppen gehalt von 4,0 mmol/g hat 1 ppm Platin in Form eines Platin-Katalysators mit einem Platin-Gehalt von ca. 2 Gew.-E Obenstehende Mischung liess sich bei 25 0C ca. 60 Minuten verarbeiten (Potlife) und wurde vor dem Eingiessen zwischen die beiden Glasscheiben 10 Minuten bei 3 Torr einer Vakuumbehandlung unterworfen. Nach 24 Stunden war die Mischung zu einer die Glasscheiben fest verbindenden gelartigen Masse vulkanisiert. Die Konsistenz der Masse und die Haftung zum Glas änderte sich bei längerer Lagerung und Wärme/Wechsel-Beanspruchung von - 100C auf + 800C nicht. Der Schichtkörper war optisch vollkommen klar und durchsichtig und änderte seine optische Eigenschaften bei Sonnen- oder UV-Bestrahlung nicht. Die Glasscheiben liessen sich ohne Zerstörung des Glases nicht mehr voneinander trennen. Bei gewaltsamer Zerstörung des Schichtkörpers durch Schlagbeanspruchung haftete das Glas an der Zwischenschicht aus Organopolysiloxan so fest, dal3 keine die Umbebung gefährdende Splitterwirkung auftrat. Beispiel 2 2 Scheiben aus Polymethacrylsäureester von 3 mm Stärke und äusseren Abmessungen von 50 x 50 mm wurden in einem Abstand von 1 mm parallel zueinander angeordnet und mit der in Beispiel 1 beschriebenen Organopolysiloxan-Mischung vergossen. Nach vollständiger Reaktion hatte die Organopolysiloxan-Mischung zu einer die beiden Polymethacrylsäureester-Scheiben festverbindenen gelartigen Masse reagiert. Das optische Verhalten und das Verhalten bei Schlagbeanspruchung war ähnlich dem in Beispiel 1 be schriebenen Schichtkörper aus Glas. Bei längerer Lagerung, d.h. nach 60 Tagen, trat keine Loslösung der Zwischenschicht von den beiden Scheiben auf. Eine optische Veränderung oder Spannungsrisskorrosion war nicht zu beobachten. Beispiel 3 Zwei Polycarbonatplatten einer Schichtdicke von 3 mm und äusseren Abmessungen von 50 x 50 mm wurden in einem Abstand von 1,5 mm parallel zueinander angeordnet und mit der in Beispiel 1 beschriebenen Organopolysiloxan-Mischung vergossen. Nach vollständiger Reaktion war die Organopolysiloxan-Mischung zu einer die Polycarbonatscheiben festverbindenden gelartigen Masse vulkanisiert. Der Schichtkörper hielt einer starken Schlagbeanspruchung nach DIN 52306 stand, ohne dass eine Loslösung der Zwischenschicht auftrat. Optisches und mechanisches Verhalten änderten sich bei einer Lagerung über 8 Wochen nicht. Beispiel 4 Wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben, wurden Schichtkörper durch Kombination der in den vorhergehenden Beispielen genannten Werkstoffe hergestellt. Es wurden Schichtkörper aus Poly carbonat/Polymethacrylsäureester und PolymethacrylsAure- ester/Glas hergestellt. Auch hier zeigte sich die beiderseitig gute Haftung der Organopolysiloxan-Mischung. Die durchgeführten Schlagversuche erbrachten die gleichen guten, in den vorstehenden Beispielen schon beschriebenen Ergebnisse. Beispiel 5 Gemäss Beispiel 3 wurde ein Schichtkörper aus Polycarbonatplatten mit einer Organopolysiloxan-Mischung folgender Zusammensetzung hergestellt: 100,0 Teile vinylendgestopptes Polydimethylsiloxan 0 einer Viskosität von 1000 cP bei 25 C 3,5 Teile des in Beispiel 1 beschriebenen Organo hydrogenpolysiloxans 1 ppm Platin in Form des Platin Katalysators Dicarbonyldichlorplatin (nach DT-OS 2 251 297) mit einem Platin-Gehalt von ca. 2 Gew.-%. Es wurde ein Schichtkörper erhalten, bei dem sich die beiden Scheiben schon bei leichter mechanischer Beanspruchung vollkommen von der Zwischenschicht lösen liessen. Beispiel 6 In einem Holzrahmen wurde eine Polycarbonatscheibe von 3 mm Dicke und den äusseren Abmessungen 50 x 50 cm waagerecht angeordnet und eine Mischung aus folgenden Einzelbestandteilen in einer Schichtdicke von 1,0 mm auf die Scheibe aufgebracht: 100,0 Teile vinylendgestopptes Polydimethylsiloxan einer Viskosität von 65 000 cP bei 250C 0,2 Teile des in Beispiel 1 beschriebenen Organo hydrogenpolysiloxans 2 ppm Platin des in Beispiel 1 beschriebenen Katalysators Auf die Organopolysiloxan-Mischung wurde unter schrägem Ansetzen eine zweite Scheibe aus Polymethacrylsäureester aufgelegt. Der nach vollständiger Reaktion der Organopolysiloxan-Mischung erhaltene Schichtkörper hielt einer starken Schlagbeanspruchung nach DIN 52306 stand, ohne dass eine Loslösung der Zwischenschicht auftrat.";"Patentansprüche 1.) Optisch durchlässige Schichtkörper, die durch eine oder mehrere Zwischenschichten aus Organopolysiloxanen verbunden sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zwi schenschicht aus einem optisch durchlässsen und durch mit Platin katalysierter Additionsreaktion hergestell tem Organopolysiloxan besteht. 2.) Schichtkörper nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Organopolysiloxan die folgenden Einzelkompo nenten umfasst: I. Organopolysiloxane der allgemeinen Formel: 2R SiO (R2SiO) nSiR2R ' worin R ein an Silicium gebundener einwertiger linearer oder verzweigter substituierter oder nicht substituierter, keine aliphatisch ungesättigte Gruppe aufweisender Rest ist, und R' ein einwertiger linearer oder verzweigter substituierter oder nicht substituierter, eine an Silicium gebundene ali phatisch ungesättigte Gruppe enthaltender Rest ist, und n eine ganze positive Zahl ist, die so bemessen ist, dass die Viskosität der Verbindung zwischen 50 und 100 000 cP, bevorzugt zwischen 100 - 70 000 cP lieqt. II. Organopolysiloxane mit Struktureinheiten der allgemeinen Formel; EMI17.1 worin R die vorstehend, bei Komponente I be schriebene Bedeutung hat, a einen Wert von 1,00 - 2,00, b einen Wert von 0,1 - 1,0 und die Summe von a + b etwa 1,5 - 3,0 beträgt, wobei mindestens zwei an Silicium gebundene Wasserstoffatome je Molekül vorliegen. III. Einen oder mehrere Platin-Katalysatoren. 3.) Schichtkörper gemäss Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch ge kennzeichnet, dass in dem Organopolysiloxan das Ver hAltnis der in Komponente I vorhandenen, an das Sili cium gebundenen, aliphatisch ungesättigten Gruppen zu den in Komponente II vorhandenen, an Silicium gebunde nen Wasserstoffatomen, auf die Stöchiometrie bezogen, einen Wert grösser als 1 besitzt. 4.) Schichtkörper gemäss einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in dem Organo polysiloxan das Verhältnis der in Komponente I vor handenen, an Silicium gebundenen, aliphatisch unge sättigten Puppen zu den in Komponente II vorhandenen, an Silicium gebundenen Wasserstoffatomen, auf die Stöchiometrie bezogen, einen Wert von 1,1 - 5,0 auf weist. .) Schichtkörper gemäss einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in dem Organo polysiloxan der Rest R' in Komponente I eine Vinyl gruppe ist, die Reste R die Methylgruppe darstellen, und die Verbindung eine Viskosität von 50 bis 100 000, bevorzugt 100 bis 70 000 cP bei 250C hat. Schichtkörper gemäss einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in dem Organo polysiloxan die Komponente II der allgemeinen Formel R H (SiHyRzO) nR3¯XHX entspricht, wobei x einen Wert von 0 oder 1, y einen durchschnittlichen Wert von 0 - 0,8, bevorzugt 0,3 0,8 und z einen Wert von 1,2 - 2,0 aufweisen; die Summe von x + y nicht kleiner als 1, die Summe von y + z nicht grösser als 2 ist, und die Zahl n einen solchen Wert besitzt, dass die Viskosität des betreffenden Organohydrogenpolysiloxans zwischen 3 0 und 1000, bevorzugt 5 und 100 cP bei 25 0 liegt. 7.) Schichtkörper gemäss einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Platinver bindung (Komponente III) in der Mischung aus Kompo nente I und Komponente II löslich ist. 8.) Schichtkörper gemäss einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Platinver verbindung (Komponente III) eine Lösung von Pt(C0)2Cl2 in Tetramethyltetravinylcyclotetrasiloxan ist. 9.) Verfahren zur Herstellung von Schichtkörpern gemäss einem oder mehreren der vorstehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Organopolysiloxan in den Zwischenraum zwischen mindestens zwei optisch durch lässigen Materialien entweder eingepresst, eingesaugt oder eingegossen wird oder jeweils auf eine Seite der plattenförmigen Materialien aufgebracht wird, worauf die Platten gleichzeitig oder bei mehr als zwei Platten auch nacheinander so stark aufeinander gepresst werden, dass der gewünschte Abstand eingestellt wird und das Polysiloxan den eingestellten Zwischenraum vollständig ausfüllt.";HERZIG JOACHIM DR, HERZIG, JOACHIM, DR.;BAYER AG;1978
+EP-0003051-B1;19820120.0;19781227;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;25343040.0;G03G15;B41F13, F16C13;B41F7, G03G21, B41F13, G03G15;G03G  15/00H1;METHOD OF MOUNTING PRINTING CYLINDERS UTILIZING FLEXIBLE METAL SLEEVES AND PRINTING APPARATUS USING SUCH A PRINTING CYLINDER;Printing apparatus of the type utilizing flexible, readily collapsible, imperforate thin metal sleeves wherein the sleeves are mounted in a device which maintains their cylindrical configuration rigidified by introduction of fluid under pressure interior of the sleeve during use. A method of mounting the sleeve (10) and several structures for supporting the sleeves are described. These include the provision of means in the printing press cooperating with the sleeves for maintaining its interior pressure and for stopping the press if the pressure should drop below a predetermined value. The sleeves may carry an exterior coating of flexible, microcrystalline, wholly inorganic photo-conductive material such as sputtered ultra-pure cadmium sulfide.;"The invention is concerned generally with printing apparatus which include cylinders for transferring of pigment to a substrate using electrostatic techniques. The invention is advantageously utilizable in the printing of multicolor images on substrates which are either in long strip form or in the form of sheets of paper, fabric and the like. Multicolor printing by conventional presses is a complex process from the point of making the color separations, forming the cylinders, operating the presses, providing the pigment or inks for the separate cylinders or other plates, etc. Several developments in recent years have pointed to the use of electrostatic techniques for multicolor printing in printing presses using electrostatic techniques. As known, photoelectrostatic imaging is effected by charging the surface of a photoconductive coating in darkness, exposing the same to a light image, then toning the latent image with fine particles either in powder form or suspended in a solvent. The toned or developed image can either be transferred to a receptor or it can be fused in place directly onto the electrophotographic member of which the photo conductive coating is a part. One of the coatings which has been evolved recently is a high gain, high resolution, easely charged, fully dischargeable, wholly inorganic, microcrystalline photoconductive material which has especially the property that it is rugged and extremely flexible when coated onto a thin flexible substrate. The material is disclosed in U.S. Patent 4.025.339. This coating is advantageous in addition to being flexible in that it can be imaged quickly in a high speed press and discharged readily by ambient light so that, as will be explained, it can be provided with an image of toner that is insulating and thereafter charged to apply a charge to the insulating toner while permitting the charge on the untoned areas to be dissipated in light. Secondary toner then can be adhered to the primary toned image and transferred to a substrate. Thin-walled metal sleeves of electrodeposited nickel, copper, iron or other metal have been used in the fabric and other substrate printing field with success. Sleeves of plated metal may be used, such as for example, tin, chromium or other metals as nickel. These sleeves are a fraction of a millimeter thick and can be several meters long and as much as a third of a meter in diameter. They are seamless and are readily supported in printing machines. One type of sleeve is disclosed in U.S. Patent 2.287.122. Such sleeve is foraminous in order to enable ink or other pigment to be expressed by doctor means through the walls of the cylinders onto the passing substrate. The walls are provided with suitable designs in the surface blocking certain of the holes and leaving others open. For electrostatic use, these sleeves are sputtered with coatings of the photoconductive material which has been mentioned and are imperforate. An important ad vantage of this type of sleeve is that it is light in weight, it is quite strong and is collapsible so that packing and shipping the same is economical. In using the sleeves, they must be mounted in cylindrical form on the printing press to receive and transfer the pigment, and must be supported on their interiors by using some readily installed or removed device to mainrain the sleeves in rigid cylindrical form during use. Reference is made to Rothwell U.K. Patent 789.177, published January 15, 1958; Klemm W. German Auslegeschrift 1.231.258 published December 29, 1966; Zimmer Austria Patent 240.879 and Zimmer W. German Auslegeschrift 1.181.237, for a description of some devices wherein sleeves are pressurized by means of an inflatable tube. As evidenced by these publications the cylinders therein are described processed to have a pattern applied on their exterior (U.K. 789.177; DAS 1.181.237; Austria 240.879) or to produce a sleeve in a galvanic process (DAS 1.181.237). The U.S. Patent 3.312.801, March 12, 1968 may be referred to as concerned with the packing of flexible sleeves. Considerable difficulties in providing structure for mounting such collapsible sleeves in a high speed printing press have deferred their use functionally in such press device, not withstanding the considerable advantage thereof as mentioned earlier herein. Accordingly the invention provides a method of mounting an elongate flexible thinwalled metal sleeve on a frame for use in a rotary printing press, characterized by the steps of providing a rotatable framework including a device for shaping the sleeve into a cylinder; engaging the sleeve over the framework; forming the ends of the sleeve into circles; sealing the ends; containing the ends against axial movement and applying fluid pressure on the interior of the sleeve to inflate the same with uniform incremental internal pressure along said interior thereof. Concurrently, the invention also provides the mounting method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sleeve is unsupported along the remaining length between the ends of said sleeve. Further, the invention provides a printing press employing the said sleeve mounting and characterized by A. an elongate framework including shaft means having opposite ends for connecting the framework into a printing press to be rotated thereby, a disc mem ber at each end of the framework connected respec tively to one of said shaft ends and each disc member adapted to have one end of a thin-walled metal sleeve coupled thereto and circularly shaped thereby and an axially extending spacer connected between said shaft ends for fixedly spacing the disc members apart and maintaining the spacing during the use of the apparatus, B. the axially extending spacer being arranged to have such a length as to form the sleeve into cylindrical configuration in cooperation with the members and C. means for applying a uniform pressure on the in terior of the sleeve to every increment thereof over the entire area thereof between said ends in order to maintain its cylindrical configura tion during use of the apparatus. Additionally the invention provides the printing press further including the apparatus characterized in that the axially extending spacer means comprise an elongate rigid cylinder whose outer diameter is less than the inner diameter of the sleeve which is adapted to be supported by the apparatus whereby there will be a cylindrical space defined between the outer surface of the rigid cylinder and the inner surface of the sleeve when it is installed, the said pressure being supplied into said cylindrical space and the sleeve thereby being mechanically unsupported throughout its major length during use; and also the apparatus, characterized in that said means for applying pressure include means for introducing fluid under pressure in the framework and transmitting the pressure to said cylindrical space when the sleeve is installed in place. For a complete understanding of the invention preferred embodiments are described with reference to the accompanying drawings. Figure 1 is a perspective view of a sleeve of the type which is to be mounted by means of the apparatus of the invention and held in a rigid cylindrical configuration to enable the same to be used as ink transfer means in a printing press; Figure 2 is a sectional view through several of such sleeves showing the convenient manner in which they may be assembled for storing or transportation in small space; Figure 3 is a highly diagrammatic view of a printing press having two of the cylinders of the invention asso ciated therewith in order to show the environment of the invention; Figure 5 is a similar view but partially exploded of a modified form of the invention; Figure 6 is another similar view of a further modification of the invention; Figure 7 is a sectional view similar to that of Figure 6 showing a variation of the structure of Figure 6; Figure 8 is a median sectioned view through a printing apparatus taken generally along line 8-8 of Figure 9 and in the indicated direction, parts being taken away, and illustrating another modification of the invention; Figure 9 is an endelevational view of the apparatus of Figure 8, view taken from the left hand side; Figure 10 is a fragmentary detailed view of the sleeve clamping means of Figures 8 and 9 and Figure 11 is a highly diagrammatic view of a printing press having the sleeve of the invention installed therein, there being means for utilizing a source of exterial pressure operable by exterial control means. In Figure 1 there is illustrated in perspective view the type of cylinder 10 which is used with the invention, the same being based upon a sleeve 12 which has been formed by electrodeposition out of nickel, copper or the like, being quite thin - of the order of a small fraction of a millimeter and hence flexible or may comprise a naked sleeve plated with such metals as tin chromium or thus. Upon this sleeve 12 there is sputtered a thin film coating 14 of a wholly inorganic, microcrystalline, highly sensitive, readily chargeable photoconductive material such as for example ultrapure cadmium sulfide. The characteristics of the material and the method of sputtering the same are disclosed in said U.S. Patent 4.025. 339. The techniques for the electrodeposition of the metal sleeve 12 and some of the characteristics thereof are described in said U.S. Patent 2.287.122 with the exception that the metal sleeve 12 is imperforate instead of foraminous as disclosed in said latter patent. In the formation of the metal sleeve 12 the resulting product is normally cylindrical and likewise, in sputtering the coating 14 the configuration of the sleeve 12 will be maintained in cylindrical form. It is possible for the sputtering to be carried on with the metal sleeve 12 forming the substrate for the coating in an oval configuration. In the mounting of the sleeve or cylinder 10, it will invariably be in a cylindrical configuration for high speed printing presses, especially multi-color presses. Nonetheless the sleeve 10 is to some extent collapsible without damage to either the substrate of metal or the coating of microcrystalline photoconductive material. The metal substrate comprising the sleeve 1? is stiff enough to handle, for example in a size which has a length of about two meters and a diameter which is about a sixth of a meter without axial collapsing or wrinkling, but can be readily compressed or collapsed laterally along its entire length to enable it to be shaped for example into oval form as shown in Figure 1. Likewise it can be partially rolled into reentrant shapes to occupy considerably less volume than when it is in its full cylindrical configuration as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3.372.801. This enables many of these sleeves to be packaged in a single small package as shown in Figure 2 in which there are two additional sleeves 10' and 10"" within the sleeve 10. Abviously more than two such sleeves can be compressed into a single bundle. Reference is made now to Figure 3 which illustrates the environment in which the sleeve 10 is intended to be used. Here as an example a printing presse 16 is shown, this being of a type which is intended to apply two colors of ink or dye carried in the fountains 18 and 20 in registration on a long strip-like substrate 22 of paper or the like. The substrate 22 is guided by means of the rolls 24, 26, 28 and 30 to pass around a back-up roll 32 against which the printing will occur. Two cylinders of the type described are shown at 10 and 10""'. The direction of rotation of the drum 32 is indicated by the arrows 34, the direction of each of the cylinders 10 and 10""' being indicated by arrows marked on the cylinders. In this apparatus 16, the cylinders 10 and 10''' will be presumed to have images carried on their outer surfaces as primary toned images. These can be applied while the cylinders 10 and 10''' are off the apparatus 16 and the cylinders thereafter installed in the apparatus. In use the cylinders are charged by suitable corona means at 36 and 38, the charging occurring in light so that the charges on the photo conductive coatings are immediately dissipated leaving only the charges on the primary toner. The type of toner chosen is one which is insulating when developed, that is, fused. The fountains 18 and 20 contain the ink or dye which comprises the secondary toner. The polarity of the particles of the secondary toner is established as the opposite of that of the charge on the primary toner. This can be done electrophoretically or by triboelectric techniques. As the charged images pass the fountains 18 and 20 they will pick up the secondary toner from the respective fountains and apply the same to the surface of the substrate 22. Electrical bias can be used to assist in this transfer. Transfer will be done in registration. After the transfer has been completed and the images pass the nip between the cylinders and the back-up roller 32 the printing cycle is repeated. Although not normally required, remaining secondary toner, if any, may be removed from the surfaces of the cylinders 10 and 10""' by suitable solvents or mechanical means at stations 40 and 42, with suitable solvents and/or mechanical means which do not affect the primary toner. The cylinders 10 and 10''' could be provided with developed toned images and treated with suitable reagents or chemicals to render the toned surfaces hydrophobic and the untoned surfaces hydrophyllic to enable the cylinders to be used as printing cylinders with greasy ink in watered offset printing presses., The use of the cylinders in the type of printing apparatus operating by means of electrostatic techniques in preferred. As heretofore mentioned, the cylinder 10 is required to be perfectly cylindrical and relatively rigid during its use and with its mounting or support, should be easily installed and removed from the printing press on which it is to be used. Likewise, it is required to be easily installed and removed from the mounting which carries it. in Figure 4, there is illustrated (in section) a form of mounting upon which the cylinder 10 is arranged for use in a printing press. The mounting device 44 basically comprises a device in which the cylinder is suspended in cylindrical configuration and is kept inflated by means of a fluid such as oil or air or the like pumped into the interior of the cylinder 10 and maintained at a low pressure. It has been found that the cylinders 10 can be kept quite rigid and maintain their cylindrical configuration by means of pressures only slightly greater than atmospheric, say of the order of .5 to .7 of an atmosphere greater than ambient. This is considered a surprising result. The cylinder ends must be tightly gripped in cylindrical configuration to prevent wrinkles and bulges. In Figure 4 the mounting device is basically formed of two stub shafts 46 and 48, shaft 48 being solid and shaft 46 being hollow. A flanged disc 50 has an inwardly directed annular cup-like flange 52 whose interior diameter is very closely the outer diameter of the sleeve 10. A hub 54 mounts the web 51 of the disc 50 on the hollow shaft 46 non-rotatively, the center of the shaft 46 having a through bore 56 whose inner end may be plugged at 58 but which is provided with a lateral opening at 60 that connects with a radial passageway 62 passing through the hub 54 but located axially interior of the web 51 of the disc 50, the web 51 being imperforate. The interior end of the shaft 46 also has a large washer 64 secured thereto as by welding, the washer 64 supporting an elongate rigid metal cylinder 66 and being secured thereto, also by welding, for example. This cylinder is included in the term axially extendin & spacer means as employed herinafter. The opposite end of the cylinder 66 is attached to a second washer 68 that is welded to the shaft 48 so that both shafts 46 and 48 are aligned and rotate in unison. A second disc 70 has a central hub 72 that may be secured to the shaft 48 permanently or non-rotatable relative thereto but held in place by a nut such as 74. The body 76 of the disc is imperforate and has an inwardly directed cup-like annular flange 78 at its outer periphery having the same interior diameter as the flange 52. Suitable packing is provided at 80 and 82 serving to prevent the leaking of fluid outwardly of the discs 50 and 70. The disc 50 is held in place by the nut 81 engaging over the threaded end 83 of the shaft 46. In use, a sleeve 10 is shaped into a cylinder and fitted into the interior of the flange 78 and cemented in place with a suitable adhesive, primarily to render the telescoping connection fluid tight. The flange 50 is not in place at this time. After installing the right hand end of the sleeve 10, the disc 50 is moved telecopically over the left hand end of the sleeve 10 and again the connection is effected with a coating of adhesive in place to provide a second fluid tight connection. When the adhesive has set, the entire assembly is installed in a printing press such as the apparatus 16 and a fluid such as air, hydraulic fluid or the like is admitted into the bore 56 through a suitable fitting attached to the left hand end of the shaft 46. This fitting is required to maintain the connection fluid tight while rotating, there being many such fittings known in the art. Such a fitting is indicated at 57, connected by line 59 to the fluid source 61. The fluid is carried in the annular space between the central cylinder 66 and the sleeve 10 and it serves to maintain the sleeve 10 fully inflated and rigid during use. The presence of the inner sleeve enables a very small amount of fluid to be used to maintain the rigidity of the sleeve 10, and in the case of air or other gas being the fluid, the amount of pressure needed to maintain the inflated condition is lower than it would be if the shaft extended fully through the device and there was no cylinder 66. It is clear that the cylinder 66 functions to maintain the spacing between the discs 50 and 70 and to keep the shafts 46 and 48 in alignment and rotating together. The entire assembly is included in the term ""framework"" is used. The internal pressure needed for keeping the cylinders inflated on a printing press is so low that readily available air pressure form commercial sources commonly provided in shops and factories will suffice. Further, since the method of transfer of ink to the substrate requires no mechanical pressure in the preferred structure in which the cylinders will be used, mechanical tension alone will be adequate to maintain the cylinders in their normal configuration in many instances. Two other forms of the invention are illustrated, respectively in Figures 5 and 6, but the principals of construction and operation are basically the same for all of the cylinder supporting devices including that of Figure 4. Each has means for clamping or seizing the ends of the cylinder 10 in a fluid tight connection while shaping the same to form the cylindrical configuration, each has means for admitting a fluid to the interior of the cylinder to inflate it if required but at least to maintain it in rigid cylindrical configuration, and each has means for mounting the device onto a printing press. If should be understood that although the practical manner of introducing the fluid and maintaining the internal pressure is by having structure on the printing press which connects with the cylindersupporting device while the cylinder is rotating, it is nevertheless possible to have the cylinder-supporting device provided with means that pumps the fluid into the interior of the cylinder and is sealed under some pressure so that the entire device is maintained in tis fully expanded condition independently of the printing machine. The mounting devices 90 of Figure 5 differs primarily from that of Figure 4 in that the ends of the cylinder are held in place pneumatic or hydraulic expandable cushions. There is a pair of stub shafts 92 and 93 which have the interior rigid cylinder 94 secured to their inner ends, respectively, but both of these shafts are hollow. The right hand shaft 93 has a single bore 96 which connects to one or more radial passageways 98 in the washer end 100 of the cylinder 94 leanding to the interior of an inflatable elastomeric cushion 102 clamped to the end of the cylinder 94 by suitable bands 104. The securement can be effected by room temperature vulcanizing adhesive or other adhesive. A similar cushion 106 shown in deflated condition is provided on the left hand end of the cylinder 94, since this end is shown in condition while it is being assembled. The shaft 92 differs from the shaft 93 and that of Figure 4 in that it has concentric passageways, there being a central bore or pipe 108 and a larger telescoping second bore 110, these being located within one another and being independent of one another. The central passageway formed by the bore 108 is connected through a fitting 112 by way of a short length of conduit 114 through the interior of the cylinder 94 to a lateral opening 116 to which it is connected by a suitable fitting 118. The outer bore 110 connects to one or more radial passageways 120 leading to the interior of the cushion 106. Assembly is effected by moving the end cup-shaped discs 122 and 124 into telescoping engagement with the cylinder 10 taking up on the nuts 126 and 128, introducing a first fluid into the bores 96 and 108 to inflate the cushions 104 and 106 to clamp the sleeve 10 in place and thereafter introducing a second fluid into the interior pipe 108 to maintain the sleeve 10 as a rigid cylinder. The second fluid is held between the inner cylinder 94 and the interior of the sleeve 10. Shaft packing is not deemed necessary in the device 90. In Figure 6 there is illustrated a device 140 which utilizes an elastomeric boot of cylindrical configuration to maintain the sleeve 10 rigid so that no fluid will be engaged against the interior of the sleeve and so that it is not essential that the engagement of the sleeve 10 in the end discs be fluid tight. In this device there is again an inner rigid cylinder 142 connected with a pair of end stub shafts 144 and 146 upon which there are engaged the discs 148 and 150 by means of the nuts 152 and 154, respectively. On the exterior of the cylinder 1i2 there is mounted an elongate elastomeric sleeve-like boot 156 whose ends are tight clamped to the exterior of the cylinder 142 by any suitable means such as the annular band 158 and 160. The hollow bore 162 of the shaft 146 terminates axially within the cylinder 142 at 164 at which point it is connected by way of the conduits 166 connected at 168 to openings in the side wall of the cylinder 142, as for example at 170. Accordingsly passage for fluid from the exterior of the cylinder 142 is provided by way of the bore 162 to the chamber 172 formed on the interior of the boot 156 and the outer surface of the cylinder 142. The assembly of the device 140 and the method of inflation are easily effected since everything may be in place at one end, say the right hand end, the sleeve 10 slipped in place into the cup of the disc 150 while no fluid is present, the second disc 148 telescopically engaged over the left hand end of the sleeve, the nut 152 screwed home and fluid applied This inflates the boot 156 and rigidifies the sleeve 10. This will form a rather firm base for the sleeve 10 during use. In Figure 7 another device 240 is illustrated in which the equivalent components of Figure 6 are designated by the same second and third numerals and the numeral ""2"" as the first. The principal differences between the devices 140 and 240 lie in the fact that the entire interior of the cylinder 242 carries the fluid, which in this case is a gas and the fact that the end washers of the cylinder 242 function both as such washers and the discs 148 and 150. Thus they carry reference numerals 248 and 250. The fluid is admitted by way of bore 262 in shaft 246 and finds its way into the chamber 172 through passageways 270. The structure 240 is advantageous in eliminating parts comprising outer cup-shaped discs so that there need be no part of the device 240 protruding radially beyond the sleeve 10 itself. Thus the device is lighter in weight, simpler to construct, and more economical than the device 140. In Figures 8 to 10 a modified embodiment of the inven tion is designated generally by reference character 300 and comprises a central hollow shaft 312 of metal having a plurality of lateral passageways 313 for air. Other fluids may be used, but for convenience only air will be referred to herinafter because it is most convenient to use the same in printing establishments. The ends of the central shaft 312 are closed off by plugs 314 and 316 to which the shaft is welded as indicated at 318 and 320, respectively. A flanged disc is connected to each of these plugs by suitable means, the disc 322 being shown on the left and the desc 324 on the right. These discs 322 and 324 are identical and their construction and functions will be explained in detail later. At this point it is to be noted that the plugs 314 and 316 are generally cylindrical and that each of the discs 322 and 324 includes a hollow cylindrical hub shown at 326 and 328 which telecopically engages the respective plugs 314 and 316 on the exterior thereof, airtight connection being maintained by suitable packing such as O-rings 330. The discs 322 and 324 include internal radial strengthening ribs 332 and 334 integral with the web or body of each disc, the latter being imperforate to retain the air pressure which is to be maintained on the interior of the device 300. As noted, the structures at opposite ends of the shaft 312 are different. These represent embodiments of the invention capable of being used together or separately. In other words, the structure at the left hand end may be used solely or duplicated at the right hand end; the structure at the right hand end may be used solely or duplicated at the left hand end; one of each structure may be used together at opposite ends. Considering now the structure at the left hand end of the device 300, the plug 314 has a cylindrical axial recess formed in its outer end at 336 and a coaxial socket 338 in the center of the recess 336 in which there is disposed a simple air valve 340 of the so-called Schraeder type which communicates by way of the passageway 342 with the interior 344 of the hollow shaft 312. As explained, the shaft has the lateral passageways 313 by means of which the outer annular chamber 346 and the inner chamber 344 are in communication. As understood, a thin metal sleeve 348 of electrodeposited nickel or the like with an outer photoconductuve coating is adapted to be clamped into cylindrical configuration on the device 300 and maintained in inflated condition by air pressure. This is effected by introducing air under pressure by way of the valve 340 into the chamber 344. The disc 322 has an inwardly directed radial flange 349 which is engaged over the axial end of the plug 314 and provided with perforations and threaded sockets to aid in the assembly of the device. For example, in the device shown, there is a perforation in alignment with each of the ribs 322 thus providing six equally paced perforations aligned with threaded sockets in the axial end of the plug 314. One such perforation is indicated at 350 and a threaded socket at 352. These perforations and sockets receive machine screws 354 which pass through an outer cap or centering flange member 356 thereby securing the disc 322 to the plug 314. The centering flange member 356 has a central spigot 358 which is cylindrical on its exterior to fit into the recess 336 and is tapered on the interior as indicated at 360 and provided with a keyway at 362. There is also a radial flange portion 363 overlying the flange 349. The member 356 has the aligned perforations in the flange portion 363 for the screw 354 but in addition has several other perforations 364 which are intended to be aligned with threaded sockets 366 formed in the flange 349 to receive other machine screws 368 that pass through the flange portion 363. These screws 368 are only three in number as shown in Figure 9 and their function is to enable the proper alignment of the disc 322 and the flange member 356 but more importantly, to aid in assembly. The two parts 322 and 356 can be assembled together before the disc 322 is engaged onto the plug. Looking now at Figure 12 which is an enlarged view of the outer section of the disc 322, there is an annular thickended rim 370 which has an interior (on the right hand face) axially extending annular seat or groove 372 formed fully around its circumference and coaxially centered. There is an elastomeric ring 374 seated in the bottom (left hand end) of the groove 372, the ring 374 being provided with spaced passageways 376 aligned with perforations 378 provided in the rim 370 and ope ning to an external shallow furrow 380 provided on the exterior of the rim 370. There is a pressure ring 382 of cylindrical c apparatus 300 with the sleeve 348 is effected, the sleeve 348 being easily slipped into place as the assembled disc 322, flange member 356 and ring 382, and properly positioned. Thereafter, taking up on the nuts 386 presses the ring 382 against the elastomeric ring 374 which expands in attempting to extrude out of the groove 372 thereby firmly clamping the sleeve 348 in place. Assuming that the same structure and procedure has been utilized in assembly of the right hand end of the device 300, it can be pumped up to a pressure of say about half an atmosphere through the use of the valve 340 and installed in the printing press. The tapered socket 362 provides for centering and the keyway provides for positive driving of coupling of the device with suitable mechanical driving means associated with the printing press. The right hand end of the device need not have a valve equivalent to the valve 340 but could have a blind end in the equivalent of the tapered socket 360 in the axial end of the plug 316. As a matter of fact, there need not be a second keyway at this location. In the view of Figure 8, however, a second form of structure is illustrated which enables various functions to be effected by means of another valve. Referring now to the right hand end of the device 300 shown in Figure 8, the only structural difference between that end and the left hand end lies in the valve device mounted at the right hand end. There is a valve housing 390 set into the right hand plug 316 which has a port 392 leading to the chamber 344. The movable valve 394 is seated at the right hand end of the chamber 396 by means of the O-rings 398 against the axial intake port 400 and held there by a spring 402. The spring 402 is of a strength to maintain any pressure which is in the chamber 344 and 346 if the device 300 is removed from a press in which it is installed. When installed in a press, the stem 404 of the valve member 406 pushes the valve 394 off its seat and holds the port 400 open. The valve member 406 has a coaxial passageway and itself is slidable in the port 400, being kept air tight therein by suitable O-rings. Its external face 410 has O-rings to enable it to make a frictional and air tight connection with a fitting that can supply external air pressure to the device 300. The fitting is not shown in Figure 8 but is symbolized by the fitting 412 in Figure 11 as a rotary air connection. The spring 402 keeps the valve member 406 in engagement with the fitting 412. From this discription it is obvious that air can be maintained and supplied to the interior of the sleeve 348 through the valve member 406 from outside sources to pump up the sleeve 348 and maintain it in such condition. Referring to Figure 11 printing press is shown diagrammatically having the device 300 installed therein, the structure being such as to utilize an external source of pressure. The other device of the invention previously described may be utilized so long as they utilize an external source of pressure. The device 300 is shown mounted on the frame 414 of a printing press 416, only a very small part of which is diagrammed. The substrate in the form of a web of paper 418 is being guided through the press 416 and may pass over idler and drive rollers, an idler roller being indicated at 420 and a drive roller being indicated at 422 mounted to the frame 414. The press drive 424 may be mechanical, electrical, pneumatic or a combination of these, suitably controlled as custormary with modern printing presses. The mechanical drive extending to the several rotary parts is indicated by the broken lines 426. A pressure source is shown at 428 supplying pressure to the fitting 412 by way of the pressure regulator 430 and the air line 432 and 434. The exact pressure within the sleeve 348 will be controlled by the pressure regulator 430 whose set value may be established manually as by a control 436 or may be varied automatically for certain purposes by way of the line 438. The pressure switch 440 is sensitive to sudden changes in the pressure in the line 434, being connected to the line 434 by a conduit 442. A large hole suddenly occurring in the sleeve 348 or the bursting thereof will cause a sudden dropping of pressure in the chamber 346. The drop will be experienced by the line 434 and the regulator will attempt to equalize the pressure. This radical change sensed by the switch 440 can be made to operate the switch to turn off the press drive and prevent damage. Slight air leaks in the chamber 346 can be taken care of by the regulator 430 as a routine matter. The press 416 will normally have some form of transducer system (not shown) to indicate registration of multiple impressions and a signal from such system can be picked up and transmitted by a line, electrical or pneumatic, as shown at 444 to a sensor 446. This sensor 446 may in turn provide a signal which operates a register adjusting device 448 which is nothing more than an automatic adjustment for the set point of the pres sure regulator. It has been found that since the sleeve 448 is made out of metal that is very thin, it is capable of being inflated slightly beyond its normal diameter by a small amount, say a few thousandths of a millimeter. Registration can be affected by this means, to augment ordinary registration control means rather than to replace the same. The pressure adjustment effected by the register adjust device 448 is applied to the pressure regulator 430 by way of the line 438. Finally it is stated that, hereby, the subject matter of the attached claims is made part of the disclosure of this specification without reiterating the wording of said claims.";"Claims 1. A method of mounting an elongate flexible thinwalled metal sleeve on a frame for use in a rotary printing press, characterized by the steps of providing a rotatable framework including a device for shaping the sleeve into a cylinder; engaging the sleeve over the framework; formind the ends of the sleeve into circles; sealing the ends; containing the ends against axial movement and applying fluid pressure on the interior of the sleeve to inflate the same with uniform incremental internal pressure along said interior thereof. 2. The mounting method according to claim 1, characterized in that the sleeve is unsupported along the remaining length between the ends of said sleeve. 3. The mounting method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fluid pressure is applied directly to the interior of the sleeve. 4. The mounting method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the fluid pressure is applied indirectly to the interior of the sleeve by introducing an inflatable body within the sleeve and introducing fluid under pressure to said inflatable body whereby to apply pressure to said sleeve interior sufficient to rigidify the same. 5. A printing apparatus including a support for an imperforate thin-walled metal sleeve for use as an ink transfer device, the sleeve being flexible and collapsible when unsupported, characterized by A. an elongate framework including shaft means having opposite ends for connecting the frame wirk into a printing press to be rotated thereby, a disc member at each end of the framework connected respectively to one of said shaft ends and each disc member adapted to have one end of a thin-walled metal sleeve coupled thereto and circularly shaped thereby and an axially extending spacer connected between said shaft ends for fixedly spacing the disc members apart and maintaining the spacing during the use of the apparatus, B. the axially extending spacer being arranged to have such a length as to form the sleeve into cylindrical configuration in cooperation with the disc members and C. means for applying a uniform pressure on the interior of the sleeve every increment thereof over the entire area thereof between said ends in order to maintain its cylindrical configuration during use of the apparatus. 6. The apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that the axially extending spacer means comprise an elongate rigid cylinder whose outer diameter is less than the inner diameter of the sleeve which is adapted to be supported by the apparatus whereby there will be a cylindrical space defined between the outer surface of the rigid cylinder and the inner surface of the sleeve when it is installed, the said pressure being supplied into said cylindrical space and the sleeve thereby being mechanically unsupported throughout its major length during use. 7. The apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that said means for applying pressure include means for introducing fluid under pressure in the framework and transmitting the pressure to said cylindrical space when the sleeve is installed in place. 8. The apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the means for introducing pressure include at least one passageway through the shaft means and connecting conduit means between said passageway and the interior of said sleeve for applying said pressure on the interior wall of said sleeve. 9. The apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the means for introducing pressure include at least one passageway through the shaft means and means for establishing a connection between said passageway and an external source of fluid under pressure. 10. The apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that there is a generally cylindrical inflatable boot sealed to said rigid cylinder and the means for applying pressure include a conduit for leading fluid to the interior of the boot to expand same into engagement with the interior of the sleeve. 11. The apparatus according to claims 6 or 7, charac terized in that the opposite ends of the rigid cylinder are provided with respective inflatable cushions adapted to be inflated into engagement with the ends of the sleeve to seal and clamp said sleeve ends between the rigid cylinder and the shaft having a first passageway means for introducing a first fluid under pressure to the interiors of said cushions. 12. The apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that there is a coaxial inflatable boot disposed in the framework telecopically located on the interior of the sleeve and sealed at its ends and structure for leading the fluid to the interior of the boot to inflate the same against the inside surface of the sleeve. 13. The apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that there is at least one passageway coaxial with and through said shaft, habing its inner end terminating in the interior of the sleeve and its outer end terminating at one of said shaft means ends, a fluid tight connection coupling said sleeve ends, structure for leading fluid under pressure to one shaft means end and into said passageway from the exterior of the framework. 14. The apparatus according to claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the ends of the cylinder have washers closing same off, the shaft means are coaxial with the washers, the disc members are mounted on the shaft means, and the fluid bypasses the cylinder on the exterior thereof. 15. The apparatus according to claim 14, characterized in that the disc members have inwardly directed axially extending annular flanges and the sleeve is capable of being secured on the interior of the flanges. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, characterized in that said shaft includes a second passageway means independent of the said one passageway means to enable introducing a second fluid under pressure in the said annular space to inflate said sleeve when installed. 17. The apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that there are means for mounting said apparatus for rotation, an external source of fluid under pressure and means extablishing a rotatable fluid coupling leading from said external source of fluid under pressure to said interior whereby to apply fluid pressure thereto during rotation. 18. The apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the sleeve ends are in coupled ""B"" relationship with the respective disc members. 19. The apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that said elongate framework includes arigid hollow cylinder having end washers closing the same and said shaft means ends respectively are connected to the respective washers and are axially extending outwardly relative to said cylinder a coupling on the shaft ends for effecting the rotatable connection into the printing press, said framework including a disc member at each end of the calinder connected respectively to the shafts and capable for rotation with said framework, each disc member having a peripheral, annular, axially extending relatively short flange with the flanges and discs forming cup-like formations opening toward one another and having the inner diameter thereof larger than the exterior diameter of said cylinder, at least one of the discs being movable axially relative to the other disc and capable of being secured in a predetermined axial position each cup-like formation adapted to have one end of said sleeve coupled thereto for circularly shaping same thereby the position of the movable disc at a location relative to the other disc and the cylinder being fixed when the sleeve is in place so that the sleeve will form a second hollow cylinder coaxial of the first cylinder and surrounding the same and further including a pressurized fluid source, at least one end of said shaft means including a passageway leading fron said shaft means to a space between cylinders at a location axially outward said cylinders. 20. The apparatus as claimed in claim 19 characterized in that a passageway formed through said shaft, an external source of fluid under pressure and a connection between said source and said passageway communicate internally with the interior of the sleeve when said sleeve is so mounted and coupled. 21. Apparatus according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that each disc member has the ends thereof sealybly mounted and coupled to said respective ends of said sleeve, there being no mechanical support provides for said sleeve between its ends when said sleeve is so coupled, said a spacer being connected between the shaft ends for fixedly spacing the disc members apart and maintaining the spacing during the use of the apparatus. 22. The apparatus according to in any one of claim 5 to 21, characterized in that thin-walled metal sleeve has its ends adhesively engaged with said disc members in stretched condition. 23. The apparatus according to any one of claim 1 to 22, characterized in that the sleeve has an exterior thin film coating of a microcrystalline flexible photoconductive material. 24. Apparatus for supporting an imperforate thin walled metal sleeve which is flexible and collapsible when unsupported, for use as an ink transfer device in a printing press or the like characterized by A. an elongate hollow shaft having a plug at opposite ends thereafter and lateral passageways through the shaft wall between the ends thereof, B. each of the plugs having structure to enable the apparatus to be removably coupled to a printing press and be rotated by the press drive on an axis defined by the axis of the hollow shaft, C. an imperforate disc connected to each of the plugs coaxial with said shaft and having a circumferential groove on its face located radially inward of its outer edge, the diameter of the grooves being sub standially greater than the outer diameter of the hollow shaft, said grooves facing one another axially and providing seats for the ends of said thin walled metal sleeve adapted to be engaged therein and extending between said discs spaced outwardly of said hollow shaft, D. an elastomeric O-ring engaged in each groove and a locking ring also axially movable into said groove and adapted to engage said O-ring and press same into its groove whereby to clamp the ends of the thin-walled sleeve into the respective grooves while forming said ends into circles coaxial with said shaft, E. said apparatus providing no support for the said sleeve when so installed between the clamped ends thereof other than fluid pressure, F. means for securing the locking rings in said clamped engagement and G. a valve in at least one of said plugs to enable the admission of fluid under pressure into the interior of the sleeve when said sleeve is so mounted in said apparatus, the valve bein arranged to retain the fluid pressure in the apparatus. 25. The apparatus as claimed in claim 24, characterized in that the valve is capable of being opened to connect the apparatus to an external source of pressure while mounted in a printing press and rotating. 26. The apparatus as claimed in claim 25, characterized in that the valve is arranged automatically to close but retain said pressure if the apparatus is removed from said printing press. 27. The apparatus as claimed in claim 26, characterized in that the means for securing the locking rings comprise bolts extending through said discs from the exterior faces thereof and into engagement with the clamping rings on the interior of said grooves. 28. The apparatus as claimed in claim 27, characterized in that the said structure to enable coupling of said apparatus to a printing press comprise tapered sockets formed in each respective plug coaxial with said shaft and at least one of said sockets having key means, said sockets adapted to be engaged with male members connected with said printing press, at least the keyed socket adapted to be engaged with a male member that is rotary.";ANSELRODE, LODEWIJK, VERTEGAAL, JACOBUS GERARDUS;STORK BRABANT B.V.;1978
+EP-0003053-B1;19801126.0;19781228;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6029260.0;C07C99;C07C101;;124BG8B4B1M;PROCESS FOR THE CONTINUOUS PREPARATION OF ANTHRANILIC ACID;1. A process for the continuous preparation of anthranilic acid by reaction of an alkali metal phthalamate and/or alkali metal phthalimidate with a hypohalite in an aqueous medium, wherein a) phthalimide and/or phthalamic acid is dissolvent in a aqueous alkali metal hydroxyde solution in a ratio of from 3 to 3.5 moles of alkali metal hydroxide per mole of phthalimide and/or of from 2 to 2.5 moles of alkali metal hydroxide per mole of phthalamic acid, b) the resulting aqueous solution of alkali metal phthalamate and/or phthalimidate is mixed with an aqueous solution of an alkali metal hypochlorite in a mixing apparatus, c) the resulting mixture is reacted in the first part of a reaction tube at a high flow rate, at from 10 to 54 degrés C, under substantially adiabatic conditions, thereafter d) the reaction mixture which leaves the first part of the reaction tube at a high flow rate is allowed to complete the reaction in the second part of the said tube at from 55 to 90 degrees C and e) anthranilic acid is isolated in the conventional manner from the alkaline reaction mixture which leaves the tube.;"'Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Anthranilsäure Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Anthranilsäure durch zweistufige Umsetzung von phthalamidsaurem und/oder phthalimidsaurem Alkali mit Alkalihypohalogeniten, indem die erste Stufe weitgehend adiabatisch und beide Stufen unter Verwendung hoher Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten und unterschiedlicher Temperaturen durchgeftihrt werden, wobei zunächst Phthalimid und/oder Phthalamidsäure in einer bestimmten, UberschUssigen Alkalilaugenmenge gelöst werden und erst dann ohne weiteren Zusatz von Uberschüssigem Alkali die Lösung mit Hypohalogeniten vermischt und umgesetzt wird. Es ist aus der deutschen Patentschrift 1 224 748 bekannt, dass man phthalamidsaures Alkali durch Oxidation mit Alkalihypochlorit kontinuierlich zur Anthranilsäure umsetzt. Die Ausgangsstoffe werden in Form ihrer gekühlten, wässri- gen Lösungen miteinander in einer gekUhlten Mischkammer vermischt und in der ersten Reaktionsstufe, der Bildung von Phenylisocyanat-2-carbonsäure, in dem ein Kühlsystem enthaltenden Teil einer Reaktionskolonne umgesetzt. In der zweiten Stufe, der Bildung von Anthranilsäure, soll die Reaktionstemperatur 700C nicht übersteigen. In der TBeschreibung wird auf die Wichtigkeit, insbesondere in der' ersten Stufe die Reaktionswärme durch Kühlung abzufuhren, hingewiesen und eine Maximaltemperatur von +IOOC fUr die Bildung der Phenylisocyanat-2-carbonsäure genannt. Auch bei diskontinuierlicher Verfahrensweise der Umsetzung wurde bisher auf gute Kühlung Wert gelegt. Aus den deutschen Auslegeschriften 1 950 281 und 2 000 698 ist ein Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Anthranilsäure durch Umsetzung von phthalamidsaurem und/ oder phthalimidsaurem Alkali mit Hypohalogeniten in wässri- gem Medium bekannt, wobei man a) ein wässrige Lösung von phthalamidsaurem und/oder phthalimidsaurem Alkali und eine wässrige Lösung von Alkalihypochlorit in einer Mischvorrichtung mischt, b) die erhaltene Mischung im ersten Teil eines engen Reak tionsrohres mit hoher Strömungsgeschwindigkeit bei 10 bis 500C unter weitgehend adiabatischen Bedingungen un setzt, anschliessend c) die aus dem ersten Teil des Reaktionsrohres mit hoher Strömungsgeschwindigkeit abströmende Umsetzungsmischang im zweiten Teil des genannten Rohres bei 60 bis 800C zu Ende umsetzt und d) aus der abströmenden alkalischen Umsetzungsmischung in Ublicher Weise Anthanilsäure und/oder Isatosäureanhydrid abtrennt, und gegebenenfalls während der Stufe b) und/ oder der Stufe c) ein Reduktionsmittel zusetzt. Bei diesem Verfahren wird nur ein Teil des freien Alkalihydroxids schon beim Lösen des Ausgangsstoffes verwendet, ein weiterer Teil der Hypochlorltlösung zugesetzt. Vorteilhaft gelangen wässrige Lösungen von 10 bis 50 Gewichtsprozent Phthalimid und/oder Phthalamid zur Anwendung; die von 1 bis 1,1 Mol Alkalihydroxid Je Mol Phthalimid/Phthalamid enthalten. Es wird angegeben, dass die wässrigen Hypohalogenitlösungen vorteilhaft von 8 bis 15 Gewichtsprozent Hypohalogenit und von Orbis 3, vorzugsweise von 0,02 bis 2,1 Mol Alkalihydroxid Je Mol Phthalimid/Phthalamidsäure enthalten. In Beispiel 1 (Herstellung von Anthranilsäure) befindet sich Alkalibydroxid sowohl in der Phthalimidlösung in einer Menge von 1,1 Mol NaOH je Mol Phthalimid als auch in der Hypochloritlösung (1,4 Mol NaOK, bezogen auf 1 Mol Phthalimid). Die Auslegeschrift 1 950 281 gibt an, dass durch Einstellung der Ausgangslösungen in Bezug auf Alkalikonzentration die Bildung des Endstoffs beeinflusst wird. Bei einer Menge von 0,9 bis 1,1 Mol Alkali Je Mol Phthalimid bzw. Phthalamidsäure im Ausgangsgemisch erhält man Isatosäureanhydrid. Nur für diesen Fall sieht die Auslegeschrift, wie Beispiel 2 zeigt, eine Zugabe des gesamten Alkali zum Ausgangsstoff vor. Die deutsche Offenlegungsschrift 2 328 757 beschreibt ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aminen, z.B. auch Anthranilsäure, durch Umsetzung von Carbonsäureamiden mit Hypochloriten in Gegenwart von Brom, Jod und/oder Halogenamiden und überschüssigem Alkalihydroxid. Es wird angegeben, dass vorteilhaft wässrige Suspensionen von 1 bis 50 GewichtsPro- zent Ausgangscarbonsäureamid zur Anwendung gelangen. Die wässrigen Hypochloritlösungen enthalten im allgemeinen von 5 bis 15, vorzugsweise von 12 bis 14 Gewichtsprozent Hypochlorit und können zusätzlich von 0,2 bis 2,5 Mol, vorzugsweise 1 bis 2,1 Mol Alkalihydroxid je Mol Hypochlorit enthalten. Im Ausgangsgemisch beider Ausgangsstoffe kommen im J rallgemeinen Mengen von insgesamt 0,2 bis 2,5 Mol, vorzugsweise 1 bis 2,1 Mol Alkalihydroxid (nicht eingerechnet das im Hypochlorit enthaltene Alkali), bezogen auf 1 Mol Aus gangscarbonsäureamid und Carbonamidgruppe am Molekül, in Frage. Enthält die wässrige Hypochloritlösung kein freies Alkalihydroxid, so werden am Anfang oder im Laufe der Umsetzung zweckmässig von 0,2 bis 2, vorzugsweise 1 bis 2 Mol Alkalihydroxid pro Mol Hypochlorit zugeführt. Es wird beschrieben, dass für die Reaktion einem Gemisch von Ausgangscarbonsäureamid, Katalysator und Wasser eine wässrige Lösung des Hypohalogenits zugeführt und das Gemisch während 1 bis 4 000 Sekunden bei der Reaktionstemperatur gehalten wird. Dann wird im Falle von Phthalamidsäure wässrige Alkalilauge zugeführt und das Gemisch eine Sekunde bis zu 3 Stunden bei der Reaktionstemperatur, gegebenenfalls unter Erwärmen gehalten. - Je höher man die Reaktionstemperatur wählt, dest kürzer hält man zweckmässig die Reaktionszeit bis zur Zugabe der Alkalilauge. In einer bevorzugten Aus führungsform wird das Ausgangscarbonsäureamid, z.B. Phthalamidsäure, zuerst aus Carbonsäureanhydrid, Ammoniak und gegebenenfalls Alkalihydroxid bei einer Temperatur von in der Regel 20 bis 800C hergestellt und das so gebildete Reaktionsgemisch ohne Isolierung des Reaktionsproduktes direkt als Ausgangs stoff nach dem erfindungsgemässen Verfahren umgesetzt, In Beispiel 1 wird so zuerst phthalamidsaures Salz hergestellt, wobei sich in der Lösung kein Uberschüssi- ges Natriumhydroxid Je Mol Phthalamidsäure befinden, diese Lösung dann'mit Chlorlauge, die kein überschüssiges Alkalihydroxid enthält, vermischt und schliesslich 2 Mol Natri umhydroxid Je Mol Phthalamidsäure zugesetzt. Ein weiteres in der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift 2 357 749 beschriebenes Verfahren zeigt die entsprechende Herstellung von Aminen durch Umsetzung von Carbonsäureamiden mit Hypochloriten in Gegenwart von überschüssigem Alkalihydroxid und in Gegenwart von Polymerisationsinhibitoren. Vorteilhaft gelangen wässrige Suspensionen von 1 bis 50 Gewichtsprozent Ausgangscarbonsäureamid zur Anwendung. Die wässri- gen Hypochloritlösungen enthalten auch hier im allgemeinen von 5 bis 15, vorzugsweise von 12 bis 14 Gewichtsprozent Hypochlorit und können zusätzlich von 0,2 bis 2,5 Mol, vorzugsweise 1 bis 2,1 Mol, Alkalihydroxid je Mol Hypochlorit enthalten. Im Ausgangsgemisch beider Ausgangsstoffe kommen im allgemeinen Mengen von insgesamt 0,2 bis 2,5 Mol, vorzugsweise 1 bis 2,1 Mol Alkalihydroxid (nicht eingerechnet das im Hypochlorit enthaltene Alkali), bezogen auf 1 Mol Ausgangscarbonsäureamid und Carbonamidgruppe am Molekül, in Frage. Enthält die wässrige Hypochloritlö- sung kein freies Alkalihydroxid, so werden am Anfang oder im Laufe der Umsetzung zweckmässig von 0,2 bis 2, vorzugsweise 1 bis 2 Mol Alkalihydroxid pro Mol Hypochlorit zugeführt. Die Arbeitsweise bezüglich Zugabe von Alkalilauge entspricht der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift 2 328 757, wie auch alle Beispiele zeigen. In beiden Offenlegungsschriften wird ausdrücklich angegeben, dass man nur bei anderen Carbonsäureamiden, nicht bei Phthalamidsäure, zweckmässig das Alkali von Anfang an mit dem Ausgangsgemisch vereint und während einer Sekunde bis zu 3 Stunden die Umsetzung durchführt. Es wurde nun gefunden, dass man Anthranilsäure durch Umsetzung von phthalamidsaurem und/oder phthalimidsaurem Alkali mit Hypohalogeniten in wässrigem Medium vorteilhaft herstellt, wenn man a) Phthalimid und/oder Phthalamidsäure in wässriger Alkali lauge mit einem Verhältnis von 3 bis 3,5 Mol Alkali hydroxid je Mol Phthalimid und/oder von 2 bis 2,5 Mol Alkalihydroxid Je Mol Phthalamidsäure löst, b) die so gebildete wässrige Lösung von phthalamidsaurem und/oder phthalimidsaurem Alkali und eine wässrige Lö sung von Alkalihypochlorit in einer Mischvorrichtung mischt, c) die erhaltene Mischung im ersten Teil eines Reaktionsroh res mit hoher Strömungsgeschwindigkeit bei 10 bis 540C unter weitgehend adiabatischen Bedingungen umsetzt, an schliessend d) die aus dem ersten Teil des Reaktionsrohres mit hoher Strömungsgeschwindigkeit abströmende Umsetzungsmischung im zweiten Teil des genannten Rohres bei 55 bis 90 C zu Ende umsetzt und e) aus der abströmenden alkalischen Umsetzungsmischung in üblicher Weise Anthranilsäure abtrennt. Weiterhin wurde gefunden, dass man das Verfahren vorteilhaft ausführt, wenn man dem Reaktionsgemisch während der Stufe c) oder d) ein Reduktionsmittel zusetzt. Weiterhin wurde gefunden, dass man das Verfahren vorteilhaft ausführt, wenn die Umsetzung in Gegenwart von Brom, Jod und/oder Halogenamiden der Formel EMI6.1 worin R1 eine Sulfonsäuregruppe, einen Sulfonatrest, eine Sulfonamidgruppe bezeichnet, R2 ein Wasserstoffatom, einen aliphatischen Rest, ein Chloratom oder.Bromatom bedeutet, X ein Chloratom, Bromatom oder Wasserstoffatom bezeichnet, R1 und R2 darüber hinaus auch zusammen mit dem benachbarten Stickstoffatom Glieder eines heterocyclischen Restes, der mindestens eine dem Stickstoffatom benachbarte Sulfongruppe' oder Phosphonylgruppe der Formel EMI7.1 worin R3 für ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Alkaliatom steht, enthält, bezeichnen können, oder R1 und R2 zusammen auch den Rest EMI7.2 bedeuten können, worin R4 für einen Alkylenrest, den Rest EMI7.3 oder den Rest EMI7.4 R5 für ein Wasserstoffatom, ein Chloratom oder Bromatom und R6 für einen aliphatischen Rest stehen, durchgeführt wird. Die Umsetzung lässt sich für den Fall der Verwendung von Natriumhydroxid und Natriumhypochlorit durch die folgenden Formeln wiedergeben: EMI7.5 Im Vergleich zu den bekannten Verfahren liefert das Ver fahren nach der Erfindung Anthranilsäure auf einfacherem und wirtschaftlicherem Wege in teilweise besserer Ausbeute und Reinheit und wesentlich besserer Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute. Die Reaktion verläuft schneller und kann somit in wesentlich kleineren Rohrreaktoren durchgeführt werden. Der End stoff fällt in einer gröberen und besser ausgebildeten Kristallform von geringerer Restfeuchte an. Man erhält weniger schmierige, besser filtrierbare und trockenbare Kristalle, die im nachfolgenden Feststofftransport der Trocknungsanlage einen schnelleren und störungsfreieren Betrieb erlauben. Ausserdem ist der Zusatz der gesamten überschüssigen Alkalilauge in Stufe a) vorteilhaft. Denn bei den bekannten Verfahren werden die für den Ablauf des chemischen Prozesses benötigte Lauge nur zum Teil der Phthalimid (Phthalamid)-lösung, zum Teil der Bleichlauge oder erst nachträglich dem Gesamtgemisch zudosiert. Beim Betrieb ergeben sich durch Regelschwankungen Ungenauigkei ten in der Laugedosierung, die bei den bekannten Verfahren den Prozessablauf negativ beeinflussen, z.B. besteht bei Unterschuss von Natronlauge in der Phthalimidlösung die Ge fahr, dass Phthalimid ungelöst bleibt und Verstopfungen her vorruft. Schwankungen der Natronlaugemenge in der Bleich lauge führen zu Konzentrationsänderungen > die die Ausbeute beeinflussen. Mit einer zusätulichen Dosierung von Lauge in das Gesamtgemisch der Ausgangsstoffe (Phthalimid bzw. Phthalamidsäure und Hypochlorit) wird die Anzahl der erfor derlichen Regelungen noch weiter erhöht. Entsprechend ist der Betrieb des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens vergleichswei se sicherer und erfordert weniger Betrieb und oberwachungs- personal. Die Gesamtbetriebszeit, einschliesslich Herstellung des wässrigen Ausgangsgemisches und Aufarbeitung des Reakti onsgemisches, ist bei dem erfindungsgemässen Verfahren kürzer. Alle diese vorteilhaften Ergebnisse sind im Hinblick auf den Stand der Technik überraschend. J Der Ausgangs stoff wird in Stufe a) in wässriger Alkalilauge,' zweckmässig Kalilauge und insbesondere Natronlauge, gelöst. Vorteilhaft gelangen wässrige Lösungen von 10 bis 50, bevorzugt 15 bis 30 Gewichtsprozent (bezogen auf die reine Wassermenge) Phthalimid und/oder Phthalamidsäure zur Anwendung, die von 3 bis 3,5, bevorzugt 3,1 bis 3,2 Mol Alaklihydroxid je Mol Phthalflmid und/oder 2 bis 2,5, bevorzugt 2,1 bis 2,2 MoL'Alkalihydroxid Je Mol Phthalamidsäure enthalten. Die Lösung wird zweckmässig bei einer Temperatur von -5 bis +500cm vorzugsweise von 20 bis 30 0C, drucklos oder unter Druck, kontinuierlich durchgeführt. Verwendet man Xatalysatoren, z.B. die in der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift 2 357 749 oder vorteilhaft die in der deutschen Offenlegungsschrift 2 D28 757 beschriebenen Katalysatoren, so werden sie zweckmässig schon in Stufe a) dem Ausgangsstoff bzw. seiner Lösung zugesetzt. Man kann aber den Katalysator, zweckmässig im Gemisch mit Wasser, auch dem Ausgangsgemisch getrennt oder zusammen mit dem Hypohalogenit zusetzen. Als Katalysatoren kommen vorteilhaft Brom, Jod und/oder die vorgenannten Halogenamide I, im allgemeinen in einer Menge von 0,0001 bis 0,1, vorzugsweise von 0,001 bis 0,01 Mol Katalysator Je Mol Phthalimid bzw. Phthalamidsäure in Betracht. Anstelle der genannten Stoffe können auch Verbindungen, die unter den Reaktionsbedingungen solche Stoffe bilden, verwendet werden, z.B. Bromide und Jodide anstelle von Brom oder Jod. Zweckmässig wählt man wasserlösliche Halogenide. Diese Halogenide kommen vorteilhaft in Gestalt ihrer Erdal'xali- und insbesondere ihrer Alkalisalze in Frage, z.B. Calciumbromid, Cä!ciumjodid, Magnesiumbromid, Magnesiumjodid, Lithiumbromid, Lithiumjodid und insbesondere Natrium- und Kaliumbromid oder -jodid. Bevorzugte Halogenamide I sind solche, in deren Formel R1 eine Sulfonsäuregruppe, einen Sulfonatrest, insbesondere einen Al kalisulfonatrest wie Natriumsulfonat oder Kaliumsulfonat, eine SulSonamidgruppe bezeichnet, R2 ein Chloratom, ein Bromatom, einen Alkylrest mit 1-bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen oder insbesondere ein Wasserstoffatom bedeutet, X ein Bromatom, ein Chloratom oder zweckmässig ein Wasserstoffatom bezeichnet, R1 und R2 darüber hinaus auch zusammen mit dem benachbarten Stickstoffatom Glieder eines heterocyclischen, 5- oder 6-gliedrigen Ringes, der mindestens eine dem Stick stoffatom benachbarte Sulfongruppe oder Phosphonylgruppe der Formel EMI10.1 worin R3 für ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Alkaliatom, insbesondere ein Natriumatom oder Kaliumatom steht, enthält, bezeichnen können oder R1 und R2 zusammen auch den Rest EMI10.2 bedeuten können,worin R4 für einen Alkylenrest mit 2 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen, den Rest EMI10.3 oder den Rest EMI10.4 R5 für ein Wasserstoffatom, ein Chloratom oder Bromatom und RO für einen Alkylrest mit 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen, insbesondere die Methylgruppe, stehen. An den vorgenannten heterocyclischen Ring kann noch ein Phenylkern anelliert sein. Vor teilhaft- enthält der heterocyclische Rest 2 dem Stickstoffatom benachbarte Sulfon- oder Phosphongruppen oder zwei oder drei Sulfonamidogruppen oder Phosphonamidogruppen, insbesondere in demselben Ring, bei mehrkernigen heterocyciischen Resten. Vorgenannte bevorzugte Rest können noch durch unter den Reaktionsbedingungen inerte Gruppen oder Atome, z.B. Chloratome, Bromatome, Alkylgruppen mit 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen, den Phenylkern substituierende Carboxyl- oder Carboxylatgruppen, substituiert sein. Als Katalysatoren kommen z.B. in Betracht: Glutarimid, Adipinsäureamid, Succinimid; vorzugsweise Cyanursäure, 515-Dimethylhydantoin, Tri sulfami d, N-Methyl-sulfamin 'säure, Natriumtriimidometaphosphat; entsprechende Gemische vorgenannter Halogenamide I; Sulfaminsäure und ihre Salze, zweckmässig Alkalisalze wie das Natrium- oder Kaliumsalz, und insbesondere Sulfamid sind besonders bevorzugt, gegebenenfalls im Gemisch mit vorgenannten Halogenamiden I. Die wässrigen Hypochloritlösungen der Stufe b) enthalten vorteilhaft von 5 bis 15, insbesondere 12 bis 14 Gewichtsprozent Hypochlorit und keine wesentlichen Mengen, höchstens bis zu 0,01 Mol überschüssiges Alkalihydroxid Je Mol Phtha' imid/?hthalamidsdure. Bevorzugte Alkalihypochlorite sind das Kaliumsalz oder insbesondere Natriumhypochlorit. Im allgemeinen wird die Reaktion mit einem Verhältnis von Hypohalogenit von 1 bis 2, vorzugsweise 1 bis 1,2 Mol Hypohalogenit je Mol Phthalimid und/oder Phthalamidsäure durchgeführt. Vorteilhaft vermischt man den Ausgangsstoff in seiner wassrigen, alkalischen Lösung vorgenannter Konzentration aus Stufe a) mit der Alkalihypochlorltlösung in Stufe b) in vorgenanntem Mengenverhältnis in einer Mischungsvorrichtung. Solche Vorrichtungen können Mischzellen, Mischdüsen oder Kammern müt Rührwerke hoher Umdrehungszahl sein. Die Mischung wird in der Regel bei einer Temperatur zwischen 0 und'SOoC, vorteilhaft zwischen 25 und 450c, drucklos oder unter Druck, kontinuierlich durchgeführt. Die Reaktion wird vorteilhaft in 2 Reaktionsräumen (Stufe c) und d)) unter weitgehender Vermeidung der Rückmischung in beiden Räumen und weitgehend adiabatisch in der ersten Stufe durchgeführt. Die Umsetzung erfolgt in 2 Reaktions schritten, der Reaktionsstufe c), der Umsetzung des Aus gangsstoffes über das N-chlor-phthalamidsaure Alkalisalz zum phenylisocyanat-2-carbonsauren Alkalisalz und der fol genden Stufe d) der Umsetzung des Alkali salzes zur Anthra nilsäure. Die erste Reaktionsstufe wird weitgehend unter adiabatischen Bedingungen durchgeführt, die entstehende Reaktionswärme erwärmt dabei das Umsetzungsgemisch in der J Regel auf eine Temperatur zwischen 20 und 50 C. Aus der Mischungsvorrichtung gelangt das Reaktionsgemisch in den Reaktionsraum der ersten Reaktionsstufe (Stufe c)) > der aus einem vorteilhaft engen Reaktionsrohr besteht, und von dort nach der Umsetzung in den Reaktionsraum der folgenden Stufe (Stufe d)). Mischurgvorrichtung, der Reaktionsraum der ersten Stufe und die Lösungen der Ausgangsstoffe brauchen nicht gekühlt zu werden. Ein bevorzugtes Merkmal des Verfahrens nach der Erfindung ist die weitgehende Vermeidung der Rückmischung in Stufe c), ein rascher Entzug des Reaktionsgemisches aus c) und seine Zuführung - unter weitgehender Vermeidung der Rückmischung - in die Stufe d). Zweckmässig stellt man durch einen engen Querschnitt des Reaktionsrohres der ersten Stuten und Verwendung entsprechender Transportpumpen eine hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Reaktionsgemisches ein. Als Pumpen können z.B. Strahl-, Rotations-, Kreiskoljen-, Walzkolben-, SchrSubenkolben-, Exzenter-, Flügel-, Kreisel-, Axial-, Propeller-pumpen verwendet werden. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform des Verfahrens werden die Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten durch Querschnitt und Länge des Reaktionsrohres bestimmt. Vorteilhaft sind z.B. Reaktorquerschnitte von 10 bis 10 000 mm2 und Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten von 0 > 1 bis 10, insbesondere 0,2 bis 3 m/sec, vorzugsweise 0,5 bis 1 m/sec. Bei diesen Geschwindigkeiten wird in der Regel in einer Verweilzeit von 0,4 bis 40, vorzugsweise von 0,7 bis 20 Sekunden der Ausgangsstoff in der Stufe c) weitgehend über des am Stickstoffatom chlorierte Phthalsäuremonoamid zum Alkalisalz der Phenylisocyanat-2-carbonsä.ure umgesetzt. Das gebildete Alkali salz wird, bedingt durch die hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeit, dem Reaktionsraum der Stufe c) sofort entzogen, der folgenden Stufe zugeführt und dort, im allgemeinen mit einer Verweilzeit von 0 > 3 bis 150, vorzugsweise von 0 > 4 bis 40 Sekunden, zur Anthranilsäure umgesetzt. Die hohe Strömungsgeschwindigkeit verhindert gleichzeitig weitgehend eine Rückmischung innerhalb der ge-' samten Umsetzung des Reaktionsgemisches. Insbesondere wird die Rückmischung des gebildeten Endstoffs mit dem Reakti onsgemisch der Stufe c) vermieden und damit die Bildung von Nebenprodukten durch Umsetzung des Hypohalogenits bzw. des N-chlorierten Phthalsäuremonoamids mit dem Endstoff und/oder durch entsprechende Umsetzungen in den Gemischen der Stufen c) und d) unterdrückt. Die Reaktion wird in Stufe c) bei einer Temperatur von 10 bis 540c, vorzugswei se zwischen 20 und 540cm insbesondere zwischen 20 und 45 C, in der Stufe d) von 55 bis 90 C, vorzugsweise von 60 bis 850C, drucklos oder unter Druck durchgeführt. Am Ende der Reaktionsfolge wird das Reaktionsgemisch entnommen und kann als alkalische Lösung der Anthranilsäure weiterverar beitet werden, da der Endstoff in ausgezeichneter Reinheit anfällt. Die Isolierung der Endstoffe aus den alkalischen Lösungen kann durch Ausfällen mit Säuren, z.B. Salzsäure. oder Schwefelsäure, und nachfolgender Filtration vorgenom men werden. Die Umsetzung kann vorteilhaft in Stufe c) oder insbesonde re Stufe d) unter Zusatz einer grossen Zahl von in Wasser und/oder Alkalien löslichen oder mit ihnen mischbaren, in der deutschen Auslege schrift 2 000 698 beschriebenen Re duktionsmitteln durchgeführt werden. Geeignet sind bei spielsweise Hydride wie Natriumborhydrid, Lithiumtriäth oxy-aluminiumhydrld; reduzierende Schwefelverbindungen wie Natriumsulfid, Natriumhydrogensulfid, Ammoniumsulfid, schweflige Säure, Schwefeldioxid, Natriumdithionit, Natri umthiosulfat, Natriumformaldehydsulfoxylat, Thioharnstoff dioxid; Hydrazin und seine Salze, z.B. das Sulfat oder Chlorid; Glucose. Bevorzugte Reduktionsmittel sind Natrium sulfit und Natriumbisulfit. Das Reduktionsmittel kann in stöchiometrischem Verhältnis oder im Uberschuss zum zugege benen Hypohalogenit, vorzugsweise von 0,005 bis 0,1 Xqui J rValenten Reduktionsmittel Je Mol Hypochlorit, verwendet werden. Zweckmässig kommen Lösungen des Reduktionsmittels in Wasser, .B. 10- bis 40*gewichtsprozentige, wässrige Na triumbisulfitlösungen, in Betracht. Der Zusatz des Reduktionsmittels kann, diskontinuierlich oder in der Regel kontinuierlich, vorteilhaft dem Reaktionsgemisch hinter demReaktionsraum der Stufe c) und vor Ende der Stufe d) der Reaktion erfolgen. Man kann das Reduktionsmittel an mehreren Stellen oder zweckmässig an einer Stelle dem Gemisch während der- Umsetzung der in der ersten Reaktionsstufe gebildeten Phenylisocyanat-2-carbonsäure zur Anthranilsäure zusetzen, vorteilhaft direkt nach Beendigung der 'Jmsetzung des Ausgangsstoffes zur Phenyl isocyenat-2-carbonsäure. Die Beendigung der Reaktionsstufe c) wird in der Regel durch einen Temperaturanstieg von 20 bis 30 0C auf etwa 45 bis 500C angezeigt. Die Geschwindigkeit des Zusatzes richtet sich in der Regel nach der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Reaktionsgemisches, wobei die Konzentration der zugesetzten Lösung und das vorgenannte Verhältnis Reduktionsmittel zu Ausgangshypohalogenit zu berücksichtigen sind. Die Dosierung der Reduktionslösung kann in beliebiger Weise, über Kammern mit RUhrwerken, Mischdüsen oder vorzugsweise über eine Mischzelle, erfolgen. Die Reaktion kann nach Zugabe des Reduktionsmittels im Reaktionsrohr mit hoher Strömungsgeschwindigkeit, z.B. mit 0,2 bis 3 m/sec, oder auch ohne Verminderung der Ausbeute in einem Reaktionsrohr beliebiger Dimensionierung erfolgen. Querschnitt, Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und Temperatur der Ausgangslösungen bestimmen im allgemeinen die Lange der Rohrstrecke, in der die erste Reaktionsstufe c) durchgeführt wird. Beispielsweise ist die Stufe c) bei einem Rohrquerschnitt von 2 200 mm2 und bei einer Strö mungsgeschwindigkeit von etwa 1 m/sec bei einer Ausgangstemperatur von etwa 400C in der Regel nach etwa 1,5 Meter Länge des Reaktionsrohres beendigt, anschliessend wird zweckmässig das Reduktionsmittel zugeführt. Die nach dem Verfahren der Erfindung herstellbaren Verbindungen sind wertvolle Ausgangsstoffe für die Herstellung von Farbstoffen und Riechstoffen. Bezüglich der Verwendung wird auf die genannten Patentschriften und Ullmanns Encyklopädie der technischen Chemie (4. Auflage), Band 8, Seite 375, verwiesen. Die in den folgenden Beispielen angeführten Teile bedeuten Gewichtsteile. Sie verhalten sich zu den Volumenteilen wie Kilogramm zu Liter. Beispiel 1 Man verwendet eine Anlage, die aus einer Mischdüse und einem Reaktionsrohr von 1,1 Meter Länge und 53 Millimeter Innendurchmesser besteht. 590 Teile flüssiges Phthalimid werden stündlich in einer Mischdüse kontinuierlich in 2 103 Teilen wässriger, 25-gewichtsprozentiger Natronlauge und 4 752 Teilen Wasser gelöst und kontinuierlich 18 Teile/h 30-gewichtsprozentige, wässrige Lösung des Natriumsalzes der Amidosulfonsäure zugeführt. Die gebildete Lösung wird stündlich in der Mischdüse mit 1 750 Teilen wss- riger Natriummypochloritlösung (242 Teilen Natriumhypochlorit; 13,8 Gewichtsprozent akt. Chlor) bei 420C gemischt. Die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit im nachfolgenden Re aktionsrohr beträgt 1,07 Meter pro Sekunde. Die Verweilzeit beträgt eine Sekunde. Das Reaktionsgemisch wird im ersten Teil des Reaktionsrohres (Stufe c)) (0,3 m) weitgehend adiabatisch (von 42 bis 530C) umgesetzt, wobei im verbleibenden Reaktionsraum eine Selbsterwärmung bis 890C auftritt. Das Gemisch wird kontinuierlich stündlich mit 25 Teilen 40-gewichtsprozentiger, wässriger Natriumbi- - sulfitlösung versetzt, auf 1OOC abgekühlt und mit Salzsäure auf pH-Wert 4,2 eingestellt, abgesaugt und der Filterrückstand mit Wasser gewaschen und getrocknet. Man erhält stündlich 535 Teile (97 % der Theorie) Anthranilsäure (99,3 %) vom Fp 146,20C; Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute: 268 Teile pro Stunde und Liter. Beispiel 2 Führt man die Umsetzung analog Beispiel 1, aber ohne Zugabe von Amidosulfonsäure durch, so erhält man stündlich 506 Teile (92 % der Theorie) Anthranilsäure von einem Gehalt von 99,1 Prozent und Fp 146,10C. Raum-Zeit-Ausbeute: 27 Teile pro Stunde und Liter. Vergleich Filtrierleistung Restfeuchte (Teile Anthrfil- (Gew. vor dem säure/h . m) Trocknen nach dem Filtrieren Beispiel 1 150 6 Beispiel 2 130 9 Beispiel 1 DAS 1 950 281 90 20 Beispiel DAS 2 000 698 90 20 Beispiel 1 DOS 2 328 757 120 10 J";WatentansprUche 1. Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Anthra nilsäure durch Umsetzung von phthalamidsaurem und/oder phthalimidsaurem Alkali mit Hypohalogeniten in wässrigem Medium, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man a) Phthalimid und/oder Phthalamidsäure in wässriger Alka lilauge mit einem Verhältnis von 9 bis 3,5 Mol Alka lihydroxid Je Mol Phthalimid und/oder von 2 bis 2,5 Mol Alkalihydroxid Je Mol Phthalamidsäure löst, by die so gebildete wässrige Lösung von phthalamidsaurem und/oder phthalimidsaurem Alkali und eine wässrige Lösung von Alkalihypochlorit in einer Mischvorrich tung mischt, c) die erhaltene Mischung im ersten Teil eines Reakti onsrohres mit hoher Strömungsgeschwindigkeit bei 10 bis 540C unter weitgehend adiabatischen Bedingungen umsetzt, anschliessend d) die aus dem ersten Teil des Reaktionsrohres mit hoher Strömungsgeschwindigkeit abströmende Umsetzungsmi Mischung im zweiten Teil des genannten Rohres bei 55 bis 90 0C zu Ende umsetzt und e) aus der abströmenden alkalischen Umsetzungsmischung in üblicher Weise Anthranilsäure abtrennt. 2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man dem Reaktionsgemisch während der Stufe c) oder d) ein Reduktionsmittel zusetzt. J '3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass die Umsetzung in Gegenwart'von Brom, Jod und/ oder Halogenamiden der Formel EMI18.1 worin R1 eine Sulonsäuregruppe, einen Sulfonatrest, eine Sulfonamidgruppe bezeichnet, R2 ein Wasserstoffatom, einen aliphatischen Rest, ein Chloratom oder Bromatom bedeutet, X ein Chloratom, Bromatom oder Wasserstoffatom bezeichnet, R1 und R2 darüber hinaus auch zusammen mit dem benachbarten Stickstoffatom Glieder eines heterocylischen Restes, der mindestens eine dem Stickstoffatom benachbarte Sulfongruppe oder Phosphonylgruppe der Formel EMI18.2 worin R3 für ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Alkaliatom steht, enthält, bezeichnen können, oder 1 R1 und R2 zusammen auch den Rest EMI18.3 bedeuten können, worin Rg für einen Alkylenrest, den Rest EMI18.4 oder den Rest EMI18.5 R5 für ein Wasserstoffatom, ein Chloratom oder Bromatom und RU für einen aliphatischen Rest stehen, durchgeführt wird.;GRIMMER, JOHANNES, KILPPER, GERHARD, DR.;BASF AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;1978
+EP-0003057-B1;19810429.0;19781229;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6029108.0;H05F3;E04F15;H05F3, A47G27, E04F15;E04F  15/16, H05F   3/02B, A47G  27/04C3;TEXTILE FLOOR COVERING AND METHOD OF LAYING THE SAME;1. Web-shaped textile flooring with or without a backing of any type, comprising an effective layer capable of leading off electrostatic charges and earthed electric conductors arranged in the form of a network, characterized in that the network formed by conductors (13) being in direct contact with each other is in direct continuous contact with the effective layer (12) and that a broader conductor strip (15) extending in longitudinal web direction and contacting the conductors (13) of the conductor network is provided.;Textiler Bodenbelaq und Verfahren zu seiner Verlegung Die Erfindung betrifft einen bahnförmigen textilen Bodenbelag mit oder ohne Trägerschicht jeglicher Art, mit einer Nutzschicht und eingearbeiteten elektrischen Leitern. Textile Bodenbeläge, wie Teppichböden, Filze oder Vliese z.B. mit einer vorgefertigten oder bei der Herstellung der Nutzschicht erzeugten Trägerschicht, können sich, insbesondere, wenn sie aus synthetischem Material bestehen, bei geringer relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit durch Reibung aufladen. Diese Aufladung, die Potentiale von bis zu 10.000 Volt erreichen kann, hat zwar keinen unmittelbar schädigenden Einfluss, sie wirkt sich aber auf den Menschen unangenehm aus, weil beim Berühren von Metallteilen Funkenüberschläge erfolgen. Ausserdem können hochempfindliche elektronische Anlagen, wie Computer, sowohl durch die Aufladung als auch durch den Funkenüberschlag gestört werden. Zur Vermeidung bzw. Verringerung der elektrostatischen Aufladung von textilen Bodenbelägen ist es bekannt, in die Belänge ein hygroskopisches Material einzuarbeiten oder einzusprühen, das eine grössere Feuchtigkeit im Bodenbelag bin det. Die Feuchtigkeit bewirkt eine Verteilung elektrostatischer Ladungsträger und verhindert so die Entstehung hoher Spannungspotentiale. Die chemische Behandlung des Bodenbelages wirkt aber nicht dauerhaft und muss von Zeit zu Zeit durch Nachsprühen erneuert werden. Ferner ist es bekannt, textile Bodenbeläge mit einer Stahlfaserbeimischung zu versehen. Die Stahlfasern werden der Nutzschicht in Form von Stapelfasern zugegeben. Dies be wirkt eine gewisse elektrische Leitfähigkeit im Bodenbelag, die auch permanent beibehalten wird. Ausserdem ist die Einarbeitung von Kohlefäden als elektrische Leiter bekannt. Diese bekannten Massnahmen bewirken eine Ladungsverteilung innerhalb des Bodenbelages. Durch die flächenhafte Bodenberührung des Bodenbelages kann eine gewisse undefinierte Ableitung nach Erde erfolgen, so dass stärker Aufladungen, die zu stärkeren Funkenentladungen führen, vermieden werden. Es ergibt sich jedoch keine vollflächig wirkende Erdung. Im übrigen kann auf dem menschlichen Körper elektrische Ladung entstehen durch andere Ursachen als Reibung zwischen Schuhwerk und Bodenbelag, nämlich durch Reibung von hauptsächlich synthetischer Wäsche auf dem menschlichen Körper. Diese kann jedoch nur auf den Bodenbelag gelangen, falls leitfähiges Schuhmaterial vorliegt. Bei einem weiteren bekannten Bodenbelag (US-PS 2 302 003) sind in die Nutzschicht elektrisch leitend gemachte Baumwollfäden eingearbeitet. Diese sind mit einer unter der Nutzschicht angebrachten Schicht aus leitendem Gummi ver bunden. Die Verlegung dieses Teppichbodens und der elektrische Anschluss der leitenden Gummischicht erfordert umfangreiche Vorbereitungen. Auf dem Boden werden im allgemeinen elektrische Leiter verlegt, die beim Auflegen des Bodenbelages in Kontakt mit der leitenden Gummischicht kommen. Diese Vorbereitungsarbeiten sind aufwendig und teuer. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, einen bahnförmigen textilen Bodenbelag der eingangs genannten Art zu schaffen, durch dessen Konstruktion aufgrund definierter vollflächig wirkender Erdung es nicht mehr möglich ist, dass statische Elektrizität überhaupt auftritt und dessen elektrischer Erdungsanschluss schnell und einfach herstellbar ist= Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäss vorgesehen, dass ein flächenförmiges Leiternetz in Flächenkontakt zur Nutzschicht angeordnet ist und dass ein in Bahnlängsrichtung verlaufender breiterer Leiterstreifen vorgesehen ist, der mit den Leitern des Leiternetzes in Kontakt ist. Durch das flächenförmige Leiternetz, das direkt Kontakt mit der Nutzschicht hat und an Erdungsanschluss angeschlossen ist, wird eine echte definierte Ableitfähigkeit über die gesamte Bodenfläche erreicht, d.h. es ergibt sich eine vollflächige definierte Erdung der Bodenbelagfläche. Die Herstellung der elektrischen Verbindung des Leiternetzes erfolgt über den Leiterstreifen, in dessen Bereich ein Verbindungselement durch den Bodenbelag hindurchgetrieben wird. Der Erdungsanschluss wird in Kontakt mit dem Verbindungselement gebracht. Dies kann beispielsweise dadurch geschehen, dass auf dem Fussboden des mit dem Bodenbelag zu belegenden Raumes ein Leiterband verlegt ist, das quer zu den Leiter streifen der einzelnen Bodenbelagbahnen verläuft. An den Kreuzungspunkten der Leiterstreifen mit dem am Boden verlegten Leiterband wird jeweils ein Kontaktelement durch den Bodenbelag hindurchgetrieben. Das Kontaktelement erhält somit elektrischen Kontakt sowohl mit dem betreffenden Leiterstreifen als auch mit dem Leiterband. Bei dem Kontaktelement kann es sich um einen Nagel handeln. Auf diese Weise wird der gesamte Bodenbelag an Erdpotential angeschlossen, wobei eine auf dem Bodenbelag drehende Person jedoch über einen ausreichend hohen Widerstand geerdet ist. Der Erdungsanschluss bewirkt, dass innerhalb des gesamten Bodenbelags Erdpotential herrscht, so dass das Spannungspotential an jeder Stelle des Bodenbelages stets Null beträgt. Lediglich wenn beispielsweise eine auf dem Bodenbelag stehende Person eine elektrische Stromleitung berührt und sich der hohe Widerstand der Nutzschicht schützend auswirkt, kann vorübergehend eine Spannungsdifferenz am Bodenbelag auftreter Die elektrischen Leiter können in direktem Kontakt zur Nutzschicht zwischen dieser und einer beliebigen Rückenlage angeordnet sein. Weitere Möglichkeiten ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen 6 und 7. Die elektrischen Leiter, die untereinander in Kontakt stehen, bilden eine gitterförmige Lage, die in direktem Kontakt mit der Nutzschicht steht, und sie haben gleichzeitig elektrische Verbindung mit dem Leiterstreifen. Auf diese Weise ist sichergestellt, dass sowohl in Längsrichtung als auch in Querrichtung des Bodenbelages eine elektrische Ableitung erfolgt. Aus einer Bodenbelagbahn können an beliebiger Stelle Stücke herausgeschnitten werden, die sämtlich vollflächig das gitterförmige Leiternetz enthalten, so dass an allen Stellen des Bodenbelages eine Verteilung und Ableitung von Ladungsträgern möglich ist. Werden einzelne Stücke des Bodenbelages gegeneinandergesetzt, dann können die Leiter der aneinander angrenzenden Stücke miteinander verbunden werden. Der Widerstand zwischen zwei Punkten des Bodenbelages liegt bei dieser Ausbildung in der Grössenordnung von 106 bis 108 Ohm. Der Erdableitwiderstand ist von derselben Grössenordnung. Innerhalb des Bodenbelages soll der elektrische Widerstand zum Abführen der Ladungen zwar möglichst gering sein, jedoch sollte vermieden werden, dass der Körper einer Person, die auf dem Bodenbelag steht oder geht, niederohmig geerdet wird. In diesem Falle wäre die Gefährdung beim Berühren einer Stromleitung zu gross. Der erforderliche Über- gangswiderstand zwischen den geerdeten Leitern im Inneren des Bodenbelages und einem auf dem Bodenbelag befindlichen Körper wird von der Nutzschicht gebildet. Dies bedeutet, dass bei einer Widerstandsmessung auf dem Bodenbelag die Entfernung der beiden Messpunkte, zwischen denen der Widerstand gemessen wird, das Messergebnis nur ganz unwesentlich beeinflusst. Die Erfindung ist bei Velourteppichen anwendbar, sie kann aber auch bei allen anderen Arten von textilen Bodenbelägen mit oder ohne Trägerschicht realisiert werden, beispielsweise bei Boucleware und bei ebener Ware (Nadelfilz). Die elektrischen Leiter können wellenförmig verlaufen, wobei die Wellen seitlich benachbarter Leiter sich in gegenseitigem Kontakt überlappen. Die Wellen können sinusförmig, dreieckförmig, rechteckförmig usw. sein. Die wellenförmige Verlegung hat den Vorteil einer besonders einfachen Fertigung. Weitere Möglichkeiten des Leiterverlaufes und der Leiteranordnung sind in den Unteransprüchen 2 bis 7 gekennzeichnet. In vorteilhafter Weiterbildung der Erfindung sind die elektrischen Leiter in direktem Kontakt zur Nutzschicht zwischen dieser und einer beliebigen Rückenlage angeordnet. Die Leiter sowie der Leiter streifen haben eine ganz geringe Stärke, so dass sie in der Kontur des Bodenbelages nicht in Erscheinung treten. Die Stärke beträgt beispielsweise ca. 0,15 mm. Im folgenden wird ein bevorzugtes Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung unter Bezugnahme auf die Figuren näher erläutert. Figur 1 zeigt schematisch einen Querschnitt durch einen Velour-Teppichboden mit einem durch den Leiterstreifen getriebenen Verbindungselement, Figur 2 zeig eine Draufsicht auf eine Rückenlage mit aufgelegten elektrischen Leitern und Leiterstreifen, und Figur 3 zeigt in Draufsicht das Schema einer Verlegung mehrerer Bodenbelagbahnen in einem Raum. Der in Figur 1 dargestellte Velour-Teppichboden weist eine Rückenlage 10 aus Filz, einem Schaumstoffmaterial o.dgl. auf. Auf der Rückenlage 10 befindet sich eine Klebeschicht 11, z.B. aus Polyäthylen, die die Polträgerschicht 20 mit der Rückenlage verbindet. 12 bezeichnet die Polhaare, die durch die Trägerschicht 20 durchgearbeitet sind. Auf die Klebeschicht 11 sind auf der der Trägerschicht 20 zugewandten Seite draht- oder bandformige elektrische Leiter 13 aufqelegt, die gemäss Figur 2 in Längsrichtung der Teppichbahn 14 verlaufen und wellenförmig verlegt sind. Die Wellen der einzelnen Leiter 13 überlappen sich teilweise, so dass seitlich benachbarte Leiter 13 in direktem Kontakt miteinander und mit den Polhaaren 12 stehen. Die Überlappungen erfolgen jeweils an den Maxima der Wellenlinien. Auf diese Weise ist die gesamte Fläche der Trägerschicht 20 bzw. der Klebeschicht 11 mit Leitern belegt, die sich in Längsrichtung der Bahn 14 erstrecken und untereinander Querverbindungen haben. In Längsrichtung der Bahn 14 verläuft ferner in der Nähe der einen Bahnkante ein Leiterstreifen 15. Dieser kann z.B. aus einer sehr dünnen Metallfolie bestehen und steht in elektrischem Kontakt mit den Leitern 13. Er dient zur Ermöglichung eines elektrischen Anschlusses an eine externe Erdungseinrichtung. An dem Leiterstreifen 15 ist zur Herstellung der Erdungsverbindung ein Nagel 16 oder ein anderes leitendes Verbindungsteil durch den Bodenbelag hindurchgetrieben, so dass es in leitender Verbindung mit dem Leiterstreifen 15 steht. Unterhalb des Bodenbelages ist auf dem Fussboden 17 ein Leiterband 18 verlegt, das quer zu den Leiterstreifen 15 sämtlicher Bodenbelagbahnen verläuft, wie aus Figur 3 hervorgeht. Das Leiterband 18 ist mit einem Erdungsanschluss 19 verbunden und leitet das Erdpotential an die verschiedenen Leiterelemente 16, die es auf die Leiterstreifen 15 der nebeneinanderliegenden Bodenbelagbahnen weiterleiten. Die einzige Installation, die auf dem Fussboden vorgenommen wer den muss, besteht in der Befestigung des Leiterbandes 18, das zweckmässigerweise aufgeklebt wird.;Ansprüche 1. Bahnförmiger textiler Bodenbelag mit oder ohne Trägerschicht jeglicher Art, mit einer ableitfähigen Nutzschicht und ein gearbeiteten elektrischen Leitern, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t, dass ein flächenförmiges Lei tcrneLz (13) in Flächenkontakt zur Nutzschicht (12) ancJeoriot ist und dass ein in Bahnlängsrichtung verlau fender breiterer Leiterstreifen (15) vorgesehen ist, der mit den Leitern (13) des Leiternetzes in Kontakt ist. 2. Textiler Bodenbelag nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass die elektrischen Leiter (13) wellenförmig ver laufen und dass die Wellen seitlich benachbarter Leiter sich in gegenseitigem Kontakt überlappen. 3. Textiler Bodenbelag nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrischen Leiter geradlinig und sich kreuzend verlaufen. 4. Textiler Bodenbelag nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrischen Leiter verschlungen und sich kreuzend verlaufen. 5. Textiler Bodenbelag nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, da durch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrischen Leiter (13) in direktem Kontakt zur Nutzschicht (12) zwischen dieser und einer beliebigen Rückenlage (10) angeordnet sind. 6. Textiler Bodenbelag nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrischen Leiter (13) in direk tem Kontakt zur Nutzschicht (12) in die die Nutzschicht tragende Trägerschicht unmittelbar eingearbeitet sind. 7. Textiler Bodenbelag nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrischen Leiter (13) in direk tem Kontakt zur Nutzschicht (12) unterhalb dieser angeord net sind. 8. Textiler Bodenbelag nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass der Leiterstreifen (15) m t einem Kontakt element (16) verbunden ist, das über eine Leitung (19) an dem Erdungsanschluss angeschlossen ist. 9.¯Textiler Bodenbelag nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass das Kontaktelement ein Nagel (16) oder eine Schraube ist. 10. Verfahren zum Verlegen eines textilen Bodenbelags nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf einem Unterboden quer zur vorgesehenen Bahnrichtung des Bodenbelages ein geerdetes Leiterband (18) verlegt wird, und dass an den Kreuzungspunkten des Leiterbandes (18) mit den Leiterstreifen (15) jeweils ein Kontakt element (16) durch den Bodenbelag in den Unterboden ge trieben wird.;CLEVEN, BERNDT, Cleven, Hans-Jürgen, Dipl.-Ing.;CLEVEN, BERNDT, CLEVEN, HANS-JURGEN, DIPL.-ING.;1978
+EP-0003059-B1;19810107.0;19781229;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;4182081.0;C07C103;A01N37;C07C235, C07C67, C07C231, A01N39;124BG12B3D2B2F6, 124BG12B2D2F, A01N  39/02;HERBICIDALLY ACTIVE 4-(P-PHENOXY-PHENOXY)-ALPHA-PROPIONIC ACID ALKOXYALKYLAMIDES, PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION, HERBICIDAL AGENTS CONTAINING THEM AND THEIR USE;"1. A herbicically acitive 4-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-alpha-phenoxypropionic acid alkoxyalkyl amide fo the formula I see diagramm : EP0003059,P12,F1 wherein ""alkylene"" represents a straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon chain of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and R represents an alkyl radical of 1 to 4 carbon atoms.";"Herbizid wirksame a-(4-Phenoxy-phenoxy) propionsäure-alkoxyalkylamide, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und sie enthaltende herbizide Mittel und deren Verwendung Vorliegende Erfindung betrifft neue herbizid wirksame, trifluormethylierte &alpha;-(4-Phenoxy-phenoxy)- propionsäure-alkoxyalkylamide, Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung, ferner herbizide Mittel, die diese neuen Verbindungen als Wirkstoffe enthalten, sowie die Verwendung der neuen Wirkstoffe und der sie enthaltenden Mittel zur selektiven Bekämpfung von Unkräutern in Kulturpflanzenbeständen. In den letzten Jahren ist eine reichaltige Patentliteratur über herbizid wirksame, in verschiedener Weise substituierte Diphenyläther einschliesslich Phenoxy-phenoxy-alkancarbonsäuren, ihre Salze, Ester und andere Derivate erschienen. Den nächstliegenden Stand der Technik bilden verschiedene Amide der 4-(p- Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)a-phenoxy-propionsäure. Amide dieser Säure ohne funktionelle Gruppe im Amidteil sind in den Dr-OS 2 433 067, 2 531 643 und 2 639 796 publiziert worden, wie das Amid und das Methylamid. Amide dieser Säure mit Aethergruppen (auch cyclischen) in der Amid Seitenkette finden sich in der DT-OS 2 531 643 und in der japanischen Offenlegungsschrift 52-130912 wie das N-Methoxy-amid und das Morpholid. Die neuen 4-(p-Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-a-phenoxy- propionsäure-alkoxyalkylamide vorliegender Erfindung entsprechen der Formel I EMI2.1 <tb> <SEP> CII <tb> <SEP> 3 <tb> OF <SEP> 5 <SEP> O-CH-C-NH-alkylen-Ow <tb> <SEP> 0 <tb> worin f' ""Alkylen"" eine gerade oder verzweigte gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 1 bis 4 C-Atomen, und R einen Alkylrest mit 1 bis 4 C-Atomen darstellen. Der Alkylrest kann geradkettig oder verzweigt sein und schliesst also Methyl, Aethyl, Propyl, Isopropyl und die vier möglichen Butylreste mit ein. Neben Methylen -CH2- seien als mögliche Alkylen EMI3.1 <tb> ketten <SEP> CH2 <SEP> CH2 <SEP> - > <SEP> CR'-CR2 > <SEP> -CR2-CR2 <SEP> CH2 <SEP> CH2 <SEP> , <SEP> CH2 <SEP> CR <SEP> , <tb> <SEP> L <SEP> r <SEP> c <SEP> LL <SEP> LI <tb> <SEP> CH3 <SEP> CR <SEP> CH3 <tb> <SEP> 1 <SEP> 3 <tb> -CH2-C- <SEP> und <SEP> -C-CH2- <SEP> speziell <SEP> erwähnt. <tb> <SEP> CH3 <SEP> CH3 <tb> Die er findungs gemässen Wirkstoffe der Formel I und die sie als aktive Komponente enthaltenden herbiziden Mittel sind insbesondere brauchbar zur Bekämpfung grasartiger monocotyler Unkräuter und sind diesbezüglich den oben erwähnten bekannten Amid-Verbindungen klar überlegen, insbesondere bei (post-emergenter) Nachauflauf Anwendung. Die bekannten Verbindungen zeigen keine genügende herbizide Aktivität gegenüber schwer bekämpfbaren Ungräsern besonders bei niedrigen Aufwandmengen, oder aber sie schädigen bei der zur Bekämpfung der Ungräser notwendigen Aufwandmengen auch die Kulturpflanzen. Ueberraschenderweise zeigen die er findungs gemässen neuen Wirkstoffe der Formel I eine bessere herbizide Wirkung als die vorher erwähnten bekannten Produkte. Dabei sind die erfindungsgemassen Verbindungen sehr verträglich gegenüber Kulturpflanzen, wie z.B. Soja, Zuckerrübe, Baumwolle etc. Aufgabe dieser Erfindung war also, neue Wirkstoffe in der Reihe der a-(Phenoxy-phenoxy)-propion- säurederivate zu schaffen, welche bekannten Verbindungen ähnlicher Struktur in der herbiziden Wirkung gegen schwer bekämpfbare monocotyle Unkräuter überlegen und gegenüber wichtigen Kulturpflanzen verträglich sind, also eine Bereicherung der Technik darstellen. Zur Herstellung der neuen Wirkstoffe der Formel I dienen an sich bekannte Verfahren: Nach einem dieser Verfahren setzt man ein entsprechendes 4-Trifluormethylphenoxy-a-phenoxy-propionsäurehalogenid der Formel II EMI4.1 worin Hal ein Halogenatom, insbesondere Chlor darstellt, in Gegenwart eines basischen Säureakzeptors mit einem Alkoxyalkylamin der Formel III H2N-alkylen-O-R (III) um,worin ""Alkylen"" und R die unter Formel I gegebenen Bedeutungen haben. Gemäss einer Variante dieses Verfahrens kann man anstelle des Säurehalogenids der Formel II auch einen niederen Alkylester dieser Säure, insbesondere den Methylester, mit dem Amin der Formel III unter Bedingungen umsetzen, die eine Abspaltung des dem Ester zugrunde liegenden Alkanols (Methanol) bewirken. Diese Aminolyse von relativ leicht verseifbaren Carbonsäureestern ist eine allgemein anwendbare Methode zur Herstellung von Carbonsäureamiden und kann z.B. durch Dispergieren und Schütteln des Carbonsäureesters in wässerigen Aminlösungen schon in der Kälte erfolgen. Gemäss einem weiteren Verfahren setzt man den Hydroxy-diphenyläther oder ein Salz desselben der Formel IV EMI5.1 worin Y Wasserstoff oder das Kation eines Alkalimetalls bezw. das Aequivalent eines Erdalkalimetallkations bedeutet, mit einem a-HalogenpropionsSure-alkoxyalkylamid der Formel V EMI5.2 <tb> Hal <SEP> - <SEP> ca <SEP> - <SEP> CO <SEP> - <SEP> NH <SEP> - <SEP> alkylen <SEP> - <SEP> 0 <SEP> - <SEP> R <SEP> (V) <tb> <SEP> CH3 <tb> in Gegenwart eines säurebindenden Mittels (Base) um. Die Umsetzungen werden vorzugsweise in einem gegen über den Reaktionskomponenten inerten Lösungsmittel durchgeführt. Als Lösungsmittel konnnen solche aus den verschiedensten Stoffklassen in Frage, wie aliphatische und aromatische, gegebenenfalls chlorierte Kohlenwasserstoffe, z.B. Aethylenchlorid etc., sowie polare organische Lösungsmittel, wie Alkohole, Aether, Ketone, Amide, stabile Ester, z.B. Methyläthylketon, Dimethoxyäthan, Dimethylformamid, Dimethylsulfoxid, Tetrahydrofuran etc. Als basische Säureakzeptoren für die Umsetzung mit den Halogenverbindungen der Formel II und V können wässerige Alkalimetallhydroxide, wie KOH und NaOH sowie weitere iibliche basische Stoffe, wie Karbonate (K2C03, NaHCO3), Alkoholate (NaOCH3 und Kalium-tert.butylat), aber auch organische Basen wie Triäthylamin etc. verwendet werden. Die Ausgangsstoffe der Formeln II bis V sind grösstenteils bekannt. Soweit gewisse unter die Formel III fallende Amine noch neu sein sollten, lassen sie sich nach den für die bekannten Vertreter gebräuchlichen Methoden leicht herstellen. Neue a-Halogenpropionsäureamide der Formel V werden aus den entsprechenden Propionsäurehalogeniden und Aminen der Formel III erhalten. Das nachfolgende Beispiel veranschaulicht die Herstellung eines erfindungsgemässen Wirkstoffs der Formel I. Weitere in entsprechender Weise oder nach einer anderen der erwähnten Methoden hergestellte Wirkstoffe sind anschliessend tabellarisch aufgeführt. Beispiel 17,2 g (0,05 Mol)&alpha;-[4-(p-Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-phenoxyl- propionsäurechlorid werden zu einem Gemisch von 4,1 g (0,05 Mol) 2-Methoxyäthylamin, 7,5 ml (0,055 Mol) Triäthylamin und 50 ml Methylenchlorid unter Eiskühlung zugetropft. Dabei lässt man die temperatur auf 20 C ansteigen. Nach zweistündigem RUhren engt man das Reaktionsgemisch ein und filtriert den Ruckstand in Aether über eine kleine Kieselgelsäule. Beim Eindampfen des Filtrats erhält man 14,9 g (77,6%) a-[4-(p- Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)- phenoxy]-propionsäure-(2-methoxy)-äthylamid vom Fp. 73-75 C. In analoger Weise wurden auch folgende Verbindungen der Formel I hergestellt: EMI7.1 <tb> Verbing. <SEP> - <SEP> alkylen-0-R <tb> <SEP> No. <tb> <SEP> 1 <SEP> cm2 <SEP> CH2- <SEP> CH3 <tb> <SEP> 2 <SEP> -CH2-CH2- -C2HS <SEP> 72-73"" <tb> <SEP> 3 <SEP> -CH2-CH2-0-C3H7 <SEP> (n) <SEP> 70-720 <tb> <SEP> 4 <SEP> -CH-CH2-o-CH3 <SEP> 62-65 <tb> <SEP> CH3 <tb> <SEP> 5 <SEP> .CR?-CR2-CR2.0cH3 <SEP> 69-700 <tb> <SEP> 6 <SEP> -CR2-GH2-CE2- -C2R5 <SEP> 60-610 <tb> <SEP> 7 <SEP> -CR2-CR2-2 <SEP> -0-C3H7(i) <SEP> 60-61 <tb> <SEP> 8 <SEP> -CH2-OCH3 <tb> <SEP> 9 <SEP> -CH2-0-C2H5 <tb> <SEP> L0 <SEP> -CH2-CH-0-CH3 <tb> <SEP> CH3 <tb> <SEP> (H3 <SEP> 3 <tb> <SEP> 11 <SEP> -CH-CH2-0-CH3 <tb> <SEP> GH3C3 <tb> <SEP> 3 <tb> <SEP> 12 <SEP> -cR2-C-0-CR3 <tb> <SEP> CR3 <tb> Die Erfindung betrifft auch herbizide Mittel, welche einen neuen Wirkstoff der Formel I enthalten, sowie Verfahren zur pre- und insbesondere post-emergenten Unkrautbekämpfung, insbesondere von monocotylen Ungräsern. Die erfindungsgemässen Mittel können in den Ub- lichen Formulierungen vorliegen. Die Herstellung erfindungsgemässer Mittel erfolgt in an sich bekannter Weise durch inniges Vermischen und Vermahlen von Wirkstoffen der Formel I mit geeigneten Trägerstoffen, gegebenenfalls unter Zusatz von gegen über den Wirkstoffen inerten Dispersions- oder Lösungs mitteln. Die Wirkstoffe kennen in den folgenden Auf- arbeitungsformen vorliegen und angewendet werden: feste Aufarbeitungsformen: Stäubemittel, Streumittel, Granulate, Umhullungsgranu- late Imprägnierungs- granulate und Homogen granulate; in Wasser dispergierbare Wirkstoffkonzentrate: Spritzpulver, (wettable powder), Pasten, Emulsionen: flüssige Aufarbeitungs formen: Lösungen. Zur Herstellung fester Aufarbeitungsformen (Stäubemittel, Streumittel, Granulate) werden die Wirkstoffe mit festen Trägerstoffen vermischt. Als TrSger- stoffe kommen zum Beispiel Kaolin, Talkum, Bolus, Löst, Kreide, Kalkstein, Kalkgrits, Ataclay, Dolomit, Diatomenerde, gefällte Kieselsäure, Erdalkalisilikate, Natriumund Kaliumaluminiumsilikate (Feldspäte und Glimmer), Calcium und Magnesiumsulfate, Magnesiumoxid, gemahlene Kunststoffe, DUngemittel, wie Ammoniumsulfat, Ammonium- phosphat, Ammoniunitrat, Harnstoff, gemahlene pflanzliche Produkte, wie Getreidemehl, Baumrindemehl, Holzmehl, Nussschalenmehl, Cellulosepulver, Rückstände von Pflanzenextraktionen, Aktivkohle etc., je für sich oder als Mischungen untereinander in Frage. Granulate lassen sich herstellen, indem man die Wirkstoffe in einem organischen Ldsungsmittel lust und die so erhaltene LUsung auf ein granuliertes Mittel, z.B. Attapulgit, SiO2, Granicalcium oder Bentonit, aufbringt und dann das organische Ldsungsmittel wieder verdampft. Polymerengranulate können hergestellt werden, indem man z.B. ein fertiges, poröses Polymerengranulat, wie Harnstoff/Formaldehyd-Polymerisate, Polyacrylnitril und Polyester, mit bestimmter Oberfläche und günstigem vorausbestimmtem Absorptions/DesorptionsverhSltnis mit den Wirkstoffen, z.B. in Form ihrer Lösungen (in einem niedrig siedenden Lösungsmittel), imprägniert und das Lösungsmittel entfernt. Derartige Polymerengranulate können in Form von Mikrogranulaten mit Schuttgewichten von vorzugsweise 300 g /Liter bis 600 gleiter auch mit Hilfe von Zerstäubern aufgebracht werden. Das Zerstäuben kann über ausgedehnte Behandlungsflächen mit Hilfe von Flugzeugen durchgefuhrt werden. Granulate sind auch durch Kompaktieren des Träger materials mit den Wirk- und Zusatzstoffen und an schliessendes Zerkleinern erhältlich. Diesen Mitteln können ferner den Wirkstoff sta bilisierende Zusätze und/oder nichtionische, antion aktive und kationenaktive Stoffe zugegeben werden, die beispielsweise die Haftfestigkeit der Wirkstoffe auf Pflanzen und Pflanzenteilen verbessern (Haft- und Klebemittel) und/oder eine bessere Benetzbarkeit (Netzmittel) sowie Dispergierbarkeit (Dispergatoren) gewährleistet. Als Klebemittel kommen beispielsweise die folgenden in Frage: Olein-Kalk-Mischung, Cellulose derivate (Methylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose), Hydroxyäthylenglykoläther von Mono- und Dialkylphenolen mit 5 bis 15 Aethylenoxidresten pro Molekul und 8 bis 9 Kohlenstoffatomen im Alkylrest, Ligninsulfonsäure, deren Alkalimetall- und Erdalkalimetallsalze, Polyäthylen glykoläther (Carbowaxe), Fettalkoholpolyglykoläther mit - 5 bis 20 Aethylenoxidresten pro Molekül und 8 bis 18 Kohlenstoffatomen im Fettalkoholteil, Kondensations produkte von Aethylenoxid, Propylenoxid, zu Polyvinyl- pyrrolidone, Polyvinylalkohole, Kondensationsprodukte von Harnstoff-Formaldehyd sowie Latex-Produkte. In Wasser dispergierbare Wirkstoffkonzentrate, d.h. Spritzpulver (wettable powder), Pasten und Emul sionskonzentrate stellen Mittel dar, die mit Wasser auf jede gewünschte Konzentration verdünnt werden können. Sie bestehen aus Wirkstoff, Trägerstoff, gegebenenfalls den Wirkstoff stabilisierenden Zusätzen, oberflächenaktiven Substanzen und Antischaummitteln und gegebenenfalls Lsungsmitteln. Die Spritzpulver (wettable powder) und Pasten werden erhalten, indem m±n die Wirkstoffe mit Dispergiermitteln und pulverfUrmigen Trägerstoffen in geeigneten Vorrichtungen bis zur Homogenität vermischt und vermahlt. Als Trägerstoffe kommen beispielsweise die vorstehend für die festen Aufarbeitungsformen erwähnten in Frage. In manchen Fällen ist es vorteilhaft, Mischungen verschiedener Trägerstoffe zu verwenden. Als Dispergatoren können beispielsweise verwendet werden: Kondensationsprodukte von sulfoniertem Naphthalin und sulfonierten Napthalinderivaten mit Formaldehyd, Kondensationsprodukte des Naphthalins b. von Naphthalinsulfonsäuren mit Phenol und Formaldehyd sowie Alkalimetall-, Ammonium- und Erdalkalimetallsalze von Ligninsulfonsäure, weiter Alkylarylsulfonate, Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallsalze der Dibutylnaphthalinsulfonsäure, Fettalkohol-- sulfate, wie Salze sulfatierter Hexadecanole, Heptadecanole und Salze von sulfatiertem Fettalkohol polyäthylenglykoläther, das Natriumsalz von Oleylmethyltaurid, ditertiare Acetylenglykole, Dialkyldilaurylammoniumchlorid und fettsaure Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallsalze. Als Antischaummittel kommen zum Beispiel Silicone in Frage. Die Wirkstoffe werden mit den oben aufgeführten Zusätzen so vermischt, vermahlen, gesiebt und passiert, dass bei den Spritzpulvern der feste Anteil eine Korn grösse von 0,02 bis 0,04 und bei den Pasten von 0,03 mm nicht überschreitet. Zur Herstellung von Emulsionskonzentraten und Pasten werden Dispergiermittel, wie sie in den vorangehenden Abschnitten aufgeführt wurden, organische Lösungsmittel und Wasser verwendet. Als LUsungsmittel kommen beispielsweise die folgenden in Frage: Alkohole, Xylole, Toluol, Dimethylsulfo xid, N,N-dialkylierte Amide und Trialkylamine. Die Lösungsmittel müssen praktisch geruchlos, nicht phytotoxisch, den Wirkstoffen gegenüber inert und dürfen nicht leicht brennbar sein. Ferner kennen die erfindungsgemässen Mittel in Form von LUsungen angewendet werden. hierzu wird der Wirkstoff bzw. werden mehrere Wirkstoffe der Formel I in geeigneten organischen LUsungsmitteln, LUsungsmittel- gemischen, Wasser oder Gemischen von organischen LUsungsmitteln mit Wasser gelöst. Als organische Lösungs- mittel können aliphatische und aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe, deren chlorierte Derivate, Alkylnaphthaline, allein oder als Mischung untereinander verwendet werden. Der Gehalt an Wirkstoff in den oben beschriebenen Mitteln liegt zwischen 0e1 bis 95%, bevorzugt zwischen 1 bis 80%. Anwendungsformen können bis hinab zu 0,001% verdünnt werden. Die Aufwandmengen betragen in der Regel 0,06bis 10 kg AS/ha, vorzugsweise 0,25 bis 4 kg AS/ha. Die Wirkstoffe der Formel I kennen beispielsweise wie folgt formuliert werden (Teile bedeuten Gewichtsteile): Spritzpulver Zur Herstellung eines a) 50%igen, b) 25%igen und c) 10%igen Spritzpulvers werden folgende Bestandteile verwendet: a) 50 Teile 4-(p-Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-a-phenoxy propionsäure-(3-methoxy)-propyl-(2)-amid, 5 Teile Natriumdibutylnaphthylsulfonat, 3 Teile Naphthalinsulfonsäuren-Phenolsulfon säuren-Formaldehyd-Kondensat 3:2:1, 20 Teile Kaolin, 22 Teile Champagne-Kreide; b) 25 Teile 4-(p-Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-a-phenoxy propionsäure-(2-methoxy) äthylamid, 5 Teile Oleylmethyltaurid-Natrium-Salz, 2,5 Teile Napthalinsulfonsäuren-Formaldehyd Kondensat, 0,5 Teile Carboxymethylcellulose, 5 Teile neutrales Kalium-Aluminium-Silikat, 62 Teile Kaolin; c) 10 Teile eines der obigen Wirkstoffe, 3 Teile Gemisch der Natriumsalze von gesättigten Fettalkoholen, 5 Teile Naphthalinsulfonsäuren - Formaldehyd Kondensat, 82 Teile Kaolin. Der angegebene Wirkstoff wird auf die entsprechenden Trägerstoffe (Kaolin und Kreide) aufgezogen und anschliessend vermischt und vermahlen. Man erhält Spritzpulver von vorzüglicher Benetzbarkeit und Schwebefähigkeit Aus solchen Spritzpulvern können durch Verdünnen mit Wasser Suspensionen jener gewünschten Wirkstoffkonzentration erhalten werden. Derartige Suspensionen werden zur Bekämpfung von Unkräutern und Ungräsern in Kulturpflanzungen verwendet. Paste Zur Herstellung einer 45Zigen Paste werden folgende Stoffe verwendet: 45 Teile 4-(p-Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)-&alpha;-phenoxy- propionsäure-(3-äthoxy) -propyl- (1) -amid, 5 Teile Natriumaluminiumsilikat, 14 Teile CetylpÏlyäthylenglykoläther mit 8 Mol Aethylenoxid, 1 Teil Oleylpolyäthylenglykoläther mit 5 Mol Aethylenoxid, 2 Teile Spindeln1, 23 Teile Wasser, 10 Teile Polyäthylengylkol. Der Wirkstoff wird mit den Zuschlagstoffen in dazu geeigneten Geräten innig vermischt und vermahlen. Man erhält eine. Paste, aus der sich durch VerdUnnen mit Wasser Suspensionen jeder gewünschten Konzentration herstellen lassen. EmuLsionskonzentrat Zur Herstellung eines 25%igen Emulsionskonzentrates werden 25 Teile 4-(p--Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)--phenoxy- propionsäure-(3-äthoxy)-propyl-(1)-amid, LO Teile Mischung von Nonylphenolpolyoxyäthylen - und Calcium-dodecylbenzol-sulfonat, 10 Teile Cyclohexanon 55 Teile Xylol miteinander vermischt. Dieses Konzentrat kann mit Wasser zu Emulsionen auf geeignete Konzentrationen verdünnt werden. Anstatt des jeweiligen in den vorhergehenden Formu lierungsbeispielen angegebenen Wirkstoffs kann auch eine andere der von der Formel 1 umfassten Verbindungen verwendet werden. Erfindungsgemasse Mittel, die als aktive Komponente mindestens eine Verbindung der Formel I enthalten, eignen sich besonders zur selektiven Bekämpfung monocotyler Ungräser in pre- und insbesondere post-emergenter Anwendung in Kulturpflanzenbeständen, wie z.B. Soja, Baumwolle, Zuckerrohr etc. Zum Nachweis der Brauchbarkeit als Herbizide (pre- und post-emergent) und zum Beweis der Ueberlegenheit gegenüber bekannten Wirkstoffen ähnlicher Struktur dienen folgende Testmethoden: Pre -emergente Herbizid-Wirkung (Reimhemmung) Im Gewächshaus wird unmittelbar nach der Einsaat der Versuchspflanzen in Saatschalen die Erdoberfläche mit einer wässerigen Dispersion der Wirkstoffe, erhalten aus einem 25%-igen Emulsionskonzentrat resp. aus einem 25%-igen Spritzpulver mit Wirkstoffen, die wegen ungenugender Loslichkeit nicht als Emulsionskonzentrat hergestellt werden können, behandelt. Es wurden vier verschiedene Konzentrationsreihen angewendet, entsprechend 4, 2, 1 und 0,5 kg Wirksubstanz pro Hektar. Die Saatschalen werden im Gewächshaus bei 22-25""C und 50-70% rel. Luftfeuchtigkeit gehalten und der Versuch nach 3 Wochen ausgewertet und die Resultate nach folgender Notenskala bonitiert: 1 = Pflanzen nicht gekeimt oder total abgestorben 2-3 = sehr starke Wirkung 4-6 = mittlere Wirkung 7-8 = geringe Wirkung 9 = keine Wirkung (wie unbehandelte Kontrolle) als Versuchspflanzen dienen: hordeum (Gerste) setaria italica triticum (Weizen) echinochloa crus galli zea (Mais) beta vulgaris sorghum hybr. (Hirse) sida spinosa oryza (Reis) sesbania exaltata glycine (Soja) amaranthus retroflexus gossypium (Baumwolle) sinapis alba avena fatus ipomoea purpurea lolium perenne galium aparine alopecurus myosuroides pastinaca sativa bromus tectorum rumex sp. cyperus esculentus chrysanthemum leucum. rottboellia exaltata abutilon sp. digitaria sanguinalis solanum nigrum Post -emerzente Rerbizid-Wirkung < Kontakherbizid) Eine grössere Anzahl (mindestens 7) Unkräuter und Kulturpflanzen, sowohl monocotyle wie dicotyle, wurden nach dem Auflaufen (im 4-bis-6-Blattstadium) mit einer wässerigen Wirkstoffdispersion in Dosierungen von 0,06; 0,125; 0,25; 0,5 kg Wirksubstanz pro Hektar auf die Pflanzen gespritzt und diese bei 24 -26 C und 45-60% rel. Luftfeuchtigkeit gehalten. 15 Tage nach- Behandlung wird der Versuch ausgewertet und das Ergebnis wie im pre-emergent-Versuch nach derselben Notenskala bonitiert. Als Kulturpflanzen in diesem Test dienten Soja, Baumwolle und Zuckerrübe. Als monokotyle Unkräuter wurden acht Pflanzen aus der im pre-Emergenztest gegebenen Liste ausgewählt. Als bekannte Vergleichssubstanzen dienten folgende Verbindungen des Standes der Technik: EMI18.1 (DT-OS 2 639 796) EMI18.2 (DT-OS 2 433 067) EMI18.3 (Jap. OLS 52-130912) EMI18.4 (DT-OS 2 531 643) Die gepruften erfindungsgemässen Wirkstoffe entsprechen der Nummerierung in der Tabelle nach dem Beispiel. Ergebnisse: EMI19.1 <tb> <SEP> Co <SEP> Co <SEP> W <SEP> <tb> <SEP> . > <SEP> 0 <SEP> H <SEP> > 1 <SEP> r <SEP> O <SEP> < D <SEP> fl <SEP> o <SEP> W <SEP> C: <tb> <SEP> CD <SEP> 'O <SEP> C) <SEP> 0 <SEP> 0 <SEP> rr <SEP> n <SEP> rr <SEP> =r <SEP> L < <SEP> 0 <tb> <SEP> Verbindung <SEP> Q <SEP> X <SEP> r- <SEP> g <SEP> X <SEP> c <SEP> a <SEP> n <tb> <SEP> tr <SEP> rr <SEP> C <SEP> ii <SEP> C <SEP> CD <tb> <SEP> J <SEP> 3omOPrO <SEP> 0 <SEP> 1 <tb> <SEP> CL <SEP> c: <SEP> (D <SEP> L <SEP> T <SEP> 0 <SEP> O <tb> <SEP> - <SEP> rC: <tb> <SEP> r <SEP> 3 <SEP> P, <SEP> (D <tb> <SEP> m <SEP> 0 <SEP> O <SEP> CD <tb> <SEP> 9 <SEP> 0, <SEP> 0, <tb> <SEP> < D <tb> <SEP> 500 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> A <tb> <SEP> 250 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 125 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> B <SEP> 500 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 250 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 125 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 60 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> Ic <SEP> 500 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 250 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 125 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 60 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> D <SEP> 500 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 250 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 125 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 60 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> EMI20.1 <tb> Verbindung <SEP> = <SEP> y <SEP> < <SEP> m <SEP> - <SEP> u <SEP> m <SEP> m <SEP> < 0 <SEP> fl <SEP> m <SEP> b <SEP> c <tb> <SEP> h' <SEP> (O <SEP> o <SEP> o <SEP> O <SEP> rr <SEP> 9 <SEP> 5 <SEP> L < <SEP> e <SEP> n <tb> <SEP> No. <SEP> Q <SEP> t <SEP> ± <SEP> $ <SEP> r <SEP> X <SEP> W <SEP> t <tb> <SEP> 11 <tb> <SEP> P, <SEP> 3 <SEP> n <SEP> m <SEP> o <SEP> Z <SEP> W <SEP> o <SEP> o <SEP> n <tb> <SEP> S <SEP> v <SEP> e <SEP> y <SEP> H <SEP> <tb> <SEP> a <SEP> IDr(D1Q <tb> <SEP> 8 <SEP> r <SEP> r- <SEP> =r' <SEP> i <tb> <SEP> mcD <SEP> G <SEP> rpr <SEP> r <SEP> co <tb> <SEP> =1 <SEP> m <SEP> o <SEP> nr <tb> <SEP> 250 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 125 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 60 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 500 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 2 <SEP> 250 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 125 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 60 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> i <tb> <SEP> 500 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> I <SEP> I <SEP> I <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 4 <SEP> 250 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 4 <SEP> 250 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 125 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 60 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> W <tb> <SEP> 500 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 250 <SEP> j <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 5 <SEP> 125 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 1 <SEP> I <SEP> 1 <SEP> I <SEP> 999 <tb> <SEP> I <tb> <SEP> 60 <SEP> 7 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 250 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 250 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 3 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 4 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 6 <tb> <SEP> 125 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> <SEP> 60 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 6 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 1 <SEP> 2 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <SEP> 9 <tb> Im pre-emergent-Test wurden ebenfalls gute Ergebnisse erzielt, wobei Verbindung No. 4 am besten abschnitt.";"Patentansprüche 1. Neue herbizid wirksame 4-(p-Trifluormethylphenoxy) &alpha;-phenoxy-propionsäure-alkoxyalkylamide der Formel I EMI21.1 <tb> <SEP> CHn <tb> CF30 <SEP> O-CH-C-NH-alkylen-O-R <SEP> zuO <SEP> -CH <SEP> - <SEP> -NH <SEP> - <SEP> Iky <SEP> len <SEP> - <SEP> R <SEP> (I) <tb> <SEP> 1' <tb> <SEP> 0 <tb> worin ""alkylen"" eine gerade oder verzweigte gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffkette mit 1 bis 4 C-Atomen und R einen Alkylrest mit 1 bis 4 C-Atomen bedeuten. 2. 4-(p-Trifluormethylphenoxy)-a-phenoxy-propionsäure- alkoxyalkylamide gemäss Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ""alkylen"" in der Formel 1 die Aethylenkette -CH2-CH2- oder eine gerade oder ver zweigte Propylenkette darstellt. 3. Die Verbindung 4-(p-Trifluormethylphenoxy)-a phenoxy-propionsäure-N-(2-methoxy)-äthylamid gemäss Patentanspruch 1. 4. Die Verbindung 4-(p-Trifluormethylphenoxy)-a-phenoxy propionsäure-N- (3-methoxy) -propyl- (2) -amid. 5. Verfahren zur Herstellung der neuen 4-(p-Trifluor methyl-phenoxy)-&alpha;-phenoxy-propionsäure-alkoxyalkyl- amide der Formel I des Patentanspruchs 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man ein Halogenid oder einen niederen Alkylester der 4-(p-Trifluormethyl-phenoxy)- o-phenoxy-propionsäure mit einem Alkoxyalkylamin der Formel III H2N-alkylen-O-R (III) worin ""alkylen"" und R die unter Formel I gegebenen Bedeutungen haben, in an sich bekannter Weise umsetzt. 6 Verfahren zur Herstellung der neuen 4-(p-Trifluormethyl phenoxy)-&alpha;-phenoxy-propionsäure-alkoxyalkylamide der Formel I des Patentanspruchs 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mZn den Hydroxy-diphenyläther oder ein Salz desselben von der Formel IV EMI22.1 worin Y Wasserstoff oder das Aequivalent eines Alkalimetall- oder Erdalkalimetallkations bedeutet, mit einem &alpha;-Halogen-propionsäure-alkoxyalkylamid der Formel V EMI23.1 <tb> <SEP> CH <tb> <SEP> 3 <tb> Hal-CR-CO-NH-alkylen-O-R <SEP> (V) <tb> in Gegenwart eines säurebindenden Mittels umsetzt. 7. Herbizides Mittel, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es als wirksame Komponente ein 4-(p-Trifluormethyl phenoxy)-&alpha;-phenoxy-propionsäure-alkoxyalkylamid der Formel I des Pstentanspruci 1 enthält. 8. Die Verwendung der 4-(p-Trfffluormethyl-phenoxy)-a- phenoxy-propionsäure-alkoxyalkylamide der Formel 1 des Patentanspruchsl zur Bekämpfung von monocotylen Unkräutern. 9. Die Verwendung gemäss Patentanspruch 8 zur selektiven Bekämpfung von monocotylen Unkräutern in Kultur- pflanzenbeständen.";BOHNER, BEAT, DR., ROHR, OTTO, DR., Böhner, Beat, Dr.;CIBA-GEIGY AG;1978
+EP-0003067-B1;19811104.0;19781221;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6029497.0;C25D13;C08C19;C09D5, C08C19, C08F20, C08G59, C08F236, C09D121;C08C  19/40, C09D   5/44B, C08G  59/32B, C09D   5/44C;COATING COMPOSITION FOR CATHODIC ELECTRODEPOSITION;1. A coating material which is adapted to be deposited on a cathode and comprises water-soluble or water-dispersible polymeric film-forming substances which are adjusted to contain cations, and, if desired, conventional additives, characterized in that the polymeric film-forming substance is a reaction product of a copolymer (A) of a) 40 to 90 % by weight of a diene having 4 to 8 carbon atoms, b) 60 to 10 % by weight of a copolymerizable, ethylenically unsaturated monomer which contains epoxy groups, c) 0 to 50 % by weight of a copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated monomer which contains no epoxy groups, with a secondary amine (B), wherein the amino group has been quarternated with organic or inorganic acid.;"Kathodisch abscheidbares mDerzugsmittel- Die Erfindung betrifft ein kathodisch abscheidbares Uberzugs- mittel auf Basis eines Diencopolymerisats. Es ist bekannt, Überzüge, insbesondere Einbrennüberzüge, auf elektrisch leitenden, insbesondere metallenen Körpern herzustellen, indem aus wässrigen Lösungen bzw. wässrigen Dispersionen von Salzen carbonsaurer anionischer Polymerer auf den Körpern die Polymeren in Form von Uberzügen mittels Anaphorese elektrochemisch abgeschieden und gegebene^=alls an- schliessend eingebrannt werden0 Eine Eigenart des Anaphorese Verfahrens ist, dass nicht nur die Polymeren auf den Körpern (Anode) abgeschieden werden, sondern auch an den Körpern naszierender Sauerstoff sich entwickelt und (sofern die Körper aus unedlem Metall bestehen) Metallionen in Lösung gehen können. Die beiden letztgenannten Erscheinungen sind oft von Nachteil, da naszierender Sauerstoff die Polymeren in nachteiliger Weise chemisch verändern kamrs und Metallionen die Wasserfestigkeit der Uberzüge herabsetzen sowie die Überzüge verfärben können. Letzteres ist insbesondere der Fall bei Körpern aus Kupfer oder Kupferlegierungen. Es ist eine Eigen tumLichkeit des Kataphorese-Verfahrens, dass zwar ebenfalls au den Körpern (Kathode) die Polymeren abgeschieden werden, je- doch an den Körpern Wasserstoff sich entwickelt und (auch wenn die Körper aus unedlem Metall bestehen) keine Metall ionen in Lösung gehen. Da Wasserstoff die Polymeren im allgemeinen kaum in nachteiliger Weise chemisch verändert, ist insoweit das Hersiellen von Uberzügen mittels Kataphorese von Vorteil gegenüber dem Herstellen von Uberzügen mittels Anaphorese. Aus DT-PS 12 76 260 ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellur von Überzügen aus elektrisch leitenden Körpern bekannt, wobei aus wassrigen Lösungen bzw. Dispersionen von Salzen stickstoffbasischer kationischer Polymerer die Polymeren auf den lei wenden Körpern kathodisch abgeschieden und anschliessend eingebrannt werden. Aus DT-OS 20 57 799 ist ein Verfahren und überzugsmittel für die elektrophoretische Beschichtung bekannt, worin eine Zu samner,setzung verwendet wird, die ein aminhaltiges Harz in Xombination mit einem vollständig verkappten Isocyanat ent holt. Das dort verwendete Harz kann quaternäre Ä=iioniumsalz- gruppen enthalten, leitet sich aber nicht von einem Epoxyharz ab und ist nicht selbsthärtend, Aus C-B-PS 14 26 222 sind Uberzugsmittel für die kataphore- 0 tische Beschichtung bekannt, wobei die Uberzugsmischung amBrige organische oder anorganische Säure, sowie ein spezielles Harz enthält. Dieses Harz ist ein Reaktionsprodukt eines Copolymerisats aus 5 bis 50 % äthylenisch ungesättigten, Epoxigruppen enthaltenden Monomers und 50 bis 95 96 ungesättigtes Vinylmonomer oder Acrylmonomer ohne Epoxigruppen, mit einem sekundären Amin. Das vorbekannte Copolymerisat ist beispielsweise ein Glycidylmethacrylat/Styrol-Copolymerisat Die bisher für die kathodische Abscheidung entwickelten Uberzugsmittel weisen jedoch hinsichtlich der Eigenschaften der damit erhaltenen Uberzüge noch einige Nachteile auf. Besonders die Haftfestigkeit der Uberzüge auf dem Untergrund, ihre Elastizität und ihre Korrosionsbeständigkeit sind verbesserungsbedürftig. Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, kathodisch abscheidbare Uberzugsmittel herzustellen, deren Uberzüge auf dem Substrat eine verbesserte Haftfestigkeit und Elastizität neben guter Härte und Korrosionsbeständigkeit aufweisen0 Die Erfindung löst die Aufgabe mit einem kathodisch abscheidbaren Uberzugsmitte: auf Basis wasserlöslicher oder in Wasser dispergierbarer, kationisch eingestellter polymerer Filmbildner, wobei das Uberzugsmittel gegebenenfalls übliche Zusätze enthält. Das kathodisch abscheidbare Uberzugsmittel der vorliegenden Erfindung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der polymere Filmbildner ein Reaktionsprodukt eines Copolymerisats (A) aus a) 4 bis 8 C-Atolne aufweisendem Dien b) Epoxigruppen enthaltendem copolymerisierbarem äthylenis ch ungesättigtem Monomer, sowie gegebenenfalls c) copolymerisierbarem äthylenisch ungesättigtem Monomer, das keine Epoxigruppen enthält, mit sekundärem Amin (B) ist, wobei die Aminogruppe mit organischer oder anorgarlis;cher Säure quaterniert worden ist. Geeignete Dien-Komponenten des Copolymerisats sind 1,3-Butadien, 2-Methylbutadien-7,3, 2,3-Dimethylbutadien-1,3 oder Chloropren. Der Anteil des Diens im Copolymerisat betrigt 40 bis 90 Gew.-%. Vorzugsweise enthält das Copolymerisat 1,3-Butadien. Das Copolymerisat enthält ferner als wesentliche Komponente ein Epoxigruppen enthaltendes copolymerisierbares äthylenisch ungesättigtes Monomer. Der Anteil dieses Monomers im Copolymerisat beträgt 10 bis 60 Gew.-%. Bevorzugte Rpoxzgruppen enthaltende Monomere sind beispielsweise der Glycidylester der Acryl- oder Methacrylsäure. Weiterhin können auch Vinyloder Allylester von epoxidierten ungesättigten Fettsäuren eingesetzt werden, wie 2,3-Epoxi-buttersäureallylester. Ferner Glycidylester von Dicarbonsäuren, wie Maleinsäure- allyl-glycidylester oder Phthalsäure-allyl-glycidylester. Schliesslich eignen sich auch Diolefine, deren eine Doppelbindung epoxidiert worden ist, wie Vinyläthylenoxid, 1-Methyl 1 -vinyl-äthylenoxid, 3,4-Epoxi-l-vinylcyclohxan, Glycidylallyläther. Die Aminogruppe des Reaktionsproduktes entstammt sekundären Aminen, die mit der Epoxigruppe umgesetzt worden sind. Geeignete sekundäre Amine können gleiche oder verschiedene, gegebenenfalls substituierte Alkyl-, Cycloalkyl- oder Arylreste mit 1 bis 20 Kohlenstoffatomen enthalten, beispielsweise Diäthylamin, Diisopropylamin, Dibutylamin, Morpholin, Piperidin, Pyrrolidin, ebenso Alkanolamine, z.B. Diäthanolamin, Diisopropanolamin. Die Menge des Amins für die Umsetzung mit dnn Epoxigruppen wird so ausgewählt, dass sie mindestens ausreichend ist, um dem Harz nach Reaktion mit einer Säure einen kationischen Charakter zu verleihen. In manchen Fäden werden im wesentlichen alle Epoxigruppen mit Amin umgeset:t. Es können aber auch überschüssige Epoxigruppen im Harz verbleiben, die später unter Einwirkung von Wasser zu Hydroxylgruppen hydro lysl^-en, Gegebenenfalls kann die Umsetzung des Amins mit der Epoxigruppe vor der Polymerisation erfolgen. Hierfür wird das Amin mit den Epoxigruppen enthaltenden Monomeren gemischt und, falls dies erforderlich ist, auf mässig erhöhte Temperatur erw2rmt, z.B. auf etwa 50 bis 110 C. Die Wasserlöslichkeit oder Dispergierbarkeit des erfindung gemässen Uberzugsmittels ist durch die Behandlung des Reaktionsproduktes aus dem Copolymerisat und dem sekundären Amin mit orO=nischer Säure, wie Ameisen-, Essig-, Propion-, Milchoder Buttersäure, oder durch Behandlung mit anorganischer Säure, wie Bor-, Salz-, Phosphor- oder Schwefelsäure herbei geführt. Die Menge an Säure zur Neutralisation des Amins wird so g ält, dass sie ausreichend ist, um das Harz in Wasser löslich oder dispergierbar zu machen, wobei es vorteilhaft ist, einen pH-Wert der wässrigen Lösung zwischen etwa 3 und 8 einzustellen. Das mit dem sekundären Amin zur Reaktion gebrachte Copolymerisat des erfindungsgemässen Uberzugsmittels kann gegebenenalls noch ein copolymerisierbares, äthylenisch ungesättigtes Monomer enthalten, welches keine Epoxigruppen enthält. ComonorQre dieser Art dienen gewünschten Falles der Eigenschaftsverbesserung des polymeren Films, wie Verbesserung des :aftve mögens, der Härte oder Abriebfestigkeit. Geeignete Co acnomere vorgenannter Art sind beispielsweise stickstoffhaltige äbnylenisch ungesättigte aromatische, aliphatische oder cy'oaliphatische Monomere, wie Vinylpyridin, Dimethylamino äthylacrylat, 1-Vinylpyrrolidin-2. Ferner Acrylate oder irethyl2crylate, wie Butylacrylat, Methylmethacrylat. Weiterhin Vinylacetat, Styrol. Comonomere der genannten Art, die keine Epoxigruppen enthalten, können in dem Copolymerisat bis zu einem Anteil von 50 Gew.-% enthalten sein. Eine für das erfindungsgemässe Uberzugsmittel zweckmässige Zussammensetzung des Copolymerisats besteht aus a) 40 bis 90 Gew.-% Dien, vorzugsweise Butadien-1,32 b) 60 bis 10 Gew.-% Epoxigruppen enthaltendem copoly nerisierbarem äthylenisch ungesättigtem Monomer, vorzugsweise Glycidyl(meth)acrylat, c) 0 bis 50 Gew.-% copolymerisierbarem äthylenisch i:iigesättigtem Monomer,- das keine Epoxigruppen enthält. Die Herstellung des Copolymerisats erfolgt nach üblichen Meh2ode7n, zweckmässig durch Lösungspolymerisation in organischer, gegebenenfalls geringe Mengen Wasser enthaltenden Lösungsmitteln unter Verwendung radikalischer Katalysatoren2 beispielsweise Benzoylperoxid. Die Umsetzung der Epoxigruppe des Copolymerisats mit sekun deren Amin erfolgt in an sich bekannter Weise unter Erwärmen und Rühren, beispielsweise bei 80 C während 2 Stunden. Die -sserlöslichen Salze des Reaktionsproduktes können bei spielsseise hergestellt werden, indem Säuren mit diesen in Berührung gebracht werden. Es ist jedoch auch möglich, die Säurekomponente bereits vor oder während der Polymerisation mit den Komponenten der Copolymerisate in Berührung zu bringer. Das Herstellen der wässrigen Lösungen bzw. wässrigen Disper sio-=n der Salze kann wiederum nach üblichen Methoden erfolgen. Eine geeignete Methode besteht beispielsweise darin, aus Lösungen der Polymerisate in organischen Lösungsmitteln und aus Wasser Dispersionen herzustellen und diese dann mit der Säurekomponente zu versetzen. Eine weitere geeignete Methode besteht beispielsweise darin, die Salze der Poly merisate als solche oder in Form ihrer Lösungen in organi scher Lösungsmitteln in Wasser einzubringen. Im allgemeinen ist es besonders zweckmässig, die Arbeitsbedingungen insgesamt so zu zählen, dass die Gesamtmenge der Salze in Form einer wässrigen Lösung vorliegt oder eine grössere Teilmenge in Form einer wässrigen Lösung und eine kleinere Teilmenge in Form einer Dispersion. Es ist ferner im allgemeinen zweckEaBig, wenn der pH-Wert der Lösungen bzw. Dispersionen auf einen Wert von 1 bis 8, vorzugsweise von 3 bis 8, eingestellt ist. Die waBrigen Lösungen bzw. wässrigen Dispersionen des salzartigen Reaktionsproduktes können zusätzlich andere, in Wasser lösliche bzw. in Wasser dispergierbare und im Gemisch mit den Salzen mittels Kataphorese elektrochemisch abscheidbare Bindemifite1 enthalten. Als solche eignen sich beispfelsweise Aminoplastkondensate, Phenoplastkondensate, Epoxidharze, Alkydharze oder Gemische solcher Bindemittel. Die Gewichtsmenge dieser zusätzlichen anderen Bindemittel soll zweckrmässigerweise nicht grösser sein als die Gewichtsmenge der salzartigen Reaktionsprodukte der Copolymerisate. Die Lösungen bzw. Dispersionen können ferner auch mittels Kataphorese elektrochemisch abscheidbare Hilfsstoffe enthalten, wie Pigmente, Häftungskatalysatoren und Mittel zur Verbesse- rung des Verlaufes. Das Herstellen von Uberzügen aus den wässrigen Lösungen bzw. wässrigen Dispersionen auf elektrisch leitenden, insbesondere metallenen Körpern erfolgt mittels Kataphorese durch elektrochemische Abscheidung und gegebenenfalls anschliessendes Ein br=en. Auch hierbei kann nach üblichen idethoden gearbeitet werden: Die Körper werden in die Lösungen bzw. Dispersionen eingebracht und als Kathode geschaltet; ein weiteres elektrisch leitendes Medium wird ebenfalls in Berührung mit den Lösungen bzw. Dispersionen gebracht und als Anode geschaltet. Das Uberziehen erfolgt zweckmässigerweise bei einer Gleich spannung von 2 bis 300, vorzugsweise 20 bis 150 Volt. Die Temperatur kann zweckmässigerweise von 10 bis 50, vorzugsweise von 20 bis 400C betragen. Die Zeit des Uberziehens beträgt im allgemeinen etwa 0,5 bis 3 Minuten. Nach dem Auftragen der überzüge werden die überzogenen Körper aus den Lösungen bzw. Dispersionen entfernt, mit Wasser gespült und zum Einbrennen der Uberzüge 5 bis 180, vorzugsweise 20 bis 60 Minuten auf Temperaturen von 80 bis 2500C, vorzugsweise 120 bis i800C, gehalten. Das erfindungsgemässe kathodisch abscheidbare Uberzugsmittel eignet sich besonders zum Herstellen von Einbrennüberzügen auf metallenen Körpern, wobei es von besonderem Vorteil ist, dass nicht nur Körper aus Eisen und Eisenlegierungen, wie Karosserieteile, mit hochwertigen Uberzügen versehen werden können, sondern auch Körper aus Kupfer oder Kupferlegierungen. Das erfindungsgemässe Uberzugsmittel ist ohne wei teren Zusatz durch thermische Behandlung härtbar. Der entstehende Film zeichnet sich besonders durch hohen Glanz, gute Cnemikalien-, Wasser-, Alkali- und Korrosionsbeständlg- keit aus. Es ist ein weiterer Vorteil des erfindungsgemässen woDerzugsmittels, dass durch geeignete Wahl der Polymerisationsbedingungen eine Optimierung des Copolymerisats möglich ist. So kann beispielsweise das Gelzichtsverhältnis der Monomeren so eingestellt werden, dass nach teilweiser Neutralisation des aminogruppenhaltigen Copolymerisats ein pH-Wert der wässrigen Lösung von 6 bis 8 erhalten wird, wodurch Korrosionsprobleme der Lackbadinstallation vermieden werden. Weiterhin ist es ein wesentlicher Vorteil des erfin durgsgeässen Oberzugsmittels, dass durch Variation des Ge ichWsverhältnisses der Monomeren bei der Polymerisation die Ladungsdichte im Polymerisat beeinflusst werden kann. Dies hat einen besonderen Einfluss auf die spezifische Leit fähigkeit der wässrigen Harzlösung und damit auf den Umgriff bei der Beschichtung von kompliziert geformten Metallteilen. Ein weiterer wesentlicher Vorteil des erfindungsgemässen Uberzugsmittels ist, dass durch geeignete Wahl der Polymerisationsbedingungen das Molekulargewicht des Polymerisats im Hinblick auf eine gute Filmoberfläche beim Härten des über- zuges eingestellt werden kann. Bekanntlich werden bei der elektrophoretischen Abscheidung grosse Gasmengen an den Elektroden frei, die eine Porosität des Filmes bewirken können. Diese muss durch ein geeignetes Verlaufen des abgeschiedenen Filmes während des Härtungsvorgangs ausgeglichen werden. Für die Fähigkeit zum Verlauf ist in besonderer Weise die Viskosität des Harzes entscheidend, die wiederum in entscheidendem Masse vom Molekulargewicht abhängt. Hier liegt ein wesentlicher Vorteil des erfindungsgemässen aber zugsmittels, indem bei der Polymerisation der Monomeren das Molekulargewicht des Polymerisats durch die Änderung vo,l Monomerkonzentration, Initiatorkonzentration, Temperatur urd eventuell er Zusatz von Überträgern stark beeinflusst werten kann. Ein besonderer Vorteil des erfindungsgemässen Uerzugsmfttels ist ausserdem die hohe Elastizität des abge scr'edenen Filmes. Diese ist in entscheidendem Masse durch den hohen Anteil an Kohlenstoffdoppelbindungen in der Pon-y erkette innerhalb der Dienkomponente gegeben. Diese Elastizität ist besonders bei Lacküberzügen von Vorteil auf Oberflächen, die einer späteren Verformung unterliegen. Die Erfindung wird in den nachstehenden Beispielen näher erläutert. 3¯ szrel 1 In einer 0,7 1 Glasflasche werden 150 g Toluol, 1,9 g rnzoylperoxid, 45 g Glycidylmethacrylat und 105 g Butadien1,3 zusammengegeben. Die Flasche wird verschlossen und 12 Stunden bei 750C geschüttelt. Anschliessend wird die Lösung riit Iiethanol versetzt und das sich abscheidende Polymer im Vakuum bei 400C getrocknet. 100 g dieses flüssigen Polymers werden in einem Dreihals- kolben mit Rührer und Rückflusskühler unter Stickstoff mit 24 g Diäthylamin versetzt und 2 Stunden bei 80 0C gerührt. Das Produkt wird anschliessend mit 40 g Äthylenglykolmono- butyläther vermengt, mit 15 g Milchsäure versetzt und mit 840 g voll entsalztem Wasser verdünnt. Die klare wässrige Lösung wird mit Triäthylamin auf einen pH-Wert von 6,2 ein gestellt. Aus der so hergestellten Lösung wird das Harz mit einer Gleichspannung von 150 Volt auf einem als Kathode geschalteten Eisenblech innerhalb von 2 Minuten abgeschieden. Der Film wird sodann 15 Minuten bei 1 850C eingebrannt und bildet dann einen gleichmässigen, harten und fest haftenden Belag. 3 issiel 2 In einer Flasche werden 150 g Toluol, 1,9 g Benzoylperoxid, 45 g Glycidylallyläther, 28 g Vinylpiperidin und 105 g 3utaden-1,3 zusammengegeben und die Flasche verschlossen. Bei 75 0C wird der Inhalt 24 Stunden geschüttelt, anschliessend mit Methanol versetzt und das sich abtrennende Polymer im Vakuum bei 400C getrocknet. 100 g des getrockneten Produktes werden anschliessend mit 12 g Essigsäure und 50 g Äthylenglykolmonobutyläther vermengt und mit 1 000 g voll entsalztem Wasser verdlinnt. Die Lösung wird mit Ammoniaklösung auf einen pH-Wert von 5,9 eingeftellt. Aus dieser wässrigen Harzlösung wird auf einem als Kathode geschalteten Eisenblech mit einer Gleichspannung von 150 Volt innerhalb von 2 Minuten ein Polymerfilm abgeschieden, der nach einer 15 minütigen Härtung bei 1800C eine Schichtdicke von 18/um hat. Der Überzug ist glatt, hart und glänzend. BeisDiel 3 Aus dem in Beispiel 1 hergestellten Copolymerharz wird eine Pigmentpaste hergestellt. Hierzu werden 400 Gew.Tle. des mit Milchsäure neutralisierten Copolymers mit 30 Gew.Tln. Titandioxid, 15 Gew.-Tln. Aluminiumsilikat und 2 Gew.Tln. Russ zusammengegeben und auf einem Dreiwalzenstuhl zu einer homogenen Masse verrieben. 50 Gew.Tle. dieser Pigmentpaste werden mit 100 Gew.Tln. des in Beispiel 1 hergestellten 70 siegen Harzes gemischt und mit 850 Gew.Tln. Wasser verdünnt. Diese Lösung hat einen pH-Wert von 6,7 und eine Leitfähigkeit von 1 600/u S cm 1. Mit einer Gleichspannung von 100 Volt wird in 2 Minuten auf einem als Kathode geschalteten Eisenblech ein Lackfilm abgeschieden, der nach einer 15 minütigen Härtung bei 1800C eine Schichtdicke von 14um hat. 3eisznel 4 Aus 100 g Butadien-1,3, 45 g Glycidylmethacrylat, 25 g Diäthanolamin und 2 g Azo-iso-butyronitril wird wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben in 150 g Toluol ein Copolymer hergestellt. Das Produkt wird mit 40 g Äthylenglykolmonobutyläther und 8 g Essigsäure (95 %ig) versetzt und anschliessend mit 850 g voll entsalztem Wasser zu einer klaren Lösung verdünnt. Die Lösung hat einen pH-Wert von 6,8. Aus dieser Lösung wird mit einer Gleichspannung von 170 Volt auf einem als Kathode geschalteten Eisenblech, das mit einer Zikphosphatschicht überzogen ist, innerhalb von 1,5 Minuten ein Polymerfilm abgeschieden, der bei 1850C 15 Minuten lang in einem Ofen gehärtet wird. Die Filmdicke beträgt 16/um. Die Elastizität und Haftung des Filmes auf der Metalloberfläche wird im Erichsen Tiefungstest untersucht. Die Eindrucktiefe beträgt sowohl vor als auch nach einer zweitägigen Wärmelagerung bei 1000C mehr als 10 mm. Im Salzsprühtest nach DIN 50 021 zeigt ein angeritztes Prtiftlech nach 504 Stunden weniger als 1 mm Unterwanderung, Beispiel 5 Aus 100 g Butadien-1,3, 35 g Glycidylmethacrylat, 15 g 2-Viny1pyridin, 16 g Diäthylamin und 1,5 g Benzoylperoxid wird ein Copolymerisat wie in Beispiel 1 beschrieben in 150 = Toluol als Lösungsmittel bei 75 C hergestellt. Das Produkt wird mit 40 g Äthylenglykolmonobutyläther und 15 g milchsäure versetzt und mit 800 g voll entsalztem Wasser verdünnt. Wie in 3eispiel 4 beschrieben, wird aus dieser Lösung auf einem phosphatierten Eisenblech ein Polymerfilm mit einer Gleichspannung von 120 Volt abgeschieden. Der Film hat nach dem Einbrennen bei 1800 C eine sicke von 14/um, zeigt nach 2 Tagen Wärmelagerung bei 100 0C eine Eindrucktiefe von mehr als 10 mm bis zum ersten Abplatzen des Filmes von der Metalloberfläche und zeigt nach 504 Stunden Lagerung im Salzsprühtest nach DIN 50 021 eine Unterwanderung von weniger als 1 mm.";"PATENTANSPRU CHE 1. Kathodisch abscheidbares ttberzugsmittel auf Basis wasser löslicher oder in Wasser dispergierbarer, kationisch ein gestellter polymerer Filmbildner, sowie gegebenenfalls üblichen Zusätzen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der poly mere Filmbildner ein Reaktionsprodukt eines Copolymeri- sats (A) aus a) 4 bis 8 C-Atome aufweisendem Dien, b) Epoxigruppen enthaltendem copolymerisierbarem äthylenisch ungesättigtem Monomer, sowie gegebenenfalls c) copolymerisierbarem äthylenisch ungesättigtem Monomer, das keine Epoxigruppen enthält, mit sekundärem Amin (B) ist, wobei die Aminogruppe mit organischer oder anorganischer Säure quaterniert worden ist. 2. Uberzugsmittel nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Copolymerisat aus a) 40 bis 90 Ges.¯% Dien, b) 60 bis 10 Gew.-% Epoxigruppen enthaltendem Monomer, c) 0 bis 50 Gew.-% copolymerisierbarem äthylenisch ungesättigtem Monomer, das keine Spoxigruppen enthält, besteht. 3. Überzugsmittel nach den Ansprüchen 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Spoxigruppen enthaltende äthy lenisch ungesättigte Monomer der Glycidylester der Acryl- oder Methacrylsäure; der Vinyl- oder Allylester einer epoxidierten ungesättigten Fettsäure; ein Diolefin, dessen eine Doppelbindung epoxidiert ist; oder der Vinyl oder Allylester einer Monoglycidylesterdicarbonsäure ist. 4. Überzugsmittel nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Dien Butadien und/oder Isopren ist. 5. Uberzugsmittel nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Copolymerisat aus a) 40 bis 90 Gew.-% Dien, b) 60 bis 10 Gew.,% Glycidyl(meth)acrylat, c) 0 bis 50 Gew.-% copolymerisierbarem äthylenisch ungesättigtem Monomer, das keine Rpoxigruppen enthält, besteht. 6. Uberzugsmittel nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das mit dem Copolymerisat umgesetzte sekundäre Amin gleiche oder verschiedene, gegebenenfalls substituierte Alkyl-, Cycloalkyl- oder Arylreste mit 1 bis 20 C-Atomen enthält. 7. ttberzugsmittel nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnets dass das sekundäre Amin Dimethylamin, DiSthylamin, Diäthanolamin, Diisopropylamin oder Diiso propanolamin ist. 8. Überzugsmittel nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass als quaternisierende organische Säure Ameisen¯, Essig-, Propion-, Milch- oder Butter säure oder als anorganische Säure Bor-, Salz-, Phosphor¯ oder Schwefelsäure verwendet worden ist.";LINDEN, RENE, QUACK, GUNTHER, DR. DIPL.-CHEM., STEINFORT, KLAUS, DR. DIPL.-CHEM., Linden, René, Quack, Günther, Dr. Dipl.-Chem.;METALLGESELLSCHAFT AG;1978
+EP-0003079-B1;19810401.0;19781219;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;9713900.0;H01L33;H01S3;H01S5, H01L29, H01L33;H01L  29/201, H01S   5/323, H01L  33/00D3B, H01L  33/30;INFRA RED LIGHT EMISSIVE DEVICES;In (Sb 0.1 As 0.9 ) light emissive diodes and lasers are grown on Ga Sb substrates to give lattice matching. Ga Sb has higher band-gap, high refractive index therefore gives electrical, but not optical, confinement required for laser action. Both confinement types provided by sandwiching active layer between layers of (Al 0.6 Ga 0.4 )Sb. In (Sb 0.1 As 0.9 ) emits at approximately 4µm, but emission can be shifted by increasing the proportion of In Sb and restoring the lattice match by the addition of another compound semiconductor e.g. Ga As for longer wavelength emission of In P or Al As for shorter wavelength emission.;"I A RED LIGHT EMISSrVE DEVICES This invention relates to infra-red light emissive devices, and in particular to such devices having active light emissive regions of the ternary solid solution In(Sb, As) and related multicomponent (quarternary or higher) solid solutions. Light emissive devices have been made that had an active light emissive region of In(Sb, As) grown epitaxially upon an In As substrate. A problem with this type of construction is that the addition of In Sb to In As to form a solid solution has the effect of changing the lattice spacing. Therefore a graded interlayer was necessary between the active region and the substrate, but even this did not entirely remove the strain from the active region which was relatively heavily dislocated. The present invention is directed to the problem of lattice mismatch. According to the present invention there is provided an infra-red light emissive device having an active light emissive region of material of the ternary In(Sb, As) solid solution having a lattice spacing matched with that of Ga Sb, which material is epitaxially grown directly or indirectly upon a substrate of Ga Sb. The The invention also provides an infra-red light emissive device having an active light emissive region of material of a multicomponent, quarternary or higher, solid solution having a lattice spacing matched with that of Ga Sb. and based upon the ternary =n(Sb, As) solid solution, which material is epitaxially grown directly or indirectly upon a substrate of Ga Sb. Ga Sb has the same lattice constant as a particular compound of In(Sb, As), approximately In(Sb, 1AS0.9 therefore In(Sbo lAsO 9) grown on a Ga Sb substrate is substantially strain free. There follows a description of infra-red light emissive devices embodying the invention in preferred forms. The description refers to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a graph depicting the variation.of lattice spacing and band-gap with composition for a number of ternary solid solutions of compound semiconductors, Figure 2 depicts a schematic cross-section through a light emissive diode embodying the invention, Figure 3 is a graph depicting the variation in dielectric constant of the (Al, Ga)Sb solid solution with composition, and Figures 4 and 5 depict schematic cross-sections through two further constructions of device embodying the present invention. Referring to Figure 1, and in particular to the In(Sb, As) line between In As and In Sb, it can be seen that the addition of progressively more In Sb to In As has the effect of progressively increasing the lattice spacing at a relatively rapid rate. (The four hatchings on this line, and each of the others, mark the 20, 40, 60 and 80% points respectively.) The rate of increase in lattice spacing is for instance much more rapid than that produced by adding Al As to Ga As to form (Al, Ga)As. This shows why the growth of In(Sb, As) upon an In As substrate is much more difficult than growing (Al, Ga)As upon a substrate of Ga As. However, also from Figure 1 it is seen that Ga Sb has the same lattice constant as a particular point on the In(Sb, As) line corresponding approximately to In(Sbo.l As Therefore substantially strain free In [ Sbg1As0.9) can be grown upon a Ga Sb substrate. This enables structures of the type depicted schematically in Figure 2 to be grown. A Ga Sb substrate 20 of one conductivity type is provided, and then the material of layers 21 and 22 is grown epitaxially upon the substrate 20. Layer 21 has the same conductivity type as the substrate while layer 22 is arranged to have the opposite conductivity type in order to form a p-n junction between them. The growth may be performed by the conventional methods of compound semiconductor material epitaxy. We prefer to use liquid phase epitaxy, and to use for this purpose a graphite slider boat system. From Figure 1 it can be seen that In(Sbg.1AS0.9) has a band gap of about 0.3 eV and therefore the radiation produced in the vicinity of a p-n junction formed in this material will be at a wavelength of about 4pin. The actual value of the emission wavelength may be shifted by going from the ternary In(Sb, As) solid solution to a quaternary or higher solid solution by increasing the proportion of In Sb and adding a further compound semiconductor material in sufficient quantity to restore the lattice spacing to its original value matching that of Ga Sb. To a first approximation the rate of change of lattice spacing and of band gap provided by adding a certain proportion of for instance Ga As to In(Sb, As) is the same as adding that proportion of Ga As to In As. In other words, referring to Figure 1, the effect of adding Ga As to In(Sb, As) is to a first approximation given by a translation of the Ga(As, Sb) curve so that its In As end lies on the appropriate part of the In(Sb, As) curve. It is to be noted that the In(Sb, As) curve is not so steep at its lower end as the top end of the Ga(As, Sb) curve. Therefore, by increasing the proportion of In Sb in In (Sb, As) above In(Sb0#1As0#9) and then adding sufficient Ga As to restore the lattice spacing to the In(Sbo lAsO g) value, it can be seen that the band gap is reduced and hence the emission wavelength increased. Conversely it can be seen that, because the In(As, P) curve and the (Al, In)As curve are neither as steep as the In (As, Sb) curve, the compensation of additional In Sb with the appropriate amount of In P or Al P will have the effect of increasing the band gap and hence reducing the emission wavelength. Therefore the device of Figure 1 may employ multicomponent, quaternary of higher, solid solution epitaxial layers 21 and 22 in order to provide a wavelength of emission greater or less than that of the ternary In (Sb, As) composition with a lattice spacing matching that of Ga Sb. This multicomponent solid solution will The one having a lattice spacing matched with that of G; Sb and based upon the ternary In(Sb, As) system. It will be noted that Ga Sb has a higher band gap than In(Sb, As) and therefore the heterojunction formed between the substrate 20 and layer 21 will serve to confine minority carriers. For some applications it may therefore be advantageous similarly to confine minority carriers on the opposite side of the p-n junction by the use of an additional layer (not shown in Figure 2) of Ga Sb on top of layer 22. By analogy with injection lasers based on (Al, Ga)As it might superficially be expected that it should be possible to construct a laser with an In(Sb, As) layer sandwiched between a pair of layers of Ga Sb. However although the two heterojunctions of such a structure are effective in confining minority carriers they do not provide the requisite optical guidance. This is because the refractive index of Ga Sb (3.83 at 4pm) is greater than that of In As (3.51 at 4pm) and greater than that of In(Sb, As). This problem may be resolved by the use of (Al, Ga)Sb in place of Ga Sb. Figure 3 depicts the variation of optical frequency dielectric constant (equal to the square of the refractive index) for different compositions in the (Al, Ga)Sb solid solution. In order to provide optical confinement at a heterojunction the material bounding the active region must have a refractive index less than that of the active region, preferably about 1% less. Therefore by adding Al Sb to Ga Sb it is possible to reduce the refractive index to an acceptable value. Typically this will occur in the region of (Alo 6GaO )Sb. (Al, Ga)Sb appears to be more stable than (Al, Ga)As with respect to atmospheric attack, and it is found that (Al Ga 4)Sb is stable in air at room temperature. 0.6 0.4 Referring again to Figure 1, it is seen that the lattice spacing of (Al, Ga)Sb and (Al, Ga)As both change with composition at substantially the same slow rate. Therefore, with an active region lattice spacing matched with that of Ga Sb, it is possible, without introducing undue strain, to vary the composition of (Al, Ga)Sb within relatively wide limits so as to adjust the strength of optical guidance to the desired value. Figure 4 depicts a laser which is functionally analo#ous with the single heterostructure (Al, Ga)As laser. The laser is grown by epitaxy upon a Ga Sb substrate 40 and includes two, or optionally three, epitaxial layers 41, 42 and 43. Layer 41 has the opposite conductivity type to that of the substrate 40, and is made of material having the same lattice spacing as the substrate and it is made of In(Sb, As) or of a multicomponent, quaternary or higher, solid solution based on In(Sb, As). Layer 42 has the same conductivity type as layer 41, and is made of (Al, Ga)Sb containing a sufficient proportion of Al Sb to reduce its refractive index beneath that of layer 41 so as to provide the requisite amount of optical confinement in addition to minority carrier confinement. Layer 43 has the same conductivity type as layer 42 and is an optional capping layer of Ga Sb which may be provided to protect the underlying layer 42 from atmospheric attack. This will be the more necessary if layer 42 contains a particularly large proportion of Al Sb which would make it more vulnerable to atmospheric attack. In this construction the heterojunction formed between the substrate 40 and layer 41 merely provides electrical confinement whereas that between layers 41 and 42 provides both electrical and optical confinement. Figure 5 depicts a laser which is functionally analogous with the double heterostructure (Al, Ga)As laser. This is essentially similar to that previously described with reference to Figure 4, but includes an additional layer 50 of (Al, Ga)As of the same conductivity type as the substrate 40 which is located between the substrate and layer 41 which in this instance may have either conductivity type. This layer 50 is of a composition providing it with a refractive index the desired amount less than that of layer 41 to provide the requisite optical guidance. In this way electrical and optical confinement is provided at both the heterojunctions flanking the active region provided by layer 41. The constructions depicted do not show any particular means for lateral confinement of photons or minority carriers in the active light emissive region. It will however be readily apparent that many of the techniques developed for such confinement in relation to (Al, Ga)As solid solutions will be applicable with little or no modifications to semiconductor devices constructed in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.";CLAIMS: 1. An infra-red light emissive device having an active light emissive region of material of the ternary In(Sb, As) solid solution having a lattice spacing matched with that of Ga Sb, which material is epitaxially grown directly or indirectly upon a substrate of Ga Sb. 2. An infra-red light emissive device having an active light emissive region of material of a multicomponent, quarternary or higher, solid solution having a lattice spacing matched with that of Ga Sb and based upon the ternary In(Sb, As) solid solution, which material is epitaxially grown directly or indirectly upon a substrate of Ga Sb. 3. A light emissive device as claimed in claim 2 wherein the active region is or (Ga, In)(Sb, As). 4. A light emissive device as claimed in claim 2 wherein the active region is of (Al, In) (Sb, As). 5. A light emissive device as claimed in claim 2 wherein the active region is of In(Sb, As, P). 6. An infra-red light emissive device as claimed in any preceding claim wherein said active light emissive region is directly flanked upon at least one side by a layer of (Al, Ga)Sb having a composition that provides said layer with a refractive index less than that of the active region. 7. An infra-red light emissive device as claimed in claim 6 wherein said active region is sandwiched directly between a pair of layers of (Al, Ga)Sb both layers having a composition that provides each layer with a refractive index less than that of the active region. 8. A light emissive device as claimed in any preceding claim wherein the device is constructed for laser operation.;GOODMAN, CHARLES HOWARD LUDLOW;INTERNATIONAL  STANDARD ELECTRIC CORPORATION;1978
+EP-0003082-B1;19821215.0;19781222;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;10470579.0;B29C5;B29C11, B29C1;B44C3, B41M1, B41M7, B29C41, B29C70;B41M   7/00, B29C  41/20, B44C   3/08, B29C  41/04, L29C93:00, B41M   1/30, B29C  70/78;METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ROTATIONALLY MOULDING A DECORATED ARTICLE;A mould for producing a decorated article comprises a base part with a mould cavity and a lid part co-operating with but being movable away from the base part, the surface of the lid part facing the base part being substantially planar or part-cylindrical and extending beyond the wall (12). The wall (12) preferably has a knife edge (13) to provide a score line for flashing. The method of producing the article comprises the steps of locating in a predetermined position on the lid part a carrier (15) having ink (18) thereon, charging the base part with plastics material, locating the lid part in a predetermined position on the base part so that the carrier (15) extends beyond the co-operating wall (12) of the base part, and rotationally moulding the article.;"TITLE: MOULDED ARTICLES This invention relates to rotationally decorated moulded articles and to a method and a mould for producing such articles. Previously, decorated moulded articles have been produced by first moulding the article and printing the decoration thereon. This has proved expensive, particularly if multi-coloured printing is required. In the case of decorated playballs, it is known to insert in the bottom of the mould before moulding a decorated insert of a plastics material which has the desired printing thereon, the material of the insert being compatible with that of the playball. W7hen moulded, the insert is embedded in and fused with the finished playball. However, it is particularly difficult to properly locate and retain the insert in position. An object of the invention is to provide a method b¯rwçhich a decorated article having a high level of quality can be produced relatively inexpensively. The method permits accurate location of the decoration on the article. In accordance vith one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing a decorated article using a mould comprising a base part with a mould cavity and a lid part co-operating with but being movable away from the base part, the surface of the lid part facing the base part being substantially planar or part-cylindrical, characterised in that said method comprises the steps of locating in a predetermined position on the lid part a carrier having ink thereon, charging the base part with plastics material, locating the lid part in a predetermined position on the base part so that the carrier extends beyond the co-operating wall of the base part, and rotationally moulding the article. In accordance with another aspect ov the invention there is provided a method according to claim 1, wherein the co-operating wall of the base part hat aknife-edge, characterised in that said method includes the step of removing after moulding the portion of the carrier which extends beyond the co-operating wall of the base part and which has been scored or cut through by the knife edge during moulding. Preferably1 the co-operating walls of the base mould part present a knife edge which is engageable with the lid part, the knife edge scoring or cutting through the carrier during moulding to avoid the necessity of pre-cutting the carrier to the shape of the base part of the mould. The knife edge is preferably a thickness less than 1/32 inches (0.794 cm). The carrier can be of any simple staple, for example rectangular, and is preferably located relative to the lid part by suitable locating means, for example projections on the lid part which co-operate with holes in the carrier. The carrier is preferably plastics material which is during the moulding operation fused with the plastics material of the article. The carrier plastics material is preferably transparent and may be above the ink layer in the finished article, in which case it forms a protective layer. It is presently preferred, however, that the carrier plastics material is below the ink layer in which case it serves to bond the ink layer to the substrate of the article and it may be opaque At least part of said surface of the lid part is preferably polished to enable the carrier to be attached thereto by suction. The polished surface provides a gloss finish on the corresponding surface of the article. The surface may be formed on a removable support plate which supports the carrier facing the base part. The said surface may be etched or engraved to provide a relieved pattern on the corresponding surface of the article. The surface may additionally or alternatively have recesses which will be filled during moulding by the plastics material in the mould and which provide protuberances on the surface of the article for a further decorative effect. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided an article made in accordance with the method of the invention. An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a side elevation of a moulding apparatus having a plurality of moulds, Figure 2 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view of a mould of Figure 1, Figure 3 is a plan view illustrating a printed carrier sheet for use with the moulds, Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of an article formed using the mould of Figure 2, Figure 5 is a plan view of a base part of a modified mould for making interlocking articles, Figure 6 is a perspective view of a blank formed in accordance with the invention for producing a toy house, and Figure 7 is an enlarged detail cross-sectional view of part of the blank of Figure 6. The moulding apparatus comprises a frame 1 having two arms 2,3 which are pivotally interconnected by a hinge 4 at one end and which have at the other end a releasable connection 5 which may take any suitable form, for example a bolt passing through co-operating eyes formed in depending members 6. One arm 2 of the frame has attached thereto base parts 8 of moulds 9 and the other arm 3 carries lid parts 10 of the moulds, the lid parts being attached to the arm 3 by supports 11. Preferably, the frame has eight moulds 9 arranged in two side-by-side rows of four, in which case one lid part 10 may co-operate with two side-by-side base parts. As best seen in Figure 2, the upper edge of the side wall 12 of each base part 8 is formed as a knife edge 13 which co-operates with the lid part 10. The lid part 10 has two spigots or projections 14 which serve to locate a carrier sheet 15, such as is illustrated in Figure 3, in which locating holes 16 have been punched. Alignment of the holes 16 with the projections 14 ensures that the carrier sheet 15 will be properly located for the moulding process as will be described below. The carrier sheet 15 comprises a thin plastics layer 17 having printing 18 thereon and at least part of the lower surface of the lid part is polished to permit the un-printed zone of the carrier sheet to adhere by suction to the lid part. Preferably that part of the lid adjacent the printed zone on the carrier sheet is also highly polished to provide a high gloss finish on the printed part of the finished article. To mould the article the arms 2,3 of the frame are unlocked and the frame opened to permit each carrier sheet 15 to be located on a lid part 10 using the locating projections and holes. Each carrier sheet is smoothed out to remove any air bubbles between the lmd part 10 and the carrier sheet 15, which adheres to the lid part by suction. Plastics material to form the base or substrate 21 of the article, which is for example polyvinyl chloride (P.V.C.) in the form of powder or plastisol, is introduced into each mould base part 8, and the arms 2,3 closed and locked together so that they attain the predetermined positions illustrated in Figure 1. The connection of the arms of the frame ensures that the lid parts and corresponding base parts are in perfect register and the printing 18 is correctly positioned with respect to the mould base part 8. The mould assembly is rotated and heated in known manner and during the molding process the knife edge 13 of each mould scores or cuts the carrier sheet along the edge 19 of the finished article. During the moulding process the carrier sheet 15 acts as a gasket between the base and lid parts of the mould and prevents leakage of the material from within the mould. After moulding, the frame is opened and each article is removed from its mould and the outer part 20 of the carrier sheet beyond the edge 19 of the finished article is simply removed by hand without the need for a further cutting operation. Although shown as a sharp edge, the knife edge 13 may have a substantial thickness and yet still cut or score the carrier sheet. For example, the thickness of the knife edge may be about 1/32 inches, (0.794 cm). In the illustrated embodiment, the plastics layer 17, which is preferably of P.V.C. or other material compatible with the material in the mould, is located adjacent the base part with the ink layer 18 in contact with the lid part. It has been found that the ink layer 18 and the plastics layer 17 tend to fuse with each other and with the substrate 21 and the ink layer 18 is practically irremovable. Optionally, the ink layer could be facing the base part. In this case, the fusion of the ink layer and plastics layer with the substrate is not so good and it is possible, although difficult, to insert an implement or fingernail beneath the ink layer in the finished article and lift the layer away from the substrate 21. Figure 5 illustrates a modified form of mould base part which is divided into sections 23 by internal walls 24 arranged to provide any desired shape of sections. The walls are preferably less than 1/32 inch (0.794cm) thick and have the same effect of scoring or cutting the carrier sheet as the knife edges 13 of the side walls of the base part. The sections 23 are preferably of the same volume, and may conveniently be the same shape, and equal amounts of plastics material are introduced into the respective sections to provide the substrate. The moulding operation is similar to that described above. It will be appreciated that utilising this mould base part the finished article comprises a plurality, four as illustrated, of parts which interlock in the manner of jigsaw pieces. When interlocked the printing of one part registers perfectly with the printing of an adjacent part. Furthermore the gap if between the parts which is the same as the thickness of walls 24 facilitates assembly and separation of the parts. Figure 6 shows an article which is formed using a mould base part similar to that of Figure 5, but in which dividing walls 24 are an inverted V-shape and do not engage with the lid part during the moulding process. The resultant article has V-shaped grooves 25 so that each section is separated by a thin portion 26 of material which forms a hinge. The illustrated article is in the form of a blank for construction into a house, the printing on the undersurface of the blank, as seen in Figure 6, being of brickwork, doors and windows etc, to be visible when the blank is made up. To make up the blank, each of the wall sections 27 is folded about its hinge and a base (not shown) is inserted in a groove 28 formed in each wall section. The end wall sections have locking means, in the illustrated case in the form of co-operating tongue 29 and groove 30, which lock the end wall sections together. The roof sections 31 are then folded over about their hinges 26 and locked in places by suitable locking means (not shown) or by adhesive. The house may be used as a money box in which case a slot 32 is provided in the roof. It will be appreciated that although a blank for a house is illustrated, other articles, for example a boat or a train, could be made from suitable blanks. Instead of polishing the inner surface of the lid part 1 of a removable polished plate, which can be readily replaced, may be attached to the underside of the lid part. Furthermore, the polished surface may be engraved or be provided with recesses to provide a relieved surface on the finished article. Although described as flat, the said surface may be part cylindrical. The above-described method can be carried out by relatively unskilled operatives. The carrier sheet need only be located on a similar sized and shaped lid part using the simple locating means. After the moulding operation and release of the article from the mould, it is necessary only to remove the flashing of the carrier sheet, which is scored or cut through to permit easy removal. The moulded article may be provided with a ""squeaker"" in known manner and may take any suitable form or shape. In a particular example the article is in the shape of the outline of a cartoon-type character and the printing can provide precise detail of the character. In another example, the article takes the form of a greetings card with the printing taking the form of a picture and suitable wording. The printing may be in any desired combination of colours. It will be appreciated that the bottom wall of the base part 8 of each mould may be provided by a part (not shown) sirilar to lid part 10 to enable an article with decoration on both sides to be produced. The bottom wall may receive a carrier having a decoration which is the same as, or different from, the decoration on the lid part 10. The part forming the bottom wall may have some or all of the features of the lid part 10 described above. The above-described article has a level of quality which has hitherto proved impracticable.";CLAIMS 1. A method of producing a decorated article using a mould comprising a base part with a mould cavity and a lid part co-operating with but being movable away from the base part, the surface of the lid part facing the base part being substantially planar or part-cylindrical, characterised in that said method comprises the steps of locating in a predetermined position on the lid part a carrier having ink thereon, charging the base part with plastics material, locating the lid part in a predetermined position on the base part so that the carrier extends beyond the co-operating wall of the base part, and rotationally moulding the article. 2. A method according to claim 1, wherein the co-operating wall of the base part has a knife-edge, characterised in that said method includes the step of removing after moulding the portion of the carrier which extends beyond the co-operating wall of the base part and which has been scored or cut through by the knife edge during moulding. 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the carrier is of plastics material on which the decorative ink is printed. 4. A method according to claim 3, characterised in that the plastics material of the carrier is transparent or translucent and is located adjacent the surface of the lid part with the ink layer facing the base part. 5. A method according to claim 3, characterised in that the carrier is located on the lid part with the ink layer facing said surface of the lid part. 6. A method according to any of claims 3 to 5, characterised in that at least a part of the surface of the lid part is polished, and including the step of securing the plastics carrier to the polished part of the surface by suction. 7. A mould having a base part with a mould cavity and a lid part co-operating with but being movable away from the base part, characterised in that locating means for locating the lid part in a predetermined position relative to the base part, that the surface of the lid part facing the base part is substantially planar or partcylindrical, and that the lid part extends beyond the cooperating walls of the base part. 8. A mould according to claim 1, characterised in that the co-operating walls of the base part present a knife edge which is engageable with the lid. 9. A mould according to claim 7 or 8 characterised in that said mould has internal walls which separate the base part into individual mould sections. 10. A mould according to claim 9, characterised in that the internal walls are engageable with the lid part. 11. A mould according to claim 9, characterised in that the internal walls are spaced from the lid part to provide flexural hinge portions in the moulded article. 12. A mould according to any of claims 7 to 11, characterised in that the lid part comprises means for locating an ink-carrier in a predetermined position relative to the lid part. 13. A mould according to claim 12, characterised in that the carrier locating means comprise a plurality of spigots co-operable with corresponding holes in the carrier. 14. A mould according to any of claims 7 to 13, characterised in that at least part of said surface of the lid part is polished. 15. A mould according to claim 14, characterised in that only the portion of the said surface of the lid part which extends beyond the co-operating walls of the base part is polished. 16. A mould according to claim 14 or 15, characterised in that said polished surface is provided by-a removable plate. 17. A mould according to any of claims j to 16, characterised in that the base part comprises a further such lid part and a portion separating said lid parts. 18. A moulding apparatus comprising a plurality of moulds according to any of claims 7 to 17, characterised in that said moulds are mounted in a frame which provides said means for locating the lid parts relative to the base parts, said frame having two pivotally connected arms, one arm carrying the mould lid arts and the other arm carrying the base parts, the two arms being lockable in a closed position in which the lid parts engage the cooperating walls of the base parts. 19. An article produced by a method according to any of claims 1 to 6.;CRANE, JOHN CHARLES;THE METTOY COMPANY LIMITED;1978
+EP-0003083-B1;19820106.0;19781222;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;9720204.0;B01D11;C07C179;C07C409, C07C407, C07C67, B01D11;B01D  11/04M3, B01D  11/04M, C07C 409/26;LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION;The invention provides a process and apparatus for liquid-liquid extraction in which a first liquid phase is passed continuously through a series of extraction stages (10) whilst a second liquid phase is passed continuously through the series in counter-current to the first phase. In each stage the second phase is dispersed as by a sieve plate (11) and then allowed to coalesce into a settled body (14) from which the second phase is withdrawn and passed to the next adjacent stage. The invention is characterised by the fact that the flows of the two phases in each stage are generally transverse to each other. Preferably the first phase flows through the series of stages under gravity whilst the second phase is pumped (16) from stage to stage to control its inter-stage transfer. The invention combines the features of separate control of residence time characteristics of an extraction column with the safety aspects inherent in a mixer/settler battery.;"Background of the Invention The present invention relates to a process and apparatus for contacting two immiscible liquid phases, for example in the organic extraction of an aqueous phase. The invention has particular, but not exclusive, relevance to, and will be described with respect to, the preparation of peracids (by which we mean herein pero#;carboxylic acids). The use of such peracids is well known in the epoxldation of alkenes, especially lower alkenes. Those skilled in the art of liquid-liquid extraction will readily understand what other processes the present invention can be applied to. Description of the Prior Art The general techniques of extraction of a substance from a first liquid phase with a second and immiscible liquid phase are ell known. Normally such extraction is carried out using counter-current techniques. The two main classes of apparatus used are known as ""extraction columns"" and "".mixer-settlers"". One advantage of extraction columns is that different residence times can be used for the two phases but one disadvantage is that imperfect contacting of the two phases ma; occur due chiefly to non-uniform flow of the phases, particularly in large columns. One advantage of mixer-settlers is that efficient contacting is ensured. However in conventional mixer-settlers operating under steady state conditions, the residence times of the two phases are normally the same regardless of the relative rates of flow of the two phases, unless special recycling stages are provided. An alternative technique is called cross-current extraction and is described in ""Liquid-liquid Extraction"" by L. Alders 2nd Ed. 1959, published by Elsevier Publishing Company. However for the reasons stated therein on page 66 this has severe defects and is described in ""Chemical Engineers Handbook by Robert H. Perry 5th Ed. published by McGraw-Hill Book Company at page 15-15 under the more appropriate name of ""simple multistage contact"". Summary of the Invention It is an object of the present invention to provide a process and apparatus for liquid-liquid extraction. According to the present invention, there is provided a process for licuid-liquid extraction, comprising passing a first liquid phase continuously through a series of extraction stages, passing a second liquid phase continuously through said series in counter-current to the first phase and, in each said stage, effecting dispersal of the second phase in the first phase and allowing coalescence and separation of the second phase into a settled body from which the second phase is withdrawn and passed under control to the next adjacent stage as aforesaid, characterised in that the flows of the two phases in each stage are generally transverse to each other. According to a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a liquid-liquid extraction apparatus comprising a plurality of vessels arranged in a series, means to introduce a first liquid phase into the first vessel of the series and to cause or permit it to flow through the series, means to withdraw the first phase from the last vessel of the series, means to introduce a second liquid phase into said last vessel, and means to withdraw the second phase from the first vessel of the series, dispersing means for said second phase in each of the vessels adapted to effect dispersal of the second phase throughout the first phase in each vessel, a space in each vessel permitting coalescence of said second phase, means for collecting such settled second phase and means for permitting or causing transfer of such collected second phase to the next adjacent vessel in the series for introduction thereinto, characterised in that the flows of the to phases in each stage are generally transverse to each other. In the preferred arrangement, with all the vessels in a common horizontal plane, the first phase flows generally horizontally through each vessel and throughout the serieC whilst the second phase flows generally vertically in each vessel from the dispersing means, there being a single dispersal in each vessel. This arrangement must be clearly distinguished from ""cross-current extraction"" as above described since the flows of the two phases through the overall system are countercurrent. Pump means will normally be required to convey the second phase from vessel to vessel, the pump means also conveniently serving to control the transfer of the second phase from stage to stage. Preferably, in accordance with common practice in conventional columns, the second phase (which forms the dispersed phase) is the phase having the larger volume passing through the apparatus in unit time. The difference in specific gravities of the two phases will determine whether the dispersed phase moves upwardly or downwardly in each vessel. Dispersion of the second phase may be effected by suitable dispersing means for example spray head, sieve plates, or the like, but it will be understood that the dispersion is not effected by a stirrer or the like in such a way as to prevent coalescence of the second phase which takes place in the same vessel and not in a separate vessel or compartment as is common in a ""mixer/settler"". Nevertheless each vessel may be provided with agitation means, for example a stirrer or sparge pipe, for use only under shutdown conditions. The dispersed phase may have its flow pulsed. Application to preparation of peracids The general preparation of peracids by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with hydrogen peroxide in an aqueous medium is well known. It is also known that such peracids can be extracted into organic solvents. One process for the preparation of peracids is disclosed in DOS 2602776 (GC36). In alternative process is disclosed in BP 1 425 077. As prviosly mentioned, a well-known use of peracids is -n epoxidation, and the present invention is particularly suitable for integration with such a process. More specisically therefore a feature of the invention is that it can be used to extract a peracid into organic solution from an aqueous solution. Moreover the aqueous solution of the peracid may be generated in situ by supplying an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide in countercurrent to an organic solution of a carboxylic acid. Comparison with the Prior Art The most relevant forms of prior art are the conventional sieve plate column and the conventional mixer/settler battery. In general the present invention can be considered to be a hybrid between these two conventional extraction devices. Thus it behaves and can be controlled in much the same way as a sieve plate column but without suffering from the defects known to exist in sieve plate columns. On the other hand the physical disposition of the stages is similar t# a mixer/settler battery with the known advantages of that arrangement but without the disadvantage of the restriction on residence time in a mixer/settler battery. Thus if we compare the present process with the prior art, from a technical standpoint, upon the assumption that the peracid is perpropionic acid, and the solvent is propylene dichloride, these being the preferred compounds for reasons which will appear, the specific gravity of the aqueous phase is influenced by the concentration of sulphuric acid which also influences the rate of the reaction. The optimum concentration of sulphuric acid, with respect to the extent and rate of the reaction, gives a specific gravity to the aqueous phase which is so high compared with the organic phase that the depth of the organic phase below the plates in a conventional column is such that there is a risk of breakthrough of uncoalesced phases, unless the aperture size of the sieve plate is reduced to a value as to make the formaticn of a stable emulsion probable. These related problems are particularly pronounced in large diameter columns (cross-sectional area greater than 10 square meters) since, as is known in such columns which are used in large scale production, there is an increased risk of local maldistribution of the phases. Moreover with such large columns it is difficult to prevent streaming of the aqueous phase. It is therefore calculable that with the selected reactants it would be difficult to operate a large conventional column with the required degree of efficiency. Moreover although in theory runaway decomposition of the peroxidic reactant and product is unlikely, nevertheless it is possible and the consequences of such a decomposition are such that severe damage to the plant might occur. Since there is a possibility of such decomposition, steps must be taken to control it and these steps are difficult and expensive on very large columns. Thus it will be known that it is difficult to remove heat generated within a column and difficult to dump the contents of a multiplate column rapidly. Moreover since decomposition inevitably leads to gas generation and this gas is constrained by high hydrostatic pressure, additional problems are posed. Thus in the preferred apparatus of the present invention the arrangement is such as to ensure that in each vessel of the series, the organic phase is distributed by a sieve plate as efficiently as is reasonably practicable and that the droplets of organic phase can rise through the aqueous phase and coalesce to form a settled body of the organic phase resting above the aqueous phase. It will be apparent that this settled body can be arranged to be of any convenient depth which is not in general determined by the resistance to flow imposed by the sieve plate of the next higher stage, as happens in conventional columns. It is therefore possible to ensure that only settled phase is passed to the sieve plate in each stage. This transfer will normally be by a pump and is effected under control in such a way as to maintain a proper depth of settled phase in each vessel. Thus the above-described problems of hydrodynar.lc instabIlity which are found in large conventional columns are minimised. The effect of minimising the hydrodnamic instabilities is also inherently to minimise the risk of chemical instabilities which chiefly arise when phases have not had time to react and equilibrate in each stage. Nevertheless, should instability occur in the apparatus of the present invention, its effect will normally be confined to a single vessel since the generated gas cannot pass from vessel to vessel. It is therefore only necessary to isolate the vessel in which the malfunction takes place and if necessary the contents of that vessel can be dumped in known fashion. It will be appreciated that this is a much simpler, quicker and easier operation than dumping the entire contents of a conventional column. Finally, it will be apparent that, unlike conventional mixer-settlers, the residence times of the two phases can be separately controlled. This is particularly advantageous where reaction takes place simultaneously with extraction. The apparatus of the present invention is therefore capable of being designed so as to be easier to control, more efficient and safer than a conventional large diameter column. In this way the apparatus of the present invention closely resembles a battery of mixer-settlers but it achieves the desired technical result without incurring the disadvantages known in mixer-settlers. Generalised Description of the Process It will be apparent from the above that the present invention has particular advantage in extraction processes operating on a large scale; in processes in which there is a risk of chemical instabilities; in processes in which a chemical reaction takes place simultaneously with the extraction process; and in processes in which, for example due to large specific gravity differential, there is a risk of hydrodynamic instabilities. Such processes are conveniently exemplified by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with carboxylic acids to generate peracids and their extraction into an organic solvent. The invention will therefore be particularly described with reference to such a process. The organic solution of a peracid is useful, for example, in the epoxidation of an alkene to give an oxirane or epoxide and such end use will be envisaged in the description of the process. It will be appreciated that the process to be described uses an aqueous phase but it should be understood that two immiscible organic liquid phases could also be used in the invention. Selection of the carboxylic acid As used herein, the term ""carboxylic acid"" has its normal meaning but it is necessary to emphaslse that in practising the invention a proper selection of the ""carboxylic acid"" and ""organic solvent"" is desirable in order to provide optimum efficiencies. However with the guide lines given herein such selection is within the ability of one skilled in the art. It is clearly necessary to select a carboxylic acid which is sufficiently soluble in water to permit the reaction to take place and such that it and the peracid are also sufficiently soluble in the organic solvent to permit extraction to take place. Moreover the carboxylic acid and peracid should not undergo undesirable side reactions. For these reasons we prefer to use unsubstituted monocarboxylic acids having at least two but less than six carbon atoms. The preferred carboxylic acids are acetic and propionic acids. Selection of the solvent The process to be described in detail is one in which the extraction into the organic phase takes place simultaneously with the reaction to form the peracid, but substantially the same criteria apply to separate reaction and extraction stages. The prime function of the organic solvent is to provide a discrete organic phase in which the carboxylic acid and peracid are soluble. Additional desirable criteria for the organic solvent are a low solvent power for water, a low solubility in aqueous sulphuric acid and non-reactivity under the conditions of the reaction in the presence of the other reactants. It will be understood that although various solvents are listed herein, the selection of a solvent for practical use#must depend on the precise process and reactants, and on the end use for the peracid. The solvent may be a halogenated, e.g. fluorinated or chlorinated, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon for example : dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, chloroethane, l,l-dichloroethane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, l,l,l-trichloroethane, l,l,2-trichloroethane, 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, l-chloropropane, 2-chlororopane, l,l-dichloropropane, 1,2-dichloropropane, 1,3-dichloropropane, 2,2,-dichloropropane, l,l,l-trichloropropane, 1,1,2-trichloropropane, 1,1,3-trichloropropane, 1,2,2-trichloropropane, 1,2,3-trichloropropane, tetrachloropropanes, or chloro-substituted butanes, pentances or hexanes, cyclohexyl chloride or chlorobenzene. Chlorinated hydrocarbons, although normally considered very inert, may give rise to chloride species, which in the presence of water and/or sulphuric acid can be very corrosive. It may therefore be desirable to select the solvent from among non-chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons a > .d alkyl-aryl hydrocarbons for example decane, heptane, cycloheptane, benzene, toluene or xylene. Other solvents, known generally in the art of peracids may be used. A solvent mixture can be used, for example that known as petroleum ether which is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons or mixtures of solvents mentioned individually above. It is not necessary that the organic solvent should be a saturated compound provided that any unsaturation is not epoxidisable under the conditions of the process. Of all the solvents listed herein, the most preferred are l,2-dichloroethane (ethylene diochloride), 1,2-dichloropropane (propylene dichloride) and benzene. production of peracid Before describing the plant cf the present invention it is convenient to describe, in general terms, the reaction itself. In the reaction an aqueous phase, comprising sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and water, and an organic phase, comprising carboxylic acid and organic solvent, are passed to the counter-current extraction apparatus. The components will partition between the two phases and, in the aqueous phase, the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with carboxylic acid to give peracid will be catalysed by the sulphuric acid. This reaction is normally slow to reach equilibrium but is accelerated by the extraction of the peracid into the organic phase. In addition to its function as catalyst; the sulphuric acid also has the function of adjusting the specific gravity of the aqueous phase to assist separation of the phases. The relative specific gravity of the organic and aqueous phases will determine their direction of movement in separation after admixture. However care should be taken, as is known, that the concentration of the sulphuric acid is maintained so as to be sufficient for catalysis insufficient to cause degradation of any of the organic components by dehydration, etc. Optimisation of the sulphuric acid concentration on chemical ana extraction criteria tends to lead to relative densitites, plate dimensions, residence times, etc which are difficult to handle in conventional apparatus but which pose few problems in the apparatus of the present invention. The aqueous solution removed from the extraction device has, in effect, had some or all of its hydrogen peroxide replaced by water. It is therefore desirably concentrated by the removal of water and recycled after addition of hydrogen peroxide. Production of peracid - general conditions Dealing with this part of the invention in more detail and as applied specifically to the preparation of perpropionic acids, using propylene dichloride as the organic solvent, an aqueous phase is supplied to the extraction device to pass therethrough. This aqueous phase comprises sulphuric acid, hydrogen peroxide and water. The proportion of sulphuric acid is desirably between 30% and 60% by weight and is preferably approximately 40% by weight. Conveniently for operating reasons the sulphuric acid is derived from 75% by weight sulphuric acid solution in water which forms a feedback from the purification stages which will be described hereinafter, together with make-up acid. The hydrogen peroxide is conveniently between 108 and 35 by weight of the aqueous phase and in practice 29% is very satisfactory. This hydrogen peroxide is very conveniently supplied as approximately 70% by weight solution in water. Water makes up the third component of the aqueous phase and its proportions can readily be found by difference. The organic phase is fed into the extraction device to pass in counter-current with the aqueous phase and comprises, for the production of perpropionic acid, a solution of propionic acid in propylene dichloride. The concentration of the propionic acid is preferably between 15 and 30 of the organIc phase and desirably 20. The relative viume of the aqueous and organic phases passing through the apparatus in unit time and their concentrations together set the ratio between hydrogen peroxide and propionic acid. This ratio may be from 1:0.5 to 1:4 by moles but is conveniently about 1:1.4, the stoichiometrical ratio being 1:1. It may be convenient to carry out a further extraction of the aqueous phase leaving the extraction device using fresh organic solvent in order to extract substantially all of both propionic acid and perpropionic acid from the aqueous effluent. It may also be convenient to effect a back-wash operation on the organic phase m order to remove dissolved hydrogen peroxide. This latter can be effected by dividing the aqueous feed to the device into two portions, one being primarily dilute sulphuric acid and the other primarily hydrogen peroxide, and introducing these two portions at spaced locations in the device. Similarly the hydrogen peroxide feed can be divided into two or more portions introduced at spaced locations. The reaction proceeds naturally at a satisfactory rate so that operation at natural temperatures is satisfactory. Natural temperature is to some extent dependent on a scale effect since only little heat is evolved on mixing and reaction. Since the reaction is not markedly temperature sensitive no special steps are needed and a temperature of 0-30 C is satisfactory. As a guide to the election of a reactant/solvent system for the production of the peracid, reference should be made to Table 1 which shows some relevant data. TABLE Lolling point Solubility pK x 105 C Density in water g/cc Carboxylic acids formic 17.7 101 1.22 acetic 1.8 118 1.04 Co propionic 1.3 141 0.99 Co n.butyric 1.5 163 0.96 Co caproic 1.4 205 0.93 6 n.heptoic 1.3 223 0.92 6 chloracetic 140 189 1.28 v a-chlorpropionic 147 186 1.28 Co S-chlorpropionic 10 204 - s Solvents chloroethane 13.1 0.90 6 ethylene dichloride 83.5 1.235 6 tetrachloroethane 146 1.60 # propylene dichloride 96 1.16 # chlorobenzene 132 1.11 i cyclohexylchloride 142 1.00 i trichlorethylene 87 1.462 6 tetrachlorethylene 121 1.623 i decane 174 0.73 i heptane 98 0.68 i cyclohexane 81 0.78 i TABLE I <RTI ID=13.1> (continued) ¯ Boiling point Solubility pK x 105 OC Density in water g/oc Solvents (continued) benzene 80.1 0.88 6 toluene 1110 0.87 i ethylacetate 77 0.90 s ethyl propionate 99 0.89 6 nitrobenzene 211 1.20 6 di n-propyl ether 91 0.74 6 petroleum ether 80-100 0.8 i Notes to Table 1 1. TheEK figures are for aqueous solution at 250C. 2. The symbols for solubility are taken from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics; The Chemical Rubber Co; 46th Ed. Description of the preferred embodiment In order that the invention may more readily be understood one embodiment of the same will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 illustrates the general concept, Figure 2 is a side elevational section of a single cell, Figure 3 is a section through the cell in Figure 2 taken on the line III-III of Figure 2, Figure 4 is a top plan view showing an arrangement of four cells, and Figure 5 is a diagramatic representation of a complete peracid generator. Referring firstly to Figure 1 of the drawinys, it will be seen that the plant comprises a series of individual cells each of which is equipped with a sieve plate 11 adjacent to the base and with an inlet 12 for organic phase located in such a position that organic phase collects at 13 below the sieve plate 11 in the conventional manner. The organic phase passes through the sieve plate 11 and collects as an upper organic layer 14 at the top of the cell. The organic phase is withdrawn from the layer 14 via an outlet 15 and is passed by a pump 16 to the next adjacent cell. Similarly each cell is provided with an aqueous phase inlet 17 and an aqueous phase outlet 18 so arranged that the aqueous phase passes through each cell of the seri esbut in countercurrent with the organic phase, the outlet 18 of one cell being connected to the inlet 17 of the next cell, the movement of the two liquids in each cell being transverse to each other. Figure 2 shows the arrangement of a single cell in greater detail. It will be seen that the cell comprises a conventional tank 10 having side walls 20 and a base 21, the tank having a lid 36 to prevent accidental ingress of material and a freely opening cover 37 to a vent 38 so that effectively there can be no build-up of pressure in the cell. There is a free space 22 between the lid 36 and the upper surface of the liquid in the cell. The upper level of liquid within the cell 10 is defined by a weir 23 which is arranged to guard the organic phase outlet 15 and ensure firstly that the level of liquid within the cell 10 is maintained correctly and secondly that only organic phase passes out of the outlet 15. Unless the geometry otherwise makes it unneccessary, it may be convenient to have a baffle 24 arranged adjacent to the organic phase inlet 17 in order to prevent streaming of the aqueous phase from the inlet 17 to the outlet 18 without proper mixing within the cell. However we prefer if possible to arrange for the geometry of the cells to be such that adequate mixing is promoted by the cell design and no separate baffle is needed. It will be understood that the cell illustrated in Figure 2 operates in exactly the same way as a single stage in a multiplate column but without the constraints imposed by adjacent plates. Thus for example in the construction of the present invention, the depth of the organic layer 13 below the sieve plate 11 does not have to be the same as the depth of the organic layer 14 at the top of the cell. Such variation is not generally possible in a conventional column. It will be seen from Figure 1 that the aqueous phase flows from cell to cell without requiring any inter-cell pumping. The organic phase however overflows from the top of one cell and requires to be pumped in order to introduce it into the base of the next cell. Although conventional mechanically or electrically driven pumps could be used, the power requirements are so small that it is possible to use alternative forms of pump. The form that we prefer is known as a gas lift pump and is illustrated in Figure 2. Organic phase enters the pump through a side limb 25 coupled to the outlet 15 of the previous stage and enters the open limb of a U-tube 26. The second limb of the U-tube 26 contains a gas injector 27 which forces a gas/liquid mixture up to a disengaging chamber 28. The gas is separated in the disengaging chamber 28 and is taken away by a line 29 for recycle, whilst the organic liquid flows by gravity down a pipe 30 to the inlet 12. A suitable gas for the gas lift is nitrogen. It will be apparent that the efficiency of the operation of the gas lift as a pump depends upon the level of the Liquid in the U-tube 26 and this in turn depends upon the rate of overflow over the weir 23 of the preceding stage. The system is therefore inherently self-compensating. In the event that the plant has to be shut down for any reason, there will be a tendency for a continuing reaction to take place in the individual cells which could overheat since there is no flow of liquid through them under shut down conditions. If the design is such that it is desirable to remove this heat and therefore reduce the tendency to runaway reaction, each of the cells may be equipped with a helical cooling coil and a stirrer. Under normal operation of the cells the stirrer will be inoperative and the coil ineffective. However under shut down conditions coolant is supplied to the coil and the stirrer is activated so that each cell is effectively converted to a cooled, stirred tank. Figure 3 illustrates an alternative arrangement in which coolant tubes 31 are located adjacent to one wall of the cell as a vertical bank with adjacent vertical baffles 32 and 32a which define, with the side wall of the cell, vertical cooling channels 33 and 33a for the aqueous and organic phases respectively. These cooling channels 33 and 33a terminate as is shown, below the upper surfaces of each liquid phase. If additicnal flow through the channel is required in place of the downwards thermosiphon effect, gas, for example the nitrogen or other gas used in the gas lift pumps, can be supplied to a sparge pipe 34 at the base of the coolant channel 33. It will be appreciated that under shut down conditions the gas lift pumps are inoperative If dumping of the contents of any selected vessel is necessary, this can be effected through operation of a dump valve 39. An alternative construction to Figure 1 which obviates the need for the baffle 24 shown in Figure 2 is illustrated in Figure 4. the sieve plates being omitted for clarity. In this arrangement, the cells are located side by side and are, comparatively speaking, long and thin. The organic phase moves as indicated through the pipes 30 (the pumps not being shown), whilst the construction is such as to cause the aqueous phase to flow in a sinuous manner through the series of cells, the inlets and outlets 17, 18 being replaced by apertures 35. Thus from the point of view of the aqueous phase, the arrangement can be considered as a plug flow reactor. It will readily be seen by reference to Figure 4 that the flow of aqueous phase can be controlled by the simple expedient of controlling the flow from the final stage in accordance with an interface controller on the first stage. As previously explained the arrangement of weirs and gas lift pumps inherently controls the organic phase. It will also be understood that, as in a column, the residence times of the two phases need not be the same. In this way the plant of the present invention differs very markedly from the mixer-settler arrangement, A suitable arrangement for a complete plant is illustrated in Figure 5. Purely by way of example the plant has been illustrated as having 27 separate cells arranged in three series but it should be understood that one or two of these series may be replaced by one or more conventional columns generally as described in the said DOS. The plant illustrated in Figure 5 is intended for use with an epoxidation plant to which it supplies a solution of peracid in organic solvent and from which it receives separate recycle streams of carboxylic acid in organic solvent and of organic solvent. More specifically the plant illustrated in Figure 5 is intended for the manufacture of perpropionic acid, using propionic acid as the carboxylic acid, and using propylene dichloride as the solvent. The three series of cells are arranged to operate in series and in countercurrent. The main reaction takes place in the centre series of cells, conveniently called the ""reaction stage"" 102. The organic phase from the reaction stage 103 and the aqueous phase to treatment in an organic backwash stage 101. Aqueous hydrogen peroxide is supplied to the right hand of the reaction stage 102 by means of a line 104 from a hydrogen peroxide storage tank 105. Aqueous sulphuric acid is also supplied to the right hand end of the reaction stage 102 by a line 106, being in fact a recycle phase as will be apparent hereinafter. Aqueous sulphuric acid is also supplied to the right hand end of the reaction stage 102 by a line 107 from the left hand end of the acid backwash stage 103. The hydrogen peroxide, sulphuric acid and water supplied by the lines 104, 106 and 107 together constitute the aqueous phase. An organic solution of propionic acid in propylene dichloride is supplied to the left hand end of the reaction stage 102 by a line 108 from the right hand end of the organic backwash stage 101. Fresh propionic acid in propylene dichloride from a make-up storage tank 110 is also supplied to the left hand end of the stage 102 by a line 109. Finally a recycle phase comprising propionic acid in propylene dichloride is supplied to the left hand end of the reaction stage 102 by a line 111. The propionic acid and organic solvent provided by lines 108, 109, and 111, to the left hand end of the reaction stage 102, together constitute the organic phase. The organic and aqueous phases pass through the stage 102 in counter-current flow and will react to produce perpropionic acid, which is extracted into the organic phase. Thus an aqueous solution comprising sulphuric acid and water is taken from the left hand end of stage 102 by a line 112 and is taken to the right hand end of the organic backwash stage 101. Solvent, substantially free of propionic acid, is supplied to the left hand end of the stage 101 by a line 113 and passes in counter-current to the aqueous solution in order to backwash it and strip from it as much propionic acid as possible. The conditions are such that the aqueous effluent from the backwash stage 101 which is taken from the left hand end by line 114 contains substantially no propionic acid, perpropionic acid or hydrogen peroxide. The organic solution from the right hand end of the stage 102 comprises a solution of perpropionic acid in propylene dichloride and is taken by a line 115 to the left hand end of the stage 103 which acts as an aqueous backwash stage. The right hand end of the stage 103 is provided with fresh sulphuric acid in aqueous solution by a line 116 from a make-up tank 117, this sulphuric acid passing out of the stage 103 by the line 107. The function of this aqueous acid backwash is to strip the organic phase flowing through the stage 103 to remove from it as much of the unreacted hydrogen peroxide as possible. The organic solution of perproptnic acid leaves the right hand end of the acid backwash stage 103 by a line 118 as product. The aqueous solution taken from the left hand end of the organic backwash stage 101 by the line 114 is to be utilised at least in part as a recycle stream, but it will b appreciated that this aqueous solution contains too much water for direct recycle since the original hydrogen peroxide content has reacted to give water. The line 114 therefore leads to a distillation column 151 where the aqueous solution is distilled in order to provide a light fraction which is substantially water and which is taken off by a line 152 and passed to waste. The heavy fraction from the column 151 comprises sulphuric acid in water and could conveniently be redistilled in order to remove high boiling impurities which would otherwide accumulate in the aqueous phase. however in the preferred arrangement a bleed from the aqueous phase is taken from the heavy fraction from the distillation column 151 by a line 153 and the remainder is passed back by the line 106 to the right hand end of the stage 102. The stages 101, 102 and 103 preferably operate at normal temperature, that is to say without any added heating or cooling, and under normal hydrostatic pressure. The column 151 operating in the recycle stream can conveniently operate at a temperature and pressure of 1300C and 100 torr. respectively. In a practical embodiment of the invention the apparatus was substantially identical to the figure 4 arrangement except that 6 cells or vessels were provided. Each cell was of length 5 metres and width 2.5 metres, the whole being arranged within a 15 metre shell. The height of each cell was 3.3 metres, the upper surface of the liquid being 2.6 metres from the base so as to give a free space of 700mm. below the lid. The apparatus was made of grade 316 stainless steel. The sieve plates 11 were spaced 200 mm from the base 21, and were mounted on levelling feet in order to ensure that they were truely horizontal. Each plate had approximately 12,000 holes 3mm in diameter and arranged on a 30mm square pitch. Under normal operating conditions the interface between the aqueous and organic phases was 2.4 metres from the base of the apparatus so as to give a settled layer of organic phase of approximately 200 mm depth. In order to emphasise the difference between this device and a mixer/settler battery, the designed residence time for the aqueous phase was 80 minutes per stage, giving a total residence time of 480 minutes whilst the designed residence of the organic phase was about 3 minutes per stage giving a total residence time of 18 minutes. Because of the relatively large settled organic phase the organic phase spent a larage part of its residence time out of contact with the aqueous phase and the total contact time was probably of the order of 1Q minutes. However, the aqueous phase was in contact with the organic phase for substantially the same length of time as its residence time. By scale up from a smaller plant, the steady state flows to the first vessel of stage 102 comprised, in tonnes per hour: Hydrogen peroxide (100%) 8.1 Sulphuric acid (ion%) 12.8 Water 7.7 The total aqueous volume inflow was approximately 19 cubic metres per hour. The aqueous outflow volume in line 112 was 18.6 cubic metres per hour,and comprised in tonnes per hour: Hydrogen peroxide 0.18 Sulphuric acid 12.8 Propionic acid 1.3 Perpropionic acid 0.2 Water 11.6 The organic inflow at 30 to the last vessel of the stage 102 comprised, in tonnes per hour, Propionic acid 26.2 Propylene dichloride 96.7 Perpropionic acid 0.16 The total organic volume inflowwas approximately 110 cubic metres per hour. The organic outflow volume in line 115 was 112 cubic metres per hour and comprised, in tonnes per hour, Perpropionic acid 19.9 Propylene dichloride 96.7 Propionic acid 8.52 Hydrogen peroxide 0.4 If the same reaction were to be carried out in a conventional sieve plate column this would require not less than 20 plates for 600 mm spacing, that is to say a column approximately 12 m high and approximately 4 m in diameter. Such a column would be difficult and expensive to construct and control.";Claims 1. A process for liquid-liquid extraction, comprising passing a first liquid phase continuously through a series of extraction stages, passing a second liquid phase continuously through said series in counter current to the first phase and, in each said stage, effecting dispersal of the second phase in the first phase and allowing coalescence and separation of the second phase into a settled body from which the second phase is withdrawn and passed under control to the next adjacent stage as aforesaid, characterised in that the flows of the two phases in each stage are generally transverse to each other. 2. A process according to claim 1, wherein a single dispersal and coalescence is effected in each stage. 3. A process according to claims 1 or 2, wherein the first liquid phase flows substantially horizontally throughout the series of stages and the second liquid phase flows substantially vertically in each stage, being passed from stage to stage under control. 4. A process according to any of claims 1 to 3 and for the extraction of a peracid, wherein the first liquid phase comprises an aqueous solution of the peracid and the second liquid phase comprises an organic solvent for the peracid, thereby to produce an organic solution of the peracid. 5. A process according to any of claims 1 to 3 and for the production of a peracid, wherein the first liquid phase comprises an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide and the second liquid phase comprises a solution of a car boxylic acid in an organic solvent, whereby the peracid is generated by reaction in the aqueous phase between the carboxylic acid and hydrogen peroxide and is extracted into the organic solvent. 6. A process according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the first liquid phase flows through the series of stages under gravity. 7. Liquid-liquid extraction apparatus comprising a plurality of vessels arranged in a series, means to introduce a first liquid phase into the first vessel of the series and to cause or permit it to flow through the series, means to withdraw the first phase from the last vessel of the series, means to introduce a second liquid phase into said last vessel,means to withdraw the second phase from the first vessel of the series, dispersing means for said second phase in each of the vessels adapted to effect dispersal of the second phase through out the first phase in each essel, e space in each vessel permitting coalescence of said second phase, means for collecting such settled second phase and means for permitting or causing transfer of such collected second phase to the next adjacent vessel in the series for introduction thereinto, characterised in that the flows of the two phases in each stage are generally transverse to each other. 8. Apparatus according to claim 7, wherein each vessel has a single dispersing means. 9. Apparatus according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the first liquid phase flows substantially horizontally throughout the vessels of the series and the second liquid phase flows substantlll vertically in each stage, being transferred from stage to stage under control. 10. Apparatus according to claim 9 and for use where the first liquid phase is an aqueous. phase and the second liquId phase is an organic phase lighter than the aqueous phase, wherein the dispersing means are located adjacent the base of each vessel. 11. Apparatus according to claims 9 or 10, wherein the arrangement is such that the first liquid phase flows through the series of vessels under gravity. 12. Apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 11, wherein each vessel includes a weir to control the level of liquid therein. 13. Apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 12, wherein the means to pass the second phase from vessel to vessel comprise pump means. 14. Apparatus according to claim 13, wherein a gas lift pump is provided for each vessel to vessel transfer. 15. Apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 14, wherein cooling means are provided in each vessel together with agitation means to cause a forced flow of liquid over the cooling means under shut-down conditions. 16. Apparatus according to claims 14 and 15, wherein the agitation means use gas diverted from the gas lift pumps. 17. Apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 16, wherein dumping means are provided adjacent to the base of at least some of the vessels. 18. Apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 17, in the form of a generally rectangular tank having substantially vertical inner partitions defining the said vessels. 19. Apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 18, wherein the vessels are substantially open at their tops, whereby they are freely vented. 20. Apparatus according to any of claims 7 to 19, wherein the dispersing means is a static sieve plate and the dispersed second phase flows substantially vertically from the dispersing means to the space where it coalesces.;HILDON, ANTHONY MACDONALD;PROPYLOX (SOCIETE ANONYME);1978
+EP-0003084-B1;19820224.0;19781227;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;27301589.0;C07D307;C07D405, A61K31, C07D413;C07D307, A61K31, C07D493, A61P1;C07D 307/94, M07D307:32C, M07D307:94, M07D493:10, C07D 307/33, M07D493:10+307B+307B+2, C07D 493/10;SPIROBENZOFURANONE COMPOUNDS, PROCESSES FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR USE AS MEDICINES;Novel spiro coumpounds of the formula: wherein Ring A represents a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring, the ring being unsubstituted or substituted by at least one of lower alkyl, nitro, halogen, amino which may optionally itself be substituted, hydroxyl which may optionally itself be substituted, acyl and sulphamoyl, have gastric secretion inhibitive, antiinflammatory and analgesic activities, and are of value as drugs.;"Title Spirobenzofuranone Compounds This invention relates to spiro compounds having a novel skeletal structure, which are of use as medicines and as intermediates for the production of medicines. The invention also relates to methods of producing these novel spiro compounds. More particularly, this invention relates to novel sniro compounds of the formula: EMI1.1 wherein Ring A represents a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring, the ring being unsubstituted or substituted by at least one of lower alkyl, nitro, halogen, amino, which may optionally itself be substituted, hydroxyl which may optionally itself be substituted, acyl and sulphamoyl, and to methods of producing these novel spiro compounds. The optional substituents of Ring A (as defined above) are now described in detail. Examples of the lower alkyl group include alkyl grips of 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec.-butyl, tert.-butyl, n-pentyl, iso-pentyl, n-hexyl, 2-methylpentyl or 2-ethylbutyl). The halogen may be chlorine, bromine, fluorine or iodine. Examples of the amino group, which may optionally be substituted, include amino, mono- or di-alkylamino, acylamino, sulphonylamino and cycloamino. The monoor dialkylamino group may be amino which is monoor di-substituted by alkyl groups of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as e.g., methylamino, ethylamino, npropylamino, iso-propylamino, n-butylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, di-n-propylamino or methylethylamino. The acylamino group may, for example, be alkanoylamino containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g. acetylamino, propionylamino, n-butyrylamino or iso-butyrylamino). The sulphonylamino group may, for example, be alkanesulphonylamino containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g. methanesulphonylamino or ethanesulphonylamino). As the cycloamino group, there may be mentioned 5or 6-membered cycloamino groups which may contain N or 0, for example, pyrrolidinyl, piperidino, piperazinyl or morpholino. The piperazinyl group may have a substitutent at the nitrogen atom of its 4-position, such as an alkyl group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g. methyl or ethyl), a phenyl-Cl 4 alkyl group (e.g. benzyl) or an alkanoyl group containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms (e.g. acetyl or propionyl). As examples of the hydroxyl group which may optionally be substituted, there may be mentioned hydroxyl, alkoxy, aralkyloxy or acyloxy. The alkoxy group preferably contains 1 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g. methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec.-butoxy- or tert.-butoxy), and the alkoxy group may be further substituted, for example, by monoor di alkylamino groups (e.g. methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino or diethylamino). The aralkyloxy group may, for example, be a phenyl-Cl 4 alkyloxy group (e.g. benzyloxy or phenethyloxy). The acyloxy group is preferably an alkanoyloxy group containing 2 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g. acetyloxy, propionyloxy, n-butyryloxy or iso-butyryloxy), or benzoyloxy group, for instance. The acryl groups may, for example, be an alkanoyl group of 2 to 6 carbon atoms (e.g. acetyl, propionyl, n butyl3;1 or iso-butyryl) or benzoyl. The substituents of Ring A (up to 4 at a maximum) may be present in various substitutable positions on Ring A, and may be the same or different. When A is benzine, the A Ring is preferably substituted at its 5- or 6-position (the 5-position is the more desirable), by an amino group which may optionally be substituted (especially a mono- or di-Cl 4 alkylamino group), or by an acyl group (especially a C24 alkanoyl group). The spiro compound (I) of the present invention may be produced, for instance by, decarboxylating a compound of the formula: EMI3.1 wherein Ring A is as defined hereinbefore. This reaction is normally carried out in the presence of a catalyst which assists in the decarboxylation. Among preferred catalysts for this purpose are metal halides (e.g. sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, potassium bromide, potassium chloride or potassium iodide). and quaternary ammonium salts (e.g. tetramethyl-ammonium bromide). The reaction temperature is normally from 1000C to 2000 C, and preferably from 1400C to 1600C, although the reaction may be conducted at higher or lower temperatures if it is desired to control the reaction velocity. Purging the reaction vessel with an inert gas (e.g. N2 or argon)- is sometimes effective in preventing side reactions and improving yields. This reaction is normally carried out in a suitable solvent. While any solvent that will not interfere with the reaction may be employed, it is normally advantageous to employ a solvent having a boiling point higher than the reaction temperature (e.g. dimethyl sulphoxide, N,Ndimethylformamide or hexamethylphosphoramide). Among the spiro compound (I) of this invention, those having a substituent or substitutents on Ring A can also be produced by subjecting a compound (I) wherein Ring A is unsubstituted, or a compound (I) having at least one hydrogen atom on its Ring A, to a per se conventional alkylation, nitration, halogenation or acylation, depending on the kinds of the then intended substituents. A compound (I) wherein the substitutent(s) on Ring A is (are) an amino group (s) can be produced also by subjecting a compound (I) wherein the position(s) to which an amino group(s) is (are) to be introduced is(are) occupied by a hydrogen atom(s), to a nitration reaction and, then to a reduction reaction such as catalytic reduction reaction. Further, it is also possible to replace the substituent(s) on Ring A of a compound (I) with other substituent(s) by reactions known per se. Thus, a compound (I) wherein the substituent(s) is(are) monoor di-alkylamino group(s) can be produced by, for example, subjecting a compound (I) wherein the substituent(s) is(are) an amino group(s) to reductive alkylation, i.e., to reduction with a metal hydride such as sodium cyanoborohydride, or to catalytic reduction in the presence of a carbonyl compound (e.g. formaline, acetaldehyde or acetone), or to a reaction with an alkyl halide to cause mono- or dialkylation. A compound (I) having mono- or dialkylamino group(s) can also be produced by subjecting a compound (I) wherein the substituent(s) is(are) a nitro group(s), to catalytic reduction with a catalyst such as platinum oxide or Raney nickel in the presence of the above-mentioned carbonyl compound. The above-mentioned production of the compound (I) having a mono- or di-alkylamino substituent(s) may, for example, be illustrated by the following reaction scheme: EMI5.1 [wherein n is 1 or 2 and R1 represents mono or di-alkyl amono as defined hereinbefore.] The contemplated compound (I) obtained in the foregoing manner can be isolated from the reaction mixture and purified by conventional procedures (e.g. distillation, recrystallization or column chromatography). According to the types of substituents on Ring A, the compound (I) may be isolated as pharmaceutically acceptable salts. For example, when an amino group (e.g. amino, mono- or di-alkylamino or cycloamino) is present as the substituent, the compound (I) can be isolated as an acid addition salt (e.g. a mineral acid salt such as the hydrochloride or hydrobromide, or an organic acid salt such as the citrate or oxalate), or when the suostitutent is a hydroxyl group, the compound (I) can be isolated as an alkali metal salt (e.g. the sodium salt or potassium salt. The spiro compounds (I) according to this invention are compounds having a novel skeletal structure, which exhibit gastric secretion inhibitive, anti inflammatory, analgesic and other actions in mammalian animals (e.g. man, rat, mouse, guinea pig), for instance, and are of value as anti-ulcer, antiinflammatory, analgesic and other drugs for the management of peptic ulcers, acute or chronic gastritis, lumbago, arthritis and other diseases. In such medicinal applications, each compound (I) can be safely administered orally or parenterally, either as it is or as formulated with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents known per se into suitable dosage forms such as tablets, powders, capsules, injections and suppositories. While the recommended dosage depends on the subject, the condition, the route of administration, etc., the normal oral dosage for the treatment of peptic ulcers or acute or chronic gastritis is about 1 mg. to 20 mg. as compound (I) per kg body weight per dose, to be given from once to 3 times daily. The starting compound (II) which is employed in the practice of ths invention can be prepared by the following synthesis route or by any process analogous EMI6.1 EMI7.1 (wherein Ring A is as defined hereinbefore) The following pharmacological test, and the following reference and working examples are intended to describe this invention in further detail but should not be considered to limiting the scope of this invention in any way. Pharmacological Test The pharmacological activity of the compounds (I) of this invention was assayed by a gastric-juicesecretion-inibition test with rats, the results of which are as follows. In accordance with the method described in ""Gastroenterology"" 2, 43(1945), the inhibition of gastric-juice-secretion was evaluated by means of pylorus ligated rats. Five each of male Sprague-Dawley rats (each weighing 100-130 g). were used for the control and five test groups. Each animal was deprived of food for 18 hours before the test, except for drinking water. The pylorus of each animal was ligated under aneasthesis with ether, and each test compound was then intraduodenaley administered to the animals of each test group at a dosage of 50 mg./kg. Three hours after the ligation, the animals were sacrificed. The gastric secretions of the tested animals were collected and subjected to centrifuging for 10 minutes (3,500 r.p.m.), and the volume of gastric juice was measured. The results are shown in the table below. The compounds were administered orally to ICRtype mice in groups of five animals at a dosage of 500 mg./kg. so as to examine acute toxicity. No mouse was dead during 7 days in any group. Table - Inhibition of Gastric-Juice Secretion in Rats EMI8.1 Dose Inhibition of (i.d.mg./kg.) Secretion (ç) 5-Ct 50 48 5-NO2 50 57 5-N(CH3)2 50 78 4-Br, 5-NH2 50 53 5-NHS02CH3 50 68 Reference Example 1 25 g. of a-bromo-y-butyrolactone were added dropwise under ice-cooling to a mixture of 15.2 g. of methyl salicylate, 12 g. of sodium hydroxide and 150 mQ. of N,N-dimethylformamide. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 28 hours. The reaction mixture was made acidic by the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in 30 mL. of methanol; 150 m . of a 20% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide were then added dropwise and the solution was stirred at 550C for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was made acidic with 60 mL. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, the resulting precipitate (salicylic acid) was filtered off and the filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dried in vacuo over phosphorus pentoxide for 24 hours, after which it was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-n-hexane (2:1). By the above procedure, there were obtained 8.0 g of a-{(2-carboxy phenyl)oxy]-y-butyrolactone as colourless needles melting at 113-1150C. (as determined by the Hot-Plate method; in all the examples hereinafter, the same method was applied to the determination of melting points.) Elemental analysis, for C11H10 0 Calcd. : C, 59.46; H, 4.54 Found : C, 59.21; H, 4.51 Reference Example 2 Using 18.7 g of methyl 5-chlorosalicylate, the procedure of Reference Example 1 was repeated to obtain 9.3 g of &alpha;-[(2-carboxy-4-chlorophenyl)oxy]-&gamma;- butyrolactone as colourless needles melting at 159 160.5 C. Elemental analysis, for CllH9Ct05 Calcd. : C, 51.48; H, 3.53; C#, 13,82 Found : C, 51.22; H, 3.50; C#, 13.70 Reference Example 3 To a solution of 16.6 g of methyl 3-methylsalicylate in 200 mL of dimethylformamide were added 5.3 g of sodium hydride (50 suspension in Bayol 85 trade mark). Then, under ice-cooling, a solution of 18.2 g of cr-bromo-y-butyrolactone in 10 mt of dimethylformamide was added dropwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 hours, after which time it was diluted with a small amount of water and distilled under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. 60 m L of a 20% aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added to the residue and the resulting mixture was stirred at 50-600C for one hour. The reaction mixture was made acidic with 40 mQ of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration to recover the unreacted 3methylsalicylic acid. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate, washed with water, dried and distilled under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The residue was dried over phosphorus pentoxide at 500C for 12 hours, after which it was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-hexane. By the above procedure there were obtained 12 g of a-[(2-carboxy-6-methylphenyl)oxy]- -butyrolactone as colourless needles melting at 129-131 C. Elemental analysis, for C12H1205 Calcd. : C, 61.01; H, 5.12 Found : C, 61.00; H, 5.12 Reference Example 4 Using 22 g of methyl 3,5-dichlorosalicylate, the reaction procedure of Reference Example 3 was repeated to yield 14 g of a-[(2-carboxy-4,6-dichloro phenyl)oxy]-y-butyrolactone as colourless crystals melting at 117-120 C. Elemental analysis, for CllH8C2205 Calcd. : C, 45.38; H, 2.77 Found : C, 45.43; H, 2.66 Reference Example 5 30.7 g of a-bromo-y-butyrolactone were added under cooling with ice to a mixture of 32 g of methyl 5-benzyloxysalicylate, 17 g of anhydrous potassium carbonate and 500 me of acetone and the resulting mixture was refluxed for 15 hours. After cooling, the acetone was distilled off and 10% methanolic sodium hydroxide was added to the residue to achieve hydroly sis The reaction mixture was made acidic with hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and distilled to remove the solvent. The residue was dissolved in dioxane (300 mL)-benzene (200 me), and the resulting solution was refluxed in the presence of p-toluene-sulphonic acid (30 g), with the resulting water being continuously distilled off. The solvent was distilled off and the residue was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and concentrated to remove the solvent. The residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate. By the above procedure, there was obtained a-[(2-carboxy- 4-benzyloxyphenyl)oxy]-y-butyrolactone as colourless needles, m.p. 120-1220C. Yield: 21.5 g. Elemental analysis, for C18Hl606 Calcd. : C, 65.85; H, 4.91 Found : C, 65.86; H, 4.96 Reference Example 6-12 The following compounds were produced by a procedure similar to that described in Reference Example 5. EMI11.1 EMI12.1 <tb> <SEP> Elemental <SEP> Analysis <tb> <SEP> (Upper <SEP> Compound <SEP> mp <SEP> MolecularUpper <SEP> rank: <SEP> Calcd <tb> <SEP> Refer- <SEP> Compound <SEP> m.p. <SEP> Molecular <SEP> Lower <SEP> rank: <SEP> Found <tb> <SEP> ence <SEP> R <SEP> ( C) <SEP> formula <SEP> C <SEP> H <tb> <SEP> Exampl <tb> l <tb> <SEP> 6 <SEP> 5-OCH3 <SEP> 130-133 <SEP> C12H1206 <SEP> 57.14 <SEP> 4.80 <tb> <SEP> 57.08 <SEP> 4.75 <tb> <SEP> 7 <SEP> 4-OCH3 <SEP> 129-132 <SEP> C12H1206 <SEP> 57.14 <SEP> 4.80 <tb> <SEP> 57.04 <SEP> 4.78 <tb> <SEP> 8 <SEP> 4-COCH3 <SEP> 155-158 <SEP> C13H1206 <SEP> 59.09 <SEP> 4.58 <tb> <SEP> 58.98 <SEP> 4.48 <tb> <SEP> 9 <SEP> 3-OH <SEP> 189-198 <SEP> H10O6 <SEP> 55.46 <SEP> 4.23 <tb> <SEP> (decomp.) <SEP> C11 <SEP> 55.51 <SEP> 4.10 <tb> <SEP> 10 <SEP> 4,5- <SEP> < <SEP> 183-187 <SEP> C <SEP> H <SEP> O <SEP> 66.17 <SEP> 4.44 <tb> <SEP> (decomp.) <SEP> 15 <SEP> 12 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 66.06 <SEP> 4.22 <tb> <SEP> 11 <SEP> 4-C6Hl3 <SEP> 98-100 <SEP> H2205 <SEP> 66.65 <SEP> 7.24 <tb> <SEP> C17 <SEP> 66.50 <SEP> 7.28 <tb> <SEP> 12 <SEP> -CH(CH) <SEP> 124-126 <SEP> C14H1605 <SEP> 63.62 <SEP> 6.10 <tb> <SEP> 32 <SEP> u5 <SEP> 124 <SEP> 126 <SEP> 63.60 <SEP> 63 <SEP> 62 <SEP> 6.18 <tb> Reference Example 13 51 g. of Methyl 4-acetylamino-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate and 36.8 g. of anhydrous potassium carbonate were suspended in 350 m. of N,N-dimethylformamide. 55 g. of a-bromo-y-butyrolactone were added to the suspension, and the resulting mixture was stirred at 600C for 12 hours. The solvent was evaporated off under reduced pressure. The residue was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and concentrated to remove the solvent. The residue was dissolved in chloroform, and subjected to column chromatography on silica gel, using chloroform as the eluent. The product was recrystallized from methanol. By the above procedure, there was obtained a-[(5-acetylamino-4- chloro-2-methoxycarbonylphenyl)oxy]-&gamma;-butyro1actone as pale yellow prisms, m.p. 118-1190C. Yield 32 g. Elemental analysis, for C14H 14O6NC Calcd. : C, 51.31; H, 4.31; N, 4.27 Found : C, 51.24; H, 4.26; N, 4.16 Reference Example 14 63 g of Methyl 4-acetylamino-2-hydroxybenzoate were reacted in the same manner as in Reference Example 13. The product was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel and separated into two fractions. The crystals obtained from the first fraction were recrystallized from methanol to give 6-acetylamino-4', 5'-dihydrospiro[benzo[b]-furan]-2' ,3-dione as colourless plates, m.p. 220-2340C. Yield 1.4 g. Elemental analysis, for C1 3H11O N Calcd. : C, 59.77; H, 4.24; N, 5.36 Found : C, 59.71; H, 4.21; N, 5.28 From the second fraction there was obtained a-[(5- acetylamino-2-methoxyearbonylphenyl)oxy]-Y-butyrolactone as a pale yellow oil. Yield: 35 g. This only product can be subjected to the subsequent reaction step without further purification. NMR(CDC3)6: 2,10(3H, s, NCOCH3), 2.65(2H, m, CH2), 3.83(3H, s, COOCH3), 4.45(2H, m, OCH2), 4.98 (1H, t, OCHCO), 7.09(1H, d, aromatic ring H), 7.66(1H, s, aromatic ring H), 7.73(1H, d, aro matic ring H) Reference Example 15 24.4 g. of a-C(2-Carboxy-6-methylphenyl)oxy]-y- butyrolactone were added to 120 m#. of fuming nitric acid at a temperature not higher than -40 C. The reaction solution was poured into ice water, and the precipitating crystals were collected by filtration, washed with water and dried. The crystals were recrystallized from methanol. By the above procedure there was obtained a-[(2-carboxy-6-methyl-4-nitro phenyl)oxy]-y-butyrolactone as pale yellow prisms, m.p.2100C(decomp.) Yield: 20.3 g. Elemental analysis, for C12H11 0 7N Calcd. : C, 51.25; H, 3.94; N, 4.98 Found : C, 51.16; H, 3.93; N, 4.82 Reference Example 16 3.04 g. of Methyl salicylate were reacted with a-bromo-7-butyrolactone in the same manner as in the corresponding step of Reference Example 13. The product was recrystallized from methanol to afford 3.3 g of -[(2-methoxyearbonylphenyl)oxy]-Y-butyro- lactone as colourless needles melting at 62-87GC. Elemental analysis, for C12Hl205 Calcd. : C, 61.01; H, 5.12 Found : C, 60.98; H, 4.99 Reference Example 17 A mixture of 1.3 g. of a-[(2-carboxyphenyl)oxy]y-butyrolactone, 15 mt. of acetic anhydride and 3 mt of triethylamine was stirred in nitrogen gas streams at 1400C for 3.5 hours, at the end of which time the solvents were distilled off under reduced pressure. Colume chromatography was carried out on the residue using 32.5 g. of silica gel and carbon tetrachlorideacetone (10:1). The fraction corresponding to the contemplated compound was taken, concentrated under reduced pressure and recrystallized from n-hexaneethyl acetate (3:1). By the above procedure there were obtained 633 mg. of 4', 5'-dihydrospiro[benzo [b]-furan-2(3H), 3'(21H)-furan]-2',3 -dione as colourless needles melting at lll-lll.50C. Elemental analysis, for C11H8 04 Calcd. : C, 64.70; H, 3.95 Found : C, 64.74; H, 3.70 Reference Examples 18-29 The following compounds were produced by a procedure similar to that described in Reference Example 17. EMI15.1 EMI15.2 <tb> <SEP> Elemental <SEP> analysis <tb> Reference <SEP> Compound <SEP> m.p. <SEP> (Upper <SEP> rank: <SEP> Calcd. <tb> Example <SEP> No <SEP> R <SEP> ( C) <SEP> Lower <SEP> rank: <SEP> Found <tb> <SEP> Molecular <tb> <SEP> formula <SEP> C <SEP> H <SEP> N <tb> <SEP> 18 <SEP> 5-C# <SEP> <SEP> 132.5- <SEP> C11H7C#04 <SEP> <SEP> 55.36 <SEP> 2.96 <tb> <SEP> 133 <SEP> 55.49 <SEP> 2.79 <tb> <SEP> 19 <SEP> 7-CH3 <SEP> 103 <SEP> C12Hl004 <SEP> 66.05 <SEP> 4.62 <tb> <SEP> 103 <SEP> - <SEP> C121110 <SEP> 66.31 <SEP> 4.63 <tb> <SEP> 20 <SEP> 5-C#,7-C# <SEP> <SEP> 157 <SEP> - <SEP> C11H6C#2 <SEP> <SEP> 48.38 <SEP> 2.21 <tb> <SEP> 159 <SEP> 48.47 <SEP> 2.14 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> 04 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> 21 <SEP> 5-OCH2Ph <SEP> 138 <SEP> - <SEP> C18H1405 <SEP> 69.67 <SEP> 4.55 <tb> <SEP> 139 <SEP> 5 <SEP> <SEP> 69.67 <SEP> 4.39 <tb> <SEP> 22 <SEP> 6-OCH <SEP> 106 <SEP> - <SEP> C12Hl005 <SEP> 61.54 <SEP> 4.30 <tb> <SEP> 3 <SEP> 108 <SEP> 61.62 <SEP> 4.22 <tb> <SEP> 23 <SEP> 5-OCH3 <SEP> 120 <SEP> C12H10O5 <SEP> 61.54 <SEP> 4.30 <tb> <SEP> 122 <SEP> 122 <SEP> 61.31 <SEP> 4.24 <tb> <SEP> 24 <SEP> 5-COCH3 <SEP> 132 <SEP> C13H10O5 <SEP> 63.41 <SEP> 4.09 <tb> <SEP> 134 <SEP> 13H10O5 <SEP> 5 <SEP> 63.57 <SEP> 4.02 <tb> <SEP> 25 <SEP> 4-0C0CH3 <SEP> 135 <SEP> - <SEP> C13H10O6 <SEP> 59.54 <SEP> 3.84 <tb> <SEP> 137 <SEP> 59.55 <SEP> 3.68 <tb> Table continued EMI16.1 <tb> <SEP> Elemental <SEP> analysis <tb> Reference <SEP> Compound <SEP> m.. <SEP> Upper <SEP> rank: <SEP> Calcd. <tb> Example <SEP> No. <SEP> R <SEP> (""c) <SEP> Lower <SEP> rank: <SEP> Found <tb> <SEP> Molecular <tb> <SEP> formula <SEP> C <SEP> H <SEP> N <tb> <SEP> 70.86:3.96 <tb> <SEP> 26 <SEP> 5,6-68 <SEP> - <SEP> C15H1004 <tb> <SEP> 170 <SEP> 70.83;3.6g <tb> <SEP> I <tb> <SEP> 27 <SEP> 5-No,,7- <SEP> 127 <SEP> C12H,06N <SEP> 54.76 <SEP> 3.45 <SEP> 3.32 <tb> <SEP> 29 <SEP> 5-CH( <SEP> CH3) <SEP> 2 <SEP> 71 <SEP> C14Hl4 4 <SEP> 68.28 <SEP> 5.73 <tb> <SEP> 3 <SEP> 68.39 <SEP> 5.67 <tb> (Ph represents phenyl.) Reference Example 30 A mixture of 23 g. of a-[(5-acetylamino-4-chloro 2-me thoxycarbonylphenyl ) oxy ]-y-butyrolactone , 46 m±. of triethylamine and 230 mE. of acetic anhydride was heated at 1200C for 5 hours. The solvents were evaporated off under reduced pressure, and the residue was poured into ice-water. The precipitating crystals were collected by filtration, washed with water and dried, followed by recrystallization from ethyl acetate to give 6-diacetylamino-5-chloro-4',5'-dihydrospiro [benzo[b]furan-2(3H), 31(2'H)-furan]2' ,3-dione melting at 181-185 C. Yield: 6.8 g. Elemental analysis, for C15Hl206NCt Calcd. : C, 53.34; H, 3.58; N, 4.15 Found : C, 53.08; H, 3.49; N, 4.12 Reference Example 31 39 g. of a-[(5-Acetylamino-2-methoxycarbonyl- phenyl)oxy]-y-butyrolactone were reacted in the same manner as in Reference Example 30, whereby 1.8 g of 6-acetylamino-41 ,5'-dihydrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), 3'(2'H)-furan]-2',3-dione melting at 220-2340C. and 2.7 g. of 6-diacetylamino-4',5'-dihydrospiro[benzo[b] furan-2(3H). 3'(2'H)-furan]-2',3-dione melting at 1780 C. were obtained. Elemental analysis, for C15Hl306N Calcd. : C, 59.40; H, 4.32; N, 4.62 Found : C, 59.49; H, 4.21; N, 4.34 Reference Example 32 1.1 g. of a-[(2-Methoxycarbonylphenyl)oxy]-y- butyrolactone were treated as in Reference Example 17 and the product was recrystallized from ethyl acetaten-hexane. By the above procedure there was obtained 4',5'-dihydrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),3'(2'H)-furan] -2',3dione as colourless needles, m.p.lll-111.5 C. Yield: 330 mg. Reference Example 33 To a solution of 0.408 g. of 4',5'-dihydrospiro [benzo[b]furan-2(3H), 3'(2'H)-furan]-2' ,3-dione in 3 m of concentrated sulphuric acid was added a mixture of 0.35 me . of nitric acid (d=1.42) and 0.36 m#. of concentrated sulphuric acid, dropwise under ice-cooling, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with water, dried and recrystallized from ethyl acetate. By the above procedure there were obtained colourless needles of 4',5'-dihydro-5-nitrospiro [benzo[b]furan-2(3H),3'(2'H)-furan]-2',3-dione. m.p. 199-22O0C. Elemental analysis, for CllH7N06 Calcd. : C, 53,02; H, 2.83; N, 5.62 Found : C, 52.89; H, 2.65; N, 5.55 Reference Example 34 A mixture of 4',5'-dihydrospiro[benzo[b]furan- 2(3H), 3'(2'H)-furan]-2',3-dione (3 g.) and cbloro- sulphonic acid was stirred at room temperature and, then, at 4O0C for 1.5 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water, whereupon white crystals were separated. The crystals were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran, aqueous ammonia (2.2 met.) was added and the mixture was stirred under ice-cooling for 5 minutes. The powdery precipitates were filtered off, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was recrystallized from ethanol-water. By the above procedure, there was obtained 5-sulphamoyl 4? ,51-dihydrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),3' (2?H)furan] -2',3-dione as colourless needles, m.p.202-215 C. Yield: 2.8 g. Elemental analysis, for C11H906NS Calcd. : C, 46.64; H, 3.20; N, 4.95 Found : C, 46.39; H, 3.14; N, 4.87 Example 1 A mixture of 1.75 g. of 4', 5'-dihydrospiro [benzo[b]-furan-2(3H) ,3' (2'H)-furan]-2' ,3-dione, 552 mg. of sodium chloride and 9 mL. of dimethylsulphoxide was stirred in nitrogen gas streams at 1550C for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water (ca 150 nte.) and the precipitate was recovered by filtration, washed with water and recrystallized from ethanol-water (3:2). By the above procedure there were obtained 1.21 g. of spiroLbenzo[b]-furan-2(3H), 1'cyclopropane]-3-one as colourless needles melting at 89-90.5 C. Elemental analysis, for C10H802 Calcd. : C, 74,99; H, 5003 Found : C, 74.71; H, 4.96 Examples 2-15 The following compounds were produced by a procedure similar to that described in Example 1. EMI19.1 Elemental Analysis Melting Example Compound Point Molecular Upper rank: Calcd. No. R ( C) formula Lower rank: Found C H N 2 5-C R 120-121 C10H7C#02 61.71 3.63 2 61.68 3.50 3 7-CH3 126-129 H1002 75.84 5.79 C11 75.76 5.80 4 5-CS 116-118 C10H6Cl2O2 52.43 2.64 7-C# 52.65 2.61 5 5-NO2 107-110 CloH7NO4 58.54 3.44 6.83 58.85 3.50 6.6s 6 5-OCH2Ph 114-116 C17H1403 76.67 5.30 76.53 5.18 7 69.46 5.30 7 6-OCH3 95-97 C11H10O3 69.46 5.30 8 5-OCH3 86-88 CllH1003 69.46 5.30 69.31 5.13 9 5-COCH3 100-103 C12H10O3 71.28 4.99 9 5-COCH3 71.07 C12H10O3 71. 28 4.82 Example 2-15 continued EMI20.1 <tb> <SEP> Elemental <SEP> Analysis <tb> <SEP> Melting <tb> Example <SEP> Compound <SEP> Point <SEP> Molecular <SEP> Upper <SEP> rank:Calcd. <tb> <SEP> No. <SEP> R <SEP> ( C) <SEP> formula <SEP> Lower <SEP> rank:Found <tb> <SEP> C <SEP> H <SEP> N <tb> <SEP> 10 <SEP> 4-OCOCH3 <SEP> 68-71 <SEP> C12H10O4 <SEP> 66.05 <SEP> 14.62 <tb> <SEP> 11 <SEP> 5-SO2NH2 <SEP> 228-239 <SEP> C10H904NS <SEP> 50.20 <SEP> 3.79 <SEP> <SEP> 5.86 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> (subli- <SEP> 50.19 <SEP> 3.71 <SEP> <SEP> 5.79 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> mation) <tb> <SEP> 12 <SEP> 5-NO2 <SEP> 160-162 <SEP> C11H904N <SEP> 60.27 <SEP> 4.14 <SEP> 6.39 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> 7-CH3, <SEP> 60.17 <SEP> 4.14 <SEP> 6.48 <tb> <SEP> 13 <SEP> 5-CH(CH3)2 <SEP> b.p. <SEP> - <SEP> 113 <SEP> 02 <SEP> 77.20 <SEP> 6.98 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> 32 <SEP> (0.4mnHg <SEP> <RTI ID=20.9> C13H14 <SEP> 77.20 <SEP> 7.11 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> 14 <SEP> 6-NHAC <SEP> 171-178 <SEP> C12H11 <SEP> <SEP> N <SEP> 66.35 <SEP> 5.10 <SEP> 6.45 <tb> <SEP> C12H11O3N <SEP> 66.30 <SEP> 5.00 <SEP> <SEP> 6.20 <tb> <SEP> 15 <SEP> 5-(C#, <SEP> 185-188 <SEP> C12H10O3 <SEP> 57.27 <SEP> 4.01 <SEP> 5.57 <tb> <SEP> NC# <SEP> 57,03 <SEP> 3,86 <SEP> 5,46 <tb> (Ph represents phenyl and Ac represents acetyl) Example 16 4',5'-Dihydrospiro[naphtho[2,3-b]furan-2(3H),3' (2'H)-furan]-2',3-dione (1.2 g.) was reacted in the same manner as in Example 1 and the reaction product was recrystallized from methanol. By the above procedure there was obtained spiro [naphtho [2,3-b]furan-2(3H),l'- cyclopropane]-3-one as colourless needles, m.p. 127-129 C. Yield: 0.75 g. Elemental analysis, for C14H1002 Calcd. : C, 79.98; H, 4.79 Found : C, 79.89; H, 4.65 Example 17 5-Hexyl-4',5'-dihydrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), 3'-(2'H)-furan]-2' ,3-dione was decarboxylated in the same manner as in Example 1 to yield 5-hexylspiro [benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as a pale yellowish oil. film -l IR max cm : 1700(CO). S32(CDC & ) 6: O.87(3H, t, CH3), 1.36(8H, b, CH2), 1,59 (4H, m, cyclopropane), 2.63(2H, t, nuclear CH2), 7.02(1H, d, nuclear H), 7.40(1H, d, nuclear H), 7.48(1H, s, nuclear H). Elemental analysis, for C16H2002 Calcd. : C, 78.65; H, 8.25 Found : C, 78.37; H, 8.36 Example 18 0.94 g. of spiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), 1'cyclopropane]-3-one was dissolved, in 30 me. of acetic anhydride, and, at 60-700C, 5.6 g. of copper nitrate were added. The resulting solution was stirred overnight. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and distilled to remove the solvent. The residue was fractionated by column chromatography on silica gel into two fractions: (1) The first fraction was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-n-hexane to yield 5-nitrospriro[benzo[b]furan2(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as colourless prisms melting at 107-110 C. Elemental analsis, for CloH7NO4 Calcd. : C, 58.54; H, 3.44; N, 6.83 Found : C, 58.85; H, 3.50; N, 6.68 (2) The second fraction was recrystallized from ethyl acetate-hexane to yield 7-nitrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2 (3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as colourless needles melting at 131-1340C. Elemental analysis, for C10H7N04 Calcd. : C, 58.54; H, 3.44; N, 6.83 Found : C, 58.42; H, 3.37; N, 6.65 Example 19 Spiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H) ,l'-cyclopropane]-3 one (7.0 g.) was added in small portions to fuming nitric acid (70 me.) previously cooled to -500C to -600C. After stirring for 20 minutes, the reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and the precipitated crystals were collected by filtration, washed with water and recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure there was obtained 5-nitrospiro[benzo[b] furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as colourless prisms, m.p.107-1100C, Yield: 7.3 g. This product was in good agreement with the crystals obtained in Example 18. The mother liquor resulting from the recrystallization was subjected to column chromatography on silicagel for purification, and then recrystallized from methanol to afford 5,7-dinitrospiro[benzo]b]furan-2 (3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as pale yellow needles melting at 158-1610C. Elemental analysis, for C10H606N2 Calcd. : C, 48.01; H, 2.42; N, 11.20 Found : C, 48.03; H, 2.33; N, 11.01 Example 20 5.4 g. of 6-Nethoxyspiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'- cyclopropane]-3-one were dissolved in a mixture of 25 mQ. acetic anhydride and 7 mi. of glacial acetic acid. While keeping the reaction temperature at 10-15 C, 3 mQ. of fuming nitric acid (d=1.52) were added dropwise to the mixture. After stirring for 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was poured into ice-water. The resulting precipitates were collected by filtration, washed with water and recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure, there was obtained 6-methoxy-5 nitrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l1cyclopropane]-3- one as pale yellow prisms melting at 160-163 C. Yield: 4.5 g. Elemental analysis, for CllHgN05 Calcd. : C, 56.17; H, 3.86; N, 5.96 Found : C, 56.44; H, 3.76; N, 5.80 Example 21 190 mg. of 6-Methoxyspiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one were added to 2 me. of fuming nitric acid )d=1.52) at -500C while stirring. After 10 minutes, the reaction solution was poured into icewater, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract solution was washed with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate, and then with a saturated saline solution, followed by drying over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Crystals obtained by evaporating the solvent were recrystallized from methanol. By the above procedure, there were obtained 20 mg. of 6-methoxy-5, 7-dinitrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l-cyclopropane] -3-one as pale yellow plates melting at 121-1240C. Elemental analysis, for C11H807N2 Calcd. : C, 47.15; H, 2.88; N, 10.00 Found : C, 46.86; H, 2.79; N, 9.83 Example 22 A solution of 5-nitrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l- cyclopropane]-3-one (7.2 g.) in ethanol was stirred in the presence of platinum dioxide and in hydrogen gas streams. After the hydrogen absorption had ceased, the catalyst was filtered off and a small amount of HCL diethyl ether was added to the residue, followed by recrystallization from ethanol. By the above procedure there was obtained 5-aminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H) ,l'- cyclopropane]-3-one hydrochloride as light-brown needles melting at 139-1420C. Elemental analysis, for C10H19 02N.HC± Calcd. : C, 56.75; H, 4.76; N, 6.62 Found : C, 56.67; H, 4.83; N, 6.67 Example 23 7-NitrospiroEbenzo[b]furan-2(3H),l t -cyclopropane] -3-one was reacted in the same manner as in Example 22 and the reaction product was recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure there was obtained 7-aminospiro [benzo[b]-furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as pale brown crystals melting at 135.80C. Elemental analysis, for C10H19 02N Calcd : C, 68.56; H, 5.18; N, 8.00 Found : C, 68.42; H, 5.11; N, 7.74 Example 24 1.0 g. of 6-Methoxy-5-nitrospiro[benzo[b]furan 2(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one was reacted in the same manner as in Example 22, and the reaction product was recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure, there were obtained 415 mg. of 5-amino-6-methoxyspiro [benzo[b)furan-2(3H),l'cyclopropane]-3-one as pale brown prisms melting at 175-177 C. Elemental analysis, for CllEllNO3 Calcd. : C, 64.38; H, 5.40; N, 6.83 Found : C, 64.39; H, 5.49; N, 6.71 Example 25 219 mg. of 7-Methyl-5-nitrospiro[benzo[b]-furan -2(3H),1'-cyclopropane]-3-one were subjected to catalytic reduction as in Example 22, and the reaction product was recrystallized from ethanol-water. By the above procedure there were obtained 74 mg. of 5 amino-7-methylspiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclo- propane]-3-one as yellow needles melting at l3814l0C. Elemental analysis, for C11H1102N Calcd. : C, 69.82; H, 5.86; N, 7.40 Found : C, 69.66; H, 5.71; N, 7.43 Example 26 250 mg. of 5,7-Dinitrospiro[benzo[b]furan-2 (3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one, 50 mg. of platinum di oxide and 20 m # of ethanol were stirred in a stream of hydrogen for 1.25 hour under atmospheric pressure. Oxalic acid was added to the reaction mixture, and the catalyst was removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure until its volume became about 3 me. Ether was added to the concentrate, and the resulting powder was collected by filtration. The powder was dissolved in ethanol. To the ethanolic solution was added activated charcoal for decolouration, followed by the addition of ether. The precipitating powder was collected by filtration to obtain 5,7-diaminospiro[benzo[b]furan2(3H),l'- cyclopropane]-3-one.l/2 oxalatemonohydrate as a yellish brown powder. Elemental analysis, for C10H1002N2.¸(COOH)2.H20 Calcd : C, 52.17; H, 5.17; N, 11.06 Found : C, 52.12; H, 4.69; N, 10.87 The use of hydrochloric acid instead of oxalic acid in the above procedure gives 5,7-diaminospiro [benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'cyclopropane]-3-oneXhydro- chloridemonohydrate melting at a temperature not lower than 3000C. Elemental analysis, for C10H1002N2.HCLH2O Calcd. : C, 49.08; H, 5.35; N, 11.45 Found : C, 48.80; H, 5.13; N, 11.64 Example 27 Carbobenzyloxy chloride (30 % toluene solution, 7 g.) was added under ice-cooling to a solution of 5¯aminospiro[benzo[blfurall-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3- one (1.55 g.) in pyridine (13.5 m < ¯) and the resulting mixture was stirred for one hour. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-hydrochloric acid (14 m;.) and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and concentrated to remove the solvent. The residue was recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure there was obtained 5-benzylosUrcarbollylaminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'-cyclopropanel-3-one as pale yellow needles, m.p. ll8-l190C. Yield: 1.57 g. Potassium hydroxide powder (0.57 g.) and methyl iodide (1 m#.)were added to a solution of this product in acetone (30 ml.) and the resulting mixture was stirred under ice-cooling for 30 minutes and, then, at room temperature for 4 hours. Dilute hydrochloric acid was added to this reaction mixture, followed by, extraction with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and distilled under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. The residue was chromatographed on a column of silica gel and the fraction eluted with chloroform was recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure there was obtained 5-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl-N-methylamino)spiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'- cycolpropane]-3-one as colourless needles melting at 79-810C. Yields: 1.44 g. This product was dissolved in methanol, (129 m), and, in the presence of 5% palladium-on-carbon, the solution was stirred in hydrogen gas streams for 30 minutes. The catalyst was filtered off, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in ethanol, followed by the addition of HCQ-diethyl ether. By the above procedure there was obtained 5-methylaminospiro [benzo[b]furan- 2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one hydrochloride as yellow needles melting at 141-1440C. Elemental analysis, for C11H11O2N.HC.+H20 Calcd. : C, 56.29; H, 5.58; N, 5.97 Found : C, 56.38; H, 5.15; N, 6.07 Example 28 5-Aminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H) ,l '-cyclopropane] -3-one (1.75 g.) and 37 formalin (14 mQ) were dissolved in acetonitrile, and, under ice-cooling, lithium cyanborohydride (1.52 g.) was added to the solution portionwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 40 minutes, after which it was neutralized with acetic acid and then stirred for 2.5 hours. The solvent was distilled off under reduced pressure, an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added to the residue and the mixture was extracted with chloroform. The extract was washed with water, dried and concentrated to remove the solvent. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel, eluation being carried out with chloroform. To the eluate was added HC2-di- ethyl ether, followed by recrystallization from ethanol. By the above procedure, there was obtained 5-dimethylaminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclo- propane]-3-one hydrochloride as light-brown needles melting at 136-1400C. Yield: 0.546 g. MMR(D20) 6 : 1.67(2H, m, CH2), 1.93(2H, m, CH2), 3,37 (6H, s, CH3), 7.43(1H, d, aromatic ring H), 7.93 (2H, m, aromatic ring H) Elemental analysis, for C12Hl302H.NCf Calcd. : C, 60.13; H, 5.89; N, 5.85 Found : C. 60.19; H, 5.72; N, 6.00 Example 29 A mixture of 35 g. of 5-nitrospiroLbenzo[b ] furan-2(3H),l'cyclopropane]-3-one, 60 ml. of 370p formalin, 30 ml. of acetic acid, 3 g. of platinum dioxide and 500 m4. of ethanol was subjected to reduction at room temperature under a hydrogen pressure of 20 kglcm2. After stopping the hydrogen absorption, the catalyst was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The concentrate was dissolved in chloroform, and washed with 2N NaOH and then with water, followed by drying. Chloroform was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the resulting oily substance was crystallized from methanol to obtain 26 g. of 5-dimethylami noLb7s}iroLben o]fur n-2(3H),lseyclopropane]-3-one as yellow cubic crystals melting at 96.5-97.50 C. Elemental analysis, for C12Hls02N Calcd. : C, 70.91; H, 6.45; N, 6.89 Found : C, 71.06; H, 6.39; N, 6.71 Example 30 5-Aminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'cyclopropane] -5-one (1.75 g.) and acetaldehyde (3 m4.) were dissolved in methanol (105 m#.). The methanolic solution was stirred for 22 hours in a hydrogen stream in the presence of platinum dioxide. After removal of the catalyst by filtration, the solvent was evaporated off, and the residue was subjected to column-chromatography on silica gel, using carbon tetrachloride - ethyl acetate (10 : 1) as the eluent. The first fraction was converted to the hydrochloride with ether saturated with hydrogen chloride, the product being recrystallized from ethanol - ether. By the above procedure, there was obtained 5-dietbylaminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one hydrochloride as pale yellow needles melting at 172-1760C. Yield: 0.86 g. Elemental analysis, for C14Hl702H.HCR Calcd. : C, 62.80; H, 6.78; N, 5.23 Found : C, 62.79; H, 6.85; N, 5.10 The second fraction was converted to the hydrochloride with ether saturated with hydrogen chloride, the product being recrystallized from ethanol-ether to yield 5-ethylaminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'cyclopropane]-3-one hydrochloride 1/4 hydrate as pale yellow needles melting at 155-1600C. Yield: 0.129 g. Elemental analysis, for C12H1302NHC11/4 hydrate as pale yellow needles melting at 155-1600C. Yield: O. 129 g. Elemental analysis, for C12Hl302NHCt 1/4H20 Calcd. : C, 59.02; H, 5.98; N, 5.73 Found : C, 58.94; H, 5.86; N, 5.73 Example 31 A mixture of 5-aminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2( 3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one(3.0 g.), 1,4-dibromobutane (3.7 g.), sodium bicarbonate (2.89 g.) and N,N-dimethylformamide (150 mQ.) was heated under reflux for one hour. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and concentrated to remove the solvent. The residue was chromatographed on silica gel, elution being carried out with chloroform. The first fraction thus obtained was distilled under reduced pressure to recover yellow crystals (1.74 g.). Following the addition of HCP-diethyl ether, the product was recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure there were obtained yellow needles of 5-(l-pyrrolidinyl)spiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l-cyclopropane]-3-one hydrochloride. m.p.l360C. Elemental analysis, for C14Hl502N.HCp Calcd. : C, 63.27; H, 6.07; N, 5.27 Found : C, 63.26; H, 6.10; N, 5.26 Example 32 A suspension of 5-aminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2 (3H),l'cyclopropane]-3-one (2.62 g.), bis(2-iodoethyl) ether (5.4 g.) and sodium bicarbonate (3.75 g.) in N,N-dimethylformamide (150 mp.) was stirred at 120140 C for 2.5 hours. The reaction solution was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water and dried and the solvent was removed by evaporation. The residue was subjected to column-chromatography on silica-gel using chloroform-ethanol (99:1) as the eluent. The eluate was concentrated by evaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure to give yellow crystals (1.12 g.),to which HC- ether was added, and was then recrystallized from ethanol - ether to obtain 5-morpholinospiroEbenzo [bgfuran-2(3H),1'-cyclopropane]-3-one hydrochloride as pale brown needles, melting at 128-1310C. Yield: 0.927 g. Elemental analysis, for C14H1503N.HC Calcd. : C, 59.68; H, 5.73; N, 4.97 Found : C, 59.59; H, 5.60; N, 4.95 Example 33 5-AminspiroEbenzoEb]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane3 -3-one (1.75 g.) was allowed to react with N-benzyl ss,ss'-diiododiethylamine (6.8 g.) and sodium bicarbonate (4 g.) in the same manner as in Example 32 to obtain 5-(4-benzyl-1-piperazinyl)spiro[benzo[b]furan-2-(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as yellow needles melting at 125-125.5 C. Yield: 0.831 g. Elemental analysis, for C21 11220 2N2 Calcd : C, 75.42; H, 6.63; N, 8.38 Found : C, 75.26; H, 6.78; N, 8.41 Example 34 5-Aminospirotbenzo[bgfuran-2(3H)s1'cyclopropane] -3-one (1.75 g.) was allowed to react with N-ethyl-B, ss'-diiododiethylamine (5.84 g.) and sodium bicarbonate (4 g.) in the same manner as in Example 32 to obtain 5-(4-ethyl-1-piperazinyl)spiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l' -cyclopropane]-3-one oxalate 1/2 hydrate as yellow needles melting at 175-1790C. Elemental analysis, for C16H2002N2.C2H204.jH2O Calcd. : C, 58.20; H, 6.24; N, 7.54 Found : C, 58.00; H, 6.56; N, 7.24 Example 35 5-Aminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H) ,11-cyclopropane] -3-one (0.875 g.) was acetylated with acetic anhydride (7 m4.) and acetic acid (7 m#.) and the acylation product was recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure there was obtained 5-acetylaminospiro [benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as yellow prisms melting at 211-2120C. Yield: 0.426 g. Elemental analysis, for C12H110 3N Calcd. : C, 66.35; H, 5.10; N, 6.45 Found : C, 66.37; H, 5.12; N, 6.38 Example 36 To a solution of 5-aminospiro[benzo[b]furan -2 (311) ,1'-cyclopropane]-3-one (0.519 g.) in pyridine (5 mQ .) was added methanesulphonyl chloride (0.28 m# .) under ice-cooling, followed by stirring. The reaction mixture was poured into cooled dilute hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and concentrated to remove the solvent. The residue was recrystallized from ethanol. By the above procedure there was obtained 5-methylsulphonylaminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as colourless needles melting at 152-1540C. Yield 0.38 g. Elemental analysis, for C11H11O4NS Calcd. : C, 52.16; H, 4.38; N, 5.53; S, 12.66 Found : C, 52.20; H, 4.37; N, 5.32; S, 12.56 Example 37 A 10 Gh aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was added to 4-acetoxyspiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclo- propane]-3-one, and the resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature. The reaction mixture was made acidic with hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate, The extract was washed with water, dried and distilled to remove the solvent. The residue was recrystallized from petroleum ether. By the above procedure there was obtained 4-hydroxyspiro [benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as yellow needles, m.p. 100-1090C. Elemental analysis, for C10H8O3 Calcd. : C, 68.18; H, 4.58 Found : C, 68.38; H, 4.42 Example 38 To a solution of 1.09 g. of 6-acetylaminospiro [benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one in 50 m4 of methanol was added 0.8 g. of potassium hydroxide, and the resulting mixture was refluxed for 0.5 hour. The solvent was evaporated off under reduced pressure. Water was added to the residue, and the precipitating crystals were collected by filtration, washed with water and dried. The crystals were recystallized from methanol to obtain 6-aminospiroLbenzo[b]furan- 2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one as colourless prisms melting at 188-189 C. Elemental analysis, for CloH902N Calcd. : C, 68.56; H, 5.18; N, 8.00 Found : C, 68.34; H, 5.05; N, 7.88 Example 39 6-Acetylamino-5-chlorospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H)s l'-cyclopropane]-3-one (1.8 g.) was reacted in the same manner as in Example 38 and the reaction product was recrystallized from methanol. By the above procedure, there was obtained 6-amino-5-chlorospiro [benzoLb]furan-2(3H),lt-cyclopropane]-3-one as yellow plates, m.p.2010C. Yield: 1.5 g. Elemental analysis, for CloH802NCQ Calcd. : C, 57.29; H, 3.85; N, 6.68 Found : C, 57.24; H, 3.74; N, 6.67 Example 40 5-Benzyloxyspiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclo- propane]-3-one (3.3 g.) was debenzylated by catalytic reduction in methanol. By this procedure, there was obtained 5-hydroxyspiro[benzo[bgfuran-2(3H),l'- cyclopropane]-3-one as pale yellow needles, m.p. 180-1850C. Yield : 1.8 g. Elemental analysis, for C10H803 Calcd. : C, 68.18; H, 4.58 Found : C, 68.12; H, 4.44 Example 41 A mixture of 4-hydroxyspiro [benzo [b]furan-2( 3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one (0.176 g.), potassium carbonate (0.276 g.), -diethylaminoethyl chloride (0.215 g) and N,N-dimethylformamide (5 mQ .) was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water, dried and distilled to remove the solvent. The residue was purified by column chromatography on silica gel, using chloroform as the eluent. The product was treated with HC saturated diethyl ether and the resulting hydrochloride was recrystallized from ethanol-diethyl ether. By the above procedure there was obtained 4-(2 diethylaminoethyloxy)spirotbenzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'- cyclopropanl-3-one hydrochloride as colourless needles, m.p. 160-1680C. Yield: 0.221 g. Elemental analysis, for C16H21O3N.HC# Calcd. : C, 61.63; H, 7.11; N, 4.49 Found : C, 61.38; H, 7.23; N, 4.38 Example 42 5-Hydroxyspiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclo- propane]-3-one (1.06 g.) was reacted in the same manner as in Example 41 to obtain 5-(2-diethylamino ethyloxy)spiro[benzorb]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]- 3-one as a colourless oil. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (6 , in deuteriochloroform): 1.07(6H, t, CH3), 1.63(4H, m, 2',3t-CH2), 2.64(4H, q, NCH2CH3), 2.88(2H, t, NCH2CH20), 4.04(2H, t, -CH20), 6.95 7.40(3H, m, aromatic ring H). Example 43 5-Aminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclo- propane]-3-one (0.747 g.) and calcium carbonate (0.47 g.) were suspended in a mixture of carbon tetrachloride (20 m.) and methylene chloride (5 m#.). The suspension was cooled to -170C, and then bromine (0.22 mp.) was added dropwise thereto, followed by stirring for 45 minutes. The reaction mixture was poured into icewater, and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water and dried. The solvent was evaporated off, and the residue was recrystallized from ethanol-water. By the above procedure there was obtained 5-amino-4-bromospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'- cyclopropane]-3-one was yellow needles melting at 1671700C. Yield: 0.6 g. Elemental analysis, for ClOH802NBr Calcd. : C, 47.27; H, 3.19; N, 5.51 Found : C, 47.58; H, 3.12; N, 5.64 Example 44 A suspension of 5-dimethylaminpspiro[benzo[b] furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopropane]-3-one (0.455 g.) and calcium carbonate (0.246 g.) in carbon tetrachloride (10 m2.) was reacted in the same manner as in Example 43 to obtain 4-bromo-5-dimethylaminospiro[benzo[b] furan-2(3H),1'-cyclopropane]-3-one as brown needles melting at 79-81 C. Yield: 0.213 g. Elemental analysis, for C12Hl202NBr Calcd. : C, 51.08; H, 4.29; N, 4.97 Found : C, 50.87; H, 4.13; N, 5.03 Example 45 A solution of 5-aminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3I), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one (0.181 g.) and pyridine (0.083 mg.) in tetrahydrofuran (5 m4.) was cooled to -170C. Iodobenzenedichloride (0.282 g.) which had been prepared by a conventional method and dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (1.5 me.), was added dropwise to the solution over 50 minutes, followed by stirring for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was poured into ice-water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was washed with water and dried, and the solvent was evaporated off. The residue was subjected to columnchromatography, using chloroform as the eluent. The first fraction was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove the solvent. By the above procedure, there was obtained 5-amino-4-chlorospiro[benzo[b]furan-2 (3H),l'cyclopropane]-3-one as yellow crystals. Yield: 0.038 g. Mass spectrum : C12H1202NCQ, molecular ion peak (209) Examples of preparations ready for administration When the compound of this invention is intended for use as an anti-ulcer, types of suitable preparations can be exemplified as follows. 1. Tablet (1) 5-AcetylspirobenzobJfuran-2 50 g. (3H),l'cyclopropaneJ-3-one (2) Lactose 50 g. (3) Corn-starch 29 g. (4) Magnesium stearate 1 g. 1000 tablets 130 g. Components (1) and (2) and 17 g. of the cornstarch (3) were granulated together with a paste prepared from 7 g. of the corn-starch. To these granulg were added the remaining 5 g. of the cornstarch and component (4). The mixture was then compressed by a tabletting machine to prepare 1000 tablets of 7 mm. diameter, each containing 50 mg. of (1). 2. Capsule (1) 5-I)imethylaminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3-one 50 g. (2) Lactose- 100 g. (3) Cellulose fine powder 45 g. (4) Magnesium stearate 5 g. 1000 capsules 200 g. All the materials were mixed and filled into 1000 capsules (gelatin capsule No.3 defined in Japanese Pharmacopoeia, 8th edition) to prepare capsules each containing 50 mg. of (1).";"CLAIMS- 1. A spiro compound of the formula: EMI37.1 wherein Ring A represents a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring, the ring being unsubstituted or sub stituted by at least one of lower alkyl, nitro, halogen, amino, which may optionally itself be substituted, hydror l, which may optionally itself be substituted, acyl and sulfamoyl. 2. A compound according to claim 1, wherein Ring A is substituted by at least one of amino, mono- or dialkylamino and cycloamino. 3. A compound according to claim 2, which is in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt. 4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein Ring A is benzene and the substituent of the benzene ring is di-Cl 4 alkylamino or C26 alkanoyl. 5. A compound according to claim 4, wherein the substituted position is the 5-position of the benzene ring. 6. Spiro-[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'-cyclopropane]-3- one. 7. 5-acetylspiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H), l'-cyclo propane]-3-one. 8. Spiro-[naphtho[2,3-b]furan-2(3H),l-cyclopropane] -3-one. 9. 5-Nitro-spiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'-cyclopro- pane]-3-one. 10. 5-Amino-spiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H) , 1'-cyclopro- pane]-3-one. 11. 5-Methyl-aminospirotbenzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'- cyclopropane]--3-one. 12. 5-Dimethylaminospiro[benzo[b]furan-2(3H),l'- cyclopropane]-3-one. 13. A pharmaceutical composition which comprises (A), as an active ingredient, an effective amount of the spiro compound as defined in claim 1, and (B) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent therefor. 14. A method of producing a spiro compound of the formula: EMI38.1 wherein Ring A represents a benzene ring or a naphthalene ring, the ring being unsubstituted or substituted by at least one of lower alkyl, nitro, halogen, amino, which may optionally itself be substituted, hydroxyl, which may optionally itself be substituted, acyl and sulphamoyl, which method comprises decarboxylating a compound of the formula: EMI38.2 wherein Ring A is as defined above; and optionally converting the compound (I) to an acid addition salt when at least one amino substituent is present on Ring A and to an alkali metal salt when at least one hydroxyl group is present on Ring A. 15. A method of producing a spiro compound of the formula: EMI39.1 wherein R1 is mono- or di-alkylamino and n is 1 or 2, which method comprises: (1) subjecting a compound of the formula: EMI39.2 wherein n is as defined above, to reduction, and then the resulting compound of the formula: EMI39.3 wherein n is as defined above, to reductive alkylation or alkylation with an alkyl halide; or (2) subjecting a compound of the formula (Ia) to reductive alkylation; and optionally converting the compound (Ic) to an acid addition salt thereof 16. The use in the treatment of animals, including humans of a compound (I) on acid addition salt thereof as claimed in any of claims 1 to 13, or composition as claimed in claim 13 or product of a method as claimed in claim 14 or 15.";HIROSADA, SUGIHARA, ISUKE, IMADA, MITSURU, KAWADA, WATANABLE, MASAZUMI;TAKEDA CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES, LTD.;1978
+EP-0003089-B1;19810812.0;19781227;EP;B1;FR;20100220.0;new;9203176.0;B41F23;F26B15;F26B15, B41F23;B41F  23/04C2B, F26B  15/08B;DRIER FOR SILKSCREEN PRINTED SHEETS;1. A drier for silk-screen printed sheets, comprising an endless conveyor (1) moving about horizontal shafts (3) supported by a frame and to which are fixed hurdles adapted for receiving the sheets, and a device (6) for blowing air on these latter so as to dry them during their movement on the conveyor, characterized in that the edge (8) of each hurdle (7) adjoining the conveyor is bent and carries a series of fastening clips (9) adapted to grip the corresponding edge of a sheet (11) on this hurdle and control means are provided for causing automatically in a single action the opening of the clips (9) of each hurdle (7), successively before withdrawal of a dried sheet, the clips (9) closing again under the action of a resilient return member (15) after introduction of a wet sheet (11) on each hurdle (7).;Séchoir Dour feuilles imprimées Dar sérigraDhie La présente invention a pour objet un séchoir pour feuilles imprimées par sérigraphie. Comme on le sait, le séchage des feuilles imprimées par sérigraphie se fait à l'heure actuelle, soit manuellement en empilant les unes sur les autres des claies de séchage sur chacune desquelles est disposée une feuille, soit mécaniquement au moyen de séchoirs dans lesquels on souffle de l'air sur les feuilles en mouvement. Un premier type de réalisation connu est ainsi constitué par un tunnel rectiligne à l'intérieur duquel est disposé un tapis tournant, un dispositif de chauffage à infrarouge ou autre étant complémentairement placé dans le tunnel en association avec un système de ventilation de l'air. A la sortie du tunnel, les feuilles sont sèches et sont retirées de la machine. Ces tunnels sont extrêmement encombrants, consomment en outre une grande quantité d'énergie de chauffage, ce qui rend leur exploitation onéreuse, ils empêchent un repérage précis parce que la chaleur dessèche et par conséquent déforme les feuilles. Enfin, ils obligent à ne se servir que de séries d'encres étudiées pour eux, limitant ainsi le choix de l'utilisateur. Un second type de réalisation connu consiste en un convoyeur sans fin tournant autour d'axes placés à ses extrémités, et qui porte des claies sur lesquelles on pose les feuilles imprimées. Ce type de séchoir est aussi long que les tunnels à air chaud pulsé, du fait que seul un courant d'air très faible ou nul permet aux feuilles seulement posées de rester en place. Un autre inconvénient de ce type de séchoir est que les feuilles insuffisamment rigides touchent la claie précédente, ce qui limite la possibilité d'utilisation. L'invention a pour but de remédier à ces inconvénients en réalisant un séchoir du second type précité, c'està-dire comportant un convoyeur sans fin porté par un châssis et auquel sont fixées des claies adaptéès pour recevoir les feuilles, ainsi qu'un dispositif de soufflage d'air sur celles-ci pour les sécher pendant leur déplacement sur le convoyeur. A cet effet, conformément à l'invention, le séchoir comprend un système de pinces d'amarrage de chaque feuille sur sa claie de support, associé à des moyens pour ouvrir et refermer automatiquement ces pinces à la fin du cycle de séchage d'une feuille,afin de permettre le retrait de cette dernière du séchoir. Dans ces conditions, les feuilles sont solidement amarrées à leurs claies de support, et ne tendent pas à glisser lorsque les claies pivotent à l'une ou l'autre extrémité du séchoir. Suivant un mode de réalisation de l'invention, chaque ensemble de pinces pour le maintien d'une feuille sur sa claie est constitué par une rangée de lames coudées, montées rotativement autour d'axes parallèles au côté attenant de la claie, et ces lames sont sollicitées élastiquement vers la feuille par des organes de rappel pour maintenir la feuille appliquée contre la claie. Pendant son cycle de séchage, chaque feuille est donc solidement maintenue appliquée sur la claie associée par cette rangée de lames coudées, qui sont automatiquement relevées à la fin du cycle par le dispositif d'ouverture automatique précité, lequel est agencé pour provoquer cette ouverture seulement lorsque les feuilles sont à lthorizontale. Celles-ci peuvent ainsi être agrippées par des moyens mécaniques connus en soi pour être retirées du séchoir, sans avoir auparavant glissé sur la claie. D'autrcs particularités et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront au cours de la description qui va suivre. Aux dessins annexés donnés à titre d'exemple non limitatif, on a représenté une forme de réalisation du séchoir selon l'invention. la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'un séchoir du type visé par l'invention la figure 2 est une vue en perspective partielle à échelle agrandie d'une extrémité du séchoir de la figure 1, montrant un ensemble de pinces d'amarrage équipant une claie la figure 3 est une vue en élévation à grande échelle, montrant la cinématique de l'ouverture automatique d'une pince d'amarrage réalisée conformément à l'invention pour équiper le séchoir des figures 1 et 2. La figure 4 est une vue d'une pince en perspective. En se reportant aux figures 1 et 2, on voit un séchoir pour feuilles imprimées par sérigraphie, comportant un convoyeur ans fin 1, constitué de façon connue en soi par deux chaînes telles que 2 tournant dans des plans verticaux parallèles, autour d'axes terminaux 3 superposés, auxquels sont solidarisées des roues dentées 4. Ce convoyeur 1 est porté par un châssis 5 au milieu duquel est disposé un dispositif 6 de soufflage d'air d'un type connu en soi. Au convoyeur 1, sont fixées un ensemble de claies 7 constituées par des cadres rectangulaires destinés à recevoir chacun une feuille imprimée à sécher. Chaque claie 7 est fixée par son armature aux deux chaînes du convoyeur. Un système approprié leur permet d'être inclinées d'environ 25 degrés dans la partie supérieure du séchoir, tout en restant verticales dans la partie inférieure. les claies avec leurs feuilles imprimées à sécher sont introduites dans le séchoir par l'extrémité de gauche sur la figure 1, tournent autour de l'extremité de droite en passant dans un capot visible à la figure 1, puis reviennent sous le convoyeur 1 jusqu a l'entrée du séchoir pour être retirées après avoir été séchées par l'air pulsé provenant du dispositif 6. le trajet suivi par les claies 7 est symbolisé par les flèches portées sur la figure 2. Conformément à l'invention,le séchoir comprend pour chaque claie 7, un système de pinces 9 d'amarrage de chaque feuille 11 sur sa claie 7 de support, associé à des moyens pour ouvrir et refermer automatiquement ces pinces 9 à la fin du cycle de séchage d'une feuille 11, afin de permettre le retrait de cette dernière du séchoir par un dispositif non représenté. Chaque ensemble de pinces 9 est ainsi constitué, dans l'exemple représenté, par une rangée de lames coudées 12 (figure 3), montées rotativement autour d'axes ou goupilles 13 parallèles au c8té attenant de la claie 7, solidaire du convoyeur sans fin 1. les lames 12, métalliques de préférence, sont coudées dans l'exemple représenté en formant un angle d'environ 120 degrés, les axes 13 étant placés à l'intérieur de cet angle, et supportant les lames 12 par l'intermédiaire d'oreilles 14 solidaires des lames et dans lesquelles sont enfilés les axes 13. les lames coudées 12 sont sollicitées élastiquement vers la feuille 11 par des organes de rappel, pour maintenir la feuille 11 appliquée contre la claie 7. Dans l'exemple décrit, l'organe élastique de rappel de chaque pince 9 est un fil-ressort 15 enroulé autour de l'axe 13 entre les deux oreilles 14, et dont une extrémité 15a prend appui sous le bord 8 de la claie 7, tandis que son autre extrémité 15b est en appui contre une partie correspondante de la lame coudée 12. le fil-ressort 15 exerce ainsi sur la branche de la lame 12 avec laquelle il est en contact par son extrémité 15b, une sollicitation élastique tendant à faire pivoter cette lame 12 autour de l'axe 13 vers la claie 7, comme indiqué par les flèches f sur la figure 3. Ce couple élastique est transmis à la feuille 11 par un ressort hélicofidal 16 fixé à l'extrémité de la branche de la lame coudée 12 située en regard de la claie 7, ce ressort 16 étant appliqué contre la feuille 11 sous l'action du fil-ressort 15. Le bord profilé 8 fait partie de l'armature métallique constituant la claie 7, et il est réalisé en S de façon que l'une de ses petites branches 8a soit sensiblement parallèle à la surface de la claie 7, et serve de butée pour la lame 12, en limitant la grandeur de la force élastique de serrage appliquée sur la feuille 11 par le lame 12 et son ressort associé 16. tes moyens d'ouverture et de fermeture automatiques de chaque ensemble de pinces 9 porté par des axes 13, comprennent, dans l'exemple de réalisation représenté à la figure 3, une série de têtes telles que 17, agencées pour coopérer avec les lames coudées 12 et solidarisées avec un support transversal 18 porté par le châssis du séchoir. Le support 18 est constitué par un organe tubulaire disposé transversalement et dont l'axe 24 est parallèle aux tringles 13, au voisinage de l'extrémité d'entrée du convoyeur 1. La rangée de têtes 17 est solidarisée avec le support 18 par des tiges 19 soudées aux têtes 17 et au support 18. Ce dernier est en outre pourvu d'un bras transversal 21 pouvant coopérer avec un organe de manoeuvre du support 18 en rotation autour de son axe, cet organe étant ici un vérin 22 . La tige 23 de celui-ci peut ainsi, lorsqu'elle est actionnée, faire pivoter le bras 21, et par conséquent le support 18 et l'ensemble des têtes 17 dans des plans verticaux parallèles, autour de l'axe transversal 24 du support 18, pour amener les têtes 17 de la position représentée à la figure 3 jusqu'à une position mettant en contact les têtes 17 avec les lames 12 de la claie 7 représentée horizontalement, jusqu'à obtenir l'ouverture des pinces de cette claie 7 - soit une rotation du support 18 dans le cas représenté à la figure 3, de 21 degrés environ dans le sens inverse des aiguilles d'une montre. Cette rotation, donc ltouverture des pinces 9, s'opère à la fin du cycle de séchage lorsqu'une claie, chargée d'une feuille 11 sèche, vient de prendre la position horizontale, permettant ainsi le retrait de la feuille 11. Comme on le voit à la figure 3, la séquence d'ouverture et de fermeture automatiques d'une pince 9 se passe de la manière suivante. La claie pivotant du bas vers le haut dans le sens indiqué par la flèche R, s'arrête à l'horizontale tandis que sa lame 12 se trouve à proximité de la tête associée 17 du dispositif d'ouverture automatique. La tige 23 du vérin 22 s'élève, et fait pivoter le support 18 qui entraîne la tête 17 et provoque l'ouverture des pinces 9, par pression des têtes 17 Sur les lames 12 associées, cette pression venant contrarier l'action des fils-ressorts 15. la lame 12 et son ressert 16 basculent autour de l'axe 13 et s'écartent progressivement de la feuille 11 etdela claie 7. Pendant ce temps, les moyens précités non représentés retirent de façon connue en soi la feuille 11 de sa claie de support. La claie horizontale ainsi débarassée de sa feuille 11 va monter d'un cran et reçoit alors une nouvelle feuille humide. On voit sur la figure 3 la position référencée A, dans laquelle la pince 9 est complètement ouverte, le ressort 16 étant écarté de la feuille 11, laquelle est inclinée d'environ 25 degrés sur l'horizontale avec sa claie 7 de support, au moment de l'introduction d'une nouvelle feuille dans le séchoir. La rotation de la claie 7 et de sa rangée de pinces 9 se poursuivant autour de l'axe 24, les lames 12 sont maintenues ouvertes par les têtes 17 jusqu a ce qu'elles échappent au contact de ces têtes, par une nouvelle manoeuvre du vérin 22, ce qui a pour effet de refermer les pinces 9 sur la nouvelle feuille humide venant d'être introduite (position référencée B sur la figure 3). te système d'amarrrage par les pinces réalisé selon l'invention permet avantageusement de maintenir solidement les feuilles à sécher pendant toute la durée de leur cycle de séchage, et en particulier à la fin de celui-ci, lorsque les feuilles pivotent jusqu'à l'horizontale pour être retirées de l'appareil. Celles-ci ne risquent donc pas de se détacher ou de glisser vers l'extérieur de la claie avant d'être agrippées par le dispositif de préhension et de retrait. L'avantage essentiel du séchoir selon l'invention réside dans le fait que la solide fixation de chaque feuille permet de souffler sur celles-ci un important débit d'air ambiant, au lieu d'air chaud comme dans les tunnels à tapis. On supprime ainsi toute énergie de chauffage, ce qui réduit notablement le coût d'exploitation. De plus, l'absence de chaleur évite la déformation des feuilles, ce qui autorise des tirages où les. couleurs peuvent se repérer entre elles d'une manière beaucoup plus précise que lorsqu'on utilise un tunnel à air chaud. En outre, du fait que grâce à la fiabilité du dispositif d'amarrage constitué par les pinces selon l'invention, on peut ventiler avec une force accrue, les feuilles sèchent plus rapidement. Corrélativement un nombre inférieur de claies est nécessaire pour sécher une quantité déterminée de feuilles dans un intervalle de temps donné, ce qui permet de diminuer l'encombrement de la machine en diminuant le nombre de claies qu'elle peut contenir. l'invention n'est pas limitée à la forme de réalisation décrite et peut comporter des variantes d'exécution. Notamment, le dispositif d'ouverture et de fermeture automatiques peut être réalisé de toute autre façon équivalente à celle décrite et représentée à la figure 3, par exemple en disposant des cames fixes à peu près analogues aux têtes 17 et sur lesquelles les pinces viendraient s'ouvrir au moment d'atteindre l'horizontale.;REVENDICATIONS DE BREVET 1. Séchoir pour feuilles imprimées par sérigraphie, comportant un convoyeur sans fin porté par un châssis et auquel sont fixées des claies adaptées pour recevoir les feuilles, et un dispositif de soufflage d'air sur celles-ci pour les sécher pendant leur déplacement sur le convoyeur, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend un système de pinces d'amarrage de chaque feuille sur sa claie de support, associé à des moyens pour ouvrir et refermer automatiquement ces pinces au début et à la fin du cycle de séchage d'une feuille, afin de permettre l'introduction et le retrait de cette dernière du séchoir. 2. Séchoir selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que chaque ensemble de pinces pour le maintien d'une feuille sur sa claie est constitué par une rangée de lames coudées, montées rotativement autour d'axes parallèles au côté attenant de la claie, et en ce que ces lames sont sollicitées élastiquement vers la feuille par des organes de rappel pour maintenir la feuille appliquée contre la claie. 3. Séchoir selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce qu un ressort , notamment hélicoidal, est fixé à l'extrémité de chaque lame coudée située en regard de la claie, et est appliquée contre la feuille sous l'action de l'organe élastique de rappel. 4. Séchoir selon l'une des revendications 2 et 3, caractérisé en ce que l'organe élastique de rappel de chaque pince est un fil-ressort enroulé autour de l'axe de la pince, et dont une extrémité prend appui sous le bord de la claie, tandis que son autre extrémité, est en appui contre une partie correspondante de la lame coudée, et exerce sur celle-ci une sollicitation-tendant à la faire pivoter autour de l'axe vers la claie. 5. Séchoir selon l'une des revendications 2 à 4, caractérisé en ce que les moyens d'ouverture et de fermeture automatiques de chaque ensemble de pinces porté par les axes précités comprennent une série de têtes agencées pour coopérer avec les lames coudées, et solidarisées avec un support transversal porté par le châssis du séchoir, ce support pouvant pivoter autour de son axe pour amener les te es d'une position levée à une position abaissée, dans laquelle elles sont placées par rapport aux lames coudées de telle façon que celles-ci s'ouvrent sur la claie horizontale et se referment, ou restent ouvertes par la suite dans au moins une position consécutive de la claie. 6. Séchoir selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le support des têtes d'ouverture et de fermeture automatique des pinces est manoeuvré par un vérin par l'ir.- termédiaire d'un bras de liaison, ce vérin pouvant faire pivoter le support et sa rangée de têtes pour faire effectuer à celles-ci les opérations d'ouverture et de fermeture des pinces.;DAVID, BERNARD;DAVID, BERNARD, SILIUM SOCIETE FRANCAISE A RESPONSABILITE LIMITEE;1978
+EP-0003094-B1;19820512.0;19781212;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;20333333.0;B65B17;B65D71, B65D5, B65G1, B65B51;B65D85, B65D5, B65B51, B65B17;B65B  51/06F, B65B  17/02, B65D   5/02D, B65D  85/62;A METHOD OF SEALING AND RETAINING BOXES STACKED UPON EACH OTHER IN A PREDETERMINED POSITION;Method of handling parallelepipedic objects such as boxes and the like. To avoid sliding of the boxes (1) relatively to each other when stacked, the boxes are provided with a tape (14) made of a plastic foil with a friction increasing surface.;Method of handling parallelepipedic objects This invention relates to a method at the storage, transport and other handling of parallelepipedic objects, particularly boxes, cartons and the like. The invention more definitely relates to a handling method, at which objects are stacked, for example, in the form of load units or on pallets, and at storage. It is a problem well-known that objects, particularly boxes of corrugated board or cartons with smooth surfaces when being stacked have a tendency of sliding relatively to each other. As a result thereof, the stack gets disarranged and, in the worst case, collapses. In view of the high requirements of today on rational handling of goods, which when being in the form of boxes substantially are handled as pallet loads by means of trucks, such instable stacks constitute a serious problem, because re-stacking can take place only by tedious manual work. As regards boxes of corrugated board, several proposals have been made in recent years for solving the problem. According to one proposal, the corrugated board is treated in the corrugated board machine by coating with a colloidal solution of silicon or aluminium oxide, which increases the stiffness of the fibres in the surface of the paper sheet and thereby produces an irregular fibre networ::, whch provides a certain friction effect. The method, however, gives rise to difficult problems and breakdowns in corrugated board mills, particularly as a result of the silicon dioxide, because the material solidifies and builds up incrustrations in the application equipment. It was found, moreover, that the material has a corroding effect on the remaining machine equipment. Modified silicon oxides, it is true, which facilitate cleaning have been tested, but the high costs of such modifi cations so far have limited their use. As regards the aluminium oxide, it gives rise to troublesome dusting problems. According to another proposal, the corrugated board is coated with organic solvents increasing the friction. Hereby, however, the printability of the corrugated board is deteriorated substantially, and it becomes for most of the materials smeary and troublesome to handle. It also had been suggested to bring about ruggedness of the corrugated board surface by mechanical treatment. The ruggedness is obtained by puncturing the outer liner layer prior to its application, whereby on the resulting corrugated board sheet projections are formed. Such projections, however, are effective only upon contact with a rough or uneven surface. At greater loads, for example at the stacking of heavy boxes, the projections are depressed, and the friction effect does not come off. Another method of preventing stacked boxes from sliding relatively to each other is to treat the top of boxes after their completed packaging with a non-drying adhesive agent. When sufficient amounts of the agent are applied, certainly the boxes are retained very effectively against each other, but quite naturally both the application of the agent and the handling of the boxes after the breaking of the stack involve considerable inconveniencies. Finally, a method can be mentioned at which stacked boxes are retained to each other by applying adhesive spots in the form of socalled hot-melt. This method has the disadvantage that it is very difficult later on to separate the boxes from each other without destroying them. At present, boxes most often are transported on pallets. In such cases the problem is solved by fixing the load by means of a shrinking or stretching film. This, certainly, holds the load together in an effective manner, but is very expensive and does not solve the problem when the plastic film is broken, for example at the handling of the pallet-loads and their storage with the receiver. According to the present invention the problem is solved thereby, that the surfaces of the objects to be handled and be brought into contact with other objects in a stack or with a support are provided with a strip of a tape made of a plastic foil with rough surface. When the objects are cartons, boxes or the like with sealable cover, for example so-coiled slot boxes, the sealing can be effected by means of the friction increasing tape. It is per se previously known to make plastic foils with rough surfaces, so-called non-skid plastic foils, which have been used for wrapping wood packages carried by sea. The foil is manufactured by co-extruding two plastic films, to one of which an expanding agent is added which forms cells in the film. The foil is subjected to stretching, whereby the cells break and on the final film an irregular pattern w5th retiform elevotions is formed, rendering the foil as rugged a desired. The invention is described in greater detail in the following by way of an embodiment and with reference to the accompanying drawing. The drawing shows in a schematic manner the closing of a slot-box 1 along a plurality of stations 2,3,4,5, at which the cover tips 6,7, 8,9 in turn are folded inward so that at the last station 5 the closed box is obtained. The box is moved from here to a station 10 for sealing the cover, which is carried out by means of a friction tape 11 according to the invention. The tape is taken from a supply reel 12 and passed over suitable means for sealing the cover tips 7 and 9. The sealing finally is ensured by applying with rollers 13 or other suitable means pressure to the applied tape strip 14. If desired, also the lower side of the box can be provided with a tape stip from a reel 15. The invention is not restricted to the embodiment shown, but can be varied within the scope of the invention idea.;Claims: 1. A method of retaining objects stacked upon each other in a predetermined position relative to each other during the storage, transport or other handling of the objects, mainly in order to prevent the objects from sliding relatively to each other or to a support, characterized in that the objects are provided with a tape made of Q plastic foil with a friction increasing surface. 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the foil is provided with rough retiform elevations. 3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the objects are cartons, boxes or the like with sealable cover, for example so-called slot-boxes, and that the sealing is carried out with the friction increasing tape.;SVENSSON, BENGT ERIK;SCA DEVELOPMENT AKTIEBOLAG;1978
+EP-0004844-B1;19831130.0;19781204;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;12736132.0;B29C1;B29F1;B29C45, B29C33, B29C41, B29B13, A61C13, B22C9, B22C23;B29C  33/38M2, L29C33:52, L29C539:00, K61C13:16, B22C   9/04, B22C   9/04A, B22C  23/00, L29C535:08, B29C  45/37;APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING PLASTIC PRODUCTS;A method for manufacturing a plastic product comprising the steps of placing a wax model in a flask, pouring plaster into the flask, heating the flask to melt the wax model, flowing out the melted wax, injecting plastic material and taking out a plastic product when the plastic material has become solid. This method is particularly advantageous in manufacturing an industrial proto-type model, artificial teeth, and the like which have to be made precisely and economically. An apparatus for carrying out the method is also disclosed.;"METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING PLASTIC PRODUCTS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a method and apparatus for manufacturing a plastic product, such as industrial prototype models and false teeth. 2. Prior Art In general, a plastic product to be prepared individually such as an industrial proto-type model and a piece of artificial teeth has been manufactured by means of a metal molding. More specifically upper and lower moldings conforming to the shape of the product to be manufactured have to be prepared.. These moldings are pressed together to yield a desired hsape to the plastic material injected therebetween. However, these tnoldings are limited in terms of their expensiveness, impreciseness, or difficulty of modification. For example, metal-moldings are known to be very expensive; and both of them are not easy to modify the shape once they are shaped. Therefore, simple and precise substitute for such prior art molding has been wanted for a long time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, it is the primary object of this invention to provide a method for manufacturing plastic product economically and precisely. It is another object of this invention to provide a method for manufacturing a plastic product by using a wax model which allows any modification on the shape very easily. It is still another object of this invention to provide an apparatus which is specifically designed to be used in the method of this invention. It is still another object of this.invention to provide an apparatus having a temperature controlling equipment which substantially saves the time to be involved in.the manufacturing process. -- - - The method and apparatus of this invention may be used for a variety of purposes including industrial proto-type models, artificial teeth, table wares, trays and the like. In keeping with the principles of this invention, the objects are accomplished by a unique process comprising the step of placing a model made of wax in a flask, pouring plaster into the flask, heating the model after the plaster having coagulated until the model is melted, removing the melted wax out of the flask, injecting plastic material into the .space formed by the removal of the melted wax, cooling off the plastic material until it becomes solid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGURE 1 shows a persepctive view of a plastic product to be manufactured by this invention; FIGURE 2 shows a perspective view of a flask of an embodiment of the apparatus of this invention; FIGURE 3 shows a cross-section view of a lower portion. of the flask of the embodiment with a wax model mounted therein FIGURE 4 through 7 show a vertical cross-sectional view of the apparatus for the illustration of the process of this invention; FIGURE 8 shows a plan view of a lower portion of a flask with a wax model mounted therein of a second embodiment o this invention; FIGURE 9 shows a perspective view of the apparatus put all together of the second embodiment; and FIGURE 10 shows an exploded view of the apparatus of the second embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION First, referring to Figures 1 though 3, which show. the basic structure of an apparatus of an embodiment of this invention, a wax model 1 having an identical size and shape to a plastic product a to be manufactured and a flask 2 comprising upper and lower portions 2a and 2b are prepared. The flask 2 may be disassembled into top and bottom lids 11 and side frames 12. These parts are to be fastened together into an integral unit by means of fasteners8, typically, bolts 13 and nuts 14. Plastic injection ports 4 are formed in the side frames 12, thereby allowing melted wax to flow out through the ports 4. There is no restriction upon the number of ports 4 formed. However, in cases where there are two or more ports 4, all ports 4 except the-one used for injection of the plastic have to-be tightly sealed by means of plugs I S during injection of the plastic. Openings 9 for in-jecting plaster are formed in the top of the upper flask portion 2a. Plugs 16 are removably installed in these openings 9. The wax model 1 is fixed in place on the inside bottom- surface of the lowpr flask portion 2b.. Plastic injection gates 5 are formed-with wax extending from the wax model 1 to the plastic injection ports 4. A cooling pipe 6 is accommodated inside the lower flask portion 2b so that both ends of said pipe 6 connect with openings 7 provided in the side of the flask 2. The upper flask portion 2a is set on top of the lower flask portion 2b, and the two portions 2a and 2b are fastened together by means of fasteners 8 as shown in Figure 2. The wax model 1 is to be fixed in place by having its lower end embedded in superhard plaster bed 3 disposed on the inside bottom surface of the lower portion .2b (see Figure 4). The wax model 1 can also be made of a -mixture of wax and soft plastic. The flask 2 is formed by setting the upper portion 2a on top of the lower portion 2b and fastening the two portions together by means of fasteners 8 as shown in Figure 2 in such a manner that the flask 2 is pressure resistant. Now specifically referring to Figure 3 showing the wax model 1 mounted in the lower portion falsk 2b, plastic injection gates 5 are formed with wax,- said gates 5 extending from the wax model 1 to plastic injection ports 4 provided in the side frames 12 of the flask 2. A cooling pipe 6, both ends of which are open to the air through apertures 7 at the upper edge of the frame 12 of the lower portion flask 2b, is equipped inside the flask 2 (also- see Figure 4). The cooling pipe 6 is so made as to be pressure and heat resistant. - It is of course possible to have two or more cooling pipes in the flask 2. Now referring to Figures 4- through 7, which are for the illustration of the method of this invention, the steps used in the method are visually shown. First, the wax model 1 is placed in the flask 2 and the flask 2 is fastened tightly as mentioned above. Plaster is poured into the flask 2 through openings 9 to fill up inside of the flask 2 whereby the wax model 1, cooling pipe 6 and gates 5 are enclosed in the plaster 10 as shown in Figure 5. When the plaster 10 has hardened,-the flask 2 is heated so that the wax inside thereof is melted. This stage is shown in Figure 6. Then the melted wax is allowed to flow out through the ports 4 and is washed out of the flask 2 with hot water. The flask 2 may be heated by circulating hot water or steam thru the cooling pipe 6. The flask is then cooled by circulating cold water through the cooling pipe 6. Referring to Figure 7, one of the two plastic injection ports is tightly sealed and the flask 2 is turned on its side such that the open port 4 is at the top. Then softened plastic material such as acrylic resin, polycarbonate, polyamid resin, styrene resin, polycerethane resin and polyacetol resin is injected through such open port 4 with an injector. In this step, it is advisable to apply some plastic releasing agent into the flask before the softened plastic material is injected -thereby expediting the process of taking out.the plastic product 1 out of the plaster 10. When the plastic material has become solid to form the plastic product a, the flask 2 is disassembled and the product 1 is obtained by removing the plaster 10. Such product is to be polished by a known method.. referring to Figures 8 through 10,-showing a second embodiment of this invention, a full-denture is to be manufactured according to the concept of this invention. A wax model 21 of a full denture is mounted in a lower flask 22 comprising a bottom plate 22a and a lower collar 22b. The wax model 21 is provided with an injection gate 26 extending therefrom to an injection port 24 and a discharging gate 27 extending therefrom to a discharging port 25 as shown in Figure 8; both gates 26 and 27 are made of wax. Further, an upper flask 23 comprising an upper collar 23b and a top plate 23a are put into place such that the upper and lower flask form a complete flask, which is tightly fastened together by means of fasteners 28 as shown in Figures 9 and 10. Such flask is preferably designed 2 to have a pressure resistance of 1000 - 1500 kg/cm . The upper and lower collars 23b and 22b are provided with indents therein so that an injection port 24 and a discharging port 27 in the opposite side. At the discharging port 27, there is equipped a seal 31 which is to hold plastic material to be in jected into the flask. The seal 31 is preferably provided with an a escape 32, whereby any remaining air in the flask can be re moved therethrough. When the flask is fastened together, plaster is poured into the flask through openings 29. The openings 29 are there rafter sealed with a stopper 30. The plaster may be poured to fill up the flask by using a vacuum sucking method or a vibration.method or any ordinary manner. The plaster thus poured into the flask is left for hardening. After the plaster has become solid, the flask is heated until the wax model 21 is melted. The melted wax is removed through the discharging gate 27 by pouring hot water into the injection gate 26. The, a plastic releasing agent is injected into the injection port 24 to fully cover the inside surface of the plaster so-that a plastic product to be manu factured-in the plaster molding may be taken out easily. Before injecting plastic material, the flask is turned over its side such that the injection port 24 is positioned at the top and the discharging port 25 with the seal 31 at the bottom. Then, softened plastic material is injected into the flask. The plastic material is preferably injected at a speed about 0.01 - 10/sec., under inside pressure of 30 - 1200 keg/ 2', with holding pressure of 0.05 - 60/sec. Further, the size of the injection gate 26 is preferably 0.5. - 20 0 mm and the size of the air escape is 0.1 - 5 mm. When the plastic material has become solid, a plastic product is ready to be taken out of the plaster.";1. A method for manufacturing aplastic product comrpising the steps of: (a) preparing a model made of a material selected from the group consisting of wax, soft plastic and the combinatic thereof, said model having a shape identical to thàt of the product, (b) placing the model in a flask, (c) pouring plaster into the flask such that the model is totally embedded in the plaster, (d) heating the flask after the plaster has hardened until the model is- melted and causing the melted model to flow out of the flask, (e) injecting plastic material into the space previously occupied by the model, and (f) taking out a plastic product from the plaster after the plastic material has become solid. 2. A method for manufacturing a plastic product according to Claim 1, further comprising between the steps of (d) and (e), the step of cooling the flask. 3. A method for manufacturing a plastic product according to Claim 1, further comprising, between the steps of (d) and (e), the step of applying a plastic releasing agent inter the flask 4. A method for manufacturing a plastic product according to Claim 1, wherein the step (d) of causing the melte model to flow out of the flask is carried out by flushing hot water into the flask. 5. An apparatus for manufacturing a plastic product comprising a flask, wherein: said flask has an upper portion and a lower portion separable from each other, said upper and lower portions are provided with at least one opening for injecting.plastic material, said upper portion is provided with at least one opening for pouring plaster, and said upper and lower portions are equipped with means for tightly fastening said portions together. 6. An apparatus for manufacturing a plastic material according to Claim 4, wherein: said upper and lower portions are further divided into a plate and a collar respectively such that said plates constitute a top and bottom cover and said collars constitute a side frame. 7. An apparatus for manufacturing a plastic product according to Claim 4, wherein: said flask is provided with a pipe for circulating temperature controlling substance.;KOGURE, YAMATO;KOGURE, YAMATO;1978
+EP-0005138-B1;19820407.0;19781212;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;27505987.0;C01B3;B01D3, C01B3;C10B27, C10K1, B01D12, C02F1, C10G9, B01D3, C10J3, C01B3;C02F   1/26, C10J   3/46, C02F   1/04Z, B01D   3/06, B01D  12/00, C01B   3/36, C01B   3/52, C10B  27/00;PROCESS FOR PRODUCING SYNTHESIS GAS WITH WASH WATER PURIFICATION AND NOVEL FLASH COLUMN FOR USE IN SAID PROCESS;The invention concerns the purification of wash water used to remove particulate carbon and ash from mixtures of CO and hydrogen obtained by partial oxidation of fuel in a gas generator (15). The gas mixture generated is generally cleaned by washing with water in quench tank (76) or scrubbers (41, 91 or 94) and the resulting dispersion of carbon and water is contacted with a liquid extractant in decanter (61). The resultant partially purified water is flashed in flash column (149) forming steam which passes up through tray (148), and water on the tray, and leaving water and solids which fall into chamber (158). A second chamber (156) is fed by overflow from chamber (158) and tray (148). Vapours leaving the top of flash column (149) are condensed and water separating from the condensed vapours is returned to flash column (149) above tray (148).;"PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING SYNTHESIS GAS WITH WASH WATER PURIFICATION This invention relates to a process for the partial oxidation of carbonaceous fuels involving a gas cleaning process carried out in an apparatus including a novel flash column for water reclamation. More specifically, this process involves cooling and scrubbing the raw gas stream from a partial oxidation gas generator with reclaimed water and recovering, purifying, and recycling the water. Synthesis gas mixtures comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and containing entrained particulate carbon, may be prepared by the partial oxidation of a fossil fuel with a freeoxygen containing gas, optionally in the presence of a temperature moderator. The hot effluent gas stream from the gas generator may be cooled by direct immersion in water in a quench drum such as described in U.S. Patents No. 2,896,927 and 3,929,429. A portion of the entrained solids will be removed by the quench water. Following the direct quench cooling, the gas is scrubbed with water to remove further particulates. Alternatively, the hot effluent gas stream may be cooled in a gas cooler, such as shown in U.S. Patent No. 3,920,717 and then scrubbed with water. The quench-water or the scrubbing water may then be processed in the manner described in U.S. Patents No. 2,992,906; 3,097,081 and 4,014,786. The object of the present invention is to provide an improved method for processing the quench-water or scrubbing water obtained in a process for producing synthesis gas. This invention provides a process for producing gaseous mixtures comprising H2 and CO, by the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas in a non-catalytic gas generator (15) at a temperature of 705 to 16500C and a pressure in the range of 98 to 24520 KPa, cooling the resulting gas stream and contacting the gas stream with water, thereby removing solids and producing a clean gas stream and a carbon-water dispersion containing any ash, mixing a liquid organic extractant with said carbon-water dispersion, and separating by gravity in a decanter (61) a liquid extractantparticulate carbon dispersion containing gaseous impurities and a dilute water stream containing carbon, ash and gaseous impurities characterized by (a) introducing said dilute water stream from decanter (61) at reduced pressure into a vertical flash column (149) comprising at least one stripping plate and first and second bottom chambers (158, 156) separated by a weir (157) each stripping plate containing dispersive means for dispersing steam produced below said stripping plate through the water on said stripping plate, and overflow and downflow means for removing stripped water from each plate and discharging same into said second bottom chamber, said dilute water stream being introduced below the bottom stripping plate and in the space above said first bottom chamber, thereby vaporizing a portion of said water stream, and passing the vapors up through said dispersive means in each stripping plate and through the water contained on each plate thereby stripping gases from the water on each plate, and introducing the unvaporized portion of said water stream into said first bottoms chamber; (b) removing from said flash column a stream of vapors comprising H20, hydrocarbons and at least one of the group H2S, NH3, and C02; (c) cooling said vapor stream, condensing and separating liquid water and liquid hydrocarbon from the uncondensed gases, and introducing at least a portion of said water on to a stripping plate in said flash column; (d) removing waste water containing solids from said first bottoms chamber and discharging it from the system; and (e) removing reclaimed water from said second bottoms chamber and recycling at least a portion thereof to said gas cleaning operation. This invention also provides a flash column characterized in that it comprises an upright column (149) having a vertical weir (157) extending upwards from the bottom thereof and separating the lower portion of said column into a first chamber (158) and a second chamber (156), at least one horizontal stripping plate (148) within said column above said weir, each plate having dispersing means (150, 151) for dispersing steam through water held on said plate, overflow and downflow means (153, 154) for discharging water from plate to plate and then into said second chamber, below the level of water in said second chamber, first inlet means for flashing at least one stream of water containing particulate solids into the space below the bottom stripping plate and above said weir, second inlet means for injecting at least one substantially solids-free stream of water into the space above at least one stripping plate, first outlet means for removing water from said first chamber, second outlet means for removing water from said second chamber, and third outlet means for removing vapors, overhead from said column. Particulate solids, e.g. carbon soot and ash, entrained in the hot raw gas stream from a partial oxidation gas generator are removed by quench cooling the hot gas stream directly in reclaimed water in a quench drum, or by scrubbing with reclaimed water in a gas scrubbing zone after indirect heat exchange in a gas cooler, or both. By this means, a clean gas stream and a dispersion of particulate solids, are produced. Depending on composition, the clean gas stream is intended for use as synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas. It is economically advantageous to reclaim the water from the aforesaid dispersion by removing particulate solids and gaseous impurities. The reclaimed water may be then recycled to the gas quench cooling and scrubbing zones. In the subject process, the dispersion of solids and water is mixed with a liquid extractant. A dispersion comprising particulate carbon, extractant, and a small amount of water is formed, and is separated in a decanter from a dilute water layer, which settles to the bottom of the decanter and comprises water, dissolved gases, waste hydrocarbons, ash, and a very small amount of carbon. In a preferred embodiment, heavy liquid hydrocarbon is mixed with the dispersion of carbon, extractant, and water from the decanter. In a distillation and separation operation, the extractant and water are vaporized, condensed and separated by gravity in a separation vessel. At least a portion of the solids-free condensed water is withdrawn from the separation vessel and is introduced on to a stripping plate of the flash column. At least a portion of the extractant from the separation vessel is recycled to the decanter. Any uncondensed gases (e.g. H2S, NH3, C02; and waste hydrocarbons) may be removed from the top of the separation vessel. Overhead vapors from the flash column are cooled to condense out water, and are introduced into a separate separation vessel, or optionally into the separation vessel associated with the distillation and separation operation. In one embodiment, an emulsion is also separated in the separation vessel associated with the distillation and separation operation, and is disposed of either (1) in admixture with the feed to the decanting operation; (2) in admixture with the bottoms water from the decanting zone; or (3) by heating and breaking up the emulsion. The stream of dilute water is removed from the bottom of the decanter and is introduced into the flash column below a stripping plate. A portion of this water is flashed into steam, which passes up through the column. The remainder passes down through the column and drops into the receiving side chamber, (i.e. the first chamber). If desired, a small stream of blowdown water from a gas cooler in the system e.g. located after the gas generator may be similarly introduced into the flash column. A portion of this water is flashed into steam and the remainder drops either into the return water side (i.e. second chamber) or into the receiving side chamber (first chamber) at the bottom of the flash column. The flashing steam passes up through gas dispersers i.e. holes or bubble-caps in the stripping plate or plates and strips the vaporizable impurities from the water contained on the stripping plate. The bottom of the flash column is partitioned by means of a vertical weir into the two chambers. Solids in the water in the receiving side chamber settle to the bottom. The water in the receiving side chamber overflows the weir and falls into the chamber on the return-water side. Steam stripped overflow water from the stripping plate or plates flows through a downcomer system that discharges stripped water from plate to plate and finally exits below the water level in said return water side chamber. A small amount of waste water containing solid sediment is removed at the bottom of the receiving side chamber and is discharged from the system. If desired, the waste water may be sent to a water treating plant. Substantially solids-free reclaimed water is pumped out of the return water side chamber and recycled to the gas quench cooling tank, or to the scrubbing zones, or to both places. Optionally, a portion of this water may be recycled to the gas generator as a portion of the temperature moderator. The invention will be further understood by reference to the accompanying Drawing. Fig. 1 of the drawing is a schematic representation of a crossflow sieve type stripping plate showing the direction of flow for liquid and vapor streams. Fig. 2 of the Drawing is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the process. Referring now to the accompanying Drawing, Fig. 1 is a fragmental schematic representation of a portion of a vertical cylindrically shaped flash-tower 1 including a stripping plate 2. Small diameter holes 3 are drilled in plate 2 and the rate of flow of vapours 4 upwards through the holes in plate 2 prevents the water on plate 2 from passing down through the holes. By this means vaporizable impurities may be stripped from the water held on plate 2. Horizontal plate 2 is substantially round, except that at one side there is a vertical chordal weir 5 that discharges into segmental or round downcomer 6. A solids-containing water stream in line 7 is passed through pressure reducing valve 8 line 9 and inlet 10, and is flashed into flash column 1. Substantially solids-free impure water is passed through line 11 and inlet 12 on to plate 2. Stripped water overflows weir 5 and flows down through downcomer 6 to a return-water side chamber (not shown in Fig. 1). With reference to the Fig. 2, an unpacked, free-flow noncatalytic refractory-lined synthesis gas generator 15, has an annulus-type burner 16 mounted axially in its upper inlet port 17. The reaction zone 18 of the gas generator is fed with a free oxygen containing gas stream through line 19, and streams of steam and hydrocarbonaceous fuel through lines 22 and 21. The effluent stream of raw synthesis gas leaves the reaction zone through exit passage 23 and passes directly into an insulated chamber 24, where it is split into two. One split stream passes through insulated transfer line 25 into the first train of process steps, which ends with the production of a stream of unshifted product gas in line 26. The second split stream is processed in the second train, which terminates with the production of a stream of shifted product gas in line 27. The molar ratio H2/CO of the shifted gas stream 27 is greater than that of unshifted gas stream 26. The first split stream of raw gas in transfer line 25, is passed through inlet 29 of gas cooler 30, where it is cooled by indirect heat exchange with a stream of boiler feed water from line 31, which passes through inlet 32 and leaves as steam through outlet 33 and line 34. The cooled gas stream leaves through outlet 35, line 36, inlet 37 and dip tube 38 and is contacted with water 39 in the bottom section 40 of gas scrubber 41. The process gas stream passes up through the water in the annular passage made by the inner surface of concentric pipe 42 and the outer surface of dip tube 38 and leaves by outlet 43 and line 44. The process gas stream then passes through venturi scrubber 45, where it is washed with water from line 46. It is then passed up through upper chamber 47 of gas scrubber 41. Water from line 48 and inlet 49 enters upper chamber 47 and cascades down over a series of trays 50 in reverse flow and in contact with the process gas stream, which is simultaneously passing up through the chamber. Water from the bottom of upper chamber 47 passes through outlet 51, line 52, and enters bottom chamber 40 through inlet 53. Any entrained solids (particulate carbon and ash) are thereby scrubbed from the process gas stream and pass with the water through lines 57, 58 and 59, and inlet 60 into decanter 61. The cleaned process gas stream leaving gas scrubber 41 through line 62 is cooled below its dew point in heat exchanger 63 by indirect heat exchange with cold water entering through line 64 and leaving by line 65. The cooled stream passes through line 66 into separation vessel 67 where the condensed water is removed from the bottom by line 68. By means of pump 69, the condensate is passed through lines 70, 71 and 48, and inlet 49 into gas scrubber 41. A portion is by-passed through line 46 into venturi 45, as previously described. The cleaned unshifted product gas stream leaves separator 67 through line 26. The second stream of raw gas passes through line 73 and dip tube 74, and is quench cooled in a pool of water 75 in the bottom of quench tank 76. A dispersion of water and dispersed solids is removed through outlet 79 and line 80, and sent to a carbon recovery and water reclaiming section, to be further described. Periodically, ash which may build up in the bottom of quench vessel 76, may be removed with some water through bottom outlet 81, line 82, valve 83, and line 84 and sent to a conventional solids separation and recovery zone. Optionally, a conventional lock-hopper system (not shown) may be used to remove the solids. The dispersion of particulate solids and water in line 80 is cooled in heat exchanger 85, by indirect heat exchange with reclaimed water from line 86. It is then passed through line 87, and mixed in line 58 with the particulate solids-water dispersion coming from gas scrubber 41 and line 57 in the first train. The mixture is then passed into decanter 61 by way of lines 59, and inlet 60. After being quench cooled and partially cleaned with water in quench tank 76, the process gas stream in the second train passes up through draft tube 77 and leaves by outlet 89 and line 90, and is scrubbed in orifice scrubber 91 with water from line 92. The process gas stream in line 93 enters separation vessel 94 by way of a dip tube 95. There, excess water drops out and is recycled by way of line 96, to quench tank 76. Before leaving separation vessel 94, by way of line 97, the process gas stream is sprayed with water 98 from line 99. The cleaned water-saturated process gas stream in line 97 is preheated in heat exchanger 100 by indirect heat exchange with the shifted stream of gas leaving catalytic water-gas shift conversion zone 101 through line 102. The feed stream enters shift conversion zone 101 through line 103, and at least a portion of the CO and H20 in the process gas stream react therein to produce H2 + C02. The resulting clean H2-rich gas stream is cooled in heat exchanger 100 and is then passed through line 104 into gas cooler 105, where the temperature of gas stream is dropped below its dew point by indirect heat exchange with water. For example, boiler feed water in line 106 may be preheated in heat exchanger 105, passed through line 107, and then introduced into gas cooler 30 by way of line 31, where it is converted into steam. The cooled H2-rich gas stream is passed through line 108 into condensate separator 109, where condensed water is drawn off at the bottom through line 110, and clean H2-rich product gas leaves through line 27 at the top. The Various solidsmcontaining water streams or dispersions produced in the first and second trains are introduced into the carbon-recovery and water-reclaiming section of the process. Liquid organic extractant 115, e.g. naphtha, in separation vessel 116, is passed through lines 117 to 120, and mixed in line 59 with the dispersion of water, particulate carbon, ash, and other impurities from line 58. Any required make-up liquid organic extractant may be introduced into the system through line 121, valve 122, and line 123. If desired, the liquid organic extractant in line 118 may be preheated by indirect heat exchange with the overhead from distillation column 137 in line 140. A portion of the liquid extractant in line 118 may be passed as reflux into distillation column 137 through line 125. Sufficient liquid extractant is added to the dispersion to separate the particulate carbon from the water. The mixture passes through inlet 60, as previously mentioned, and passes up through an annular passage (not shown) between concentric outer pipe 126 and inner pipe 127 in decanter 61, and then out through the lower horizontal radial nozzle 128. Simultaneously, in the second stage, a larger amount of liquid extractant from line 119 is passed through line 129, inlet 130, inner pipe 127, and upper horizontal radial nozzle 131. A dispersion comprising liquid extractant, particulate carbon, carry-over water, and other impurities, is removed through line 132 and mixed in line 133 with heavy liquid hydrocarbon fuel oil from line 134. The mixture is heated in heater 135, and passed through line 136 into distillation column 137, equipped with reboiler 138. A slurry of heavy liquid hydrocarbon and particulate carbon is removed through line 139 at the bottom of column 137 and introduced into gas generator 15 as a portion of the fuel. The hot vapours in line 140 are passed into cooler 141 and cooled below the dew point. The resulting mixture of uncondensed gases, liquid extractant, and water is passed through line 142 into separator 116. Liquid organic extractant 115 floats on a layer of water 143 in separation vessel 116. Uncondensed gases are removed through line 144. The gas stream comprises at least one of the gases H2S, NH3, C02, and hydrocarbon vapours, and may be introduced into a Claus operation (not shown) for recovery of sulphur, or may be burnt. At least a portion of the water is removed through line 145, and pumped by pump 146 through line 147 on to stripping plate 148 of flash column 149. Optionally, a portion of the water may be passed to gas generator 15 as a temperature moderator. Stripping plate 148 is substantially round, except for one chordal side and is equipped with a plurality of dispersive means, constituted by vapour risers 150 and bell-caps 151. Vertical weir 157 divides the bottom of flash-column 149 into return-water side chamber 156 (second chamber) and receiving side chamber 158 (first chamber). Steam-stripped water 152 on plate 148 overflows vertical chordal weir 153 attached to the end of plate 148. The stripped water falls into downcomer 154 and discharges beneath the water level 155 in chamber 156. That portion of the water which is not flashed builds up in receiving side chamber 158 until water level 159 is reached, when it overflows weir 157. Deflection shield or baffle 160 prevents unflashed water from dropping into chamber 156. Makeup water may be added through line 161. In operation, the stream of water, dissolved gases (H2S, NH3 or Cm2) , and particulate solids separated in decanter 61 is introduced into flash column 149, below stripping plate 148 by way of line 162, pressure reducing valve 163, and line 164. If desired, for control of the total dissolved solids in the boiler feed water, a stream of water produced by blowing down a minor portion of the water in gas cooler 30, is also introduced into flash column 149 below stripping plate 148, and preferably below baffle 160, by way of line 165, pressure reducing valve 166, line 167 and internal pipe 168. At least a portion of stream 164 is flashed into steam and the remainder falls into receiving side chamber 158. There are practically no particulates in the water in line 168. At least a portion of this stream is flashed into steam and the remainder falls into chamber 156. Water 143 at the bottom of separation vessel 116 contains dissolved gases (H2S, NH3, C02 and waste hydrocarbons) and is pumped by means of pump 146 on to stripping plate 148 in flash column 149 by way of lines 145 and 147. Steam in the space under plate 148 passes up through riser 150 and is deflected by bell-cap 151 through the water contained on stripper plate 148. The vapours leaving flash column 149 through line 175 are cooled below the dew point of water in cooler 176, and are passed through line 177 into separation vessel 171. A layer of liquid waste hydrocarbons 178 floats on the pool of water 170 at the bottom of the separator, and may be drawn off through line 179. This stream may be mixed with the hydrocarbonaceous fuel in line 22 and burned in gas generator 15. A gas stream consisting of at least one of the gases H2S, NH3, and C02, may be drawn off of separator 171 through line 180. Optionally, this gas may be sent to a Claus unit (not shown) for recovery of sulphur. The purified reclaimed water from the bottom of returnwater side chamber 156 in water-flash column 149 is pumped by means of pump 181 to gas scrubber 41 in train I by way of lines 182, 183, 184, 71 and 48 and inlet 49; and also by line 46 to venturi scrubber 45. A second stream of purified reclaimed water from chamber 156 is pumped through lines 182, 183 and 86; heat exchanger 85; and lines 185, 186 and 99 to spray scrubber 94, and also by line 92 to orifice scrubber 91. Waste water containing solids is removed from the receivingside chamber 158 and is discharged from the system through line 190. In the subject process, a raw gas stream, substantially comprising H2, CO, and at least one of the gases H20, C02, H2S, COS, CH4, NH3, N2 and Ar, and containing entrained solids, e.g. particulate carbon and ash, is produced by partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas, optionally in the presence of a temperature moderator, in the reaction zone of an unpacked free-flow noncatalytic partialoxidation gas generator. The atomic ratio of free oxygen to carbon in the fuel (O/C ratio), is generally in the range of 0.6 to 1.6, and preferably 0.8 to 1.4. The reaction time is generally in the range of 1 to 10 seconds, and preferably 2 to 6 seconds. When steam is used as the temperature moderator, the steam-to-fuel weight ratio in the reaction zone is generally in the range of 0.1 to 5, and preferably 0.2 to 0.7. The raw gas stream leaves the reaction zone at a temperature from 705 to 16500C (1300 to 30000F), and preferably 1095 to 15400C (2000 to 28000F), and at a pressure of 98 to 24520 Kilo pascals (KPa) (1 to 250 atmospheres), and preferably 1470 to 14710 KPa (15 to 150 atmospheres). The composition of the raw gas stream leaving the gas generator is generally, (in mole % on a dry basis): H2 60 to 29; CO 20 to 57; CO 2 to 30; CH4 nil to 25; H2S nil to 2; COS nil to 0.1; NH3 nil to 0.1; N2 nil to 60; and Ar nil to 0.5. Water is present in the gas in an amount of 1 to 75 mole %. particulate carbon is present in an amount of 0.1 to 20 weight % (basis carbon content in the original feed). Ash may be present. Depending on the composition, the gas stream may be employed as synthesis gas, reducing gas, or fuel gas. The gas generator comprises a vertical cylindrically shaped steel pressure vessel lined with refractory, such as shown in U.S. Patent No. 2,809,104. A typical quench drum for cooling the hot effluent stream of gas from the reaction zone to a temperature in the range of 150 to 3150C (3000F to 6000F) by direct contact with water is also shown in said patent. At least a portion of the entrained solids (particulate carbon and ash) are removed from the process gas stream by the turbulent quench water and a pumpable dispersion of particulate carbon and water containing 0.1 to 4.0 wt. % particulate solids is produced in the quench tank. Any remaining entrained solids may be removed from the process gas stream by additional scrubbing with water. A burner, such as shown in U.S. Patent No. 2,928,460, may be used to introduce the feed streams into the reaction zone. Alternativaly, the hot effluent gas stream leaving the gas generator may be cooled to a temperature from 175 to 400 C (3500 to 7500F) but above the dew point of water, by indirect heat exchange with boiler feed water in a gas cooler, such as shown and described in U.S. Patent No. 3,920,717. The cooled process gas stream is then cleaned by scrubbing with water in a conventional gas scrubbing zone. For example, the gas scrubber as shown in the Drawing, or the venturi or jet scrubber as shown in Perry's Chemical Engineer's Handbook, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company 1973, Fig. 20-120 and Fig. 20-121. In the embodiment shown in the Drawing, both methods of cooling the effluent gas stream from the gas generator are employed. The effluent gas stream is split into two separate gas streams which are processed in two separate trains. A portion of the hot effluent gas stream is cooled by indirect heat exchange in a gas cooler in the first train; and the remainder of the gas stream is cooled by direct contact with water in a quench tank in the second train. A wide range of combustible carbon-containing organic materials may be reacted in the gas generator with a freeoxygen containing gas, optionally in the presence of a temperature-moderating gas, to produce the raw gas stream. The term ""hydrocarbonaceous"" is used herein to mean substantially any combustible carbon-containing organic material, or slurries thereof. For example, there are (1) pumpable slurries of solid carbonaceous fuels, such as particulate carbon dispersed in a vaporizable liquid carrier, such as water, liquid hydrocarbon fuel, and mixtures thereof; and (2) gasliquid-solid dispersions, such as atomized liquid hydrocarbon fuel and particulate carbon dispersed in a temperature moderating gas. The term ""liquid hydrocarbon"" covers various materials, such as liquefied petroleum gas, petroleum distillates and residua, gasoline, naphtha, kerosine crude petroleum, asphalt, gas oil, residual oil, tar-sand oil and shale oil, coal derived oil, aromatic hydrocarbons (such as benzene, toluene or xylene fractions), coal tar, cycle gas oil from fluid-catalytic-cracking operations, furfural extract of coker gas oil, and mixtures thereof. Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels include methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, natural gas, coke-oven gas, refinery gas, acetylene tail gas, ethylene off-gas, and mixtures thereof. Solid, gaseous, and liquid feeds may be mixed and used simultaneously; and these may include paraffinic, olefinic, acetylenic, naphthenic, and aromatic compounds in any proportion. The term ""hydrocarbonaceous"" also covers oxygenated hydrocarbonaceous organic materials including carbohydrates, cellulosic materials, aldehydes, organic acids, alcohols, ketones, oxygenated fuel oil, waste liquids and by-products from chemical processes containing oxygenated hydrocarbonaceous organic materials, and mixtures thereof. The hydrocarbonaceous feed may be at room temperature, or it may be preheated to a temperature e.g. from 315 to 6500C (600 to 12000F) but preferably below its cracking temperature. The hydrocarbonaceous feed may be introduced into the gasgenerator burner in liquid phase or in a vaporized mixture with the temperature moderator. The need for a temperature moderator to control the temperature in the reaction zone depends in general on the carbonto-hydrogen ratios of the feedstock and the oxygen content of the oxidant stream. A temperature moderator may not be required with some gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, but one is generally used with liquid hydrocarbon fuels and with substantially pure oxygen. Steam may be introduced as a temperature moderator in admixture with either or both reactant streams. Alternatively, the temperature moderator may be introduced into the reaction zone of the gas generator by way of a separate conduit in the burner. Other temperature moderators include CO2, N2, a cooled portion of the effluent gas stream from the gas generator, and mixtures thereof. The term free-oxygen containing gas as used herein means air, oxygen-enriched-air i.e. greater than 21 mole % 02, and substantially pure oxygen, i.e. greater than about 95 mole % oxygen (the remainder usually comprising N2 and rare gases). Free-oxygen containing gas may be introduced by way of the partialoxidation burner at a temperature from ambient to 985 C (1800 F). The raw synthesis gas leaving the reaction zone 18 of the gas generator 15 is preferably split into two streams, which are then simultaneously processed in two separate trains. In the first train, no water-gas shifting takes place, whereas in the second train, water-gas shifting of the crude gas stream does take place. By this means, the product gas from the second train has a greater mole ratio of H2/CO than that produced in the first train. The division of the raw synthesis gas between the two trains may be determined by material and heat balances. The calculated division may be then adjusted, if necessary, during actual operation. Accordingly, said calculations take into consideration the compositions of the hydrocarbonaceous fuel and the raw synthesis gas, the amount and desired composition of the clean purified synthesis gas product stream, the desired amount of hydrogen rich product gas, the desired amount and efficiency of the catalytic water-gas shift conversion, and the desired amount of by-product steam. For example, from O to 100 volume %, e.g. 5 to 95 volume %, of the raw gas stream leaving the reaction zone of the gas generator may be directly introduced into quench tank 76 containing water in the second train. When the feed to the gas generator includes a high ash fuel, e.g. coal, from 5 to 10 volume % of the raw gas stream may be introduced into the quench tank to carry the slag. The remainder of the synthesis gas from the gas generator may be passed through an insulated transfer line, and directly into gas cooler 30 in the first train, where the hot gases are passed in indirect heat exchange with boiling water, thereby cooling the gas stream to a temperature in the range of 175 to 4000C (350 to 7500F), while simultaneously producing by-product steam. The by-product steam may be used elsewhere in the process where required. Further, it may be produced at a pressure which is greater than that in the gas generator. Portions of the byproduct steam may be used, for example, as the temperature moderator in the gas generator, as a carrier for the hydrocarbonaceous fuel, or as the working fluid in an expansion turbine; e.g. a turbocompressor or turboelectric generator. The steam may also be used to power an air-separation unit that produces the substantially pure oxygen used in the gas generator. The amount of solid particles, entrained in the raw gas stream leaving the reaction zone is dependent upon the type of hydrocarbonaceous fuel and the atomic ratio (O/C) in the reaction zone. A minimum amount of entrained particulate carbon e.g. l.to 2 wt. % (basis weight of C in the hydrocarbonaceous feed), is recommended to increase the life of the refractory lining the gas generator when the feed contains nickel and vanadium impurities. The quench tank in the second train, is located below the reaction zone of the gas generator. The split stream of raw gas which it receives for cooling and cleaning, carries with it substantially all of the ash and a substantial part of the particulate-carbon soot leaving the reaction zone of the gas generator. A dispersion is produced in the quench tank comprising quench water, 0.1 to 4.0 wt, % of particulate solids and a minor amount of water-soluble impurlties. Any unburned inorganic solids, such as coarse ash from solid fuels, and refractory, may accumulate at the bottom of the quench tank. Periodically, this material may be removed as a water slurry through a conventional lock-hopper system. Optionally, water may be separated from this slurry by conventional means, e.g. gravity settling, flotation, centrifuging, or filtration. The water may be recycled in the process for further purification along with the quench water. To prevent plugging of any downstream catalyst beds, a secondary gas cleaning zone preferably follows the quench tank in the second train. The secondary gas cleaning zone may include conventional orifice and venturi scrubbers and sprays by which the process gas stream is scrubbed with reclaimed water. The scrub water containing less than 0.1 wt. % solids is preferably recycled to the quench tank. By this means the amount of solid particles in the process gas stream may be reduced to less than 3 parts per million (ppm), and preferably less than 1 ppm. The mole ratio of H20/CO in the process gas stream in the second train may be increased to a value of 2 to 5, and preferably 2.5 to 3.5, by vaporizing water during the quenching and scrubbing steps that may follow. This ratio is suitable for the next step in the second train, in which the water-gas shift reaction takes place. Thus, after leaving the secondary gas scrubbing zone, the soot-free gas stream in the second train is preferably introduced into a conventional catalytic water-gas shift reaction zone 101 at an inlet temperature of 174 to 415 C (350 to 775 F). CO and H 0 are reacted over a conventional water-gas-shift 2 catalyst which may comprise iron oxide mixed with chromium oxide, and promoted by 1 to 15 wt. % of an oxide of another metal, such as K, Th, U, Be, or Sb. Reaction occurs at 260 to 5650C (500 to 10500F). Alternatively, cobalt molybdate on alumina may be used as the water-gas shift catalyst at a reaction temperature in the range of 260 to 4850C (500 to 9000F). Co-Mo catalysts comprise, in weight percent: CoO 2-5, M003 8-16, MgO nil-20, and A1203 59-85. A low-temperature shift catalyst for use with sulphur-free gas streams comprises a mixture of copper and zinc salts or oxides in a weight ratio of 0.5 to 3 parts of zinc to 1 part of copper. Next, substantially all of the H20 is removed from the gas stream in the second train. For example, the clean gas stream may be cooled to a temperature below the dew point of water by conventional means to condense out and to separate H20. If desired, the gas stream may be substantially dehydrated by contact with a desiccant, such as alumina. With oxygen gasification, a clean shifted product gas stream is thereby produced having the following composition in mole %: H2 98 to 60, CO nil to 5, C02 15 to 40, CH4 nil to 5, H20 nil to 5, Ar nil to 0.5, N2 nil to 1, H2S nil to 2, and NH3 nil to trace. The cooled process gas stream leaving the gas cooler 30 in the first train is scrubbed with water in a conventional gas scrubber 47 to remove particulate solids. A dispersion of scrubbing water containing 0.1 to 4.0 wt. % of particulate solids, and a minor amount (of the order of parts per million) of water-soluble impurities is produced. The gas stream leaving the cleaning zone in the first train is optionally cooled below the dew point, and is then introduced into knockout or separation vessel 67. With oxygen gasification, a clean unshifted product gas stream is thereby produced having the following composition in mole %: H2 60 to 29, CO 20 to 57, C02 2 to 30, CH4 nil to 25, H20 nil to 20, H2S nil to 2, COS nil to 0.1, NH3 nil to trace, N2 nil to 1 and Ar nil to 0.5. As previously described, the gas cooler 30 cools the hot raw synthesis gas by indirect heat exchange with boiler feed water. A smallblow-down stream may be periodicially taken from the water being vaporized to control the buildup of dissolved solids in the water. The blow-down water leaving the gas cooler may contain a minor amount (of the order of parts per million) of metal salts e.g. chlorides, sulfates, and phosphates. The blow-down water stream leaves the gas cooler (waste-heat boiler) at a temperature in the range of 150 to 3150C (3000 to 6000F) say about 290 C (5500F). The pressure corresponds to that of the steam produced in the boiler. The dispersions of water-particulate solids from the quench tank in the second train, or from the scrubbing zone in the first train, or from both, are introduced in admixture with a suitable liquid organic extractant such as light liquid hydrocarbons, e.g. naphtha, into a carbon separation zone. Conventional horizontal and vertical decanters may be employed. The liquid organic extractant may be added in one or two stages. Suitable vertical decanters, liquid organic extractants, and methods of operation are described in U.S. Patent No. 4,014,786. In one embodiment, a two-stage decanting operation is used. A first portion of the liquid organic extractant separated downstream in the process is mixed with all of the carbon-water dispersion. The amount of liquid organic extractant is sufficient to resolve the carbon-water dispersion. This amount may be from 1.5 to 15 parts by weight of extractant per part by weight of carbon. The mixture is then introduced into the first stage of a two-stage decanting operation. Simultaneously, a second portion of the liquid organic extractant in an amount sufficient to produce a pumpable liquid organic extractant-carbon-water dispersion having a solids content from 0.5 to 9 wt. % is introduced into the second stage. Suitable liquid organic extractants that form dispersions with particulate carbon which are lighter than water include: (1) light liquid hydrocarbon fuels with 5 to 16 carbon atoms, having an atmospheric boiling point in the range of 35 to 4000C (100 to 750 F) and a density of 934 to 611 Kg.m-3 (20 to 100 degrees API), (2) a mixture of substantially water insoluble liquid organic by-products from an oxo or oxyl process; and (3) mixtures of types (1) and (2). Examples of type (1) liquid extractants include butanes, pentanes, hexanes, toluol, natural gasoline, gasoline, naphtha, gas oil, and mixtures thereof. Ingredients of type (2) extractants include at least one alcohol, at least one ester and at least one aldehyde, ketone, ether, acid, olefin, or saturated hydrocarbon. The particulate solids in the water dispersions introduced into the decanter comprise carbon and ash. The particulate carbon is in the form of free-carbon black or soot. The Oil Absorption No. of the carbon soot, as determined by ASTM Method D-281, is greater than 1, and usually varies from 2 to 4 ml. of oil per gram of carbon. The inorganic ash from the oil in these dispersions comprises metals and sulfides thereof. For example, for petroleum derived fuels, these metals may be Ni, V, and Fe. Further, for such fuels, the amount of soluble impurities in the dispersions of water-particulate solids comprise in parts per million: ammonia 0 to 10,000; formate O to 10,000; sodium chloride 0 to 5000; nickel 0 to 25; iron O to 150; sulfide 0 to 500; and cyanide 0 to 100. One or two-stage decanters may be employed. The decanter is operated at a temperature in the range of 80 to 2600C (1800 to 5000F) and preferably above 120 C (2500F). The pressure in the decanter is fundamentally determined by the temperature. The pressure must be high enough to keep the liquid organic extractant in a liquid phase. Thus, when the decanter bottoms outlet temperature is 1490C (3000F), and the liquid organic extractant is naphtha, the pressure in the decanter may be at least 2068 KPa (300 psia). The total amount of liquid organic extractant that may be introduced into a one or two-stage decanting operation is in the range of 10 to 200, times, e.g. 30 to 70 times, the weight of the particulate carbon in the carbon-water dispersion. The dispersion of water and particulate solids is resolved in the decanter. A stream of water containing 100 to 500 parts per million by weight of particulate carbon and 20 to 60 wt. % of the ash separates out by gravity and leaves at the bottom of the decanter. Most of the other impurities in the dispersions of water-particulate solids that enter the decanter in the feed, as mentioned previously, are also included in this water stream that leaves from the bottom of the decanter. This dilute water dispersion leaves the decanter at a temperature in the range of 80 to 2600C (1800 to 5000F), e.g. 120 to 1750C (2500 to 35O0F) and a pressure of 1130 to 6990 KPa (150 to 1000 psig), e.g. 1820 to 3545 KPa (250 to 500 psig). The water may contain gaseous impurities (e.g. H2S, C02 and NH3). The residence time in the decanter may be in the range of 2 to 20 minutes, e.g. 6 to 15 minutes. A dispersion of carbon-liquid extractant containing 0.5 to 9 wt. % of particulate carbon and 0.5 to 10 wt. % of carryover water is removed from the top of the decanter 61. In a preferred embodiment, this stream is mixed with a heavy liquid hydrocarbon fuel i.e. fuel oil, crude oil having a density of 934 to 1269 Kg.m-J (-20 to 20 degrees API). The mixture is then introduced into distillation column 137 The amount of heavy liquid hydrocarbon fuel, as previously described, is kept to a minimum. This amount should be sufficient only to form a pumpable bottoms slurry with the particulate carbon separated from said carbon-extractant dispersion. The aforesaid pumpable bottoms slurry may have a carbon content of 0.5 to 25 wt. percent, preferably 4 to 8 wt. percent. The slurry of carbon and heavy liquid hydrocarbon is removed from the bottom of the distillation column 137 and sent to the gas generator as a portion of the feed. The overhead vapours from the distillation column are cooled to a temperature below the dew points of the liquid organic extractant and water. The liquid organic extractant, and water containing any dissolved acid-gases and a minor amount of hydrocarbons extracted by the water from the liquid organic extractant and the heavy hydrocarbonaceous liquid, settle out and are separated in a separation vessel 116. At least a portion, and preferably all, of the liquid organic extractant is removed from the separation vessel 116 and is recycled to the inlet of the decanter 61 where it is introduced with the incoming dispersion of water and particulate carbon. Optionally, a portion of the liquid organic extractant may be recycled to the distillation column 137 as reflux. At least a portion of the water layer is removed from the bottom of the separation vessel 116 at a temperature of 25 to 65 C (80 to 150 F( and a pressure of 96.5 to 441 KPa (0 to 50 psig). Optionally, a portion of the water from the separation vessel 116 may be introduced, in liquid or vapour phase, into the gas generator 15 as a portion of the temperatures moderator. Any uncondensed acid-gas may be removed from the top of the separation vessel. In one embodiment, the hydrocarbonaceous feed to the gas generator 15 comprises liquid hydrocarbon distillate substantially comprising C3 to C10 hydrocarbons and a dispersion of particulate carbon and said liquid hydrocarbon distillate. In this case, the liquid hydrocarbon distillate is also employed as the liquid organic extractant in the decanter. The distillation column 137 may be thereby eliminated, and the overhead stream of carbon-extractant dispersion from the decanter 61 may be then introduced, with or without heat exchange, into the gas generator 15 as a portion of the feedstock, The water employed for quench cooling and scrubbing the process gas stream is reclaimed by removing particulate solids and gaseous impurities in the flash column 149. The reclaimed water is then recycled to the gas quenching and scrubbing zones. The water flash column 149 comprises: an upright column; at least one, e.g. 1 to 5, and preferably one, horizontal stripping plate 148 spaced within said column for holding water to be stripped, each plate containing dispersive means (150, 151) for dispersing steam through the water on said stripping plate, and over-flow and down-flow means for continuously discharging the steam-stripped water from plate to plate and finally into a return water-side chamber 156 below; a vertical weir 157 separates the column at the bottom into a first or receiving-side chamber 158 filled with water, and said second or return water-side chamber 156 for holding the water that overflows said vertical weir from said first chamber and the steam stripped water that overflows the stripping plate in a single plate column, or the bottom stripping plate in a multiplate column, whereby the water is discharged below the level of the liquid in said second chamber; inlet means for flashing at least one stream of water containing particulate solids into the space below the bottom stripping plate and above said first or second chambers, and inlet means for introducing at least one stream of water containing substantially no solids on to at least one stripping plate, and preferably the top stripping plate; outlet means for removing from the column an overhead stream of vapours comprising at least one of HO, C02, H2S, NH3, and hydrocarbons; outlet means at the bottom of said tower for removing from said second chamber a stream of reclaimed water of substantially reduced solids content; and outlet means for removing from said first chamber a stream of waste water containing particulate solids. The top horizontal stripping plate in the flash-tower is preferably spaced from 1/3 to 3/4 of the height of the column. Conventional cross flow plates, including bubble-cap, sieve, or valve equipped with at least one down-comer may be employed. Gas dispersers include perforations in the plates or bubble caps. Perforated plates include sieve plates or valve plates. For example, sieve-plate dispersers contain drilled or punched holes 3 to 12.5 mm (1/8 to 1/2 inch) in diameter. Liquid is prevented from flowing down through the perforation by the upward flowing action of the vapour. Thus, the pressure in the tower below a stripping plate is 7 to 21 KPa (1 to 3 psig) greater than the pressure in the tower above the stripping plate. With bell caps and tunnel caps, the vapour flows up through a centre riser in the plate, reverses flow under the cap, passes downward through the annulus between the riser and cap, and finally passes through the liquid on the plate through a series of peripheral openings or slots in the lower side of the cap. The downcomer zones generally occupy 5 to 30% of the total cross section, e.g. 5 to 15% for segmental downcomers, as shown in the Drawing. Included is a vertical weir 153 which extend upwards from the stripping plate. Steam-stripped water continuously builds-up on the plate and overflows said weir. Additional information on stripping plate design may be obtained from Chemical Engineers Handbook, Robert H. Perry and Cecil H. Chilton, Fifth Edition (1973), McGraw-Hill Book Co. Page 18-3 to 18-19. The overhead stream of vapours leaves the water-flash column 149 at a temperature in the range of 100 to 135 C (212 to 275 F). This stream is cooled below the dew point, and water and liquid hydrocarbons are condensed out and are separated from the uncondensed gases in separate separation vessel 171. Alternatively, the separation vessel may be the same vessel that is used to receive the cooled stream of water, liquid organic extractant, and uncondensed gases from the distillation column 137, i.e. vessel 116. Any uncondensed vapours (e.g. H2S, CO2, NH3, hydrocarbons, and mixtures thereof) are removed from the top of the separation vessel 116 or 171. Clear water is drawn off from the bottom of the separation vessel and is recycled to the water flash column 149 where it is introduced on to a stripping plate at a temperature of 25 to 800C (800 to 175 0F). In a multiplate flash column, this water stream is preferably introduced on to-the top plate. In the operation of the flash column, water streams containing substantially no solids are introduced on to a stripping plate, preferably the top plate. Solids-containing water streams, and blow-down water streams, if any, are flashed into the column to produce steam in the space below the bottom stripping plate and above the two chambers in the bottom of the column. Thus, the dilute dispersion of water and particulate solids from the bottom of the decanter 61 and at substantially the same conditions of temperature and pressure, less ordinary losses in the line, is passed through a pressurereducing means such as an expansion valve. The pressure is dropped to 96.5 to 303 KPa (O to 30 psig,) and, for example, up to 10 wt. %, e.g. 1 to 7 wt. %, is flashed into steam. The stream is introduced into the flash column below the stripping plate at the bottom of the column and in the space above the receiving side chamber 158. The steam passes up through the gas dispersers in the perforated plate, as previously described. The unvaporized portion of said stream and the dispersed solids fall into the receiving side chamber. If desired, a portion of the blow-down water stream from the gas cooler following the gas generator may be similarly passed through a pressure reducing means, such as an expansion valve, and reduced to a pressure in the range of 96.5 to 303 KPa (O to 30 psig) before being introduced into the flash column. A portion of the water in this stream is flashed into steam, e.g. up to 25 wt. %, say 5 to 15 wt. %. This stream contains practically no particles, and may be introduced into the flash column below the bottom stripping plate and preferably in the space above the return water side chamber 156. Optionally, the blow-down water stream may be flashed into the space above the receiving side chamber. The solids-free water from the separator 116 is introduced on to a stripping plate in the flash column. Preferably, this solids-free water stream is introduced in the space at the upper part of the flash column above the top tray. Fresh water make-up may be introduced into the return water side chamber 158 of the flash column. Reclaimed water containing from 0 to 0.05 wt. % of particulate solids may be withdrawn from the return water side chamber 156 at a temperature in the range of 100 to l350C (2120 to 2750F) and a pressure in the range of 96.5 to 303 KPa (O to 30 psig), and recycled to the scrubbing zone in the first train, the scrubbing and quench zones in the second train, or to both trains Optionally, a portion of this water may be recycled to the gas generator. A stream of waste water at substantially the same temperature and pressure as the reclaimed water may be removed from the receiving chamber 158 and discharged from the system. The waste water stream may contain 0 to 0.2 wt. % particulate solids, and the following soluble impurities in ppm: amonia 0 to 10,000; formate 0 to 10,000; sodium chloride 0 to 5,000; sulfide 0 to 500; nickel O to 25; iron 0 to 150, and cyanide 0 to 100. In one embodiment of the invention, emulsion-forming impurities are present in the heavy liquid hydrocarbon fuel or in the liquid organic extractant. In such case, when the overhead from the distillation column is cooled below 600C o (140 F), emulsions may separate out in the separation vessel following the distillation column 137. The liquid organic extractant will then float on the emulsion layer, and the emulsion layer will float on the bottom water layer, if present. The liquid aqueous emulsion comprises in wt. %: water 93 to 96, heavy liquid hydrocarbon 0.05 to 0.5, naphthenic acid 0.002 to 0.20, asphaltene or scale 0.002 to 0.20, and the remainder liquid organic extractant. The aqueous emulsion comprises 0.5 to 10 wt. % of the overhead from the distillation column and, if not disposed of, will upset the settling tank. The liquid organic extractant and the aqueous emulsion may be separately removed and recycled to the decanter where they may be introduced into either a one-stage, or a two-stage decanter. In the embodiment of the process in which a single-stage decanter is used, all of the liquid aqueous emulsion and at least a portion, e.g. 90 to 100 vol. % and preferably all, of the liquid organic extractant are mixed together with the waterparticulate solids dispersion, and the mixture is introduced into the decanter. Optionally, a mixing valve or other suitable conventional in-line mixer may be used. The emulsion is usually completely broken up into its constituents before the mixture enters the decanter. In the operation of a continuous two-stage decanter, such as described in U.S. Patent 4,014,786, a portion of the liquid organic extractant is simultaneously added in both stages For example, in a given period of time, there is introduced into the first stage of the decanter a mixture comprising (a) from 0 to 100 wt. % (and preferably 100 wt. %) of the liquid aqueous emulsion that is produced during said period at a temperature in the range of 26.5 to 60 C (80 to l400F), (b) all of said carbon-water dispersion being introduced during said period at a temperature of 80 to 260 C (180 to 500 F), say 120 to 177 C (250 to 350 F), and (c) an amount of the liquid organic extractant at a temperature of 26.5 to 1200C (80 to 2500F) which is sufficient to resolve said carbon-water dispersion. The pressures of streams (a), (b) and (c) are about the same and are in the range of 1080 to 6965 KPa (10 to 70 Atm.), say about 3530 KPa (35 Atm.). Simultaneously, the remainder, if any, (from O to 100 wt. %) and preferably 0 wt. % of the liquid aqueous emulsion produced during said period, in admixture with the remaining portion of said liquid organic extractant e.g. an amount which is sufficient to produce a pumpable liquid organic extractantparticulate carbon-water dispersion, having a solids content in the range of 0.5 to 9.0 wt. %, is introduced into the second stage of said two-stage decanter. In the first stage of said process, the aqueous emulsion may be mixed with the watercarbon dispersion. The liquid organic extractant may be then added to this mixture. Alternatively, the carbon-water dispersion may be mixed with the liquid organic extractant and the liquid aqueous emulsion may be then added to this mixture. In another embodiment, all of the aqueous emulsion produced during the period at a temperature in the range of 26.5 to 600C (800 to l400F) is mixed with all of the bottoms water layer leaving the decanting operation during the same period at a temperature of 80 to 2600C (180 to 500 0F), say 120 to 1800C (250 to 3500F), thereby breaking the emulsion. The resulting mixture is then passed into water flash column 149. The water from the bottom of the separation vessel may be separately introduced into the water flash column. EXAMPLE The following example illustrates a preferred embodiment of the process of this invention as shown in the Drawing. The process is continuous and the flow rates are specified on an hourly basis for all streams of materials. 73710 Kg. (162,356 Ibs.) of a vacuum residuum having a -3 density of 1060 Kg.m 3 (2.0 degrees API). an Ultimate Analysis in weight percent as follows: C 83.20, H 10.07, N 0.35, S 5.48, 0 0.60, and ash 0.3 comprising (in parts per million by weight), vanadium 300 and nickel 50, and a maximum salt content of 28.6g. -3 m 3 (10.0 pounds per thousand barrels), are mixed with 1255 Kg. (2765 pounds) of recycled unreacted particulate carbon recovered downstream in the process to produce a pumpable dispersion of particulate carbon and petroleum oil. The oil-carbon dispersion is pumped through a heater where it is brought up to a temperature of 282 0C (5400F) and a pressure of 8129 KPa (1165 psig.) The dispersion is then mixed with a stream of 29484 Kg. (64,942 lbs.) of steam at a temperature of 3010C (5740F) and a pressure of 8129 KPa (1165 psig) from line 20 in the Drawing. The oil-carbon-steam mixture is fed to the burner in synthesis gas generator 15. Simultaneously, a stream of 77649 Kg. (171.033 lbs.) of substantially pure oxygen (99.5 mole % 02) from line 19 is passed through the centre passage of the burner. The two streams impinge and mix, and the partial oxidation and other related reactions then take place in the reaction zone of the gas generator. A stream of 244832 m3 (at 150C and 101.325 KPa) [8.69 million standard cubic feet (SCF measured at 600F, 14.7 psia of raw gas leave the reaction zone of the gas generator at a temperature of 2596 0F and a pressure of 7336 KPa (1050 psig). The composition of the raw gas at the exit 23 from reaction zone 18 is shown in Column 1 of the Table. 1255 Kg. (2765 lbs) of unreacted carbon plus ash are entrained in the raw synthesis gas. The raw effluent gas stream leaving the reaction zone is 3 split into two streams at 24: 159183 m (5.65 million SCF) of raw gas are processed in a first train, where no water-gas shift reaction takes place; and the remainder, 85649 m3 (3.04 million SCF) of raw gas are simultaneously processed in the second train, where shifting takes place. The raw gas stream leaving gas cooler 30 in line 36 of the first train is cleaned in gas scrubber 41. After substantially all of the entrained carbon and ash are scrubbed from the raw gas stream, and the gas stream is cooled below the dew point to condense out substantially all of the water, the composition of the unshifted product gas stream in line 26 is shown in column 2 of the Table. About 81.5 m3h-1 [21,540 gallons per hr. (GPH)] of a water dispersion containing 1 wt. % of particulate solids are removed from gas scrubber 41 through line 57 at a temperature of 154 C (3100F), and a pressure of 6026 KPa (860 psig). The solids content of this water stream is reduced and the water is reclaimed for recycle to gas scrubber 41 in the manner to be further described. By passing all of the raw gas from the reaction zone 18 through a passage of reduced diameter at 23, the rate of flow may be accelerated and the velocity of the solid particles entrained in the gas stream may be increased. Accordingly, a large proportion of the solid particles may be entrained in the second split stream of raw gas which is directly quenched in the water contained in quench tank 78 located below the gas generator. The actual division of the gas stream between the first and second trains may be controlled by back pressure valves in each line. The The stream of 199190 m (7.07 million SCF) of raw gas stream in line 97 is saturated with water as the result of being quenched in quench tank 78 and scrubbed with water in scrubber 92 and spray 98. The gas stream in line 97 has the composition shown in column 3 of the Table. 199190 m3 (7.07 million SCF) of effluent gas leaving catalytic water-gas shift converter 101 through line 102 has the composition shown in column 4 of the Table. After being cooled by indirect heat exchange below the dew point, the shifted product gas stream in line 27 has the composition shown in Column 5 of the Table. About 43.9 m3h 1 (11,590 GPH) of a water dispersion con taming about 1 wt, % of particulate solids are removed from quench tank 78 by way of line 80 at a temperature of 2380C (4600F) and a pressure of 6302 KPa (900 psig). The water-particulate solids dispersions in line 57 and 80 are mixed together and resolved in decanter 61 in the manner previously described. 123.1 m3h 1 (32,520 GPH) of a water dispersion containing 0.03 wt. % of particulate solids are removed from decanter 61 through line 162 at a temperature of 1490C (300 F) and a pressure of 2165 KPa (300 psig.) This stream is passed through valve 163 where the pressure is dropped to 234.4 KPa (20 psig). At least a portion of this stream is converted into steam. The stream passes through line 164 and enters flash column 149 below stripping plate 148. Periodically, blow-down water from gas cooler 33 at a temperature of 2960C (5640F) and a pressure of 8025.5 KPa (1150 psig) is passed through line 165 and through valve 166 where the pressure is reduced to 234.4 KPa (20 psig). At least a portion of this stream is converted into steam. The stream enters flash column 149 through line 167 and then passes through pipe 168 into the space below baffle plate 160. The steam rises up through the column and the unvaporized water falls into chamber 156. 1.25 m3h 1 (331 GPH) of water are separated from the overhead stream from decanter 61 in the manner previously discussed and collected in separator 116. This water at a temperature of 600C (1400F) and a pressure of 234.4 KPa (20 psig) is pumped through line 147 and is introduced on to stripping plate 148 of flash column 149. The overhead from flash column 149 is cooled below the dew point. Water separates out in separator 171. 4.96 m3h 1 (1310 GPH) of this water at a temperature of 630C (1450F) and a pressure of 234.4 KPa (20 psig) are pumped through line 174 on to stripping plate 148 of flash column 149. 110.9 m3h-1 (29,300 GPH) of reclaimed water at a temperature of 1260C (2590F) and a pressure of 234.4 KPa (20 psig) are withdrawn from return water side 156 of flash column 149 by way of line 182. A portion of the reclaimed water in line 182 is recycled to gas scrubber 41 in the first train. Another portion of the reclaimed water in line 182 is recycled to orifice scrubber 91 and water sprayer 98 in the second train. 13.63 m3h-1 (3,600 GPH) of waste water in receiving side chamber 158 of flash column 149 is withdrawn through line 190 and is discharged from the system. TABLE - GAS COMPOSITION - MOLE % Column No. 1 2 3 4 5 Drawing Reference No. 23 26 97 102 27 COMPOSITION CO 44.56 49.25 19.16 0.80 1.39 H2 39.87 44.06 17.14 35.51 61.96 CO2 4.27 4.72 1.83 20.23 35.31 H2O 9.52 - 61.10 42.69 CH4 0.36 0.40 0.15 0.16 0.27 Ar 0.12 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.09 N2 0.09 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.07 H2S 1.15 1.27 0.50 0.52 0.91 COS 0.06 0.07 0.03 - -";"CLAIMS, 1. A process for producing gaseous mixtures comprising H2 and CO, by the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous fuel with a free-oxygen containing gas in a non-catalytic gas generator (15) at a temperature of 705 to 1650 C and a pressure in the range of 98 to 24520 kPa, cooling the resulting gas stream and contacting the gas stream with water, thereby removing solids and producing a clean gas stream and a carbonwater dispersion containing any ash, mixing a liquid organic extractant with said carbon-water dispersion, and separating by gravity in a decanter (61) a liquid extractant-particulate carbon dispersion containing gaseous impurities and a dilute water stream containing carbon, ash and gaseous impurities characterized by (a) introducing said dilute water stream from decanter (61) at reduced pressure into a vertical flash column (149) comprising at least one stripping plate and first and second bottom chambers (158, 156) separated by a weir (157) each stripping plate containing dispersive means for dispersing steam produced below said stripping plate through the water on said stripping plate, and overflow and downflow means for removing stripped water from each plate and discharging same into said second bottom chamber, said dilute water stream being introduced below the bottom stripping plate and in the space above said first bottom chamber, thereby vaporizing a portion of said water stream, and passing the vapors up through said dispersive means in each stripping plate and through the water-contained on each plate thereby stripping gases from the water on each plate, and introducing the unvaporized portion of said water stream into said first bottoms chamber; (b) removing from said flash column a stream of vapors comprising H20, hydrocarbons and at least one of the group H2S, NH3, and COZ; (c) cooling said vapor stream, condensing and separating liquid water and liquid hydrocarbon from the uncondensed gases, and introducing at least a portion of said water on to a stripping plate in said flash column; (d) removing waste water containing solids from said first bottoms chamber and discharging it from the system; and (e) removing reclaimed water from said second bottoms chamber and recycling at least a portion thereof to said gas cleaning Operation, 2, A process as claimed in Claim I characterized in that blow-down water from a gas cooler iss flashed into the flash column (149) below its bottom stripping plate, 3. A process as claimed in Claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the liquid extractant-particulate carbon dispersion from decanter (61) is either fed directly to generator (15) as at least a portion of said hydrocarbonaceous fuel, or said dispersion is mixed with a heavy liquid hydrocarbon and the resulting mixture is distilled in column (137) to form a heavy liquid hydrocarbon-particulate carbon dispersion, which is fed to generator (15) as at least a portion of said hydrocarbonaceous fuel, and an overhead vapor stream comprising extractant, water vapor and said gaseous impurities, and said vapor is condensed and separated in separator (116) into liquid extractant, and liquid water which is injected into said flash column (149) above a stripping plate. 4. A process as claimed in Claim 3 characterized in that water separated in separator (116) is introduced on to the stripping plate at a temperature in the range of 25 to 65 C., the water stream from decanter (61) having a temperature of 80 to 2600C., and a pressure of 1130 to 6990 kPa is passed through a pressure reducing means and reduced to a pressure of 96.5 to 303 kPa before being introduced into flash column (149) below said stripping plate, thereby vaporizing a portion of said water, and the pressure in said flash column below each stripping plate is 6.9 to 20.7 kPa greater than the pressure in the column above said stripping plate; the stream of vapors removed from the flash column is at a temperature of 100 to 1350C., the liquid water from step (c) is introduced into the flash column at a temperature of 25 to 800C., and waste water and reclaimed water are removed from said first and second chambers at a temperature of 100 to l350C. 5. A process as claimed in any preceding Claim characterized in that a portion of the water from the second bottoms chamber (156) is recycled to the gas generator (15). 6, A process AS claSsed Xn any precedjlng Claim characterized in that the cooled and condensed stream of vapors in step (c) ls introduced Anto a separate gas-llquid separation zone (171) where separation takes place. 7. A process as claimed in any of Claims 3 to 5 characterized in that the cooled and condensed stream of vapors in step (c) is introduced into separator (116) where separation takes place. 8. A process as claimed in any of Claims 3 to 7 wherein an emulsion is formed in separator (116) and is introduced into decanter (61) with either or both of the liquid organic extractant and the carbon-water dispersion (6) or is introduced into the flash column (149) in admixture with the water stream from the decanter. 9. A process as claimed in any of Claims 3 to 7 wherein an emulsion layer is formed in separator (116) and is heated to break the emulsion, and in a separation zone, water, liquid hydrocarbon mixture, and gaseous impurities are separated, said water is introduced into flash column (149) and said liquid hydrocarbon mixture is introduced into said distillation zone (137) or into said gas generator (15). 10. A flash column characterized in that it comprises an upright column (149) having a vertical weir (157) extending upwards from the bottom thereof and separating the lower portion of said column into a first chamber (158) and a second chamber (156), at least one horizontal stripping plate (148) within said column above said weir, each plate having dispersing means (150, 151) for dispersing steam through water held on said plate, overflow and downflow means (153, 154) for discharging water from plate to plate and then into said second chamber, below the level of water in said second chamber, first inlet means for flashing at least one stream of water containing particulate solids into the space below the bottom stripping plate and above said weir, second inlet means for injecting at least one substantially solids-free stream of water into the space above at least one stripping plate, first outlet means for removing water from said first chamber, second outlet means for removing water from said second chamber, and third outlet means for removing vapours, overhead from said column.";ESTABROOK, LAWRENCE E., MARION, CHARLES PARKER, RICHTER, GEORGE NEAL;TEXACO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION;1978
+EP-0005139-B1;19830330.0;19780628;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;20334782.0;D04H1;C04B43;D04H1;D04H   1/00;A METHOD FOR CONTROL OF THE SURFACE WEIGHT OF A MINERAL WOOL MAT;A method for controlling the surface weight of a mineral wool mat (39) comprises production of the mineral wool by fibration of a mineralic melt (12), transfering the formed mineral wool to a collection device (36), and measuring one or more variables, influencing the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time, introducing said variables into a functional combination and controlling under influence thereof the movement of the collection device, whereby the surface weight of the mineral wool mat is measured by weighing (44), and the functional combination is brought to contain one ore more parameters. The value of which is changed by influence from a counter unit (20) on basis of the amount of mineral wool produced per unit of time as well as on basis of the corresponding amount of mineral wool produced during one or more earlier periods of time.;"A method for control of the surface weight of a mineral wool mat In the production of mineral wool a melt of mineralic raw material is first produced. As melting system one may use cupola ovens, fans, electrode owens and so on. As a rule, there is for each type of raw material melt one or more melting systems giving a technically acceptable function. For other melt material compositions and working conditions, other melt systems may again be used. In the production of mineral wool one ususally causes the melt continuously to flow to one ore more fibration aggregates. There is also with respect to the fibration aggregates a great number of possibilities, but in each separate case nevertheless the choise of a suitable fibration aggregate and suitable fibration methods is more limited. Amongst fibration systems for the production of mineral wool those are the dominating ones, which use rotational bodies for throwing out fibres of mineral wool in combination with gaseous currents for collecting the mineral wool and transfering it to a collection means, usually a continuously moving band. An often used system for the production of mineral wool comprises a cupola owen working with coke as its substantial burning material. The cupola owen is charged with a mixture of the material concerned, for instance stone, and coke, and in the cupola owen the material is molten by the heat developed by the coke during its combustion, when blast air is pressed into lowermost part of the owen. Through an out let opening in the lower part of the owen, then melt will flow out continuously. By means of a system of melt furrows the melt is conducted to a fibration aggregate, comprising usually two until four so called spinner wheels, mounted each on one horizontal shaft in substantially the same vertical level. The spinner wheels thereby are so arranged that the melt will first hit one of them and thereafter be thrown over to the next one and so on. From the spinner wheels the melt is moving in the form of a great number of threads, which due to the centrifugal force and possibly also under influence of an air or gas veil moving around the spinner wheels and more or less completely surrounding them will be reshaped into fibres. By influence of the gas movement, the fibres thus formed are throat away from the fibration system. Thereafter a separation of the transportation air and the mineral wool takes place, and the mass of mineral wool fibres, which is rather often combined into mineral wool pellets is formed into a comprehensive mineral wool mat. A basic problem in the production of mineral wool has been to provide an even and pre-determined surface weight of the mineral wool mat. From the mineral wool mat, as a matter of fact, during its continuous treatment mats or discs or the like will be produced in given thicknesses. The surface weight proper of the mineral wool mat thus will be completely indicative to the density which is obtained by the final mineral wool products. The density of the mineral wool products is of an essential importance for its properties but also, of course, for the production costs of same. If a given density is necessary for achieving certain properties of the produced product, then there is a very great economical interest in said product not having more or less hazardly a varying density, which may essentially exceed the desired one. Therefore, one tries to achieve that the mineral wool products produced shall possess densities which are within very narrow limits This, in turn, will give rise to corresponding demands on the surface weight of the mineral wool mat, from which the mineral wool product is produced. If now the mineral wool mat would move at a constant speed, and the production of mineral wool would simultaneously be at a constant and pre-determined rate, then also the surface weight of the mineral wool mat would be constant and pre-calculatable. However, the production of mineral wool varies from one moment to the next one. This caused that one tried to control the propagation speed of the mineral wool mat such that the said variation should be compensated for, so that at a decreasing production the speed of movement of the mat would be smaller and vice versa. It has allready been found that if mechanical forces are used for the fibration, the need of power for the fibration system is in a given relation to the amount of mineral wool formed, even if this relation is not completely constant. As a matter of fact, if more melt is fed to the fibration system, this will need a greater amount of power and vice versa, but simultaneously with an increased feed of melt also more mineral wool is formed. These circumstances are more clearly described in the Swedish patent spe cification 165.153. An other possibility of control comprises continuously to measure the amount of melt, given off per unit of time from the melting system (the melting owen). This, for instance, could take place by continuously or at given short intervals of time measuring the weight of the melting system along with the melt existing therein and in this way stating the decrease of weight per unit of time. In the Swedish patent specification 76/07.601-7 it has been proposed to combine these two possibilities and thus to introduce in cooperation into a fibration procedure the need of power of the fibration system and the decrease of weight of the melting system per unit of time. This combined method of control has given a better result than could be obtained by each of the two control methods separately. However, it has proved, that also with the last mentioned method of control it has not been possible to do away with all of the reasons for variations in the surface weight of the mineral wool mat and to keep this surface weight completely constant or at least sufficiently constant for satisfying the above mentioned desires. Thus it has proved that further factors, in part of a known character and in part of a character which is not yet known, influence the production of mineral wool per nuit of time, and that the last mentioned factors do not receive any complete expression and in some cases even no expression at all in the decrease of weight of the melting system, nor in the need of power for the fibration system. Such variation, occuring due to the last mentioned factors, therefore also give5 no reason to any corresponding change of the speed of the mineral wool mat, and the consequence then will be, that there will still exist variations in the surface weigH of the mineral wool mat. The basis of the present invention is a thorough study of these factors, hitherto weary little regarded or even not regarded at all, as well as their influence on variations of the surface weight of the mineral wool mat. Thereby it was possible to prove that the said factors may be due to varying composition of the material in the melt, running out from the melting system, further to the purely mechanical construction of the fibration system, further to the way in which the melt is fed to the fibration system and most probably to further circumstances not yet penetrated. Per se it would even be possible that one could more or less satisfactorily register these variations but it would scarcely be possible to measure all of the said reasons of variations, and every attempt to execute such a work would also cause such a complicated system, that it would from the point of control be impossible to make or to use it. The present invention referes to a method and an arrangement by which one has tried to find a solution of the problem mentioned above, both regarding its aspects allready known and regarding its aspects perhaps not yet known. This solution shall satisfy high demands for effectivity and flexibilty. The invention, thus, in first place, regards a method for controlling the surface weight of a mineral wool mat in a procedure for its production, in which mineral wool is produced by fibration of a mineralic melt, the mineral wool formed is transferred by means of a stream of gas or air to a receiver system, in which the gas or air, resp., is separated from the mineral wool, and the mineral wool forms a mat on a collection band, and in which one or more variables, influencing the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time is measured, said variables being introduced into a functional system, and finally the speed of movement of the collection band for the purpose of controlling the surface weight of the mineral wool mat formed being controlled by means of a control unit in accordance with the amount of mineral wool formed during each unit of time, expressed in the form of the functional system, in which the variables had been introduced. According to the invention, the surface weight of the mineral wool mat formed is determined, for instance be weighing. The functional system is brought to contain one or more parameters, the value or values, resp., of which being changed by influence from a calculator unit, which starting from the expression for the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time and derived from the said functional system, as well as from the corresponding expression obtained from the surface weight of the mat and the speed of movement of the collection band, determines the parameter value or the combination of parameter values, which would, during one or more measuring periods before the actual measuring period have given the smallest difference between these two expressions. The invention also regards an arrangement for the execution of the said method. As the process variable, which is correlated to the amount of mineral wool formed during a unit of time, one may advantageously in the way, indicated in the above mentioned Swedish patent specification 76/07.601-7, provided that mechanical forces are used to some extent for the fibration, use the need of power of the fibration system and/or the amount of melt given off by the melting systern per unit of time, for instance determined by means of the decrease of weight of the melting system per unit of time, the latter one as a process variable, correlated with the amount of mineral wool formed. As examples of other process variables, correlated to the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time may be mentioned: the tightness of the stream of mineral wool leaving the fibration system,the thicknes of the jet of melt, fed to the fibration system and so on. The weighing of the mineral wool mat formed suitably takes place by means of a roller or a short band, supportedorkept on so called load indicators, which are means which dependent upon the load or the pressure, to which they are subjected create a preferably electric signal, for instance a voltage or a frequency dependent upon the pressure or the load, resp. Many of the process variables, which may thus be regarded, are subject to both short periodical and long periodical variations. In addition thereto they are subject to disturbances of many different kinds, but these disturbances as a rule are of short periodicity. This is the reason why one prefers to use, according to the invention, in stead of or in any case along with momentary values of the process variable concerned, a mean value, constructed by guidance of the value of said variable during a closely antecedent, passed period of time. Thereby it is also advantageous that one allows such a mean value, which is derived only short time before the moment of control proper,/#ve a stronger influence than a mean value, which is derived more far back in time. One may also express this relation by means of the following formula: n Pn + f ¯ Pn - 1 + f2 - 2 + ¯3 P + + In this formula P is the representative, retrospective esti n mation of the process variable, whereas Pn, Ppun 1 and so on indicate estimations of the variable p at a time before the time of observation, having the figure of order n or n-1 and so on. The factor f finally may be the reduction factor, causing that the value of p gets less influence at a time, which is more far away in time. This factor, therefore shall at this execution of the invention be less than 1. The value of the factor f, of coarse, must be chosen with respect to how tight the observations are made. If an observation is made every five seconds, the factor f may suitably be chosen equal to 0,9. The shorter the intervals between the observations are, so much less shall the value of the factor f be. The functional relation may be expressed as a formula. This may be of many different kinds. If for instance, there are only two process variables contained in the control procedure, below indicated as p and q, then the said formula may be written as n q) = axpn # b x m F(p, q) = a x p + b x q + ci In this formula a, b, c, n and m are different parameters. The parameters n and m have proved suitably to be in the order of magnitude between .5 and 2. Another functional relation which may be used is the one manifesting itself in the following formula: EMI8.1 In this formula, as in the earlier one, p and q are process variables, whereas a, s, n, m and b are parameters. Also in this case, suitably, the parameter values of n and m should be within the interval of .5 to 2. It has proved suitable that the value of s is equal to the sum of n and m. In addition to the two functional relations mentioned above, also other functional relations may be concerned, and what functional relation should be used in the individual case is dependent upon many different circumstances, amongst which may be mentioned, the type of equipment for the production of the mineral wool, the calculator available, the accuracyyou intend to achieve in the individual case and so on. If, in the formula first mentioned above, the parameters n and m occuring as powers are put equal to 1, one will obtain a simplification which is acceptable for many cases, said formula reading: F(p, q) = a x p + b x q + c; The invention will be further described delow in connection with a form of execution shown in the attached drawing, but it is understood, that the invention shall not be limited to this specific form of execution, but that all different modifications may occur within the frame of the invention. In the drawing there are certian components only indicated by means of block diagrams, but as soon as the man skilled in the art has got knowledge from the above about the general principle of the present invention, he will have no difficulty in constructing useable forms of these components. The mineral melt, in the form of execution shown in the drawing, is obtained from a melt owen 10, which is charged at its upper end with a mixture, prepared in advance of minerals, e.g. some suitable stone-variety in a suitable magnitude of crushing, and burning material, the last mentioned preferably in the form of coke, which is burnt in the owen thereby melting the mineral, whereafter the melt is tapped off at the opening7'at1the lowermost part of the owen 10 in the form of a beam 12, which is fed to a spinning aggregate, here represented by one single spinner wheel 13. Of coarse, it is of no great importance to the invention, that the melt owen 10 is shown in the form of a cupola owen, but all melt owen construction, known Per se may as well be used, for instance an electric electrode owen. The spinning aggregate 13 is driven by means of a motor 14, which gets its current over conduits 16', 16"" from a source of cur rent 15 such as an electric distribution net work. For a purpose, which will be explained in the following, a power measurement device 17 is connected into the conduit 16. In some way, which does not form part of the present invention, the indication from the power measuring instrument 17 is, over the conduit 19' transferred to a power indication treatement instrument 18 and over the conduit 19"" from this instrument to the counter 20. The form, obtained by the indication from the instrument 17 or from the power indication treatement instrument 18, resp., may principally be of any deliberate type, which is useable within traditional data treatment technics, for instance said indications may comprise a puls train with a puls frequency which is distinctly determined by the power, but also other forms, known per se may be used. The type of indications has no decicive importance to the present invention. The melt owen 10 is elastically resilently carried up, and in some suitable way one or more pressure or load sensors 21 are provided in the elastically resilent carrier, for instance such that they are arranged symmetrically distributed around the circumference of the owen and carry up feet 22 of the owen 10. In this way they will indicate the weight of the owen along with the molten or non-molten, burned of non-burned material existing therein. As the weight of the material is decreased by melt being removed in the form of the beam 12 to the spinning aggregate 13, or as the weight increases by further material being fed through the charge opening 23 to the owen 10, its total weight will change. The weight is transferred over the conduit 25 to a treatment unit 24. The indication of weight is treated in the said treatment unit 24 such that the out put conduit 26 to the counter 20 will not indicate the weight but only the changes of weight caused by the take off of melt by the beam 12, also in this case for instance in the form of a pulse train of a frequency dependent upon the change of weight. In the counter unit 20, thereafter, a treatment of the two indications will take place, coming in through the conduits 19', 18, 19"" and 25, 24, 26 with the consequence that a control magnitude will exist in the out put conduit 27 to the controler 28. This controler 28 determines in turn over the conduit 29', 29"" the speed of an endless band 33, forming collection band for the mineral wool mat 39 produced. In this connection it should be observed that the mineral wool in the shown form of a spinner aggregate will be created in a way, known per se by thin threads of the melt being thrown out from the spinner wheel or wheels, resp., in the spinner aggregate and being caught by a stream of gas or air, driven forward by means of a blower 35, preferably under guidance from a jacket 34a, so that mineral wool will along with this gas or air be transferred to a collector device 36, in which for instance spraying with different stuffs may occur in a way known per se, and in which the gas or air, resp., is separated from the mineral wool and is drained off, shematically indicated by the chimney 38 and the suction fan 37 applied therein. The mineral wool is depositied in its turn on the part of the collection band 33, not visible in the drawing, so that it will be removed in the form of a mat 39. From the collection band 33, the formed mineral wool mat 39 is removed over one or more transportation bands, for instance the conveyor band 40 in order to be further treated in one way or another, which does not form part of the present invention. In the parts, hitherto described, the arrangement is known from the above mentioned Swedish patent specification 76/07.601-7. As mentioned above, however, test which have been made have given at hand that one will certainly by means of this arrangement gain rather essentially regarding constancy of the surface weight of the mineral wool mat produced, but that there are created disturbances of a type in part known, In part not yet completely discovered, said disturbances nevertheless causing a non-desired variation in regard of surface weight of the produced mineral wool mat 39. The purpose of the present invention is to find a remedy in compensation for these disturbances. Between the two conveyors 33 and 40 mentioned above a balance device is introduced, said device having the purpose of continuously during the movement of the mat 39 to measure its surface weight. One type of such a balance device is described in the Swedish patent specification 76/06.381-7. Shematically, thisbalancedevice is shown in the form of an easily rotating roller 41, which is, as to its weight proper very light, and which rests on a weight sensor means 42. Also in this respect it is without material importance to the invention, how this weight sensor means 42 is constituted. For instance it may contain an oscillator, giving off a puls train of a puls frequency, dependent upon the weight. The pulses of this puls train are thereafter transferred through the conduit 43 to a signal treatmertunit 44, which calculates the mean weight of the mineral wool mat and gives off a statement about this mean weight. This calculator unit 44 gets over the conduit 45 statements about the speed of the band and over th#onduit 46 it gives off to a calculator unit 47 statements about the real production, calculated from these dates, said unit, si- milarily with the other calculator units in the system, being of some type known per se from the data technics. The calculator 47, however, is not only fed with a statement about the real production according to real surface weight and real speed of the band, transferred over the conduit 43, 44, 46, but also with a statement about the, so to say, pre-supposed production, transferred from the counter unit 20 over the conduit 48, such as this production will appear from the function relation mentioned with the parameters and variable values contained therein. The calculator unit 47 is connected to a time indicator work 50, causing the the calculation operation in the calculator unit 47 will take place in sequence after each other and in an integra- tory form with pre-determined intervals of time. The resulting instruction, then, will be given at pre-determined intervals of time, exemplified above as five seconds, to the counter unit 20 over the conduit 49. It will now be seen, that one has in this way provided firstly a prognosis in the form of the said functional relation . of the amount of mineral wool produced per unit of time, and that one may from this prognosis derive an estimation of an adapted speed of the mineral wool mat, which is taken care of by the counter unit 20, which functions therefore as a control unit with respect to the produced surface weight, and secondly also one has measured the real production. Regularily, now a difference will appear between these two statements about the production, even if the difference in time is taken into acconnt. In the calculator unit 47 now a parameter is chosen, which, if used in the counter unit 20, would have given the smallest difference during a given earlier period of time. If the values of the parameters in the functional connection, thus found by the calculator unit 47 to give the smallest difference, would not agree with the values, contained in the func tional relation programmated into the counterunit 20, then an automatic re-programmation will be initiated from the calculator unit 47. If now, for instance due to a change in the temperature or the viscosity of the melt, the relation. between amount of melt, given off from the melting system 10, and the amount of mineral wool, received by the band 33, would change, then this means that the functional relation which earlier gave the most advantageous prognosis as far as regards produced amount of mineral wool and its surface weight, and which was based upon a given change of the flow of melt, will now give an erraneous prognosis. For this reason a difference will appear between the registration of really produced mineral wool, on the one side, and the existing prognosis, on the other side. This difference causes that the calculator unit 47 will find a new functional relation, giving a better pro enosis. Comprehensively, it can therefore be said that it was allready by known technics possible to observe existing errors in the adjustment and, guided thereby, to correct the errors as far as regards a subsequent production of mineral wool. By the present invention the same errors are observed, but they are integrated and are introduced into a functional relation, which has for its purpose to anticipate conking errors and, in advance, to correct them by means of a prognosis. In some phases of the production, especially at starting and stopping of the system, or at sudden interuptions in the work of the system, it may be difficult or even impossible to create a so called ""feed-forward"" control, which is possible to use for its purpose. By this, the control of the speed of the band will suffer. By introducing in combination with this feed-forward control a conventional feed-back control, a correction of most of the errors emanating from said reason will be created. This feedback control also acts as a security in the case of the feed-forward control would cease to function or have a bad function, and vice verso. A feed-back control may, without the introduction of any new element, be provided by the surface weight determined by weighing the mineral wool mat being compared with the surface wight which forms a desired value for the control of the speed of the band caused by the control unit 28. A difference, perhaps obseved thereby may then in a way known per se be arranged to influence the control of the speed of the band in addition to the control, starting from the prognosis of the amount of production obtained from the counter unit 20. The mutual relation between the two control systems, of coarse, may vary. Tests have proved that a combined wheighing with equal wheight influence as a rule will give good results. It is also possible, if desired, to arrange for a switching device for connecting the indications from the one control, e.g. the feed-forward control or for removing it, or from the feed-back contra or for removing same, especially at occuring starting period or a period for stopping the system, or if any of them should deviate from a pattern of behavour determined in advance. It has proved advantageous in the execution of the described method supplementary to control the speed of movement of the collection band 33 by means of a controller, for instance of PI-type, acting on basis of the surface weight of the mineral wool mat such as determined by eighing same. This supplementary control thereby may be brought to influence the speed of propagation of the collection band to same extent as the main control, initiated from the amount of production prognosized by means of the functional relation. As mentioned above, the production of mineral wool is influenced by rather a lot of circumstances in addition to the ones mentioned es specially above, and these circumstances also have been subject to an extensive investigation, whereby it proved possible in part to explain their influence, but to some extent it was only possible to state that this influence existed. Nevertheless one has found, that a plurality of then will give an expression for the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time, which is especially suitable to be introduced in the prognosis mentioned above. Therefore, if it is desired to use any one of these circumstances for the purpose of the present invention, either each per se or in co-operation with any other one of ths said circumstances, to create a preferably electrical expression for the circumstance or circumstances concerned, it will be possible from said expression to read the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time, and to introduce this expression into the above mentioned functional relation. Amongst such circumstances, the following ones may be mentioned: It has been found that the gas, the air or the mixture of gas and air, used to transport the formed mineral wool from the spinner aggregate 13 to the collection band 33 or to any subsequent band, e.g. the band 40, and which is separated in the collection band,is a carrier of properties strongly indicative to the properties of the formed mineral wool and thereby in first place to the amount of mineral wool dpositied per unit of time on the collection band. The gas concerned or the air or the mixture of gas and air will be denominated below the ""transport tedium, Thus, it has been found that if you provide the movement of the transport medium in the way which is usual by providing suction blowers below the transportation band, then a difference in pressure will be created between the transport mediu3 before and after the transportation band or in any case a pressure drop will be created during the passage of the transport medium through the transport band or collection band. As a matter of fact it has proved, that the pressure drop when the transport medium passes through a non-loaded transport band is so small, anyhow constant, that it may be disregarded in the present connection, but when a mineral wool mat has been deposited on the collection band this mineral wool mat will create a resistance of a characteristic order of magnitude. This resistance thereby is completely or close to completely proportional to the thickness of the deposited mineral wool mat, provided that this has a constant tightness, and in a corresponding way the resistance will be proportional to the tightness, if the thickness is constant. In combination, this will act the way that the resistance across the transport band with the mineral wool mat depositied thereon will in a clear way vary with the amount of mineral wool in the mat. For the purpose of simplification, one may use the sub-pressure of the transport medium after its passage through the collection band as a measure of said pressure drop. Because of the tightness by which the mineral wool mat is deposited on the collection band, provided rather constant working conditions to exist in other respects, e. go with respect to the character of the melt, is substantially the same, this co-variation will be extremly reliable. Thus, one may as a first improvement of the above mentioned method provide the prognosis regarding the surface weight of the formed mineral wool mat by researching the properties of the transport èdiem. A condition for this is that the speed of movement of the band either is constant or that variations in said speed of movevent of the band are observed and are introduced as a variable when forming the prognosis as described above. The prognosis thus obtained of course thereafter has to be subjected in the way described above to a control by weighing the formed mineral wool mat. In the tests forming basis of the present invention, it has also been found what properties of the transport medium may in first place be used for sensing and introduction into the prognosis analysis. It basallready been mentioned, that the pressure drop through the mat of the transport medium passing through the mat forms one such variable. For the matter of simplification it is poosible in many a case to assume, that the pressure on the enterance side of the mat by the transport medium is constant, and in such a case one may read the pressure on the side below or on the exit side of the transporAkedium during its movement through the mat. This reading preferably is made by means of a sond, which is connected to a gas pressure measuring instrument, so that the electrical indication, for instance in the form of a voltage, may be transferred to the counter apparatus 20. Thereby, however, it should be observed, that the mat in most spinning methods is built up successively on a moving band, for instance the band 33, such that the mat 39 ill be rather thin close to the spinner aggregate 13 but will successivly increase as to its thickness during the movement of the band 33 in the direction away from the spinner aggregate 13, and consequently the mat will not get its final thickness until it is situated on a large distance from the spinner aggregate 13, so that no further mineral wool will be fed to the mat. It will be evident from this that the most reliable value of the pressure drop when the transport medium passes through the mat, or of the sub-pressure after the transportmedium has passed through the mat will be obtained if the measurement is made in such a large distance from the spirne ggregate 13, that the mat 39 may be regarded ready built up. However, there are other ways to measure the properties of the transport medium. It is evident that the tighter the minerl wool mat is at the place where the measurment of the properties of the transport medium is made, the greater will the resistance be against movement of the transport medium, and this will react in turn on the power consumption of the means, used for driving the blower for creating the sub-pressure, Therefore, one may use this matter of fact by providing a se arate motor for driving the blower, not in common to the remaining motors ex listing in the system, e.g. the motors 30 and 35, and to measure its power consumption. This may be made either my measuring the current to the motor, for instance if this is formed by a three phase motor, by means of an ampere meter in one of the feeder phase conduits, or by measurement of the actual need of power by means of a watt meter. The most suitable way for driving the blower concerned would be by means of a short circuited three phase motor. The changes of its lag when altering the load am so small that they may as a rule be neglected, and consequently the need of power may be redarded as a distinct expression for the resistance against movement of the transport medium through the mineral wool mat formed, and consequently also for the amount of mineral wool in said mat at the place, where the mea current is made. In this connection it should be reminded about that a blower may be regarded a rotatory means, which has two functions to fullfill, viz. firstly to overwin the bearing and air frictions which are allways small and may therefore be neclected, and secondly putting the transport medium into movement, and that consequently in a way, konon per se any power driven motor will run practically idly, if the feed of medium is choked, which would otherwise be put in movement by the blower. With other words: The greater a resistance the mat causes to the movement of the transport medium, the less of said medium will pass through the mat, and the less will the power consumption of the blower motor be. It has allready been mentioned that the transport medium usually comprises combustion gases or air or a mixture of combustion gases and air. In most cases the temperature of the transport medium is considerably lower the the temperature of the melt to be transformed into fibres. If non-preheated air is used, then this temperate will usually be equal to the temperature in the space surrounding the equipment, from which the air is collected. A heating of the transport#iedium therefore is inavoidable by heat transfer from the hot mineralic material to the transport medium. Also this heating will be in a given relation to the amount of mineral wool deposited in the formed mat, and this will apply to a higher degree than the amount of melt 12, given off from the melting equipment 10. This may be explained in the most simple way as follows: The formed fibres have a heat transfer surface which is extremly large in relation to their mass. Therefore, they deliver their surplus of heat practically momentarily to the transport medium. If the fibration procedure should run in such a way that part of the amount of melt delivered is not fibrated, this will result in parti cles, which, due to their magnitude, will give off their heat so slowly to the transport medium, that they will leave the process with an essential amount of residual heat. The relation is accentuated by the fact that the mineral wool fibres have usually radius which are of the same order of magnitude as the wave length of the infra-red light at the temperature concerned. The explanation of this matter is not well explored, but the phenomenon has been observed without the slightest doubt. Thus, the delivery of heat from a product increases more rapidly than may be explained exclusively by the increased surface at fibration to small diameter, as soon as the diameter will be in the order of magnitude of the wave length of the infra-red light. There is a reason to believe, that the fenomenon is in one way or another dependent upon a resonance phenomenon inside of the fibrous material. When the fibres have thus been drawn out so far that they will have got these dimensions, a rather sudden increase of the delivery of heat will take place and the amount of heat given off by convection will get an addition of heat radiation, which is delivered from the fibres directly to the surrounding, which means to the transport medium. Before the fibres get these dimensions, the delivery of heat takes place by radiation, so that the radiation from the interior parts is absorbed in the parts more far outwardly of the material. The heating caused thereby will provide a secondary heat radiation. This secondary heat radiation will now take place from a lower temperature level. As the amount of energy given off by heat radiation per unit of time is dependent upon the fourth power of the absolute temperature, it will also be obvious, that the direct radiation, regarded as a heat transfer mechanism, must be more effective than a repeated absorption and re-radiation. Therefore, the formed fibres transfer their surplus of heat more effectivly to the transport medium than do the particles of melt, which have not yet been fibrated. The heating of the transport medium thus to a higher degree will show the amount of fibres than does the fed amount of melt. This improves the possibility of creating a reliable prognosis and is a very essential advantage. If, for instance, the amount of deposited mineral wool should increase, then also the resitance against the movement of the transport medium will increase, and the amount of moving transport medium per unit of time will decrease, if no specific steps are taken in order of keeping the flow of transport medium constant. Consequently also, by heat transfer from the mineral wool to the transport medium, the temperature of this medium after having passed through the formed mineral wool mat will in this case be higher than would otherwise be the case. As a matter of fact, therefore, the temperature of the transport medium rises more quickly than proportional to the increased amount of mineral wool, and one will therefore get a very sharp criterion of the amount of mineral wool. If, now, the transport medium fed should have a constant temperature, usually equal to the temperature of the outside athmosphere, then it will be sufficient to measure the temperature of the transport medium at a place immediately after said transport medium has passed through the mineral wool mat, but in any case in a place, where the temperature sensing means is not affected by radiation heat from the running band or the formed mineral wool, resp., and this temperature is read by means of some means, which may for instance give off a voltage, proportional to or dependent upon the temperature, said voltage being transferred the the counter unit 20, which has provided the prognosis regarding future formation of mineral wool. If, on the other side, the transport medium when entering the said section has an indetermined temperature or a temperature, which may be variable, one should instead use one temperature sensing means, applied both before and after the passing of the transport medium through the mineral wool mat and deduce the difference in temperature, or, with other words the rise of temperature, and an expression therefore should be fed to the counting unit 20. It will be evident from the above that there is a given relation, however not necessarily a relation of proportionality, between the flow of transport medium, on the one side, and the amount of deposited mineral wool, on the other side. This relation, thus, can be measured in several different ways, for instance as mentioned above by measuring the rise of temperature, but it also possible to measure the amount of moving transport medium per unit of time or with other words, the speed of movement of the transport medium directly, and one may then as well use the expression for this relation as an indicator for the amount of depositied mineral wool. For providing a measurement of the speed of movement proper of the transport medium, one may use some arrangement, which is known per se for measuring speeds of movement, for instance a Pitot tube, perhaps balanced by means of a pressure reading tube, in a way which is well known e.g. from vessel loggs, and for measurement of the total amount of moving transport medium, one may use an anemometer. It has proved especially advantageous to use a thermo-electrically acting anemoneter, also called a ""hot-wire-anemometer"", because from such an anemometer one will get a direct expression in the form of an electric resIstance, an electric current or an electric voltage, said expression being fed without change into the counting unit 20. In some cases it may be desired in order of getting constant working conditions in a refinement system, which the transport medium has to pass, to keep the flow of transport medium constant, and arrangements for such a purpose are known per se. However, they have one property in common, viz. that at an increase of the force for putting the transport medium into movement, there will also take place an increase of the power of the motor for driving the blower. Perhaps it may be more suitable in this connection to measure the rotational speed of the driving motor by means of a tachometric generator or some similar instrument. Also in this case, the reading may be used as an indication of the amount of deposited mineral wool at the place of measurement, and this reading may as well in this case be introduced into the counter unit 20 for providing the prognosis, which should be compared with the amount of deposited mineral wool stated by means of the balance 41, 42, and for providing correction steps in order of getting a constant amount of mineral wool 39 deposited per unit of time or per unit of length of the band 33 and thus to provide a constant surface weight of this mineral wool. It will be evident from the-above, that one has a lot of ways to proceede when using proprties of the transport medium for an indication of the amount of deposited mineral wool, and that the choice which of these many properties should be the most favourable one in each separate case must be dependent upon the specific circumstances in the existing case. However one is not bound only to rely on the properties of the transport medium, but there are also possibilities to use other variables for the purpose concerned, either each per se or in combination with some other variable, which depends upon the changes in properties of the transport medium, Amongst such other variables the delivery of heat to the walls of the collection device 36 may be mentioned. It should be reminded about the matter of fact, that the formed mineral wool is blown by a stream of transport medium from the spinning aggregate 13 to the continuously moving band 33 by means of the blower 35 or perhaps by means of some other pressure creative device. One may either provide a blower in the way, shown at 35, before the band 33, or a suction blower below the band 33. The transport medium is removed in this way from the mineral wool, which remains on the band 33. In both cases, it is required, for practical reasons, fully or in part to enclose the section 36, within which deposit of mineral wool takes place, and this enclosure thereby will comprise also side walls and upper walls or a roof, the latter one however only in such places, where there is no deposit of mineral wool. Rather often no such roof is used but only side walls in the collection device 36, said side walls having the main purpose of conducting the stream of transport medium in the same way as the channel 34 onto the mat of mineral wool. It is then also inavoidable that the melt will, during the fi bration, give off a part of its heat, which cannot be disregarded, sub stantially by radiation, to the side walls. Their temperature will thereby rise, until the temperature gets a stable value, at which the feed of heat from the mineral wool corresponds to the heat, given off to the surroundings, substantially by radiation and convection to the surrounding part of the system or to the surrounding air, resp. In this way, the temperature of the parts of the system forming the enclosure, will also form an indicium of the amount of mineral wool produced, and this temperature may easily be read by means of some electrically recording thermometer or some similar device, e.g. a thermistor, the reading of which is fed to the counter unit 20 as one of the indications contained therein forprognostization of the production of mineral wool, so that thereafter said prognosis will be compared with the actual value, stated by weighing the mineral wool mat by means of the balance device 41, 42. In the tests, forming basis of the present invention, it has proved especially advantageous to use either a photocell sensitive to infra-red light for the reading of the infra-red light from the melt during the fibration, or a photo-multiplicator. The last mentioned one, of course, should be well protected for instance against spatters of melt or of binding means. The limit between light radiation and heat radiation, of course, is in this case indistinct. The temperature of the melt during its re-shaping into mineral wool w¯tfollow astroEly sloping run, which nevertheless is rather similar from time to another. The radiaion emitted from the melt under fibration - both the visible and the infra-red one - will then to an essential degree be dependent upon the amount of melt, which is at a given moment of time under fibration. Thus one may by equal action measure either the heat radiation in the way mentioned above, or the light radiation by means of a light detector, which one will have to direct onto the mineral melt, well protected against foreign light. The greater the amount of mineral wool is, formed at the time, the stronger will the radiation of light therefrom be. It will also be evident from the above that independently of if the heat radiation is measured or the light radiation from the formed mineral wool mat, tbe measuring result will be dependent in a given way of the flow of material in the process. An increased flow of material through the process will cause that a given volume of the transport medium will contain more mineral fibres than earlier. This increase is amplified if the increased flow of material causes secondarily a decreased flow of transport medium. In any case, now an increased bluring of the transport medium will take place. This bluring or ""turbidity"" may be measured by irradiation of the transport medium and measuring the light absorption in same, or, if you prefer to express it that way, the light transparency of same. This irradiation may preferably take place by means of a very distictly directed bundle of light across the transport medium, where the concentration of the mineral fibres and thereby also the bluring is at maximum. It is also advantageous to use visible light but in such a case steps will be required to prevent disturbances from other visible light existing in the surrounding. Still better is then to use ultra-violet light, which, according to what one knows by experience, exists to a very small extent in such workshop and manfacturing localities, wheremineral wool is manufactured, but one may also use a laser beam for this purpose, whereby one will in a very effective way concentrate the light with respect to direction as well as to wave length, so that no disturbances from light in the surroundings may be feared. Another way would be to use polarized light, which will very easily be separated from the normal light existing in the surrounding. Polarized light may also be used the way that one measures the light intensity in another level of polarization than the one, valid for the enterance ray. This means a further advantage. when the polarized light hits a hovering fibre, the polarization level will be changed due to reflection against the fibre surface, such that it will be determined by the position of the fibre at the moment of reflection. Now, the orientation of the fibres within the transport medium is not dependent upon a chance but at least to sow extent syste atic. This means that the intensity of the out put light will be greater in a given polarization level than in other such levels. Investigations, made in connection to the present invention, have proved that this polarization level is in parallel to the flow of the medium. Therefore, it has proved advantageous to use an in put light, the polarization level of which forms a given angle with the direction of the flow , of medium, preferably such a great angle that it may reliably be separated from the direction of the flow of medium. Hereafter, one will only have to detect the out put light in a polarization level, coinciding with said direction. If an irradiation along with a measurement of the light nbsorp- tion or the light transparence in the mineral wool mat is used in the way described above, it may however happen that erraneous indications will be created for one reason or another, which cannot be anticipated, such as the flow of transport medium accidentally changing its path. In order of avoiding erraneous indication thereby to be fed to the prognosis creating counter unit 20, one should in the case of an irradiation use a plurality of rays across the stream of medium and work up the result of the readings, for instance by addition or by mean value calculation, so that such errors are avoided as fas as possible. It will be difficult to avoid a given dispersion of the irradiating light through the mineral wool mat because it can also not be avoided that this light will hit fibres in the mineral wool mat, running in rather irregular directions and be further reflected by them in still more irregular directions, representing paths, which cannot be calculated. Hereby a process of diffusion will be created, which has been called turbidity"" of the irradiating light, which means that the rays of light run through the irradiated material in strongly mixed directions, and a diffuse liGht will move out from the irradiated meterial. Also such diffuse light may be used as an indicator of the tightness or thickness of the mineral wool mat, whereby the light detector has however to be placed in another position than in flight with the in put direction of the primary ray. For this purpose usual visible light may be used or ultra-violet light, and a laser ray may also be used, The last mentioned has proved to give very great advantages for the reason that, when a laser ray is used, it will be possible to create an extremly intense irradiation and thus to obtain high intensity also of the diffused light. As the laser light is monochromatic, also the light reading is arranged monochromatically, and thereby it will be possible to an essential degree to avoid disturbances from other light present, especially from the still glowing mineral fibre mass. An other usable way of measuring the variable concerned is to measure the feed of melt in the ray of melt flowing out from the melting owen in order to be fed to the spinning aggregate. This way, thus, may be used instead of weighing the owen by means of pressure cells 21 and the means 24, 25 and 26 connected thereto, such as has been described above. From the science of highly viscosous mediums in movement it is known that a freely falling ray is subjected to an acceleration, and that it will in each separate section allready in a small distance from the spout 11 of the melting owen 10 due to the strong surface tension assume a pratically completely regularily circular cross section area. Due to the successive acceleration the diameter of this area will successively decrease, and one may therefore get a statement about not only the particle speed of the melt but also about the area in the measurement cross section by optically measuring the diameter of the ray of melt in two places in given distance from each other , and teherby one will consequently get a very exact statement about the amount of melt fed to the spinning aggregate. A fraction of this melt usually forms pearls, and it happens that they are separated in specific order, but there is no difficulty in weighing them, and, therefore, one has to calculate the part of the melt, not transformed into pearls, said part in full forming material for the fibration. This part, therefore, is equivalent to the volume of the melt, transferred to the transport and collection band as fibres. Usually the melt fed to the spinning aggregate 13 in the form of the ray 12 has a constant composition, anyway during the run of one and the same spinning procedure, and it is also aimed to keep a very close to constant temperature of the melt 12 running from the melting owen 10, which also usually is obtained. The amount of heat thereof per unit of quantity melt or per unit of quantity fibrous material formed, resp., therefore is very close to exact, and as a consequence thereof it is also possible to use this amount of heat as a measure of the quantity of fibrous material formed. There will scarcely exist any way of reliably measuring this heat content in a direct way, but an indirect way, which has in tests made proved to be exceedingly reliable is to measure the heat transfer through the cooling medium, usually cooling water, by which normally the parts contained in the spinning aggregate are cooled, especially the spinner wheels 13. It is preferred, thereby, to control the feed of cooling medium in order of keeping the temperature constant in one or more places in the spinning aggregate 13, and thereby, thus, the quantity of cooling medium will be the carrier of an indication about the amount of heat removed by this cooling procedure from the melt or the fibrous material formed therefrom, resp. Mineral wool, to a great extent, is used as a sound absorbing or sound insulating material, resp., especially in buildings. This sound absorbing or sound insulating property is not a thing which the mineral wool gets only when leaving the production chain, but it exists also when the mineral wool mat rests on the collection band 33. Therefore, there is also a possibility to create one of the variables to be introduced into the counter unit 20 by subjecting the mineral wool mat to a strong sound wave, preferably as well directed as possible, and to measure the sound absorption or sound insulation, resp., through the mineral wool mat. Of course, it is important thereby that a sound frequency be used which does not otherwise exist or in any case does only exist within the locality to a disregardably small extent, where the production of the mineral wool takes place. Further one should use a high intensity of the sound wave used for the measurement. In all production of mineral wool by centrifugation, inavoidably so called formation of pearls will appear, which means small lumps of melt forming fully or close to fully spherical bodies of a rather small dimension, so called pearls, which are however not desirable in the mineral wool mat comprising the fibrous material. These pearls as a rule, are removed allready at the inlet of the product from tne spinning aggregate 13 to the collection band 33. This will take place more or less automatically by the pearls having a greater move ment energy in relation to their volume than has the mineral wool proper. Therefore, they will be caught to a smaller extent or perhaps not at all by the stream of gas and/or air used as a transport medium, and they may therefore easily be brought to fall out of the path of movement at a place, before the mineral wool starts being deposited on the transport and collection band 33. Investigations now have proved that these pearls at their movement out of the path of production possess an energy of motion which is directly proportional to their total mass. This, in turn, is in some kind of a proportion to to the total stream of melt, which determines again the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time. The motion energy of the pearls, in this way, may be regarded a measure of the amount of formed mineral wool, and by measuring the total motion energy one may therefore get a value, indicating the magnitude of the fibre forming mass. This method, however, may be still better usable if it is combined with a simultaneous measurement of the flow of melt proper. The amount of mineral wool formed, then, may be rather well determined as the difference between these two magnitudes. Therefore, when measuring the motion energy, it is suitable to provide a wall or any other surface in such a way, that it will as close to perpendicularily as possible take up the percussions from the leaving pearls and measure the total percussion energy. Recording instrument which may be used for this purpose, are well known in technics. They may be brought to give off an electrical voltage, which is directly proportional to the combined percussion energy, and this electrical voltage then may be fed to the counter unit 20 in order of providing the prognosis about future formation of mineral wool, which should be compared with the real, later on existing formation of mineral wool, such as this is determied by weighing in the apparatus 41, 42. In a corresponding way, it is also possible to combine two or more of the indications enlisted above, into the counter unit 20 and thereby further to improve the accuracy in the executed control when creating the prognosis concerned with respect to future formation of mineral wool. A lot of the ways described above for providingsomekind of an indication to be fed to the counter unit 20 have been described the way as if they are provided in immediate connection to the collection and transport band 33. There is, however, nothing to prevent that, after the mineral wool mat has left this collection and transport band said mineral wool mat is guided over to a separate subsequent band, below refered to as the ""measurement band"", which may be arranged in the way, which has been decribed above with respect to the band 40, and in which some of the observations are made, which have been described above. This especially applies to the indications, which are derived from the variable resistance of the mineral wool mat against traversing medium. As a matter of fact essential advantages may be gained thereby, which will, as a rule compensate for the negative consequence of the delay of the indication which will be inavpidable. If the indications are exclusively derived in some of the said ways, before the mineral wool mat has been made ready and has been transferred to the subsequent measurement band, there will be a sensible difficulty in controlling the properties of the mineral wool mat in any other direction than the longitudinal direction thereof. Usually one will thereby only get a mean value of the properties, posessed by the mineral wool mat in the different places across the longitudinal direction of the mat, but no statement is obtained about crossward variations in tightness, thickness and surface weight between such warts of the mineral wool mat, which are for instance situated in its middle part and at its edge parts. Of course, such a statement will be of the greatest importance, when the question is one about providing a mineral wool mat having constant surface weight over all of its surface, said surface being two dimensional, one of said deimersbns certainly running in the longitudinal direction of the mat, but the other one of them running in the crossward direction of the mat. By making the measurement at a subsequent separate measurement band, one will get a possibility also to control variations in the crossward direction. An arrangement, which may advantageously be used for controlling the distribution of the deposited mineral wool, so that this will be evenly distributed over all of the crossward section of the collection band 33, is described in the U S patent specification 3.032.836. In the said arrangement according to the U S patent specification, the distribution of mineral wool across the direction of movement of the collection band or the transport band, resp.,is determined, and the result of this determination is fed back to an earlier place of the collection band in order of equalizing the distribution of mineral wool in crossward direction, so that it will be as even as possible. Thereby it is especially suitable to divide up the flow of air in a plurality of parts, preferably of equal width and running lengthwise the mineral wool mat. The difference in transparency of the air, thereby is introduced into a control unit, which is provided to influence the crossward distribution of the mineral wool so that it will be as even as possible.";C L A I N S 1. A method for controlling the surface weight of a mineral wool mat (39) in a method of production, in which mineral wcol is produced by fibration of a mineralic melt (12) and the formed mineral wool is transferred to a collection device (36) by means of a stream of gas and/or air (34), said stream of gas and/or air being separated from the mineral wool (39) in said collection device (36), and the mineral wool forming a mat on a collection band (33), simultaneosly as one or more variables, influencing the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time are measured, and these variables are introduced into a functional combietion, and the movement of the collection band (33) is controlled under guidance thereof for the purpose to control the surface weight of the formed mineral wool mat by means of a control unit (28) in accorcance with the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time, expressed in the form of said functional combination, in which the said variables are contained, c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e r e b y that the surface weight of the formed mineral wool mat is determined by weighing, and the the functional combination is brought to contain one or more parameters, the value of which is changed by influence from a counter unit (20), which, Dn sis of the expression for the amount of mineral wool produced per unit of time formed from said functional combination, and also from the cor,esponding expression obtained from the surface weight of zne not and thc speed of the collection band (33) deterimne the t#ramet#r value or tbe combination of parameter values, which should ¯#--##6 one or ore measurement period before Lie actual #ct#al one /(e.g. seconds) have given the smallest difference between 1eLJecnthe two expres- p expres- sion., e.g. according to the method of the minimum square sum. 2. A method according to claim 1, in which there is used in the functional combination as a variable correlated to the amount of mineral wool formed per unit of time, the consumption f or in the fibration of the mineral melt In a motor driven fibration aggregate (13). 3. A method according to claim 1 or 2, in which there is used as a further variable the amount of mineral melt (12) given off from a mineral melting system and measured as the decrease of wight of said melting system (10). 4. A metod according to any of the above claims, in which the surface weight of the formed mineral wool mat (39) is stated by said mineral wool mat (35) being brought to pass over a roller (41) or a to short band, which in turn is arranged/ to influence a pressure or load sensor (42). 5. A method according to any of the above claims, in which one or more variables, preferable all of the variables used, are recalculated by being fed with their momentary values to a counter unit (20), in which they are combined with stored up momentary values from one or more of the next preceeding time periods to be equalized to indicate a mean value, applicable to the time period concerned. 6. A method according to claim 5, in which the obtained mean values of the variables are brought together, in common to determine the speed of movement of the zollection band (33). 7. A method according to claim 5 or (, in whIch the momentary -alues into brought to a successively decreasing extent to influence the mean value of the variable concerned a thereby to influence the '##r.trol of the speed of movement of the collection band (33) to a mainer extent, the more far away back in time the said momentary values are. 8. A method according to claim 7, in which a given momentary value is brought to influence the formation of the mean value of the speed of movement of the collection band (33) to an extent, which is in a given proportion to the next preceding such momentary value, so that the influence from the momentary value next before the actual control period will have a greater influence than the momentary value next before it in time and so on. 9. A method according to any of the above claims, in which each period for stating the mean value or values, resp. of any one of the variables has a given length or sampling period, preferably determined by a timer. 10. A method according to any of the above claims, in which there are two variables (for instance the amount of melt fed and the momentar surface weight of the mineral wool mat produced), and they are combined into a functional combination according to the following forulna, viz. F(p, q) =a . p + b . q + c, in which formula p and q are variables and a, b, and c are parameters. 11. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the speed of movement of the collection band (33) is supplementary controlled by a controller, e.Q. of pi-type, said controller acting on this of the surface weight of the mineral wool at (39) such as this is determined by weighing sane. 12. A method according to claim 11, in which the supplementary control is provided to influence the speed vr the collection band (33) to same extent as the main control derived from the amount of production prognostized by means of the functional combination0 13. A mehod according to any of the above claims, in which such properties of the flow of air and/or gas are measured, by which the mineral wool is transfered to the collection band (33), the said properties being significative to the properties of the formed mine ral wool mat (39) and an expression for these properties of the flow of air and/or gas being introduced in the counter unit (20) as at least one of the said variables. 14. A method according to claim 13, in which the difference in pressure is measured, created between the in put side and the out put side of the said flow of air and/or gas during its movement through the formed mineral wool mat and the collection band (33) and this difference in pressure is introduced into the functional combination as one of the variables, preferavly by the pressure of the flow of gas and/or air being kept constant before the in let to the collection band (33) and the difference in pressure being measured as the sub pressure existing after the flow of gas and/or air having passed through the mineral wool mat. 15. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the statement about the difference of pressure or the pressure proper, resp., after the flow of gas and/or air having passed through the formed mineral wool mat (39) is introduced into the functional combi nation in the form of an elctrical voltage. 16. A method according to any of the abve claims, in which the delivery of heat from the formed mineral wool to the walls of the col lection device (36) is measured, said walls being provided for guiding the flow of gas and/or air used as a transport medium at the deposi tion of the mineral wool on the transport or collection band (33), and this delivery of heat is fed in the form of an expression to the functional combination as one variable by the temperature of some part of the system being measured, which is in such a position in relation to the produced mineral wool mat (39) that it will receive heat from same (39) by radiation, conduction and/or convection. 17. A method according to claim 16, in which one or more electrically recording thermometers or one or more thermistors are used for indication of the rise of temperature. 18. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the radiation of light from the mineralic melt subject to transformation into fibres is measured and an expression for this light radiation is created and introduced into the functional combination as one of the variables, preferably under use of a photocell, sensitive for infra red light, whereby its indication is transformed into an electrical voltage. 19. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the formed dispersion of mineral fibres in the flow of gas and/or air is irradiated, and the light absorption is determined in the form of an expression, which is introduced into the functional combination as of the variables. 20. A method according to claim 19, in which a source of light is used for the irradiation of the formed mineral wool mat, emitting a sharply directed bundle of visible and/or ultra-violet light. 21. A method according to claim 20, in which a source of light is used for the irradiation of the formed mineral wool mat (39) emitting a laser beam. 22. A method according to claim 20 or 21, in which polarized light is used for the irradiation, whereby the dispersion level of said wight forms a preferably acute angle with the direction of the flow of gas and/or air introduced in the dispersion of mineral wool as a transport medium. 23. A method according to claim 22, in which the light radiating out from the dispersion is detected in a polarization level, forming an angle with the direction of enterance of said light, preferably so that the detection level is in parallel to the level of the flow of gas and/or air. 24. A method according to any of the claims 19 - 23, in which such light is subjected to detection, which has been spred into diffuse form by the mineral fibres in the dispersion. 25. A method according to any of the claims 19 - 24, in which a plurality of rays of light are used, crossing the dispersion in different places and perhaps also in different directions. 26. A method according to claim 25, in which the measuring results from the different rays of light are equalized by addition or mean value calculation. 27. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the power is measured, consumed for driving a blower (35) for putting the flow of gas and/or air into movement, and an expression for this power is introduced into the functional combination as an expression for the amount of mineral wool formed by the system per unit of time. 28. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the amount of heat is measured, given off from the melt to the flow of gas and/or air during the transformation of the melt into fibres, and an expression for this amount of heat is created and introduced into the functional combination as one of the variables. 29. A method according to claim 28, in which the amount of heat given off per unit of time is measured in the form of the difference of temperature between the flow of gas and/or air before its introduction as transport medium for the formed mineral wool, on the one side, and after its separation from the mineral wool mat (39) on the other side, gas and/or air of a predetermined, constant temp#rature on the in put side being used as transport medium for the mineral wool from the spinning aggregate (13) to the collection band (33), and the rise of temperature being determined as the difference between the input temperature and the output temperature. 30. A method according to claim 29, in which the measurement of the temperature takes place at a position or at positions, resp., where the flow of gas and/or air is not subject to influence by radiation heat from the transport band and/or the mineral wool mat deposited thereon. 31. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the speed of movement of the gas and/or air as a transport medium for the mineral wool mat formed (39) is measured, and the statement thereabout is re-shaped into an expression to be introduced into the functional combination as one of the variables. 32. A method according to claim 31, in which the speed of move ment of the gas and/or air is measured by means of a Pitot tube, perhaps as the difference between the indication of the Pitot tube and the indication of a stabilization tube of by means of an anemometer, preferably a hot-wire-anemometer. 33. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the speed of a motor for driving the gas and/or air formed transport medium for the mineral wool mat formed is controlled in order of getting a constant flow of said medium, and the rotational speed of said driving motor is read in the form of an expression, which may have the form of an electrical voltage to be introduced into the functional combination as one of the variables. 34. A method according to claim 33, in which a tachometer generator of the type is used, which creates a voltage proportional to the rotational speed. 35. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the quantity of the melt (12) collected from the melting owen and introduced into the spinning aggregate (13) per unit of time is measured, and an expression for this quantity is created and introduced into the functional combination as a variable. 36. A method according to claim 35, in which the thickness of the ray (12) of melt from the melting owen (10) to the spinning aggregate (13) Is measured in optical way at, at least two locations after each other in a given distance from each other, and the amount of melt transferred to the spinning aggregate (13) is calculated on basis of said measuring result in combination with the distance between the measurement locations. 37. A method according to claim 35 or 36, in which pearls formed at the spinning procedure are separated and the amount of such pearls formed per unit of time is measured and. subtracted from the obtained result of the measurement of the melt, transferred from the melting owen (10) to the spinning aggregate (13). 38. A method according to any of the above claims, in which one or more parts of the spinning aggregate (13) are cooled, preferably by means of a flow of cooling water, and the amount of heat transferred to said cooling medium is measured in the form of the product of the flow of heat receiving mediun per unit of time and its rise of temperature, and an expression therefore is formed to be introduced into the functional combination as one of the variables. 39. A method according to anh of the above claims, in which the dispersion of mineral wool in the flow of gas and/or air is sunjected to a strong sound wave, preferably of concentrated sound frequency, different from the sound frequencies of other sound existing in the locality within which the production of the mineral wool takes place, and the decrease of power of this sound wave is measured during its passage through the sispersion, and an expression therefore is cre ated and introduced into the functional combination as a variable. 40. A method according to any of the abve claims, in which the percussion energy or the intertia of the pearls is measured, which are formed during the spinning of the mineral wool, before this mineral wool has been transformed to the collection band (33), and an expression for this percussion energy or inertia is introduced into the functional combination as a variable. 41. A method according to any of the above claims, in which the formed mineral wool mat (39) is guided over a conveyor (40) following after the collection band (33), preferably a band conveyor, and a measurement is made of the transparency of the mineral wool mat, e.g. by the application of a difference of pressure of pre-determined magnitude across the mat (39) along with the conveyor band (40), the flow of ait through the mat (39) along with the conveyor vand (40) due thereto being measured. 42. A method 2according to claim 41, in which the distribution of mineral wool across the direction of movement of the collection band and the subsequent conveyor is determines, and the result of this determination is fed back to an earlier location in the collection band for equalization of the distribution of mineral wool in crossward direction, so that this will be as even as possible.;ABERG, ULF, BRELEN, HANS, DAHLBERG, STELLAN, Brelén, Hans;ROCKWOOL AKTIEBOLAGET;1978
+EP-0006089-B1;19830302.0;19780608;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185887.0;C08F279;;C08F279;C08F 279/02+212/08;PREPARATION OF IMPACT RESISTANT POLYSTYRENE HAVING IMPROVED TRANSPARENCY;An impact resistant polystyrene having improved transparency is prepared by polymerising a solution of a diene rubber in styrene in the presence of a monoethylenically terminally unsaturated allylic bromine-containing aliphatic compound such as allyl bromide.;"PREPARATION OF IMPACT RESISTANT POLYSTYRENES HAVING IMPROVED TRANSPARENCY Transparent impact-resistant polymers or resinous compositions are highly desirable for many packaging operations. Polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate are both resins having a highly desirable degree of transparency for many packaging applications; however, both polystyrene and polymethylmethacry late are often found to be too brittle to provide a reliable package, particularly when used as containers or as vacuum-formed oriented sheet, tubs or lids. In an effort to improve the impact resistance of resins such as polystyrene, rubber has been added to the polystyrene in one manner or the other to provide either a dispersion of solid rubber particles within a polystyrene matrix or a dispersion of rubber particles containing occluded polystyrene dispersed within a polystyrene matrix. Employing such techniques a substantial increase in the impact resistance of the polymer composition is obtained; however, the resultant product is usually opaque or translucent and is unsatisfactory for packaging applications which require a transparent material. Biaxial orientation of certain rubber-containing impact-resistant styrene polymer films results in a product having improved transparency; however, when such articles are obtained in a heavier or thicker section the opacity is usually too great or the impact resistance is inadequate. In an attempt to produce transparent impact-resistant styrene polymers, considerable effort has been expended in employing as a polymer matrix a copolymer of methylmethacrylate and styrene, the methylmethacrylate and styrene being employed in such a proportion that the refractive index of the reinforcing rubber and the methylmethacrylate-styrene polymer differ by an insignificant value thereby providing a resinous body which does not scatter large amounts of light and, at least to the unaided eye, in thin sections, appears to be transparent. The resultant polymers, using refractive index matching, usually are polymers which have methylmethacrylate as a major component. Another technique of providing a rubber-reinforced styrene polymer of improved transparency is shown in U.S. 3,574,151 wherein styrene is polymerized in the presence of rubber and a small quantity of 8-bromostyrene. U.S. Patent 3,957,915 teaches the use of other bromine-containing compounds for this purpose. This invention provides an improved process for preparing impact resistant polymers having improved transparency and composed primarily of styrene and a reinforcing rubber. The process of this invention comprises providing a solution of a rubber in styrene or a mixture of styrene with minor amounts of vinyltoluene, t-butylstyrene or methyl methacrylate and from 0.01 to 0.5, preferably 0.01 to 0.3, percent by weight based on the combined weight of the rubber and styrene of a monoethylenically terminally unsaturated allylic bromine -containing aliphatic compound having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms and polymerizing under free radical conditions and with agitation at least through phase inversion. The process of this invention provides a styrene polymer structure having a dispersed phase of a reinforcing diene rubber, the diene rubber advantageously being present in a proportion of 4 to 12 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the combined weight of styrene and rubber. The rubber is generally in the form of a plurality of particles of cellular nature and containing occlusions of polystyrene, the particles being of both monocellular and multicellular configuration. Advantageously, the rubber particles have a weight average particle diameter not exceeding two microns and cell walls not greater than 0.15 micron in thickness, the dimensions and configuration of the rubber particles being determined by means of an electron microscope on a sample of the polymer which has been treated with osmium tetroxide in accordance with the procedure set forth in Polymer Engineering and Science, by K. Kato, 7, 38 (1967). Polymers prepared in accordance with this invention will have a light absorbance, measured using a wave length of 640 millimicrons, not greater than 0.10 at a thickness of 0.254 mm. The structures will preferably have a notched izod impact value when measured in accordance with the American Society for Testing Materials, Specification D- 256A of at least 0.65 foot-pounds per inch of notch (.0354 kg -meter/cm). The rubbery reinforcing polymer may be prepared from 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, copolymers of up to 30 weight percent styrene with 1,3-butadiene or isoprene or mixtures thereof, and advantageously has an inherent viscosity in the range of 0.9 to 2.5 as determined at 250C employing 0.3 gram of rubber per deciliter of toluene. While it is preferred to employ styrene as the sole polymerizable monomer in the process of this invention one may, if desired, utilize minor amounts, i.e., 35 weight percent or less, of other copolymerizable comonomers such as vinyltoluene, t-butylstyrene or methyl methacrylate. Of such comonomers methyl methacrylate is advantageously employed to provide products having good clarity and impact strength. The allylic bromine-containing aliphatic compound is preferably allyl bromide, methallyl bromide, 2-(bromo methyl) -3-bromopropene, 3,3-dibromo-l-propene, 3-bromo -l-pentene, 3, 4-dibromo-l-butene, 2- (dibromomethyl) -1-butene, 2- (bromomethyl) -1-butene, 2- (bromomethyl) -1-pentene, 2- (dibromomethyl) -1-pentene, 2- (bromomethyl) -1-hexene, 3-bromo- 1-hexene, 2- (dibromomethyl) -1-hexene, or a mixture thereof. If desired, in the polymerization of styrene polymers of the present invention a diluent may be employed. Usually it is desirable to employ a diluent or solvent which may be present in a quantity of up to 20 parts by weight per 100 parts styrene. The diluent generally aids in the polymerization by increasing heat transfer, by reducing the viscosity of the polymerizing mixture and in easing the problem of handling viscous syrups. Suitable diluents are hydrocarbons that are generally non-reactive under the polymerization conditions and are a solvent for the monomers and the polymer produced. Such diluents include substituted aromatic compounds such as, for example, ethylbenzene and the xylenes. If desired, a satisfactory product can be obtained using thermal initiation although catalytic initiation is preferred. The preferred free radical initiators are those which decompose to produce alkoxy radical fragments or aryloxyradical fragments. The most preferred initiators are tertiary butyl perbenzoate, tertiary butyl peracetate and l,l-bis (t-butyl-peroxy)- cyclohexane. Usually the initiators are employed at a level of 0.01 to 0.5 weight percent based on the weight of the monomer. Useful rubbers are well known and commercially available. Oftentimes, one or more such rubbery polymers may be employed in the polymerization, however, the total amount of the rubber should advantageously be in the proportion of from 4 to 12 parts by weight of rubbery polymer per 100 parts by weight of styrene and rubber. In dissolving the rubber in styrene or a styrene mixture, it is desirable to include with the styrene a major portion of the solvent qr diluent which is to be used in order to obtain the solution as rapidly as possible. Generally, a small portion of the diluent is employed to dissolve the initiator and the bromine -containing compound such as allyl bromide, 2-(bromomethyl)-3-bromopropene or mixtures thereof. The reaction mixture is then raised to appropriate polymerization initiating temperature such as a temperature between 600C and 1000C at which time the solution of the initiator and bromine-containing compound is added to the reaction mixture with agitation. The temperature of the reaction mixture is then raised to a temperature within the range of 80 to 1300C and maintained in this range for a period of 3 to 10 hours with agitation, a nitrogen or other inert atmosphere being maintained within the reactor. When the solids content of the reaction mixture reaches from 30 to 50 percent conversion, agitation may be discontinued if desired and the temperature of the reaction mixture raised over a period of 2 to 5 hours to a temperature within the range of 170 to 1900C. When polymerization, from a practical standpoint, is complete, generally in a range from 70 to 95 percent conversion of the monomers to polymer solids, the reaction mixture is devolatilized usually at a temperature from 200 to 2400C, beneficially under a vacuum of from 0.1 to 50 millimeters of mercury. The polymer may be prepared by either batch or continuous-process polymerization. The following examples serve to further illustrate this invention. Examples 1-14 A plurality of polymerization runs were carried out employing the following procedure. A two-liter jacketed reactor having an agitator was employed in all polymerizations. The agitator was a rotatable hollow shaft having two helical vanes mounted external to the hollow shaft. The vanes had a clearance of about 1 mil. from the inner wall of the reaction vessel. When the agitator was rotated, the helical vanes forced the reaction mixture downwardly along the shaft and adjacent walls of the reaction vessel. (More conventional agitators with horizontal crossbars can also be used satisfactorily). Styrene plus 95% of the diluent employed and rubber were added to the reactor. The reactor was nitrogen-purged and heated to a temperature of about 900C with stirring. The polymerization initiator and bromine-containing compound dissolved in the remaining 5% of diluent was then added. The agitator was set at a speed of about 20 rpm and the temperature of the reaction mixture raised to about 1050C generally cycling from 100 to 1100 for a period of 4 to 5 hours. During this period, nitrogen was maintained over the reaction mixture. Periodically, samples of the reaction mixture were removed from a sampling connection on the bottom of the reaction vessel and when the reaction mixture contained between about 38 and 42 percent solids, the mixture was transferred to tubes and polymerization completed in a heating block programmed to raise the temperature of the reaction mixture from about 1000 to 1750C over a period of 5 hours. At the end of that time, the solids content of the reaction mixture was from about 78 to 84 percent. The mixture was then forced from the tubes with nitrogen pressure and devolatilized in a vacuum oven maintained at a temperature of about 210""C and under a pressure of about one millimeter of mercury for a period of about one and one-half hours. At the end of one and one-half hours of devolatilization, the product was removed from the oven and maintained in an inert atmosphere for a few minutes to minimize surface yellowing, The cooled slab was then granulated and portions molded into test plaques for light absorbance testing. Light absorbance was measured using a Beckman Model B spectrophotometer wherein the film sample was placed approximately 9 centimeters from the center of the photocell light detector. The wavelength employed was 640 millimicrons and the reading obtained was corrected to 10 mils (0.254 mm) thickness. Notched Izod impact tests were conducted employing procedure ASTM D-256A. The rubbers employed were: Diene 55: a polybutadiene rubber of 2.30 deciliter/gram inherent viscosity at a concentration of 0.3 gram per deciliter; and Stereon S-700: approximately 80 parts by weight butadiene and 20 parts by weight styrene in which 18% is randomly present and 2% is as block. Taktene: a polybutadiene rubber whose molecular structure is approximately 98% cis-1,4 configuration, the remaining is vinyl-1,2. The results are set forth in the following Table. TABLE N. Izod Impact Rup Bromine- Absorb. (ft-lbs/ Yield ture Vicat Run Composi- Initiator Containing at in-notch) (psi) (psi) H.D No. tion Rubber (%) Agent (%) 640 m [kg-meters/cm] [kg/cmê] [kg/cmê] ( C) 1 94 S/6 R Diene-55 0.2 TBPBê none 0.12 1.14 4339 4339 110 [0.06] [304] [304] 2 "" "" "" 0.1 AB 0.06 0.88 5090 5090 105 [0.05] [356] [356] 3 92 S/8 R "" "" "" 0.08 1.03 4462 4373 108 [0.06] [312] [306] 4 94 S/6 R "" 0.13 TBPA4 "" 0.09 0.85 4134 4134 105 [0.05] [289] [289] 5 "" "" 0.24 Bz2O25 "" 0.10 1.31 4174 4174 105 [0.07] [292] [292] 6 "" "" 0.15 TBC6 "" 0.09 1.33 4365 4133 105 [0.07] [306] [289] TABLE (Continued) N. Izod Impact Rup Bromine- Absorb. (ft-lbs/ Yeld ture Vicat Run Composi- Initiator Containing at in-notch) (psi) (psi) H.D. No. tionÚ Rubber (%) Agent (%) 640 m [kg-meters/cm] [kg/cmê] [kg/cmê] ( C) 7 92 S/8 R S-700 0.1 TBPB none 0.12 1.05 3943 3943 108 [0.06] [276] [276] 8 "" "" "" 0.15 AB 0.07 0.65 4627 4727 108 [0.04] [324] [324] 9 "" 7% S-700 "" none 0.13 0.97 4597 4597 108 1% Diene-55 [0.05] [322] [322] 10 "" "" "" 0.1 AB 0.07 0.99 4438 4438 108 [0.05] [311] [311] 11 "" "" "" 0.02BMBP7 0.07 0.92 5055 5055 112 [0.05] [354] [354] 12 68 S/ "" 0-15 TBPB none 0.09 1.17 4014 4738 101 25 MMA/ [0.06] [291] [332] 7 R 13 "" "" "" 0.20 AB 0.05 1.21 4377 3992 103 [0.07] [306] [279] 14 "" Taktene "" "" 0.05 1.65 4446 4056 104 [0.09] [311] [284] TABLE (Continued) 1. Numbers indicate weight percent of styrene and rubber 2. TBPB = tertiary-butyl perbenzoate 3. AB = allyl bromide 4. TBPA = tertiary-butyl peracetate 5. Bz202 = benzoyl peroxide 6. TBC = 4-t-butyl-1-1-bis(t-butylperoxy)cyclohehane 7. BMBP = 2-bromomethyl-3-bromopropene Resins of the foregoing examples within the scope of the present invention had weight average particle diameter of less than two microns and cell walls not greater than 0.15 micron in thickness. The majority of the particles showed occlusions of polystyrene. Some particles were monocellular while others were multicellular.";1. Process for making impact resistant poly styrenes having improved transparency by polymerizing a solution of a rubber in styrene or a mixture of styrene with minor amounts of vinyltoluene, t-butylstyrene or methyl methacrylate in the presence of a bromine -containing compound and polymerizing under free radical conditions and with agitation at least through phase inversion characterized in that the polymerization is carried out in the presence of from 0.01 to 0.5 percent by weight of a monoethylenically terminally unsaturated allylic bromine-containing aliphatic compound having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. 2. Process of Claim 1 characterized in that the allylic bromine compound is allyl bromide, methallyl bromide, 2- (bromomethyl) -3-bromopropene, 3,3-dibromo -l-propene, 3-bromo-l-pentene, 3 ,4-dibromo-1-butene, 2- (dibromomeyl) -1-butene, 2- (bromomethyl) -1-butene, 2- (bromomethyl) -1-pentene, 2- (dibromomethyl) -1-pentene, 2-(bromomethyl)-1-hexene, 3-bromo-l-hexene, 2-(dibromomethyl)-l-hexene, or a mixture thereof. 3. Process of Claim 2 characterized in that the allylic bromine compound is allyl bromide. 4. Process of Claim 2 characterized in that the allylic bromine compound is 2-bromomethyl-3-bromopropene.;BREDEWEG, CORWIN JAY, DENNIS, KENT SEDDENS, LYONS, CHARLES EDWARD;THE DOW CHEMICAL COMPANY;1978
+EP-0006090-B1;19820901.0;19780612;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185889.0;C07J41;A61K31, C07J43;C07J43, C07J41;C07J  43/00B, C07J  41/00C60;NEW CORTICOIDS, PROCESSES FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM;1. Corticoids of the general formula I see diagramm : EP0006090,P12,F2 in which the bond _._ _._ _._ _._ _._ _._ _._ _. represents a single bond or a double bond, R2 represents a hydrogen atom or a chlorine atom, R6 represents a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom, R16 represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, R9 represents a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom, R11 alpha and R11 beta together represent an oxo group or R11 alpha represents a hydrogen atom and R11 beta represents a hydroxy group or, if R9 is a chlorine atom, alternatively a fluorine atom or a chlorine atom, and R21a and R21b are the same or different and represent hydrogen or alkyl or cycloalkyl radicals containing up to 8 carbon atoms or together represent an alkylene radical that contains up to 8 carbon atoms and that is optionally interrupted by oxygen or nitrogen.;"Beschreibung Die Erfindung betrifft neue Kortikoide, ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und pharmazeutische Präparate, die diese Kortikoide als Wirkstoff enthalten. Die neuen Kortikoide sind gekennzeichnet durch die allgemeine Formel I EMI1.1 worin die Bindung ...... eine Einfachbindung oder eine Doppelbindung R2 ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Chloratom, R6 ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Fluoratom und R16 ein Wasserstoffatom oder eine Methylgruppe bedeuten, worin R9 ein Wasserstoffatom, ein Fluoratom oder ein Chloratom und R11&alpha; und R11ss gemeinsam eine Oxogrppe oder R11&alpha; ein Wasserstoffatom und Rllss eine Hydroxygruppe oder falls R9 ein Chloratom ist auch ein Fluoratom oder ein Chloratom darstellen und worin R21a und R21b gleich oder verschieden sind und Wasserstoff oder einen gegebenenfalls durch Sauerstoff oder Stickstoff un-terbrochenen 1 bis 8 Kohlenstoffatome enthaltenden Kohlenwasserstoff- rest darstellen. Als Kohlenwasserstoffrest R21a und/oder R21b kommen beispielsweise Alkylreste oder Cycloalkylreste in Betracht. Geeignete Reste sind zum Beispiel: Der Methylrest, der Äthylrest, der Propylrest, der Isopropylrest,der Butylrest, der sek.-Butylrest, der Pentylrest, der Cyclopentylrest, der Hexylrest oder der Gyclohexylrest. Ein geeigneter Kohlenwasserstoffrest ist ferner der Benzylrest. Ferner können die Reste R21a und R2lb auch gemeinsam eine ge gebenenfalls durch Sauerstoff unterbrochene Alkylengruppe be deute, wie zum Beispiel die Tetramethylengruppe, die Pentamethylengruppe, die 3-Oxopentamethylengruppe oder die 3-Aza- pentamethylengruppe. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren zur Herstellung der neuen Korti kolde ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man in an sich bekannter Weise a) eine Carbonsäure der allgemeinen Formel II EMI3.1 worin ....., R2, R6, R9, R11&alpha;, R11ss und R16 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, oder ein reaktionsfähiges Derivat dieser Säure mit einem Amin der allgemeinen Formel III EMI3.2 worin R21a und R21b die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, kondensiert, oder b) zur Herstellung von Kortikoiden mit R9 in der Bedeutung eines Chloratoms an die 9(11)-Donpelbindung einer Verbindung der allgemeinen EMI3.3 worin R2, R6, R16, R21a und R21b die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, unterchlorige Säure, Fluor und Chlor oder Chlor an lager > . c) Zur Herstellung von Sortikoiden mit R11ss in der Bedeutung einer Hydroxygruppe und R9 in der Bedeutung eines Fluoratom oder eines Chloratoms den 9,11-Epoxydring einer Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel V EMI4.1 mit Fluorwasserstoff oder Chlorwasserstoff öffnet. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante a wira unter Bedingungen durchgeführt, die dem Fachmann wohl bekannt sind. So kann man beispielsweise die Carbonsäuren der allgemeinen Formel II in Gegenwart von Katalysatoren, wie man sie bei der Amidberstellung üblicherweise verwendet (Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid, N,N-Carbonyldiimidazol, N-Äthoxycarbonyl-2-äthoxy-1,2-dihydrochinolin etc.) mit den Aminen der Formel III umsetzen. Ferner ist es möglich, die Carbonsäuren'beispielsweise mittels Thionylchlorid, in die Saurechloride zu überführen und diese mit den Aminen umzusetzen. Günstigere Ausbeuten erzielt man meist, wenn man die Carbonsäuren der allgemeinen Formel II - beispielsweise durch Umsetzen mit einen Chlorameisensäurealkylester - in ihre gemeischten Anhydride überführt und auf diese die Amine einwirken lässt. Ferner kann man Ester der Carbonsäuren der Formel II (so zum Beispiel Alkylester mit 1 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen in der Alkylgruppe) mit den Aminen der allgemeinen Formel II kondensieren. Die Umsetzung kann in polaren oder unpolaren Lösungsmitteln durchgeführt werden. Geeignete Lösungsmittel sind beispielsweise: Benzol, Toluol, Xylol, Tetrahydrofuran, Dioxan, Dimethoxyäthan, Chloroform, Dimethylformamid, Dimethylsulfoxyd oder Hexamethyl- phosDhorsauretriamid. Die Reaktion wird vorzugsweise bei einer Reaktionstemperatur von -600 C bis +1000 C durchgeführt. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrenvariante b und c erfolgt ebenfalls unter Bedingungen, die dem Fachmann wohl be kannt sind (siehe beispielsweise die US-Patentschrift 37 18.671). Die neuen Xortikoide der allgemeinen Formel I besitzen eine gute antiphlogistische Wirksamkeit und zeichnen sich durch eine günstige Dissoziation zwischen erwünschter entzündungshemmender Wirksamkeit und unerwünschter systemischen Kortikoidnebenwir klingen aus. Die neuen Kortikoide sind in Kombination mit den in der galenischen Pharmazie üblichen Trägermitteln gut geeignet zur Benandlung zum Beispiel von a) lokal: Kontaktdermatitis, Ekzemen der verschiedensten Art, Neurodermitis, Erythrodermie, Verbrennungen 1. Grades, Pruritus vulvae et ani, Rosacea, Erythematodes curaneus, Psoriasis, Lichen tuber planus et verrucosus; b) oral: Akute und chronische Polyarthritis, Neurodermitis, Asthma bronchiale, Heufieber u.a. Darüberhinaus eignen sich die erfindungsgemässen Kortikoide auch zur Behandlung allergischer Erkrankungen der Atemwege, wie zum beispiel der Rhinitis oder des Bronchialasthmas. Die Herstellung der Arzneimittelspezialitäten erfolgt in üb- licher Weise, indem man die Wirkstoffe mit geeigneten Zusätzen, Trägersubstanzen und Gescbmackskorrigentien in die gewünschte Applikationsformen wie Tabletten, Dragees, Kapseln, Lösungen, Salben, Inhalationsmitteln usw. überführt. Für die orale Anwendung eignen sich insbesondere Tabletten, Dragees und Kapseln, welche beispielsweise 0,1 - 50 mg Sorti- koid::und 50 mg - 2 g eines pharmakologisch unwirksamen Trägers4 wie zum Beispiel Laktose, Amylose, Talkum, Gelatine, Nagnesi umstearat und ähnliches, sowie die üblichen Zusätze enthalten Für. die topische Anwendung eignen sich Puder, Salben, Aerosole und ähnliche Zubereitungen, die vorzugsweise 0,01 bis 2 % des Kortikoids enthalten. Die nachfolgenden Beispiele dienen zur weiteren Erläuterung der Erfindung. Beispiel 1 In eine Lösung von 1.0 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl- 3,20-dioxo-1 ,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylester in 25 ml Dimethylformamid wird 30 Stunden ein langsamer Strom von Ammoniak eingeleitet. Die Lösung wird anschliessend in Eiswasser eingerührt, der ausgefallene Niederschlag abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen und in Dichlormethan aufgenommen. Die organische Phase wird über Natriumsulfat getrocknet und im Vakuum eingeengt. Der Rückstand wird an 50 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 33-45% Aceton-Hexan wird das Produkt eluiert und aus Aceton-Benzin (Siedebereich: 60-80 C) umkristallisiert. Ausbeute: 327 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl-3 ,20-dioxo-1 ,4-pregnadien-21-säure-amid. Schmelzpunkt: 219 C. 3D= +1480 (Chloroform). UV:#241 = 18400 (Methanol). Beispiel 2 2.0 g 6a-Fluor-l1Ea-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3s2o-dioxo-1s4-pregna- dien-21-säure-butylester werden in 30 ml Hexamethylphosphor säuretriamid gelöst. Es wird eine Stunde lang ein langsamer Strom von Methylamin eingeleitet und wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben aufgearbeitet und chromatographiert. Das Reaktionsprodukt wird mit 45-60% Aceton-Hexan eluiert und aus Diethylether-Diisopropylether umkristallisiert. Ausbeute: 888 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3 ,20-dioxo-1 1 4-pregna- dien-21-säure-methylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 209 C. [&alpha;]D= +1440 (Chloroform). UV:#242 = 19000 (Methanol). Beispiel 3 Die Lösung von 1.5 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20- dioxo-1 ,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylester in einem Gemisch aus 10 ml Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid und 10 ml Ethylamin wird 1 Stunde bei Raumtemperatur gerührt und wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben aufgearbeitet und chromatographiert. Mit 25-32 ,ó Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton¯Benzin (Siedebereich 60-80 C), 890 mg $6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss- hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-ethyl amid. Schmelzpunkt: 1730C. fa] D= +1360 (Chloroform). UV:#242 = 18200 (Methanol). Beispiel 4 Eine Lösung von 5.0 g 6á-Fluor-1lss-hydroxy-16a-methyl- 3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylester in 10 ml Butylamin lässt man zwei Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen. Anschliessend wird die Lösung in essigsäurehaltiges Wasser eingerührt, der Niederschlag abfiltriert und in Dichlormethan aufgenommen. Die organische Phase wird mit Wasser gewaschen, über Natriumsulfat getrocknet und im Vakuum eingeengt. Der Rückstand wird an 250 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 18-22% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton-Benzin (Siedebereich 60-800C), 4,11 g $6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-preg- nadien-21-säure-butylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 225 C. [ ]D= +143 (Chloroform). UV:#242 = 19800 (Methanol). Beispiel 5 Eine Lösung von 1.5 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20- dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-buthylester in 10 ml Diniethyl formamid und 5 ml Pentylamin wird zwei Stunden bei Raumtemperatur gerührt. Es wird wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben aufgearbeitet und chromatographiert. Mit 24-30% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Diethylether-Benzin (Siedebereich 60-800C), 940 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl- 3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-pentylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 1700C. [ ]D= +1400 (Chloroform). UV:E242=19600 (Methanol). Beispiel 6 2.0 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3, 20-dioxo-1, 4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylester werden in einem Gemisch aus 10 ml Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid und 10 ml Hexylamin 90 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur gerührt. Das Reaktionsprodukt wird, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben, isoliert und chromatographiert. Mit 20-25% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Utnkristalli- sieren aus Aceton-Benzin (Siedebereich 60-800C) 1.57 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien- 21-säure-hexylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 1890C. [&alpha;]D = +1330 (Chloroform). UV:±242=19600 (Methanol). Beispiel 7 2.0 g 6 -Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16 -methyl-3120-dioxo-1,4-preg- nadien-21-säure-butylester werden in einem Gemisch aus 10 ml Dimethylformamid und 10 ml Cyclohexylamin zwei Stunden bei Raumtemperatur gerührt. Das Reaktionsprodukt wird, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben isoliert und chromatographiert. Mit 25-3196 Aceton-Hexan erhält, nach dem Umkristalli- sieren aus Aceton-Benzin (Siedebereich 60-80 C). 1.31 g 6a Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-cyclohexylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 2570C. [a]D= +1420 (Chloroform). UV:e243=19500 (Methanol). Beispiel 8 Eine Lösung von 1.0 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3 20dioxo-1 ,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylester in 25 ml Piperidin wird 3 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur gerührt. Das Reaktionsprodukt wird, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben, isoliert und chromatographiert. Mit 20-27% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Diethylether-Diisopropylether, 598 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3, 20-dioxo-1,-4- pregnadien-21-säure-piperidid. Schmelzpunkt: 184 C. [&alpha;]D = +117 C (Chloroform). #242 = 18700 (Methanol). Beispiel 9 Eine Lösung von 800 mg 6a-Fluor-11R-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3,20- dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-buthylester in 20 ml Morpholin wird 40 Stunden auf 60 C erhitzt. Das Morpholin wird anschliessend im Vakuum bei 600C abdestilliert und der Rückstand an 50 g Kieselgel chromatigraphiert. Mit 30-36 % Aceton Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umlcristallisieren aus Aceton-Diisopropylether, 618 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20- dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-morpholid. Schmelzprunkt: 106 C. [&alpha;]D = +111 (Chloroform). UV:#242 = 16500 (Methanol). Beispiel 10 Eine Lösung von 1.17 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20- dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure in 30 ml Tetrahydrofuran wird auf -600C gekühlt und mit 1 ml Triäthylamin versetzt. Zu dieser Lösung lässt man langsam eine Lösung von 0.43 ml Chlorameisensäureisobutylester in 10 ml Tetrahydrofuran tropfen. Nach 30 Minuten versetzt man mit 1 ml Diethylamin und lässt die Temperatur langsam auf 200C ansteigen. Nach einer Stunde wird mit Wasser versetzt, mit verdünnter Salzsäure angesäuert und mit Dichlormethan extrahiert. Die organische Phase wird mit Wasser gewaschen, über Natriumsulfat getrocknet und im Vakuum eingedampft. Der Rückstand wird an 100 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 35-41% Aceton Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton Hexan, 290 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-diethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 1 300C. [a]D= +1200 (Chloroform). UV:±242=18200 (Methanol). 242 Beispiel 11 1.17 g 6 -Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1.4- pregnaien-21-säure werden, wie im Beispiel 10 beschrieben, jedoch mit 1 ml Benzylamin anstelle von Diethylamin zur Reaktion gebracht. Es wird analog aufgearbeitet und an 100 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 37-43% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Diethyläther, 800 mg 6a-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien- 21-säure-benzylamid. Schmelzpunkt 1880C. [cc]D= +1420 (Chloroform). UV:±242=20100 (Methanol). Beispiel 12 1,0 g $6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure werden, wie im Beispiel 10 beschrieben, jedoch mit 2-Butylamin anstelle von Diethylamin, zur Reaktion gebracht. Es wird entsprechend aufgearbeitet und an 100g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 17-19% Aceton Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton Hexan, 388 mS 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo- 1, 4-pregnadien-21-säure-2-butylamid. Schmelzpunkt 233 C. [&alpha;]D = +142 (Chloroform). UV:#242 = 19100 (Methanol). Beispiel 13 In eine Lösung von 2.5 g 6a-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16a-methyl 3,20dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylester in 25 ml Dime- thylformamid wird eine Stunde Dimethylamin eingeleitet. Man lässt die Reaktionsmischung 15 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen, giesst dann in Eiswasser und extrahiert mit Dichlormethan. Der Extrakt wird mit Wasser gewaschen, über Natriumsulfat getrocknet und im Vakuum eingeengt. Der Rückstand wird an Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 24-35% Aceton-Dichlormethan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton-Diisopropylether, 105 g 6a-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-1 6a- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-dimethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 236 C. [a]D= +161 (Chloroform). UV:e241=18300 (Methanol). Beispiel 14 In eine Lösung von 1.45 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl- 3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure in 50 ml Tetrahydrofuran wird nach Zugabe von 2.15 g N-Ethoxyearbonyl-2-ethoxy- 1,2-dihydrochinolin 30 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur Dimethylamin eingeleitet. Das Reaktionsgemisch wird 15 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen gelassen und das Lösungsmittel an schliessend im Vakuum verdampft. Der Rückstand wird in Di chlormethan gelöst, die Lösung wird mit Wasser gewaschen, über Natriumsulfat getrocknet und im Vakuum eingedampft. Der Rückstand wird an 200 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 58-69% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umlcris tallisieren aus Aceton-Diisopropylether, 1.04 g 6a-Fluor-11sshydroxy-16a-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-dimethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 2380C. [a]D= +1610 (Chloroform). W:e241= 18000 (Methanol). Beispiel 15 Die Lösung von 1.0 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20- dioxo-4-pregnen-21-säure-butylester in 10 ml Hexamethylphos phorsäuretriamid wird mit 10 ml Ethylamin versetzt und 4 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen gelassen. Das Reaktionsprodukt wird, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben, isoliert und chromatographiert. Mit 42-57% Essigester-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Ether-Diisopropylether, 436 mg $6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnen- 21-sa.ure-ethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 1680C. [a]D= +1780 (Chloroform). UV:#237 = 18400 (Methanol). Beispiel 16 Eine Lösung von 3.0 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,11,20-trioxo- 1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylester in 15 ml Butylamin wird eine Stunde bei Raumtemperatur stehen gelassen und, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben, aufgearbeitet. Das Rohprodukt wird aus Aceton-Benzin (Siedebereich 60-800C) umkristallisiert. Ausbeute: 2.86 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,11,20-trioxo- 1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 185 C. [a]= +1980 (Chloroform). UV:#238 = 19100 (Methanol). Beispiel 17 In die Lösung von 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,11,20-trioxo- 1 , 4-pregnadien-21 -säure in 10 ml Hexame thylpho sphor säure - triamid werden bei -15 2 ml Thionylchlorid eingetropft. Man erwärmt langsam auf Raumtemperatur, leitet 30 Minuten Dimethylamin ein und giesst nach 2 Stunden in Eiswasser. Das ausgefällte Produkt wird abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen, getrocknet und an 50 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 21-23% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton-Diisopropylether, 350 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;- methyl-3,11,20-trioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-dimethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 175 C. [a]D= +1820 (Chloroform). UV:±238=17600 (Methanol). Beispiel 18 2.0 g 6K,9 -Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16 -methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-butylester löst man in 30 m Dimethylformamid und leitet bei Raumtemperatur 20 Stunden Ammoniak ein. Das Reaktionsprodukt wird mit Eiswasser fällt, abfiltriert, getrocknet und aus Essigester umkristallisiert. Ausbeute: 1.53 g 6&alpha;, 9&alpha;-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20- dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-amid. Schmelzpunkt: > 300 C. [&alpha;]D = +213 (Pyridin). UV:#237 = 19000 (Methanol). Beispiel 19 In eine Lösung von 5.0 g 6&alpha;, 9&alpha;-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-methylester in 60 ml Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid wird 30 Minuten Methyl- amin eingeleitet. Anschliessend lässt man die Lösung eine Stunde bei Raumtemperatur stehen und giesst in Eiswasser. Das ausgefällte Produkt wird abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen, an der Luft getrocknet und aus Aceton-Diisopropylether tun- kristallisiert. Ausbeute: 3.51 g 6a,9a-Difluor-1 lss-hydroxy 16 -methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-sällre-metllylarnid. Schmelzpunkt: 234 C. [&alpha;]D = +131 (Chloroform). UV:#238 = 19500 (Methanol). Beispiel 20 Eine Lösung von 300 mg 6&alpha;, 9&alpha;-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl- 3,20-dioxo-1 , 4-pregnadien-21 -saure in 3 ml Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid wird auf -15 C gekühlt. Man setzt 0.54 ml Thionyl- chlorid hinzu, leitet 15 Minuten Dimethylamiii ein und lässt anschliessend 5 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen. Das Realctonsgemisch wird in Eiswasser gegossen, der ausgefallene Niederschlag wird abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen und getrocknet. Das Rohprodukt wird mittels präparativer Schichtchromatogra- phie an Kieselgel gereinigt (Laufmittel: 50% Hexan-Essigester) und aus Aceton-Diisopropylether umkristallisert. Ausbeute: 164 mg 6a,9(x-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16x-methyl-3,20-dioXo-1,li¯ pregnadien-21-säure-dimethylamid. Schmelzpunkt 2690C. [a]D= [a]D= +108 (Chloroform). UV:±238=15200 (Methanol). Beispiel 21 Eine Lösung von 600 mg $6&alpha;, 9&alpha;-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl 3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure in 6 ml Hexamethylphosphor säuretriamid wird auf -150C gekühlt und mit 1.1 ml Thionylchlorid sowie 1 ml Diethylamin versetzt. Die Lösung wird 5 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur gerührt und anschliessend in Eiswasser eingegossen. Der ausgefallene Niederschlag wird abfiltriert,mit Wasser gewaschen, getrocknet und mittels präparativer Schichtchromatographie an Kieselgel gereinigt (Laufmittel: 50% Hexan-Essigester). Das Produkt wird aus Aceton Diisopropylether umkristallisiert. Ausbeute: 298 mg 6a,9a- Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3.20-dioxo-1.4-pregnadien-21- säure-diethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 158 C. [ ]D= +1090 (Chloroform). UV:#238 = 18700 (Methanol). Beispiel 22 1,30 g 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo 1,4-pregnadien- 21-saure-butylester werden analog Beispiel 18 in 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-amid überführt. Ausbeute: 920 mg, umkristallisiert aus Aceton-Diisopropylether. Schmelzpunkt: 238 C. [&alpha;]D = +223 (Pyridin). UV:#237 = 18300 (Methanol). Beispiel 23 In eine Lösung von 2.0 g 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnatrien-21-säure-butylester in 30 ml Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid leitet man 2 Stunden Methylamin ein und fällt das Reaktionsprodukt mit Eiswasser. Der Niederschlag wird abfiltriert, gewaschen, getrocknet und an 100 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 53-67 % Aceton Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton Diisopropylether, 920 mg 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-methylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 2300C. [a]D= +2030 (Pyridin). UV:c238= 18400 (Methanol). Beispiel 24 Eine Lösung von 1.0 g 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-methylester in 6 ml Morpholin wird 3 Stunden auf 600C erhitzt. Das Morpholin wird anschliessend im Vakuum abdestilliert und der Rückstand an 50 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 26-35% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Essigester-Diisopropylether, 867 mS 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- 3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-morpholid. Schmelzpunkt: 2160C. [a]=+l320 (Chloroform). UV:#238 = 18100 (Methanol). Beispiel 25 a) Eine Lösung von 500 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl- 3, 20-dioxo-1 , 4-pregnadien-21 -säure in 5 ml Hexamethylphosphor säuretriamid wird auf -150C gekühlt und mit 0.9 ml Thionylchlorid versetzt. Man erwärmt langsam auf Raumtemperatur und rührtnach 6 Stunden in Eiswasser ein. Der Niederschlag wird avfiltriert, gewaschen, getrocknet und an 50 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 27-34% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Diethylester, 315 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,49 (11)-pregnatrien-21-säure-dimethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 136 C. [&alpha;]D = +49 (Chloroform). UV:#238 = 18500 (Methanol). b) Die Lösung von 150 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4, 9 (11)-pregnatrien-21-säure-dimethylamid in 5.5 ml Dioxan wird mit 1.4 ml Wasser, 550 mg N-Chlorsuccinimid sowie 0.55 ml 70proz. Perchlorsäure versetzt und 10 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur gerührt. Das Reaktionsgemisch wird in Eiswasser gegossen, der ausgefallene Niederschlag abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen und an der Luft getrocknet. Nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton-Diisopropylether erhältman 109 mg 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-dimethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 228 C. [a]D= +169 (Chloroform). UV:#238 = 18100 (Methanol). Beispiel 26 a) Eine auf -150C gekühlte Lösung von 3.0 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss- hydroxy-16a-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1 ,4-pregnadien-21-säure in 30 iril Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid wird mit 5.4 ml Thionylchlorid und 6.9 ml Diethylamin versetzt. Anschlielsscnd lässt man das Reaktionsgemisch 5 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen und fällt mit Eiswasser. Der Niederschlag wird abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen, getrocknet und an 200 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 22-26% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton-Hexan, 1.50 g 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4,9 (11)-pregnadien-21- säure-diethylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 144 C. 3D= +590 (Chloroform). $UV:#238 = 18400 (Methanol). B) 200 mg 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4,9 (11)-pregna- trien-21-säure-diethylamid werden in 7.4 ml Dioxan gelöst. Die Lösung wird mit 1.85 ml Wasser, 750 mg N-Chlorsuccinimid sowie 0.75 ml 70proz. Perchlorsäure versetzt, 10 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur gerührt und in Eiswasser gegossen. Der ausgefallene Niederschlag wird abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen, an der Luft getrocknet und aus Aceton-Diisopropylether umkristallisiert. Ausbeute: 155 mg 9a-Chlor-6 -fluor-11ss- hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-diethyl- amid. Schmelzpunkt: 1980C. [a]D= +1650 (Chloroform). UV:238 17900 (Methanol). Beispiel 27 Eine Lösung von 1.0 g 2-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnatrien-21-säure-methylester in 10 ml Pentylamin wird 3 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen gelassen und anschliessend, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben, aufgearbeitet. Das Rohprodukt wird an 50 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 20-27% Essigester-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Fällen mit Aceton-Diethylether, 131 mg 2-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor- 1 1ss-hydroxy-16a-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1 4 4-pregnadien-21 -säure- pentylamid. {a]= +650 (Chloroform). UV:#249 = 16800 (Methanol). Beispiel 28 Eine Lösung von 600 mg 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;, 11ss-difluor-16&alpha;-methyl- 3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnatrien-21-säure-methylester in 10 ml Cyclohexylamin wird 3 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen gelassen und anschliessend, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben, aufgearbeitet. Das Reaktionsprodukt wird an 50 g Kieselgel chromatographiert. Mit 41-82% Essigester-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Essigester-Diisopropyläther, 425 mg 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;, 11ss-difluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnatrien-21-säure-cycloxylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 185 C. [&alpha;]D = +139 (Chloroform). UV:#237 = 19200 (Methanol). Beispiel 29 Eine Lösung von 600 mg 9&alpha;, 11ss-Dichlor-6&alpha;-fluor-16&alpha;-methyl- 3,20-dioxo-1 ,4-pregnatrien-21-säure-methylester in 5 ml Butylamin wird 5 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen gelassen. Man arbeitet auf und chromatographiert, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben. Mit 15-21% Aceton-Hexan wird das Reaktionsprodukt eluiert und aus Diethylether-Benzin (Siedebereich 40-60 C) umkristallisiert. Ausbeute: 44 mg 9a,11ss-Dichlor-6a-fluor 16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnatrien-21-säure-butylamid. Schmelzpunkt: 186 C. [&alpha;]D = +177 (Chloroform). UV:#237 = 18700 (Methanol). Beispiel 30 In eine Lösung von 1.5 g 9&alpha;-Fluor-11&alpha;-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl- methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnatrien-21-säure-methylester in 25 ml Dimethyl formamid wird 6 Stunden ein langsamer Strom von Ammoniak eingeleitet. Man lässt dann 36 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen und riihrt anschliessend in Eiswasser ein. Der ausgefallene Niederschlag wird abfiltriert, mit Wasser gewaschen, getrocknet und aus Aceton-Diisopropylether umkristallisiert. Ausbeute: 913 mg 9&alpha;-Fluor-11&alpha;-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-1,4-pregna- dien21-säure-amid Schmelzpunkt: 2660C. [a]D= +2350 (Pyridin). UV:#238 = 17900 (Methanol). Beispiel 31 Eine Lösung von 1.0 g 9&alpha;-Fluor-11&alpha;-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20- dioxo-1,4-pregnatrien-21-säure-methylester in 20 ml Hexylanin lässt man 3 Stunden bei Raumtemperatur stehen. Das Reaktionsprodukt wird isoliert und chromatographiert, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben. Mit 18-22 % Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton-Diisopropylether, 682 mg 9a Fluor-11&alpha;-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnatrien-21- säure-hxylamid. Schmelzpunkt:123 C. [&alpha;]D = +131 (Chloroform). UV:#240 = 18600 (Methanol). Beispiel 32 Eine Lösung von 2.0 g 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien21-säure-butylester in 10 ml Butylamin wird 30 Minuten bei Raumtemperatur stehen gelassen. Das Rohprodukt wird, wie im Beispiel 1 beschrieben, isoliert und chromatigraphiert. Mit 24-29Xó Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristalli- sieren aus Diethylether-Diisopropylether, 853 mg 1 1ss-Hydroxy 3,20-dioxo-1,s-prcsnadien-21-stÅaure-butylamicl. Schmelzpunkt: 150 C. [&alpha;]D = +185 (Chloroform). UV:#234 = 18100 (Methanol). Beispiel 33 2,0 g 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butyl estcr versetzt man mit 10 ml Morpholin und erwärmt 4 Stunden auf 600C. Das Morpholin wird anschliessend im Vakuum abdestilliert und der Rückstand an 100 g Kieselgel chromato graphiert. Mit 23-30% Aceton-Hexan erhält man, nach dem Umkristallisieren aus Aceton-Benzin (Siedebereich 60-80 C), 1.02 g 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1 ,4-pregnadien-21-säuremorpholid. Schmelzpunkt: 1940C [&alpha;]D = +1460 (Chloroform). UV:±243=17700 (Methanol). Beispiel 34 5.0 g 1113-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure- butylester werden analog Beispiel 2 in 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo- 1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-methylamid überführt. Ausbeute: 3-30 g, umkristallisiert aus Aceton. Schmelzpunkt: 1470C. [&alpha;]D = +255 (Pyridin). UV:243=17500 (Methanol). Beispiel 35 5.0 g 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1 ,4-pregnadiell-21-säure-butyl- ester werden analog Beispiel 1 in 11ss-IIydroxy-3,20-dioxo- 1,4 pregnadien-21-säureamid überführt. Ausbeute: 1,47 g, umkristallisiert aus Aceton-Diisopropylether. Schmelzpunkt: 194 C. [&alpha;]D = +263 (Pyridin). UV:#241 = 16600 (Methanol).";"P a t e n t a n s p r ü c h e 1. Kortikoide der all;emeinen Formel I EMI21.1 worin die Bindung ...... eine Einfachbindung oder eine Doppelbindung R2 ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Chloratom, R6 ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Fluoratom und R16 ein Wasserstoffatom oder eine Methylgruppe bedeuten, worin ein Wasserstoffatom, ein Fluoratom oder ein Chloratom und Rlla und Rllss gemeinsam eine Oxogruppe oder R11&alpha; ; ein Wasserstoff atom und R11ss eine Hydroxygruppe oder falls R9 ein Chloratom ist auch ein Fluoratom oder ein Chloratom darstellen und worin R21a und R21b gleich oder verschieden sind und Wasserstoff oder einen gegebenenfalls durch Sauerstoff unterbrochenen 1 bis 8 Kohlenstoffatome enthaltenden Eohlen- wasserstoffrest darstellen. 2. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- saure-amid. 3. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien- 21-säure-methylamid. 4. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-evhylamid. 5. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-butyiamid. 6. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-pentylamid. 7. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien- 21-säure-hexylamid. 8. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-cyclohexylamid. 9. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-piperidid. 10. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-morpholid. 11. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-diethylamid. 12. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- saure-benzylatrid. 13. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-butylamid. 14. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-dimethylamid. 15. 6&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-4-pregnadien-21- säure-ethylamid. 16. 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,11,20-trioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure- butylamid. 17. 6&alpha;-Fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,11,20-trioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure- dimethylamid. 18. 6&alpha;,9&alpha;-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregna- dien-21-säure-amid. 18. 6&alpha;,9&alpha;-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien- 21-säure-methylamid. 20. 6&alpha;,9&alpha;-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregna- dien-21-säure-dimethylamid. 21. 6&alpha;,9&alpha;-Difluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregna- dien-21-säure-diethylamid. 22. 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-amid. 23. 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-methylamid. 24. 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-morpholid. 25. 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-dimethylamid. 26. 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-diethylamid. 27. 2-Chlor-6&alpha;-fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4- pregnadien-21-säure-pentylamid. 28. 9&alpha;-Chlor-6&alpha;-,11ss-difluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien- 21-säure-cyclohenylamid. 29. 9&alpha;,11ss-Dichlor-6&alpha;-fluor-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien- 21-säure-butylamid. 30. 9&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-amid. 31. 9&alpha;-Fluor-11ss-hydroxy-16&alpha;-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21- säure-hexylamid. 32. 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-butylamid. 33. 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-morpholid. 34. 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säure-methylamid. 35. 11ss-Hydroxy-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-säureamid. 36. Pharamzeutische Präparate enthaltend ein oder mehrere Korti- koide gemäss Anspruch 1 bis 36 als Wirkstoff. 37. Methode zur Behandlung von Entzündungen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man den Patienten ein pharmazeutisches Präparat gemäss An- spruch 37 verabfolgt. 38. Verfahren zur Herstellung von der allgemeinen Formel I EMI25.1 worin die Bindung ...... eine Einfachbindung oder eine Doppenbindung R2 ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Chloratom, ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Fluoratom und R16 ein Wasserstoffatom oder eine Methylgruppe bedeuten, worin ein Wasserstoffatom, ein Fluoratom oder ein Chloratom und R11&alpha; und R11ss gemensam eine Oxogruppe oder R11&alpha; ; ein Wasserstoffatom und R11ss eine Hydroxygruppe oder falls R9 ein Chloratom ist auch ein Fluoratom oder ein Chloratom darstellen und worin R21a und R2lb gleich oder verschieden sind und Wasserstoff oder einen gegebenenfalls durch Sauerstoff oder Stickstoff unter brochenen 1 bis 8 Kohlenstoffatome enthaltenden Kohlenwasser- stoff rest darstellen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man in an sich bekannter Weise a) eine Carbonsäure der allgemeinen Formel II EMI26.1 worin ....., R2, R6, R9, R11&alpha;, R11ss und R16 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, oder ein reaktionsfähiges Derivat dieser Säure mit eine: : Amin der allgemeinen Formel III EMI26.2 worin R21a und R21b die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, kondensiert, oder b) zur Herstellung von Kortikoiden mit R9 in der Bedeutung eines Chloratome an die 9(11)-Doppelbindung einer Verbindung der allge- meinen EMI27.1 worin R2, R6, R16, R21a und R21b die obongenannte Bedeutung besitzen, unterchlorige Säure, Fluorchlorid oder Chlor anlagert. c) Zur herstellung von Kortikoiden mit R11ss in der Bedeutung enier Hydrohygruppe und R9 in der Bedeutung eines Fluoratoms oder eines Chloratom den 9,11-Epoxydring einer Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel V EMI27.2 mit Fluorwasserstoff oder Chlorwasserstoff öffnet.";KAPP, JOACHIM-FRIEDRICH, DR., LAURENT, HENRY, DR., TOPERT, MICHAEL, DR., WIECHERT, RUDOLF, PROF., Töpert, Michael, Dr.;SCHERING AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT BERLIN UND BERGKAMEN;1978
+EP-0006098-B1;19810923.0;19781211;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;3865414.0;E04C2;;E04C2, B28B11;B28B  11/08E, E04C   2/04C;METHOD OF MANUFACTURING GYPSUM BOARD WITH AT LEAST ONE BEVELLED EDGE;The plasterboard panel has chamfered lengthwise edges, and the transverse edges are likewise chamfered for the whole panel width, and typically at the same angle. The panel can be made by making a sufficiently wide and deep saw cut over its entire width after manufacture to form a forked edge, which is then compressed to give the chamfer, the saw cut being filled with glue to increase its strength after compression. Alternatively, before parting the panel off a progressive pressure can be exerted by a roller on the panel end portions.;"Gipskartonbauplatte mit einer oder zwei abgeschrägten Stirnseiten, sowie Verfahren für die Herstellung derselben. Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Gipskartonbauplatte mit einer oder zwei abgeschrägten Seiten, sowie auf Verfahren für die Herstellung derselben. Es ist eine allgemein bekannte Tatsache, dass die Anwendung von Gipskartonbauplatten in Baugewerbe beachtliche Vorteile bietet zu den herkömmlichen Verfahren bei der Herstellung von Wänden u. dgl., sowie bei deren Bekleidung. Gipskartonbauplatten werden heutzutage allgemein bei der Vorfertigung und bei Erneuerungsarbeiten, sowie als Bekleidungsmaterial für vorhandene Wände, Decken usw. angewendet und gelten heute allgemein als ein ideales Material für den Bau von Scheidewänden in Bürogebäuden, Geschäftshäusern, Wohnungen, Werkstätten usw. Dank ihren verhältnismässig grossen Abmessungen eignen die Gipskartonbauplatten sich meistens für eine schnelle und tadellose Montage. Ausserdem bieten sie den grossen Vorteil feuersicher zu sein und eine bessere Wärmeleitungszahl als die herkömmlichen Materialen zu haben. Eine Gipskartonbauplatte besteht im wesentlichen aus einem zwischen zwei kräftigen Kartonplatten eingeschlossenen Gipskern. Meistens ist die vordere Kartonschicht um die Längsseiten der Platte umgeschlagen zwecks Verhinderung des Ab bröckelns der Gipsschicht an diesen Seiten. Um das Aussehen nach der Montage zu verbessern werden die Platten üblicherweise mit abgeschrägten Längs seiten gefertigt, derart dass die Fugen zwischen zwei Platten hinterher praktisch vollkommen unsichtbar gemacht werden können. Die Stirnseiten derartiger Platten sind wegen der kontinuierlichen Herstellung derselben aber rechtwinklig abgeschliffen mit dem Nachteil, dass in bestimmten Fällen, z.B. wenn zwei Platten mit ihren Stirnseiten gegeneinander liegen oder wenn beispielsweise eine Stirnseite an einer Decke anliegt, dass Unsichtbarmachen der Fugen Schwierigkeiten bietet und Spezialmassnahmen erfordert. In derartigen Fällen wurde bisher an der Baustelle mit der Hand ein Teil der rechtwinkligen Stirnseite abgeschnitten, derart dass es sich eine mehr oder weniger abgeschrägte Seite ergab, die es ermöglichte dasselbe Fugverfahren wie im Fall zweier sich mit ihren Längsseiten berührender Platten anzuwenden. Das Abschneiden eines Teiles der Plattenstirnseite mit der Hand bietet aber Schwierigkeiten. Ein derartiger Eingriff erfordert ja die Beschädigung eines Teiles der Schutzkartonschichten mit allen daraus entstehenden Nachteilen. Ausserdem erweist es sich als unmöglich auf diese Weise eine tadellose, regelmässige Abschrägung zu erhalten, da das eine Mal zu wenig und das andere Mal zu viel von der Platte abgeschnitten wird. Die Folgen davon sind nicht nur ein ungleichmässiges Aussehen, sondern überdies eine weniger schöne Fertigstellung der aus derartigen Platten zusammengebauten Wände, da das betreffende Verfahren die Herstellung tadelloser Fugen sehr erschwert. Die Anmelderin hat nun überrachsenderweise gefunden, dass die obenerwähnten Nachteile sich zweckmässig gemäss etwa zwei Verfahren beheben lassen, welche sich ausgezeichnet für die Abschrägung der Stirnseiten der Gipskartonbauplatten der eingangs umschriebenen Art ohne Schädigung der beiden Kartonschichten an der betreffen den Stelle eignen. Uberdies ermöglichen die neuen erfindungsgemässen Verfahren eine zweckmässigen Anpassung der Abschrägung an die jeweiligen Anforderungen, wobei zugleich die Gleichmässigkeit der Abschrägung der Stirnseite über die Gesamtbreite der Platte verbürgt ist. Das erste und zugleich bevorzugte erfindungsgemässe Verfahren besteht darin, dass nach der Herstellung der Platten ein genügend tiefer und breiter Säge schnitt über die Gesamtlänge der Stirnseiten gemacht wird, wonach dieser Schnitt gegebenenfalls mit einem geeigneten Klebemittel ganz oder teilweise gefüllt wird und schliesslich das gabelige Stirnende Platte zugedrückt wird. Gemäss einem Alternativverfahren wird die Platte vor dem Abschleifen an der Stirnseiten einigermassen zusammengedrückt, beispielsweise mit einer senkrecht zur Laufrichtung des Produktionsbandes stehenden Walze, welche gerade vor dem Abschleifen mit genügender Kraft gegen die Platte angedrückt wird zwecks Erhaltung der erwünschten Abschrägung. Derartige Verfahren eignen sich für eine besonders einfache und leichte Herstellung von Gipskartonbauplatten mit gleichmässig abgeschrägter Stirnseite, welche sämtliche Vorteile bieten als die bekannten Platten mit abgeschrägten Längsseiten. Die Kennzeichen und Vorteile der Erfindung werden in den nachstehenden Zeilen durch die eingehende Beschreibung einer Vorzugsausführungsweise erläutert. Diese ohne irgendeine einschränkende Absicht gegebene Beschreibung findet an Hand der beiliegenden Zeichnung statt, wo die Abbildung 1 eine erfindungsgemäss eingesägte Stirnseite einer Gipskartonbauplatte im Querschnitt wiedergibt; die Abbildung 2 die Stirnseite der auf der Abbildung 1 gezeichneten Gipskartonbauflatte nach Zusammen drücken gemäss dem erfindungsgemässen Verfahren ebenfalls im Querschnitt wiedergibt; die Abbildung 3 eine Alternativausführungsweise der Stirnseite der Gipskartonbauplatte gemäss der Abbil dung 1 erläutert; und die Abbildung 4 die Stirnseite der Platte gemäss der Abbildung 3 nach Zusammendrücken wiedergibt. Wir bereits oben gesagt werden gemäss den herkömmlichen Herstellungsverfahren die Stirnseiten einer Gipskartonbauplatte wegen der kontinuierlichen Herstellung derselben fast immer rechtwinklig abgeschnitten. Dies hat zur Folge, dass, wenigstens über den grössten Teil der Gesamtbreite der Platte, die Kartonschichten 2 und 3 an der Stirnseite 4 gleichlaufend sind, im Gegensatz zu den Längs seiten wo sie konvergent sind. Um jetzt gemäss einer Vorzugsausführungsweise der Erfindung eine Abschrägung an einer Stirnseite 4 einer Gipskartonbauplatte 1 zu erhalten, genügt es nach der Herstellung derselben einen genügend tiefen und breiten Sägeschnitt 5 in der Platte ab ihrer Stirnseite 4 und über ihre Gesamtbreite zu machen. Die Tiefe h und die Breite d dieses Sägeschnittes sind veränderliche, gemäss dem endgültigen Neigungswinkel der abgeschrägten Stirnseite 6 zu wählende Parameter (Abb. 2). Das Einschneiden bzw. Einsägen der Stirnseite 4 der Platte 1 kann entweder unverzüglich nach der Herstellung derselben im Werk am Fliessband, oder hinterher an der Baustelle durch das mit der Montage der Platten beauftragte Personal stattfinden. Im vorliegenden Fall lässt sich das gabelige, aus den Kartonschichten 2 und 3 und den Teilen 7 und 8 des Gipskernes 9 bestehende eingeschnitte Ende der Stirnseite 4 erfindungsgemäss zusammendrücken oder zusammenfalten, derart dass sich eine Abgeschrägte Stirnseite (Abb. 2) ergibt. In bestimmten Fällen lässt sich die derart erhaltene abgeschrägte Stirnseite 6 ohne weiteres, d.h. ohne weitere Behandlung, montieren und fugen. Es empfiehlt sich aber in bestimmten Fällen, beispielsweise zur Verbesserung der Masshaltigkeit, den Sägeschnitt 5 in der Stirnseite 4 der Platte 1 ganz oder teilweise mit einem geeigneten Klebmittel oder Zement 10 anzufüllen, zwecks Sicherung einer tadellosen Adhäsion zwischen den konvergierenden Teilen 7 und 8 der ab geschrägten Stirnseite 6. Selbstverständlich muss der Sägeschnitt 5 sich nicht notwendigerweise ganz genau in der Mitte der Stirnseite der Gipskartonbauplatte befinden und kann er oft mit ebensovielen Vorteilen auch in der Nähe einer der beiden Kanten gemacht werden, wie es die Abbildung 3 zeigt. Im durch die Abbildung 3 erläuterten Fall liegt der Sägeschnitt 5 tatsächlich nicht in der Mittelebene und ist die Dicke des Teiles 7 des Gipskernes 9 bedeutend kleiner als die des Teiles 8. Aus dem vorhergesagten zeigt sich also, dass zwischen bestimmten Grenzen die Form und die Lage des Sägeschnittes 5 in der Stirnseite 4 nicht sehr kritisch sind. Es ist aber immer darauf zu achten, dass beim Einschneiden bzw. Einsägen der Platte die Kartonschichten 2 und 3 nicht beschädigt werden. Selbstverständlich ist das obenbeschriebene Vorzugsverfahren nicht das einzige Verfahren für die Fertigung von Gipskartonbauplatten mit abgeschrägten Stirnseiten, und kommt auch ein ander, nicht weniger vorteilhaftes Verfahren dafür in Frage. So ist es beispielsweise möglich am Ende des Fliessbandes, worauf die Gipskartonplatten hergestellt werden, eine quer zur Laufrichtung der Platten montierte Walze vorzusehen, welche vor dem Abschleifen der Stirnseite allmählich gegen die Platte angedrückt wird um ihr eine bestimmte Abschrägung zu erteilen, wobei der Neigungswinkel der Abschräung sich ohne Schwierigkeiten durch Reglung der Druckkraft der Walze einstellen lässt. Die Erfindung eignet sich selbstverständlich für die verschiedenartigsten Abänderungen und Anpassungen der vorherbeschriebenen Verfahren, vorausgesetzt natürlich dass ihr Ramen nicht überschritten wird.";Patentansprüche. 1.- Gipskartonbauplatten mit abgeschrägten Längsseiten, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine oder die beiden Stirnseiten (4) der Platte über die gesamte Plattenbreite ebenfalls abgeschrägt sind. 2.- Gipskartonbauplatte gemäss dem Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Neigungswinkel der abgeschrägten Stirnseiten (4) dem der abgeschrägten Längsseiten entspricht. 3.- Verfahren für die Herstellung von Gipskartonbauplatten gemäss dem Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es im wesentlichen darin besteht, dass nach der Herstellung der Platten ein genügend tiefer und breiter Sägeschnitt (5) über die Gesamtlänge einer oder beider Stirnseiten (4) der Platte gemacht wird und darauf die derart erhaltenen gabeligen Stirnenden der betreffenden Platte zusammengedrückt werden. 4.- Verfahren gemäss dem Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der vorgenannte Sägeschnitt (5) wenigstens teilweise mit einem geeigneten Klebmittel oder Zement (10) angefüllt wird zwecks Verbesserung der Masshaltigkeit der betreffenden Stirnseiten (4) nach ihren Zusammendrücken. 5.- Verfahren für die Herstellung von Gipskartonbauplatten gemäss dem Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es darin besteht, dass vor dem Abschneiden der Stirnseiten (4) der Platten (1) ein allmählich zunehmender Druck auf eine oder beide Stirnenden der Platte (1) vor dem eigentlichen Abschneiden ausgeübt wird. 6.- Verfahren gemäss dem Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der allmählich zunehmende Druck mittels einer Quer zum Fliessband stehenden Druckwalze ausgeübt wird.;JACQUEMYN, ROGER;N.V. GYPROC BENELUX, NAAMLOZE VENNOOTSCHAP;1978
+EP-0006099-B1;19810812.0;19780601;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185981.0;B01D53;F24F3, C21B9;C21B9, B01D53, F24F3;B01D  53/26, R24F201:10B2, C21B   9/16, F24F   3/14C1;APPARATUS FOR DEHYDRATION OF AIR;"Apparatus for dehydration of air for supply to a blast furnace comprises a dehydration assembly (5, 5′) wherein intake air is dehydrated by contact with a circulating hygroscopic liquid and a regeneration assembly (10) wherein the liquid is regenerated by contact with air under heating with steam. A constant head cylinder (24) trough which a part of the circulating liquid is caused to flow is provided for comparing the pressure of the liquid with that of a reference liquid to detect the concentration of the circulating liquid; the regeneration assembly (10) is divided into a plurality of independently operable units (A, B, C, D) each having regeneration means (11, 12), means (15) for controlling the steam flow rate according to the detected concentration, means (20) for controlling the liquid flow rate according to the detected concentration, and at least one heat exchanger (42, 43, 44) for transferring sensible heat between at least one fluid entering said regeneration means and at least one fluid leaving said regeneration means. The apparatus can provide dehydrated air of less than a predetermined moisture content irrespective of the change of seasons and with low energy consumption.";"APPARATUS FOR DEHYDRATION OF AIR The present invention relates to an apparatus for dehydration of air. More particularly it concerns wet process continuous dehydration of atmospheric air so that it is suitable for supply to a blast furnace. It relates to such an apparatus in which a large volume of air required for use in the operation of a blast furnace may be processed by bringing it into contact with regenerative hygroscopic liquid so as to reduce the moisture content of the air to a level not higher than a predetermined level throughout the year. More particularly, it relates to such an apparatus in which the regeneration of the hygroscopic liquid can be carried out precisely and effectively in accordance with the change in the atmospheric conditions owing to the change of the seasons, and which can provide dehydrated air of a reduced moisture content not higher than a predetermined level, irrespective of the seasons of the year, at the cost of low energy consumption. As well known in the art, fuel consumption required in operation of a blast furnace decreases if the furnace is allowed to operate with air of a reduced moisture content. It is also known that for stable operation of the. furnace it is essential to minimize variations in the moisture content of air supplied to the furnace. Various processes and apparatus have heretofore been proposed for dehydration of air to be supplied to a blast furnace. They may be classified into two types of technology, one type in which compressed air is dehydrated at the output side of a blower, as disclosed in Japanese laid-open Patent Application No. 69406/1976 (Japanese examined Patent publication No. 44724/1977), and the other type in which atmospheric air is dehydrated at the input side of a blower, as disclosed in Japanese laid-open Patent Application No. 61056/1974. Generally, the dehydration process is carried out in both types using a regenerative hygroscopic agent which may be in the form of solid or liquid. In dehydration of air at the output side of the blower, a stream of compressed air must be processed which normally has a pressure of 3 to 5 Kg/cm2 gauge and a temperature of 150 to 2500C, and therefore, strong, durable and complicated instruments are required. Furthermore, it is technically difficult to use liquid hygroscopic agents which are less expensive in both initial installation and maintenance costs. Dehydration of atmospheric air at the input side of the blower is technically less difficult than dehydration of compressed air at the output side of the blower, and may be carried out using inexpensive liquid hygroscopic agents. In this case, however, the change in the temperature and humidity of intake atmospheric air poses a serious problem. This is especially true in those areas where the atmospheric conditions vary to a great extent with the change in the seasons of the year. The dehydration process must be suitably varied in response to the change in the atmospheric conditions, or otherwise it is impossible to produce dehydrated air of a reduced moisture content not higher than a predetermined level, irrespective of the seasons of the year, as required for stable operation of the blast furnace. This problem which is due to the change in the atmospheric conditions is not encountered in the dehydration process for general air conditioning. In fact it is not necessary for the purpose of air conditioning to dehydrate air in winter. In contrast, the blast furnace is not allowed to stop operating and must be maintained under constant operating conditions throughout the year, and therefore requires a large volume of dehydrated air of a reduced moisture content not higher than a predetermined level in all seasons. Accordingly, the requirements in the operation of the blast furnace, as discussed above, are not fully met by mere application of dehydration processes and apparatus which are known for air conditioning. In fact various dehydration processes and apparatus have heretofore been proposed for air conditioning, in which atmospheric air is dehydrated by bringing it into contact with regenerative hygroscopic liquid and the used hygroscopic liquid is regenerated. For example U.S. Patent No. 2,881,853 to G.A.Kelley discloses an apparatus and method for conditioning air wherein atmospheric air is successively processed in first and second cooling and dehydrating zones, and the functions of the respective zones are controlled in accordance with the change in the specific gravity of the used hygroscopic liquid. U.S. Patent No. 3,064,952 to R.W.Brown teaches a system for conditioning air wherein air, which has been passed through dehydration means, is passed through a heat exchanger so as to adJust the relative humidity of the air. U.S. Patent No. 3,712,026 to Griffiths et al. discloses an enthalpy exchange system utilizing a hygroscopic solution wherein latent and sensible heat are transferred between said solution and intake air in at least one intake tower, and latent and sensible heat are exchanged between said solution and exhaust air in at least one exhaust tower. U.S. Patent No. 3,750,369 to D.H.Friedland teaches a system for controlling the moisture content of air using a hygroscopic liquid in which the liquid level and temperature of the hygroscopic liquid are maintained constant in the regeneration zone, and the regenerated liquid is returned to a reservoir for the circulating liquid in such a controlled manner that the density of the liquid in the reservoir may be maintained constant. However, the first-mentioned two Patents do not contemplate winter operation and, thus, give no solution to the problem as to how the hygroscopic liquid may be regenerated in winter with minimum energy consumption. The third-mentioned Patent contemplates winter operation. However, the moisture content of the treated air increases in winter. Finally, the system according to the last-mentioned Patent is totally unsuitable for regeneration of a large volume of hygroscopic liquid, which is inevitable in dehydration of a large volume (2,000 to 12,000 Nm3/min, where N represents normal temperature and pressure) of air. The prior art processes and systems disclosed in these Patents may be suitably applied in universal air conditioning for buildings, but none of them gives a satisfactory solution to the problem involved in operation of a blast furnace, which requires a large volume of dehydrated air of a reduced moisture content not higher than a predetermined level throughout the year. It is desirable to provide an apparatus for continuous dehydration of atmospheric air to be supplied to a blast furnace, inwhich it is possible by bringing atmospheric air into contact with regenerative hygroscopic liquid at the input side of a blower to prepare a large volume of dehydrated air required in operation of a blast furnace, the volume of the required air being, for example, 2,000 to 12,000 Nm3/min, the absolute humidity of the required air being, for example, a certain value not higher than 9.0 g/Nm3 with an allowable variation of +0.5g/Nm3, irrespective of the seasons of the year. Such apparatus should be of a large size having such an improved controllability that the regeneration of the partially spent hygroscopic liquid can be carried out precisely and effectively in accordance with the change in the regeneration load due to the change in atmospheric conditions, at the cost of low energy consumption, whereby desirably stable and economical operation of the blast furnace may be ensured even in the districts where the climate changes considerably with the seasons of the year. The present invention seeks to attain the abovementioned object in apparatus for continuous dehydration of atmospheric air to be supplied by a blower furnace comprising a dehydration assembly provided with at least one dehydration means for contacting an intake stream of atmospheric air with regenerative hygroscopic liquid so so to reduce the moisture content of the air, a regeneration assembly provided with at least one regeneration means for contacting at least a part of the hygroscopic liquid which has been used in the dehydration assembly with another intake stream of atmospheric air heated by a fluid heating medium so as to regenerate said part of the hygroscopic liquid, piping means for circulating through the or each said dehydration means the so regenerated hygroscopic liquid together with any remainder of the hygroscopic liquid which has been used in the dehydration assembly, and a duct for passing the dehydrated air coming from the dehydration assembly to the input side of said blower, characterised in that (a) a cylinder is provided through which at least a part of the hygroscopic liquid flowing through said piping means is caused to flow so as to provide a liquid head of a predetermined height; (b) means for continuously detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid flowing through said cylinder is provided; (c) said regeneration assembly, being of such a size that it can handle the maximum regeneration load expected through the year, is divided into a plurality of regeneration units, each regeneration unit being provided with its own regeneration means, means for controlling the flow rate of the fluid heating medium introduced into said regeneration means in accordance with a signal from said means for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid, and means for controlling the flow rate of the hygroscopic liquid introduced into said regeneration means directly or indirectly in accordance with a signal from said means for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid, whereby each regeneration unit is controllably operable independently of other units, and; ; (d) each regeneration unit is further provided with at least one heat exchanger for transferring sensible heat of at least one fluid, of the regenerated hygroscopic liquid, fluid heating medium and air, leaving the regeneration means of said unit to at least one fluid, of the hygroscopic liquid to be regenerated and atmospheric intake air, introduced into said unit. The preferred hygroscopic liquid used in the operation of the apparatus of the invention is an aqueous solution of a hygroscopic substance, such as lithium chloride, lithium bromide or triethylene glycol. The proportions of the hygroscopic substance and water in the solution, that is the concentration of the hygroscopic substance in the hygroscopic liquid is set at a certain value within the range between 35 and 50% by weight, depending upon the atmospheric conditions, but varies during the passage of the liquid through the apparatus of the invention. A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendant advantages thereof will readily be obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 schematically illustrates the incorporation of one embodiment of the invention in a blast furnace installation; Fig. 2 illustrates a vertical cross-section of the regeneration assembly shown in Fig. 1, which is divided into four units, as well as the passages for various fluids; Fig. 3 is a flow-diagram illustrating means for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid and a control system using this means; Fig. 4 is a partially cut away view for illustrating preferred means for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid; and Fig. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a preferred system for controlling the operation of the apparatus in accordance with the invention. In the various figures the same reference numerals are used for equivalent parts. Referring to Fig. 1, the illustrated installation for supplying air to a blast furnace 1 comprises a blower or compressor 2 specially designed for use in the operation of a blast furnace and a pair of air heating furnaces or hot stoves 3,3'. Air is compressed by the blower 2, heated by passing through one of the hot stoves 3 or 3' and then introduced into the blast furnace 1. The blower 2 is of such a size that it can provide 2,000 to 12,000 Nm3/min of air, depending on the size of the blast furnace 1, the air having a pressure of 3 to 5 Kg/cm2 gauge at the output side of the blower. Each hot stove 3 or 3' contains a stack of regenerative material, such as laid refractory bricks, and is operated by alternately heating the regenerative material with a hot gas (combustion gas) from a separate source and bringing the compressed air from the blower 2 in contact with the heated regenerative material. It will be appreciated that at least a pair of such hot stoves are required for continuous supply of hot compressed air to the blast furnace. The apparatus in accordance with the invention for dehydrating atmospheric air is installed at the input side of the blower 2. More specifically a dehydration assembly is incorporated into an air passage between a bag filter 4, through which atmospheric air is taken in, and the blower 2. While the dehydration assembly may comprise a single dehydrating tower, it preferably comprises a pair of dehydrating towers 5 and 5' arranged in parallel, as shown in Fig. 1. This is because when it becomes necessary to stop the operation of one of the tower for repair or other purposes, the other tower ensures continuous operation of the whole installation. The dehydrating tower 5 contains dehydration means comprising means 6 for spraying hygroscopic liquid and a heat exchanger 7 located below the spray 6. Atmospheric air, which has been drawn by the blower 2 through the bag filter 4, is brought into contact with the hygroscopic liquid being sprayed by the spray 6, whereupon a quantity of moisture in the air is condensed and absorbed by the hygroscopic liquid, which is cooled by the heat exchanger 7, through which cold water or brine (sea water) is circulated. The heat exchanger 7 removes the heat of condensation of the moisture and some of the residual sensible heat of the hygroscopic liquid which has been created but not yet completely removed in the regeneration treatment which will be described hereinafter. The air, which has been dehydrated by passing through the dehydration means, is then caused to pass through a mist separator 8 and filter 9 to the input side of the blower 2. The structure and function of the dehydrating tower 5' are the same as those of the tower 5 described above except for the fact that only a part of the partially spent hygroscopic liquid leaving the tower 5 is caused to pass to the regeneration treatment while the remainder of the liquid from the tower 5 and all of the liquid from the tower 5' are passed to a tank for circulation. Parts of the tower 5', which respectively correspond to those of the tower 5, are designated in Fig. 1 by the same numeral with a dash. So long as no emergency occurs the blower 2 is allowed to operate so as to keep a certain constant state of operation throughout the whole year. Accordingly, the air output of the blower can remain unchanged throughout the year. However, the temperature and moisture content of air drawn through the bag filter 4 fluctuate considerably with the seasons of the year. In order to control the absolute humidity of air introduced into the input side of the blower 2 so that it falls within the range acceptable for a predetermined moisture level, it is necessary to supply hygroscopic liquid of a predetermined concentration to the sprays 6, 6', and to control the flow rate of coolant supplied to the heat exchangers 7,7'. One of the important features of the invention resides in the fact that precise control of the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid has been made possible by the invention with minimum energy consumption in the regeneration of the hygroscopic liquid, as described hereinafter. Control of the flow rate of the coolant may be effected by detecting the dew point of air leaving the dehydrating twers 5,5' and controlling the flow rate of the coolant supplied to the heat exchangers 7,7 in accordance with the detected dew point. An instrument for detecting the dew point of dehydrated air and a system for controlling fluid flow rate in accordance with the detected dew point of the dehydrated air are well known in the art. In addition to such known control at the side of the dehydration assembly, the invention contemplates control at the side of the regeneration assembly, which constitutes the crux of the invention. The apparatus in accordance with the invention further comprises a regeneration assembly 10, which is divided into regeneration units A, B, C and D. Although the regeneration assembly 10 comprises, in the illustrated embodiment, one regenerating tower, which is divided into two units A and B, and another regenerating tower, which is divided into two units C and D, it may comprise one tower divided into four units. Because these units are conveniently of the same structure, corresponding parts of the respective units A, B, C and D are designated in the drawings by the same numeral accompanied by letters a, b, c and d, respectively. In the following description such letters will be omitted where no confusion occurs. In each unit there is provided regeneration means comprising means 11 for spraying spent hygroscopic liquid to be regenerated and a heat exchanger 12 (a steam heater) located below the spray 11. The regeneration assembly 10 has such a size that it can handle the maximum regeneration load expected during the year, so that it can operate well even when the difference in concentration between the hygroscopic liquid supplied to the dehydration assembly and the hygroscopic liquid leaving the dehydration assembly reaches its highest level in the year. In other words the regeneration assembly 10 must be constructed to such a size that it has the capacity to handle the maximum regeneration load if all of the units A, B, C and D are allowed to operate. The regeneration assembly is more particularly illustrated in Fig. 2. By means of a blower 13, atmospheric air is introduced into each unit, caused to pass therethrough and withdrawn therefrom through an exhaust outlet 14. This air serves as a medium for carrying out of the system some of the moisture contained in the partially spent hygroscopic liquid being sprayed by the spray 11. The heat of evaporation required for evaporating such moisture in the partially spent hygroscopic liquid is provided by the heat exchanger 12 of a finned tube type, to which steam at a constant pressure and a constant temperature is supplied from a steam source ST through a valve 15 and a conduit 16. The spray 11 of each unit is provided with piping for supplying thereto the hygroscopic liquid to be regenerated that is a part of the liquid which has passed through the dehydration assembly and, thus, has been somewhat diluted. In the illustrated embodiment, a part (for example about one third) of the hygroscopic liquid which has passed through the dehydrating tower 5 is passed to a tank 17, where it forms a pool of the liquid to be regenerated. The remaining part of the hygroscopic liquid from the tower 5 and all of the hygroscopic liquid from the tower 5' are passed to a tank 21, from which the liquid is circulated by means of a pump 22 through a pipe 23 to the respective spray means 6,6' of the dehydration assembly. Alternatively, the hygroscopic liquid from the tower 5 and that from the tower 5' may be combined together, and a part of the combined liquid may be passed to the tank 17 for regeneration while the remaining part of the combined liquid is passed to the tank 21 for circulation. There are provided pumps 18 by which the liquid in tha tank 17 to be regenerated is passed through respective valves 20 and branch pipes 19 to the respective sprays 11 of the regeneration units. The regenerated hygroscopic liquid leaving the regeneration units are returned to the tank 21 for re-use. The apparatus is provided with a cylinder 24 through which at least a part of the circulating hygroscopic liquid is caused to flow so as to provide a liquid head of apredetermined height. Preferably, the cylinder 24 is located in the passage of the hygroscopic liquid from the tank 21 to the sprays 6,6' of the dehydrating towers 5,5'. As shown in Fig. 3, the cylinder 24 comprises a vertical cylinder having an open top and a liquid inlet 25 at the lower portion. The hygroscopic liquid is introduced through the liquid inlet 25 into the cylinder 24, forced flow upwardly therethrough, and allowed to overflow whereby a liquid head of a predetermined height is provided. The overflowing liquid is allowed to pass through a liquid outlet 26 and returns to the tank 21. At the lower portion of the cylinder 24 there is provided a tube 27 in communication with the liquid. The tube 27 is connected with another tube 29 via a liquid-impermeable membrane 30, the tube 29 being connected to the lower portion of a reference cylinder 28 filled with a predetermined height of a non-volatile reference liquid. When the pressure of the hygroscopic liquid in the tube 27 varies in accordance with the change in the regeneration load, the membrane 30 is displaced. The displacement of the membrane 30 is electrically detected by a differential pressure detector 31. Fig. 4 depicts a preferred form of the concentration detecting means, in which the reference cylinder 28 having an upper portion of a larger diameter is coaxially located in the cylinder 24, and made of a material having a good thermal conductivity. This preferred form is advantageous in that even if the temperature of the hygroscopic liquid flowing through the cylinder changes to some extent, errors in the detected values of the concentration due to the change in the temperature of the liquid are minimized. When compared with a level detector or a level control device utilizing a float, which have heretofore been used in a wet process dehydration assembly of this kind, the concentration detecting means disclosed herein can directly read the concentration without being adversely effected by ripples on the liquid surface, and thus, makes it possible to precisely detect the change in the concentration with time. The signal of the concentration detecting means, that is the value electrically detected by the differential pressure detector 31 is then transmitted, as schematically shown in Fig. 3, to the respective valves 15 for controlling the flow rate of the fluid heating medium (steam) introduced into the respective regeneration means in accordance with the transmitted signal, and further to the respective valves 20 for controlling the flow rate of the hygroscopic liquid introduced into the respective regeneration means in accordance with the transmitted signal. In a case where the regeneration load is relatively low so that one or more regeneration units may be allowed to stop operation, the value detected by the differential pressure detector 31 may also be utilized to stop supply of atmospheric air to such units and to cause one or more pump 18 to stop operating. A system for controlling the operation of the apparatus is now described with reference to the flow diagram shown in Fig. 5. In Fig. 5, the numeral 32 designates an instrument for indicating the deviation of the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid (hereinafter referred to as concentration deviation indicator), the numeral 33 designates an instrument for instructing the flow rate of the steam (hereinafter referred to as steam flow rate instructor), the numeral 34 designates a steam main duct through which steam is passed from the steam source ST to the respective conduits 16 (Fig. 2) in the respective regeneration units, the numeral 35 designates a pair of differential pressure detectors for detecting the flow rate of steam flowing through the main duct 34, and the numeral 36 designates a proportioning instrument. Let us assume a case wherein the maximum load expected throughout the year is 5,700 Kg of moisture per hour. The apparatus in full operation can remove 5,700 Kg of moisture per hour from atmospheric air. In other words the regeneration assembly of the apparatus is of such a size that it can remove 5,700 Kg of moisture per hour from the partly spent hygroscopic liquid. With respect to such apparatus we will describe how to control the operation at the time the regeneration load is reduced to 2,700 Kg of moisture per hour. At this time the load of the regeneration assembly is 47.4$ of the maximum load. If the regeneration assembly is divided into equivalent units A, B, C and D, it is sufficient to allow two of the four units to operate for handling such load as 47.4$ of the maximum. At first a value of the concentration of the circulating hygroscopic liquid is selected depending upon the particular season and the selected value is preset in the concentration deviation indicator 32. It is advantageous to select and preset a high value in a season during which the dehydration load is high, and a low value in a season during which the dehydration load is low. In the discussed example, the concentration of the circulating hygroscopic liquid (aqueous solution of lithium chloride) is preset at 40% by weight (of lithium chloride). During the operation based on this preset concentration, the differential pressure detector 31 detects the concentration of the operating liquid, and transmits the detected value through a distributor 37 to the concentration deviation indicator 32, which in turn transmits the deviation of the detected value from the preset value to the steam flow rate instructor 33 so as to change the value of the steam flow rate which has been preset in the instructor 33. The total flow rate of the steam being supplied to the regeneration assembly 10 is detected by the differential pressure detectors 35 (one being for a large amount of flow, while the other is for detecting a small amount of flow), and the output from the detectors 35 is transmitted via a distributor 38, a signal limiter and adder 39 to the steam flow rate instructor 33. The output signal from the steam flow rate instructor 33 is proportioned in the proportioning instrument 36 and controls the respective values 15 in a cascade manner in accordance with the signal from the concentration deviation indicator 32. The output signal from the steam flow rate instructor 33 can vary, for example, within the range between 1 and 5 volts. When the output varies within the range between 1 and 2 volts, the valve 75a is controlled so that it is opened to a degree proportional to the output while all other valves are kept closed. When the output varies within the range between 2 and 3 volts, the opening degree of the valve 15b is proportionally controlled while the valve 15a is fully opened and the valves c and d are kept closed. If the output is within the range from 3 to 4 volts, the valve 15c is partially opened while the valves 15a and b are fully opened and the valve d is kept closed. Further, when the output is within the range from 4 to 5 volts, the valve d is partially opened while all ther valves are kept fully opened. By the term ""cascade"" we mean such a manner of control. In the stationary operation of the discussed example wherein the percent load is 47.4$, the valve 15a is fully opened while the valve 15b is partially opened to a degree corresponding to the particular output within the range between 2 and 3 volts and the valves c and d are kept closed. If the concentration of the circulating hygroscopic liquid in the cylinder 24 becomes diluted to a level below the preset concentration value, the valve 15b is forced to open to a greater degree so as to increase the regeneration power. If insufficient with the valve 15b fully opened, the valve 15c is forced to open in response to the output signal. The flow rate of the hygroscopic liquid supplied to the sprays 11 of the regeneration units is controlled by means of the valves 20 located in the respective branched pipes 19. In the illustrated embodiment each valve 15 for controlling the flow rate of steam is provided with electrical contacts 40 which may open or close in accordance with the degree of opening of the valve 15. When the valve 15 has opened to a certain degree, the contacts 40 actuate the corresponding valve 20 to open it fully. Unlike the valve 15, which may open to any degree of opening in response to the output signal, the valve 20 may be an electromagnetically actuatable on-off valve. The valve 20 is also provided with electrical contacts 41 which can effect on-off control of one or more pumps 18 and one of the blowers 13 in accordance with the switching of the valve 20. When a volume as large as about 5,000 Nm3/min of air is processed in the apparatus, it is required in general to circulate through the apparatus a quantity as large as about 20 tons of the hygroscopic liquid (4096 LiCl aq. basis). Even in such large scale operation, the cascade control of the valves 15 in conjunction with the control of the respective valves 20, as disclosed herein, makes it possible to precisely control the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid supplied to the sprays 6,6' of the dehydration assembly so that it is maintained within the narrow range between about 0.5% below the preset value and about 0.5% above the preset value. In addition, it is possible to avoid any wasteful consumption of regeneration energy, because only the necessary number of units share the regeneration work and any unnecessary operation is avoided throughout the year. In order to reduce the consumption of both regeneration energy in the regeneration assembly and cooling energy in the dehydration assembly, each regeneration unit is provided with at least one heat exchanger for transferring sensible heat of at least one of the fluids (i.e. the regenerated hygroscopic liquid, steam drain and air) leaving the regeneration means of said unit to at least one of the fluids (i.e. the hygroscopic liquid to be regenerated and intake atmosperic air) introduced into said unit. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 2, each unit is provided with a gas-liquid heat exchanger 42 fortransferring sensible heat of the hot wet air leaving the regeneration means of said unit to the partially spent hygroscopic 'liquid to be introduced into the regeneration means of said unit, a liquid-liquid heat exchanger 43 for transferring sensible heat of the regenerated hygroscopic liquid leaving the regeneration means of said unit to the partially spent hygroscopic liquid to be introduced into the regeneration means of said unit, and a gas-liquid heat exchanger 44 for transferring sensible heat of the steam drain leaving the regeneration means of said unit to the intake atmospheric air to be introduced into the regeneration means of said unit. The gas-liquid heat exchanger 42 is a finned tube heat exchanger, which is located immediate upstream of the exhaust outlet 14 in the direction of the flow of air. The liquid to be regenerated is passed through the tubes of the heat exchanger 42 while the hot wet air is passed through the space outside the tubes. The liquid to be regenerated which has passed the valve 20 enters the gas-liquid heat exchanger 42 and then the liquidliquid heat exchanger 43, which is also a finned tube heat exchanger located in a sump of the regeneration unit. Thus, the liquid to be regenerated is, prior to being introduced into the regeneration means, to receive sensible heat from both the exhaust air and regenerated liquid leaving the regeneration means. The liquidliquid heat exchanger 43 further serves to reduce the cooling load of the heat exchangers 7,7' in the dehydration assembly. The gas-liquid heat exchanger 44 is also a finned tube heat exchanger located in the passage of air upstream of the spray 11. The steam drain which has left the heat exchanger 12 is passed through the tube of the heat exchanger 44 for heat exchange with the intake air so as to reduce the amount of heat requiredin the heat exchanger. Since such heat exchangers 42,43 and 44 are provided in each regeneration unit, and are allowed to operate when the unit is operating independently of the operation of other unit or units, they do not adversely affect the control system, utilizing the concentration detecting means in accordance with the invention. From the description as given above, it will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the apparatus in accordance with the invention can bring about advantageous results in blast furnace operation especially in those districts where the climates considerably vary with the seasons of the year. Various modifications to the disclosed embodiment are possible without departing from the scope of the invention, depending upon the climates of the particular area where the apparatus is installed and/or upon the particular size of the blast furnace. For example, the regeneration assembly may be divided into two, three or five units. Further, any other suitable systems may be utilized for controlling the concentration detecting means.";"CLAIMS: 1. An apparatus for continuous dehydration of atmospheric air for supply via a blower to a blast furnace, comprising a dehydration assembly (5,5') provided with at least one dehydration means (6) for contacting an intake stream of atmospheric air with regenerative hygroscopic liquid so as to reduce the moisture content of the air, an outlet duct for the dehydrated air coming from the dehydration assembly, and a regeneration assembly (10) for used hygroscopic liquid, characterised in that the regeneration assembly is provided with at least one regeneration means (11,12) for contacting at least a part of the hygroscopic liquid which has been used in the dehydration assembly with another intake stream of atmospheric air heated by a fluid heating medium so as to regenerate said part of the hygroscopic liquid, piping means is provided for circulating through the or each said dehydration means the so regenerated hygroscopic liquid together with any remainder of the hygroscopic liquid which has been used in the dehydration assembly, and further characterised in that (a) a cylinder (24) is provided through which at least a part of the hygroscopic liquid flowing through said piping means is caused to flow so as to provide a liquid head of a predetermined height; (b) means (31) for continuously detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid flowing through said cylinder (24) is provided; ; (c) said regeneration assembly (10) is divided into a plurality of regeneration units (A, B, C, D), each regeneration unit being provided with its own regeneration means (11,12), means (15) for controlling the flow rate of the fluid heating medium introduced into said regeneration means in accordance with a signal from said means (31) for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid, and means (20) for controlling the flow rate of the hygroscopic liquid introduced into said regeneration means directly or indirectly in accordance with a signal from said means (30,31) for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid, whereby each regeneration unit is controllably operable independently of other units; and (d) each regeneration unit is further provided with at least one heat exchanger (42,43,44) for transferring sensible heat of at least one fluid, of the regenerated hygroscopic liquid, fluid heating medium and air, leaving the regeneration means of said unit to at least one fluid, of the hygroscopic liquid to be regenerated and atmospheric intake air, introduced into said unit. 2. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1 wherein said means for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid comprises means (28,29) for containing a reference liquid and contacting a predetermined height of the reference liquid with a lower portion (27) of said cylinder (24) via a liquid impermeable membrane (30) and means (31) detecting displacement of said membrane, whereby the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid is detected by detection of the liquid pressure at said lower portion of the cylinder as indicated by displacement of said membrane. 3. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1 or 2 wherein said means for controlling the flow rate of the fluid heating medium is a first valve (15) arranged for opening controllably in accordance with the signal from said means (31) for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid, and said means for controlling the flow rate of said hygroscopic liquid into said regeneration means is an electromagnetic valve (20) operated by the degree of opening of said first valve (15) so that the flow of hygroscopic liquid into the regeneration means (ii) is started or stopped. 4. An apparatus in accordance with any one of the preceding claims wherein each of said regeneration units (A,B,C,D) is provided with a heat exchanger (42) for transmitting sensible heat of hot moist air, which has passed through said regeneration means, to the partially spent hygroscopic liquid to be introduced into said regeneration means, a heat exchanger(43) for transmitting sensible heat of the regenerated hygroscopic liquid, which has passed through said regeneration means, to the partially spent hygroscopic liquid to be introduced into said regeneration means, and a heat exchanger (44) for transmitting sensible heat of the heating medium, which has passed through said regeneration means, to the atmospheric intake air to be introduced into said regeneration means. 5. An apparatus in accordance with any one of the preceding claims wherein the hygroscopic liquid comprises an aqueous solution of lithium chloride, an instrument (32) for indicating the deviation of the concentration of lithium chloride in said solution is provided in which the desired concentration can be preset at a certain value within the range of 35 to 50% by weight of lithium chloride in accordance with the particular atmospheric conditions under which said apparatus is allowed to operate, and which compares said preset concentration value with the concentration value represented by the signal from said means (31) for detecting the concentration of the hygroscopic liquid, and controls the flow rate of fluid heating medium in accordance with the deviation detected. 6. An apparatus in accordance with any one of the preceding claims wherein said regeneration assembly (10) is divided into four regeneration units (A,B,C,D). 7. An apparatus in accordance with claim 1 or 2 wherein said means for controlling the flow rate of the fluid heating medium is an electromagnetic valve capable of opening controllably, and in accordance with the degree of opening of said valve the hygroscopic liquid to be supplied to the regeneration means is started to flow or caused to stop flowing into said regeneration means.";HIRAI, SEIJI, HOSOI, KAMEO, MASAKAZU, NAKAUJI, TANAKA, TAKEHISA, YOSHIDA, TORU;NIPPON STEEL CORPORATION, TAKASAGO THERMAL ENGINEERING CO. LTD.;1978
+EP-0006100-B1;19840328.0;19780619;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185984.0;H01R23;H01R13;H01R13, H01R4, H01R12;T01R13:658, H01R   9/07D1, T01R4:24B3;RIBBON CABLE CONNECTOR;An electrical connector composed of a dielectric housing (16) that defines an internal cavity, cable openings for receiving the ends of a pair of flat ribbon cables (71) with alternating ground and signal wires (72, 73), and conductor openings for receiving conductor elements (74) to be connected to the conductive wires (72, 73) in the flat cables. Located in the cavity is a first grounding bus for electrically connecting together the alternate ground wires in one of the cables and a second grounding bus for electrically connecting together the alternate ground wires in the other cable. Also retained within the cavity are a plurality of electrically isolated coupling elements each operative to electrically connect one of the conductor elements (74) with a different one of the alternate signal wires in the two cables. Finally a ground output means connects the first and second grounding busses to at least one conductor element so as to connect all of the ground wires to a circuit common outside the connector.;"Method and agparatue for connecting flat cable This invention relates to connectors for use with flat ribbon cables which include a large number of spaced apart, parallel conductive wires retained within a flexible insulative sheath. Flat ribbon cables are used extensively in the wiring of printed and other intricate electrical and electronic circuits. vouch cables greatly simplify the interconnection of circuits in electrical processes employing a multitude of independent signal lines. In addition, by grounding alternate wires in each cable, electrical interference or cross talk between adjacent signal lines can be greatly diminished. Although they offer many advantages, the procedures normally required to complete circuits with flat ribbon cable are tedious and time consuming. Accordingly, there is a great need for connectors tat can simplify these procedures. The object of this invention, therefore, is to provide an electrical connector that will both improve and simplify the use of flat ribbon cable. The invention is an electrical connector composed of a dielectric housing that defines an internal cavity,cable openings for receiving the ends of a pair of flat ribbon cables with alternate ground and signal wires, and conductor openings for receiving conductor elements to be connected to the conductive wires in te flat cables. Located in the cavity is a first grounding bus for electrically connecting together the alternate ground wires in one of the cables and a second grounding bus for electrically connecting together the alternate ground wires in the other cable. Also retained within the cavity are a plurality of electrically isolated coupling elements each operative to electrically connect one of the conductor elements with a different one of the alternate signal wires in the two cables. Finally a ground output means connects the first and second grounding busses to at least one conductor element so as to connect all of the ground wires to a circuit common outside the connector. In a preferred embodiment the first and second busses are connected together within the cavity so as to permit commoning of both busses via a single conductor element. By accomadating a pair of flat ribbon cables and internally connecting the alternate ground wires thereof, the present connector provides an output signal density approximately twice that exhibited by conventional flat cable connectors. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the dielectric housing comprises a pair of identical mating parts separated by a divider that divides the cavity into first and second cavity portions that each receive one of the individual flat cables that enter one end of the housing in a longitudinally parallel relationship. The conductor elements enter conductor openings in the opposite end of the housing and connect with the coupling elements which are arranged in rows extending transversely to the cables. The coupling elements in the first cavity portion are positioned to connect with the alternate signal wires in one of the cables and the coupling elements in the second cavity portion are positioned to connect with the alternate signal wires in the other cable. Similarly arranged in each cavity portion is a row of ground contacts extending parallel to the row of coupling elements therein and longitudinally spaced therefrom. The ground contacts in one of the cavity portions are connected to the first grounding bus and are disposed for connection to the alternate ground wires in one of the cables while the ground contacts in the other cavity portion are connected to the second ground bus and disposed for connection to the alternate ground wires in the other cable. Preferably, both the coupling elements and the ground contacts include piercing portions that penetrate the insulative sheath on the cables so as to make electrical contact with the conductive wires embedded therein. One feature of the invention is the provision of a stress relief mechanism that will accommommodate different gauged flat ribbon cable. The stress relief mechanism comprises elongated rods located within the cavity adjacent the cable openings so as to forcibly engage the received cables along contact lines extending transversely to the retained conductor wire.. By merely selecting a stress relief rod of appropriate diameter, the same connector can be employed with any of a variety of different gauged flat ribbon cables. In addition, the rode enhance the structural integrity of the housing. The invention further entail a method for making an electrical connector for use with flat ribbon cable. According to the method there is formed a dielectric housing with an internal cavity, a cable opening for accommo & ##ting an end of flat ribbon cable and conductor openings for receiving a plurality of conductor elements. Also formed are a plurality of coupling elements each adapted to provide electrical connection between one of the conductive wires in the cable and one of the conductor elements. The coupling elements are mounted within the cavity in electrically isolated positions located so as to electriclly receive a different one of the conductive wires. Next there is formed an electrically conductive b-us for electrically connecting together a plurality of trie conductive wires. The bus is mounted within the cavity in a position to electrically receive given wires in the cable not connected to the coupling elements..Finally formed is a ground output means for selectively providing electrical connection between the bus and any one of the coupling contacts. After selecting one of the conductor elements as a ground conductor, the ground output means is mounted within the cavity in a position to electrically connect the bus to that particular coupling contact that receives the selected conductor element. The method provides for interconnection of a plurality of ground lines within the connector and permits selection of any of a plurality of output conductors for use in connecting the ground wires to an external common. In a preferred embodiment of the above method, the ground output means comprises a plurality of ground output contacts formed integrally with the bus and each located thereon so as to electrically connect the bus to a different one of the coupling contacts. Before mounting the bus in the cavity, only that ground output contact associated with the selected coupling contact is rendered operative for producing an electrical connection therebetween. In a preferred embodiment of this method all the nonselected ground output contacts are made inoperative by being removed from the bus prior to its mounting in the cavity. The invention will now be described further, by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig.1 is an isometric view of one mating half of a connector housing according to the invention; Fig.2 is a partial plan view of the housing half shown in Fig.1; Fig.3 is a partial cross-sectional view taken along lines 3-3 of Fig.2; Fig.4 is a crose-sectional view taken along lines 4-4 of Fig.2; Fig.5 is a plan view of a coupling contact used in the housing shown in Figs I to 4; Fig.6 is a side view of the coupling contact shown in Fig.5; Fig.7 is a sectional view of the coupling contact shown in Fig.5 taken along lines 7-7; ; Fig.8 is a partial plan view of a grounding bus used in the housing shown in Figs. I to 4; Fig.9 is a partial side view of the grounding bus shown in Fig.8; Figs is an end view of the grounding bus shown in Figs. 8 and 9; Fig.11 is a partial view of the housing shown in Figs. 1-4 after receiving a plurality of the contacts shown in Figs. 5-7 and the grounding bus illustrated in Figs. 8 to 10; Fig.12 is a plan view of a divider element for use between a pair of the housing shown in Figs. I to 4; Fig.13 is a cross-sectional view of a complete connector retaining a pair of flat ribbon cables; Fig.14 is a plan view of a grounding element for interconnecting the grounding busses in both halves of the connector; Fig.15 is a side view of the element shown in Fi.14; and Fig.16 is an end view of the element shown in Figs.14 and 15. Referring now to Fig.1 there is shown a body portion 16 that forms one half of a connector housing. The body 16 includes side walls 17 with upper surfaces 18, a bottom wall 19 and an end wall 20 that define an open-sided cavity 21. An opposite end wall 22 is recessed to form an opening 23 for receiving an end of a flat ribbon cable. As described below, the cavity 21 also accomodates contacts that connect to the individual conductive wires in the cable. Extending out of one of the surfaces 18 are a pair of projections 24 having re-entrant latch surfaces 25. A pair of openings 26 are formed in the opposite side wall 17 and each includes a projecting catch 27. During assembly of a complete connector the projections 24 of one body portion 16 are forced into the openings 26 of an identical body portion 16. As they enter the openings 26, the projections 24 are sprung outwardly by engagement with the catches 27 and after passing therebeyond spring back inwardly producing engagement between the latching surfaces 25 and the undersurfaces 28 of the catches 27. In this way a pair of identical body portions 16 are latched together to form a composite connector housing. Proper alignment between mating halves is enhanced by engagement between a pin 29 on one body portion and an accommodating cavity 30 on the other. Referring now to Figs. 2 to 4 there is shown is greater detail the body portion 16 illustrated in Fig.1. Formed at one end of the body adjacent the cable opening 23 is an elongated groove 31 that snugly retains a rod 32 (Fig.13) made of a suitable rigid material such as steel. As described below, an upper surface 33 of the rod 32 forcibly engages so as to provide stress relief to a received flat cable upon assembly of a complete connector. Formed in the end wall 20 are a plurality of conically shaped conductor openings 35 for accomodating entry into the cavity 21 of conductor pins in a compatible circuit board header (not shown). The inner and smaller ends of the conductor openings 35 communicate with contact chambers 36 formed in the cavity 21 by parallel, spaced apart isolating walls 37 extending out of the bottom wall 19. A plurality of auxiliary chambers 38 slightly offset from the chambers 36 are formed by spaced apart recesses in the bottom wall 19. Each adjacent pair of chambers 36 and 38 forms a composite chamber that receives a coupling contact as described more fully hereinafter. For securing these contacts a stud 41 extends out of the bottom wall 19 in each of the auxiliary chambers 38. A recess extending transversely to the isolating walls 37 forms another chamber 43 for receiving a grounding bus in a manner described below. Provided in the chamber 43 are a plurality of studs 44 for securing the grounding bus in place. As shown in Fig.4, the step 40 separates that portion of the housing 16 defining the chambers 36 and the remainder of the housing. For this reason one portion of the housing 16 has a narrow profile that is compatible with conventional connector headers while the remainder of the housing 16 has a wider profile that facilitates its use in a composite connector that accepts a pair of flat ribbon cables as described hereinafter. Figs 5 to 7 illustrate a coupling element 46 used in the connector body 16 shown in Figs. 1 to 4. The coupling element 46 comprises a rear portion 47 formed by spring contacts 48 adapted to receive a conductor pin and a forward portion 49 including an upright signal contact 51 having edges 52 adapted to pierce the insulative sheath of a cable and contact a conductive wire retained therein. Formed 1# ill flat base 54 Of the front portion 49 is a retainer hole 55 that receives the stud 41 shown in i 8. 2 and 4. The rear and front portions 48 and 49 of the coupling element are joined by a vertically oriented segment 53. Figs. 8 to 10 are views illustrating a grounding bus 57 used in the connector body 16 shown in Figs. 1 to 4. The bus 57 comprises an elongated flat base 58 with a plurality of retaining holes 56 that receive the studs 44 shown in Figs. 2 and 4. Extending from one edge of the base 58 are a plurality of equally spaced apart ground contacts 59. Prior to insertion in the body 16, the contacts 59 are bent vertically to the base as shown by dotted lines in in Fig.10. Each of the ground contacts 59 has upper terminal portions 61 adapted to pierce the insulative sheath on flat ribbon cable and engage the conductive wires retained therein. A plurality of equally spaced apart ground output contacts 62 extend from the opposite edge of the base 58 in locations between each pair of the ground contacts 59. The ground output contacts 62 are also bent vertically and include upper terminal portions 63 adapted to pierce a flat cable. Before the grounding bus 57 is mounted within the body 16, one of the ground output contacts 62 is selected to provide an external ground connection. All non-elected ground output contacts 62 are then rendered ineffective, preferably by being sheared from the base 58. To facilitate this operation the base 58 is provided with notches 60 between each pair of the ground output contacts 62. referring now to Fig. 11 there is partially depicted the connector body 16 after mounting of coupling elements 46 (Figs. 5 to 7) and the grounding bus 57 (Figs. 8 to 10) within the cavity 21. As shown, the rear portion 47 of each coupling element 46 is received in a chamber 36 while the front portion 49 thereof is received by an adjacent chamber 38. The difference in height between the chambers 36 and 38 is accommodated by the vertical segments 53 that join the front and rear portions of the elements 46. Securing the mounted elements 46 in position are the studs 41 which are received by the openings 55 in the bases 54 of all elements. The base 58 of the grounding bus 57 is mounted in the chamber 43 and is secured therein by the studs 44 that penetrate openings 56 in the base. As shown in Fig. 11 the ground contacts 59 on the grounding bus 57 and the signal contacts 51 on the coupling elements 46 are uniformly shifted with respect to each other along the length of the base 58 such that each ground contact 59 is directly between a spaced apart pair of adjacent signal contacts 51. Conversely, the preselected ground output contact 62 that was not removed from the grounding bus 57 is directly aligned with the first signal contact 51a in a direction transverse to the base 58 of the grounding bus 57. It will be noted that any of the removed ground contacts 62 would have been similarly aligned with a signal contact 51 had it not been removed from the bus 57. As indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 11, a flat ribbon cable 71 is received by the cavity 21 in the body portion 16. The cable 71 is formed of a suitable electrical insulation material that encapsulates a plurality of longitudinally parallel conductive wires 72. The components within the body portion 16 are portioned such that one set of alternating wires 72 in the cable 71 aligns with the signal contacts 51 while the other alternate wires 73 align with the ground contacts 59. During assembly of a connector the cable 71 is forced against the contacts 51 and 59 causing the contact edges 52 and 61 to pierce the insulative sheath on the cable and electrically engage the conductive wires em bedded therein. Thus, each of the signal wires 72 will be electrically connected to a different one of the signal contacts 51 and each of the ground wires 73 will be connected to a different one of the ground contacts 59. The end signal wire 72a, however, will make electrical contact with both the preselected ground output contact 62 and the signal contact 51a thereby connecting that contact to the base 58 of the grounding bus 57. Eactl of a plurality of conductor pins 74 on a mating header (not shown) will be connected by one of the coupling elements 46 to a different one of the signal wires 72 which would be used to'transmit signals. A conductor pin 74a, however, would connect an external common to all of the ground wires 73 via grounding bus 57, the grounding contacts 59, the selected ground output contact 62, the end signal wire 72a and the first signal contact 51a. Fig.12 is a plan view of a divider part 77 used with a pair of the body portions 16. The upper surface 78 of the divider 77 defines three rows of recesses 79a, 79b and 79c. As described below, upon assembly of a complete connector unit each of the recesses is positioned to receive the insulation piercing portions 52, 61, 63 of one of the contacts 51, 59 or 62. The bottom surface of the divider 77 defines an identical set of recesses 79 as shown in Fig.12. Extending from opposite edges of the divider 77 are shoulders 81 that are received by accommodating recesses 82 (Fig.1) in the body portion 16. Fig. 13 depicts a preferred form of complete connector 85 according to the invention. The complete connector 85 includes a body portion 16a shown in section and a mating body portion 16b shown in elevation. Each of the body portions 16a and 16b is identical to the body 16 shown in Figs. 1 to 4 and engagement between the body portions is along their open sides which are thereby closed. The bodies 16a and 16b define a composite cavity that is separated into a first cavity portion 21a within the body 16a and a second identical cavity portion within the body 16b by the divider part 77. As shown, the divider recesses 79a are aligned with and receive the signal contacts 51, the recesses 79b are aligned with and receive the ground contacts 59 and one of the recesses 79c is aligned with and receives the selected ground output contact 62. As noted above, the upper surface of the divider 77 is identical to the lower surface shown in Fig.13 and similarly receives contacts in the body 16b. Entering openings in the connector 85 formed between the recessed end walls of the parts 16a and 16b and the divider part 77 is a pair of flat cables 71a and 71b. The piercing portions 52, 61 and 63, respectively, of the signal contacts 51, the ground contacts 59 and the ground output contact 62 extend perpendicular to a planar region occupied by the cable 71a. Thus, the cable 71a is pierced by the piercing portions in response to relative movement between the cable 71a and the body portion 16a in a direction transverse to that planar region. As schematically illustrated in Fig. 13, the end signal wire 72a contacts both the selected ground output contact 62 and the directly aligned first signal contact 51a while the partially cutaway ground conductive wire 73 is electrically connected to the ground contact 59. The remaining wires in the cable 71a are alternately connected to either ground contacts 59 or signal contacts 51 as described above. Strain relief for the cable 71a is provided by its forcible engagement between a transverse rib 86 on the divider 77 and the upper surface 33 of the transverse rod 32. Appropriate stress relief for cables of different gauge can be selected by merely selecting a rod 32 of suitable diameter. It will be appreciated that the cable 71b is identically stress relieved and electrically interconnected within the body portion 16b by contact piercing portions (not shown) that are disposed vis-a-vis the piercing portions in the body portion 1 6a, Figs. 14 to 16 are schematic views of a grounding element 91 for electrically connecting the grounding bus 57 in the body portion 16a to the identical grounding bus (not shown) in the body portion 16b. The element 91 is a flat plate 92 formed with a suitable electrically conductive spring material. Slots 93 extend from opposite edges of and divide the plate 92 into a pair of bifurcated sections 94. The bifurcated sections are bent away from the plate 92 to form spring clips 95 having ends 96. Prior to assembly of a complete connector, the plate 92 of the element 91 is press fitted into notches 97 (Fig.2) framed in the side walls of the body portions 16. The arms 95 extend slightly into the cavities 21 and the ends 96 enter the chambers 43 (Fig.2). Upon assembly of a connector unit 85 as shown in Fig. 13, the oppositely projecting ends 96 of the element 91 electrically engage the grounding busses 57 retained within the chambers 43. Because both busses are interconnected internally, a single coupling element 47 can be used to connect an external circuit common to all of the ground wires in both body halves 16a and 16b. Thus, all other outputs of the complete connector 85 can be used for signals establishing a much higher signal output density than is available with conventional ribbon cable connectors. Another feature of this invention is a method by which any of the coupling elements 46 can be employed as a ground output terminal. As shown in Figs, 8 to 10, prior to assembly the grounding bus 57 is a flat conductive strip including an elongated base portion 58. A plurality of spaced apart ground contacts 59 extend from one edge of the base 58 while a plurality of spaced ground output contacts 62 extend from the opposite edge thereof. IJpon placement of the base 58 in the recess 43 in the body 16 as shown in Fig. 11, each of the ground output contacts 62 would be in alignment with one of the retained signal contacts 51. Before insertion of a bus 57, however, one determines which particular coupling element 46 will be connected to an external circuit common. Next, the particular ground output contact that will be aligned with the signal contact 51 associated with the selected coupling elememt 46 is determined. All other output contacts 62 are then sheared from the base plate 58. For example, in the connector illustrated in Fig. 11 only the end ground output contact 62 remains effective and all other ground output contacts have been sheared along lines Joining the slots 60 in the base portion 58. Thus, the end coupling element 51a is connected to the bus 57 and serves as a ground output terminal. It will be obvious that a grounding bus providing a ground output to any of the other coupling elements 47 could be similarly formed by appropriate choice of a ground output contact G2 aligned therewith and similar removal of all other ground output contacts from the base plate 57.";Clauus: 1. An electrical connector for flat ribbon cables con:rrisixi##' a Elurality of transversely spaced elongate conductive wires within an insulative sheath, characterized in a dielectric housing (loo) defining an internal cavity (21), cable openings (23) for accommodating entry into the cavity of ends of a pair of parallel longitudinally aligned flat ribbon cables (71), and conductor opening (35) for socommodating entry into the cavity (21) of a plurality of conductor elements (74), the housing comprising a first housing part (l6a) having an open side and defining a first cavity portion (21a) of the cavity (21) and a second housing part (16b) having an open side and defining a second cavity portion of the cavity (21), the first (16a) and second (16b) housing parts being engaged to close the open sides, a distinct divider part (77) positioned within the cavity (21) so as to electrically isolate the first cavity portion (21a) from the second cavity portion, a first grounding means retained within the first cavity (21a) portion and operative to electrically connect together a plurality of conductive wires (72) in one of the cables, a second grounding means retained within the second cavity portion and operative to electrically connect together a plurality of conductive wires (73) in the other cable, a first plurality of electrically isolated coupling elements (46) retained within the first cavity portion (21a) and each operative to electrically connect a different one of the conductive wires in the one cable to a respective different one of the conductor elements, and a second plurality of electrically isolated coupling elements retained within the second cavity portion and each operative to electrically connect a different one of the conductive wires in the other cable to a respective different one of the conductor elements. 2. An electrical connector as claimed in claim 1, in which the first grounding means is operative to electrically connect together alternate conductive wires in the one cable, and the. #econ & grounding means is @@erative to electrically connect together alternate conductive wires in the second cable. 3. An electrical connector as claimed in claim 2, in which the fi.nt plur- ality of coupling elements (46) connect to signal conductive wires in the one cable that alternates with the alternate conductive wires connected tether by the first Urouadinff means, and the second plurality of coupling elements connect to signal conductive wires in the other cable that alternates with the alternate conductive wires complected together by the second grounding means. 4. An electrical connector as claimed in claim 3, in which ground output means connect the first grounding means to at least one of the conductor elements and the second grounding means to at least one of the conductor elements. 5. An electrical connector as claimed in claim 4, in which the ground output means comprises means for connecting the first and second grounding means to at least one of the signal conductive wires. 6. An electrical connector as claimed in claim 5, in which the cable openr winge (23) are defined by one end of the housing (16) and the conductor open, ings (35) are defined by an opposite end thereof. 7. An electrical connector an claimed in claim 5, in which the first plurality of coupling elements are arranged in a row extending transversely to the one cable and with each element aligned with one of the signal wires, the first grounding means comprises a first plurality of interconnected ground terminals artmulged in a row extending transversely to the one cable and longitudinally spaced from the row of first elements, the ground term, inals being aligned with the alternate conductive wires of the one cable, the second plurality of coupling element are arranged in a row extending transversely to the other cable and with each element aligned with one of the signal wires, the second grounding means comprises a second plurality of interconnected ground terminals arranged in a row extending transversely to the one cable and longitudinally spaced from the row of second elements, the ground terminals being aligned with the alternate conductive wires of the other cable. 8. An electrical connector as claimed in claim 1, in which means are provided within the cavity for connecting the first grounding means to the second grounding means. 9. An electrical connector as claimed lil claim 7, m which the first plur- alities of coupling elements and ground terminals comprise first stationary piercing portions extending in one direction towards a planar region occupied by the one cable, the second pluralities of couplirys elements and ground terminals comprise second stationary piercing portions disposed vis-a-vis the first piercing portions and extending towards the planar region in a direction opposite said one direction, and the first piercing portions are adapted to pierce the one cable and ths second piercing portions are adapted to pierce the other cable in response to relative movement between the cables and the mating parts in a direction transverse to the planar region.. 10. An electrical connector as claimed in claim 9, in which each of the coupling elements and ground terminals comprise bifurcated portions (94) that straddle the wires and the opposite sides of the divider part comprise a plurality of recesses that receive and retain so as to prevent separation of the bifurcated portions. 11. An electrical connector as claimed in claim 10, in which one end of the housing is substantially wider than the opposite end in a direction transverse to the rows of elements and terminals.;HATCH, DAVID, A.;HATCH, DAVID, A.;1978
+EP-0006400-B1;19810930.0;19780913;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185883.0;B24D9;;B24D9;B24D   9/04;CYLINDRICAL MANDREL FOR AN ABRASIVE SHEET OF A GIVEN SIZE;1. Cylindrical clamping mandrel for a grinding or polishing disk of a given size, comprising hollow cylinder (1), equipped with chucking shank (4) and having longitudinal slot (3) and bore (2) in which rotatable gripping pin (6) is fitted, distinguished by the fact that bore (2) is continuous and central, and beyond the zone of longitudinal slot (3) passes into bore (5) of larger diameter, into which stud bolt (11) is screwed which axially holds gripping pin (6) in the form of flattened clamping pin (7) provided with notches (8) and teeth (9).;"Zylinderischer Spanndorn für ein Schleif- oder Polierblatt vorgegebener Grösse Die Erfindung betrifft einen zylinderischen Spanndorn für ein Schleif- oder Polierblatt vorgegebener Grösse , der sich durch einen besonders festen Halt auch bei axialer Bewegung des Spanndornes auszeichnet, Es ist durch die US-PS 603 357 ein Spanndorn bekannt geworden, bei welchen der Klemmdorn in der Längsrichtung an der Lein= wandseite des Schleifleinens angreift, Bei axialer Beanspru= chung des Schleifwerkzeuges ist aber dort ein leichtes abziehendes Schleifblattes vom Spanndorn möglich. Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, auch bei axialer Beanspruchung des Schleifwerkzeuges mit Sicher= heit und auf möglichst einfache Weise einen festen Halt zu erreichen. Die Aufgabe wird nach der Erfindung dadurch gelöst, dass bei einem Spanndorn, der aus einem mit einem Einspannschaft ver= sehenen Hohlzylinder mit Längsschlitz und einer Bohrung be= steht, in welcher ein Klemmdorn drehbar angeordnet ist, die Bohrung durchgehend und mittig angeordnet ist und ausserhalb des Bereiches des Schlitzes in eine Bohrung grdssern Durch= messers übergeht, in welche eine den Klemmdorn in Form einer mit Kerben versehenen, abgeflachten Spannadel mittig tragen= de Stiftschraube eingeschraubt ist, Durch diese Massnahme nach der Erfindung wird erreicht, dass die abgeflachte Spannadel an der mit dem Schleifmittel verse= henen Seite der umgebogenen Ränder des Schleifblattes anliegt und beim Verdehen der Spannadel um 90 Grad die zwischen den Kerben der Spannadel verbliebenen Teile ähnlich einem Gewinde schneideisen tiefe Kratzspuren auf der mit Schleifmittel ver= sehenen Seite des Schleifblattes hinterlassen, die das Schleifblatt ähnlich einem Gewinde auch bei axialer 3ean= spruchung des Spanndornes fest in der gewünschten Lage halten. Da ins besondere beim Feinschleifen einer kleinen Bohrung die nötige Verformung des Schleifblattes miihsam ist, emp= fiehlt es sich, gemäss der Erfindung eine Hilfsvorrichtung zu schaffen, die dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass ein Prisma eine Längsbohrung mit einem entsprechenden Durchmesser zur Aufnahme von Schleifblatt und Spanndorn aufweist und an einer Längskante einen spitzwinklig angeordneten Schlitz besitzt, dessen Tiefe der Einspannlänge der zu faltenden Schleifbiat tenden entspricht. Die Zeichnung gibt einen zyinderischen Spanndorn nach der Er= findung und das Hilfswerkeug dafür beispielweise wieder, und zwar zeigt: Fig. 1 den zylinderischen Spanndorn nach der Erfindung von unten gesehen. Fig. 2 denselben Spanndorn im Längs schnitt und mit einer Ver; längerung versehen, wobei das freie Ende des KlemmdorS nes abgebrochen angenommen ist. Fig. 3 zeigt den Klemmdorn von der Schmalseite her gesehen und teilweise im Längsschnitt. Fig. 4 zeigt den Kleimdorn von unten gesehen und Fig. 3 denselben glemmdorn von der Breitseite her gesehen in Seitenansicht. Fig. 6 zeigt die Hilfsvorrichtung dazu, auf der rechten Hälf= te im Läiigsschnitt und auf der linken Elfte von der Seite gesehen. - Fig. 7 zeigt die Hilfsvorrichtung von oben gesehen und mit dem Elemmdorn in Gebrauchsstellung. Fig. 8 die Hilfsvorrichtung von oben gesehen, aber mit dem Klemmdorn in der Stellung zum Einfügen eines Schleif blattes, wobei zugleich ein Schleifblatt am Ende sei ner Verformung dargestellt ist. Fig. 9 zeigt das vorgeformte Schleifblatt fertig zum Ein führen in den Spanndorn nach der Erfindung. Der Spanndorn nach der Erfindung besteht aus einem zylin= derischen Körper A mit abgestuften Teil Ab sowie mit klein ner Bohrung Ac und Längs schlitz Ad an dem einem Ende und einer erweiterten Bohrung Aa mit Schraubengewinde an dem wander ren Ende. Das Schraubengewinde der Bohrung Aa dient zur auf= nahme einer Stiftschraube Bc mit Innensechskant- oder Vierz Bd, die mit einem Klemmdorn B fest verbunden ist. In das Schraubengewinde der Bohrung Aa passt auch der Gewindezapfen Va einer Verlängerung V,die eine mittlere Längsbohrung Vb aufweist. Der Klemmdorn B ist an seinem vorderem Ende stark abgeflacht und weist ausser einem schneidartig ausgebildeten vorderen Ende Bd an den Schmalseiten Kerben Ba auf, zwiechen denen Zacken Be stehen bleiben. Die Hilfsvorrichtung dazu besteht aus einem Prisma D mit ein nerLängsbohrung Da fur die Aufnahme des Spanndornes j ein= schliesslich Schleifblatt E und mit einem spitzwinklig zur Längskante angeordeten Schlitz De, dessen Tiefe der Einspannt länge der zu faltenden Schleifblattenden Ea entspricht. Bei dieser Faltung liegt die Kornseite Eb des Schleifblattes E ausseng um zu erreichen, dass nach der Einführung des Schleifblattes E in der Stellung des Xlemmdornes B gemäss Fig. ss und dessen Verdrehen in di. StellunggemEss Fig. 7 die zwischen dem Klemmdorn Ba liegenden Zacken Be sich in die Kornschicht auf der Seite Eb des Schleifblattes ähnlich ei= nem Gewindeschneideisen tief eingraben und so dem Schleifblatt E die gewünschte unbedingt feste Lage auch beim Schleifen in axialer Richtung geben. @@@@@@@@@ Legende: A Spanndorn Aa erweiterte Bohrung Ab abgestufter Teil von A Ac kleinere Bohrung Ad Schlitz B Klemmdorn Ba Kerbe Bb Dornende Bc Stiftschraube Bd Innenvierkant bzw.-Sechskant Be Zacke D Prisma Da Bohrung De Schlitz E Schleifblatt Ea Schleifblattende Eb Kornseite des Schleifblattes V Verlängerung Va Gewindezapfen Vb Längsbohrung";PATENTANSPREUCHE 1. Zylinderischer Spanndorn für ein Schleif- oder Polierblatt vorgegebener Grösse, bestehend aus einem mit einem Einspann schaft versehenen Hohlzylinder mit Längs schlitz und einer Bohrung, in der ein Klemmdorn drehbar angeordnet ist, da= durch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bohrung (Ac) durchgehend und mittig angeordnet ist und ausserhalb des Bereichs des Schlitzes(Ad) in eine Bohrung (Aa) grösseren Durchmessers übergeht, in welche eine den Klemm-dorn (B) in Form einer mit Kerben (Ba) versehenen abgeflachten Spannadel mittig tragende Stiftschraube Stiftschraube (Bc) eingeschraubt ist. 2. Hilfsvorrichtung zum Befestigen eines Schleif- oder Polier= blattes vorgegebener Grösse an dem Spanndorn nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Prisma eine Längsboh= rung (Da) mit einem entsprechenden Durchmesser zur Aufnah= me von Schleifblatt (E) und Spanndorn (A) aufweist und an einer Längskante einen spitzwinklig angeordneten Schlitz (De) besitzt, dessen Tiefe der Einspann-länge der zu fal= tenden Schleifblattenden (Ea) entspricht.;OBERER, WALTER;OBERER, WALTER;1978
+EP-0006401-B1;19820217.0;19780612;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185888.0;B01J29;C07C13;C07C2, B01J29;B01J  29/14, M07C529:12, C07C   2/74+13/28;HYDROALKYLATION CATALYST, PROCESS FOR ITS PREPARATION AND ITS USE IN HYDROALKYLATION;An aromatic hydrocarbon is contacted under hydro­ alkylation conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a composition comprising at least one platinum compound supported on a calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite which additionally has a halide content sufficient to promote the selectivity of the composition to produce a desired cycloalkyl aro­ matic hydrocarbon.;"HYDROALKYLATION PROCESS AND A COMPOSITION AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING SAID COMPOSITION The invention relates to a hydroalkylation process, a composition useful as a catalyst in said process and a method for producing said composition. Prior art catalysts in the field of hydroalkylation processes suffered from several drawbacks These deficiencies of the prior art catalysts for the hydroalkylation reaction included: (1) The use of support materials for certain catalysts which are not able to withstand the teinperatures employed in a typical air burn-off regeneration operation. Such regeneration operations are co onplace in the catalytic art for hydrocarbon conversions of various types and it is highly desirable that the catalyst for the hydroalkylation pro cress be stable to such typically employed regeneration conditions. (2) In the hydroalkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons to cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbons, a problem in terms of selectivity to the desired product is often evident. For example, in the conversion of benzene to cyclohexylbenzene, by-products such as cyclohexan and msthylcyclopentylbenzene as veil as dicyclohexylbenzene and other heavier molecules can often be produced in such quantities that the pro cess can become uneconomical. Thus, a more selective hydroalkylation catalyst is desired with little or no decrease in catalyst activity. It is, however, recognized that a decrease in catalyst activity can often be tolerated if there is a concomitant increase in selectivity to the desired product. (3) A nasber of the catalysts of the prior art for the hydroalkylation reaction are prepared by very complex and time consuming processes. For example, starting with a powdered crystalline zeolite support, said support is cation exchanged, washed and then incorporated into a matrix of another material such as silica-a1u:ina. This coibination is calcined, cooled, and impregnated with certain metal salts. Pinally the composite is extruded into pellets and the like. Thus, it is de sirable that o more simplified and less expensive process for mating active and selective catalysts be found. (4) Certain catalysts of the prior art for the bydroalkylation reaction were of fixed acidity because of the type of sup- port material utilized. This left little variation that could be made in this/ important property of the hydroalkylation catalyst. It is therefore desirable that catalysts be developed which are varied easily in their acidity charac teristics. It is an object of the present invention to hydroalkylate aromatic compounds. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a composition useful as a hydroalkylation catalyst. Another object of the invention is a composition useful as a catalyst in hydroalkylation reactions which is regenerated by air burn-off. Another object of the invention is a composition useful as a catalyst in hydroalkylation reactions which is more active and more selective than prior art catalysts. Another object of the invention is a composition useful as a catalyst in hydroalkylation reactions which is simple and less expensive to produce as compared to prior art catalysts. Stilt another object of the invention is a composition useful as a catalyst in hydroalkylation reaction in which the acidity of the catalyst can be adjusted. Summary According to the invention an automatic hydrocarbon is contacted under hydroalkylation conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a composition comprising at least one platinum compound supported on a nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite Support which is calcined to produce an acidic support before or after impregnating the platinum compound on the support wherein said composition further comprises a halide content sufficient to promote the selectivity of the composition to produce a desired cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon. Such a composition when used as a catalyst is regenorated by air burn-off and is a highly active and elective catalyst. Purther according to the invention an aromatic hydrocarbon is contacted under hydroalkylation conditions and in the presence of hydrogen with a composition comprising at least one platinum compound supported on a nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite support which is calcined to produce an acidic support before or after impregnating the platinums compound on the support wherein said composition further comprises a halide content ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 milligrs3s of elemental halogen per gram of the composition. Further according to the invention a composition comprises at least one platinum compound supported on a calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earthtreated crystalline zeolite which additionally has o halide content ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 nilligreme of elemental halogen per gram of the composition. Further according to the invention the above composition is prepared by contacting a crystalline zeolite with an aqueous cation exchange solution comprising rare earth, nickal and amvonilffl compounds; removing the zeolite from said solution and washing said zeolite with water to remove excess ions; calcining said cation exchange zeolite; cooling said calcined zeolite; impregnating said cation exchange zeolite before or after said calcination step with a solution comprising at least one platinum compound in a suitable solvent and removing said solvent by evaporation and subsequently contacting said platinum impregnated and calcined zeolite with a halogen containing compound in an amount ranging from about 0.1 to about 100 silligra3s of elemental halogen per gram of tha composition. Further according to the invention a composition comprises at least one platinum compound supported on a calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earthtreated crystalline zeolite which additionally has a halide content sufficient to promote the selectivity of the composition to produce a desired cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon when used to contact an aromatic hydrocarbon in a hydroalkylation reaction. Further according to tha invention the above composition is prepared by contacting a crystalline zeolite with an aqueous cation exchange solution comprising rare earth, nickel and ammonium compounds; removing the zeolite from said solution and washing said zeolite with water to remove excess ions; calcining said cation exchanged zeolite; cooling said calcined zeolite; impregnating said cation exchanged zeolite before or after said calcination step with a solution comprising at least one platinum compound in a suitable solvent and removing said solvent by evaporation and subsequently contacting said platinum impregnated and calcined zeolite with a halogen containing compound in an amount sufficient to promote the selectivity of said composition to produce a desired cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon when said composition is used to contact an aromatic hydrocarbon in a hydroalkylation process. The acidity of the above composition is easily adjusted by varying the conditions under which the cation exchange step is carried out, such s, for ^-mple, adjusting the concentration of an ammonium compound in the cation exchange solution. Detailed Description of the Invention The composition of the instant invention can be briefly described as a platinum impregnated crystalline seolite which hes been cation exchanged with rare earth, nickel and ammonium compounds, calcined either before or after the platinum impregnation step and followed by contacting the platinum impregnated zeolite with a halogen-containing compound. It was discovered that the presence of the halide in a relatively small mount as compared to the total weight of the catalyst significantly increases the selectivity of the catalyst to produce a cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon when the catalyst is used to hydroalkylate aromatic hydrocarbons as compared to the sane catalyst without the halide component. Generally the presence of the halide component reduces the activity of the catalyst somewhat, but generally the increase in selectivity more than compensates for the reduction in activity. Although not absolutely necessary, it is preferred that the above catalyst be treated with hydrogen prior to introduction of tha aroistic hydrocarbon feed in the hydroalkylation process because of improved results. The compositions of the instant invention are useful as catalysts and to some extent solve or obviate each of the bove-sentioned deficiencies of the prior art catalyst. For example, the upports utilized for the compo sitions of the instant invention are stable to regeneration conditions utilized under typical air burn-off operations; they appear to operate at higher levels of productivity in that they show a higher degree of activity and selectivity than certain of the prior art catalysts; the process of making the compositions of the instant invention is simple and straightforward and the colr positions thus obtained should be less expensive than those of the prior art which utilize very complex steps in their preparation; and the compositions of the instant invention can be sade with a high degree of flexibility in the degree of acidity simply by adjusting the cation exchange conditions on the crystalline zeolite support utilized for the compositions of this invention. The support material for the composition employed in the instant invention is a crystalline zeolite which has been treated under cation exchange conditions with rare earth, nickel and ammonium compounds such that the cation metal content of the support is partially exchanged. Generally the cationic metal is an alkali metal which is sufficiently removed by cation exchange such that the remaining alkali metal content after the cation exchange step ranges from about 0.01 to about 2 percent by weight; however, the runs carried out in accordance with the invention and reported herein indicate that good results can be obtained when the alkali metal content of the cation exchanged zeolite ranges from about 0.1 to about 1 percent by weight. Some of the more commonly employed crystalline zeolites which are suitable for use in accordance with the present invention are the Type X or Type Y crystalline oolites which are sometimes called molecular sieves because of their essentially uniform pore diameters. Some suitable Type Y synthetic crystalline zeolites are described for example in U.S. Patent 3,130,007 and some suitable Type X zeolites are described in U.S. Patent 2,882,244. Such materials are presently coi:,ercially available as for example zeolites SK-40 (Type Y) and 131 (Type X) frea the Linde Division of Union Carbide Corporation, New York, New York. The alkali metal form of the crystalline zeolites usually comprises sodium U the alkali metal and said zeolite are treated under cation exchange conditions with a mixture of rare earth, nickel and ammonium compounds accordance with the present invention in order to provide a suitable support material for use in the preparation of the composltlons of the invention. It is contemplated that any of the readily available rare earth metal compounds nay be employed in the cation exchange solution. Generally, the compounds used are those in which the rare earth metal-containing ion is present in the cationic statue. Representative rare earth metal compounds include nitrates, bromides, acetates, chlorides, iodides, sulfates and mixtures thereof of one or more of the rare earth metals including cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium. Compounds of the rare earths naiad above say be employed singly, however, it is often convenient to employ con-arcially available .mixtures of the rare earths. Por example, mixtures of rare earth metal compounds such as the chlorides of lanthanum, cerium, preseodymium, neodymiom, samarium, and gadolinium are available con-ercially at a relatively low cost and say be effectively employed. As noted above, the zeolite material is cation exchanged with a mix- ture of rare earth, nickel and ammonium compound according to the instant invention Any convenient ammonium compound may be employed although the chloride is preferred because it is inexpensive and readily available. The weight ratio of ailonium compound to nickel and rare earth compounds in the aqueous exchange solution can be selected over a broad range. Generally the weight ratio of azonium compound to nickel and rare earth compound combined is within the range of from about 0.5:1 to about 20:1, although the data con tailed herein indicates that a range of from about 0.2:1 to about 5:1 can be used with good results. The concentration of rare earth compounds in the aqueous exchange solution can be varied over a wide range and exchange conditions can be adjusted accordingly such that the rare earth content of the ion exchanged crystalline zeolite can ba selected over a broad range. Generally, the content of the final catalyst composite in terms of the rare earth ele vents is from about 2 to about 25 weight percent. The runs described.herein indicate that the rare earth content of the catalyst can be within the range of from 5 to 20 weight percent. Good results were obtained employing a rare earth content of about 10 percent by weight. As noted above, the alkali metal content, for example sodium, of the exchanged catalyst support is partially remitted by the ion exchange step and the alkali metal is generally from about 0.01 to about 2 percent by weight; however, the runs described herein indicate that good results can be obtained employing an alkali metal content rang- ing from about 0.1 to about 1 percent by weight. The nickel compounds which will be employed in admixture with the above-zamed rare earth metal compounds and ammonium compounds are those wherein the nickel ion is present in the cationic state Some suitable compounds representative of the nickel compounds which can be used in the invention include the nitrates, bromides, acetates, chlorides,, iodizes, sulfates and mixtures thereof. The nickel content in the final composition can also be selected over a broad range. Generally the composition will comprise from about 0.01 to about 15 weight percent nickel, although the runs carried out in accordance with the invention and described herein indicate that good results can be obtained employing a nickel content ranging from about 1 to about 8 percent by weight of said composition. The procedure whereby the Type X and Type Y zeolites are treated with aqueous solutions of rare earth, nickel and ammonium compounds to replace a portion of the alkali metal content of the zeolite is a cation exchange pro cess which can be carried out in a batch or continuous fashion. Generally the exchange process is carried out on o continuous basis under the following typical conditions. A fixed bed of the zeolite material is treated with said aqueous solution of the rare earth, nickel and ammonium compounds at a temper nature of 90 to llO-C under conditions such that from about 0.1 to about 0.5 of the voluee of of aqueous salts solution per volume of zeolite is in contact with said zeolite per hour or, in other words, an LHSV ranging from about 0.1 to about 0.5 is employed in the exchange process. Under these conditions, the exchange process can be completed in 48 hours or less to achieve the de sired level of rare earth, nickel and ammonium ione in the zeolite. The ex- changed zeolite is then washed free of excess ions from the exchange step with water. The excess wash vaster is removed by drying the zeolite at a temperature ranging from about lOO0c. to about 3000C. just prior to calcination. The instant catalyst can be calcined before impregnation with the platinum com- pound to be described below or the impregnation can be carried out prior to the calcination step. In either case, the calcination is carried out by slowly heating the zeolite from about 100 to 300 C. to a temperature within the range of from about 200 to about 550.C. in order to calcine the zeolite and convert the ammonium cations to the hydrogen form. Usually, the calcina- tion is conducted until a constant weight is obtained for the seolitic material, generally from about 2 to about 10 hours. The calcined zeolite is then cooled in ambient air, i.e., under conditions of normal humidity. The above-described support is impregnated with a solution of at least one platinum compound followed by evaporation of the solvent used in the impregnation step. Evaporation of the solvent can be conducted under vacuum if desire. Suitable solvents include water, alcohols, such as ethanol, ketones, such as acetone, and the like. Some of the various platinum compounds that can be employed in the impregnation step are U follows ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV), am'onium tetrachloroplatinate(IZ), chloroplatinic acid, tiaminoplatinum dinitrite, platinic acid platinum tetrachloride and mixtures thereof. The impregnation is generally carried out under what may be called ""total impregnation"" whereby the entire solids in the solutions used in the impregnation are left on the catalyst support and the liquid solvent for said compounds is simply removed by evaporation. The platinum content in the final composition can be selected over a broad range. Generally the platinum content ranges from 0.01 to about 1 percent by weight of said composition although the runs described herein indicate that good results can be obtained employing a platinum content within the range of from about 0.05 to 0.25 percent by weight of said composition. The halogen-containing compounds which can be utilized according to the instant invention as a source of halide include the elemental halogens / themselves such as fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine and the hydrohalides of said elements (HF, HBr, HCl and RI). Use the the above compounds generally requires ear fur control of the addition, and it is preferred to employ or ganic compounds which contain halogen in the instant invention. A wide variety of halogen-containing organic compounds can be employed to provide the necessary halide for use in the instant invention These compounds can contain one or sore atoms of fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine or mixtures thereof per molecule and the carbon content of such compounds is generally in the range of froa I to 4 carbon atoms per molecule. For example, such compounds include alkyl halides, acid halides, or fully halogenated carbon com- pounds such U carbon tetrachloride or tetrachloroethylens and the like. Examples of other suitable organic compounds which can be employed include chloroform, bromofors. dichloromethane, dibrosmasthane, difluornmethane, chloromethane, bromomethane, I ,4-dichlorobutane, I 1,4-dibromobutane, l-chlorobutane, 1-fluorobutane, 1-bromobutane, 1 ,2-dichloroethane, I 1,2-dibronoethane, 2-chloropropane, 2-bromopropane, acetyl chloride, acetyl iodide, acetyl bromide, bromochioromethane, l-bromo-4-chlorobutane, 1, 2-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dibromoethylene and mixtures thereof. Prom the results of the runs dis- closed herein, it is believed that organic compounds containing chlorine or bromine will produce the beat results and thus such compounds are preferred. The hydroalkylation catalysts are modified with a halide source compound according to the instant invention by simply adding said halide source compound to the catalyst prior to or simultaneous with contacting the aromatic hydrocarbon feed in the hydroalkylation proena Because such small amounts of the halide source compound are employed, one method for adding the halide source compound to the catalyst which has been very satisfactory is to dilute the halide source compound with the aromatic hydrocarbon feed and thus contact the catalyst with the feed sisultaneously with the halide source compound. It is presently believed that the halogen component of the catalyst which has been treated with the halide source compound exists in the halide form and thus is referred to herein as e halide, but the exact form of the halogen component of the catalyst baa not been investigated and is not to be a limitation on the invention The amount of the halide added per gram of catalyst utilized is an important aspect of the present invention because too nich halide will poison the catalyst whereas too little halide will not improve the selectivity of the catalyst to the desired cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon. Thus, the halide content of the composition is that amount sufficient to improve the selectivity of the composition to the desired cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon. Generally, the amount of halide added to the catalyst ranges from about 0.1 to about 100 milligrams of elemental halogen per gram of catalyst; however, based upon the results of the runs described herein, it is expected that the amount of halide added to the catalyst will more often range from about 0.5 to about 10 milligrams of elemental halogen per gram of catalyst. The addition of the halide source compounds to the aromatic hydrocarbon feed stream can be utilized when the catalyst is fresh, i.e., previously unused, or can also be utilized after one or more regenerations of the abovementioned catalyst. As most of the runs described herein indicate, a fresh catalyst is improved somewhat by regeneration and in many cases it may be desirable to subject a fresh catalyst to the regeneration process prior to using it. A typical regeneration procedure for the above-described catalyst includes purging the system of hydrogen with an inert gas such as nitrogen, than allowing air to enter the reaction zone and heating to a range of 400 5000C. in the presence of flowing air and maintaining this temperature in the presence of flowing air for a total time of about three hours. The catalyst is then cooled in the presence of flowing air or nitrogen and at a temperature of about 200it. is reduced with hydrogen for a period of about 0.5 to 1 hour. The catalyst is then cooled to the desired reaction temperature and is then ready for use in the hydroalkylation reaction. Generally, it is desirable to retreat the catalyst with the halogen-containing compound after each regeneration process to insure that the catalyst will provide the highest selectivity to the desired cycloalkyl aromatic compound. Although the compound or compounds which serve as the source of halide to modify the hydroalkylation catalyst of this invention can be added to the hydrocarbon feed in one portion; good results were obtained by adding the halogen-containing compound to the feed over a period of time, generally from about 1 to about 3 hours although longer times can and were employed. It is believed that a more efficient utilization of the halide source compound is achieved by the above-described gradual addition of said compounds to the catalyst, such as when that halide source compound is added to the hydrocarbon feed, but in some instances a shorter catalyst modification time may be more desirable and produce an equal or superior catalyst. The composition described above is employed for the hydroalkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons to produce cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. Some of the feedatocks which are suitable for use in the present invention are aro mastic compounds, i.e., monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkyl-eubstituted monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Some specific examples of these are benzene, toluene, xylenes, and the like, and mixtures thereof. The aromatic hydrocarbon feedstocks should be essentially free of sulfur-containing compounds and other known poisons for hydrogenation catalysts in general. However, it is believed that a small amount of water, e.g., 5 to 100 ppm, in the feedetock is beneficial for maintaining catalyst activity over an extended period, e.g., several days. The invention is particularly valuable for the conversion of benzene to cyclohexylbenasne. Cyclohexylbenzene is is brown as a valuable solvent and chemical intermediate. It can be converted in high yield to phenol and cyclohexanone by autooxidation with subsequent acid treatment. It is also useful as an intermediate in the production of cyclohexene which in turn can be uti lized for the production of adipic acid and caprolactam. The aromatic hydrocarbon feedstock is fed to the catalyst in a reaction zone operated under a wide range of conditions The feedstock liquid hourly space velocity (LESV), reaction temperature and pressure, and the hydrogen feed rate are not particularly critical; however, the liquid hourly space velocity CLHSV) generally ranges from about 1 to about 100, the reaction pressure generally ranges from about 690 to about 13,800 kPa (about 100 about 2,000 psig), the hydrogen feed rate generally ranging from about 0.2 to about I mole per mole of aromatic hydrocarbon feedstock per hour, and the reaction temperature generally ranging from about 100 to about 2500C. Based upon the rue described herein good results can be obtained employing a liquid hourly space velocity (IasV) within the range of from about 5 to about 30, a reaction pressure within the range of from about 1,380 to about 6,900 BPs (about 200 to about 1,000 psig), the hydrogen feed rate within the range of fron about 0.2 to about 1 mole per mole of aromatic hydrocarbon feed per hour, and the reaction temperature within the range of from about 140 to about 200'C. The hydroalkylation reaction is conveniently carried out by having the abovs-'described catalyst in a fixed bed reactor and then contacting said catalyst with the aromatic hydrocarbon feed and hydrogen in an upflow or downflow arrangement. It is also possible to employ a countercurrent flow of hydrogen and the aromatic hydrocarbon feed over the catalyst in the reaction lone. It is also possible to carry out the hydroalkylation reaction under batch conditions although a batch process is less preferred because it is nor orally more expensive to operate and initial equipment costs are higher based upon the same size process. Although a fixed bed reactor is mentioned above, most any type of reaction zone can be used as the particular type of reaction zone is not believed to be a critical parameter of the invention. The reaction mixture from the reaction zone can usually be convenient- ly separated into the desired components by simple fractiomal distillation, and recycle of the unreactad feedatock and unreacted hydrogen can be accomplished as desired. The hydroalkylation products can be further purified as desired after separation from unreacted feedstock. It is generally desirable to pretreat the catalyst with hydrogen gas prior to contacting the catalyst with the aromatic hydrocarbon in order to prereduce the catalyst. Based upon the runs described hereinafter, the hydrogen pressure and feed rate for the pretreating step generally is the same as that to be employed when contacting the aromatic hydrocarbon with the/catalyst In the hydroalkylation runs of the examples hereinafter described, the catalyst in the reactor was first reduced at 1500C. for 15 minutes under 3,450 kPa (500 psig) hydrogen at a hydrogen flow rate of 0.32 liters per minute before benzene was introduced to the reactor. Hydrogen pressure during the hydroal Isolation process was maintained at 3,450 kPa (500 psig) and at a flow rate of about 0.32 liters per minute. EXAMPLE I Catalyst Preparation The catalyst utilized in the runs of this Example, designated catalyst No. 1, was prepared in the following manner. A glass tube of 45 millimater diameter, equipped with heating means and means for passing an aqueous solution of compounds ther-tbrough, was charged with 200 gram of a type X crystalline zeolite (Davison 13X mole sieves of 8-12 mesh -=nufactured by lavison Chemical Division of W. R. Grace and Co., Baltimore, Maryland). An aqueous solution of 400 grams of ammonium chloride, 100 grams of rare earth chlorides, and 200 grams of nickel chloride (XiC12) hexahydrate in 4 liters of deionized water was prepared. The rare earth chlorides were utilized as a com-rcially available mixture of the following composition: MC13 6H20 wherein M - lanthanum 232, cerium 43.5%, praseodymium 5.4%, neodymium 17.9%, amar- ium 1.9X, gadolinium 0.6X, and others 0.2%. The crystalline zeolite material was first wetted with a portion of the above solution and then charged to the tubular glass reactor described above and the remainder of the aqueous solu- tion pumped through the crystalline zeolite bed, the material was cooled, filtered, and washed six tines with 350 ml portions of water and then allowed to dry in ambient air. A portion (27.3 grams) of the cation-exchanged crystalline zeolite was then treated with a solution of 0.054 gram of chloroplatinic acid (H2PtCl6) hexahydrate in 25 ml of water under total impregnation conditions. The impregnated crystalline zeolite was dried under vacuum to give a weight of 26.2 grams of the zeolite material. This material was then calcined by heating for about 4 hours in a furnace to about 205 'C. (400 F.) and then the temperature increased slowly up to about 524 'C. (975 F.) over an eight hour period and then allowed to cool' in the air. The catalyst thus prepared contained 0.1% platinum, 4.682 nickel, 9.5% rare earths, and 0.63Z sodium by weight. Benzene Hydroalkylat ion The catalyst (No. 1) described above was utilized in the hydroalkylation of benzene in Run No. 1 described below in Table I. In these hydroalkylation runs, a small tubular reactor cquipped for continuous reaction operation was charged with 10 grams (13 ml) of the catalytic material. The catalyst was prereduced at 150'C under 3450 kPa (500 psig) hydrogen at a flow rate of 0.32 liters per minute of hydrogen for a period of 15 minutes. luring each benzene hydroalkylation run, the hydrogen pressure was maintained at 3450 kPa (500 psig) and at a flow rate of 0.32 liters per minute of hydrogen. Run No. 2 of Table I was carried out after the catalyst had been regenerated according to the procedure previously described Rims 3 and 4 of the table below were runs of the invention and were carried out after the catalyst had been modified according to the instant invention by charging 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed over a period of four hours to provide 0.028 grams of carbon tetrachloride per 10 grams of the catalyst (2.6 milligrass tmgi of chlorine [Cli per gram of catalyst). Other reaction conditions and the results obtained in the hydroalkylation runs are shown in Table I. Table I Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity. Wt. %(a) Ratio No. CCl,1 eration C. LRSV Conv. % CH(b) cff: (mH/cH 1 No No 170 15.6 9.0 12.2 74.4 6.1 2 No Yes 170 18.0 10.8 14.8 69.4 4.7 3 Yes No , 175 12.8 12.1 8.3 75.1 9.1 4 Yes No 168 12.8 10.4 9.6 75.0 7.8 (a) Analysis by gas-liquid phase chromatography (GLC) of reaction zone effluent. (b) CB - Cyclohexane. (c) CRB - Cyclohexylbeazene. A comparison of the results of control Runs 1 and 2 with invention Rims 3 and 4, particularly noting the weight ratio of CHB to CR,- clearly demonstrates the improvement in selectivity' to CHB without a raduction in conversion of benzene but at a lower LHSV when practicing the present invention under the conditions employed. P$AMPLE II The catalyst utilized in the runs of this Example (catalyst No. 2) was prepared in essentially the same manner utilized for the preparation of catalyst No. 1 of Example I above. In this instance, however, the catalyst was prepared in a much larger quantity and the particular catalyst utilized in Run No. 5 below was a used catalyst that had been effectively employed for a period of tine in the hydroalkylation of benzene to cyclohexylbenzene but which had decreased significantly in activity and selectivity in the hydroalkylation process. In Run No. 6 utilizing this catalyst, the hydroalkylation procedure was carried out after performing a regeneration process on the catalyst in the manner previously described. The results obtained in Run No. 6 are also presented in Table II below. Run No. 7 is a run carried out according to the instant invention wherein the catalyst used in Run No. 6 was treated with carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed over a three-hour period to provide 0.015 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 12.5 grams of catalyst (1.1 mg C1 per gram of catalyst). The runs of Example II described above were carried out utilizing a reaction system for continuous operation as previously described wherein the reaction zone was charged with 13 ml (12.5 grams) of the catalyst described earlier. Other conditions utilized in the hydroalkylation runs and the re adults obtained are shown below in Table 11. Table II Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity, Wt. k Ratio No. Ccl, eration C. LHSV Conv. % CH CHB CHB/CH 5 No No 190 10.0 1.5 35.8 58.7 1.6 6 No Yes 169 20.0 9.1 9.3 76.4 8.2 7 Yes Yes 167 6.3 11.8 7.5 78.6 10.4 A comparison of the results df invention Run 7 with the results of control Runs 5 and 6 shows an increase in weight ratio of CEB to CE and an increase in selectivity to CHB without a decrease in conversion but at a lower LHSV under the conditions used when employing a catalyst and the process of the present invention. EXAMPLE ZII Catalyst No. 3 was prepared in essentially the same manner as catalyst No. 1 of Eample I above with the exception that the amount of platinum compound employed in the impregnation step was sufficient to provide 0.15 weight percent platinum and a small amount of nickel chloride was also added to the catalyst in the impregnation step such that the final catalyst contained a total of 4,83 weight percent nickel in addition to 9.5 weight percent rare earths and 0.63 weight percent sodium. Rim No. 8 utilizing the above catalyst is a control run wherein the fresh or unused catalyst was employed. Run No. 9 was carried out after the catalyst was regenerated in the manner previously described and Run No. 10 is a run according to the instant invention in which the regenerated catalyst was modified by the addition of 100 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride to the benzene feed over a two-hour period to provide 0.030 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 10.8 grams of catalyst (2.6 mg.C1 per gram of catalyst). The results obtained in these three runs U well as other reaction conditions utilized are shown below in Table 111. Table ITT Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity. Wt. Z Ratio No. CCl4 eration C. LHSV Conv. % CH CHB CHB/CH 8 No No 160 17 10.1 U.2 73.2 4.8 9 No Yes 173 20 11.1 15.3 73.0 4.8 10 Yes Yes 172 14 9.8 7.2 80.6 ' 11.1 A comparison of the results of invention Run 10 with control Runs 8 and 9 shows a substantial increase in the weight ratio of CHB/CR with only a small decrease in benzene conversion and at a lower LHSV under the conditions employed. EXAMPLE TV Catalyst No. 4 utilized in the runs of this Example was prepared in essentially the same manner as that described for catalyst No. 1 of Example I above However, in this instance, the concentration of nickel chloride in the cation exchange solution was 2.5 weight percent rather than 5 weight percent as utilized for the preparation of catalyst No. 1. The catalyst, (No. 4) thus prepared contained 0.10 weight percent platinum, 3.18 weight percent nickel and an estimated 10-11 weight percent rare earths and 0.7 weight percent sodium. This catalyst was utilized for the hydroalkylation of benzene under the conditions of hydrogen pressure and hydrogen flow rate previously described and the results shown for Run No. 11 were obtained with this catalyst prior to any regeneration or modification treatment according to the present invention. The results with Run No. 12 were obtained with the above catalyst after said catalyst had been regenerated. Run No. 13 was carried out according to the instant invention in which the catalyst (after Run No. 12) was treated with 100 parts per ulllicn of carbon tetrachloride in the bensene feed over a twohour period to provide 0.020 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 10.6 grams of catalyst (1.7 mg Cl per gram of catalyst). The results obtained in Runs 11, 12, and 13 as well as other conditions employed in the hydroalkylation runs are presented below in Table IV. Table IV Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene selectivity Wt. Z Ratio No. CCl4 oration C. LHSV Conv. % CH CHB CHB/CH U No No 170 ' 6 76.7 7.1 21.1 64.8 3.1 12 No Yes 172 13.3 5.2 23.1 67.3 2.9 13 Yes Yes 170 6.7 5.3 13.6 73.6 5.4 The invention run, Run 13, when compared with the control runs, Runs U and 12, demonstrates that practice of the present invention provides an increase in the weight ratio of CKB to CE and selectivity to CHB with some decrease in conversion to benzene and LHSV over Rim 12 under the conditions employed. SAMPLE V The catalyst employed in the runs of this Example was prepared in essentially the same procedure as that given for catalyst No. 1 of Example I with the exception that the concentration of nickel chloride in the cation exchange solution in this instance (catalyst No. 5) was 10 'weight percent rather than 5 weight percent as in the case of catalyst ND. 1. Catalyst No. 5 also contained 0.2 weight percent platinum, 6.5 weight percent nickel, 0.72 weight percent sodium and an estimated 9-10 weight percent rare earths. Benzene hydroalkylation runs were carried out in the continuous '-' action system previously described with the catalyst described above (No. 5)- In Run No. 14, the catalyst was utilized prior to any regeneration or modifi- cation treatment according to the instant invention. In Bun No. 15, the cat- alyst had been treated with 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachioride frr the beazene feed over a five-hour period according to the instant invention provide 0.033 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 11.5 grams of catalyst (2.6@@ C1 per gram of catalyst). It should be noted that this treatment was carrie@@ out prior to any regeneration treatment of the catalyst. In Run N6. 16, tbe- catalyst (after Run No. 15) had been regenerated according to the procedure previously described and then treated with 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed for one hour to provide 0.011 gram of carbs c- tetrachloride per 11.5 grams of catalyst (0.9 mg C1 per gram of catalyst). This run also is according to the instant invention. Run ND. 17 is similar to Run ND. 16 but under different reaction conditions The runs of this Example were carried out using the continuous reaction system previously described under the previously described conditions of hydrogen pressure and hydrogen flow rate. The results of the runs and other reaction conditions utilized during the runs are presented below in Table V. Table V Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity. Wt. % Ratio No. CCl4 eration C. LHSV Conv. X CR CHB CEB/CH 14 No No 164 16 8.7 20.8 60.4 2.9 15 Yes No 170 15 6.6 21.2 62.1 2.9 16 Yes Yes 170 15 10.6 9.4 79.2 8.4 17 Yes Yes 165 16 8.3 11.1 78.3 7.0 In this series of runs, invention Run 15 gave substantially the same results as noninvention Run 14. RUG 16 shows the improvement in results when the invention catalyst of Run 15 is regenerated. EXAMPLE VI Another series of runs was carried out utilizing another portion of the same catayst employed in Zxample V under somewhat different reaction conditions and a different sequence of treatment steps used to produce the catalyst, catalyst No. 6. The hydroalkylation runs of this Example were carried out in the continuous reaction system previously described and under the conditions of hydrogen pressure and hydrogen flow rate also previously described. Run No. 18 was made utilizing catalyst No. 6 prior to any regeneration or modification treatment while Run No. 19 was made after the catalyst had been regenerated according to the procedure previously described. Runs 20 and 21 were made after the catalyst had been modified according to the instant invention by the addition of 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed. for a period of 2.5 hours to provide 0.022 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 11.5 grams of catalyst (1.8 mg C1 per gram of catalyst). The results obtained in these runs as well as other reaction conditions employed are presented below in Table VI. Table VI Weight Run Regen- Tamp. Benzene Selectivity, wt. : Ratio No. CC14 cration C. LSSV Conv. Z CH CEB CEBICH 18 ' No No 170 17 8.7 43.7 40.2 0.9 19 No Yes 190 15 13.4 32.1 64.2 2.0 20 Yes Yes '190 16 8.9 12.4 77.5 6.3 21 Yes Yes 170 13 9.6 14.6 75.0 5.1 Comparing Rims 18 and 19, the improvement resulting from the regeneration of the catalyst is apparent, although some of the improvement may been due to the higher reaction temperature of Run 19. Comparing Run 19, the regenerated catalyst, with invention Run 20, the improvement in the weight ratio of CEB to CE and selectivity to am resulting from the practice of then. present/invention is seen along with some reduction in conversion of the b zene feed and the LEISV. Invention Run 21 shows a substantial improvement cbeerr- - both control Runs 18 and 19 even though the reaction temperature is lower th that used in Run 19; however,. the activity of the catalyst of Run 21 is lowe@@ EXAMPLE VII Catalyst No. 7 was prepared in essentially the sane manner as that described for catalyst No. 5 above with the exception that the amount of the platinum compound utilized in the impregnation step was essentially one-half of that provided for catalyst No. 5. Thus, catalyst No. 7 contained 0.1 weii percent platinum, 6.5 weight percent nickel, 0.72 weight percent sodium and - estiiated 9-10 weight percent rare earths. Catalyst No. 7 was utilized in benzene hydroalkylation runs under tia same conditions of hydrogen pressure and flow rate previously described and with the same continuous reaction system Run No. 22 was carried out without any catalyst treatment such as regeneration or modification with a chlorineor bromine-containing compound according to the instant invention. Run No. 23 was carried out after the catalyst had received the treatment procedure of the instant invention wherein 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed was added over a period of 3.5 hours to provide 0.024 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 1l.3 grams of catalyst (2.0 ug C1 per gram of catalyst). Thus, neither catalyst 22 or 23 had been regenerated. The results obtained in the above runs and other reaction conditions utilized are presented in Table VII below. Table VII Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity, Wt. Z Ratio No. CCl4 eration 'C. LHSV Conv. % CE CHB CEB/CE 22 No No 160 20 7.8 19.2 69.2 3.6 23 Yes No 160 14.7 10.8 14.8 71.3 4.8 The results of the invention Run 23 when compared with those of control Run 22 demonstrate the improvement resulting from the present invention. The LSSV of benzene in the invention run was lower but the percent conversion of benzene was higher. EXAMPLE VIII Catalyst No. 8 utilized in the runs of this Example was prepared to contain nickel, rare earths and platinum on an acidic crystalline zeolite of type X and also contained a small amount of ruthenium as an added catalyst com ponent. This catalyst was prepared by cation exchanging 250 grams of a type X crystalline zeolite (Davison 13X molecular sieves) with a solution of 400 grams of ammonium chloride, 100 grams of rare earth chlorides and 400 grams of nickel chloride hexahydrate in 4 liters of water in a manner essentially the same as that described above in Example I The cation-exchanged zeolite was filtered and washed and allowed to dry in air as described earlier. About one-half of the cation-exchanged zeolite was calcined under conditions essentially the same as those described in Example I to provide a support material which contained 6.5X nickel and 0.72Z sodium. A portion (41.2 grams) of the uncalcined cation-exchanged material was impregnated with a solution of 0.08 gram of chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate and 0.081 gram of ruthenium trichioride in 50 11 of distilled water. The water was evaporated to dryness on a rotary evap-, orator. The impregnated support was then calcined by heating to about 204 C. (4000P.) overnight and then increasing the temperature to about 518'C. (965'F.) over an eight-hour period. The calcined catalyst was allowed to cool in ambient air and was then ready for utilization in benzene hydroalkylation runs The final catalyst thus contained 0.1% platinum, 0.1Z ruthenium, 6.5% nickel, 0.72% sodium and an estimated 9-10X rare earths by weight. Run No. 24 utilizing the above-described catalyst was carried out without any modification of the catalyst such as by regeneration or addition of a helide-containing compound according to the instant invention. Run was carried out after the catalyst had been treated with 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed for a period of 2.5 hours to pri'---' vide about 0.025 grams of carbon tetrachloride per 11.2 grass of catalyst ( mg Cl per gram of catalyst). Run No. 26 was carried out after the catalyst utilized in Run No. 25 had been regenerated under typical conditions describ@@@ carlier and then again treated with 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachlor- ide in the benzene feed for 1.5 hours to provide about 0.015 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 11.2 grams of catalyst (1.2 mg C1 per gram of catalyst). The""""' hydroalkylation runs were carried out under the previously described condition of hydrogen pressure and flow rate. The results are described in Table VIII. Table VIII Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene selectivity, Wt. % Ratio No. CCl4 eration C. LHSV Conv. % CH CHB CBB/CH 24 No No 175 18 6.6 53.0 43.9 0.8 25 Yes No 175 18 8.2 42.7 53.6 1.3 26 Yes Yes 175 6.7 8.6 15.1 72.1 4.7 A comparison of control Run 24 with invention Run 25 shows an itrr provement in the results due to treatment of the catalyst of Run 25 in accordance with the invention, but since neither catalyst was regenerated the weight ratio of CHB to CH and selectivity to CHB was rather low, A comparison of invention Ran 25 with invention Run 26 employing the regenerated catalyst of Run 25 but at approximately 1/3 the LESV of Run 25 shows the substantial improvesent brought about by regeneration of the catalyst under the conditions enr ployed. The addition of ruthenium to the catalysts of Runs 24, 25 and 26 does not appear to promote the desired reaction under the conditions employed. EXAMPLE IX Catalyst No. 9 was prepared in a manner similar to that utilized for the preparation of catalyst No. 1 of Example I with the exception that in the cation exchange step the mixture of rare earth compounds was replaced by a single rare earth compound In this instance, carouse chloride (CeC13) was utilized in the cation exchange step. In the preparation of this catalyst, 200 grams of a type X crystalline zeolite (Davison 13X mole sieves) was wetted with a portion of a solution of 400 grams of ammonium chloride, 200 grams of nickel chloride haxahydrate and 100 grams of cerous chloride in 4 liters of deionized water. The crystalline zeolite material was then charged to the cation exchange reactor previously employed and the remainder of the above-described solution pumped over the zeolite bed at a temperatur of about lOO-C and at about 0.25 LHSV. The material was cooled, filtered and washed six times wi 350 ml portions of water and then permitted to dry in ambient air. A portion (60 grams) of the cation-exchanged crystalline zeolite was impregnated with a solution of 0.0966 grams of chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate in about 50 ml of absolute ethanol. The ethanol was removed under reduced pressure and additional ethanol added and then removed as before. The catalyst was calcined under conditions similar to those previously employed, that is, heating up to about 205it (40l0P.) and holding at this temperature overnight followed by heating over an eight-hour period up to about-524C. (975F.). This catalyst (No. 9) contained 0.091 weight percent platinum and an estimated 4-5 weight percent nickel, 9-10 weight percent cerium and 0.6 weight percent sodium. Run No. 27 was a benzene hydroalkylation run using the abovedescribed catalyst prior to any treatment such as regeneration or modification by addition of a halide-containing compound according to the instant invention. Run No. 28 was carried out by treating the catalyst according to the instant invention with 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed for a period of 3 hours to provide 0.020 8 carbon tetrachloride per 11.3 grams of catalyst (1.6 mg C1 per gram of catalyst). Run No. 29 was carried out following regeneration of the catalyst used in Run No. 28 under conditions previously described but without retreating the catalyst with CC14 subsequent to regeneration. Run No. 30 was carried out by treating the regenerated catalyst according to the instant invention with 100 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed for a period of 2.5 hours to provide 0.041 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 11.3 grams of catalyst (3.3 mg C1 per gram of catalyst). These benzene hydroalkylation runs were carried out under the conditions of hydrogen pressure and flow rate previously described. The results obtained in Runs 27-30 and other conditions employed in the hydroalkylation runs are presented in Table IX below. Table IX Weight Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity, Wt. % Ratio No. CC14 eration C. LESV Conv. % CE CEB CHB/CH 27 No No 203 20 12.2 51.6 45.9 0.9 28 Yes No 158 6.7 13.8 29.7 67.6 2.3 29 NO(a) Yes 184 14 12.1 31.6 65.7 2.1 30 Yes Yes 173 14 8.8 14.5 76.6 5.3 (a) The catalyst was not retreated with CC14 after regeneration. The results shown in Table IS show the improvement in the results when employing the present invention whether a mixture of rare earths is used as in the previous runs or a single rare earth, cerium, is used as in invention Runs 28-30. EXAMPLE X Catalyst No. 10 utilized in the runs of this Example was prepared in essentially the same manner as that described for catalyst No. 9 above with the exception that the cerous chloride was replaced by lanthanum chloride (LaC12) hexahydrate in the cation exchange step. A portion (50 grams) of the cationexchanged crystalline zeolite was impregnated with a solution of 0.095 gram of chloroplatinic acid hexahydrata in about 50 ml of absolute ethanol. The ethanol was removed under reduced pressure, more ethanol added and then removed as before. The recovered material was heated under calcination conditions similar to those previously employed in the preparation of catalyst No. 9. The catalyst contained 0.1X platinum and an estimated 4-5% nickel, 9-10% lanthanum and 0.62: sodium by weight. Catalyst No. 10 was employed in Run No. 31 for hydroalkylation of benzene prior to any treatment of the catalyst by regeneration or modification by addition of halide-containing compounds according to the instant invention Run No. 32 was carried, out after the catalyst (No. 10) had been regenerated under conditions previously described. Run No. 33, a run according to the instant invention, was carried out after the regenerated catalyst had been modified by treatment with 100 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed added over a 4.0 hour period to provide 0.055 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 11.1 grams of catalyst (4.5 mg C1 per gram of catalyst). These hydroalkylation runs were carried out under the previously employed conditions of hydrogen pressure and hydrogen flow rate. Results obtained in Runs 31-33 are shown below in Table X along with other reaction conditions employed in laid runs. Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity, Wt. Z Ratio No. CC14 eration C. LHSV Conv. 2 CE CEB' CHB/CH 31 No No 159 20 7.5 31.7 67.6 2.1 32 No Yes 185 23 13.6 21.1 68.2 3.2 33 Yes Yes 179 16 6.9 14.2 76.1 5.3 invention Run 33 as compared to control Runs 31 and 32 illustratea that practice of the present invention produces an improvement in weight ratio of CKB to CH and in selectivity to CHB at a somewhat lower LHSV and conversion of benzene. Run 33 also demonstrates that the rare earth lanthanum can be employed in carrying out the present invention. EXAMPLE XI Catalyst No. 11 utilized in the runs of this Sample was prepared in essentially the sane manner as that described for catalyst Nos. 1 and 2 of Examples I and II, respectively, with the exception that the chloroplatinic acid was impregnated after the calcination step. Thus, 'the amount of platinum, nickel, and rare earths on the final hydroalkylation catalyst was essentially the same U those shown for the above-:,entioned catalyst Nos. 1 and 2. In Run No. 34 utilizing catalyst No. 11, the hydroalkylation run carried out with the catalyst prior to any regeneration or modification treat ment according to the instant invention Run No. 35 was carried out after the catalyst had been modified by the addition of 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed for a three-hour period to provide 0,026 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 11.0 grams of catalyst (2.2 mg C1 per gram of catalyst). Bun No. 36 was also carried out after the above modification de scribes for the catalyst employed in Run No. 35 but under slightly different reaction conditions. These hydroalkylation runs were carried out under the same hydrogen pressure and flow rate and in the same continuous reaction system as that previously utilized in the Examples above. The results obtained in these hydroalkylation runs as wet as the other reaction conditions utilized are presented below in Table XI. Table XI Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity. Wt. % Ratio No. CCl4 eration C. LHSV Conv. Z CE CEB CREICH 34 No No 185 21.5 12.8 21.6 67.3 3.1 35 Yes No 185 19.0 10.5 11.4 73.3 6.4 36 Yes No 175 18.8 8.6 12.1 73.2 6.1 Comparison of control Run 34 with invention Run 35 demonstrates an improved result in the weight ratio of CRB to CR and in selectivity to CRIB, although the invention catalyst was somewhat less active. The different reaction conditions of Run 36 appeared to reduce the catalyst's activity a little as compared to Run 35. EXAMPLE XII The catalyst employed in the hydroalkylation runs of this Example was a portion of the same catalyst utilized for the runs of Example XI above. The hydroalkylation runs were carried opt under the same conditions of hydrogen pressure and flow rate and in the same type of continuous reaction system previously employed. Run No. 37 was carried out prior to the treatment of the catalyst in a regeneration procedure or by addition of a halogen-contalnlng compound to' modify the catalyst according to the instant invention. Thus, Run No. 37 is siiilar to Bun No. 34 of Example XI except that the reaction condi tions were different. Bun No. 38 was carried out after the catalyst utilized in Run No. 37 was regenerated according to the typical procedure previously described. Bun No. 39 was carried out after the regenerated catalyst had been modified by the addition of 50 parts per million of carbon tetrachloride in the benzene feed over a period of 5.5 hours which provided 0.0325 gram of carbon tetrachloride per 12.5 grain of catalyst (2.3 ig C1 per gram of catalyst). The results of these hydroalkylation runs as wall as other reaction conditions employed are presented in Table XII. Table XZI Weight Run Regen- Temp. Benzene Selectivity, Wt. X Ratio No. Ccl, eration C. LESV Conv. 2 CH CRB CHB/CH 37 No No 170 13.3 10.8 44.4 52.8 1.2 38 No Yes 170 18.0 15.6 26.7 64.7 2.4 39 Yes Yes 175 12.0 10.2 7.0 81.4 11.7 A comparision of control Run 38 with 37 shows that regeneration inproves the catalyst; however, comparing these runs with invention Run 39 shows that the invention catalyst provided a substantial improvement in weight ratio of CEB to CR and selectivity to CEB but with a reduction in activity. In s'nxnary, the results shown in Tables 1-XII above demonstrate that a hydroalkylation catalyst comprising platinum, nickel, rare earths on acidic mole sieves modified by the addition of a halogen-containing compound provides an improvement in selectivity of the benzene hydroalkylation process for cyclo hexylbenzene. This improvement in selectivity is seen to be achieved before or after the bydroalkylation catalyst has undergone a regeneration process involving a burn-off of coke or other carbonaceous deposits from the catalysts. Generally speaking, the improvement in selectivity for cyclohexylbenzene is accompanied by a decrease in catalyst activity as seen by reduced benzene conversions or reduced flow rate of benzene feed through the reaction zone (LHSV).";"CLAIMS 1. A catalyst composition characterized by at least one platinum compound supported on a calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite which additionally has a halide content sufficient to promote the selectivity of the composition to produce a desired cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon when said composition is employed to contact an aromatic hydrocarbon in a hydroalky lation reaction. 2. The composition of claim 1) characterized by the fact that the crystalZhe zeolite is selected from the group consisting of Type X and Type Y zeolites; the rare earth and nickel compounds employed to treat the zeolite are selected from the group consisting of nitrates, bromides, acetates, chlorides, iodides, sulfates and mixtures thereof; ; the rare earth metal is selected from the group consisting of cerium, lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, lutetium and mixtures thereof, the platinum compound is selected from the group consisting of ammonium hexachloroplatinate(IV), ammonium tetrachloro platinate(II), chloroplatinic acid, diaminoplatinum dinitrite, platinic acid, platinum tetrachloride and mixtures thereof, the halide source is selected from the group consisting of fluorine, bromine, chlorine, iodine, carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetraiodide, tetrachloroethylene, chloroform, bromoform, dichloromethane, dibromoethane, difluoromethane, chloro methane, bromomethane, 1,4-dichlorobutane, 1,4-dibromobutane, l-chlorobutane, l-fluorobutane, 1-bromobutane, 1,2-dichloro ethane, 1,2-dibromoethane, 2-chloropropane, 2-bromopropane, acetyl iodide, acetyl chloride, acetyl bromide, bromochloro methane, l-bromo--chlorobutane, 1,2-dichloroethylene, 1,2-dibromoethylene and mixtures thereof. 3. The composition of claim 1) characterized by the fact that the crystalline zeolite is the alkali metal form with the alkali metal content of the calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite in the range of from about 0.01 to about 2 per cent by weight of said composition; the rare earth content of the calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite ranges from about 2 to about 25 per cent by weight of said composition; the nickel content of the calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite ranges from about 0.01 to about 15 per cent by weight of said composition; and the halogen is chlorine or bromine. 4. The composition of claim 1) characterized by the fact that the crystalline zeolite is the alkali metal form with the alkali metal content of the calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite ranges from about 0.05 to about 1 per cent by weight of said composition; the rare earth content of the calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite ranges from about 5 to about 20 per cent by weight of said composition; the nickel content of the calcined, acidic, nickel and rare earth-treated crystalline zeolite ranges from about 1 to about 8 per cent by weight of said composition; and the halogen is chlorine or bromine. 5. The composition of claim 1) characterized by the fact that the crystalline zeolite is selected from the group consisting of Type X and Type Y zeolites; and the platinum compound is chloroplatinic acid, the nickel compound used to treat the crystalline zeolite is nickel chloride hexahydrate, the rare earth metal compound used to treat the crystalline zeolite is a mixture of the chlorides of at least lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and gadolinium, and the halide is chloride. 6. A process for producing monocycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon and alky-substituted monocycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbons characterized by contacting a monocyclic aromatic hydro carbon under hydroalkylation and in the presence of hydrogen with a catalyst as defined in one of claims 1) to 5). 7. The process of claim 6) characterized in that the catalyst is treated with hydrogen prior to being contacted with monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. 8. A process of claim 6) characterized in that the monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon is contacted with said catalyst at a liquid hourly space velocity ranging from about 1 to about 100, a hydrogen pressure ranging from about 690 to about 13800 kilopascals (100 to 2000 psig), a hydrogen feed rate ranging from about 0.1 to about 10 moles per hour of hydrogen per mole of monocyclic aromatic hydro carton, and a temperature ranging from about 100 to about 250 C. 9. A process of claim 6) characterized in that the crystalline zeolite is selected from the group consisting of Type X and Type Y zeolites"", and the platinum compound is chloroplatinic acid, the nickel compound used to treat the crystalline zeolite is nickel chloride hexahydrate, the rare earth metal compound used to treat the crystalline zeolite is a mixture of the chlorides of at least lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and gadolinium, and the halide is chloride. 10. A method for the preparation of a catalyst composition characterized by contacting a crystalline zeolite with an aqueous cation exchange solution comprising rare earth, nickel and ammonium compounds; removing the cation exchanged zeolite from said solution and washing said zeolite with water to remove excess ions; calcining said cation exchanged zeolite; cooling said calcined zeolite; impregnating said cation exchanged zeolite with a solution comprising at least one platinum compound in a suitable solvent; removing said solvent by evaporation; said cation exchanged zeolite is calcined and then cooled either before or after said platinum compound is impreg nated on said zeolite; ; and contacting said platinum impregnated and calcined crystalline zeolite with a halogen-containing compound in an amount sufficient to promote the selectivity of said composition to produce a desired cycloalkyl aromatic hydrocarbon when said composition is used to contact an aromatic hydro carbon in a hydroalkylation process. 11. A method of claim 10) characterized in that said composition is treated with hydrogen subsequent to the removal by evaporation of the platinum compound solvent. 12. A method of claim 10) characterized in that the crystalline zeolite is selected from the group of Type X and Type Y zeolites; and the platinum compound is chloroplatinic acid, the nickel compound used to treat the crystalline zeolite is nickel chloride hexahydrate, the rare earth metal compound used to treat the crystalline zeolite is a mixture of the chlorides of at least lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, samarium and gadolinium, and the halide is chlorine.";TIMOTHY PAUL MURTHA, ZUECH, ERNEST ADOLPH;PHILLIPS PETROLEUM COMPANY;1978
+EP-0006403-B1;19810923.0;19780627;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;27432180.0;G07F17;G07C11, G06F15;G07F17, G06Q10, G07C9;G07C   9/00B8, G06Q  10/00A, G07F  17/12;CENTRALLY OPERATED LOCKABLE COMPARTMENT SYSTEM;1. Deposit box or locker arrangement having a central operating unit with an assembly circuit for the temporarily effective control of an opening release device, a selector key (4), a payment comparator, a key or code dispenser and receiver having a reception detector, a voucher time determining circuit and a store (23) having storage locations associated with issued codes, characterised in that the store (23) forms part of an arithmetic unit and control unit having a microcomputer (22) to which are connected, in addition to the selector key (4) and a payment comparator, a due charge indicator (7, 8), a test or check data transmitter, a box number indicator (7, 9), the code dispenser in the form of a code card dispenser equipped with a magnetic track logger for recording box number data and variable test data and the opening release device in the form of an individually controllable box or locker door unlocking device (19) for each box or locker (15), and that the key or code reception detector in the form of a code card reader (33) having a test data coincidence circuit is also connected to the arithmetic unit and control unit, the said detector or reader being followed in the system by the voucher time determining circuit, the due charge indicator (7, 8), the payment comparator, the box number indicator (7, 9) and the temporarily effective box closure/opening release device for re-opening a deposit box (15).;"Schliessfachanlage mit einer zentralen Bedienungs einheit einheit Die Erfindung betrifft eine Schliessfachanlage der im Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1 genannten Art. Eine solche Schliessfachanlage ist aus der DE-OS 22 18 956 bekannt. Dort soll das Aufsichtspersonal im Kunden-Tressorraum einer Bank dadurch entlastet werden, dass eine Aufsichtsperson an einer zentralen Bedienungseinheit über Zifferneingabe die Freigabe eines bestimmten Schliessfaches,für Öffnung durch den Kunden selbst mittels seines Kundenschlüssels, bewirkt. Für Kontrollzwecke ist vorgesehen, abzuspeichern und bei Bedarf abzufragen, welche Schliessfächer im Verlaufe eines Tages geöffnert wurden bzw. welche Schliessfächer momentan nicht verschlossen sind. Der Erfindung liegt die Erkenntnis zugrunde, dass es bei ausgedehnten Schliessfachanlagen etwa der Art, die auf Bahnhöfen oder Flughäfen als Gepäck-Schliessfächer aufgestellt sind, überaus hinderlich für den Benutzer ist, ein freies Fach geeigneter Grösse suchen zu müssen und einen vergleichsweise sperrigen Schlüssel zur Wieder-Offnung zwecks Entnahme der eingelegten Gegen stände mit sich führen zu müssen; während es andererseits erheblichen Wartungsaufwandes bedarf, an jedem einzelnen Schliessfach einen Münzprüfer, eine Zeitmesseinrichtung und vor allem ein Umstellschloss zwecks Verhinderung unbefugter öffnung mittels Nachschlüsseln betriebsbereit halten zu müssen. Ausgehend von dieser Erkenntnis der benutzungs- und betriebstechnischen Nachteile herkömmlicher, allgemein eingeführter Schliessfachanlagen liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Schliessfachanlage der erläuterten Art zu schaffen, die den Benutzern einen höheren Komfort liefert und für die Auf steller wesentlich geringeren Wartungsaufwand bedingt. Diese Aufgabe wird bei einer Schliessfachanlage der genannten Art erfindungsgemäss dadurch gelöst, dass sie mit den Merkmalen des kennzeichnenden Teils des Patentanspruches 1 ausgestattet ist. Bei dieser Lösung entfällt für den Benutzer die umständliche Suche nach einem freien Fach geeigneter Grösse; vielmehr genügt es, an der zentralen Bedienungseinheit die erforderliche Fachgrösse für die abzulegenden Gegen stände anzugeben, woraufhin die Gebührenschuld für die Grund-Belegungszeit angezeigt und nach Entrichten der erforderlichen Gebühr die Schliessfach-Nummer, also der Ort dieses Schliessfaches angegeben wird, nachdem als Quittung über die Belegung dieses Schliessfaches eine Schlüsselkarte mit Magnetspur aus der Bedienungseinheit entnommen wurde. Bei Wieder-Einführung dieser Schlüsselkarte in die Bedienungseinheit wird (bei Uberziehen der Grund-Belegungszeit) die nachzuentrichtende Gebühr angezeigt und nach Gebührenentrichtung dem Benutzer seine Fachnummer angezeigt, die dann zur Wieder-Offnung zwecks Entnahme der eingelegten Gegenstände freigegeben wird. Eine Prüfdaten-Information auf der Magnetspur der Schlüsselkarte, die vor Belegen des Schliessfaches, also im Zusammenhang mit der Ausgabe der Schlüsselkarte,gebildet und auf der Magnetspur abgespeichert wurde, stellt sicher, dass mittels dieser Schlüsselkarte weder ein anderes Schliessfach, noch abermals das momentan angesprochene Schliessfach geöffnet werden kann; denn bei Neubelegung dieses Schliessfaches werden die daese..l Schliessfach zugeordnete Prüfdaten, die auf der nächstausgegebenen Schlüsselkarte abgespeichert werden, ge ändert, so dass abermalige Verwendung einer alten Schlüsselkarte (mit nicht mehr geltenden Prüfdaten) unter bunden ist. Für das Wartungspersonal entfällt also die bisher erforderliche periodische Umstellung des Schlosses an den einzelnen Schliessfächern, um unbefugte Off- nung durch Schlüssel-Duplikate oder einbehaltene Original-Schlüssel zu unterbinden, wobei als Unsicherheitsfaktor bisher immer noch die Tatsache bestand, dass die Schloss-Umstellung nur zwischen einer begrenzten Anzahl unterschiedlicher Schlüsselbart-Geometrien möglich ist. Für das Wartungspersonal von solchen Schliessfachanlagen entfällt darüber hinaus bei der erfindungsgemässen Schliessfachanlage der Aufwand zur Funktionskontrolle der Münzprüfer und des Belegzeitwerkes sowie zum individuellen Abkassieren der Münzen aus den einzelnen Schliessfach-Türen, weil nun nur noch ein einziges Zeitwerk und ein einziger Münzprüfer für eine praktisch beliebig grosse Anzahl individueller Schliessfächer in der zentralen Bedienungseinheit vorhanden und zu warten bzw. abzukassieren ist. Die zusätzliche Massnahme nach Anspruch 2 ist besonders dann von Vorteil, wenn bei ausgedehnten Schliessfachanlagen eine gewisse Zeit für die Zurücklegung des Weges von der zentralen Bedienungseinheit bis zum zugeordneten Schliessfach vorgewählter Grösse vergehen kann. Wenn die öffnungsfreigabe sofort bei Anzeige der Schliessfach Nummer, nach Entrichtung einer etwa eingeforderten Nachgebühr, erfolgen würde, bestünde nämlich die Gefahr, dass eine unbefugte Person, die sich zufällig am Orte dieses Schliessfaches befindet und aufgrund der Wirkung des elektromechanischen Verschlusssystems hört, dass die Off- nung freigegeben wurde, das Schliessfach entleert, ehe die befugte Person sich von der zentralen Bedienungseinheit zu jenem nummernmässig angezeigten Schliessfach begeben kann. Die weiterbildende Massnahme nach Anspruch 3 erbringt den Vorteil, dass durch Blink-Anzeige einer etwaigen Gebührenschuld die Aufmerksamkeit des Benutzers besonders sicher auf diesen Sachverhalt gelenkt wird und seine Aufmerksamkeit durch Anzeige der Nummer des belegten und nunmehr zur Wieder-Öffnung freizugebenden Faches erst dann abgelenkt wird, wenn die Gebührenschuld beglichen ist. Da bei der Schliessfachanlage nach der Erfindung störan fällige elektromechanische Einrichtungen wie ein Münz prüfen und eine Belegzeit-Ermittlungseinrichtung lediglich einmal in der zentralen Bedienungseinheit vorgesehen sind, sind die bei den bisher aufgestellten Schliessfachanlagen ins Kalkül zu ziehenden Betriebs störungen auf ein Minimum reduziert, so dass es vertretbar ist, gar kein Wartungspersonal mehr unmittelbar bei der Schliessfachanlage einzusetzen. Damit entfällt allerdings auch für die Benutzer die Möglichkeit, beispielsweise bei Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit solchen Schliessfachanlagen Rat beim nahen Wartungspersonal zu holen. Durch die Weiterbildung nach Anspruch 4 ist jedoch sichergestellt, dass die Benutzer sich bei Bedienungsproblemen bei anderweitig und an anderem Ort eingesetztem sachkundigem Personal Rat holen können. Gerade bei ausgedehnten Schliessfachanlagen auf Bahnhöfen oder an anderen Orten mit viel Publikumsverkehr ist nicht auszuschliessen, dass das eine oder andere Schliessfach deshalb unbenutzbar wird, weil beispielsweise der Vorbenutzer verdorbene Lebensmittel darin zurückgelassen hat. In einem solchen Falle wäre es unbillig, einem Interessenten die Beleggebühr für ein Schliessfach abzunehmen, dessen Belegung ihm beispielsweise aufgrund einer starken Verschmutzung unzumutbar ist. Nach der weiterbildenden Massnahme gemäss Anspruch 5 kann der Interessent dann den schon entrichteten Gebührenbetrag über Betätigung einer Geldrückgabe-Taste zurückerstattet bekommen. Damit bei erneuter Anforderung eines Faches dieser Grösse diesem Interessenten oder einem nächsten Interessenten nicht immer wieder jenes zwar nicht belegte aber unbenutzbare Fach zugewiesen wird, wird dieses offenbar nicht mehr anzubietende Schliessfach bei der zusätzlich vorgesehenen Massnahme gemäss Anspruch 5 gegen weitere, abermalige Zuteilung gesperrt, wenn es mehrfach nacheinander zugeteilt aber nicht benutzt worden war. Die Nichtbenutzung trotz Zuteilung lässt sich ohne grossen technischen Aufwand beispielsweise dadurch ermitteln, dass ein Türverschluss-Quittungssignal innerhalb einer gewissen Zeitspanne nach Zuteilung des Schliessfaches ausbleibt, oder ohne Belegung (mit Türverschluss) des gerade zugeteilten Schliessfaches die Geldrückgabe-Taste betätigt wird. Weil die störanfälligen elektromechanischen Teile der Schliessfachanlage nun nur noch einmal, und zwar in der zentralen Bedienungseinheit vorkommen, Störfälle also auf ein Minimum reduziert sind, bedarf es nicht der Einweisung gualifizierten Personals in die Funktion dieser Schliessfachanlage; vielmehr kann das noch verbleibende Minimum an Wartungsarbeiten, insbesondere in Form von Reinigung der Schliessfächer und Entleeren des Münzbehälters, nebenbei von Hilfspersonal durchgeführt werden, das an sich für andere Aufgaben eingesetzt und geschult ist. Die zusätzliche Massnahme nach Anspruch 6 stellt sicher, dass auch dieses im Umgang mit der Schliessfachanlage nicht besonders geübte Hilfspersonal die notwendigen Handgriffe für Kontroll- und Entstöroperationen richtig ausführt, indem die an der zentralen Bedienungseinheit für Betätigung durch das Publikum vorgesehnnen Handhaben in ihrer Funktions-Zuordnung durch Betätigung eines nicht öffentlich zugänglichen Personalschalters geändert werden. Eine Aufsetzschablone ist dabei dafür vorgesehen, durch Austausch der Informationen an den Betätigungsorganen nach Betätigung des Personalschalters nunmehr zielsicher die für solche Wartungs- und Kontrollarbeiten erforderlichen Handgriffe durchführen zu können. Dabei kann eine funktionelle Kopplung der Art vorgesehen sein, dass diese Betätigung des dem Publikum nicht zugänglichen, beispielsweise innerhalb des Gehäuses der zentralen Bedienungseinheit angeordneten,Personal- schalters erst dann möglich bzw. wirksam wird, wenn die Aufsetzschablone über die funktionell geänderte Zuordnung der einzelnen Handhaben angebracht ist. Die weitergehende Massnahme nach Anspruch 7 ist insbesondere im Hinblick darauf von Bedeutung, dass bei Reklamationsfällen der Benutzer zwar seine Schlüsselkarte mit der beschriebenen Magnetspur verfügbar hat, dass aber bei inzwischen erfolgter anderweitiger Benutzung die Einführung dieser Schlüsselkarte aufgrund unterdessen geänderten Prüfdaten-Satzes nicht mehr zur Ansteuerung eines unterdessen neu belegten Schliessfaches und demzufolge auch nicht mehr zur Ansteuerung irgendeiner Anzeige führt. Um dennoch feststellen zu können, welchem Schliessfach diese Reklamations-Schlüsselkarte zugeordnet gewesen war, und gegebenenfalls, wann die Belegung mittels dieser Schlüsselkarte erfolgte. (wenn eine solche Zeitangabe ebenfalls auf der Magnetspur abgespeichert ist), ermöglicht es die zusätzliche Massnahme nach Anspruch 7 dem Wartungspersonal, das dem Rekiamationsfall nachgehen soll, den Inhalt der Magnetspur abzulesen und anzeigen zu lassen, obwohl den auf dieser Schlüsselkarte enthaltenen Prüfdaten kein entsprechender Prüfdatensatz im Speicher mehr zugeordnet ist. Die weitergehende Massnahme nach Anspruch 8 stellt sicher, dass auch solche Interessenten, die mit dieser Schliessfachanlage noch nicht vertraut sind, an der zentralen Bedienungseinheit vor dem Belegen bzw. vor dem Wieder öffnen eines Schliessfaches die erforderlichen Handgriffe in der korrekten Reihenfolge ausführen, ohne dafür umständlich Bedienung sanleitungen im Zusammenhang, unabhängig von einem aktuell auszuführenden Handgriff, studiert haben zu müssen. Weitere Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus nachstehender Beschreibung eines in der Zeichnung unter Beschränkung auf das Wesentliche dargestellten, bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispieles zur erfindungsgemässen Schliessfachanlage. Es zeigt Fig. 1 die Ansicht einer zentralen Bedienungseinheit für eine Vielzahl von einzelnen Schliessfächern, Fig. 2 ein Beispiel für die Stellung einer Schliess fach-Einziehtür bei nicht-belegtem Schliessfach, Fig. 3 im Blockschaltbild den grundsätzlichen Aufbau eines Rechen- und Steuerwerkes innerhalb der zentralen Bedienungseinheit nach Fig. 1, Fig. 4 in Abänderung und Erweiterung des Blockschalt bildes nach Fig. 3 die wesentlichen Teile eines Rechen- und Steuerwerkes für eine ab gewandelte zentrale Bedienungseinheit mit Bildschirm-Ansteuerung für eine Benutzer Kommunikation und Fig. 5 in Ansicht eine Schliessfachanlage mit zwei unterschiedlichen Fachgrössen und zentraler Bedienungseinheit mit Kommunikations-Bild- schirm nach Fig. 4. Aus der Ansichts-Darstellung einer zentralen Bedienungseinheit gemäss Fig. 1 ist ein Münzeinwurf 1 oberhalb eines Wahl-Hinweisschildes 3 ersichtlich. Zwei Wahl-Tasten 4 sind zwei verfügbaren Schliessfach-Grössen zugeordnet. In die Wahl-Tasten 4 sind Belegt-Anzeigen 2 integriert, die signalisieren, wenn ein Schliessfach der über eine der Wahl-Tasten 4 angeforderten Grösse nicht mehr verfügbar sein sollte. Neben dem Münzeinwurf 1 ist eine Geldrückgabe-Taste 5 vorgesehen. Eine Anzeige 6 leuchtet auf, wenn diejenige Höchstbelegungszeit überschritten wurde, für die eine Verlängerungsgebühr nachentrichtet werden kann. Je nach dem momentanen Bedienungsstadium gibt eine Leuchtanzeige 7 an, welcher Gebührenbetrag für das Belegen bzw. für das Wieder-öffnen eines Schliessfaches noch zu entrichten bzw. nachzuentrichten ist, und danach die Nummer des zu belegenden bzw. des für die Wieder-öffnung freigegebenen Schliessfaches. Was die momentane Zahlenangabe auf der Leuchtanzeige 7 zum Inhalt hat, ist der Ansteuerung eines der beiden Leuchtschilder 8 ""Noch zu zahlen"" bzw. 9 ""Sie haben Fach Nr. ...¯ zu entnehmen. Eine öffnungstaste 11 ist betätigbar, um eine Schliess fachverschluss-öffnungsfreigabeeinrichtung für Entnahme der eingelegten Gegenstände zu betätigen, nachdem eine etwaige Gebührenschuld durch Nachentrichtung beglichen und die Nummer des zu öffnenden Faches angezeigt ist. Eine Sprechverbindung lo dient der Kommunikation mit einer abgesetzten Empfangsstelle 47 auf Betätigung einer Sprechtaste 12, vgl. auch Fig. 5. Ein Einleseschlitz 13 ist einem Magnetspur-Lesegerät zugeordnet und dient der Aufnahme einer Magnetspur Schlüsselkarte zum Auslesen der in der Magnetspur abgespeicherten Information und Rückgabe der Schlüsselkarte an den Benutzer. An einer Ausgabemulde 14 ist Wechsel- oder Restgeld bzw. nach Betätigung der Geldrückgabe-Taste 5 zurückgegebenes Geld entnehmbar'und gegebenenfalls auch die dem zu belegenden Schliessfach zugeordnete Magnetspur Schlüsselkarte Aus Fig. 2 ist ein Beispiel eines Schliessfaches 15 einer Schliessfachanlage ersichtlich, das im nicht-belegten Zustand eine geöffnete Einziehtür 16 aufweist. Eine vordere Tür-Verriegelung 17 wird erst wirksam, wenn das Schliessfach nach Zuteilung über die zentrale Bedienungseinheit belegt, die Einziehtür 16 also vom Benutzer geschlossen wird. Bis dahin ist die Einziehtür 16 mittels Einziehfedern 18 geöffnet gehalten, die zugleich dafür ausgelegt sein können, die offnungs- bewegung der Tür 16 ohne manuellen Eingriff des Benutzers hervorzurufen, wenn die öffnungstaste 11 (vgl. Fig. 1) betätigt wurde und eine gewisse Verzögerungszeit verstrichen ist. Um Missbrauch eines nicht-belegten Schliessfaches auszuschliessen und eine bewusste Durchführung einer Verschlussbewegung der Tür 16 bei Belegung eines Schliessfaches 15 sicherzustellen, kann die Einziehtür 16 im nicht-belegten Zustand des Schliessfaches 15 eine rückwärtige mechanische Verriegelung mit elektrisch ansteuerbarer Entriegelung 19 aufweisen, die ein Schliessen der Tür 16 im Zuge des Belegens des Schliessfaches 15 erst er möglicht, wenn das Leuchtschild 9 in Verbindung mit der Leuchtanzeige 7 an der zentralen Bedienungseinheit (vgl. Fig. 1) anzeigt, dass,nach Entrichtung der erforderlichen Gebühr,das Schliessfach 15 der gewählten Grösse zum Belegen zugeteilt ist. Die vordere Verriegelung 17 zum Verschliessen des belegten Schliessfaches 15 wirkt mit vorderen öffnungsmagne- ten 20 zusammen, die auf Betätigung der Offnungs-Taste 11 (vgl. Fig. 1) die Tür 16,zur zuröffnung des Schliessfaches 15 und Entnahme der hinterlegten Gegenstände,aufgrund elektrischer Ansteuerung aus der zentralen Bedienungseinheit freigeben. Am Schliessfach 15 ist ferner ein Quittungsschalter 21 zur Abgabe eines Quittungssignales bei geschlossener Tür 16 vorgesehen. Der grundsätzliche Aufbau eines Rechen- und Steuerwerkes innerhalb der zentralen Bedienungseinheit (Fig. 1) ist aus Fig. 3 ersichtlich. Im Blockschaltbild besteht die Steuerungselektronik im wesentlichen aus einem Mikroprozessor 22 in Zusammenwirken mit einem 1 K Byte Schreib-Lese-Speicher (RAM) 23 und einem 2 K Byte programmierbaren Nur-Lese-Speicher (PROM) 24. An ein in der Mikroprozessor-Technik übliches Outputinterface 25 sind Treiber 26 für leistungsstarke Verbraucher wie Lampen, Motoren oder Geldrückgabe-Einrich tungen in der zentralen Bedienungseinheit angeschlossen. Insbesondere führen die Treiber 26 auch auf Türmagnet-Relais 27 zum Ansteuern der öffnungsmagnete 20 bzw. ggf. der hinteren Entriegelungen 19 (vgl. Fig. 2) Dem Outputinterface 25 sind ferner ein Magnetkartencontroller zum Einschreiben bzw. Auslesen von binär.kodierten Informationen auf der Magnetspur der Schlüsselkarte und eine Ziffernanzeige 28 für die Leuchtanzeige 7 (vgl. Fig. 1) nachgeschaltet. Die Ansteuerung des Outputinterface 25 erfolgt in in der Mikroprozessor technik üblicher Weise über einen Datenbus 36 sowie einen Adressbus 37, die über Treiber 29 bzw. 30 an den Mikroprozessor 22 angeschlossen sind. Für die Informationseingabe ist ein Inputinterface 31 vorgesehen, an das Rückmeldungen 32 angeschlossen sind, die beispielsweise durch den Türverschluss-Quittungsschalter 21 (vgl. Fig. 21 realisiert sind, oder aber durch Kontrolleinrichtungen im Zusammenhang mit einer Münzprüfung, einer Zeiterfassung und einer Kontrollschaltung auf funktionell zutreffend betätigte Bedienungsorgane der zentralen Bedienungseinheit. Dazu gehören insbesondere ein dem Münzeinwurf 1 (vgl. Fig. 1) nachgeschalteter Münzprüfer 34 sowie etwaige weitere Eingabe- oder Bedienungstaster. Auch der Magnetspur Leser 33 als derjenige Teil des Magnetkartencontrollers, der die Übermittlung von auf der Magnetspur eingeschriebenen Informationen an die zentrale Bedienungseinheit ermöglicht, ist an das Inputinterface 31 angeschlossen. In Fig. 3 ist ferner berücksichtigt, dass es zweckmässig sein kann, den Datenbus 36 und den Adressbus 37 gleich dafür auszulegen, Erweiterungsgeräte 38 über zusätzliche ROMs, RAMs, PROMs, Inputs oder Outputs anzuschliessen. Insbesondere dann, wenn von einfachen Ausführungen für die zentrale Bedienungseinheit mit Leuchtanzeige 7 und Leuchtschildern 8, 9 auf eine Interkaninunikation mit dem Benutzer über eine Bildschirm-Darstellung übergegangen werden soll (vgl. unten), ist es zweckmässig, schon die Grundausstattung des Rechen- und Steuerwerkes nach Fig. 3 für solche zusätzlichen Ansprüche auszulegen. Je nach dem Aufstellungsort der Schliessfachanlage kann es zweckmässig sein, entgegen der Darstellung in Fig. 2 bei nicht-belegten Schliessfächern 15 die Türen 16 nicht nach hinten eingezogen mechanisch zu verriegeln und erst bei Benutzer-Zuteilung eine elektromechanische Entriegelung 19 anzusteuern, sondern die Tür 16.auch bei nicht-belegten Schliessfächern 15 geschlossen zu halten, um Missbrauch wie Deponieren von Abfällen zu unterbinden. Da die Belegung eines Schliessfaches 15 mit der Neuvergabe einer auf die Magnetspur der Schlüsselkarte einzuschreibenden Prüfdaten-Kombination einhergeht, ist aus dem Speicherinhalt des Rechen- und Steuerwerkes stets ohne weiteres ermittelbar, welches der Schliessfächer 15 aufgrund Zuteilung nach Gebührenentrichtung belegt ist, und welches der ebenfalls verschlossenen Schliessfächer zur Zuteilung frei ist. In diesem Falle erfolgt eine Ansteuerung einer Fachtür-Offnungsfreigabeeinrichtung auch zur öffnung der Tür 16 zwecks Belegung des Schliessfaches 15. Ob, bei verschiedenen Schliessfachgrössen, ein grosses oder ein kleines Schliessfach 15 durch Tür-Freigabe zugeteilt und nummernmässig auf der Leuchtanzeige 7 angezeigt wird, hängt davon ab, welche der Wahl-Tasten 4 über die gewünschte Fachgrösse betätigt wurde. Die Ansteuerung des Leuchtschildes 8 ergibt den Hinweis, dass in der Leuchtanzeige 7 jetzt der Betrag angezeigt ist, der - bzw. der noch - zu entrichten ist, um ein Schliessfach 15 für die Grundmietdauer belegen zu können. Die Zahlenangabe der Leuchtanzeige 7 gibt also bei Ansteuerung des Zahl-Leuchtschildes 8 die Gebührenschuld an. Zweckmässigerweise erfolgt die Ansteuerung des Gebührenschuld-Leuchtschildes 8, das beispielsweise die Beschriftung ¯Noch zu zahlen trägt, über einen Blinkgeber 46 (vgl. Fig. 4) intermittierend. Wenn nach einer gewissen vorgegebenen Zeitspanne, die beispielsweise ca. 20 sec. beträgt, diese angezeigte Gebührenschuld nicht beglichen wurde, dann wird der etwa schon entrichtete Teilbetrag, der über einen Münzprüfer 34 in eine Zwischenkasse#gelangte, in die Ausgabemulde 14 zurückgeworfen, Es kann dann ein neuer Schliessfach Anwahlvorgang erfolgen. Erst dann, wenn der mittels der Leuchtanzeige 7 angezeigte Gebührenschuld-Betrag voll entrichtet wurde, wird vom Gebührenschuld-Leuchtsöhild 8 auf das Nummern Leuchtschild 9 umgeschaltet. In der Leuchtanzeige 7 erscheint jetzt eine Zahl, die die Fach-Nummer zum Inhalt hat. Das Leuchtschild 9 trägt beispielsweise eine Auf schrift ""Sie haben Fach Nr. .. 11, und auch das Leuchtschild 9 erfährt zweckmässigerweise eine intermittierende Ansteuerung über einen Blinkgeber. Sollte über die Format-Wahltaste 4 ein Schliessfach 15 der Grösse gewünscht worden sein, die nicht mehr verfügbar ist, weil alle Schliessfächer 15 dieser Fachgrösse belegt sind, dann leuchtet die Belegt-Anzeige 2 auf. Dennoch in den Münzeinwurf 1 eingegebenes Geld sowie etwa schon in die Zwischenkasse gelangtes Geld wird in die Ausgabemulde 14 zurückgeworfen, Wenn dem Interessenten ein Schliessfach 15 der gewünschten Grösse zugewiesen werden kann und er den eingeforderten Gebührenbetrag für die Grundmietzeit entrichtet hat, wird eine mit einer Magnetspur ausgestattete Schlüsselkarte ausgegeben, beispielsweise in die Ausgabemulde 14 ausgeworfen. Dazu wird beispielsweise ein Streifenstück von einer Vorratsrolle abgespult, nämlich bis auf Abschnittlänge entsprechend der Schlüsselkartenlänge vorgeschoben. Nach erfolgtem Vorschub wird ein Signal zum Antrieb eines Trennmessers ausgelöst, um diesen Abschnitt von der Vorratsrolle abzuschneiden und als die Schlüsselkarte weiterzuführen. Die Rückkehr des Trennmessers in die Ruhelage nach dem Abschneiden der Schlüsselkarte von dem aufgespulten Vorratsstreifen bewirkt die Abgabe eines Signales für weiteren Vorschub der Schlüsselkarte über den Schreibkopf eines Magnetkartencontrollers, so dass die Magnetspur auf der Schlüsselkarte in ihrer ganzen Länge mit Signalen aus dem Rechen- und Steuerwerk beschrieben wird. Die Informations-Übertragung auf die Magnetspur erfolgt mit solcher Kodierung, dass die Information mehrfach hintereinander auf der Magnetspur erscheint und symmetrisch angeordnet ist, so dass die Schlüsselkarte in beiden Bewegungsrichtungen von einer entsprechenden Leseeinrichtung abgetastet werden kann. Weitere An steuerung der Transportvorrichtung für die Vorbewegung der Schlüsselkarte bewirkt beispielsweise die Übergabe in einen Fallschacht zum Auswerfen in die Ausgabemulde 14. Es kann zweckmässig sein, eine Verriegelungsschaltung vorzusehen, die bewirkt, dass die Ansteuerung der Leuchtanzeige 7 zusammen mit dem Fachnummer-Leuchtschild 9 erst dann erfolgt, wenn der Benutzer die Schlüsselkarte aus der Ausgabemulde 14 oder aus einem gesondert vorgesehenen Ausgabeschlitz entnommen hat, bei dem es sich um den auch als Einleseschlitz 13 fungierenden Schlitz in der zentralen Bedienungseinheit (vgl. Fig. 1) handeln kann. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, dass der Benutzer sich erst dann zum ihm zugewissenen Schliessfach 15 begeben kann, wenn er auch die Schlüsselkarte an sich genommen hat, die andernfalls von einer unbefugten Person aus der zentralen Bedienungseinheit entnommen werden könnte, nachdem der Benutzer sich in Richtung auf das Schliessfach 15 mit der angezeigten Nummer fortbewegt hat. Ehe die Ausgabe der Schlüsselkarte erfolgt, wird in die Magnetspur ausser der zugewiesenen Fachnummer auch eine Schlüssel- oder Prüfdateninformation eingeschrieben. Die Zuordnung dieser Prüfdaten während des gerade beginnenden Benutzungszeitraumes zu einem Schliessfach 15 der angezeigten Nummer wird in dem Rechen- und Steuerwerk abgespeichert. Wenn später das Schliessfach 15 mit dieser Schliessfachnummer erneut, an einen anderen Benutzer, vergeben wird, erfolgt bei Anzeige der Fach-Zuteilung unter der Fach nummer die Abspeicherung einer neu gebildeten Prüfdaten-Information, d. h., die bisher dieser Fachnummer zugeordnet gewesenen Prüfdaten werden in der Speicherschaltung des Rechen- und Steuerwerkes gelöscht. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, dass später niemand mit der alten Schlüsselkarte dieses - oder irgendein anderes Schliessfach 15 öffnen kann, weil auf der alten Schlüsselkarte Prüfdaten enthalten sind, die aufgrund der Organisation des Prüfdatengenerators später nicht wieder vorkommen. Auf die Magnetspur der Schlüsselkarte kann auch eine Information über den Zeitpunkt, nämlich das Datum und insbesondere die Uhrzeit, der Belegung des Schliessfaches eingespeichert werden. Bei Kombination dieser Zeit-Information mit der übrigen Prüfdaten-Information ergibt sich automatisch ein Prüfdatensatz, der sich nicht wiederholen kann. Im übrigen ist es zweckmässig, für die Prüfdatengewinnung einen Zufallsgenerator heranzuziehen. Bei Prüfdatenbildung, in die die Uhrzeit nicht eingeht, genügt es, die Uhrzeit über den Beginn der Schliessfachbelegung in das Rechen- und Steuerwerk abzuspeichern, um bei Über ziehen der Grundmietzeit die Gebührennachentrichtung in entsprechender Höhe anfordern zu können. Es ist zweckmässig, das dem Benutzer zugeteilte Schliessfach 15 zumindest beim Freigeben für Inhalts-Entnahme, möglichst aber auch beim Freigeben zur Belegung, also zum Verschliessen der Tür 16, mit einer variablen Verzögerung anzusteuern. Denn dadurch ist sichergestellt, dass das zugeteilte Schliessfach 15, dessen Nummer auf der Leuchtanzeige 7 der zentralen Bedienungseinheit aufleuchtete, auch wirklich von der berechtigten Person nach Erreichen des Standortes dieses Schliessfaches 15 betätigt wird, und nicht von irgendeiner anderen Person, die sich zufällig schon dort aufhielt und beispielsweise die Freigabe der Tür 16 bemerkte. Dem Benutzer ist es ggf#dax#nitt4ich, sein Gepäck in das Schliessfach einzulegen und die Tür 16 durch Zudrücken zu verschliessen. Eine Quittungsinformation vom Quittierschalter 21 dient der Rückmeldung an das Rechen- und Steuerwerk über die Tatsache, dass das zugeteilte Schliessfach nun belegt ist. Von nun an beginnt die Ermittlung und Abspeicherung der Belegungszeit im RAM-Speicher 23. Wurde von der Bedienungsperson an der zentralen Bedienungseinheit nicht zuerst die Fachgrössen-Wahltaste 4 betätigt, sondern zuerst Geld in den Münzeinwurf 1 eingegeben, dann blinkt das Wahl-Hinweisschild 3 beispielsweise 20 sec. lang auf, das etwa die Inschrift ""Fachgrösse wählen"" mit Pfeil-Hinweisen auf die Wahl Tasten 4 trägt. Falls keine Betätigung einer Wahl-Taste 4 erfolgt, dann wird nach Ablauf dieser Zeitspanne der eingeworfene und noch in der Zwischenkasse gehaltene Geldbetrag in die Ausgabemulde 14 zurückgeworfen. Erfolgt aber die Betätigung einer der Wahl-Tasten 4 innerhalb dieser Zeitspanne, schliesst sich der oben beschriebene Ablauf über Ausgabe einer Schlüsselkarte und Fachnummer-Anzeige an. Stellt der Benutzer bei Erreichen des ihm zugewiesenen Schliessfaches 15 fest, dass es beispielsweise für sein Gepäckstück zu klein ist oder dass es verschmutzt oder aus anderen Gründen nicht benutzbar ist, dann kann er innerhalb einer vorgegebenen Zeitspanne über die Taste 5 die Geldrückgabe bewirken und nach erneuter Anforderung sich ein neues Schliessfach 15 zuweisen lassen. Für diese Geldrückgabe und Neuwahl kann der gleiche Vorgang vorgesehen sein, wie nach Ablauf der Belegungszeit zur Entnahme des eingelegten Gutes, nämlich Einschieben der Schlüsselkarte in den Einleseschlitz 13 und Betätigung der öffnungstaste 11. Weil der Quittungsschalter 21 aufgrund nicht verschlossener Tür 16 kein Signal abgab, erfolgt jetzt das Zurückwerfen des Geldes in die Ausgabemulde 14 anstatt Weiterleitung aus der Zwischenkasse in den Endspeicher. Stattdessen kann aber auch vorgesehen sein, innerhalb einer vorgegebenen Zeitspanne, nach Ansteuerung der Leuchtanzeige 7 über die zugewiesene Schliessfach-Nummer, die Geldrückgabe-Taste 5 zu betätigen. Im Falle der Verweigerung der Benutzung eines zugewiesenen Schliessfaches 15, also bei Auslösung der Geldrückgabe aus der Zwischenkasse ohne Betätigung des Quittungsschalters 21, erfolgt eine Registrierung dieser Tatsache in einer Zähl- und Sperreinrichtung 48 (vgl. Fig. 4 und 5) am Rechen- und Steuerwerk. Nach mehrmaliger, beispielsweise dreimaliger solcher Verweigerung der Inbenutzungnahme eines einmal zugewiesenen Schliessfaches 15 erfolgt vom Rechen- und Steuerwerk aus eine automatische Sperre des Schliessfaches 15 mit dieser Fachnummer, so dass dieses zukünftig nicht mehr einem Interessenten zugewiesen wird, ehe nicht die Sperre vom Wartungspersonal nach Überprüfung der Gegebenheiten wieder rückgängig gemacht wurde. Es kann zweckmässig sein, eine automatische Signalgabe an eine abgesetzte Auf sichtstation zu übermitteln, um dort gleich registrieren zu lassen, dass von den verfügbaren Schliessfächern 15 ein bestimmtes verweigert wird. Wird ein einmal zugeteiltes Schliessfach 15 innerhalb einer vorgegebenen Zeitspanne trotz Entrichtung des eingeforderten Gebührenbetrages nicht belegt, also der Quittungsschalter 21 nicht betätigt, so wird dieses Schliessfach 15 im unbelegten Zustand wieder verriegelt, beispielsweise mit geöffneter Tür 16 nach Fig. 2. Dadurch soll Trickbetrug verhindert werden. Aus diesem Grunde wird bis zur erfolgten Wiederverriegelung kein neben diesem Fach liegendes Fach zugeteilt, sondern auf andere freie Fächer bei der Zuweisung zurückgegriffen. Zum Zwecke der 5chliessfach-Offnung für Entnahme hinterlegten Gutes wird die Schlüsselkarte, beispielsweise mit der Magnetspur nach unten, in beliebiger Längsrichtung in den Einleseschlitz 13 eingeschoben und vom Leser 33 des Magnetkartencontrollers eingezogen, um die magnetisch eingespeicherte Information abzutasten und die Schlüsselkarte dann wieder herauszufahren. Erfolgt dieses Einführen der Schlüsselkarte in den Einleseschlitz 13 innerhalb der Grundmietzeit, für die der Gebührenbetrag schon entrichtet wurde, was sich aus einem Vergleich der Momentanzeit mit der Zeit bei Belegung des zugewiesenen Schliessfaches 15 gemäss Speicherinhalt im Rechen- und Steuerwerk mittels des Mikrocomputers 22 in als solcher bekannter Weise ermitteln lässt, dann erfolgt eine Ansteuerung der Leucht anzeige 7 mit einer Nummer, die gemäss Ansteuerung des Leuchtschildes 9 die Fachnummer darstellt. Durch Betätigung der öffnungstaste 11 wird die Schliessfach verschluss-öffnungsfreigabeeinrichtung an der Tür 16 angesteuert. Dabei handelt es sich zweckmässigerweise zunächst nur um eine vorübergehende Vorentriegelung, d. h., die öffnung der Tür 16 erfolgt durch den Benutzer. Sollte dieser sich nicht oder nicht schnell genug von der zentralen Bedienungseinheit zum Schliessfach 15 mit der angezeigten Nummer begeben haben, dann wird diese Tür 16 automatisch wieder verriegelt, um unbefugte öffnung durch Dritte zu verhindern. Bei einer Einzieh-Tür 16 gemäss Abb. 2 mit rückwärtiger Verriegelung zieht sich die Tür 16 ggf. nach hinten selbsttätig ein und verriegelt sich, um das Gepäck ungestört entnehmen zu können. Sollte der Benutzer auf dem Wege von der zentralen Bedienungseinheit zum zu entleerenden Schliessfach 15 die Fachnummer wieder vergessen haben, so kann er an die zentrale Bedienungseinheit zurückkehren und erneut die Schlüsselkarte in den Einleseschlitz 13 einführen, um erneut die Nummern-Angabe auf der Leuchtanzeige 7 hervorzurufen. Denn solange dieses Schliessfach 15 mit dieser Fachnummer noch nicht neu belegt wurde, ist im Rechen- und Steuerwerk noch die Prüfdaten-Information abgespeichert, die sich auch auf der Magnetspur der Schlüsselkarte befindet, und der Leseteil des Magnetkartencontrollers spricht deshalb weiterhin auf Eingabe dieser Schlüsselkarte mit Anzeige der Schliessfachnummer an. Wenn das Schliessfach 15 geöffnet wurde und danach erneut einem Benutzer zugewiesen werden soll, wird mittels des Mikrocomputers 22 ein abgewandelter Prüfdaten-Satz erzeugt und über das Rechen- und Steuerwerk (Fig. 3) und den Schreibteil des Magnetkartencontrollers auf die Magnetspur der nun auszugebenden Schlüsselkarte sowie gleichzeitig in den RAM-Speicher 23 des Rechen- und Steuerwerkes übertragen. Von nun an ist die früher zu dieser Fachnummer ausgegebene Schlüsselkarte nicht mehr verwendbar, weder zur Ansteuerung der Schliessfach verschluss-öffnungsfreigabeeinrichtung noch auch nur zur Ansteuerung der Schliessfachnummern-Anzeige auf der Leuchtanzeige 7; denn im Rechen- und Steuerwerk ist keine Prüfdaten-Information mehr enthalten, die mit der in die alte Schlüsselkarte eingeschriebenen Prüfdaten-Information übereinstimmt. Soll dennoch festgestellt werden, welche Fachnummer Information bzw. gegebenenfalls welche weitere Information auf der Magnetspur einer solchen nicht mehr gültigen Schlüsselkarte enthalten ist, dann kann über einen Personalschalter 35 der Leser 33 des Magnetkartencontrollers samt Fachnummer-Anzeigeeinrichtung 7, 9 gesondert eingeschaltet werden, also unter Umgehung der prüfdatengesteuerten Sicherheitsschaltung. Für den Fall einer Überzahlung bei erstmaliger oder nachträglicher Gebührenentrichtung kann eine Restgeldrückgabe vorgesehen sein. Erfolgt das Einlesen der Schlüsselkarte zwecks Entnahme des im Schliessfach 15 abgelegten Gutes erst nach Ablauf einer Zeitspanne, die als Höchstbelegungszeit vorgegeben ist, dann wird die besondere Anzeige 6 angesteuert, die zum Ausdruck bringt, dass die Höchstbelegungszeit überschritten wurde und der Benutzer sich bei der Aufsicht oder bei einer anderen Stelle, z. B. zur Entgegennahme seines dort inzwischen verwahrten Gutes,zu melden habe. Für diesen Fall, aber auch bei Auftreten von Verständnisschwierigkeiten hinsichtlich Bedienung der zentralen Bedienungseinheit kann über Betätigung der Sprechtaste 12 eine Sprechverbindung zu einer abgesetzten Empfangsstelle hergestellt werden, um dem Benutzer Anweisungen für sein Verhalten übermitteln zu können. Im Blockschaltbild nach Fig. 4 ist für die Hinweise an den Benutzer ein Bildschirm 41 vorgesehen, der über eine beliebige geeignete Zeichengeneratorschaltung 42 bekannter Art (vgl. z. B. ELEKTRONIK 1976, 4/71-75) zur Informationsdarstellung ansteuerbar ist. Bei der Darstellung einer Schliessfachanlage mit zentraler Bedienungseinheit gemäss Fig. 5 ist vorgesehen, anstelle der verschiedenen getrennten Informationsanzeigen, die in Fig. 1 gezeigt sind, einen solchen Bildschirm 41 vorzusehen. Die Schriftdarstel lung auf dem Bildschirm 41 gibt dem Benutzer an, welchen Handgriff er jeweils zu tun hat, um den be schriebenen Bedienungsablauf in korrekter Folge zu gewährleisten. Auch die Gebührenschuld- und die Fachnummer-Anzeige vorbeschriebener Art wird nun also durch entsprechende Informationsdarstellung auf dem Bildschirm 41 ersetzt. In Fig. 4 ist ferner der schon erwähnte Personalschalter 35 berücksichtigt, der vorzugsweise nur bei auf der zentralen Bedienungseinheit aufgesetzter Auf setz- schablone 43 wirksam ist. Dadurch ist sichergestellt, dass die in Fig, 5 dargestellten Bedienungsorgane nun andere Funktionen haben, nämlich solche Funktionen, die für eine Funktionsüberprüfung des Rechen- und Steuerwerkes durch Wartungspersonal erforderlich sind. Für solche Überprüfungsvorgänge sind somit keine gesonderten Schalter innerhalb oder ausserhalb der zentralen Bedienungseinheit,über den Unbefugten nicht zugänglichen Funktionenumschalter in Form des Personalschalters 35 hinaus, erforderlich. Dieser Personalschalter 35 ist insbesondere dafür eingerichtet, von der zentralen Bedienungseinheit aus den Belegzustand der einzelnen Schliessfächer 15 der Schliessfachanlage abfragen zu können, wobei das momentan abgefragte Schliessfach 15 mit seiner Schliessfachnummer auf der Leuchtanzeige 7 (Fig. 1) oder auf dem Bildschirm 41 (Fig 5) erscheint. Auch kann über den Personalschalter 35 eine der vorhandenen Tasten in der zentralen Bedienungseinheit dafür umfunktioniert werden, ein über seine Nummer vorgebbares Fach zu sperren, weil beispielsweise an diesem Fach Unregelmässigkeiten aufgetreten sind, die erst behoben werden sollen. Im Interesse hohen Bedienungskomforts für Wartungsund Kontrollpersonal ist es zweckmässig, über eine weitere Stellung des Personalschalters 35 eine Kassen Sollabfrage des Münzvorrates im Geldspeicher durchzuführen und das Resultat auf der Leuchtanzeige 7 bzw. auf dem Bildschirm 41 anzuzeigen, die auch die Ansteuerung der Geldrückzahleinrichtung für Wechselgeldausgabe bzw. Mietgeldrückgabe bei Fach-Nichtbelegung mit umfassen kann. Anschlussmöglichkeiten 44 für einen Drucker an diese Kassenbestands-Abfrage ermöglichen den Ausdruck des Sollbestandes und damit eine vereinfachte Abrechnung. Bei Vorhandensein eines Selbsttestprogrammes für das Rechen- und Steuerwerk kann über diesen Drucker auch eine Ausgabe der ermittelten Fehler erfolgen, aufgrund derer die erforderlichen Wartungsarbeiten bestimmt werden. Schliesslich ist es für den praktischen Einsatz einer Schliessfachanlage der erfindungsgemässen Art zweckmässig, im Rechen- und Steuerwerk eine Schaltung für Ermittlung statistischer Informationen über die Beleghäufigkeit und durchschnittliche Belegungszeit der einzelnen Schliessfächer vorzusehen und die Resultate ebenfalls über den Personalschalter 35 abzufragen bzw. über einen Drucker auszugeben, weil diese Informationen für die Gestaltung von Aufstellverträgen zu Schliessfachanlagen der erfindungsgemässen Art und aus solchen erträgen herrührende Verpflichtungen von wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung sein können. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung sind unter Schliessfächern 15 aber nicht nur herkömmliche Handgepäck-Schliessfächer von Schliessfachanlagen, wie sie auf Bahnhöfen oder Flughäfen installiert sind, zu verstehen, sondern darüber hinaus insbesondere auch schrankartige Schliessfächer, wie sie zur Aufnahme von Garderobe in öffentlichen Bädern, Sportanlagen, Theatergarderoben oder Fabrikanlagen zum vorübergehenden Unterbringen von Kleidungsstücken aufgestellt sind. Darüber hinaus ist die Erfindung vorteilhaft bei allen Arten von Warenautomaten anwendbar, bei denen das Warenangebot in einzelnen Fächern deponiert ist, deren Türen nach Massgabe einer Anwahl unter Berücksichtigung der Entrichtung eines vorgegebenen Geldbetrages zur Warenentnahme geöffnet werden können. Wenn die Erfindung im Dienstleistungsbereich, wie etwa in Parkhäusern Einsatz finden soll, dann entspricht die beschriebene, auf Anforderung erfolgende Schliessfach Zuordnung der Zuordnung eines bestimmten Abstellplatzes und die beschriebene Handhabung der Schliessfachtür zur Betätigung des Beleg-Quittungsschalters 21 einer Aktivierung eines Sensors, der an der jeweiligen Parkbucht installiert ist, um die Belegung der Parkbucht an die zentrale Bedienungseinheit zu signalisieren. Der beschriebenen öffnungs-Freigabe einer Schliessfachtür zur Schliessfachbelegung kann bei diesem Einsatzfall der Erfindung eine, bevorzugt optische, Signalgabe entsprechen, die die Zuteilung einer Parkbucht zum Inhalt hat; dem berechtigten Fahrzeugführer wird dadurch das Auffinden der ihm zugewiesenen Parkbucht erleichtert, und falls ein Fahrzeug in einer Parkbucht abgestellt sein sollte, bei der diese Signalgabe nicht vorliegt, dann ist das für das Aufsichtspersonal oder für eine Sensor-Rontrollschaltung ein Kriterium dafür, dass in dieser Parkbucht ein Fahrzeug unbefugt, nämlich ohne vorherige Zuweisung auf Anforderung an der zentralen Bedienungseinheit, abgestellt wurde.";Patentansprüche: 1. Schliessfachanlage mit einer zentralen Bedienungseinheit mit einem Speicher (23) und einer daran angeschlossenen Schaltanordnung zur manuellen Abfrage und zur Anzeige des Belegzustandes sowie, auf manuelle Betätigung an der Bedienungseinheit, zur vorübergehend wirksamen, individuellen Ansteuerung einer Schliessfachver schluss-#ffnungsfreigabeeinr ichtung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an die ein Rechen- und Steuerwerk (Mikrocomputer 22) mit Speichern (23, 24) aufweisende Schaltanordnung für die Belegung eines Schliessfaches eine Wahl-Taste (4), eine Gebührenschuld- Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 8), ein Zahlungsvergleicher, ein Prüfdatengeber, eine Fachnuumer-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 9), ein Schlüsselkartenspender, der mit einem Magnetspur-Schreibgerät für Fachnummer- und für variable Prüfdaten ausgestattet ist, sowie eine vorübergehend wirksame Fachtür-Entriegelungseinrichtung (19) angeschlossen sind, und dass für die Wiederöffnung des Schliessfaches ein Schlüsselkarten-Leser (33) mit Prüfdaten-Koinzidenzkontrollschaltung vorgesehen ist, dem eine Belegzeit-Ermittlungsschaltung, die Gebühren schuld-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 8), der Zahlungsvergleicher, die Fachnummer-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 9) und die vorübergehend wirksame Schliessfachverschluss öffnungsfreigabeeinrichtung nachgeschaltet sind. 2. Schliessfachanlage nack Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zur Ansteuerung der Schliessfach verschluss-#ffnungsfreigabeeinrichtung eine öff nungs- taste (11) mit einer Schaltanordnung für variable Zeitverzögerung der öffnungsfreigabe vorgesehen ist. 3. Schliessfachanlage nach Patentanspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Gebührenschuld-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 8) mit einem Blinkgeber (46) zusammengeschaltet und die Fachnummer-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 9) sowie die öffnungstaste (11) während dessen Ansteuerung blockiert sind. 4. Schliessfachanlage nach einem der vorangegangenen Patentansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie eine Sprechverbindung (10) zu einer abgesetzten Empfangsstelle (47) aufweist. 5. Schliessfachanlage nach einem der vorangegangenen Patentansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass eine Geldrückgabe-Taste (5) mit einer Zähl- und Sperreinrichtung (48) für Nichtbelegung eines entriegelten Schliessfaches (15) zusammengeschaltet und deren Zählergebnis Ausgang die Schliessfach-Sperreinrichtung nachgeschaltet ist. 6. Schliessfachanlage nach einem der vorangegangenen Patentansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Personalschalter (35) und eine diesem zugeordnete Aufsetzschablone (43) vorgesehen sind. 7. Schliessfachanlage nach Patentanspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Personalschalter (35) mit einem Schlüsselkarten-Leser (33) zusammengeschaltet ist, dem eine Leuchtanzeige (7) nachgeschaltet ist. 8. Schliessfachanlage nach einem der vorangegangen Patentansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Inter kommunikations-Bildschirm (41) in der zentralen Bedienungseinheit vorgesehen ist, der aus dem Rechenund Steuerwerk (Mikrocomputer 22) über eine Schriftgeneratorschaltung (42) nach Massgabe von Hinweis- und Leuchtschildinformationsdarstellung ansteuerbar ist. (Neuer) Patentanspruch 1 1. Schliessfachanlage mit zentraler Bedienungseinheit mit einer Schaltanordnung zu vorübergehend wirksamer Ansteuerung einer öffnungs-Freigabeeinrichtung, einer Wahl-Taste (4), einem Zahlungsvergleicher, einem Schlüsselspender und -aufnehmer mit Aufnahme-Detektor, einer Belegzeit Ermittlungsschaltung und einem Speicher (23) mit ausgegebenen Schlüsseln zugeordneten Speicherplätzen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Speicher (23) Bestandteil eines Rechen- und Steuerwerkes mit einem Mikrocomputer (22) ist, an das neben der Wahl-Taste (4) und einem Zahlungsvergleicher eine Gebührenschuld-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 8), ein Prüfdatengeber, eine Fachnummer-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 9), der Schlüsselspender in Form eines mit einem Magnetspur Schreibgerät für Fachnummer- und variable Prüfdaten ausgestatteten Schlüsselkartenspenders und die #ffnungs-Freigabe- einrichtung in Form einer Fachtür-Entriegelungseinrichtung (19) angeschlossen sind, und dass an das Rechen- und Steuerwerk ferner der Schlüsselaufnahme-Detektor in Form eines Schlüsselkarten-Lesers (33) mit Prüfdaten-Koinzidenzschaltung angeschlossen ist, dem die Belegzeit-Ermittlungsschaltung, die Gebührenschuld-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 8), der Zahlungsvergleicher, die Fachnummer-Anzeigeeinrichtung (7, 9) und eine vorübergehend wirksame Schliessfachverschluss-öffnungsfreigabe- einrichtung zum Wieder-öffnen des Faches (115) nachgeschaltet sind. (zusätzlicher) Patentanspruch 9 9. Schliessfachanlage nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie mit einer Abfrage- und Anzeigesteuerschaltung hinsichtlich ihres momentanen Belegzustandes ausgestattet ist.;HOFMANN, OTTO, NAGLER, GEORG;TELE-ALARM, NACHRICHTENTECHNISCHE GERATE GMBH HERSTELLUNGS- UND VERTRIEBSGESELLSCHAFT & CO.KG;1978
+EP-0006404-B1;19820203.0;19780628;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185900.0;B24B9;B24B35;B24B35, B24B9;B24B  35/00, B24B   9/00;APPARATUS FOR DEBURRING OF FLAT WORKPIECES;1. Apparatus for deburring or rounding off the edges of flat workpieces, in which the workpieces are treated with brushes in alternating brushing directions, characterised by a clamping table (1) which serves to hold the flat workpiece (2), a brush (3) having a flat base (4) which is arranged opposite the clamping block (1), and provided with bristles (5) which are mounted vertically on the base (4) and are directed towards the workpiece, wherein the ends of the bristles contacting the workpiece surface have a maximum lateral deflection which is smaller than the deflection of the body carrying the bristles caused by the drive, and a drive (6) for effecting an eccentrically circular movement of the brush parallel to the plane of the workpiece.;"Entgraten ebener Werkstücke Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Entgraten oder Verrunden der Kanten ebener Werkstücke, bei dem Borsten in wechselnder Richtung über die Kanten geführt werden. Es ist bekannt, dass beim Bürsten ebener, flächiger Werkstücke, z.B. gestanzter oder geschnittener Bleche für Platinen, Schrankwände, Frontplatten u.a. aus der Blechebene herausstehende Grate abgetragen sowie die Kanten der Werkstücke verrundet werden. Man verwendet hierzu häufig rotierende Walzenbürsten, wobei es Jedoch nötig ist, die Werkstücke in mehreren seitlich oder räumlich getrennten Schritten mit jeweils wechselnder Bürste richtung zu bearbeiten, um eine gleichmässige Rundum-Entgratung bzw. Kantenverrundung zu erhalten. Daher sind derartige Anlagen verhältnismässig aufwendig, sowohl hinsichtlich des Antriebes der einzelnen Walzen und deren Handhabung, wie auch hinsichtlich des Platzbedarfs. Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ebene Werkstücke in einem Bearbeitungsschritt an allen Kanten zu entgraten und zu verrunden. Dies wird gemäss der Erfindung dadurch gelöst, dass Borsten parallel zur Ebene der Werkstücke jeweils um getrennte Rotationsachsen (Kreisschwingung) kreisend über deren Oberfläche geführt werden. Bei diesem Verfahren wird die die Borsten tragende Bürste nicht um eine raumfeste Rotationsachse gedreht (dabei würden die Borsten konzentrische Kreisbewegungen und Schleifspuren beschreiben wie die Körner einer Schleifscheibe). Vielmehr wird die Bürste wie ein Schwingschleifer derart exzentrisch kreisend bewegt, dass zwar jede Borste eine Kreisbewegung parallel zur Werkstück-Oberfläche beschreibt, aber jede dieser Kreisbewegungen eine eigene Rotationsachse aufweist (Fig. 1). Dadurch wird jeder Punkt der Oberfläche von den Borsten nacheinander in stets wechselnder Richtung Uber- strichen und abgeschliffen. Da die Borsten jedoch elastisch sind, folgen sie an den Kanten dem Profil der Werkstücke und tragen dabei die Kanten ab oder entschärfen sie durch fortwährendes geringes Umformen. Die nacheinander über die Kanten schleifenden (nstolperndenn) Borsten wechseln jedoch entsprechend der exzentrischen Kreisbewegung der Bürste ständig ihre Richtung, so dass es zu einer gleichmässigen Verrundung kommt, bei Riefen und Söhleifspuren praktisch nicht auftreten. Damit die einzelnen Borsten der Kreisbewegung der Bürste folgen, ist es erforderlich, dass die seitliche Beweglichkeit der freien Bürstenenden sehr gering, höchstens wenige Millimeter, ist. So muss die maximal mögliche seitliche Ablenkung der auf der Oberfläche aufstehenden Borsten geringer sein als die vom Antrieb der Borste hervorgerufene Auslenkung des Borsten-Tragkörpers, damit die freien Borstenenden die angestrebte Kreisbewegung auf dem Werkstück beschreiben. Die Borsten normaler Bürsten sind nachgiebig und deren Borstenenden folgen daher der Kreisbewegung nur sehr unvollständig. Es wird daher vorgeschlagen, Bürsten zu verwenden, deren Borsten sehr steif sind. Dies kann durch ein geeignetes Borstenmaterial, z.B. Stahl, erreicht werden. Vorteilhaft kann die seit,. liche Beweglichkeit der Borstenenden dadurch beschränkt werden, dass die Borsten sehr dicht gepackt sind, z.B. mit einer Packungsdichte über 30 %. Es können auch Borsten aus Kunststoff verwendet werden, in denen Schleifmittel eingelagert sind. Bevorzugt wird der Zwischenraum zwischen den Borsten mit einer Füllmasse ausgefüllt, die plastisch oder elastisch ist, wobei diese einem höheren Abrieb unterworfen ist als die Borsten selbst. Nach kurzen Betriebsdauern werden dabei durch den Abrieb die freien Borstenenden in einer Tiefe von einem Millimeter oder etwas darüber freigelegt, so dass die freien Borstenenden zwar dem Kantenprofil elastisch folgen können, jedoch durch die verbleibende Full- masse in ihrer seitlichen Bewegung beschränkt sind. Vorteilhaft kann in die Füllmasse ein Schleifmittel eingelagert sein, so dass beim Abrieb der Füllmasse zusätzliches Schleifmaterial auf die zu bearbeitende Oberfläche gelangt. Anhand mehrerer Ausführungsbeispiele und Figuren wird die Erfindung näher erläutert. In Fig. 1 sind die Bewegungsbahnen 20 der einzelnen Borsten, die bei einer exzentrischen Bewegung der Bürste entstehen und jeweils Kreise um getrennte Rotationsachsen 21 darstellen, schematisch dargestellt. Fig. 2 zeigt eine bevorzugte Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens. In Fig. 3 ist eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform zum Halten und Transportieren des Werkstückes bei der Durchführung des Verfahrens gezeigt. Die Fig. 4 bis 6 betreffen vorteilhafte Ausführungen der beim Verfahren verwendbaren Bürsten. Eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens besteht entsprechend Fig. 2 aus einem Spanntisch 1 zum Halten eines Werkstückes 2. Der Spanntisch 1 kann dabei z.B. als Magnetspanntisch ausgebildet sein oder Saugnäpfe oder mechanische Halterungen für das Werkstück enthalten. Der Tischfläche gegenüber ist eine Bürste 3 angeordnet, die eine ebene Grundfläche 4 und darauf senkrecht stehende, auf das Werkstück gerichtete Bürsten 5 enthält. Die Bürste 3 wird von einem Antriebsmotor 6 in eine exzentrisch kreisende Bewegung versetzt. Die exzentrische Kreisbewegung wird hervorgerufen, indem die Antriebswelle 7 einen am Bürstenkbrper 3 befestigten Exzenter 8 antreibt. Die exzentrische Kreisbewegung entsteht dabei aus infinitesimalen Parallelverschiebungen der Bürste, die sich zu einer geschlossenen Kreisbahn zusammensetzen. Vorteilhaft ist zur Führung der Bürste wenigstens ein zweiter Exzenter 9 an der Bürste angeordnet, der von einer zweiten Antriebswelle 10 angetrieben wird. Diese zweite Antriebswelle 10 wird mittels Zahnkränzen 11 und einem Zahnriemen 12 synchron vom Antrieb 6 angetrieben. Vorteilhaft ist die Exzentrizität der Exzenter 8 und 9 verstellbar, um die Amplitude der exzentrischen Kreisbewegung der Nachgiebigkeit der Borsten des Werkzeuges anzupassen. Um die Vorrichtung der jeweiligen Werkstückdicke anzupassen und bei Abrieb der Borsten nachzustellen, ist der Abstand zwischen dem Spanntisch 1 und der Bürste 3 verstellbar. Hierzu dient eine Schiene 14. Fur lange Werkstücke oder für einen kontinuierlichen Betrieb ist es vorteilhaft, die Vorrichtung als Durchlauf-Bearbeitungsmaschine auszubilden, d.h. das Werkstück wird während der Bearbeitung unter dem Werkzeug (Bürste) verschoben. Hierzu ist eine Transporteinrichtung für das Werkstück nötig. Dazu können Rollen 30 (Fig. 3) dienen, die das Werkstück zum Halten auf den Tisch 33 pressen und, sofern ein Rollenantrieb 31 vorgesehen ist, transportieren. Vorteilhaft stehen diesen Rollen 30 Gegenrollen 32 zur Bildung von Transportrollen-Paaren gegenUber. Der Abstand der Walzenpaare muss kleiner sein als die Werkstücklänge, weshalb die Rollen 30 vorteilhaft in Aussparungen 34 der Bürste 35 angeordnet werden. Die Aussparungen sind dabei so gross gewählt, dass die Schwingkreisbewegung der Bürste durch die Rollen nicht behindert wird. Bei hinreichend geringem Rollenabstand können sowohl lange wie kurze Werkstücke ohne Umrüstung an der gleichen Vorrichtung bearbeitet werden. Zur Erprobung geeigneter Bürsten wurden zunächst unter dem Namen ""FeilbUrsten"" handelsübliche Stahl drahtbürsten verwendet, deren Borsten etwa 0,2 mm Durchmesser und etwa 5 mm freie Borstenlänge bei einer Besatzdichte von etwa 2 % besitzen. Derartige Bürsten zeigen zwar bereits eine erhebliche Entgratung und Umformung der Kanten gestanzter Bleche, jedoch weisen die Kanten Riefen auf. Das Arbeitsergebnis kann verbessert werden, wenn die Packung der Stahlborsten erheblich dichter gewählt wird, z.B. zu 60 96 Besatzdichte. Man kann aber aus den genannten handelsüblichen Bürsten auch dadurch geeignete Bürsten für das Verfahren herstellen, dass die Zwischenräume mit einer Elastomermasse ausgegossen werden. Beim Betrieb wird die Elastomermasse an der Oberfläche ausgerieben und es entsteht die in Fig. 4 gezeigte Struktur, bei der die Drähte 40, die mittels eines Tragkörpers 41 am Bürstenrücken 42 befestigt sind, etwa einen Millimeter aus der Elastomerschicht 43 herausragen. Mit einer durch einen derartigen Elastomer-Verguss stabilisierte Strahldrahtbürste (Grundfläche 6 x 6 cm), deren Borsten eine Dicke von etwa 0,08 mm und eine Länge von ca. 15 mm bei einer Besatzdichte von etwa 7 % besitzen, wurden gestanzte Tiefziehbleche 8 x 8 cm mit künstlichen Graten verschiedener Stärke als Prüfkörper behandelt. Dazu wurde die Bürste als ""Schleifschuht' auf einen Schwingschleifer (Frequenz etwa 50 Hz, Amplitude etwa 4 mi gespannt. Nach einer kurzen Einlaufzeit betrug die Länge der frei aus dem Elastomer-Verguss herausstehenden Drahtborstenenden etwa 1 mm. An den Kanten wurde eine Materialabtragung von etwa 0,1 mm innerhalb 30 sec. erztelt. Die Oberfläche der Kanten war praktisch riefenfrei. Ferner wurden-,Borsten verwendet, widsie bei sogenannten flexiblen Schleifahlen verwendet werden. Derartige Bürsten sind bisher nur in Flaschenbürsten-Form erhältlich (Fig. 5). Sie besitzen z.B. Borsten 50 aus Polyamid mit etwa 1 mm Durchmesser und einer freien Borstenlänge von etwa 10 mm. An ihrem Ende sind Schleifkugeln 51 mit etwa 4 mm Durchmesser befestigt, die aus einem Siliziumkarbid der Körnung 320, das mit Kunstharz gebunden ist, bestehen. Die Besatzdichte beträgt etwa 30 9'. Eine derartige Walzenbürste wurde fest eingespannt und das Werkstück zur Simulierung des Arbeitsvorganges auf einen Schwingschleifer befestigt. Die Relativbewegung zwischen den Borsten und der Werkstückoberfläche entspricht dabei weitgehend der Bewegung beim erfindungsgemässen Verfahren. Das Werkstück zeigt nach der Behandlung eine gute Entgratung und Kantenverrundung. Eine Bürste mit ebener Grundfläche, die nach diesem Prinzip aufgebaut ist (Fig. 5), ist daher für ein derartiges Verfahren ebenfalls geeignet. Auch mit Borsten aus Polyamid und darin eingebettetem Siliziumkarbid-Schleifkörnern der Körnung 120, wie sie bei handelsüblichen Walzen-Schleifbürsten verwendet werden, kann durch entsprechend hohe Besatzdichte ein gutes Arbeitsergebnis erzeugt werden. Zur Erprobung wurde loses Borstenmaterial derartiger Schleifbürsten mit einer Borstenlänge von etwa 1 cm auf einer 6 x 6 cm grossen Fläche zu einer Packungsdichte von 60 9' dicht gepackt und mit einem Tragkörper verklebt,-Fig. 6 zeigt die Strüktur, bei der auf dem Tragkörper 60 die Borsten 61 mittelR einer Schicht 62 aus geschmolzenem Borstenmaterial befestigt sind. Diese Art der Befestigung, bei der auf Haltebänder verzichtet wird, ermöglicht die ange strebte hohe Packung. Bei der Behandlung der erwähnten Probekörper aus gestanzten Tiefziehblechen mit einer derartigen Bürste wurde nachgewiesen, dass bereits nach 30sec. die feinsten Stanzgrate und nesserscharfen Kanten soweit antschärft sind, dass die Schnittverletzungsgefahr beseitigt ist. Um das gleiche Arbeitsergebnis mit einer Vorrichtung, die 4 schnell rotierende Bürsten enthält, zu erzielen, muss das Werkstück zwar nur eine erheblich kürzere (etwa um den Faktor 10 kleinere) Zeit bearbeitet werden als beim Verfahren semäss der Erfindung. Während nämlich beim Verfahren nach der Erfindung die Borsten die Kanten abreiben, schlagen die Borsten rotierender Walzenbürsten gegen die Kanten. Jedoch sind hierbei 4 Bearbeitungsschritte (4 nacheinander angeordnete, um verschiedene Rotationsachsen rotierende Bürsten) anstelle eines einzigen Bearbeitungsschrittes nötig. Die hohe Leistungsfähigkeit von Bürstmaschinen mit rotierenden Walzenbürsten kann jedoch häufig nicht genutzt werden, so dass eine einfachere und kostengünstigere ""Schwingbürstmaschine"" gemäss der Erfindung in den meisten Pällen wirtschaftlicher ist. Ausserdem benätigt die Vorrichtung nach der Erfindung nur wenig Platz und kann daher auch in Längstaktmaschine und Fertigungsstrassen eingesetzt werden, in denen tUr 3 Walzenbürsten keih Platz vorhanden wäre. Insbesondere kann das Verfahren in Verbindung mit einem Vorschleifen angewendet werden. So können z.B. die bei einem Brennschneiden entstehenden Schneidwülste mit einer Bandschleifmaschine grob entfernt werden, wobei der Bandschleif- maschine eine Schwingbürst-Vorrichtung nachgeschaltet ist, die die entstehenden Schleifgrate entfernt und die Kanten verrundet. Dabei kann eine hohe irbeits- geschwindigkeit erreicht werden. 12 Patentansprüche 6 Figuren";PatentanspfUche 1. Verfahren zum Entgraten oder Verrunden der Kanten ebener Werkstücke, bei dem Borsten in wechselnder Richtung über die Kanten geführt werden, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Borsten parallel zur Ebene der Werkstücke jeweils um getrennte Rotationsachsen kreisend (Kreisschwingung) über die Werkstück-Oberfläche geführt werden. 2. Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, g e k e n n z e i c h n e t durch einen Spanntisch zum Halten des ebenen Werkstücks, einer Bürste mit ebener, dem Spanntisch gegenüberstehenden Grundfläche und auf der Grundfläche senkrecht stehenden, auf das Werkstück gerichteten Borsten, deren freie Enden nur geringfügig seitlich bewegbar sind, und einem Antrieb für eine parallel zur Werkstückebene exzentrisch kreisende Bewegung (Kreisschwingung) der Bürste. 3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die seitliche Bewegbarkeit der freien Borstenenden durch eine dichte Packung der Borsten beschränkt ist. 4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Borsten aus Stahl sind. 5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Borsten aus Kunststoff mit eingelagerten Schleifmitteln bestehen. 6. Vorrichtung nach einem der AnsprUch 2 bis 5, dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass der Zwischenraum zwischen den Borsten von einer plastischen oder elastischen Fulliasse ausgefüllt ist. 7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass in die Fulliasse Schleifmitteln eingelagert sind. 8. Vorrichtung nach einem der AnsprUche 2 bis 7, dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass der Abstand zwischen Bürste und Spanntisch verstellbar ist. 9. Vorrichtung nach einem der AnsprUche 2 bis 8, dadurch g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass das Werkstück von Rollen auf dem Spanntisch gehalten wird. 10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9 , d a d u r c h g e k. e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Rollen in Aussparungen der Bürsten angeordnet sind. 11. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, oder 10, d a durch gekennzeichnet, dass das Werkstück von den Rollen und gegenüberstehenden Gegenrollen transportiert wird. 12. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Antrieb mehrere synchron angetriebene Exzenter enthält.;PORSCH, HANS, Pörsch, Hans;SIEMENS AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT BERLIN UND MUNCHEN;1978
+EP-0006405-B2;19841010.0;19780704;EP;B2;DE;20100220.0;new;8185901.0;F16D65;;F16D65;F16D  65/09B;HOLD-DOWN SPRING TO MAINTAIN THE BRAKE SHOES AGAINST THE ANCHOR PLATE IN DRUM BRAKES;1. Holding-down spring for pressing the brake shoes (8) against the brake plate (2) in drum-type brakes, having a section which consists of a resilient material, particularly spring-wire, and is located at one side of the brake-shoe stay, and having a connecting stay (26, 26') whose free end (28) is shaped for connection to the brake plate (2), whilst for forming the section from the connection stay (26, 26'), a leg (30, 30') is bent out, approximately at right-angles, characterised in that, after reaching the total spring travel of the section, the leg (30, 30') serves directly as a stop for the brake shoe stay (16), and that, bent out approximately at right-angles from the leg (30, 30'), there is a second leg (32, 32') which runs in a plane lying substantially parallel with the brake shoe stay (16) and is adjoined by a third leg (34, 34') which is inclined with respect to the brake shoe stay (16) and, at a distance from the first leg (30, 30'), extends rearwards to beyond the connecting stay (26, 26') and whilst producing a torsional stress in the foregoing leg (32, 32'), rests with its free end on the brake shoe stay (16).;"Niederhaltefeder zum Andrücken der Bremsbacken an den Bremsschild bei Trommelbremsen Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Niederhaltefeder zum Andrücken der Bremsbacken an den Bremsschild bei Trommelbremsen mit einem aus einem federnden Werkstoff, insbesondere Federdraht, bestehenden Abschnitt, der auf der einen Seite des Bremsbackensteges sich befindet, und mit einem Verbindungssteg, dessen freies Ende zur Verbindung mit dem Bremsschild ausgebildet ist. Bei einer bekannten Niederhaltefeder dieser Art besteht der auf der einen Seite des Bremsbackensteges sich befindliche und aus Federdraht bestehende Abschnitt aus einer Schraubendruckfeder, die von einem mit dem Verbindungssteg verbundenen Federteller gegen den Bremsbackensteg gedrückt wird. Diese Niederhaltefeder ergibt eine bedeutende Bauhöhe über dem Bremsbackensteg, so dass es nicht möglich ist, den Handbremshebel so anzuordnen, dass er sich in einer Ebene über der Niederhaltefeder bewegen kann. Vielmehr kann der Handbremshebel, da seine Ebene innerhalb der Höhe der Feder liegen muss, sich nur neben der Niederhaltefeder bewegen, was aus Platzgründen manchmal schlecht möglich ist. Ausserdem ist die Niederhaltefeder sehr aufwendig. Bei einer anderen durch das DE-Gbm 1 865 388 bekanntgewordenen Niederhaltefeder wird der federnde Abschnitt über dem Bremsbackensteg von zwei bügelförmigen Zungen gebildet, die von einem den Verbindungssteg bildenden Streifen abgebogen sind. Diese Feder weist ebenfalls eine grössere Bauhöhe über dem Bremsbackensteg auf. Ferner ist sie durch die Biegebean- spruchung in den bügelförmigen Zungen sehr hart, und sie bil det nach Erreichen dcs res2mttederweges einen nefinitivrn Anschlag für die Bremsbacken, der vprhindern soll, dass beim Abziehen der Bremstrommel durch Verklemmen derselben mit den Bremsbacken diese in Abzihrichtung der Bremstrommel über ein grösseres Sass mitbewegt werden, wodurch die Bremsbackenstege von den Kolben im Radbremszylinder abgleiten würden. Ebenfalls keinen solchen Anschlag bildet die Niederhaltefeder nach dem DE-Gbm 1 908 499, bei der der VerbindungsstEg als solcher von einer Schraubenzugfeder gebildet ist. Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Niederhaltefeder zu schaffen, die eine entsprechend weiche Federkennung aufweist, die einfach variierbar ist, und die dabei eine niedrige Bauhöhe über dem Bremsbackensteg ergibt. Bei der Demontage der Bremstrommel soll sie darüberhinaus einen Haken bzw. Anschlag zur Begrenzung der Bewegung der Bremsbacken bilden. Ferner soll sie leicht herstellbar und einfach montierbar sein. Ein Oberflächenschutz soll ebenfalls leicht aufgetragen werden können. Erfindungsgemäss wird diese Aufgabe dadurch gelöst, dass der Abschnitt einen von dem Verbindungssteg abgebogenen ersten Schenkel aufweist, von dem ein zweiter Schenkel nach der Seite zu abgebogen ist, der selbst oder ein von diesem wie- derum seitlich abgebogener Schenkel nach dem Bremsbackensteg zu geneigt ist und unter Erzeugung einer Torsionsspannung im vorhergehenden Schenkel mit seinem freien Ende auf dem Bremsbackensteg aufliegt. Eine hinsichtlich der Federkennung und der Bauhöhe über dem Bremsbackensteg besonders vorteilhafte Weiterbildung der Erfindung wird dann erreicht, wenn der erste Schenkel etwa im rechten Winkel vom Verbindungssteg abgebogen ist und der zweite Schenkel etwa rechtwinkelig zum ersten Schenkel und in einer etwa parallel zum Bremsbackensteg liegenden Ebene verläuft und sich daran ein dritter Schenkel anschliesst, der zum Bremsbackensteg geneigt sich im Abstand zum ersten Schenkel bis über den Verbindungssteg hinaus zurück erstreckt. Zwpckmssig bildet der zweite Schenkel die Umlenkung vom ersten Schenkel zum dritten Schenkel, wobei er kreisbogenförmig ausgebildet ist. Der dritte Schenkel ist in vorteilhafter Weise in einem Winkel von 10 bis 300 zum Bremsbackensteg geneigt. Eine besonders zweckmässige Ausführungsform ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zwei aus Federdraht bestehende und nebeneinander angeordnete Verbindungsstege vorgesehen sind, von denen gleichartig je ein erster Schenkel abgebogen ist, an die sich spiegelbildlich jeweils der zweite und der dritte Schenkel anschliessen, wobei die beiden dritten Schenkel an ihren Enden miteinander verbunden sind. Die Erfindung wird anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen näher er läutert. In der Zeichnung zeigen: Fig. 1 eine Ansicht einer Trommelbremse bei abgenommener Bremstrommel mit der erfindungsgemässen Nieder haltefeder, Fig. 2 einen Schnitt nach Linie II-II in Fig. 1, Fig. 3 eine Ausführungsform der Niederhaltefeder in drei bis 5 Ansichten und Fig. b eine weitere Ausführungsform der Niederhaltefeder bis 8 ebenfalls in drei Ansichten. In Fig. 1 sind der Bremsschild mit 2, der daran befestigte Radbremszylinder mit 4 und ein Widerlager mit 6 bezeichnet, an welch letzterem die Bremsbacken 8 und 10 mit einem Ende durch die Wirkung einer Feder 12 anliegen. mit dem anderen Ende liegen die Bremsbacken 8 und 10 durch die Wirkung der Feder 14 an den Kolben im Radbremszylinder 4 an. Die Bremsbacken t und 10 bestehen je aus einem Bremsbackensteg 1S, dem Bremsbelagträger 18 sowie dem Bremsbelag 20. mit 22 ist der Handbremshebel bezeichnet. Die Bremsbacken 8 und 10 werden durch die Niederhaltefedern 24 an den Bremsschild c angedrückt. Die Niederhaltefeder 24 besteht aus einem Verbindungssteg, der sowohl in dem Ausführungsbeispiel nach Fig. 3 bis 5 als auch in dem nach Fig. 6 bis 8 von zwei aus Federdraht bestehenden Stegen 26 und 26' gebildet ist. Die unteren Enden 28 des Verbindungssteges 26, 26' sind widerhakenförmig abgebogen und sind im eingebauten Zustand hinter dem Bremsschild 2 verhakt, wie Fig. 2 zeigt. Am anderen Ende der Verbindungs stege 2b, 26' ist je ein Schenkel 30 bzw. 30' rechtwinkelig vom Verbindungssteg abgebogen. Von den Schenkeln 30 und 30' ist jeweils seitlich ein zweiter Schenkel 32 bzw. 32' abgebogen, der in den Ausführungsbeispielen kreisbogenförmig in einer Ebene parallel zum Bremsbackensteg 16 verläuft. Die Schenkel 32, 32' bilden jeweils den Übergang zu den dritten Schenkeln 34 bzw. 34'. Die Schenkel 34, 34' verlaufen in Draufsicht nach Fig. 5 parallel zu den Schenkeln 30, 30' und erstrecken sich nach rechts bis über die Verbindungsstege 26, 26' hinaus, wo sie durch ein Bogenstück 36 miteinander verbunden sind. Die Schenkel 34, 34' sind im Ausgangszustand zum Bremsbackensteg 16 hin in einem Winkel von etwa 1S0 geneigt. Zum Einbau der Niederhaltefeder 24 wird deren Verbindungssteg 26, 26' mit dem Ende 28 zunächst durch die Bohrung 40 im Bremsbackensteg 16 gesteckt, bis das Ende 28 über der. Bohrung 42 des Bremsschildes 2 liegt. Dann wird durch einen Schlag von oben auf die Niederhaltefeder das Ende 28 durch die Bohrung 42 hindurchgetrieben, das sich somit am Bremsschild 2 verhakt. Dadurch werden auch die Schenkel 34, 34' in die in Fig. 3 mit strichpunktierten Linien 38 gezeichnete vorgespannte Lage gebracht. Die Schenkel 32, 32' werden im eingebauten Zustand der Niederhaltefeder auf Torsion beansprucht und ergeben den Federweg für die Schenkel 34, 34', deren Bogenstück 36 auf dem Bremsbackensteg 16 aufliegt. Die Federkennung bzw. Federrate ist derart, dass bei einer Toleranz in dem masts zwischen Bremsschild und Bremsbackensteg von etwa + fl,8 mm nur etws + 30 ,' Abweichung in der Federkraft auftritt, wenn von einer durchschnittlichen Federkraft von 10 kg ausgegangen wird. Die Schenkel 30, 30' dienen als Anschlag für#die Bremsbackenstege, wenn der Gesamtfederweg der Niederhaltefeder erreicht ist, was z.B. beim Abziehen der Bremstrommel geschehen kann, wenn diese die Bremsbacken beim Abziehen durch Verkanten o.dgl. mitbewegen sollte. Ein Aufbiegen der Schenkel 30, 30' ist bei der auftretenden Kraft nicht gegeben, wie überhaupt die Federung nicht durch Biegung in den Schenkeln, sondern in ausschlaggebendem masse nur durch Verdrehung in den Schenkeln oder Teilen davon erreicht wird. Die Niederhaltefeder 24 nach der Fig. 3 bis 5 wird wegen der Ausdehnung der Schenkel 34, 34' am zweckmässigsten so eingebaut, dass die Schenkel 30, 30' und 34, 34' hinsichtlich der Bremsbacken 8 bzw. 10 etwa in tangentialer Richtung verlaufen. Es ist jedoch auch ein Einbau möglich, bei dem die Schenkel 30, 30' und 34, 34' in anderer Richtung verlaufen können. Um jedoch in jeder Bremse eine gleiche Lage der Niederhaltefeder 24 zu gewährleisten, sind an dieser, wie in Fig. 6 bis 8 gezeigt, die Schenkel 30 30' und 34, 3';' nahe der Schenkel 32, 32' nach unten parallel zu dem Verbindungssteg 26, 26' abgebogen. Die Abbiegung ist mit 4 bezeichnet. Wie Fig. 1 und 2 zeigen, ist die Niederhaltefeder so eingebaut, dass die Abbiegung 44 neben dem Rand des Bremsbackensteges 16 nach unten verläuft. Durch die Abbiegung 44 ist die montage der Niederhaltefeder 24 nur in dieser Lage möglich, d.h. die Abbiegung muss schon dann neben dem Rand des Bremsbackensteges 16 liegen, wenn das Ende 28 noch nicht hinter dem Bremsschild 2 verrastet ist. Diese Verrastung kommt nicht zustande, wenn das Ende 44 auf dem Bremsbackensteg 16 aufliegt. Die richtige Montage der Niederhaltefeder 24 und ihre Fixierung ist dadurch gewährleistet. Um die Niederhaltefeder 24 leichter wieder ausbauen zu können, ist das widerhakenförmige Ende 28 mit einer z.B. von einer weiteren Abbiegung gebildeten Abrundung 46 versehen.";Patentansprüche 1. Niederhaltefeder zum Andrücken der Bremsbacken an den Bremsschild bei Trommelbremsen mit einem aus einem fe dernden Werkstoff, insbesondere Federdraht, bestehenden Abschnitt, der auf der einen Seite des Bremabackensteges sich befindet, und mit einem Verbindungssteg, dessen freies Ende zur Verbindung mit dem Bremsschild ausge bildet ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Abschnitt einen von dem Verbindungssteg (26, 26') abgebogenen ersten Schenkel (30, 30') aufweist, von dem ein zweiter Schenkel (32, 32') nach der Seite zu abgebogen ist, der selbst oder ein von diesem wiederum seitlich abgebogener Schenkel (34, 34') nach dem Bremsbackensteg (16) zu geneigt ist und unter Erzeugung einer Torsionsspannung im vorher gehenden Schenkel (32, 32') mit seinem freien Ende (36) auf dem Bremsbackensteg (16) aufliegt. 2. Niederhaltefeder nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der erste Schenkel (30, 30') etwa im rechten Winkel vom Verbindungssteg (26, 26') ab gebogen ist und der zweite Schenkel (32, 32') etwa recht winkelig zum ersten Schenkel (30, 30') und in einer etwa parallel zum Bremsbackensteg (26, 26') liegenden Ebene verläuft und sich daran ein dritter Schenkel (34, 34') anschliesst, der zum Bremsbackensteg (26, 26') geneigt sich im Abstand zum ersten Schenkel (30, 30') bis über den Verbindungssteg (2b, 26') hinaus zurück erstreckt. 3. Niederhaltefeder nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der zweite Schenkel (32, 32') den Ubergang vom ersten Schenkel (30, 30') zum drit ten Schenkel (34, 34') bildet und kreisbogenförmig aus gebildet ist. 4. Niederhaltefeder nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der dritte Schenkel (34, 34') im Winkel von 10 bis 300 zum Bremsbackensteg (16) geneigt ist. 5. Niederhaltefeder nach Anspruch 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zwei aus Federdraht besteh ende und nebeneinander angeordnete Verbindungsstege (26, 26') vorgesehen sind, von denen gleichartig je ein erster Schenkel (30, 30') abgebogen ist, an die sich spiegel bildlich jeweils der zweite (32, 32') und der dritte Schenkel (34, 34') anschliessen, wobei die beiden dritten Schenkel (34, 34') an ihren Enden miteinander verbunden sind. 6. Niederhaltefeder nach Anspruch 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Enden der dritten Schen kel (34, 34') über einen bogenförmigen Abschnitt (36) mit einander verbunden sind. 7. Niederhaltefeder nach Anspruch 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sowohl der erste (30, 30') als auch der dritte Schenkel (34, 34') nahe des sie ver bindenden zweiten Schenkels (32, 32') nach unten parallel zum Verbindungssteg (26, 26') abgebogen sind. 8. Niederhaltefeder nach Anspruch 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Verbindungssteg (26, 26') mit einem widerhakenförmigen Ende (28) zur Verbindung mit dem Bremsschild (16) versehen ist.;GUTHMANN, HERBERT, ING. (GRAD.), OPPELT, WERNER;ADAM OPEL AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;1978
+EP-0006408-B1;19820224.0;19781130;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6692858.0;A61F1;A61F1;A61F2;K61F2:00N17, K61F2:30K, K61F2:30H, K61F2:00Y3, K61F2:00Y2T, K61F2:30L2A11, K61F2:46C, A61F   2/30B1, K61F2:00T4, K61F2:30L2S, K61F2:30L2B4, K61F2:46B22, K61F2:30L2A, K61F2:46B9;AUXILIARY DEVICE INSERTABLE IN A MEDULLARY CANAL FOR ENSURING THE FIXATION OF AN IMPLANTED PROSTHESIS;1. An auxiliary element adapted to be inserted into a marrow cavity for securing the setting of implant, characterized by a stopper adapted to be inserted into the cavity of the marrow of bone and forming the auxiliary element, said stopper retaining the amount of bone cement necessary to fix the implant and comprising a smooth forward portion (10) and a flexible rearward portion (11), said rearward portion having transverse dimensions greater than those of the forward portion (10) and being provided with anchoring means (13) for anchoring the stopper in the marrow cavity.;In eine narilhöije einsetzbaren Hilfeelerent zur Sicherung des Sitzes eines laplantates Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein in eine narkhohle einsetzbares Hilfselement zur Sicherung des Sitzes von mit Knochenzement gesicherten Implantaten. Implantate werden mit Hilfe eines sogenannten Knochenzementes in Markhöhlen fixiert. Es besteht Jedoch Gefahr, dass nach einem mehr oder weniger langen Zeitraum sich das Implantat unter der ständigen Beanspruchung zu lockern beginnt. Dies wird zum Teil dadurch verursacht, dass das Implantat nicht wirksam genug im Knochenzement eingebettet ist. Denn durch das Einsetzen des Implantates besteht die Gefahr, dass der Zement in Längsrichtung des Knochens auswandert. Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Hilfselement anzugeben, mit dem der oben beschriebene Nachteil verhindert wird und der zur Verbesserung der Sicherung des Sitzes eines Implantates beiträgt. Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss gelöst durch einen in eine Knochenmarkliöhle einsetzbaren Stopfen, der einen vorderen glatten Abschnitt und einen hinteren Abschnitt grösseren Durchmessers aufweist, der mit Verriegelungsmitteln versehen ist. Der glatte Abschnitt hat in etwa den Durchmesser der Narkhöhle, während der hintere Teil etwas grösseren Durchmesser besitzt. Der erfindungsgemässe Stopfen wird als erstes in die Knochen- narkhöhle eingefillirt, bevor der Knochenzement eingegeben wird. Das einzusetzende Implantat presst dann den Knochenzement seitlich in den spongiösen Teil des Knochens, und der erfindungsgemässe Stopfen verhindert das Auswandern des Zements in Längsrichtung des Knochens. Dadurch entsteht zwischen Knochen und Implantat mit Hilfe des Zements eine feste, porenfreie Verbindung, wodurch die Haftung des Implantats wesentlich erhöht wird. Der erfindungsgemässe Stopfen kann in geeigneter Weise unterschiedlich gestaltet werden. Eine Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sieht hierzu vor, dass der hintere Abschnitt flexibel gestaltet ist und einen grösseren Aussendurchmesser als der vordere Abschnitt aufweist. Der Vorderabschnitt ist an den Durchmesser der Markhöhle angepasst, deshalb muss eine Reihe von Stopfen mit unterschiedlichem Aussendurchmesser auf Vorrat vorhanden sein, damit ftir den Jeweiligen Durchmesser der Knochenhöhle der geeignete Stopfen einsetzbar ist. Der hintere Abschnitt ist bei der beschriebenen Aus ffihrungs form flexibel gestaltet und weist einen grösseren Aussendurchmesser als der Vorderabschnitt auf, so dass er beim Einsetzen radial nach innen verformt wird und dadurch einen Druck auf die Wandung der Knochenhahle ausübt, um darin formschlfissig verankert zu werden. Zur Verbesserung der Verankerung sieht eine weitere Ausgespaltung der Erfindung vor, dass die Verriegelungsaittel von sägezahnartig umlaufenden Rippen gebildet sind. Die Sägezahnform der Rippen ist Jedoch so angeordnet, dass der grössere widerhakenfarmige Widerstand in Einsetzrichtung des Stopfens stattfindet, während er in entgegengesetzter Richtung verhältnismässig leicht herausgezogen werden kann. Eine besonders wirksame Formgebung besteht gemäss einer weiteren Ausgestaltung der Erfindung darin dass der hintere Abschnitt sich nach hinten konisch erweitert. Zur Verbesserung der Flefiblität des hinteren Abschnitts ist erfindungsgemäss vorgesehen, dass die Wand des hohlen hinteren Abschnitts mindestens einen Längsschlitz aufweist. Das Material des Stopfens besteht zweckmässigerweise aus Polyethylen oder einem anderen bekannten Implantatematerial. Ein AusfUhrungsboispiel der Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von Zeichnungen näher beschrieben. Fig. 1 zeigt die Längs ansicht eines Stopfens nach der Erfindung. Fig. 2 zeigt einen Schnitt durch den Stopfen nach Fig. 1. Der in den Figuren 1 und 2 gezeigte Stopfen, beispielsweise aus Polyethylen, besitzt einen vorderen, aus vollem Material hergestellten Abschnitt 10 und einen hinteren Abschnitt 11. Der hintere Abschnitt 11 ist kegelstumpf- förmig gestaltet mit einer konischen Blindbohrung 12 im Inneren und sägezahnförmigen umlaufenden Rippen 13 aussen. Ausserdem erstrecken sich in Längsrichtung vier um 90 0 Umfangsabstand beabstandete Längsschlitze 14 durch die Wand des hinteren Abschnitts 11. Die Flanken zwischen den Rippen bilden einen Winkel von etwa 60 . Sie sind derart angeordnet, dass eine widerhakenartige Wirkung entsteht, wenn der Stopfen in Einsetzrichtung, d.h. mit dem vorderen Abschnitt 10 zuerst in eine Knochenhöhle eingefffhrt wird. In entgegengesetzter Richtung ermöglichen die oberen Flanken der Rippen 13 ein verhältnismässig leichtgängiges Gleiten. Beim Einsetzen des Stopfens nach den Figuren 1 und 2 in eine Markhöhle ist darauf zu achten, dass der Aussendurchmesser des vorderen Abschnitts 10 der an der vorderen Stirnseite mit einer abgerundeten Kante 15 versehen ist, dem Durchmesser der Markhöhle entspricht. Demzufolge werden die vier durch die Schlitze 14 getrennten Abschnitte des hinteren Abschnitts radial nach innen gebogen, wobei die sägezahnartigen Rippen 13 wirksam in der Markhöhle verankert werden, so dass beim Einsetzen eines Impalntates der Knochenzement an einem Auswandern in Längs- richtung des Knochens gehindert ist und seitlich in den spongiösen Teil des Knochens gepresst wird. Bei eventuellen Reimplantationen wird der gezeigte Stopfen mit einem Spiralbohrer oder dergleichen durchbohrt. Mit einem Extraktionshaken, der durch das gebohrte Loch das Ende des Stopfens erfasst, kann dieser herausgeschlagen werden. Die Bohrung 12 setzt sich im massiven Abschnitt 10 in einer Gewindebohrung 16 fort, mit welcher ein Einsetzgerät in Eingriff gebracht werden kann. Zusätzlich oder alternativ kann auch die Bohrung 12 mit Innengewinde versehen werden, z. B. um den Stopfen zu extrahieren. Die Bohrung 16 hat gegenüber der Bohrung 12 einen reduzierten Durchmesser. Eine Durchgangsbohrung 17 im massiven vorderen Abschnitt von noch geringerem Durchmesser dient beim Einsetzen des Stopfens in die Markhöhle zum Bruckausgleich. Der gezeigte Stopfen hat Originalgrösse für einen Durch messer 12 mm. Normalerweise reicht eine Serie vom Innendurchmesser 10 bis 18 mm aus, um allen anfallenden Versorgungsfällen gerecht zu werden. In den Zeichnungen ist ein Stopfen mit einem massiven vorderen und eines hohlen flexiblen hinteren Teil dargestellt. Die Erfindung ist Jedoch hierauf nicht beschränkt. Vielmehr erstreckt sich die Erfindung auf alle stopfenartigen Elemente, welche, in eine Markhöhle eingesetzt, eine Wanderung von Knochenzement in Längsrichtung des Knochens verhindern, indem das stopfenartige Element des einen Widerstand entgegensetzt.;Ansprüche 1. In eine Markhöhle einsetzbares Hilfselement zur Sicherung des Sitzes von mit Knochenzeaent fixierten Implantaten, gekennzeichnet durch einen in eine Knochen markhöhle einsetzbaren Stopfen, der einen vorderen glatten Abschnitt (10) und einen hinteren Abschnitt grösseren Durchmessers (11) aufweist, der mit Ver riegelungsmitteln (13) versehen ist. 2. Hilfselement nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der hintere Abschnitt (11) flexibel gestaltet ist und einen grösseren Aussendurchmesser als der Vorder abschnitt (10) aufweist. 3. Hilfselement nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verriegelungsmittel von sägezahnartig um laufenden Rippen (13) gebildet dnd. 4. Hilfselement nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass der hintere Abschnitt (11) sich nach hinten konisch erweitert. 5. Hilfselement nach einem der AnsprUche 2 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Wand des hohlen hinteren Ab schnitts (ii) mindestens einen Längsschlitz (14) aufweist. 6. Hilfselement nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Stopfen aus Polyethylen oder einem anderen Implantatematerial besteht. 7. Hilfselement nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im vorderen massiven Abschnitt (10) eine Gewindebohrung (16) vorgesehen ist. 8. Hilfselement nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im vorderen massiven Abschnitt (10) eine Durchgangsbohrung (17) vorgesehen ist.;BEHRENS, KLAUS, ING. GRAD., HARDER, HANS ERICH, RICHTER, KARL M., DIPL.-ING., SEIDEL, HARTMUT, DR. MED.;HOWMEDICA INTERNATIONAL, INC. ZWEIGNIEDERLASSUNG KIEL;1978
+EP-0006409-B1;19820623.0;19780626;EP;B1;FR;20100220.0;new;26077638.0;C02F1;B01J47;C02F1;C02F   1/42;DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING THE FILLING AND EMPTYING OF A COLUMN, COLUMN AND DEMINERALISATION UNIT EQUIPPED WITH SUCH A DEVICE;1. Device to control the feeding and the evacuation of a column for water or other liquid processing, particularly a column containing ions exchanging resins for eliminating minerals, this device comprising a central supply-gate having the form of a compact unit fixed at the head of the column, control means for this supply-gate and a water feeded hydro-injector to suck up a regenerative product so as to ensure the inlet and the outlet of the water or the regenerative product in a suitable way by normal working conditions as well as by regenerative conditions, the device being characterised by : - a chamber, so called water-distribution chamber, in which clears an inlet port Ee for the water to be processed and an exhaust port Sh for the water feeding of the hydro-injector, - a second chamber, so called changed-over chamber, in which clear, on the one hand an inlet port Er for the regenerative product communicating with the hydro-injector, and on the other hand ports C1 and C2 respectively communicating with the inlet and the outlet of the column so as to ensure the flow of the water or the regenerative product between the supply-gate and the column in a way or the other, - a third chamber, so called exhaust chamber, in which clear an exhaust port Se for processed water and an exhaust port Sr towards the sewer, - the water distribution chamber being arranged to communicate with the change-over chamber and containing a plunger movable between two positions, one PE1 permitting the flow of water from the inlet port Ee towards the change-over chamber, the other PE2 permitting the flow of water towards the exhaust port Sh, - the change-over chamber being arranged to communicate with the exhaust chamber and containing a plunger movable between two positions, one PI1 permitting the flow, on the one hand from the distribution chamber or from the inlet port Er for the regenerative product towards the port C1 communicating with the inlet of the column, on the other hand from the port C2 towards the outlet of the column, the other, PI2 permitting the flow, on the one hand from the water distribution chamber or from the inlet port Er for the regenerative product towards the port C2, on the other hand, from the port C1 the exhaust chamber, - the exhaust chamber containing a plunger movable between two positions, one PS1 permitting the flow from the change-over chamber towards the outlet port Se for processed water, the other, PS2 permitting the flow from the change-over chamber towards the outlet port Sr towards the sewer.;"Dispositif de commande de l'alimentation et de l'évacuation d'une colonne, colonne et poste de déminéralisation équipés d'un tel dispositif L'invention concerne un dispositif de commande de l'alimentation et de l'évacuation d'une colonne de traitement d'eau (ou autre liquide) ; elle vise en particulier les colonnes de déminéralisation contenant des résines échangeuses d'ions, résines cationiques ou résines anioniques, ainsi que les postes de déminéralisation combinant plusieurs colonnes complémentaires. Notons que, pour rendre la terminologie plus simple, on a parlé ci-après d'eau comme liquide à traiter ; il est bien entendu qu'il faut étendre cette désignation à tout liquide, quelle que soit sa nature (alcool, huiles, etc...). On sait que les postes de déminéralisation sont en général composés de deux colonnes disposées en série l'une après l'autre, l'une contenant une résine cationique, l'autre une résine anionique. L'eau du réseau de distribution traverse les deux colonnes où sont retenus les sels en solution et sort traitée, prête à l'utilisation. Au cours des périodes de traitement, les résines échangeuses d'ions s'épuisent peu à peu et doivent être régénérées suivant un cycle de régénération comprenant le plus souvent un décolmatage par passage d'eau à contre-courant, la régénération proprement dite par passage d'un régénérant (acide chlorydrique dilué pour les résines cationiques et solution de soude pour les résines anioniques), et un rinçage par passa ge d'eau ; au cours du régime de régénération, l'eau c-i les effluents sortant des colonnes sont envoyés à l'égout. Les postes de déminéralisation connus jusqu'à ce jour sont, ainsi, équipés d'un ensemble complexe de canalisations pour permettre d'assurer les différents régimes de circulation dans les colonnes correspondant au régime de service ou aux diverses phases du régime de régénération ; ces canalisations sont piquées sur les colonnes et sont associées à une pluralité de vannes manuelles : l'opérateur manoeuvre en général plusieurs vannes dans le sens de la fermeture et plusieurs vannes dans le sens de l'ouverture pour établir tel ou tel régime. Par exemple, les postes de déminéralisation les plus répandus à deux colonnes de traitement comprennent 13 vannes et pour passer du régime de service à la première phase du régime de régénération (phase de décolmatage), l'opérateur doit effectuer 5 manoeuvres et 26 manoeuvres au total pour une régénération complète. On conçoit que, dans ces conditions, la commande de ces postes soit complexe et demeure soumise à des risques d'erreurs fréquentes, ces risques étant d'autant plus forts que la fréquence des régénérations est relativement élevée (une fois par semaine environ). Par ailleurs, les piquages des diverses canalisations sur les colonnes, habituellement en matière synthétique armée de fibres de verre (polyester ou autre), réduisent notablement la résistance mécanique des colonnes et déterminent des risques importants de fissuration de celles-ci. La présente invention se propose de pallier les défauts des colonnes ou postes de déminéralisation classiques et de fournir un dispositif de commande de l'alimentation et de l'évacuation de chaque colonne, apte à assurer de façon appropriée l'entrée et la sortie de l'eau ou d'un régénérant aussi bien en régime de service (traitement de l'eau qui est distribuée vers l'utilisation) qu'en régime de régénération (régénération des résines ou, de façon plus générale, du matériau de traitement contenu dans la colonne Un objectif de l'invention est, en particulier, de simplifier de façon considérable les manoeuvres à effectuer, en éliminant tout risque d'erreur. Un autre objectif est de supprimer tous les piquages sur la colonne pour ne laisser subsister qu'une entrée et une sortie, situées en tête de celle-ci au niveau de l'orifice supérieur que comporte la colonne à l'issue de sa fabrication ; notons que les termes entrée et de ""sortie"" utilisés évoquent le sens de circulation de l'eau en régime de service, mais sont pris dans un sens plus large, indépendant du sens de circulation pour certaines phases du recyclage (en particulier pour la phase de décolmatage où, comme on le verra, l'eau circule à contre-courant par rapport au sens normal et pénètre dans la colonne par la ""sortie"" et sort par l'""entrée'). Le dispositif conforme à l'invention destiné à assurer la commande de l'alimentation et de l'évacuation d'une colonne de traitement d'eau comprend essentiellement une vanne de distribution centralisée, des moyens de commande de celle-ci et un hydro-injecteur alimenté en eau pour aspirer un régénérant ; selon la présente invention, la vanne de distribution comprend au moins trois chambres intérieures une chambre, dite chambre de distribution d'eau, dans laquelle débouche une lumière Ee d'entrée d'eau à traiter et de laquelle s'échappe une sortie Sh d'alimentation en eau de lthydro-injecteur, une deuxième chambre, dite chambre d'inversion de sens, dans laquelle débouchent, d'une part, une lu hère Er d'entrée du régénérant communiquant avec l'hydro- injecteur, d'autre part, des lumières Ci et C2 communiquant respectivement avec l'entrée et la sortie de la colonne pour assurer le passage de l'eau ou du régénérant entre la vanne et ladite colonne dans un sens ou dans l'autre, une troisième chambre, dite chambre de sortie, de laquelle s'échappent une lumière Se d'eau traitée et une lumière Sr d'évacuation vers l'égout. La chambre de distribution est agencée pour communiquer avec la chambre d'inversion de sens et contient un piston mobile entre deux positions, l'une PE1 dans laquelle le passage de l'eau s'effectue depuis la lumière Ee d'entrée vers la chambre d'inversion, l'autre PE2 dans laquelle ce passage s'effectue vers la sortie Sh. La chambre d'inversion est agencée pour communiquer avec la chambre de sortie et contient un piston mobile entre deux positions, l'une PI1 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue, d'une part, depuis la chambre de distribution d'eau ou depuis la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant vers la lumière C1 communiquant avec l'entrée de la colonne, d'autre part, depuis la lumière C2 communiquant avec la sortie de celle-ci vers la chambre de sortie, l'autre PI2 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue, d'une part, depuis la chambre de distribution d'eau ou depuis la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant vers la lumière C2, d'autre part, depuis la lumière C1 vers la chambre de sortie. La chambre de sortie contient également un piston mobile entre deux positions, l'une PS1 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue depuis la chambre d'inversion de sens vers la lumière Se de sortie d'eau traitée, l'autre PS2 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue depuis cette chambre d'inversion de sens vers la lumière Sr d'évacuation vers ltégoût. Ainsi, les pistons peuvent être disposés dans des positions qui, en se combinant, donnent plusieurs configurations, assurant chacune dans la vanne et dans la colonne de traitement une circulation appropriée à une phase donnée. En particulier, les moyens de commande de la vanne de distribution sont adaptés pour déplacer les trois pistons sus-évoqués en vue de les disposer respectivement dans les configurations suivantes - PE1, PI1, PS1 correspondant à une configuration dite de service, - PE1, PI2, PS2 correspondant à une configuration dite de décolmatage, - PE2, PI1 ou PI2, PS2 correspondant à une ou des configurations dites de régénération, - PE1, PI1, PS2 correspondant à une configuration dite de rinçage. La configuration dite de service correspond au régime normal ou de service ou l'eau du réseau à traiter pénètre par la lumière Ee d'entrée, s'écoule par la lumière C1 vers l'entrée de la colonne, traverse celle-ci pour y subir son traitement, est dirigée à travers la lumière C2 et sort de la vanne par la lumière Se de sortie connectée au conduit d'utilisation. La configuration dite de décolmatage correspond à une phase du régime de régénération (phase préalable) pendant laquelle l'eau du réseau est admise dans la colonne par la lumière C2, traverse celle-ci à contre-courant (sens de circulation opposé au sens normal en régime de service) et est rejetée vers l'égout par la lumière d'évacuation Sr. La ou les configurations,dites de régénération, correspondent aux phases de régénération proprement dites, pendant lesquelles le régénérant est admis dans la colonne, traverse celle-ci et est rejeté à l'égoût. La configuration dite de rinçage correspond à une phase du régime de régénération (phase finale) pendant laquelle l'eau du réseau est admise dans la colonne, traverse celle-ci à co-courant (sens normal de circulation en régime de service) et est rejetée à l'égoût. Dans la plupart des applications, le dispositif de commande peut être prévu pour que ses pistons mobiles présentent une configuration de régénération dite de régénération à co-courant (PE2, PI1, PS2j, dans laquelle la lumière Er communique avec la lumière C1 e la lumière C2 communique avec la lumière Sr. Cette configuration correspond à un passage du régénérant à co-courant (sens normal de circulation de l'eau dans la colonne en régime de service), et éventuellement comme on le verra, à un rinçage lent à cocourant lorsque la quantité de régénérant prévue est épuisée. Pour d'autres applications, une configuration de régénération différente, dite de régénération à contrecourant, peut être prévue (PE2, PI2, PS2) dans laquelle la lumière Er communique avec la lumière C2, et la lumière C1 communique avec la lumière Sr. Cette configuration correspond à un passage du régénérant à contre-courant (sens de circulation opposé au sens normal en régime de service) et éventuellement à un rinçage lent à contre-courant. Cette régénération est souhaitable dans certains cas, en particulier pour permettre une économie de régénérant. Par ailleurs, selon un mode de réalisation très avantageux du dispositif, la vanne de distribution centralisée se présente sous la forme d'un ensemble compact, pourvu d'un col doté de moyens de fixation lui permettant de se fixer en tête de la colonne de traitement ; ce col est percé des lumières C1 et C2 déjà évoquées, lesquelles sont équipées d'ajutages appropriés pour s'accoupler de façon étanche respectivement avec l'entrée et avec la sortie de la colonne. Dans ce mode de réalisation, cette sortie de la colonne est ramenée en tête de celle-ci par un conduit ascendant prévu à l'intérieur et sur toute la hauteur de ladite colonne. La vanne de distribution peut en particulier être composée de trois corps contenant chacun une chambre et son piston, à savoir, un corps central disposé sensiblement verticalement au-dessus de la colonne et comportant le col précité et ses ajutages qui servent à accoupler la vanne sur la colonne, et deux corps latéraux, disposés horizontalement suivant deux directions radiales par rapport au corps central et assemblés à celui-ci. L'hydro-injecteur associé à la vanne peut comprendre un venturi et être assemblé sur le corps central de la vanne suivant une direction radiale par rapport à ce dernier, pour former avec ladite vanne un ensemble compact. Par ailleurs, les moyens de commande qui permettent de disposer les pistons dans telle ou telle configuration peuvent être de nature diverse : moyens mécaniques adaptés pour mouvoir de façon adaptée ces pistons, moyens hydrauliques, moyens électriques, moyens pneumatiques, etc. Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, ces moyens de commande sont hydrauliques et comprennent un distributeur hydraulique à plusieurs sorties, adapté pour distribuer la pression d'eau dans les chambres de la vanne en vue de déplacer les pistons mobiles contenus dans celles-ci et les mettre dans la configuration voulue. Ce distributeur peut en particulier comporter plusieurs pistons obturateurs disposés radialement par rapport à un arbre à câmes central selon la position angulaire de l'arbre à câmes, chaque piston obture une sortie du distributeur ou, au contraire, la dégage et la met en communication avec une prise de pression d'eau, de sorte que la chambre correspondante de la vanne de distribution est ou non mise en pression. L'arbre à câmes sus-évoqué peut être solidaire d'un organe de manoeuvre manuel ; un opérateur le fait alors tourner manuellement d'une position à la suivante pour passer d'une phase à l'autre. Chaque phase est ainsi conditionnée sans aucune erreur de répartition possible par une seule manoeuvre. Les diverses positions angulaires successives de l'arbre à câmes correspondent, de préférence, aux phases qui doivent s'accomplir successivement et la manoeuvre de l'opérateur se réduit au début de chaque phase à une rotation d'une fraction de tour de l'arbre à câmes, sans risque d'interversion des phases. L'arbre à câmes peut également être associé à des moyens d'entraînement en rotation (moteur électrique ou autre) asservis à un programmateur permettant de faire tourner cet arbre de façon automatique d'une position à la suivante, à la fin de chaque phase. On obtient ainsi un dispositif entièrement automatique, apte à commander le déroulement d'un cycle de régénération pour revenir au terme de celui-ci au régime de service, sans aucune intervention humaine. Ce programmateur peut comprendre des moyens de temporisation qui fixent une durée à chaque phase et déclenchent la suivante au terme de cette durée ; ce programmateur peut également être associé à une horloge pour déclencher le déroulement d'un cycle de régénération au bout d'un certain temps d'utilisation, de sorte que la commande devient entièrement automatique et n'exige aucune intervention. Selon un autre mode de réalisation le programmateur peut être associé à des capteurs, implantés dans la vanne de distribution et aptes à détecter la fin d'une phase par mesure d'un paramètre, en vue de déclencher la phase suivante. Par exemple les cycles de régénération peuvent être déclenchés en mesurant la résistivité de l'eau traitée et en générant une impulsion électrique de commande lorsque cette résistivité passe au-dessous d'un seuil déterminé. Notons par ailleurs que le distributeur hydraulique associé à la vanne de distribution peut être réuni en un ensemble compact avec cette vanne ou au contraire, être séparé de celle-ci et disposé sur une console située à proximité de la colonne de traitement ou à une distance déterminée de celle-ci selon l'application. La présente invention qui a pour objet direct un dispositif de commande de l'alimentation et de l'évacua- tion d'une colonne, s'étend bien entendu à toute colonne de traitement d'eau équipée d'un tel dispositif et à tout poste de traitement combinant plusieurs colonnes équipées chacune d'un tel dispositif ; en particulier elle vise une colonne de déminéralisation contenant des résines échangeuses d'ions, ainsi qu'un poste de déminéralisation comprenant au moins deux colonnes, l'une contenant une résine cationique, l'autre une résine anionique ; chaque colonne est équipée d'un dispositif de commande conforme à l'invention : la lumière Ee d'entrée d'eau d'un dispositif est connectée au réseau d'eau à traiter, cependant que la lumière Se de sortie d'eau de ce dispositif est connectée à la lumière è d'entrée d'eau de l'autre dispositif et que la lumière S'e de sortie d'eau de ce dernier dispositif est connectée à une canalisation d'utilisation. L'invention ayant été exposée dans sa forme générale, d'autres caractéristiques, buts et avantages se dégageront de la description qui suit, en regard des dessins annexés, lesquels sont donnés à titre d'exemples non limitatifs ; sur ces dessins qui font partie intégrante de la présente description - la figure 1 présente, en perspective schématique, un poste de déminéralisation conforme à l'invention, - la figure 2 est une coupe partielle, par un plan vertical aa, d'une vanne de distribution équipant chaque colonne de ce poste, - la figure 3 est une coupe partielle de cette vanne, par un plan vertical bb orthogonal au premier, - la figure 4 est une coupe par un plan axial cc d'un distributeur hydraulique associé à chaque vanne de distribution, - la figure 5 est une coupe transversale selon une ligne brisée dd, de ce distributeur hydraulique, - les figures 6a, 6b, 6c et 6d sont des sché mas illustrant le fonctionnement du dispositif, - la figure 7 est un schéma complémentaire illustrant le fonctionnement d'une variante du dispositif, adaptée pour un cycle de régénération légèrement modifié. Le poste de déminéralisation représenté à titre d'exemple à la figure 1 comprend essentiellement une colonne de traitement 1 contenant une résine échangeuse d'ions cationiques, une colonne de traitement 2 contenant une résine échangeuse d'ions anioniques, une vanne de distribution 3 vissée en partie haute de la colonne 1 pour alimenter celle-ci en eau ou en régénérant, en l'occurence de l'acide chlorydrique dilué, et pour aiguiller cette eau ou ce régénérant à leur sortie après passage dans la colonne, une vanne de distribution 4 de structure analogue à la première, vissée en partie haute de la colonne 2 dans le même but (le régénérant étant constitué dans ce cas par une solution de soude), deux distributeurs hydrauliques 5 et 6 disposés sur une console 7 à proximité des colonnes, chaque distributeur étant en l'exemple pourvu d'un organe de manoeuvre manuel que l'on aperçoit en 8 ou en 9 à la figure 1 et ayant pour fonction de commander respectivement chaque vanne (vanne 3 pour le distributeur 5 et vanne 4 pour le distributeur 6), trois conduits 10, 11 et 12 ou 13, 14 et 15 reliant chaque distributeur 5 ou 6 à sa vanne 3 ou 4 (en l'exemple représenté à la figure 1, ces conduits sont gainés sur une partie de leur parcours), un conduit 16 d'arrivée d'eau à traiter vers la vanne 3, connecté au réseau de distribution d'eau, notamment par l'entremise d'un détendeur 17, une prise de pression hydraulique 18 pour alimenter les deux distributeurs 5 et 6 et permettre la commande des vannes, un conduit 19 reliant les vannes 3 et z de sorte que, après passage dans la colonne 1, l'eau vienne traverser la colonne 2 qui, en service, est ainsi placée -n série après la première colonne, un conduit 20 de sortie de l'eau traitée vers les postes d'utilisation après passage dans les deux colonnes, un hydro-injecteur 21 assemblé sur la vanne 3 pour alimenter celle-ci en régénérant : cet hydro-injecteur aspire le régénérant par un conduit 22 terminé par une crépine 23 munie d'un clapet de fermeture se fermant en l'absence de régénérant, cette crépine étant appelée à plonger dans un bac de régénérant (non représenté) ; ; lthydro- injecteur 21 est en outre alimenté par un conduit 24 relié à la vanne 3, en eau motrice, en vue de créer une dépression hydraulique d'aspiration, un hydro-injecteur 25 analogue au précédent et assemblé sur la vanne 4 pour alimenter celle-ci en régénérant, enfin, un conduit d'évacuation 26 connecté à la vanne 3 et débouchant dans un collecteur d'égoût 27, et un conduit d'évacuation analogue 28 connecté à la vanne 4 et débouchant dans ce collecteur. La figure 1 montre un agencement possible des divers moyens ci-dessus décrits ; les colonnes ne comportent aucun piquage et sont simplement accouplées par leur partie supérieure à la vanne correspondante 3 ou 4. Les figures 2 et 3 représentent, en coupes de détail, une vanne de distribution et son hydro-injecteur, par exemple la vanne 3 et son hydro-injecteur 21. Cette vanne comprend trois chambres intérieures, lune dite chambre de distribution d'eau, contenant un piston 29 mobile entre deux positions (désignées par la suite respectivement par PE1 et PE2), une deuxième chambre, dite chambre d'inversion de sens, contenant un piston 30 mobile entre deux positions (désignées par PI1 et PI2), enfin une troisième chambre, dite chambre de sortie, contenant un piston 31 mobile entre deux positions (désignées par PS1 et PS2). Le conduit 16 d'arrivée d'eau débouche dans la chambre de distribution d'eau par une lumière Ee d'entrée d'eau cependant que le conduit 24 d'alimentation en eau de l'hydro-injecteur 21 s'échappe de cette chambre par une sortie Sh et débouche dans l'hydro-injecteur par une entrée d'eau motrice He ; la chambre de distribution d'eau est en outre agencée pour communiquer par une lumière 32 avec la chambre d'inversion de sens. Cette chambre d'inversion de sens est pourvue d'une lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant, qui communique avec une sortie Hr de lhydro-injecteur, par laquelle s'échappe le régénérant dilué ; de plus, cette chambre d'inversion de sens communique par une lumière C1 avec l'entrée de la colonne 1 par une lumière C2 avec la sortie de celle-ci. L'entrée de la colonne est en l'exemple de forme annulaire et est pourvue d'une crépine 33 qui retient les grains de résine ; la sortie de la colonne est constituée par l'orifice supérieur d'un conduit ascendant 34 c34disposé selon l'axe de la colonne. La chambre d'inversion de sens ci-dessus évo quée est en outre agencée pour communiquer avec la chambre de sortie, en l'exemple par une lumière 35 et par un perçage 36 doté d'une douille à orifice calibré 37 dont on comprendra la fonction plus loin. Enfin le conduit 19 de sortie d'eau de la vanne 1 s'échappe de la chambre de sortie par une lumière Se de sortie d'eau, cependant que le conduit d'évacuation 26 s'échappe de cette chambre par une lumière Sr d'évacuation. Comme le montrent les figures 2 et 3 chaque chambre comporte une entrée de commande hydraulique D'1, D'2 ou Dt3 à laquelle aboutit un des conduits 10, 11 ou 12 qui la relie au distributeur hydraulique 5. Ces entrées D'1, D' 2 ou Dcg sont disposées en bout de la chambre correspondante en vue d'appliquer la pression d'eau sur une face du piston 29, 30 ou 31 contenu dans ladite chambre ; chacun de ces pistons est agencé de sorte que la pression de l'eau à traiter ou du régénérant qui traverse la vanne, s'applique sur une face opposée dudit piston de surface plus faible : ainsi le retour du piston est assuré par cette eau ou ce régénérant lorsque la pression motrice est interrompue à l'entrée de commande (en l'absence de tout ressort ou autre moyen mécanique). En l'exemple décrit, la vanne 3 est composée de trois corps 3a, 3b et 3c contenant chacun une chambre et son piston et percés des lumières décrites précédemment Le corps 3b est disposé verticalement en position centrale et comporte un col fileté 38 avec joint d'étanchéité, qui permet d'assujettir la vanne sur la colonne 1 par vissage dans l'orifice supérieur de celle-ci, taraudé à cet effet. Ce col est pourvu, selon son axe, d'un ajutage 39 avec joint d'étan chéïté qui délimite la lumière C2 et vient coopérer avec l'extrémité supérieure du conduit 34. Les corps 3a et 3c sont disposés radialement par rapport au corps central 3b et sont assemblés sur ce dernier à l'opposé l'un de l'autre, en particulier au moyen de colonnettes et d'écrous de serrage qui les maintiennent contre celui-ci ; l'étanchéité est assurée par compression de joints toriques. Chaque corps 3a, 3b ou 3c est fermé à l'extrémité de sa chambre par un couvercle tel que 40 qui est traversé par l'entrée de commande hydraulique Dt1, D'2 ou D'3. L'hydro-injecteur 21 est assemblé à l'arrière de la vanne sur le corps central 3b suivant une direction radiale par rapport à celui-ci comme le montre la figure 3, la sortie Hr de cet hydro-injecteur venant en regard de la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant que comporte ce corps central. Cet hydro-injecteur est formé par un Venturi alimenté en eau motrice par son entrée He (reliée comme déjà indiqué à la sortie Sh de la chambre de distribution d'eau de la vanne) et pourvu dune section rétrécie au voisinage de laquelle débouche le conduit 22 d'aspiration du régénérant concentré ; un clapet anti-retour à bille 41 supprime tout risque de refoulement vers le conduit 22. Ainsi pendant la phase de régénération le régénérant dilué s'écoule par la sortie Hr jusqu'à épuisement de la dose ; il se produit alors un rinçage lent par l'eau qui traverse l'hydro-injecteur. Par ailleurs, comme le représente la figure 2 les pistons 29, 30 et 31 sont associés à plusieurs joints d'étanchéité toriques et conformés (avec des lumières internes pour les pistons 30 et 31) de sorte que leurs positions respectives PE1 ou PE2, PI1 ou PI2, PS1 ou PS2 conditionnent les mises en communication ou obturations suivantes : - position PE1 du piston 29 de la chambre de distribution d'eau (position schématisée à la figure 2) : le passage de l'eau s'effectue depuis la lumière Ee d'entrée vers la chambre d'inversion par la lumière 32, la sortie Sh d'alimentation en eau de l'hydro-injecteur étant obturée - position opposée PE2 du piston 29, obtenue en mettant la chambre en pression à travers l'entrée de commande hydraulique Dci (un évent 42 assure l'évacuation de l'air) : le passage de l'eau s'effectue alors vers la sortie Sh, la chambre d'inversion de sens n'étant plus alimentée à travers la lumière 32 - position PI1 du piston 30 de la chambre d'inversion de sens (position schématisée à la figure 2) : le passage s'effectue, d'une part, depuis la chambre de distribution d'eau (par la lumière 32) ou depuis la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant vers la lumière C1 communiquant avec l'entrée de la colonne, d'autre part, depuis la lumière C2 communiquant avec la sortie de celle-ci vers la chambre de sortie par la lumière 35 et le perçage 36 ; la lumière 35 n'étant pas finement calibrée, ce passage s'effectue à débit élevé - position opposée PI2 du piston 30, obtenue en mettant la chambre en pression à travers l'entrée de commande hydraulique D'2 (un évent 43 assure l'évacuation de l'air) : le passage s'effectue en sens inverse, c'est-à-dire, d'une part, depuis la chambre de distribution d'eau ou depuis la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant (à travers les lumières internes du piston 30) vers la lumière C2, d'autre part, depuis la lumière C1 vers la chambre de sortie à travers le perçage calibré 36 ; ce dernier passage s'effectue à faible débit - position PS1 du piston 31 de la chambre de sortie (position schématisée à la figure 2) : le passage s'effectue depuis la chambre d'inversion de sens vers la lumière Se de sortie d'eau traitée, la lumière Sr d'évacuation vers l'égout étant obturée - position opposée PS2 du piston 31, obtenue en mettant la chambre en pression à travers l'entrée de commande hydraulique Dt3 (un évent 44 assure l'évacuation de l'air) : le passage s'effectue alors depuis la chambre d'inversion de sens vers la lumière Sr d'évacuation vers l'égoflt, la lumière Se étant obturée. Dans ces conditions on conçoit qu'il est facile en commandant de façon appropriée la mise en pression des chambres par les entrées Dt1, D '2 et D'3 de déplacer les pistons en fonction du régime ou du cycle désiré pour les disposer dans une des 8 configurations possibles, la configuration PE1, PI1, PS1 correspondant à la configuration de service en période d'utilisation normale. Cette commande des pistons est assurée par le distributeur hydraulique 5 qu'en l'exemple est monté sur la console 7 pour le mettre à la portée d'un opérateur ; ce distributeur pourrait également être assemblé sur la vanne correspondante pour former un ensemble compact, notamment dans le cas déjà mentionné où il est actionné par un programmateur automatique. Les figures 4 et 5 présentent respectivement en coupe cc et en coupe dd, un mode de réalisation du distributeur hydraulique 5. Celui-ci est formé par un corps percé axialement pour loger un arbre à câmes tournant 44, qui se prolonge par un bouton de manoeuvre 45 ; ce corps comprend trois chambres radiales qui contiennent chacune un piston obturateur 46, 47 et 48 disposé radialement par rapport à l'arbre à câmes 44. Chaque piston obturateur vient en appui avec l'arbre à câmes de sorte que, selon la position angulaire de celui-ci, il obture une sortie D1, D2 ou D3 ou, au contraire, la dégage et la met en communication avec une prise de pression d'eau Dp reliée à la prise de pression hydraulique 18 qui alimente le distributeur. Les trois sorties D1, D2 et D3 sont respectivement connectées aux entrées de commande hydraulique de la vanne D'1, D'2 et De3. En l'exemple une sortie de vidange 49 est prévue pour permettre l'évacuation vers l'égout de l'eau résiduelle lorsqu'une chambre de la vanne n'est plus mise sous pression c'est-à-dire lorsque le piston obturateur correspondant est disposé dans la position où il obture l'arrivée d'eau vers cette chambre. Dans le mode de réalisation représenté aux figures 4 et 5, les pistons obturateurs sont agencés pour être appliqués contre les câmes de l'arbre 44 par la pression d'eau admise par la prise Dp, de sorte que soit supprimé tout ressort ou autre organe mécanique. En outre la vidange sus-évoquée s'effectue par un canal interne dont est percé chaque piston, canal qui, lorsque le piston n'est pas repoussé par une came (position du piston 47 à la figure 4), débouche dans le logement axial de l'arbre à câmes et communique avec la sortie de vidange 49 par un perçage 50 de cet arbre. On se reportera aux figures 4 et 5 pour toute précision complémentaire sur les détails d'agencement des pistons obturateurs et de leurs joints d'étanchéité. En l'exemple le bouton 45 porte une couronne 51 qui tourne en face d'une plaque 52 ; cette couronne et cette plaque permettent de repérer les diverses positions angulaires de l'arbre à câmes qui correspondent aux diverses phases (régime de service ou phases du régime de régénération). Dans le cas d'un régime de régénération à trois phases (décolmatage, régénération à co-courant et rin çage), l'arbre à câmes 44 est adapté pour posséder 4 positions angulaires successives conditionnant quatre configurations différentes des trois pistons obturateurs 46, 47 et 48 ; cet arbre possède à cet effet sur sa périphérie quatre plages s'étendant chacune sur 900 et pourvues de câmes appropriées pour repousser ces pistons ou au contraire les libérer. Le schéma de la figure 6a montre la vanne 3 et son distributeur 5 pour une des positions angulaires de l'arbre à câmes correspondant au régime de service ; les trois pistons obturateurs du distributeur ne sont pas repoussés par cet arbre à câmes (absence de bossage au niveau des trois pistons pour cette plage angulaire) et occupent une position centripède sous la pression de l'eau d'alimentation. Dans cette position ils obturent le passage de l'eau sous pression vers les sorties D1, D2 et D3 qui sont, au contraire, mises en communication avec la sortie de vidange 49. Les pistons 29, 30 et 31 de la vanne sont ainsi disposés dans la configuration de service PE1, PI1 PS1 ; on a représenté par des flèches les sens d'écoulement de l'eau. Lorsqu'on fait subir une rotation d'un quart de tour à l'arbre à câmes 44, on dispose le distributeur et la vanne dans la position schématisée à la figure 6b qui correspond à la phase de décolmatage ; les câmes de l'arbre ont repoussé deux pistons obturateurs ( action symbolisée par des flèches), de sorte que la chambre d'inversion de sens et la chambre de sortie sont mises sous pression par leur entrée Dt2 et Dw3. Les pistons de la vanne sont ainsi disposés dans la configuration de décolmatage PE1, PI2, PS2 l'eau parcourt la colonne à contre-courant, effectue un décolmatage ou détassage de la résine et est rejetée à l'égoût. Comme cela est préférable pour cette opération, le débit de décolmatage est faible puisque le passage entre la chambre d'inversion de sens et la chambre de sortie s'effectue par l'orifice calibré 37 ; ce débit peut être réglé selon l'application en ajustant la section de cet orifice. Une nouvelle rotation d'un quart de tour de l'arbre 44 dispose le distributeur et la vanne dans la position schématisée à la figure 6c, qui correspond à une phase de régénération à co-courant ; les pistons de la vanne sont disposés dans la configuration PE2, PI1, PS2 : l'hydro-in- jecteur est alimenté en eau par la sortie Sh de la chambre de distribution d'eau et le régénérant dilué entre dans la chambre d'inversion de sens par la lumière Er. Le régénérant parcourt la colonne dans le sens normal et est rejeté à l'égout ; lorsque la dose est épuisée, l'eau motrice qui alimente l'hydro-injecteur continue à parcourir la colonne et effectue un pré-rinçage à faible débit. Une nouvelle rotation d'un quart de tour dispose le distributeur et la vanne dans la position schématisée à la figure 6d, qui correspond à la phase de rinçage (rinçage rapide) ; les pistons de la vanne sont disposés dans la configuration PE1, PI1, PS2 : l'eau entrant par la lumière Ee parcourt la colonne à co-courant et est rejetée à l'égout. Une nouvelle rotation d'un quart de tour re met la vanne et le distributeur dans leur position de sertice. On conçoit l'intérêt d'un tel dispositif qui réduit les manoeuvres à leur plus simple expression, élimine toute possibilité d'erreur, et supprime tout piquage sur la colonne. Notons que la vanne et le distributeur sont de préférence, réalisés en matière synthétique, notamment en P.V.C. de sorte qu'aucune pièce métallique ne se trouve au contact des liquides (l'eau déminéralisée et les régénérants étant très corrosifs à l'égard des métaux ferreux). Par une simple adaptation du distributeur il est possible de modifier le cycle de régénération. Selon une variante du dispositif précédent, ce distributeur est adapté pour conditionner les 4 configurations suivantes des trois pistons obturateurs : les configurations schématisées aux figures 6a, 6b et 6d et une configuration dans laquelle les trois entrées de commande de la vanne sont alimentées ; les pistons de la vanne sont dans ce dernier cas commandés pour se disposer dans la configuration schématisée à la figure 7 PE2, PI2, PS2, dans cette configuration dite de régénération à contre-courant, le régénérant circule dans la colonne à contre-courant et à faible débit avant d'être rejeté à l'égoût. On peut ainsi dans certains cas réaliser une régénération plus rentable de la résine. Dans un poste de déminéralisation à deux colonnes ou plus, la régénération de la résine est effectuée successivement, en partant de la première colonne qui est remise en position de service à la fin de son cycle de régénération, jusqu'à la dernière colonne. Il faut noter que, en régime de régénération, la sortie Se d'eau traitée est obturée, ce qui représente un avantage sur le plan de la sécurité d'utilisation. Un autre avantage du dispositif ci-dessus décrit, qui est essentiel sur le plan de la fiabilité, réside dans le fait que ce dispositif ne fait appel à aucune source de puissance autre qu'hydraulique, de sorte qu'il n'est pas assujetti à des pannes de source énergétique telle que source de tension, source d'air comprimé, etc... Bien entendu la présente invention n'est pas limitée aux termes de la description précédente mais en comprend toutes les variantes.";REVENDICATIONS 1/ - Dispositif de commande de l'alimentation et de l'évacuation d'une colonne de traitement d'eau ou autre liquide, en particulier colonne de déminéralisation contenant des résines échangeuses d'ions, ce dispositif comprenant une vanne de distribution centralisée reliée à la colonne, des moyens de commande de ladite vanne et un hydroinjecteur alimenté en eau pour aspirer un régénérant, ledit dispositif ayant pour fonction d'assurer de façon appropriée l'entrée et la sortie de l'eau ou du régénérant aussi bien en régime de service qu'en régime de régénération, et étant caractérisé en ce que la vanne de distribution comprend au moins trois chambres intérieures une chambre, dite chambre de distribution d'eau, dans laquelle débouche une lumière Ee d'entrée d'eau à traiter et de laquelle s'échappe une sortie Sh d'alimentation en eau de l'hydro-injecteur, une deuxième chambre, dite chambre d'inversion de sens, dans laquelle débouchent, d'une part une lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant communiquant avec l'hydro- injecteur, d'autre part, des lumières C1 et C2 communiquant respectivement avec l'entrée et la sortie de la colonne pour assurer le passage de l'eau ou du régénérant entre la vanne et ladite colonne dans un sens ou dans l'autre, une troisième chambre, dite chambre de sortie, de laquelle s'échappent une lumière Se d'eau traitée et une lumière Sr d'évacuation vers l'égoût, la chambre de distribution d'eau étant agencée pour communiquer avec la chambre d'inversion de sens et contenant un piston mobile entre deux positions, l'une PE1 dans laquelle le passage de l'eau s'effectue depuis la lumière Ee d'entrée vers la chambre d'inversion, l'autre PE2 dans laquelle ce passage s'effectue vers la sortie Sh, la chambre d'inversion étant agencée pour communiquer avec la chambre de sortie et contenant un piston mobile entre deux positions, l'une PI1 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue, d'une part, depuis la chambre de distribution d'eau ou depuis la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant vers la lumière C1 communiquant avec l'entrée de la colonne, d'autre part, depuis la lumière C2 communiquant avec la sortie de celle-ci vers la chambre de sortie, l'autre PI2 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue, d'une part, depuis la chambre de distribution d'eau ou depuis la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant vers la lumière C2, d'autre part, depuis la lumière C1 vers la chambre de sortie, la chambre de sortie contenant un piston mobile entre deux positions, l'une PS1 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue depuis la chambre d'inversion de sens vers la lumière Se de sortie d'eau traitée, l'autre PS2 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue depuis cette chambre d'inversion de sens vers la lumière Sr d'évacuation vers l'égoût. 2/ - Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de commande de la vanne de distribution sont adaptés pour déplacer les trois pistons sus-évoqués et les disposer respectivement dans les configurations suivantes - PE1, PI1, PS1 correspondant à une configuration dite de service, - - PE1, PI2, PS2 correspondant à une configuration dite de décolmatage, - PE2, PI1 ou PI2, PS2 correspondant à une ou des configurations dites de régénération, - PE1, PI1, PS2 correspondant à une configuration dite de rinçage. 3/ - Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la vanne de distribution centralisée se présente sous la forme d'un ensemble compact, pourvu d'un col doté de moyens de fixation lui permettant de se fixer en tête de la colonne de traitement, ce col étant percé des lumières C1 et C2 lesquelles sont équipées d'ajutages appropriés pour s'accoupler de façon étanche respectivement avec l'entrée et avec la sortie de la colonne, cette sortie étant ramenée en tête de colonne par un-conduit ascendant prévu à l'intérieur et sur toute la hauteur de ladite colonne. 4/ - Dispositif selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que la vanne de distribution est composée de trois corps contenant chacun une chambre et son piston, un corps central disposé sensiblement verticalement au-dessus de la colonne et comportant le col précité et ses ajutages pour être accouplé sur la colonne, et deux corps latéraux disposés horizontalement suivant deux directions radiales par rapport au corps central et assemblés à celui-ci. 5/ - Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1, 2, 3 ou 4, caractérisé en ce que lhydro-injecteur est formé par un Venturi pourvu d'une entrée d'eau motrice He, d'une section rétrécie au voisinage de laquelle débouche un conduit d'aspiration de régénérant concentré, et d'une sortie Hr du régénérant dilué, laquelle est disposée en communication avec la lumière Er de la vanne de distribution. 6/ - Dispositif selon les revendications 4 et 5 prises ensemble, caractérisé en ce que lhydro-injecteur est assemblé sur le corps central de la vanne, suivant une direction radiale par rapport à celui-ci, la sortie Hr de cet hydro-injecteur venant en regard de la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant que comporte ce corps central, cependant que l'entrée d'eau motrice He dudit hydro-injecteur est connectée par un conduit à la sortie Sh d'un corps latéral. 7/ - Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ou 6, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de commande de la vanne de distribution comprennent un distributeur hydraulique à plusieurs sorties, adapté pour distribuer la pression d'eau dans la ou les chambres de la vanne en vue de déplacer de façon appropriée la ou les pièces mobiles contenues dans celles-ci. 8/ - Dispositif selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que le distributeur hydraulique comprend trois pistons obturateurs disposés radialement par rapport à un arbre à câmes central, chaque piston-obturateur étant adapté, selon la position angulaire de l'arbre à câmes, pour obturer une sortie D1, D2 ou D3 ou, au contraire, la dégager et la mettre en communication avec une prise de pression d'eau, les trois sorties D1, D2, D3 correspondant respectivement aux trois pistons obturateurs étant respectivement connectés à des entrées de commande hydraulique Dt1, D'2, D'3 prévues dans les trois chambres de la vanne pour entrainer les pistons contenus dans celle-ci. 9/ - Dispositif selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que les entrées de commande hydraulique Dc Dc De3 de la vanne sont disposées en bout de chambres correspondantes en vue d'appliquer la pression d'eau sur une face de chacun des pistons correspondants, chacun de ces pistons étant agencé de sorte que la pression de l'eau à traiter ou du régénérant qui traverse la vanne, s'applique sur une face opposée dudit piston de surface plus faible en vue d'assurer le retour de celui-ci lorsque la pression est interrompue à l'entrée de commande correspondante D'1, D2, D'î. 10/ - Dispositif selon les revendications 2 et 9 prises ensemble, caractérisé en ce que l'arbre à câmes du distributeur hydraulique est adapté pour posséder 4 positions angulaires successives, conditionnant 4 configurations des trois pistons obturateurs dudit distributeur, ces pistons-obturateurs étant agencés de sorte que dans leurs quatre configurations, ils commandent les pistons de la vanne pour les disposer respectivement dans les 4 configurations suivantes : configuration de service PE1, PI1, PS1, configuration de décolmatage PE1, PI2, PS2, configuration, dite de régénération à co-courant, PE2, PI1, PS2, et configuration de rinçage PE1, PI1, PS2. 11/ - Dispositif selon les revendications 2 et 9 prises ensemble, caractérisé en ce que l'arbre à câmes du distributeur hydraulique est adapté pour posséder 4 positions angulaires successives, conditionnant 4 configurations des trois pistons-obturateurs dudit distributeur, ces pistonsobturateurs étant agencés de sorte que dans leurs quatre configurations, ils commandent les pistons de la vanne pour les disposer respectivement dans les 4 configurations suivantes : configuration de service PE1, PI1, PSi, configuration de décolmatage PE1, PI2, PS2, configuration, dite de régénération à contre-courant, PE2, PI2, PS2, et configuration de rinçage PE1, PI1, PS2. 12/ - Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 8, 9, 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que l'arbre à câmes est solidaire d'un organe de manoeuvre manuel permettant de le faire tourner manuellement d'une position à la suivante. 13/ - Dispositif selon l'une des revendica tions 8, 9, 10 ou 11, caractérisé en ce que l'arbre à câmes est associé à des moyens d'entraînement en rotation asservis à un programmateur, permettant de faire tourner cet arbre de façon automatique d'une position à la suivante à la fin de chaque phase. 14/ - Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 7, 8, 9, 10, Il, 12 ou 13, caractérisé en ce que le distributeur hydraulique est réuni en un ensemble compact. avec la vanne de distribution. 15/ - Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 7, 8, 9, 10, Il, 12 ou 13, caractérisé en ce que le distributeur hydraulique est disposé sur une console rattachée à la colonne de traitement. 16/ - Colonne de déminéralisation d'eau contenant des résines échangeuses d'ions, caractérisée en ce qu'elle est équipée d'un dispositif de commande de son alimentation et de son évacuation, conforme à l'une des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. 17/ - Poste de déminéralisation d'eau comprenant au moins deux colonnes, l'une contenant une résine cationique, l'autre une résine anionique, caractérisée en ce que chaque colonne est équipée d'un dispositif de commande conforme à l'une des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 ou 15, la lumière Ee d'entrée d'eau d'un dispositif étant connectée au réseau d'eau à traiter, cependant que la lumière Se de sortie d'eau de ce dispositif est connectée à la lumière E'e d'entre d'eau de l'autre dispositif et que la lumière S'e de sortie d'eau de ce dernier est connectée à une canalisation d'utilisation. REVENDICATIONS 1/ - Dispositif de commande de l'alimentation et de l'évacuation d'une colonne de traitement d'eau ou autre liquide, en particulier colonne de déminéralisation contenant des résines échangeuses d'ions, ce dispositif comprenant une vanne de distribution centralisée se présentant sous la forme d'un ensemble compact fixé en tête de la colonne, des moyens de commande de ladite vanne et un hydro-injecteur alimenté en eau pour aspirer un régénérant, ledit dispositif ayant pour fonction d'assurer de façon appropriée l'entrée et la sortie de l'eau ou du régénérant aussi bien en régime de service qu'en régime de régénération, et étant caractérisé en ce que la vanne de distribution comprend trois chambres intérieures une chambre, dite chambre de distribution d'eau, dens laquelle débouche une lumière Ee'd'entrée d'eau à traiter et de laquelle s'échappe une sortie Sh d'alimentation en eau de l'hydro-injecteur, une deuxième chambre, dite chambre d'inversion de sens, dans laquelle débouchent, dune part une lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant communiquant avec l'hydro- injecteur, d'autre part, des lumières C1 et C2 communiquant respectivement avec l'entrée et la sortie de la colonne pour assurer le passage de l'eau ou du régénérant entre la vanne et ladite colonne dans un sens ou dans l'autre, une troisième chambre, dite chambre de sortie, de laquelle s'échappent une lumière Se d'eau traitée et une lumière Sr d'évacuation vers ltégoût, la chambre de distribution d'eau étant agencée pour communiquer avec la chambre d'inversion de sens et contenant un piston mobile entre deux positions, lune PE1 dans laquelle le passage de l'eau s'effectue depuis la lumière Ee d'entrée vers la chambre d'inversion, l'autre PE2 dans laquelle ce passage s'effectue vers la sortie Sh, la chambre d'inversion étant agencée pour communiquer avec la chambre de sortie et contenant un piston mobile entre deux positions, l'une PI1 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue, d'une part, depuis la chambre de distribution d'eau ou depuis la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant vers la lumière C1 communiquant avec l'entrée de la colonne, d'autre part, depuis la lumière C2 communiquant avec la sortie de celle-ci vers la chambre de sortie, l'autre PI2 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue, d'une part, depuis la chambre de distribution d'eau ou depuis la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant vers la lumière C2, d'autre part, depuis la lumière C1 vers la chambre de sortie, la chambre de sortie contenant un piston mobile: entre deux positions, l'une PS1 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue depuis la chambre d'inversion de sens vers la lumière Se de sortie d'eau traitée, l'autre PS2 dans laquelle le passage s'effectue depuis cette chambre d'inversion de sens vers la lumière Sr d'évacuation vers l'égoût. 2/ - Dispositif selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de commande de la vanne de distribution sont adaptés pour déplacer les trois pistons sus-évoqués et les disposer respectivement dans les configurations suivantes - PE1, P Iî, PS1 correspondant à une configuration dite de service, - PE1, PI2, PS2 correspondant à une configuration dite de décolmatage, - PE2, 2I1 ou PI2, PS2 correspondant à une ou des configurations dites de régénération, - PE1, PI1, PS2 corrospondant à une configuration dite de rinçage. 3/ - Dispositif selon lune des revendicaS tions 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la vanne de distribution est composée de trois corps contenant chacun une chambre et son piston, un corps central disposé sensiblement verticalement au-dessus de la colonne et comportant un col et des ajustages pour être accouplé sur la colonne, et deux corps latéraux disposés horizontalement suivant deux directions radiales par rapport au corps central et assemblés à celuici. 4/ - Disposit = selon la revendication 3, ca racterisé en ce que l'.-vdro-lnjecteur est assemblé sur le cors central de la vanne suivant une direction radiale par rapport à celui-ci, cet hydro-in#ecteur étant pourvu d'une sortie H2 du régénérant dilué, disposé en regard de la lumière Er d'entrée du régénérant que comporte ce corps central, et d'une entrée d'eau motrice He, connectée par un conduit à la sortie Sh d'un corps latéral. 5/ - Dispositif selon lune des revendications 1, 2, 3 ou 4, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de commande de la vanne de distribution comprennent un distributeur hydraulique à plusieurs sorties, adapté pour distribuer la pression d'eau dans les chambres de la vanne, ledit distributeur hydraulique comprenant trois pistons obturateurs disposés radialement par rapport à un arbre à câmes central, chaque piston-obturateur étant adapté, selon la position angulaire de l'arbre à câmes, pour obturer une sortie D1, D2 ou D3 ou, au contraire, la dégager et la mettre en communication avec une prise de pression d'eau, les trois sorties D1, D2, D3 correspondant respectivement aux trois pistons obturateurs étant respectivement connectés à des entrées de commande hydraulique D'1, Df2, D'3 prévues dans les trois chambres de la vanne pour entraîner les pistons contenus dans celle-ci. 6/ - Dispositif selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que les entrées de commande hydraulique Dt, D'2, Dt3 de la vanne sont disposées en bout des chambres correspondantes en vue d'appliquer la pression d'eau sur une face de chacun des pistons correspondants, chacun de ces pistons étant agencé de sorte que la pression de l'eau à trois ter ou du régénérant qui traverse la vanne, s'applique sur une face opposée dudit piston de surface plus faible en vue d'assurer le retour de celui-ci lorsque la pression est interrompue à l'entrée de commande correspondante D'I, D'2, D'3. 7/ - Dispositif selon les revendications 2 et 6 prises ensemble, caractérisé en ce que l'arbre à câmes du distributeur hydraulique est adapté pour posséder 4 positions angulaires successives, conditionnant 4 configurations des trois pistons-obturateurs dudit distributeur, ces pistonsobturateurs étant agencés de sorte que dans leurs quatre conficurations, ils commandent les pistons de la vanne pour les disposer respectivement dans les 4 configurations sui vantes : configuration de service PE1, PI1, PS1, configuration de décolmatage PE1, PI2, PS2, configuration dite de régénération à co-courant PE2, PI1, PS2, et configuration de rinçage PE1, PI1, PS2- 8/ - Dispositif selon les revendications 2 et 6 prises ensemble, caractérisé en ce que l'arbre à cames du distributeur hydraulique est adapté pour posséder 4 positions angulaires successives, conditionnant 4 configurations des trois pistons-obturateurs dudit distributeur, ces pistonsobturateurs étant agencés de sorte que dans leurs quatre configurations, ils commandent les pistons de la vanne pour les disposer respectivement dans les 4 configurations suivantes : configuration de service PE1, PI1, PS1, configuration de décolmatage PE1, PI2, PS2, configuration dite de régénération à contre-courant, PE2, PI2, PS2, et configuration de rinçage PE1, PI1, PS2¯ 9/ - Dispositif selon lune des revendications 5, 6, 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce que l'arbre à câmes est solidaire d'un organe de manoeuvre manuel permettant de le faire tourner manuellement d'une position à la suivante. 10/ - Dispositif selon l'une des revendications 5, 6, 7, 8 ou 9, caractérisé en ce que le distributeur hydraulique est disposé sur une console rattachée à la colonne de traitement. 11/ - Poste de déminéralisation d'eau comprenant au moins deux colonnes, l'une contenant une résine cationique, l'autre une résine anionique, caractérisé en ce que chaque colonne est équipée d'un dispositif de commande conforme à l'une des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ou 1C, la lumière E d'entrée d'eau d'un dispositif étant connectée au réseau d'eau à traiter, cependant que la lumière Se de sortie d'eau de ce dispositif est connectée à la lumière E'e d'entrée d'eau de l'autre dispositif et que la lumière S'e de sort e d'eau de ce dernier est connectée à une canalisation d'utilisation.;LOPEZ, FERNAND;LOPEZ, FERNAND;1978
+EP-0006844-B1;19830427.0;19780707;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185904.0;F16B5;;F16B5, E06B3, F24J2, E04H15, B44C7;F16B   5/06D, B44C   7/02B, F24J   2/46B8, E06B   3/28, E04H  15/64B;PROFILED CLAMP FOR FOILS OR SHEETS AND FRAME COMPOSED OF SUCH CLAMPS;"1. Rod element for the wedging-in of films or webs and consisting of two hollow profile rods (1, 2; 61, 62), between which the film (7) or web (65) extends through and is so wedged in that a tension exerted on the film or web enhances the wedging effect, wherein the profile rods are each provided with two wedging elements (3, 4; 5, 6; 66, 68; 67, 69) arranged in the interior of the rod and through which these are detentable one with the other and each wedging element seen in cross-section consists of a spigot (3, 5; 66, 67) at the one profile rod (1) and a lip (4, 6; 68, 69), partially encompassing the spigot, at the other profile rod (2), wherein both spigots (3, 5, 66, 67) are arranged at the one profile rod (1; 61) and both lips (4, 6; 68, 69) at the other profile rod (2; 62), characterised thereby, that the film or web (7; 64, 65) extends freely in the interior of the rod between both the wedging elements (3, 4; 5, 6; 66, 68; 67, 69), wherein the enhancement of the wedging effect takes place through a looping around the lip (4, 6; 68, 69) by the wedged-in film (7) or web (65).";"Stabelement zum Einklemmen von Folien oder Bahnen Die Erfindung geht aus von einem Stabelement der im Oberbegriff des Anspruches 1 angegebenen und durch die CH-PS 389 873 bekanntgewordenen Art. In der CH-PS 389 873 ist ein Stabelement beschrieben, das aus einer U-förmigen Profilleiste mit zwei nach innen gerichteten Kantenlippen besteht, so dass im Inneren der Profilleiste eine unterschnittene Nut gebildet wird. #In diese unterschnittene Nut ist eine über einen Rahmen gespannte Kunststoffolie mittels eines Halteorganes eingepresst, das aus einer extrudierten Leiste aus Kunststoff mit einem offenen, im wesentlichen U-förmigen Profil, zusammengesetzt aus einem die Unterschneidung der Nute, d. h. die Kantenlippen untergreifenden Kopf, einem verengten Halsteil und zwei nach aussen gerichteten Kantenlippen besteht. Das Halteorgan hält die Folie sehr wirksam fest, da eine Zugspannung in der Folie die Wirkung hat, dass der Kopf noch fester an die Unterschneidung der Nut gedrückt wird, so dass eine selbstverriegelnde Wirkung entsteht. Dem vorstehend beschriebenen Stabelement mit selbstverriegelnder Wirkung haften jedoch Nachteile an. Ein Nachteil besteht darin, dass bei einem aus den Kantenlippen und dem untergreifenden Kopf bestehenden Klemmteil bei einem einseitigen Zug auf die Folie nicht nur auf der Zugseite eine selbstverriegelnde Wirkung erzeugt wird, sondern infolge einer Anhebung des Kopfes auf der zugabgewandten Seite eine Lockerung der Klemmwirkung hervorgerufen wird. Ein zweiter Nachteil besteht darin, dass die Steigerung der selbstverriegelnden Wirkung begrenzt ist, da der Grad der Umschlingung durch die Folie nicht vergrössert werden kann. Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht darin, Stabelemente der im Oberbegriff des Anspruches 1 angegebenen Art insoweit zu verbessern, als bei Beibehaltung des Vorteiles einer besonders hohen Klemmwirkung ohne zusätzliche Hilfsmittel wie Schrauben oder dergleichen, die dadurch erreicht wird, dass durch einen auf die Folie ausgeübten Zug die Klemmwirkung noch verstärkt wird, darüber hinaus noch erreicht wird, dass die Gefahr, dass durch die genannte Zugwirkung evtl. die Klemmwirkung teilweise durch Anheben des einen Profilstabes abgeschwächt wird, beseitigt wird. Zur Lösung dieser Aufgabe sind die im Kennzeichenteil des Anspruches 1 angegebenen Gestaltungsmerkmale bei der Erfindung vorgesehen, wobei noch in den Unteransprüchen 2 bis 9 für die Aufgabenlösung vorteilhafte und erforderliche Weiterbildungen beansprucht werden. Durch die gekennzeichneten Lösungsmittel werden die Stabelemente bekannter Art insoweit verbessert, als bei der Beibehaltung des Vorteils einer besonders hohen Klemmwirkung ohne zusätzliche Hilfsmittel, wie Schrauben oder dergleichen, die dadurch erreicht ist, dass durch einen auf die Folie ausgeübten Zug die Klemmwirkung noch verstärkt wird, darüber hinaus noch erreicht wird, dass durch die genannte Zugwirkung evtl. tte Klemmwirkung teilweise durch Anheben des einen Profilstabes abgeschwächt wird, beseitigt wird, wobei evtl. ent sprechende Toleranzen bei der Fertigung der Teile ausgeglichen werden, so dass die verstärkte Klemmwirkung mit noch grösserer Sicherheit erreicht wird. Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in den Zeichnungen dargestellt und werden im folgenden näher beschrieben. Es zeigen: Fig. 1 einen Querschnitt durch ein Stabelement, wobei die eingeklemmte Folie am Rand des Stabelementes aus tritt. Fig. 2 einen Querschnitt durch das Stabelement wie Fig. 1, wobei die eingeklemmte Folie mittig austritt; Fig. 3 einen Querschnitt durch ein dreiteiliges Stabele ment zur Herstellung von zweischaligen Rahmen; Fig. 4 die perspektivische Ansicht eines zweischaligen Rahmens, bestehend aus einem dreiteiligen Stab element; Fig. 5 eine auseinandergezogene Darstellung einer steck baren Eckverbindung für einen Rahmen nach Fig. 4; Fig. 6 ein Klemmelement zum Verbinden zweier Bahnen; Fig. 7 ein Einsatzteil für ein Klemmelement nach Fig. 6 und Fig. 8 ein Randelement. In Fig. 1 ist ein Stabelement zum Einklemmen von Folien oder Bahnen im Querschnitt wiedergegeben, wobei das Stabelement aus zwei Profilstäben 1, 2 besteht. Zwischen den Profilstäben 1, 2 ist eine Folie oder Bahn 7 eingeklemmt. Beide Profilstäbe 1, 2, die im wesentlichen U-förmig und hohl ausgebildet sind, sind jeweils mit zwei im Stabinneren angeordneten Klemmelementen 3, 4 bzw. 5,6 versehen und sind durch diese miteinander verrastbar. Die einzuklemmende Folie oder Bahn 7 verläuft zwischen den beiden Profilstäben 1, 2 und den verrasteten Klemmelementen 3, 4 bzw. 5, 6 hindurch. Das Klemmelement 3, 4 besteht im Querschnitt gesehen aus einem Zapfen 3 an dem Profilstab 1 und einer den Zapfen 3 teilweise umfassenden Lippe 4 an den anderen Profilstab 2. Entsprechendes gilt für das Klemmelement 5, 6, welches im Querschnitt gesehen aus einem Zapfen 5 an dem Profilstab 1 und einer den Zapfen 5 teilweise umfassenden Lippe 6 an dem anderen Profilstab 2 besteht. Beide Klemmelemente 3, 4 bzw. 5, 6 sind so ausgebildet, dass die zwischen den beiden Profilstäben 1, 2 und den verrasteten Klemmelementen 3, 4 bzw. 5, 6 hindurch verlaufende Folie oder Bahn 7 durch eine beiderseitige Umschlingung der Lippen 4, 6 bei einem auf die Folie 7 ausgeübten Zug oder Spannung, die Lippen 4, 6 gegen die entsprechenden Zapfen 3, 5 unter Verstärkung der Klemmwirkung andrückt. Wie aus Figur 1 ersichtlich ist, weisen die im wesentlichen U-förmig ausgebildeten Profilstäbe 1, 2 ungleich lange Schenkel 2a, 2b; la auf, wobei die jeweiligen Zapfen 3, 5 oder Lippen 4, 6 an den Schenkelenden in den Innenraum des hohlen Profilstabes 1, 2 hineinragend angeordnet sind. Hierbei besteht noch die Möglichkeit, bei einem Profilstab, in Figur 1 beispielsweise beim Profilstab 2, zur Erhöhung der Elastizität dieses Profilstabes das die Schenkel verbindende Mittelteil 2c mit herabgesetzter Materialstärke auszubilden. Bei dem in Figur 1 im Querschnitt wiedergegebenen rechteckigen Stabelement besitzt der erste, im wesentlichen Lförmige Profilstab 1 lediglich einen Schenkel la mit einer Länge gleich einer halben Kantenlänge des zusammengesetzten Profilstabes 1, 2. Bei dem zweiten, komplementären Profilstab 2 besitzt der erste Schenkel 2b eine Länge von im wesentlichen gleich einer vollen und der zweite Schenkel 2a eine Länge gleich einer halben Kantenlänge des Stabelementes 1, 2. Durch diese, im wesentlichen L- bzw. U-förmige Ausbildung der beiden Profilstäbe 1, 2 wird erreicht, dass eine eingeklemmte Folie 7 auf der einen Seite des Stabelementes am Rande, wie dies in Fig. 1 gezeigt ist, und auf der anderen Seite mittig austritt. Bei einer gleichschenkeligen Ausbildung beider Profilstäbe 1, 2 läuft die Folie 7 mittig durch, wie dieses in Fig. 2 wiedergegeben ist. In Figur 3 ist eine dritte Ausbildungsform eines Stabelementes nach der Erfindung im Querschnitt wiedergegeben. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein dreiteiliges Stabelement, welches aus einem Mittelprofilstab 10 und zwei hierzu komplementären Profilstäben 8, 9 besteht. Beide Profilstäbe 8, 9 sind in ihrer Form identisch und können auf zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten an den Mitteiprofilstab 10 angeklemmt bzw. angerastet werden. Hierdurch ist es möglich, zwei Folien bzw. Bahnen 15, 16 so einzuklemmen, dass zwischen ihnen ein Zwischenraum 17 vorhanden ist. Sämtliche vorstehend beschriebenen Profilstäbe 1, 2; 8, 9 und 10 können aus Metall bestehen, vorzugsweise Aluminium. Es ist aber auch möglich, diese Profilstäbe aus thermoplastischen Kunststoffen oder glasfaserverstärkte Kunststoffe (GFK) herzustellen. Als Werkstoffe für die Folien oder Bahnen 7; 15 und 16 kommen beschichtete und unbeschichtete Gewebe aus Natur- oder Kunstfasern, wie sie z. B. unter anderem unter dem Warenzeichen ""Trevi- ra bekannt sind oder aus Fasergemischen, ferner Filtertücher und alle transluzenten, transparenten und durchsichtigen Folien, bedruckte Gewebe, aber auch Metallfolien, Bahnen aus Papier usw. in Frage. In Figur 4 ist die perspektivische Ansicht eines zweischaligen Rahmens, bestehend aus einem dreitPiigmr-5tab- element nach Figur 3 wiedergegeben. Bei einem derartigen Rahmen kann der Raum 17 zwischen den beiden Folien oder Bahnen 15, 16 mit wärmedämmendem Material, Schallschluckmaterial, od. dgl. gefüllt oder ausgeschäumt sein. Ist der Zwischenraum 17 lediglich gefüllt, so eignet sich hierfür besonders körniges Material. Wenn der Zwischenraum 17 jedoch ausgeschäumt werden soll, dann müssen die beiden Folien oder Bahnen 15, 16 beim Ausschäumen von aussen durch feste Platten, die in den Figuren nicht gezeigt sind, abgestützt werden, bevor der expandierende Schaum in den Zwischenraum eingebracht wird. Dieser Schaum kann durch eine verschliessbare Öffnung und die Durchbrechungen 11 im Profilstab 10 hindurch eingeblasen oder eingefüllt werden. Eine weitere Anwendung des zweischaligen Rahmens nach Figur 4 ist als Dachelement gegeben. In diesem Fall wird die aussenliegende Folie, z. B. die Folie 15, tiefschwarz ausgebildet, so dass diese Folie einen geringen Durchlasswiderstand für die Wärmestrahlung der Sonne besitzt. Die Innenseite der innenliegenden Folie ist mit einer Reflektionsschicht versehen. Ein derart ausgebildeter zweischaliger Rahmen kann also als Sonnenkollektor dienen, wobei ein flüssiges oder gasförmiges Medium zwecks Speicherung der Wärme hindurchgeleitet werden kann. Ein besonderer Vorteil des erfindungsgemässen Stabelementes ist darin zu sehen, dass bei einem aus diesem Stabelement hergestellten Rahmen, so wie dieser beispielsweise in Figur 4 veranschaulicht ist, eine eingelegte Folie automatisch gespannt wird. Dies gilt selbstverständlich sowohl für einen Rahmen, der aus einem Stabelement nach den Figuren 1, 2 besteht, als auch für einen Rahmen nach Fig. 4, bestehend aus einem Stabelement nach Figur 3. In Figur 5 ist die Ecke z. B. eines viereckigen Rahmens nach Figur 4 gezeigt. Da, wie vorstehend beschrieben worden ist, eine in einen derartigen Rahmen eingelegte Folie automatisch gespannt wird, werden andererseits die den Rahmen bildenden Seitenteile 20, 21 derart kraftschlüssig miteinander verspannt, dass die Ecken nicht ver schweisst, vernietet, verschraubt oder auf andere Weise starr miteinander verbunden werden müssen. Es ist lediglich notwendig, die Seitenteile 20 und 21 auf ein Eckteil 22 aufzustecken und die Folie einzuspannen. Das Eckteil 22 ist hierbei formschlüssig in die Seitenteile 20, 21 eingepasst. Nach dem Verrasten der zwei oder drei Profilstäbe miteinander haben die zusammengesetzten Stabelemente in etwa die gleichen äquatorialen Trägheitsmomente und Widerstandsmomente wie ein entsprechendes einstückiges Hohlprofil. Wird eine höhere Stabilität gewünscht, so können im Innenraum der Stabelemente zusätzliche Rippen oder Wülste vorgesehen sein. Besteht der Wunsch, aus mehreren Rahmen grössere flächenhafte oder auch räumliche Gebilde zusammenzusetzen, so ist, wie aus Figur 3 zu entnehmen ist, in der Aussenseite 12 des Profilstabes 10 eine Nut 13 zur Aufnahme einer komplementär geformten Feder vorgesehen. Die Feder kann sodann in eine entsprechende Nut eines weiteren Rahmens eingeschoben werden. Zur gegenseitigen Abdichtung zweier Rahmen ist es lediglich notwendig, an einem Rahmen die Folien 7 oder 15, 16 auf der Aussenseite 12 mit überstand abzuschneiden, so dass eine Lippendichtung gebildet wird. Die Nut und Feder kann auch hantelförmigen Querschnitt, so wie dieses in Figur 8 wiedergegeben ist, besitzen. In diesem Falle werden die Rahmen in Längsrichtung ineinander geschoben und damit miteinander verbunden. Mit dem Stabelement nach der Erfindung kann jede beliebige Rahmenform hergestellt werden: Rechteck, Quadrat, Dreieck, Sechseck usw. Bei entsprechender Winkelstellung der Stabelement-Aussenseite 12 können auch räumliche Gebilde hergestellt werden, z. B. Kuppel, langgestreckte Hallen usw. Mit dem Stabelement nach der Erfindung können auch Folien oder Bahnen unterschiedlicher Stärke eingeklemmt werden. Es braucht nur die Spaltbreite zwischen dem Zapfen 3 und der Lippe 4 vor Einspannen der Folie durch eine Kalibrierungs-Vorrichtung, durch die die Profilstäbe 1, 2 hindurchgezogen werden, entsprechend eingestellt zu werden. Hierdurch wird eine Lagerhaltung für Stabelemente, die für verschieden dicke Folien brauchbar sind, überflüssig. In Figur 6 ist ein Klemmelement 60 zum Verbinden zweier Bahnen 64 und 65 wiedergegeben. Das Klemmelement 60 besteht aus einem mittleren Verbindungsteil 61 sowie zwei Einsatzteilen 62a, 62b. Das Verbindungsteil 61 hat im Querschnitt gesehen, im wesentlichen die Form eines liegenden S und besitzt zwei auf einander gegenüberliegenden Seiten befindliche Ausnehmungen 63a, 63b. In die Ausnehmung 63a ragen zwei Zapfen 66, 67 hinein, während die zugehörigen Lippen 68, 69 am Einsatzteil 62a angeformt sind. Jeweils ein Zapfen 66 bzw. 67 bildet mit der zugehörigen Lippe 68 bzw. 69 ein Klemmelement. Zwischen den beiden Klemmelementen 66, 68 bzw. 67, 69 hindurch verläuft eine erste eingeklemmte Bahn 65. Zwischen den beiden entsprechenden Klemmelementen hindurch, die von Verbindungsteil 61 und dem zweiten Einsatzteil 62b gebildet werden, verläuft eine zweite Bahn 64. Wird nun auf Bahnen 64, 65 ein Zug ausgeübt, so verstärkt sich die Klemmwirkung, wie vorstehend in Bezug auf die Figu ren 1, 2 beschrieben worden ist. Um diese Selbstverstär kung der Klemmwirkung zu ermöglichen, ist ein Raum 70 vorgesehen, der zwischen der jeweils eingeklemmten Bahn 64 bzw. 65 und dem Verbindungsteil 61 verläuft. Bei wachsendem Zug auf die Bahnen werden die Zapfen 67 und 68 in diesen Raum 70 hineingezogen, wodurch die Klemmwirkung anwächst. Bei sehr dicken Bahnen 64, 65 kann es notwendig sein, die Einsatzteile 62 in das Verbindungsteil 61 einzuwalzen, um eine ausreichende Anfangsklemmwirkung zu erzielen. In diesem Falle ist das Einsatzteil 62 anfangs etwas abgewineklt, so wie dieses in Fig. 7wiedergegeben ist. In Figur 8 ist ein sogenanntes Randelement 80 wiedergegeben. Bei sehr grossen und schweren Bahnen kann es notwendig sein, zuerst die Ränder jeweils einer Bahn mit Randelementen 80 zu versehen und anschliessend die einzelnen, mit Randelementen versehenen Bahnen miteinander zu verbinden. Hierfür eignet sich ein Randelement 80, wie dieses in Figur 8 wiedergegeben ist. Ein Randelement 80 besteht aus einem halben Klemmelement 60. In ein Randelement 80 kann der Rand einer Bahn mit einem Einsatzteil 62 eingeklemmt werden, wobei auch hier die vorstehend beschriebene selbstverstärkende Wirkung eintritt, wenn auf die eingeklemmte Bahn ein Zug ausgeübt wird. In das Randelement 80 ist ausserdem eine Nut 81 eingeformt. Durch eine hantelförmige Feder 82 können jeweils zwei Randelemente 80, die an den Rändern von zwei Bahnen befestigt sind, anschliessend miteinander verbunden werden. Die Erfindung wurde zwar vorstehend unter Bezugnahme auf bestimmte, vorzugsweise Ausführungsbeispiele beschrieben, jedoch können selbstverständlich noch eine Reihe von Anderungen und Abwandlungen vorgenommen werden, ohne dass hierdurch der Rahmen der Erfindung überschritten wird.";"Patentansprüche 1. Stabelement zum Einklemmen von Folien oder Bahnen, be stehend aus zwei hohl ausgebildeten Profilstäben, zwi schen denen die Folie oder Bahn hindurch verläuft und so eingeklemmt ist, dass ein auf die Folie oder Bahn aus geübter Zug die Klemmwirkung verstärkt, wobei die Profil stäbe jeweils mit zwei im Stabinneren angeordneten Klemm elementen versehen und durch diese miteinander verrast bar sind, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Folie oder Bahn (7; 64, 65) im Stabinneren frei zwischen den bei den Klemmelementen (3, 4; 5, 6; 66, 68; 67, 69) verläuft. 2. Stabelement nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedes Klemmelement (3, 4; 5, 6; 66, 68; 67, 69) im Querschnitt gesehen aus einem Zapfen (3; 5; 66; 67) an dem einen Profilstab (2; 1; 61) und einer den Zapfen (3; 5; 66; 67) teilweise umfassenden Lippe (4; 6; 68; 69;) an dem anderen Profilstab (2; 62) besteht, die Ver stärkung der Klemmwirkung durch eine Umschlingung der Lippe (4; 6; 68; 69) durch die eingeklemmte Folie (7) oder Bahn (65) erfolgt, an dem einen Profilstab (1; 61) beide Zapfen (3; 5; 68; 67) und an dem anderen Pro filstab (2; 62) beide Lippen (4; 6; 68; 69) angeordnet sind. 3. Stabelement nach den Ansprüchen 1 oder 2, dadurch ge kennzeichnet, dass die im wesentlichen U-förmig ausge bildeten Profilstäbe (1, 2) ungleich lange Schenkel (la; 2a, 2b) aufweisen, wobei die jeweiligen Zapfen (3, 5) oder Lippen (4, 6) an den Schenkelenden in den Innenraum des hohlen Profilstabes (1, 2) hineinragen. 4. Stabelement nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 3, dadurch ge kennzeichnet, dass bie einem Profilstab das die Schen kel verbindende Mittelteil (1c oder 2c) zur Erhöhung der Elastizität mit herabgesetzter Materialstärke aus gebildet ist. 5. Stabelement nach Anspruch 1 bis 4, mit rechteckigem Querschnitt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bei den er sten, im wesentlichen L-förmigen Profilstab (1) ledig lich der eine Schenkel (1a) eine Länge gleich einer halben Kantenlänge des Profilstabes (1, 2) besitzt, während bei dem zweiten komplementären Profilstab (2) der erste Schenkel (2b) eine Länge von im wesentlichen gleich einer vollen und der zweite Schenkel (2a) eine Länge gleich einer halben Kantenlänge des Stabelemen tes (1, 2) besitzt, wodurch eine eingeklemmte Folie (7) auf der einen Seite des Stabelementes (1, 2) am Rande und auf der anderen Seite mittig austritt. 6. Stabelement nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4, gekennzeich net durch einen Mittel-Profilstab (10) und zwei hier zu komplementären Profilstäben (8, 9), die auf zwei gegenüberliegenden Seiten an den Mittel-Profilstab (10) anrastbar und hierdurch zwei Folien oder Bahnen (15, 16) einklemmbar sind. 7. Ein aus den Stabelementen nach Ansprch 6 hergestellter rechteckiger Rahmen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Raum (17) zwischen den beidne Folien oder Bahnen (15, 16) mit Wärmedämmaterial, Schallschluckmaterial od. dgl. gefüllt oder ausgeschäumt ist. 8. Rahmen nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zum gleichmässigen Ausschäumen des Innenraumes (17) zwi schen den beiden Folien oder Bahnen (15, 16) der Mit tel-Profilstab (10) in den Innenraum (17) führende Durchbrechungen (11) aufweist. 9. Rahmen nach Anspruch 7 oder 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in der Aussenseite (12) des Profilstabes (10) eine Nut (13) zur Aufnahme einer Feder für die Zusammenfü gung mehrerer Rahmen vorgesehen ist.";FEILHAUER, WALTER;FEILHAUER, INGRID;1978
+EP-0006845-B1;19820203.0;19780710;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185905.0;A61K31;A61K31;A61K31;A61K  31/60, A61K  31/40, A61K  31/60+M;PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION COMPRISING A 5-AROYL-1-C1-5 ALKYL-PYRROLE-2-ACETIC ACID COMPOUND AND ACETAMINOPHEN OR ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID;"The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a 5-aroyl-1-lower alkyl-pyrrol-2-acetic acid com­ pound and acetaminophen and/or acetylsalicylic acid having a greater efficacy in the suppression of inflammation and arthritic degenerations. The 5-aroyl-1-lower alkyl-pyrrole-2-­ acetic acid compound has the formula wherein R is -CN, -COOH, -COOalk., CONH₂, -CONHalk, and CON; R₁ is alk.; R is H, alk.; R is H, alk., Cl, Br; and Ar is a possibly substituted phenyl group.";"Pharmaceutical Composition Comprising a 5-Aroyl-1-lowerdkyl pyrrole-2-acetic Acid Compound and Acetaminophen and/or Aspirin (R) The invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a 5-aroyl-1-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound and acetaminophen and/or Aspirin(R). Within the past few years, a new class of non-hormonal antiinflammatory agents, namely, certain 5-aroyl-1-loweralkylpyrrole-2-acetic acid derivatives, have been reported. Due to their anti-inflammatory activity, such derivatives are indicated for the inflammation and pain associated with arthritic diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and the like. It has now been found that such derivatives, when combined with two well-known analgesics, acetaminophen and/or Aspirin (R) have greater efficacy in the suppression of inflammation and arthritic degenerations than when administered alone. The 5-aroyi-1 -loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid derivatives to be empoyed in this invention are those encompassed within the following structural formula EMI1.1 wherein: R is a member selected from the group consisting of CN, H COO(loweralkyl), CONH2, CONH(loweralkyl) and CON(lower alkyl)2; R1 is loweralkyl; R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and loweralkyl; R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of htiogen, loweralkyl, chloro and bromo, provided that when said R3 is chloro or bromo, then said R is COOH; and Ar is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, trifluoromethyiphenyl, methylthiophenyl and phenyl sub stituted with one to three substituents each selected from the group consisting of loweralkyl, loweralkoxy and halo; with the proviso that when R3is hydrogen, then Ar is other than loweralkylphenyl, and the non-toxic, therapeutically acceptable salts of the foregoing acids, i.e., when R is COOH, such as are obtained from appropriate organic or inorganic bases. As used herein, ""loweralkyl11 and ""loweralkoxy"" may be straight or branch chained saturated hydrocarbons having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, such as for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, pentyl and the like alkyls, and, respectively, the corresponding alkoxys such as, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, etc.; and ""halo"" represents chloro, fluoro, bromo and iodo. The anti-inflammatory compounds of formula (I) are described in U.S. Patent No 3f 752,826. The preferred compounds of formula (I) for the novel combinations of this invention are those embraced by the formula: EMI3.1 wherein: R' is a member selected from the group consisting of COOH and cDO(loweralkyl); '' is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; is is a member selected from the group consisting of metal, ethyl, chloro and bromo, provided that when said R''' is chloro or bromo, then said R' is COOH; and Arl is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, methylthiophenyl, loweralkylphenyl, loweralkoxyphenyl and halophenyl; and the alkali metal salts of the foregoing acids, i.e., when R' is COOH. The more preferred compounds of formula (II) for the novel combinations of this invention are those wherein the substituted phenyls within the term ""Ar"", are para-sLtstituted. One of the most preferred compounds.is 1,4-dimethyl-5-p- chlorobenzoyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid, generically known as ""ZOMEPIRAC"" [see J. Med. (hem., 14, 646 (1971); J. Med.Chem, 16, 172 (1973); and J. Pharmcol. Exptl. Ther., 185, 127 (1973)]. When one component of a combination is known to possess a certain pharmacological property and such property is increased many-fold, or knozn side-effects are concurrently ;eliminated or reduced, whn said component is combined with one or more other drugs, 'then the net effect of the combination is commonly referred to as ""potentiation"". It has now been found that a potentiation of the antiinflammatory activity possessed by the above-described 5-anoyl- l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid derivatives is produced by a combination with Aspiri)or acetaminophen in specified proportions. It has also been found that the latter t v druRs also potentiate the anti-arthritic activity of the former derivatives as evidenced by an increased suppression of bonedegenerative changes. Such unique and surprising potentiatiocs are not merely due to the additive effects of the individual components but, rather, are made possible solely and entirely by the action of the combination itself. It is evident, therefore, that the novel combinations of this invention would find useful applications in alleviating the inflammation, and particularly inflammation, pain and bone degenerative changes associated with arthritic diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and the like. The efficacy.of the novel combination of this invention in inhibiting inflammation and osteogenic degeneration is particularly seen in the adjuvant arthritis test. Although a number of acute antiphlogistic tests have been devised for the study of inflammation and although inflammation is a common feature of these tests and arthritis, every type of inflammation does not lead to articular (joint) tissue damage that is associated with arthritis. The adjuvant arthritis test, a test in which adjuvant arthritis which results both in inflammation and osteogenic changes is induced by Myco bacterium butvricum and in which the effect of the test compounds on each effect can be petermined, is considered to be most useful for evaluation of compounds which may be suitable for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other arthritic diseases. The test procedure, in which the effect on inflammation is determined by paw volume changes and the effect on osteogenic changes is determined by microscopic observation, is described by Wong et al, in J. Pharmacol. Exp.Ther. 185, 127-138, 1973, and is employed in the present deteuttina'- tion of the potentiation of the antiarthritic properties of 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid derivatives by aspirin or acetaminophen. Briefly, in this procedure, adjuvant arthritis is induced in female Wistar, Lewis rats (Charles River Breeding Labora tories Int., Wilmington, Mass.) weighing lB0-l90 gm by a single subcutaneous injection of 0.75 mg Mycobacterium butyricum (Difco) into the left hind paw. The non-injected hind paw remains a normal size for the first seven days. Swelling begins to appear in the non-injected paw of the first rats on Day 8. Using the paw volume determination technique (a technique in which rat paws are dippedin mercuryto the hairline and the volume of displacement determined by a modified Van Arman mercury displacement method as described in the aforementioned paper of Wong et al), the time progress curve of volume changes in the non-injected (contralateral) paw is followed. Since it has been found that whenever an animal shows edema > - 0.25 ml, further increase in the contralateral paw size always follows with swelling developing rapidly during the next two to three days, the 0.25 ml edema is used as criterion of arthritis onset. The mean onset time for 100 rats is found to be 11.6 days with a standard deviation of 1.9 days and the frequency of onset time values distributed normally between Days 8 and 19. Thus, determinations of antiarthritic activity are made in the period Day5L1 to Day 28. It has been found that the progress of adjuvant arthritis can be divided into four phases: Phase I (generally Days 010) is the incubation period, Phase II (generally Days 1118), the time of rapid development of swelling, Phase III (generally Days 19-25), the period of established adjuvant arthritis and Phase IV (generally after 25 Days), the phase of osteogenic changes. For determination of anti-inflammatory properties two different evaluations are made: (a) the evaluation of paw volume during the Phase II and Phase III periods and, (b) the evaluation of osteogenic (bone) degenration during the Phase IV period. For evaluation of paw volume, adjuvant arthritic rats with early but significant signs of arthritis in the contralateral paw are selected on Day 11 and randomly assigned to the various groups of 10 animals in each group. All test animals are dosed daily (per os) with the test compound, preferably as sodium salt, or in saline for 17 days (Days 11 to 27 inclusive). Control animals are dosed with an equivalent volume of saline. The paw volumes of the non-injected paws are determined initially on Day 11 and again on Days 15, 18, 22, 25, and 28. The paw volumes are then compared with normal paw volumes of adjuvant arthitic rats previously determined from a reference curve relating normal paw volume to body weight. The volume of each individual rat which is greater than the normal volume is utilized in the analysis of the data. Values for drug treated animals are expressed as a percent inhibition of the paw volume change relative to the mean value for saline controls. Data is evaluated statistically and ED50 values with 95 percent confidence limits are calculated. The method for statistical analysis is described in detail in the aforementioned paper of Wong et al. The term ""ED50"" refers to the dose of drug are quired to produce 50 percent antagonism of the paw volume changes observed in the saline treated adjuvant arthritis controls. Suppression of paw volume changes reflects antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activity of a test drug. For evaluation of bone degenerations, normal and adjuvant arthritic rats are sacrificed under CO2, aftr the paw volume measurements have been completed on Day 28. The hind legs are removed above the knees and skinned and the soft tissues dissected away with care to avoid injury to bone and articular structures. The leg bones are then immersed in 2 percent potassium hydroxide solution for approximately four to five days until the remaining soft tissues becomes properly macerated and/or transparent, and the bones are fully visible. The leg bones are stained with Alizarin Red (0.01 percent in 2 percent KOH) for eight hours, and then processed through increasing concentrations of-glycerol in water (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 percent) for purposes of clearing the tissues for microscopic observation. The distal end of the tibiae, the tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges, and sesamoids are evaluated under a Stereozoom Microscope (a special type of dissecting microscope, product of Bausch and Lomb). -Osteogenic changes for each bone (in 31 bone categories) in the non-injected hind paw are graded on a scale of from O to 10 (increasing numerical value corresponding to increasing severity of bone degeneration). A total bone degeneration score is'obtained (maximum score/paw = 310 points) and then expressed as a percent score. The mean percent score (95 percent confidence limits) for saline control groups from 26 experiments (184 animals) is found to be 53.4 (50.9-55.9). Percent score values for drug treated animals are expressed as a percent inhibition relative to the mean for the saline control group. Data is evaluated statistically and ED50 values with 95 percent confidence limits are calculated. Employing the above described procedures, potentia- tion of antiarthritic activity of 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl pyrrole-2-acetic acid derivatives by acetaminophen and aspirin are determined. The application of the above-des- cribed procedure is particularly illustrated with Tolmetin (l-methyl-5-p-toluoyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid), 1, 4-dimethyl- 5-p-chlorobenzoyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid and 4-chloro-5-pchlorobenzoyl-l-methyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid. It is to be understood that the compounds illustrated are not for purposes of limiting the invention thereto but only to show the useful properties of compounds within the scope of Formula I. (In the experiments hereinafter described, the 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl compounds are employed as sodium salts but are calculated and expressed as free acids.) It should be noted that Tolmetin, as such, has been excluded from the scope of the presently claimed invention, but the following data concerning Tolmetin are included merely as illustrative of those obtained according to the procedures described herein. Potentiation of Antiarthritic Activity of Tolmetin (l-methyl-5-p-toluoyl-pyrrole-2 acetic acid) by Acetaminophen I. Paw Volume Studies. Determinations of ED50 are made of tolmetin, acetaminophen and a combination of acetaminophen with varying dosages of tolmetin. The ER50 for tolmetin on the 28th day, and 95 percent confidence limits (C.L.) are 26.4 (Z2.3-29.6) mg/kg/day. The Ed50 for acetaminophen and its 95 percent C.L., evaluated under the same conditions, are 576 (504-698)mg/kg/day. The minimum effective dose (MED ) for acetaminophen is found to be 320 mg/kg/day. The results (ED50 values) obtained when acetaminophen at 200 mg/kg/day is combined with tolmetin is seen in Table I. MED is the dose drug which will produce a statistically signaficant difference (p < 0,05) from saline treated controls according to Dunnett's procedure described in Wong et al. For these experiments the mean (# Standerd Error) for Dunnett's significant difference (DSD) is 23,8 # 3,2 percent inhibition. TABLE I ED5 Values and 95 Percent C.L. (mg/kg/day) Day of Tolmetin Tolmetin Evaluation Only +Acetaminophen 15 42.1 11.7 (36.7-47.3) (9.69-12.7) 18 40.6 6.75 (32.9-48.0) (4.82-7.23) 22 32.4 7.73 (26.9-37.3) (5.88-8.41) 25 29.5 2.09 (20.0-40.1) ( - ) 28 26.4 1.98 (22.3-29.6) (1.44-2.11) The decrease in the ED50 for tolmetin to 1.98 (1.442.11) mg/kg/day shows a 13.3 fold increase in relative potency for t.olmetin indicating potentiation by acetaminophen. It is immediately obvious that the 95 percent C.L. of the ED50 values for the various days evaluated with and without acetaminopehn do n':'t overlap and therefore are significantly different. When various doses of acetaminophen (50, 200 and 800 mg/kg/day) ere combined with tolmetin, the ED50 values for tolmetin are found to decrease with increasing dose of acetaminophen as seen in Table II. TABLE II Treatment Percent Inhibition of Paw Volume # S.E. Dose of Dose of Acetaminophen (mg/kg/day) Tolmetin (mg/kg/day) 0 50 200 800 0 0 0 27.2 + 15.5 67.8 + 5.7 7.5 37.8 +8.8 34.0 + 6.9 58.9 + 5.4 76.3 + 3.8 30.0 49.3 + 9.7 50.7 + 6.4 74.0 + 3.4 82.7 t 4.5 120.0 78.4 + 3.0 75.0 t 5.5 82.4 + 6.4 79.4 # ED50 values of Tolmetin 32 28 3.3 0.6 The data is evaluated by analysis of variance (as set forth in Wong et al, supra) for a 4 x 5 factorial complete block design, with days representing the block. Comparison of means are carried out using Dunnett's pro cedure at the 5 percent special protection level. The ED50 values for tolmetin, when combined with acetaminophen at 200 and 800 mg/kg/day, are significantly different from that of tolmetin administered without acetaminophen or tolmetin plus acetaminophen at 50 mg/kg/day. Regression analysis shows that the decrease in the requirement for tolmetin produced by acetaminophen is linearly related to the logarithmic dose of acetaminophen. The regression coefficient (slope of the dose-response curve) and its 95 percent CL. are 23.4 (13.6-33.3). The dose of acetaminophen required to suppress the tolmetin ED50 by 50 percent is found to be 35.3 (13.4-81.3) mg/kg/day. Since this dose of acetaminophen when ad ministered alone, has no significant effect in the adjuvant arthritis test, acetaminophen given with tolmetin is potentiating the anti-inflammatory activity of tolmetin. Bone Degeneration Studies. A number of studies have shown tolmetin to be effective against the osteogenic changes which occur in the adjuvant arthritic rat. The results obtained when various doses of acetaminophen are combined with various doses of tolmetin and the ED50 values determined, the ED50 values of tolmetin are found to decrease with increasing dose of acetaminophen as seen in Table III. TABLE III Treatment Percent Inhibition of Bone Degeneration # S.E. Dose of Dose of Acetaminophen (mg/kg/day) Tolmetin (mg/kg/day) 0 50 200 800 0 0 0 12,6#6,5 32,9#3,4 7,5 18,6#6,9 13,6#4,4 32,8#4,6 39,2#4,0 30,0 26,3#3,7 18,1#6,7 40,3#3,6 69,5#5,7 120,0 5 + 6.4 48.5 + 7.9 61.7 - 3,0 (0,9 @ 2,9 EDf values (mg/kg/day) 110.5 130 41.4 12.4 When similar data from several experiments showing tolmetin alone to be effective against osteogenic change are pooled and the results analyzed the following values are obtained. The regression coefficient of the dose response curve, for osteogenic change and its 95 percent C. L. are 28.9 (27.6-30.2). The ED50 for tolmetin and 95 percent C.L. are 89.7 (82.1 -10.2) mg/kg/day. The for for acetaminophen and its 95 percent C,L. are 1673 (1563-2008) mg/kg/day with a regression coefficient and 95 percent C.L. 32.3 (31.0-33.6). When acetaminophen at 200 mg/kg/day is combined with tolmetin, the ED50 for tolmetin is decreased to 41.4 (29.8-55.3) mg/kg/day, representing a 2.8 (1.8-4.6) fold increase in the potency of tolmetin against bone degenerative changes. Since the response to acetaminophen alone at 200 mg/kg/day is 12.6 + 6.5 percent inhibition - Standard Error and not significantly different from controls (Dunnett's Significant Difference (DSD) = 22.7 percent), the results show that acetaminophen significantly potentiates the antiarthritic activity of tolmetin. Potentiation of Antiarthritic Activity of Tolmetin by Aspirin I. Paw Volume Studies. Using the method previously described, determinations of ED50 are made of various dosages of aspirin and various dosages of tolmetin. The results seen in Table IV show that the ED50 values for tolmetin are found to decrease with increasing dose of Aspirin(R) TABLE IV Percent Inhibition # S. E. (Day 28) (R) Dose of Aspirin (mg/kg/day) Dose of Tolmetin (mg/kg/day) 0 25 75 100 150 300 0 15.2 # 12.6 39.6 # 3.6 28.3 # 8.2 34.2 # 6.0 66.2 # 6.3 5.6 30.5 # 5.1 36.7 # 7.2 46.4 # 6.8 70.3 # 6.4 11.1 34.5 # 8.0 41.5 # 5.2 53.9 # 6.5 16.7 58.4 # 8.1 42.6 # 5.9 63.1 # 5.4 72.2 # 6.5 33.3 50.8 # 8.4 41.4 # 7.9 45.7 # 5.0 50 62.6 # 2.7 60.4 # 6.9 61.5 # 4.3 75.1 # 4.4 100 66.4 # 3.9 75.2 # 7.7 69.2 # 4.2 ED50 mg/kg 32.0 29.2 23.1 13.5 6.04 < 0.001 When data from several similar experiments are pooled and the results analyzed, the following values are obtained. The ED50 for aspirin and its 95 percent C.L. are found to be 322 (299-545)mg/kg/day. Aspirin alone shows a 16.4 - 11.4 percent inhibition at 25 mg/kg/day and a 28.3 + 8.2 percent inhibition at 100 mg/kg/day. Both of these responses are not significantly different from the saline control (DSD = 30.8 percent). When aspirin at 25 mg/kg/day is combined with tolmetin (5.6 to 100 mg/kg/ day), the ED50 for tolmetin is decreased from 26.4 (22.3 29.6) mg/kg/day to 18.5 412.3 - 24.7) mg/kg/day. When aspirin at 100 mg/kg/day is combined with varying doses of tolmetin, the ED50 of tolmetin decreases to 8.0 (6.2 9.8). Analysis of the results indicates that ED50 values for tolmetin, when combined with aspirin at 150 and 300 mg/ kg/day, are significantly different from that of tolmetin administered without Aspirin, or tolmetin plus aspirin at 75 mg/kg/day. Regression analysis shows that the decrease in the requirement for tolmetin produced by aspirin is linearly related to the logarithmic dose of aspirin. The regression coefficient and its 95 percent C.L. are 25.1 (17.8 - 32.5). ct) The dose of Aspirin required to suppress the tolmetin ED50 by 50 percent is found to be 83.6 (60.5 (a) 101) mg/kg/day. This dose of Aspirin, when administered alone, has no significant effect in the adjuvant arthritis test. Therefore Aspirin given in combination with tolmetin will potentiate the anti-inflammatory activity of tolmetin. II. Bone degeneration Studies. The results obtained when various doses of aspirin are combined with various doses of tolmetin, and the ED50 values of tolmetin determined, it is found that the ED50 values of tolmetin are found to decrease with increasing dose of acetaminophen as seen in Tables V and VI. TABLE V Percent Inhibition + S. E. Dose of Dose of Aspirin (mg/kg/day) Tolmetin (mg/kg/day) 0 25 100 0 20.1 + 5.2 22.9 + 11.0 11.1 28.7 # 7.7 23.4 + 2.5 39.9 + 8.9 33.3 33.4 + 3.9 31.7:+ 4.6 33.7 # 7.0 100 54.2 # 1.9 60.2 # 4.1 54.6 # 3.9 ED50 (mg/kg) 89.7 68:1 47.6 TABLE VI Percent Inhibition -+ S. E. Dose of Dose of Aspirin (mg/kg/day) Tolmetin (mg/kg/day) 0 75 150 300 o 29.5 + 5.6 22.9 # 3.1 59.9 # 5.4 5.6 26.6 + 7.0 20.7 + 3.0 25.6 # 4.7 50.4 + 16.7 27.5 + 4.9 27.5 # 4.9 42.5 #10.9 52.4 + 7.8 fo.o 34.9 t 2.7 34.9 # 2.7 43.4 + 6.6 71.0 + 2.5 89.7 54.0 35 7.2 When data from several experiments are pooled and the results analyzed, the following values are obtained. The ED50 for Aspirin and its 95 percent C.L. for suppression of osteogenic changes in adjuvant arthritis has been shown to be 382 (367-464) mg/kg/day with a regression coefficient + 95 percent C.L. 33.4 (32.1 34.6). When Aspirin at 25 mg/kg/day is combined with varying doses of tolmetin, the ED50 for tolmetin alone 110 (96.7 - 139) mg/kg/day is decreased to 68.1 (55.9 105) mg/kg/day. When Aspirin at 100 mg/kg/day is combined with varying doses of tolmetin, the ED50 is further decreased to 47.6 (15.0 - 62.6) mg/kg/day. (R) Since the response to Aspirin alone at 25 and 100 mg/kg/ day are 15.2 - 12.6 and 28.3 + 8.2 percent inhibition -+ S.E. respectively, and not significantly different from controls (DSD = 30.8%), aspirin has potentiated the antiarthritic activity of tolmetin. Potentiation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Other Compounds of Formula I Using the paw volume technique previously described, the effect of acetaminophen and/or aspirin on other 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound are determined. Table VII shows the results obtained when l,4-dimethyl-5-p-chlorobenzoyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid alone, acetaminophen alone and the combinations of the two agents are administered in various doses. The ED50 values for each case are indicated. EMI17.1 <tb> ThHE±-VII <tb> I <SEP> <SEP> < <SEP> Percent <SEP> Inhibition <SEP> * <tb> <SEP> u <SEP> I <SEP> Percent <SEP> Inhibition <SEP> 0 <tb> o <SEP> bl-l <tb> tn <SEP> I <SEP> W¯ <tb> <SEP> s <SEP> 200 <SEP> 200 <tb> <SEP> . <tb> <SEP> o <SEP> 2.7 <SEP> +17.4 <SEP> 6.6 <SEP> t <SEP> 11.4 <SEP> 31.6 <SEP> t <SEP> 6.1 <tb> <SEP> o,ii <SEP> 27.4 <SEP> + <SEP> 10.1 <SEP> 35.3 <SEP> + <SEP> 8.9 <SEP> 39.1 <SEP> + <SEP> 12.3 <SEP> 61.2 <SEP> F <SEP> 3.2 <tb> <SEP> 0.3345.0 <SEP> +- <SEP> 6.o <SEP> 48.3 <SEP> t <SEP> 7.0 <SEP> 57.8 <SEP> + <SEP> 2.8 <SEP> sub.4 <SEP> + <SEP> 4.3 <tb> <SEP> l.o <SEP> 68.o <SEP> + <SEP> 7.8 <SEP> 74.9 <SEP> + <SEP> 6.2 <SEP> 70.0 <SEP> + <SEP> 3.8 <SEP> 84.5 <SEP> + <SEP> 5.3 <tb> EDso(mg/}) <SEP> 0.40 <SEP> 0.36 <SEP> 0.21 <SEP> 0.04 <tb> Table VIII shows the results obtained when 1,4dimethyl-5-p-chlorobenzoyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid alone, aspirin alone-and the combinations of the two agents are administered in various doses. TAB VIII Dose of 1,4-Dimethyl-5-p- Percent Inhibition # S.E. (Day 28) chlorobenzoylpyrrole-2- Dose of Aspirin (mg/kg/day) acetic acid (mg/kg/day) 0 75 150 300 0 4.1 # 14.4 33.2 # 7.6 28.9 # 9.4 0.125 17.5 # 7 .5 17.3 # 3.4 23.6 # 9.0 51.0 # 5.2 0.5 43.8 # 11.8 45.6 # 12,3 48.6 # 9.4 48.9 # 8.3 2.0. 68.2 t 5.3 67.9 + 6.3 73.5 I 5.5 64.3 +5.0 ED50(mg/kg) 0.728 0.712 0.541 0.283 Table IX shows the results obtained when 4chloro-5-p-chlorobenzoyl-l-methyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid alone, acetaminophen alone and the combination of the two agents are administered in various doses. TABLE IX Dose of 1,4-Dimethyl-5-p- Percent Inhibition # S.E. (Day 28) chlorobenzoyl pyrrole-2- Dose of Acetaminophen (mg/kg/day) acetic acid (mg/kg/day) 0 50 200 800 0 7.6 # 6.1 29.0 # 12.8 75.3 # 3.9 0.02 18.6 # 11.7 41.2 # 11.7 48.7 # 5.4 80.5 # 3.6 0.06 61.3 # 5.3 58.1 # 9.1 75.0 # 2.3 91.1 # 7.2 0.18 78.9 # 8.7 84.0 # 5.7 87.6 # 6.1 88.2 # 5.8 ED50 (mg/kg) 0.054 0.032 0.019 < 0.001 The foregoing results illustrate the potentiation of the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic properties of 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid derivatives acetaminophen and aspiring The properties are utilized in the methods and compositions of the present invention. The process of the present invention, namely, a method of inhibiting inflammation and osteogenic degeneration, comprises orally administering to subjects with inflammation and/or osteogenic degeneration, an in inflammation and/or osteogenic degeneration inhibiting amount of a 5-aroyl-1-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic derivative of Formula I or its pharmaceutically acceptable salt as primary active agent together with a potentiating agent selected from the group consisting of aspirin and acetaminophen. The active agents may be administered with or without carrier in the amounts hereinafter set forth. A preferred method of administration is by the use of the novel compositions in unit dosage form as subsequently described. The operative ranges of the combination of 5-aroyll-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid derivative and acetaminophen or aspirin depends to some extent on whether the potentiating agent is acetaminophen or Aspirin. Generally when acetaminophen is the potentiating agent, from about 50 to 800 mg/kg of acetaminophen is employed together with from about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg of the 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound, and preferably from 100 to 400 mg/kg of acetaminophen with from 0.1 to 50 mg/kg of the 5-.aroyl-l-loweralkyl- pyrrole-2-acetic aid compound. When aspirin is the potentiating agent, from about 50 to 300 mg/kg of aspirin is employed with from 0.001 to 100 mg/kg of the 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-2-acetic acid compound, and preferably from 100 to 150 mg/kg of Aspirin with from 0.0l to 50 mg/kg of the 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound. The outstanding properties are most effectively utilized by use of the novel pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention To prepare the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention, a 5-aroyl-l-loweralkylpyrrole-2-acetic acid compound and a potentiating agent selected from the group consisting of Aspirin and acetaminophen are intimately admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for oral administration. By the expression ""5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2- acetic acid compound"" as employed above and in the claims is meant not only the compounds defied by Formulas I and = 7-buv he-pharm ceuticatly acceptable salts thereof. In preparing the compositions in oral dosage form, any of the usual pharmaceutical media may be employer, such as for example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols and the like for oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; or solid carriers such as starches, sugars, kaolin, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like for powders, capsules and tablets.. Because of their ease in administration, tablets and capsules represent the most advantageous oral dosage form, in which case solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. It is especially advantageous to formulate the aforementioned pharmaceutical compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. The term dosage unit form"" as used in the specification and claims herein refers to physically discrete untis suitable as unitary dosages, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active ingredient calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier. Examples of such dosage unit forms are tablets, capsules, pills, powder packets, wafers, teaspoonfuls, tablespoonfuls and the like, and segregated multiples thereof. A dosage unit generally will contain from about 0.1 to 1000 mg of a 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2acetic acid compound as primary active ingredients together with from about 150 to 1000 mg of aspirin or from about 150 to 2000 mg of acetaminophen. The preferred dosage unit is from about 0.2 to 500 mg of a 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound together with from about 325 to 500 mg of aspirin or from about 325 to 1000 mg of acetaminophen. The following examples are given to illustrate the novel compositions and are not to be construed as limiting the invention in spirit or in scope. EXAMPLE I 1000 hard gelatin capsules, each containing 4.6 milligrams of 5-p-chlorobenzoyl-l,4-dimethyl-pyrrole-2acetic acid as primary active ingredient and 325 milligrams of acetaminophen as potentiating agent are prepared from the following formulation: Grams 5-p-Chlorobenzoyl-l,4-dimethyl-pyrrole2-acetic acid 4.6 Acetaminophen 325 Starch 250 Lactose 750 Talc 250 Calcium stearate 10 A uniform mixture of the ingredients is prepared by blending and filled into two-piece hard gelatin capsules. The capsules are suitable to be used for providing satisfactory inhibition of inflammation upon administration to subjects with articular inflammation. EXAMPLE II Gelatin capsules are prepared as described in Example I except that in the formulation, 5.2 grams of potassium 5-p-chlorobenzoyl-l, 4-dimethyl-pyrrole-2- acetate is employed as the primary active ingredient and 325 grams of aspirin is substituted as the potentiating agent, thus providing capsules each containing 5.2 mg of potassium 5-p-chlorobenzoyl-1, 4-dimethyl-pyrrole-2- acetate and 325 milligrams of aspirin.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective inflammation and osteogenic degeneration inhibiting amount of (1) a 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound as primary active agent, said compound being selected from (a) those having the formula EMI24.1 wherein: R is a member selected from the group consisting of CN, COOH, cOo(loweralkyl), CONH2, CONH (loweralkyl) and CON(loweralkyl) R1 is loweralkyl; R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and loweralkyli R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, loweralkyl, chloro and bromo, provided that-when said R3 is chloro or bromo, then said R is COOH; and Ar is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, methylthio phenyl and phenyl substituted with one to three substituents each selected from the group con sisting of loweralkyl, loweralkoxy and halo; with the proviso that when R3 is hydrogen, then Ar is other than lower alkyiphenyl; and (b) the non-toxic therapeutically acceptable salts of the foregoing acids, namely, acids when R is (1) from about 0.1 to 1000 mg of a 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl pyrrole-2-acetic acid compounds as primary active agent, said 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl-prrole-2-acetic acid compound having the formula EMI25.1 wherein: : R' is a member selected from the group consisting of COOR, COO(loweralkyl), and COO(alkali metal); R' is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; R''' is a member selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, chloro and bromo, provided.that when said R''' is chloro or bromo, then said B' is COOH; and Arl is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, methylthiophenyl, loweralkylphenyl, lower alkoxyphenyl and halophenyl; and (2) from about 150 to l000 mg of aspirin or from about 150 to 2000 mg of acetaminophen, as a potentiating agent wherein said primary and potentiating agents are in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 8. A pharmaceutical composition suitable for inhibiting inflammation and osteogenic degeneration in dosage unit form comprising per dogage unit (1) from about 0.2 to 500 mg of a 5-aroyl-1-loweralkyl pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound as primary active agent, said 5-aroyl-1-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic compound having the structure EMI26.1 wherein: R' is a member selected from the group consisting of COOH, COO(loweralkyl), and COO(alkali metal); R'' is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and.methyl; ''' is a member selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl chloro and bromo, provided that when said R''' is chloro qr bromo, then said R' is COOH; and Ar1 is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, methylthiophenyl, loweralkylphenyl, loweralkoxyphenyl and thalophenyl; and (2) from about 325 to 500 mg of aspirin or from about 325 to 1000 mg of acetaminophen as a potentiating agent wherein said primary and potentiating agents are in admixture with a atpharmAceutically acceptable carrier. 9. A method of inhibiting inflammation and osteogenic degeneration comprising orally administering a composition sufficient to provide (1) from about 0.001 to 100 mg/kg of body weight of a 5-aroyl-1-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound as primary inflammation and osteogenic degeneration inhibiting compound, said 5-aroyl-l-loweralkyl pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound being selected from (a) those having the formula EMI27.1 wherein: : R is a member selected from the group consisting of CN, COOK, COO(loweralkyl), CONH2, CONH(loweralkyl) and CON(loweralkyl)i; Rl is loweralkyl; R2 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and loweralkyl; R3 is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, loweralkyl, chloro and bromo, provided that when said R3 is chloro or bromo, then said R is COOH; and Ar is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, trifiuoromethylphenyl, methylthio phenyl and phenyl substituted with one to three substituents each selected from the group consisting of loweralkyl, loweralkoxy and halo; with the proviso that when R3 is hydrogen, then Ar is other than loweralkylphenyl, and (b) the non-toxic therapeutically acceptable¯salts of the foregoing acids, namely, when R is COOH; and (2) from about 50 to 800 mg/kg of body weight of acetaminophen or from about 50 to 300 mg/kg of body (i) weight of Aspirin as potentiating agent. 10. A method of inhibiting inflammation and osteogenic degeneration comprising orally administering a composition sufficient to provide (l) from 0.01 to 50 mg/kg of body weight of a 5-aroyl l-loweralkyl-pyrrole-2-acetic acid compound having the structure EMI28.1 wherein: R' is a member selected from the group consisting of COOH, C00(lowralkyl) and C00(alkali metal) R'' is a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and methyl; R''' is a member selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, chloro and bromo, provided that when said R''' is chloro or bromo, then said R' is COOH; and Ar is a member selected from the group consisting of phenyl, methylthiophenyl, loweralkylphenyl, loweralkoxyphenyl and halophenyl; and (2) from about 100 to 400 mg/kg of body weight of acetaminophen or from about 100 to 150 mg/kg of body weight of aspirin as potentiating agent.";WONG, STEWART;MCNEILAB, INC.;1978
+EP-0006846-B1;19810812.0;19780718;EP;B1;FR;20100220.0;new;8185959.0;F24H7;;F24H7;F24H   7/04B2;STORAGE HEATER;1. Heat storage stove, comprising a heat storage core (1), a channel (6) passing through the core (1), a transverse-flow fan (7), the suction space (8) of which is provided at the outlet of this channel (6) and the ejection opening (18) of which is directed towards the room to be heated, an opening (4) for the intake of cold air into an enclosure (3) of the storage stove, which intake opening communicates with the inlet of the channel (6) passing through the core (1), and a branch passage (9) which has a cross-section of passage adjustable by means of a movable flap valve (19) and which is located on the outside of the core (1) between the inlet and the outlet of the channel (6) passing through the core (1), characterised in that the ejection opening (18) of the fan (7) communicates with its suction space (8) by means of a row of holes or a slit (17) of a size selected to keep the noise of the fan (7) at a low level, and in that there is located in the branch passage (9), downstream of the movable flap valve (19), an element (11) which retards the flow of cold air in this passage (9) and which is constituted by a grille.;POELE A ACCUMULATION DE CHALEUR. Dans les brevets belges No. 714 537 et 748 432, on a décrit un poêle accumulation de chaleur, comprenant un noyau accumulateur de chaleur, un canal traversant le noyau, un ventilateur à courant transversal dont l'espace d'aspiration est agencé à la sortie de ce canal et dont l'ouverture d'éjection est dirigee vers le local à chauffer, une ouverture d'admission d'air froid dans une enceinte du poêle à accumulation qui communique avec l'entrée du canal traversant le noyau et un passage de dérivation à l'extérieur du noyau entre l'entrée et la sortie du canal traversant le noyau. Le passage de dérivation peut être de section variable, réglable au moyen d'un clapet actionné par un élément sensible à la température du mélange d'air froid et chaud ou à la température de l'air chaud seulement sortant du canal du noyau. Comme ces poêles à accumulation de chaleur sont à installer dans des pièces d'habitation, il est nécessaire qu'ils présentent certaines qualités, entre autres le fait que la température de l'air éjecté est maintenue en tout point en dessous d'une température maximum déterminée. Une autre qualité importante est un niveau de bruit très bas tout en fonctionnant à une vitesse de ventilateur suffisante pour assurer une évacuation complete de la chaleur accumulée pendant les périodes de charge. Ces limites à ne pas dépasser peuvent entre, par exemple 12O0C pour la température et 35 dB pour le bruit. L'invention a pour but un poêle à accumulation de chaleur dans lequel les buts ci-dessus sont réalisés de manière simple et efficace. Elle est caractérisée en ce que l'ouverture d'éjection du ventilateur communique avec son espace d'aspiration par une fente ou une rangée de b trous.Une telle fente permet surtout de maintenir faible le niveau du bruit. L'invention est caractérisée aussi en ce que, dans le passage de dérivation, entre un bord de l'ouverture de sortie du canal du noyau et un bord d'ouverture d'aspiration du ventilateur à courant transversal est disposé un élément freinant l'écoulement de l'air dans ce passage. Un tel élément freinant permet surtout d'égaliser la température dans le courant d'air éjecté par le ventilateur. L'élément freinant I'coulement d'air dans le passage de dérivation peut notamment être une grille. L'invention est expliquée ci-dessous par rapport à un exemple d'une forme d'exécution en se référant au dessin annexé. La figure 1 du dessin est une vue en coupe schématique d'un poêle suivant l'invention. La figure 2 est une vue d'un élément freinant l'écoulement d'air dans le passage de dérivation. A la figure 1, un poêle à accumulation de chaleur comprend essentiellement un ensemble de commande avec ventilation et un noyau accumulateur de chaleur I en briques réfractaires chauffé au moyen de résistances électriques, non représentées. Le noyau 1 est entouré d'une couche calorifuge 2 et le tout d'un habillage en tôle 3. Dans l'habillage en tôle 3, une ouverture d'admission d'air froid 4 et une ouverture de sortie d'air chaud garnie d'une grille 5 sont prévues. L'air froid est amené de l'ouverture 4 vers l'entrée d'un canal 6 dans le noyau 1. A la sortie du canal 6 est disposé un ventilateur 7 à courant transversal dont un espace d'aspiration 8 communique avec la sortie du canal 6. Un passage de dérivation 9 est ménagé en dehors du noyau 1 entre l'entrée et la sortie du canal 6. Dans ce passage 9 est disposé un élément freinant le flux d'air frais, en l'occurrence une tôle 10 percée de nombreuses ouvertures 11 qui ensemble forment une grille. La tôle 10 délimite un des côtés de l'espace d'aspiration 8 du ventilateur 7, entre un bord 12 de l'ouverture de sortie du canal 6 du noyau 1 et un bord 13 de l'ouverture d'aspiration du ventilateur 7. Les ouvertures 11 peuvent évidemment être remplacées par une grille d'une autre forme, par exemple en métal déployé ou en fils de fer croisés. L'autre côté de l'espace d'aspiration 8 du ventilateur tangentiel 7 est défini par une tôle de guidage 14 qui s'étend d'un bord 15 de 1' ouverture d'aspiration du ventilateur 7 vers un bord 16 de la sortie du canal 6 du noyau accumulateur 1, mais qui laisse subsister, à l'endroit du bord 16, une fente ouverte 17, par laquelle l'espace 8 communique avec l'ouverture de sortie 18 du ventilateur 7. L'effet de l'élément freinant l'écoulement d'air dans le passage 9, donc de la tôle trouée 10, est assez spectaculaire et s'explique difficilement. Si la tale 10 est supprimée et si donc l'air froid a accès à l'ouverture d'entrée du ventilateur 7 à travers une fente, comme cela était bien connu auparavant, la répartition de la température est assez inégale dans l'air éjecté par le ventilateur 7 et présente un maximum très élevé à côté d'endroits à température relativement modérée, tandis que la rapidité de vidange des calories accumulées dans le noyau est assez bonne. Le remplacement de la fente d'admission d'air froid par une tôle trouée 10 a pour effet de maintenir la rapidité de vidange des calories accumulées dans le noyau 1 et d'égaliser la température de l'air sortant du ventilateur 7, de telle manière que l'écart entre la température moyenne de l'air et sa température maximum diminue de maniere spectaculaire, à tel point que par exemple pour une même quantité de chaleur extraite par unité de temps la température maximum de l'air éjecté tombe de 135 C à 1100C.Bien qu'il soit difficile de donner une explication sure de ce phénomène, il semble bien que l'existence de la fente 17 soit en partie responsable du résultat atteint. En effet, si on bouche cette fente 17, non seulement le fonctionnement silencieux de l'appareil est compromis mais l'égalisation de la température aussi perd sensiblement en efficacitéLafente 17 peut etre remplacée par une rangée de trous. En amont de l'élément 11 freinant le flux d'air froid dans le passage 9 est disposé un clapet 19. Le clapet 19 est actionné par un élément thermosensible 20 approprié, symbolisé par une ligne brisée, disposé dans l'espace d'aspiration 8 du ventilateur 7.;REVENDICATIONS. 1. Poêle à accumulation de chaleur, comprenant un noyau (1) accumulateur de chaleur, un canal (6) traversant le noyau (1), un ventilateur (7) à courant transversal dont l'espace d'aspiration (8) est agencé à la sortie de ce canal (6) et dont l'ouverture d'éjection (18) est dirigée vers le local à chauffer, une ouverture d'admission d'air froid (4) dans une enceinte (3) du poêle à accumulation qui communique avec l'entrée du canal (6) traversant le noyau ()) et un passage de dérivation (9) à l'extérieur du noyau (1) entre l'entrée et la sortie du canal (6) traversant le noyau (1), caractérisé en ce que l'ouverture 'éjection (18) du ventilateur (7) communique avec son espace d'aspiration (8) par une rangée de trous ou une fente (17). 2. Poêle à accumulation suivant la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, dans le passage de dérivation (9) entre un bord (13) de l'ouver ture d'aspiration du ventilateur (7) à courant transversal est disposé un élément (11) freinant l'écoulement de l'air dans ce passage (9). 3. Poêle à accumulation suivant la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'élément (11) freinant l'écoulement de l'air est une grille. 4. Poêle à accumulation suivant une des revendications 2 ou 3, carac térisé en ce qu'en amont de l'élément (11) un clapet mobile (19) répar tit l'air froid entre le canal (6) et le passage de dérivation (9) et en ce que ce clapet est actionné par un élément thermosensible (20) disposé dans l'espace d'aspiration (8) du ventilateur (7).;GEERINCK, RAYMOND;ATELIERS DE CONSTRUCTIONS ELECTRIQUES DE CHARLEROI (ACEC) SOCIETE ANONYME;1978
+EP-0006848-B1;19810902.0;19780626;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185985.0;B44C5;B05D5, E04F13, B44F7;B44F7, B44C5, B05D5;B44C   5/04D, B44F   7/00, B05D   5/06+F+M3, B44C   5/04H, B05D   5/06+B+M3;DECORATIVE PANEL;A base coated substrate carries a pattern defined by a silicone-containing printing ink (22). A silicone-containing top coat (24) covers the inked substrate. the top coat being dis­ turbed by the repulsion forces of the ink's silicone at locations adjacent the edges of the patterns (26,28) thereby producing a three-dimensional effect in an otherwise smooth top coat surface.;"DECORATIVE PEEL. The present invention relates to a decorative panel particularly suited for such uses as wall and ceiling coverings, furniture, etc. In fabricating such a panel, it is desirable wo produce a surface which is non-uniform so as. to provide a three-dimensional effect. Attempts have been made in the past to form a panel having a textured surface by applying to a substrate a sllicone-containing ink in a pattern and covering the inked substrate with a top coating. The silicone repels the top coating at the edges of the ink-top coat interface to produce an uneven surface. Such prior efforts are disclosed, for example, in United States Patent 3,811,915 which issued on May 21, 1974 in the names of Harry Bunell and Robert C. Mi' len, Jr., and in Canadian Patent 981,124 which was cranted to John C. Barker and Ivan P. McLaughlin on January , 1976. However, 2n ;important shortcoming exists in the previously known products. More particularly, using the techniques described in the aforesaid patents, when a given segment of ink covers a substantial area for. the purpose of producing, for example, a geometric figure on the finished panel, the application of the top coating results in the figure having a plurality of separate ""islands"" of top coating within the confines of the area defined by the ink or alternatively a series of nfìshex-es"" or cells of the top coating within this area. The latter result can be referred te as a ""hammered"" effect. While such configurations have interesting and attractive appearances, it is impossible to accurately duplicate them in subsequent panels. Thus, when a plurality of panels so fabricated are used to cover a wall, the randomly produced effects in the several panels produce an overall appearance which is generally unacceptable. The problem just described is recognized in Canadian Patent 981,124 where it is stated that for best results, the inked pattern should define lines of 1/16 to 3/16 thickness rather than surface areas. Another shortcoming of products of the type disclosed in the aforesaid patents is that as the upper limit of silicone in the printing ink is reached (the upper limits being stated as 3t in U.S. Patent 3,811,915 and 5% in Canadian Patent 981,124), the displacement of the top coat away from the edges of the printing ink increases causing a substantial buildup of top coat material in an irregular manner. This condition detracts from the appearance of the product. A still further aesthetic problem of prior art products is that when a material such as polyester is used in the top coat (as is disclosed in each of the aforesaid patents), the natural characteristic of the material is to produce an uneven surface. The present invention constitutes an improvement over the prior art by providing for a panel construction having a three-dimensional effect on its surface while also allowing large surface areas to be printed and covered with a top coating of uniform thickness. This 1: accomplished by providing respectively both the pattern-defining ink and the top coating with silicone components, whereby at the peripheries of the inked areas there is a flow of the top coat so as to produce a sharply defined depression-elevation phenomenon which gives the product its three-dimensional effect, while over the printing ink areas and over the unprinted areas not encompassed by depressions and elevations the top coat is rendered smooth. The resultant product is one which can be repeatedly reproduced with great c- curacy thereby making the product suitable for mass production. According to one broad aspect, the invention relates to a decorative panel comprising a pigmented base coated substrate, a silicone containing printing ink forming a pattern on a portion of said substrate and a top coat material covering said pattern and the remaining portion of said substrate, the improvement comprising said printing ink containing at least 5 weight percent silicone, said top coat material containing an effective Amount of silicone, and said silicone in said printing ink and said silicone in said top coat material bring such as to produce a depression at the printing ink-top coat interface adjacent the periphery of the pattern formed from-said printing ink and an elevation immediately outwardly of the said depression so as to produce a three-dimensional effect, with the level of the top coat material over the remainder of said pattern being substantially the same level as the remainder of said panel wherein the remainder of said pattern and the remainder of said panel are smooth and essentially free of separate islands of said top coat material. The. invention will be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 is a plan view of an illustrative pattern made in accordance with prior art techniques; Figure 2 is a sectional view taken along line 2-2 of Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a sectional view of a pattern of the type shown in Figure 1 but produced in accordance with the present invention. Referring to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, the problem which the present invention solves will first be explained. If a substrate 10 is covered with a base coat 11 and then with a pattern of silicone-containing printing ink 12 in accordance with the teachings of the aforesaid U.S. Patent 3,811,915 and Canadian Patent 981,124, and should areas defined by the printing ink 12 be substantial, the application of a conventional top coat over the exposed surface of the assembly produces a series ()) ""islands"" 14 (tr sometimes a series of ""fisheyes"" or cells of top coat material) separated by voids 16 which expose the printing ink. This creates an appearance which is not reproducible with continuous accuracy. The silicone in ink 12 also repels the top coa adjacent to the printed pattern to cause a buildup of tor coat material designated as 17. With the ink's silicone content in the general range of 3 - 5%, the buildup of the top coat is substantial and assures an irregular outline as can be seen in Figure 1. This contributes to an unacceptable product appearance, particularly when the top coat is pigmented with colors which are not muted. As shown in Figure 2, the remaining surface of top coat over the unprinted area often is uneven, particularly if a polyester is used as a component of the top coat. Also, in accordance with U.S. Patent 3,811,915 and Canadian Patent 981,124 the surface of the top coat over the unprinted areas is higher than over the printed areas. In accordance with the present invention, the problems just discussed are overcome as now will be described with reference to Figure 3. A cleaned substrate 18, typically a material such as hardboard, paper, cardboard, particle board, hardwood, cement asbestos, aluminum, etc., receives a plurality of successive coatings. In the case of certain of these materials (e.g. plywood, hardwood and particle board) the first of these coatings is a filler or sealer (not shown). Such a coating, if employed, is accomplish- ed with conventional materials and techniques so well known in the art that it is unnecessary to list them at this time, particularly since they form no part of the present invent ion. A pigmented base coat 20 then is applied to the substrate by conventional techniques such as roller or curtain coating. After drying of the base coat, a silicone-containing printing ink 22 is selectively Jisposed on the base coat in a pattern established by such typical processes as silk screen, offset, rotogravure, flexography, brush (air or hand), airbrush, etc. Following a drying step which is employed to drive off. solvents (and in the case of a seccative ink, to completely dry the ink), a top coat 24 is used to cover the ink 22 and the portions of base coat 20 left exposed by the ink. The top coat is applied by conventional means such as rollers, spraying equipment, brushes, electrostatics, etc. Thereafter, the product is exposed to a step in which any remaining solvents are driven off, and the product is dried. This step can be performed by open air, hot circulated air, air jets, infra-red heaters, electron beams, ultraviolet, electric or gas heaters, or combinations of these conventional techniques. As will be explained hereinafter, the top coat 24 also contains a silicone. Accordingly, the effect of the silicones in ink 22 and top coat 24 is to produce de depressions 26 at the ink-top coat interface adjacent the edges of the ink and elevations 28 immediately outwardly of the depression 26. The location of theSe depressions and elevations is controlled by the top coat silicones. No surface disturbance is create over the printed areas, notwithstanding their size, and therefore, a smooth top coat surface is left in these areas, this surface being at a level between those of the peaks of the depressions 26 and the elevations 28. The level of top coat 24 over the printed areas is substantially the same as that of the remaining top coat covering the previously exposed areas of base coat 20. The latter also has a smooth surface due to the silicone in the top coat. As a result of the control achieved according to the invention, the pattern can be precisely repeated Ip manufacturing subsequent panels. Thus, uniform panels can be made on a continuous basis. The results of the invention having been described, details of materials which may be employed in fabricating the improved product now will be set forth. Base Coat A number of conventional base coat materials are suitable for use in practicing the present invention One such formulation which has been employed is as follows with proportions being indicated as percentage by weight: Preferred Range Amount titanium dioxide 25 - 33 % 30 % calcium carbonate 20 - 25 % 22 % lecithin 1.3 - 1.7 % 1.5 % alkyd resin 15 - 20 % 16.1 % (non-drying) aromatic solvent 7 - 10 % 8 % (with high boiling point) xylene 4 - 6 % 4.4 % melamine resin 10 - 15 % 12.5 8 butyl alcohol 2.5 - 5 % 3.0 % glycol butyl ether, 2 - 4 % 2.5 t 2-butoxyethanol The alkyd resin just listed is a reaction product of phthalic anhydride and glycerol modified with a short-oil (raw castor oil). The resin has a solid content of 50% in solution with a xylol solvent, a Gardner Boldt viscosity of N-P, a specific weight of 0.989 0.999 and an acid number of 8 - 13. The melamine resin is a reaction product of melamine, formaldehyde and butyl alcohol. The resin has a solids content of 58 - 62% in solution with xylolbutanol, a Gardner-Holdt viscosity of S-V, a specific weight of 1.02 - 1.04 and an acid number of 1 (max.). The high boiling point aromatic solvent is typically a material such as ESSO's Solvesso 100 having a specific weight 70/60 F of 0.8729, a flash point of 1150 F, an aromatics content of 99.2 (D-1319) and 97.4 (D-875), a boiling range of 3200 F (initial point) to 3500 F (final state) and refraction index of 1.49988. Printing Ink Base A suitable base for a printing ink employed in carrying out the present invention includes: Preferred Range Amount isophorone COCH:C(CH3) CH2C(CH3)2C2 10 - 13 % 11.5 t glycol butyl ether, 12 - 15 % 14.0 5 2-butoxyethanol diacetone alcohol S - 8 % 6.5 e hexylene glycol 6 - 9 % 9.8 % vinyl resin 4 - 6 % 4.2 5 alkyd resin (same as 19.5 - 20 % 19.0 t used in base coat) calcium carbonate 1.8 - 2.5 % 2.1 % lecithin 0.8 - 1.3 % 1.0 r thickener agent 18 - 24 % 22.0 r pigment 10 -'30 % 11.9 % (for a typi cal yellow) The vinyl resin is a vinyl <RTI ID=8.13> chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer (91% PVC and 3% PVA, with the remainder being a hydroxyl calculated as vinyl alcohol). The resit has a specific weight of 1.39, a molecular weight of 23,1DO and a glass transition temperature of 790C. The thickener agent typically has a formulatic of: Preferred Range Amount xylene 75 - 83 % 81.6 % Bentone 38 (commercial 9.5 - 11 % 10.2 8 product of NL Indus tries, Inc.) Anti-Terra U (a commer- 8 - 10 % 8.2 % cial product of Byk Mallinckrott) Bentone 38 is an organic derivative of mont morillonite clay having a density (gm/cm3) of 1.70. Anti-Terra U is an ester acid of high molecular weight over a base of polyaminamide salt. The composition has a specific weight 20/4 C of 0.94, a pE of 6 8, an index of refraction of 1.490 and a flash point of approximately 23O C (Abel-Persky). While t foregoing ink base formulation utilizes as a binder a combination of vinyl and alkyd resins, it also is possible to use just a vinyl or an alkyd resin as the binder. Alternatively, other binders which may be employed are nitrocellulose, chloridated rubber (CloHllCl7), an oil free polyester resin with nitrocellulose, or combinations of such binder materials. A suitable oil free polyester is the commercial product Polylite JC-643 by Reichhold Chemicals, Inc., a product of the reaction of a synthetic saturated fatty acid having a viscosity (Garner) of Z1 - Z4, a solids content of 69-71% in solution with a xylol solvent, an acid number of 7 (max.), a hydroxyl number of 140 - 160 and a hydroxyl percentage of 4.24 - 4.84%. The ink base may employ a single pigment. Alternatively, differently pigmented ink base formulations may be utilized for different areas of the surface being coated so as to create various color effects. Silicone Additive to Printing Ink Base In order to obtain the desired three-dimensional effect discussed previously, a silicone material is added to the printing ink base in amounts of 5 - 20% by weight of the combination of the base and the silicone. Silicones which may -be used in the printing ink include: di-methyls iloxane, polydi-methyl siloxane, phenyl methyl polysiloxane. A typical example of a di-methylsiloxane is the commercial product Dow 200 which has viscosity of 60,p00 centistokes at 25 C (ASTM D 445, Appendix C), a specific weight of 0.976 at 250 C (ASTM D 1298), a flash point of 321 F (ASTM D 92, open cup), an index of refraction of 1.4035 at 250 C (ASTM D 1218) and a surface tension at 250 C of 21.5 dynes/cm. A representative example of a polydi-methyl siloxane is the commercial silicone fluid M 300,000 by Bayer which is a di-methyl polymer terminated in groups of trimethylsiloxane and having the formula: EMI10.1 This product has a viscosity of 300,000 centistokes + 10%, specific weight D 20/40 C of 0.96 - 0.97, a flash point above 3500 C and a refraction index of 1.405. An example of a phenyl methyl siloxane is Bayer's silicone fluid PL which has a viscosity of 210 + 50 centipoises at 20 C in a Hoppler ball viscometer, a specific weight D 20/4 C of 1.06 + 0.02 and a surface tension of approximately 24 dynes/cm. Top Coat A composition suitable for use is: Preferred Range Amount polyester, wax free 58 - 64 % 61.9 % cobalt - 6%-metal 0.7 - 0.8 % 0.74 % content silicone solution 1 - 10 % 3.0 % styrene monomer 9 - 15 % 11.3 % diacetone alcohol 2 - 4 % 2.46 8 thixotropic 18 - 23 % 20.6 t The wax free polyester is a reaction product of maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, propylene glycol and trimethylolpropane diallyl ether. When the resin is combined with a styrene monomer in a 65/35 ratio, the mixture has a viscosity at 250 C of 500 - 1000 centipoises and an acid index of 35 (max.). The thixotropic is formulated with a 98% content of the wax free polyester just described and a 2% content of a material commercially available as Degussa 'S Aerosil 200 (which has a sillcium dioxide content of at least 99.8% and less than 0.05% alumina). Binders other than the wax free polyester which may be used in the top coat formulation are alkyds, alkyd amines, acrylics, acrylic amines, epoxies, polyesters (non-saturated) with paraffin, vinyl lacquers, nitro cellulose lacquers, polyurethanes and oil free polyesters in combination with any of the foregoing material. Silicones which are suitable for the top coat are those which are referred to in the art as t'anti- silicones"", i.e. they have the property, when brought in contact with a silicone-containing surface of allowing adhesion with the latter surface. Consequently, when such ""anti-silicones"" are used in a top coat applied over a silicone-containing printing ink, substantially no surface disturbance occurs in the top coat material and the coatings adhere to one another with a smooth sur face occurring over the printed areas. The silicones used in the top coat also provide an additional advantage in improving the flow of the top coat in the unprinted areas of the panel beyond the de depressions 26 and elevations 28 discussed with respect to Figure 3. Thus, the elimination of surface disturbances over the printed areas and the improved flow of the top coat over the unprinted areas result in a smooth, blemisr free panel which has a three-dimensional effect adjacent the peripheries of the printed areas. Preferably the silicone used in the top coat has a viscosity less than approximately 1,000 centistoket Typical silicone materials which may be included in the top coat are commercially available silicone oils, desig nated A and OL, produced by Bayer. Bayer Silicone Fluid A is a 100% polysiloxane having a specific weight D 20/40 C of 0.96 - 0.97, a viscosity at 200 C of 5 - 20 centipoises, a flash point of approximately 450 C and a surface tension of approximately 20 dynes/cm. The Silicone Fluid OL by Bayer is an organofunctional silicone fluid having a specific weight D 20/4 C of 1.035 + 0.01, a viscosity of 600 + 100 centipoises at 200 C in a Hopper ball viscometer, a flash point as per DIN 51 758 (Persky - Martins) of above 900 C, and a surface tension of approximately 23 dynes/cm. Of course, in order to impart additional color effects to the product, pigments can be added to the top coat formulation in amounts up to approximately 108 by weight of the combination. The pigments may either be suspended in the top coat formulation or added thereto after being dissolved in an aniline. So as to permit curing of the materials following the application of the top coat, a suitable catalyst is added with the top coat binder to the top coat formulation. A typical catalyst appropriate for such use is benzoyl peroxide in a quantity of approximately 2 - 4%. The invention will be further illustrated but should not be limited by the examples to follow. In each case a cardboard substrate was provided with a base coat prepared according to the preferred formulation indicated above. Upon this base coat a pattern of printing ink was applied. The pattern included diverse configurations such as lines, dots and large surface areas. The base used for the printing ink was formulated in accordance with the preferred composition previously recited. A top coat was applied over the entire coated surface of the substrate. Deviations from. the preferred top coat formulation included variations in the type of top coat binder utilized and in amounts of the silicone solution and the styrene monomer separately added to the top coat. EXAMPLE 1 Silicone added to printing ink base: 5% (Dow Corning 200) Silicone solution included in top coat: 3% (Bayer Silicone Fluid A) Styrene monomer - 11.3% Top coat binder - polyester, wax free EXAMPLE 2 Silicone added to printing ink base: 10% (Bayer Silicone Fluid M 300,000) Silicone solution included in top coat: 3% (Bayer Silicone Fluid A) Styrene monomer - li.3 Top coat binder - polyester, wax free EXAMPLE 3 Silicone added to printing Ink base: 20% (Bayer Silicone Fluid PL) Silicone solution included in top coat: 3% (Bayer Silicone Fluid OL) Styrene monomer - 11.3t ToS coat binder - polyester, wax free EXAMPLE 4 Silicone added to printing ink base: 5% (50/50 mixture of Bayer Silicone Fluid PL and M 300,000) Silicone solution included in top coat: : 3% (Bayer Silicone. Fluid OL) Styrene monomer - 11.3% Top coat binder - polyester, wax free EXAMPLE 5 Silicone added to printing ink base: 6% (50/50 mixture of Bayer Silicone Fluid PL and Dow Corning 200) Silicone solution included in top coat: 2.58 (Bayer Silicone Pluid A) Styrene monomer - 11.8% Top coat binder - polyester, wax free EXAMPLE 6 Silicone added to printing ink base: 8% (50/50 mixture of Bayer Silicone Fluid M 300,000 and Dow Corning 200) Silicone solution included in top coat: 2.5% (Bayer Silicone Fluid A) Styrene monomer - 11.8% Top coat binder - polyester, wax free EXAMPLE 7 Silicone added to printing ink base: 20% (equal mixture of Bayer Silicone Fluids PL and M 300,000 and Dow Corning 200) Silicone solution included in top coat: : 2.58 (Bayer Silicone Fluid OL) Styrene monomer - 11.8% Top coat binder - polyester, wax free EXAMPLE 8 Silicone added to printing ink base: 5% (Dow Corning 200) Silicone Solution included in top coat: 1% (Bayer Silicone Fluid A) Styrene monomer - 13.3% Top coat binder - alkyd melamine EXAMPLE 9 Silicone added to printing ink base: 5% (Dow Corning 200) Silicone solution included in top coat: 10% (Bayer Silicone Fluid OL) Styrene monomer - 4.3% Top coat binder - polyester, wax free EXAMPLES 10 - 12 Silicone added to printing ink base: Ex. 10 - 8% (Dow Corning 200) Ex. 11 - 12% Ex. 12 - 18% Silicone solution included in top coat: 2.5 (Bayer Silicone Fluid OL) Styrene monomer: 11.8% Top coat binder: polyester, wax free EXAMPLES 13 - 15 Silicone added to printing ink base: Ex. 13 - 8% (Dow Corning 200) Ex. 14 - 12% Ex. 15 - 18% Silicone solution included in top coat: 3.58 (Bayer Silicone Fluid OL) Styrene monomer - 10.8% Top coat binder: polyester, wax free EXAMPLES 16 - 18 Silicone added to printing ink base: Ex. 16 - 8% (Dow Corning 200) Ex. 17 - 12% Ex. 18 - 18% Silicone solution included in top coat: 5.08 (Bayer Silicone Fluid OL) Styrene monomer - 9.38 Top coat binder: polyester, wax free In each of the foregoing examples a product was achieved which had a solid, uninterrupted, smooth-surfaced top coat over the printed areas. This resulted from the combined effect of the silicones of the printing ink and the top coat. Instead of breaking into ""islands"" or a series of ""fisheyes"" or cells, the total amount of silicone at the interface of the top coat and the ink over the pattern (contributed to primarily by the printing ink composition) was sufficiently large to prevent a surface disturbance of the top coat. However, since the repulsion forces of the silicones used in the top coat are less than those of the printing ink silicone, the forces of the latter directed away from the printed patterns were able to overcome opposing forces of the top coat silicone so as to produce the depressions 26 and elevations 28 of Figure 3 immediately adjacent the printed areas. The reaction forces of the top coat silicone were sufficient nevertheless to limit the extent of displacement of the top coat thereby preventing a large buildup of top coat material and sharply defining the depressions 26 and elevations 28 to avoid irregularities of the type designated at 17 in Figure 1. The silicone content of the top coat also prevented those remaining portions of the top coat over unprinted areas from curing with an irregular surface shown in Figure 2. This was due to the flow characteristic supplied by this silicone. Consequently, except for the depressions 26 and elevations 28, the surfaces of the top coat were smooth and substantially level with respect to one another throughout the product.";CLAIMS : 1. In a decorative panel comprising a pigmented base coated substrate, a silicone containing printing ink forming a pattern on a portion of said substrate and a top coat material covering said pattern and the remaining portion of said substrate, the improvement comprising said printing ink containing at least 5 weight percent silicon said top coat material containing an effective amount of silicone, and said silicone in said printing inkand said silicone in said top coat material being such as to produce a depression at the printing ink-top coat interface adjacent the periphery of the pattern formed from said printing ink and an elevation immediately outwardly of the said depression so as to produce a three-dimensional effect, with the level of the top coat material over the remainder of said pattern being substantially the same level as the remainder of said panel wherein the remainder of said pattern and the remainder of said panel are smooth and essentially free of separate islands of said too coat material. 2. The decorative panel of Claim 1 wherein silicone is present in said printing ink in an amount of 5-20 percent by weight thereof. 3. The decorative panel of Claim 1 wherein silicone is present in said top coat material in an amount of 0.05-0.5 percent by weight thereof. 4. The decorative panel of Claim 1 wherein said pattern covers a substantial area of said pigmented base coated substrate.;HERNANDEZ, JOSE ANTONIO SANZ, NETTO, CASSIANO MESQUITA;EUCATEX S.A.;1978
+EP-0007319-B1;19810916.0;19780721;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185908.0;C07C69;C07C101, C07C69, C07C121, C07C79;C07C49, C07C51, C07C1, C07F9, C07D263, C07C45;124CA7F5, 124CB7Z3, 124CA7N1F, C07C  45/63+49/813, M07C101:08, M07C101:14, C07C  45/46+49/792, C07D 263/12, 124CA7G, C07F   9/54A3, 124CB7M, C07C  51/08+57/46, C07C  49/792, C07C   1/22+13/26, M07D263:12;INDAN-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID DERIVATIVES,PROCESS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS CONTAINING THESE COMPOUNDS;1. Indane-1-carboxylic acid derivatives of the general formula I see diagramm : EP0007319,P18,F1 wherein n represents the numbers 2 to 5, see diagramm : EP0007319,P18,F2 represents the groupings see diagramm : EP0007319,P18,F3 or see diagramm : EP0007319,P18,F4 R1 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a trifluoromethyl group, a nitro group or an amino group, X1 represents two hydrogen atoms or an oxo group, and Y1 represents a cyano group, a hydroxyamidocarbonyl group, a carbomoyl group, a 5-tetrazolyl group, a carboxyl group, the salts thereof with physiologically tolerable bases, the esters thereof with physiologically tolerable alcohols or the amides thereof with physiologically tolerable amines.;"Neue Phenylessigsälure-Derivate Die Erfindung betrifft neue Phenylessigsäure-Derivate, ein Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung und pharmazeitische Präparate, die diese Phenylessigsäure-Derivate als Wirkstoff enthalten. Die neuen Phenylessigsäure-Derivate sind gekennzeichnet durch die allgemeine Formel I EMI1.1 worin n die Ziffern 2 bis 5 EMI1.2 die Gruppierungen EMI1.3 Eder EMI1.4 ein Wasserstoffatom, ein Halogenatom, eine Trifluormethyl gruppe eine Nitrogruppe oder eine Aminogruppe, und R3 Wasserstoffatome, niedere Alkylgruppen oder etneinsata eine Äthylengruppe, X1 zwei Wassertoffatome oder eine Oxogruppe und Y1 eine Cyanogruppe, eine Hydroxyaminocarbonylgruppe, eine Carbonylgruppe, eine 5-Tetazolylgruppe, eine Carboxylgruppe, deren Salze mit physiologisch verträglichen Basen, deren Ester von physiologisch unbedenklichen Alkoholen oder deren Amide von physiologisch unbedenklichen Aminen, bedeuten. Unter einem Halogenatom R1 soll vorzugsweise ein Fluoratom, ein Chloratom oder ein Bromatom verstanden werden. Unter einer niederen Alkylgruppe R2 oder R3 soll vorzugsweise eine 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatome enthaltende Gruppe, wie zum Beisp. die Äthylgruppe, die Propylgruppe, die Isopropylgruppe und insbsondere die Methylgruppe verstanden werden. Die vorliegende Efindung betrifft gegebenenfalls sowohl die racemischen Phenylessigsäure-Derivate der allgemeinen Formel I, als auch deren optisch aktive Antipoden. Als physiologisch verträgliche Salze der Carboxylgruppe xl seien beispielswaeise die Alkale-oder Erdalkalimetallsalze, wie das Natriumsalz oder das Calciumsalz, das Ammoniumsalz, das Kupfer (II)-salz, das Piperazinsalz oder das Methylglukaminsalz, sowie Salze dieser Verbingungen mit Aminosäure genannt. Physiologisch unbedenkliche Alkohole, mit denen die Carboxylgruppe Y1 verestert sein kann, sind beispielsweise geradkettige verzweigte oder cyclische, gesättigte oder ungesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffreste, die gewünschtenfalls durch ein Sauerstoffatom oder ein Stickstoffatom unterbrochen sein können, oder mit Hydroxygruppen, Aminogruppen oder Carboxylgruppen substituiert sein können, wie zum Beispiel Alkanole, (insbesondere solche ein 1 bis 6 Kohlenstoffatomen) Alkonole, Alkinole, Cycloalkanole, Cycloalkyl-alkanole, Phenylalkanole, Phenylalkenole, Alkandiole, Hydroxycarbonsäuren, Aminoalkenole oder Alkylaminoalkanole und Dialkylaminoalkanole mit 1 bis 4 Kohlenstoffatomen im Alkylrest. Alkohole, die sich zur Veresterung der Carboxylgruppe eignen, sind beispielsweise solche, die einen Methyl-Carboxymethyl-, Xthyl-, 2-Hydroxyäthyl-, 2-Methoxyäthyl-, 2-Aminoäthyl-, 2-Dimethyl aminoäthyl-, 2-Carboxyläthyl-, Propyl-, Allyl-, Cyclopropylmethyl-, Isopropyl-, 3-Hydroxypropyl-, Propinyl-, 3-Aminopropyl-, Butyl-, sek.-Butyl-, tert.-Butyl, Butyl42)-, Cyclobutyl-,Pentyl-, Isopentyl-, tert.-Pentyl-, 2-Methylbutyl-, Cyclopentyl-,Hexyl-, Cyclohexyl-, Cyclo-2-enyl-, Cyclopentylmethyl-, Heptyl-,Benzyl-, 2-Phenyläthyl-, Octyl-, Bornyl-, Isobornyl-,Nenthyl-, Nonyl-, Decyl-, 3-Phenyl-propyl-, 3-Phenyl-prop-2-enyl-, Undecyl- oder Dodecylrest besitzen. Als zur Veresterung geeignete Alkohole kommen auch solche in Betracht, die zu labilen, d.h. unter physiologischen Bedingungen spaltbaren Estern führen, wie 5 Hydroxyindan, Acyl oxymethanol e, insbesondere Acetoxymethanol, Pivaloyloxymethanol, 5-Indanyloxycarbonylmethanol, Glykolsäure, Dialkylaminoalkanole, insbesondere Dimethylaminopropanol, sowie Bydroxyphthalid. Als physiologisch unbedenkliche Amine, mit denen die Carboxylgruppe amidiert sein kann, kommen vorzugsweise Alkylamine, Dialkylamine, Alkanolamine, Dialkanolamine mit 1 bis 6 Kohlenstoff- atomen im Alkyl- oder Alkanolrest oder fünf- oder sechsgliedrige N-Heterocyclen in Betracht. Als geeignete Amine seien beispielsweise genannt: das Methylamin, das ethylamin, das Isopropylamin, das Äthanamin, das Dimethylamin, das Diäthylamin, das Diäthanolamin, das Pyrrolidin, das Piperidin, das Morpholin oder das N-Methyl-piperanzin. Das erfindungsgemasse Verfahren zur Herstellung der neuen Phenylessigsäure-Derivate der allgemeinen Formel 1 a EMI4.1 worin n, A-B-, X1, R1, R2 und r3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und Y2 die gleiche Bedeutung wie Y1 besitzt, aber keine Cyanogruppe oder 5-Tetrazolylgruppe darstellt, ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man in an sich bekannter Weise a) ein Nitril der allgemeinen Formel II EMI4.2 worin n, A-B-, X1' R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, hydrolysiert, oder t) eine Verbindung, der allgemeinen Formel III EMI5.1 worin n, #A-B, X1, R1 und R2 die obengenannte Bedeutung be sitzen und Y) eine Alkoxycarbonylgruppe, eine Dithiantylidengruppe oder-eine 4,4-Dimethyl-2-oxazolinylgruppe darstellt, hydrolysiert, oder .o) einen Aldehyd, der allgemeinen Formel IV EMI5.2 worin n, #A-B-, X1, R1 und r2 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzer oxydiert oder d) dass man ein Acetophenon der allgemeinen Formel V EMI6.1 worin n und P.1 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und R4 ein Wasserstoffatom oder eine niedere Alkylgruppe darstellt, zur Phenylessigsäure der allgemeinen Formel VI EMI6.2 worin n, R1 und R4 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, umlagert und diese geoebenenfalls in der &alpha; ;-Position alkyliert oder e) dass man ein Malonsäure-Derivat der allgemeinen Formel VII EMI6.3 worin n, EMI6.4 X1, R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, dekarboxyliert, oder f) dass man die Oxogruppe einer Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel VIII EMI7.1 worin n, #A-B, X1, R1 R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung bessitzen, wobei mindestens eine der Gruppen. B- oder C=X1 eine Carbonylgruppe bedeutet, durch thermische Behandlung mit Hydrazin reduziert oder g) dass man ein Grignard-reagenz der allgemeinen Formel IX EMI7.2 worin n, R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen uhd Hal ein Halogenatom darstellt, mit Kohlendioxyd umsetzt, oder h) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel X EMI7.3 worin ,,A-B-, Y X21 R1 und R2 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, R5 eine niedere Alkylidengruppe, oder falls EMI8.1 die Gruppierung EMI8.2 bedeutet auch zwei Wasserstoffatome oder ein Wasserstoffatom und eine niedere Alkylgruppe darstellt, hydriert oder i) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Pormel XI EMI8.3 worin R1, R2, R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und R6 ein Wasserstoffatom oder einen Alkylrest mit 1 bis 6 Kohlenstoff atomen darstellt, in Gegenwart von Friedel-Grafts Katalysatoren mit einem Cycloalkanoylchlorid der allgemeinen Formel XII EMI8.4 Worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt, kondensiert oder j) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XIII EMI8.5 worin R1, R2, R3 und R6 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, mit einem Wittig Reagenz der allgemeinen Formel XIV EMI9.1 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt oder einer Carbonylverbindung der allgemeinen Formel XV EMI9.2 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt kondensiert, oderk) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XVI, EMI9.3 worin R1, R2, R3 und Y3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und Z eine Formylgruppe oder eine Cyanogruppe darstellt, mit einer metallorganische Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XVII EMI9.4 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt und M ein Lithium- atom oder eine Magnesiumhalogenidgruppe darstellt umsetzt, oder 1) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen formel XVIII EMI10.1 worin R1, R2, R3 und R6 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, mit einem ss-Ketoester der allgemeinen Formel XIX EMI10.2 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt und R7 eine niedere Alkylgruppe bedeutet kondensiert, die Estergruppen verseift und die entstandene ss-Ketosäure decarboxyliert und gegebenenfalls Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel Ia mit R1 in der Bedeutung eines Halogenatoms deshalogeniert, Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel Ia mit R1 in der Bedeutung eines lasserstolfatoms halogeniert oder nitriert und die erhaltenen Nitroverbindungen zu Aminoverbindungen reduziert, gegebenenfalls die erhaltenen Carbonsäure oder reaktionsfähige Derivate derselben in ihre Salze, Ester, Amide oder Hydroxamsäuren überführt. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren zur Herstellung der neuen Phenyl- essigsäure-Derivate der allgemeinen Formel 1 b EMI11.1 worin n, EMI11.2 R1, R2 ind R3 die obengenannte Beteutung besitzen und Y4 eine Cyanogruppe, eine Carbamoylgruppe oder eine 5-tetrazolylgruppe darstellt ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man in an sich bekannter Weise, m) ein Keton der allgemoinen Formel XX EMI11.3 worin n, X1, R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und EMI11.4 die Gruppierungen EMI11.5 bedeutet mit einem Arylsulfonylmethylisocyanid umsetzt, oder a) ein Halogenid der allgemeinen Formel EMI11.6 worin n, X1, EMI12.1 R1, R2 R3 und HaI die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, mit einem Alkalimetallcyanid umsetzt, oder o) eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XXII EMI12.2 worin R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, in Gegenwart von Friedel-Crafts Katalysatoren mit einem Cycloalkanoyl- cblorid der allgemeinen Formel XXIII EMI12.3 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt, kondensiert, gegebenenfalls vorhandene thioketalisierte Oxogruppen hydrolysiert und gegebenenfalls die erhaltenen Cyanide der allgemeinen Formel Tb zu den entsprechenden Amiden verseift oder sie in die entsprechenden Tetrazolylverbindungen überführt Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante a er fclwt unter den Bedingungen, wie sie dem Fachmann wohl bekannt sind. So kann man die Nitrile beispielsweise mit starken Mineral- säuren (wie Salzsäure oder Schwefelsäure) oder mit starken Basen (wie wässrige Natronlauge oder Kalilauge) partiell zu den entsprechenden Amiden oder unter verschärften Bedingungen zu den entsprechenden Amiden oder unter verschärften Bedingungen zu den entsprechenden Carbonsäuren hydrolysieren. Für diese Reaktion kann die wasserhaltige Mineralsäure oder Base selbst als Lösungsmittel verwendet werden. Es ist aber andererseits auch möglich, die Reaktion in Gegenwart von polaren Lösungsmitteln wie zum Bespiel niederen Alkoholen (Methanol, Äthanol, Isopropanol etc.), Carbonsäuren (Essigsäure, Propionsäure etc.), polaren Äthern (Glykolmonomethyläther, Dioxan, Tetrahydrofuran etc.), oder dipolaren aprotischen Lösungsmitteln (Dimethylsulfoxyd etc.) durchzuführen. Ublicherweise wird die Hydrolyse bei einer Reaktionstemperatur von 200 C bis 1600 C durchgeführt. Die für diese Reaktion verwendeten Ausgangsverbindungen der allgemeinen Formel II können, wie bereits erwähnt, gemäss Variante m bis o des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens hergestellt werden. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemässe Verfahrensvariante b kann ebenfalls in an sich bekannter Weise durchgeführt werden, indem man die Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel III mittels verdünnter Kineralsäuren (wie zuo Beispiel Salzsäure, Schwefelsäure, Phosphosäure) hydrolysiert. Diese Hydrolyse kann in Ab wesenheit zusätzlicher Lösungsmittel durchgeführt werdell. Ande- rerseits ist es aber auch beispielsweise möglich, diese Reaktion in Gegenwart polarer Lösungsmittel (sc zum Beispiel jener Lösungsmittel, die bei der Beschreibung der Verfahrensvariante a erwähnt wurden) oder in Gegenwart unpolarer Lösungsmittel wie chlorierter Kohlenwasserstoffe (Dichlormethan, Chloroform, Tetrachloräthan etc.) durchzuführen. Darüberhinaus können die Ester der allgemeinen Formel III auch mittels basischer Katalysatoren (Kaliumhydrogenkarbonat, Kaliumkarbonat, Kaliumbydroxyd, Kaliumäthylat, Natriumkarbonat, ftriurnhydroxid, Natriummethylat etc.) hydrolysiert werden wobei diese Hydrolyse in Gegenwart der gleichen Lösungsmittel durchgeführt werden kann, wie die saure Hydrolyse. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante b wird üblicherweise bei einer Reaktionstemperatur von -20 C bis + 100 C durcgeführt. Die Herstellung der Ausgangsverbindungen der allgeweinen Formel III mit Y3 in der Bedeutung einer Alkanoyloxygruppe ist in der Beschreibung der Verfahrensvariante i erwähnt. Die als Ausgangsverbindungen verwendeten Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel III mit Y3 in der Bedeutung einer Dithianylidengruppe lassen sich beispielsweise aus den Ketonen den allgemeinen Formel XX herstellen, indem man diese unter den bekannten Bedingungen (J. Med. Chem., 15, 1972, 1297) mit Dithian umsetzt. Die als Ausgangsverbindungen verwendeten Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel III mit Y3 in der bedeutung einer 4,4-Dimethyl-2oxazolidengruppe lassen sich beispielsweise unter den Bedingungen herstellen, wie sie in den nachfolgenden Ausführungsbeispielen erwähnt werden. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrenvariante c wird ebenfalls unter Bediungen durchgeführt, wie sie dem Fachmann wohl bekannt sind. So kann man beispielsweise die Aldehyde der allgemeinen Formel IV in inerten Lösungsmitteln wie zum Beispiel niederen Ketonen (Aceton etc.) oder niederen Carbonsäuren (Essigsäure etc.) oder Wasser mit oxydierenden Schwermetalloxiden /Chrom(VI)-oxid), Natriumdichromat, Kaliumpermanganat, etc.) zu den entsprechenden Carbonsäuren oxydieren. Die für diese Verfahrensvariante benötigten Aldehyde der allgemeinen Formel IV können aus den Ketonen der allgemeinen Formel ZZ hergestellt werden, indem man diese unter den bekannten Be-' dingungen (J. Org. Chem., 35, 1970, 1600) mit Chloressigsäurethylester umsetzt und das gebildete Epoxyd mittels Basen spaltet. Das erindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante d wird vorzugsweise so durchgeführt, dass man die Acetophenone der allgemeinen Formel V mit Morpholin und Schwefel auf 50 C bis 1500 C erhitzt (Willgerodt-Reaktion: Newer Methods of Präparative Organic Reactions 3, 1946, 83). Die sich gegebenenfalls angschliessende Alkylierung der Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel VI wird vorzugsweise so durchgeführt, dass man diese Säuren verestert und in Gegenwart von Protonenacceptoren (wie Natriumhydrid, Lithiumdiisopropylamid, Butyllithium, Natrium oder Lithium) in einem inerten Lösungsmittel (Ammoniak, Triäthylamin, Tetrahydrofuran, Dioxan, Dimethoxyäthan etc.) mit Alkylhalogeniden umsetzt und die entstandenen Ester gemäss Verfahrensvarinante b verseift. Die Herstellung der für diese Verfahrensvarinate benötigten Acetophenone der allgemeinen Formel V wird bei der Beschreibung der Verfahrensvariante m erwähnt. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante e wird ebenfalls unter Bedingungen durchgeführt, die dem Fachmann wohlbekannt sind. Diese Reaktion wird durch thermische Erhitzung der Malonsäure-Derivate der allgemeinen Formel VII auf 50 bis 150 C durchgeführt, wobei man die Decarboxylierung in Abwesenheit eines lösungsmittels oder auch in Anwesenheit eines hochsiedenden Lösungsmittel (wie Xylol, Chlorbenzol oder Dekalin) durchführen kann. Die Malonsäure-Derivate der allgemeinen Formel VII können beiwspielsweise unter den in der Publikation J. Ned. Chem., 17, 1974, 491 bescbriebenen Bedingungen aus den entsprechenden Carbon sauren der) allgemeinen Formel VI hergestellt werden. Das erindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante f wird unter den Bedingungen durchgeführt, die dem, Fachmann unter den Namen Wolff Kishner Reduktion und Huang-Minlon Reduktion bekannt sind. So kann man beispielesweise die Verbindungen dir allgemeinen Formel VIII in einem hochsiedenden Lösungsmittel (Äthylenglykol, Triäthylenglykol etc.) in Gegenwart von Alkalimetallhydroxiden (Natriumhydroxid oder Kaliumhydroxid) mit Hydrazin auf 1000 C bis 2500 C erhitzen und erhalt die Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel Ia. Die als Ausgangsverbindungen für die Verfahrensvariante f benötigten Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel VIII können bei spielsweise unter den Bedingungen hergestellt werden, die in den Verfahrensvarianten i bis n; sowie in den nachfolgenden Ausführungsbeispielen beschrieben sind. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante g wird unter den für Grignard-Reaktionen bekannten Bedingungen durch geführt. So kann man beispielsweise Halogenide der ,allgemcine'n Formel XII in einen Äther (Diäthyläther, Düsopropyläther, Di-n-butyl äther etc.) mit Magnesium zu dem Grignard-Reagenz der allge meinen Formel IX umsetzen und auf dieses festes Kohlendioxid einwirken lassen. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante h wird ebenfalls in an sich bekannter Weise durchgeführt. So kann man beispielsweise die verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel X in einem inerten Lösungsmittel in Gegemwart von Hydrierungskatalysatoren (Raney-Nickel, Platin-oxid-Katalysatoren, Palladiumkatalysatoren etc.) mit Wasserstoff hydrieren. Geeignete inerte Lösungsmittel sind beispielsweise niedere Ester (Essigsäureäthylester etc.), niedere Carbonsäuren (Essigsäure etc.), niedere Alkohole (Methanol, Äthanol, Isopropanol etc.), cyclische Äther (Dioxan, Tetrahydrofuran etc.) oder Wasser. Die als Ausgangssubstanzen benötigten Verbindungen der allgegemäss Variante j oder, meinen Formel X können beispielswei s'ea,us den ketonen der allgemeinen Formel XX hergstellt werden, in dem man diese mit p-Toluolsulfonsäurehydrazid umsetzt, das entstandene Hydrazid mit butyllithium behandelt und das entstandene Lithiumsalz mit Kohlendioxid zersetzt zersetzt (Tetrahedron Letters 34, 1976, 2947). Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Variante i wird unter üblichen bediungungen der Friedel-Crafts-Reaktion durchgeführt. (Houben Weyl Band VII/2a, 1973, 38). So kann man beispielsweise die Verbindungen XI ind XII in einem inerten Lösungsmittel, Schwefelkohlenstoff, Nitromethan oder Nitrobenzol mit einem Friedel-Crafts-Katalysator wie Aluminiumchlorid, Eisen (III)-chlorid, Zinn(IV)-chlorid, Titan(IV)chlorid Bortrifluorid oder Zinkchlorid umsetzen. Für diese Reaktion verwender man als Ausgangsverbindungen vorzugsweise solche Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel XI, die als Subtituenten R1 ein Wasserstoffatom oder ein Halogenatom tragen. Das erìndungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Variante j wird unter den Bedingungen durchgeführt, die man üblicherweise bei Wittig-Re-. aktionen anwendet, (""Organikum""; Organisch chemisches Grund- praktikum-VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1976S 492). So kann man beispielsweise aus einem Cycloalkyl-tnphenyl- phosphoniumhalogenid in einem inerten Lösungsmittel - wie Di äthyläther, Di-isopropyläther, Tetrahydrofuran oder Dimethyl sulfoxid - mittels Basen - wie Natriumhydrid oder Butyllithium das entsprechende Triphenylpho sphincycl oalkyl en herstellen und die so erhaltene Lösung bei -20 C bis 1200 C mit dem Aldehyd der allgemeinen Formel XIII umsetzen. Die Umsetzung der Aldehyde mit den Carbonylverbindungen der allgemeinen Formel XV erfolgt unter den für Aldolkondensationen üblichen Bedingungen (""Organikum"", 1976, 563), beispielsweise in wässrig-alkoholischer Lösung in Gegenwart von Basen - wie Kalium- hydroxid - oder Säuren - wie Schwefelsäure, Salzsäure oder Essigsäure, Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Variante k erfolgt unter den üblichen Bedingungen, indem man die metallorganischen Verbindungen der Formel VII in einem inerten Lösungsmittel - wie Diäthyläther, Diisopropyläter, Dibutyläther oder Tetrahydrofuran aus den ent sprechenden Halogeniden durch Umsetzen mit Lithium oder Magnesium herstellt und auf die so erhaltenen Lösungen die Verbindungen der Formel XVI einwirken lässt. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemass Variante 1 erfolgt ebenfalls unter an sich bekannten Bedingungen, indem man beispielsweise den, Ketoester der allgemeinen Formel XIX und die Verbindungen der. Formel XVIII in einem inerten Lösungsmittel, wie Methanol, Äthanol, Dioxan, Glykolmonomethyläther oder Dimethylformamid mit Basen - insbesondere Natrium- oder Kaliumalkoholaten - umsetzt und anschliessend mittels Säuren (Schwefelsäure1 p-Toluolsulfon- säure etc.) verseift und decarboxyliert, Die sich gegebenenfalls anschliessende Dehalogenierung erfolgt ebenfalls in iiblicher Weise, indem man beispielsweise das lIalogen hydrierend abspaltet. Dies kann geschehen, indem man die Verbindungen z.B. in Äthanol oder Essigsäure in Gegenwart von Platin- oder Palladiumkatalysatoren hydriert. Die sich gegebenenfalls anschliessende Racemattrennung der Säuren erfolgt in üblicher Weise, indem mann diese mit optisch aktiven Basen einsetzt und die erhaltenen Diastereomerengemische durch fraktionierte Kristallisation trennt. Geeignete optisch aktive Basen sind beispielsweise optisch aktive Aminosäuren, d- oder 1-1-Phenyläthylamin, d- oder 1 -Naphtyläthylamin, Brucin, Strychnin oder Chinin. Die sich gegebenenfalls anschliesscnde HalogenierunG von Ver- bindungen der allgemeinen Formel Xa mit R1 in der Bedeutung von Wasserstoff wird in üblicher Weise durchgeführt; inden man auf diese Verbindungen in einem inerten Lösungsmittel (Dichloräthan, Methylenchlorid, Chloroform, Nitrobenzol etc.) in Gegenwart eines Friedel-Craft-Katalysators (Eisen (III)-chlorid, Eisen (III) bromid, Aluminiumchlorid etc.) Halogene (Chlor bzw. Brom) einwirken lässt. Die sich gegebenenfalls anschliessende Nitrierung von Verin- dungen der Formel Ia mit R1 in der Bedeutung von Wasserstoff erfolgt in an sich-bekannter Weise, indem man auf diese Verbindungen Salpetersäure beziehungsweise Salpetersälure Schwefelsäure-Gemische einwirken lässt. Die sich gegebenenfalls anschliessende Reduktion einer vorhandenen Nitrogruppe erfolgt unter den dem Fachmann wohlbekanneten bedingungen (Houben-Weyl Band XI/1, 1957, 360) Die sich gdgebenenfalls anschliessende Veresterung der freien Säuren erfolgt ebenfalls nach an sich bekannten Arbeitsmethoden So kann man die Säuren beispielsweise mit Diazomethan oder Diazoäthan umsetzen und erhält die entsprechenden Methyl- oder Äthylester. Eine allgemein anwendbare Methode ist die Umsetzung der Säuren mit den Alkoholen in Gegenwart von Carbon-ldiimidazo: oder Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid. Ferner ist es beispielsweise möglich, die Säuren in Gegenwart von Kupfer (I)-oxid oder Silberoxid mit Alkylhalogeniden umzusetzen. Eine weitere Methode besteht darin, dass man die freien Säuren mit den entsprechenden Dimethylformamidalkylacetalen in die entsprechenden Säurealkylester überführt. Weiterhin kann man die Säuren in Gegenwart stark saurer Katalysatoren wie Chlorwasserstoff, Schwefelsäure, Perchlorsäure, Trifluormethylsul- fonsäure oder .p-Toluolsulfonsäure mit den Alkoholen oder den niederen Alkancarbonsäureestern der Alkohole umsetzen. Es ist aber auch möglich, die Carbonsäuren in die Säurechloride oder gemischte Säureanhydride zu überführen und diese in Gegenwart basischer Katalysatoren wie Pyridin, Collidin, Butidin oder 4-Dimethylaminopyridin mit den Alkoholen umsetzen. Die Salze der Carbonsäuren entstehen beispielsweise bei der Verseifung der Ester mittels basischer Katalysatoren oder bei der Neutralisation der Säuren mittels Alkalicarbonaten oder Alkalihydroxiden wie zum Beispiel Natriumcarbonat, Natriumhydrogencarbonat, Natriumhydroxid, Kaliumcarbonat, Kalium- hydrogencarbonat oder Kaliumhydroxid. Ferner ist es möglich, Ester der allgemeinen Formel I in Gegenwart saurer oder basischer Katalysatoren mit dem letztlich gewünschten Alkohol umzusetzen. Hierbei verwendet man als saure oder basische Katalysatoren vorzugsweise Chlorwasserstoff, Schwefelsäure, Phosphorsäure, p-2oluol- sulfonsäure, Trifluoressigsäure, beispielsweise Alkali-, Erdalkali- oder Aluminiumalkohol at e. Die sich gegebenenfalls anschliessende Amidbildung oder Hydroxamsäurebildung aus den freien Carbonsäuren oder deren reaktionsfähigen Derivaten erfolgt ebenfalls nach den dafür bekannten Verfahren. So kann man beispielsweise die Carbonsäuren unter den bekannten Bedingungen mit Aminen oder Hydroxylomin in Gegenwart von Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid umsetzen, und man erhält die entsprechenden Aminocarbonyl verbindungen. Ferner ist es beispielsweise möglich, die den Carbonsäuren entsprechenden Säurechloride, gemischten Anhydride oder Ester unter den bekannten Bedingungen durch Behandeln mit Ammoniak, mit Aminen oder mit Hydroxylamin in die entsprechenden Amide oder Hydroxamsäuren zu überführen. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante m kann unter den .Bedingun0cren durchgeführt werden, die dem Fachmann unter dem Namen TOSMIC-Reaktion (Tetrahedron leiters 1973, 1357) bekannt sind. So kann man die Ketone der allgemeinen Formel XS beispiels- weise in einem polaren Äther, (Glykoldimethyläther, Dioxan, Tetra- hydrofuran etc.) oder einem dipolaren aprotischen Lösungsmittel (Dimethylformamid, Dimethylsulfoxyd, N-Methylmorpholin, Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid etc.) in Gegenwart eines Alkalimetallalkoholates (Natriummethylat, Kaliumäthylat, Kaliumterträrbutylat etc.) mit Arylsulfonylmethylisocyaniden (insbesondere p Toluolsulfonylmethylisocyanid) umsetzen und erhält die Verbindungen der Formel Ib. Die für das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Variante m be nötigten ketone der allgemeinen Formel XX können beispielsweise so hergestellt werden, dass man ein Cycloalkanoylchlorii der Formel XII in Gegenwart von Friedel-Crafts-Ratalysatoren- unter den Bedingunged der Verfahrensvariante i mit Benzol oder Haloger.benzol kondensiert, das erhaltene Keton nach der Huong-Minglon-Methode reuziert, oder mit Thioglykolen (Äthandithol, 1,3-Propandithiol etc.) thioketalisiert und dann mit cinem Alkanoylchlorid unter den Bedingungen der Friedel-Crafts-Reaktion acyliert. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Variante n kann unter den Bedingungen durchgeführt werden, welche man üblicherweise zum Austausch von Halogenatomen gegen eine Cyanogruppe anwendet. Für diese Verfahrensvariante verwendet man als Ausgangsver bindungen der allgemeinen Formel XXi vorzugsweise solche Ver bindungen, die als Substituenten ein Chlor-, Brom- oder Jodaton tragen. Diese Reaktiion awird vorzugsweise in einem dipolaren, apro tischen Läsungsmittel (wie Dimethylformamid, N-Methylacetamid, N-Methylpyrrolidon, Acetonitril, Dimethylsulfoxyd oder Hexa methylphosphorsäuretriamid) durchgeführt. Als Alkalimetall cyanic verwendet man für diese Reaktiion vorzugsweise Natriumcyanid oder Kaliumcyanid. Bei dieser Umsetzung kann man die Reaktion sgeschwindigkeit signifikant beschleunigen, wenn man die Umsetzung in Gegen wart eines Kronen-Äthers durchführt. Die Ausgangsverbindungen der allgemeinen Formel XXI können in üblicher Weise aus den Ketonen der allgemeinen Formel XX hergestellt werden, indem man diese beispielsweise mit Natrium borhydrid reduziert und die erhaltenen Carbinole mit Halogen Wasserstoff, Thionylchlorid, Phosphoroxychlorid, Phosphorpenta chlorid etc. umsetzt. Das erfindungsgemässe Verfahren gemäss Verfahrensvariante o wird unter den. gleichen Bedingungen durchgeführt, wie das'Verfahren gemäss Variante i. Die sich gegebenenfalls anschliessende Verseifung der Cyanide zu den entsprechenden Amiden wurde bereits in der Beschreibung der Verfahrensvariante a erwähnt. Zur Darstellung der Tetrazolylverbindungen kann man sich ebenfalls der bekannten arbeitsmethoden bedienen. So kann beispilesweise die Nitrile in polaren aprotischen Lösungsmitteln wie Dimethylformamid, N-Methylacetamid, N-Methylpyrrolidon oder Hexamethylphosphorsäuretriamid unter den bekannten Bedingungen mit Alkaliaziden, wie Natriumazid, zu den entsprechenden Tetrazolylverbindungen umsetzen. Mithelfe des erfindungsgemässen Verfahren können beispielsweise folgende Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel I hergestellt werden: 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclohexylmethyl-phenyl)-propionsäure, 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylcarbonyl-indan-1-carbonsaure, 6-Chlor-5-cycloheylidenmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure, 6-Chlor-5-cyclopropylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure, 5-Cyclopentylmethyl-6-nitro-indan-1-carbonsäure, 6-Amino-5-cyclophentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure, 5-Cyclophentylmethyl-6-fluor-indan-1-carbonsäure, 6-Chlor-5-cycloheptylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure, 2-(3-Chlor-4-cycloheptylmethyl-phenyl)-propionsäure, 2-(3-Chlor-4-cycloheptylidenmethyl-phenyl)-propionsäure, 6-Chlor-5-cycloheptylidennethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure, 2-( 3-Chlor-4-cyclopentylidenmethyl-phenyl)-propionsäure1 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclobutylnethyl-phenyl)-propionsäure, 6-Chlor-5-cyclobutylmethyl-indan-l-carbonsäure, 6-Chlor-5-cyclobutylidenmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure, 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure, 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-propiohydroxamsäure, 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-l-carbonsäure-2-dimethylamino- äBhyl-ester, 6-Chl or-5-cyclopentyl methyl-l-tetrazolyl-indan und das 1-( 3-Chlor-4-cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-l-tetrazolyläthan. Die neuen Phenylessigsäure-Derivate der allgemeinen Formel 1 sin wie bereits erwähnt, pharmakologisch wirksame Substanzen, oder Zwischenprodukte zu Herstellung. Die pharmakologisch wirksamen Verbindungen zeichnen sich insbesondere dadurch aus1 dass sie bei systemischer Anwendung eine ausgeprägte antiin- flammatorische Wirksamkeit besitzen, eine gute Magenverträglich keit zeigen, und nur eine relativ geringe Toxizität aufweisen. Darüberhinaus zeichnen sich diese Verbindungen oft durch einen raschen Wirkungsbeginn, eine hohe Wirkungsintensität und eine lange Wirkungsdauer aus, sie haben eine günstige Resorbierbarkeit. Die antiphlogistische Wirksamkeit der erfindungsgemässen Substanzen kann mit Hilfe des bekannten Adjuvans-Arthritis-Testes ermittelt werden, der wie folgt durchgeführt wird: Es werden weibliche und männliche Ratten des Stammes Lewis (LEW) in der Gewichtsspanne zwischen 110 - 190 g verwendete Die Tiere erhalten Trinkwasser und Altromin-Pressfutter ad libitum Für jede Dosisgruppe werden 10 Ratten eingesetzt. Mycobacterium butyricum der Firma Difko, Detroit, wird als Reizmittel verwandt. Eine Suspension von 0,5 mg M. butyricum in 0,1 ml dünnflüssigem Paraffin (DAB 7) wird in die rechte Hinterpfote subplantar injiziert. Die Testsubstanzen werden vom 11. Versuchstag an täglich übser 4 Tage oral gegeben. Die Substanzen werden als klare wässrige Lösung oder als Kristallsuspension unter Zusatz von Myrj 53 (85 mg %) in isotonoscher Natriumchlorid-Lösung verabreicht. Versuchansatz: Die Ratten werden in bezug auf ihr Köpergewicht möglichst gleich- mässig in verschiedene Gruppen eingeteilt. Nach plethysmogrphaphisches Volumenmessung der rechten Hintcrpfote wird in diese subplantar 0,1 ml Adjuvans injiziert, Die rechten Hinterpfoten werden vom 14. Versuchstag bis zum Versuchsende gemessen. Die Versuchsdauer beträgt 3 Wochen. Bestimmt wird die Dosis an Testsubstanz, bei der eine 40 %ige Abheilung beobachtet wird (=ED40). Eine häufige Komplikation bei der Therapie mit nichtsteroidalen Entzündungshemmern stellt das Auftreten von Magenulcerationen der. Diese Nebenwirkung kann im Tierversuch nachgewiesen werden, wobei als Dosis die Menge Testsubstanz verwendet wird, bei der im Adjuvans-Arthritis Test eine 40 %ige Abheilung beobachtet wird. Der Ulkus-Test wird wie folgt durchgeführt. Es werden männliche Wistar-Ratten (SPF) verwandt. Die Tiere diese in einer Gewichtsspanne von 130 + 10 g. 16 Stunden vor Versuchs- beginn werden die Tiere vom Futter abgesetzt; sie erhalten Wasser ad libitum. Pro Dosis werden 5 Tiere eingesetzt. Die Substanzen werden einmal oral, in Natriumclorid gelöst oder als Kristallsuspension unter Zusatz von 85 mg% Myrj 53 j appliziert. 3 Stunden nach Substanzapplikation injiziert man 1 ml einer 3 %igen Lösung des Farbstoffs Diphenylreinblau intravenös und tötet das Tier. Der Magen wird reseziert und mikroskopisch auf Anzahl von Epithelläsionen und Ulcera, di.e durch Farbstoffan- reicherungen hervortreten, untersucht. Die nachfolgende Tabelle zeigt die in dieson Testen erhaltenen Ergebnisse der erfindungsgemässen Verbindungen 5 bis 8 in Vergleich zu den vorbekannten Substanzen 1 bis 4. EMI30.1 <tb> <SEP> Adjuvans-Arthri- <SEP> Anzahl <SEP> der <SEP> Magen <tb> tis <SEP> Test <SEP> in <SEP> mg/kg <SEP> ulzera <SEP> bei <SEP> glei <SEP> Verbindung <SEP> Tier <SEP> (Ed40) <SEP> cher <SEP> Dosis. <tb> 1 <SEP> 2-(4-Iospropylphenyl <SEP> . <SEP> I <SEP> <tb> <SEP> propionsäure <SEP> 1) <SEP> 100 <SEP> 6,8 <tb> <SEP> (=Ibuprofen) <tb> 2 <SEP> 2-(4-Cyclohexyl-phenyl) <tb> <SEP> propionsäure <SEP> 2) <SEP> 40 <SEP> 7,6 <tb> 3 <SEP> 5-Cclohexyl-indan-1 <tb> <SEP> carbonsäure <SEP> 3) <SEP> 50 <SEP> 8,3 <tb> 4 <SEP> 6-Chlor-5-cyclohexyl- <SEP> 4,0 <SEP> 7,8 <tb> <SEP> indan-1-carbonsäure <SEP> 3) <tb> 5 <SEP> 2-(4-Cyclopropylmethyl <tb> <SEP> phenyl)-propionsäure <SEP> 4) <SEP> 90 <SEP> 5,4 <tb> 6 <SEP> 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethyl- <SEP> 10,0 <SEP> 0,6 <tb> <SEP> phenyl)-propionsäure <tb> 7 <SEP> 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclopentyl- <SEP> 3,0 <SEP> 0,6 <tb> <SEP> methyl-phenyl)-propionsäure <tb> 8 <SEP> 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentyl- <SEP> 30 <SEP> 2,2 <tb> <SEP> methyl-indan-1-carbonsäure <tb> 9 <SEP> 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentyliden <tb> <SEP> methyl-indan-1-carbon- <SEP> 40 <SEP> 0,7 <tb> <SEP> saure <tb> 1) US Patent 3.385.88s,2) DOS 1.443.429, 3) J.Med.Chem., 1972, Vol. 15, 1297, 4) J. Med.Chem, 1973, Vol. 16, 487 Die neuen Verbindungen eignen sich in Kombination mit den in der galenischen Pharmazie üblichen Trägermitteln zur Behandlung zum Beispiel von akute und. chronischer Polyarthritis, Neuro dermitis, Asthma bronchiale, Heufieber u.a..' Die Herstellung der Arzneimittelspezialitäten erfolgt in üblicher Weise, indem man die Wirkstoffe mit geeigneten Zusätzen, Trägersubstanzen und Geschmackakorrigentien in die gewünschten Applikationsformen wie Tabletten, Dragees, Kapseln Lösungen, Inhalationsmitteln usw. Überführt. Für die orale Anwendung eingnen sich insbesondere Tabletten, Dragees und Kapseln, welche beispielsweise 1 bis 250 mg Wirkstoff und 50 mg bis 2 g pharmakologisch unwirksamen TrägernB wie, zum Beispiel Laktose, Amylose, Talkum, Gelatine, 1$gnesiuni- stearat und ähnliches, sowie die übliche, Zusätze enthalten. Die nachfolgenden Beispiele dienen zur Erläuterung des erfindungsgemässen Verfahrens. Beispiel 1 a) Eine Mischung aus 25 g Cyclopentancarbonylchlorid, 20 ml absolutem Benzol und 50 ml Schwefelkohlenstoff wird auf 0 C gekühlt, portionsweise mit 66,6 g Aluminiumchlorid versetzt und eine Stunde lang bei 0o C, sowie 16 Stunden lang bei Raumtemperatur gerührt. Dann destilliert man den Schwefelkohlenstoff im Vakuum ab und giesst den Rückstand in eine Eis-Salzsäure-Nischung. Nach Zersetzen des Alu miniumchlorids extrahiert man mit Chloroform, wäscht die organische Phase mit verdünnter Natronlauge und Wasser und trocknet sie über Natriumsulfat. Die organische Phase wird durch Vakuumdestillation aufgetrennt und man erhält 25 g Cyclopentylphenylketon vom Siedepunkt 1200 bei 0,3 torr. b) 15 g Cyclopentylphenylketon werden mit 12,9 g Hydrazin hydrat, 260 g Natriumhydroxid und 400 ml Triglykol ver setzt und zwei Stunden lang auf 200 bis 2200 C erhitzt. Man lasst die Reaktionsmischung erkalten, versetzt sie mit 500 ml Wasser, säuert sie mit verdünnter-Salzsäure an und extrahiert mit Chloroform. Die organische Phase wird mit Wasser gewaschen, über Natriumsulfat getrocknet und durch Vakuumdestillation aufgetrennt. Man erhält 8,7 g Cyclo pentylmethylbenzol vom Biedepunkt 80 C bei 2,4 torr. c) 4 g Cyclopentylmethylbenzol werden 9,42 g Acetylchlorid und 40 ml Schwefelkohlenstoff versetzt, auf Oo C gekühlt und pionsweise mit 13,3 g Aluminiumchlorid versetzt. Man rührt die Mischung 30 Minuten lang bei 0 C und .3 Stunden lang bei Raumtemperatur1 zieht den Schwefelkohlenstoff im Vakuum ab und giesst den Rückstand in ein Eis-Salzsäure-Gemisch. Nach Zersetzen des Aluminiumchlorids wird mit Chloroform extrahiert, die organische Phase, wie im Beispiel la beschrieben, aufbe- reitet und man erhält 3,2 g 4-(Cyclopentylmethyl)-acetophenon vom Siedepunkt 80 C bis 0,2 torr. d) In eine auf 0 C gekühlte Lösung von 5 g 4-(Cyclopentylmethyl) acetophenon und 8 g p-Toluolsulfonylmethylisocyanid in 100 ml Dimethoxyäthan wird eine Lösung von 7 g Kalium-tert.-butylat, 20 ml Dimethoxyäthan und 20 ml tert.-Butanol eingetropft. Man rührt die Reaktionsmischung 45 Minuten lang bei 0 C, eine weitere Stunde bei Raumtemperatur und fügt zu der Mischung 50 ml Wasser. Die Mischung wird mit Pentan extrahiert, die Pentan-Phase über Natriumsulfat getrocknet und im Vakuum eingeangt. Das erhaltene Rohprodukt wird mit Chloroform-Pentan 6 + 4 über Kieselgel chromatographiert und man erhält 1,7 g 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propionitril als farbloses Öl. e) 150 mg 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-propionitril werden mit 0,9 ml Wasser und 0,7 ml konzentrierter Schwefelsäure versetzt und 5 Stunden lang unter Rückfluss erhitzt. Dann fügt man zur Reaktionsmischung 3 ml Wasser, extrahiert mit Chloroform, wäscht sie mit Wasser, engt die Chloroformphase im Vakuum ein und erhält 85 mg 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propionsäure als farblose Öl. NMR Spektrum in Deuterochloroform: Signale bei 1,5 ppm )(d,J=7Hz, -CH3); 1,5 ppm (mc, 9H) 2,6 ppm (d,J=7Hz, CH2); 3,7 ppm (q,J=7Hz, 1Hz, 1H) und 7,1 ppm (mc, 4H). f) 50 mg 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propionsäure werden in 2 ml Methanol gelöst, mit einer 3 %igen methanolischen Natrium. methylatlösung titriert, im Vakuum eingeengt und man erhält 50 mg Natrium-2-(4-cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propionat vom Schmelzpunkt 206 C. Beispiel 2 10 g 4-(Cyclopentylmethyl)-acetophenon, 8,6 g Morpholin und 3,1 g Schwefel werden 6 Stunden lang auf 1400 C erhitzt. Dann versetzt mi die noch warme Lösung mit 15 ml heissem Äthanol und kühlt sie 16 Stunden lang bei 0 C Die abgeschiedenen Kristalle werden abfil.riert, mit einer Lösung von 20 g Kaliumhydroxid in 70 ml Äthanol und 20 ml Wasser versetzt und 6 Stunden lang unter Rückfluss erhitzt. Dann destilliert man das Äthanol im Vakuum ab, säuert den Rückstand mit konzen triertcr Salzsäure an, filtriert das ausgeschiedene Rohprodukt ab, kristallisiert es aus Methanol/Wasser um und erhält 2 g 4-(Cyclopentylmethyl)-phenylessigsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 93 C. Beispiel 3 a) In 1,33 g fein gewässertes Aluminiumchlorid werden bei 60 C 1 g 4-(Cyclopentylmethyl)-acetophenon eingetropft und an schliessend 14 ml 1,2-Dichloräthan. Dann kühlt man die Mischung auf -10 C, leitet 15 Minuten lang getrocknete Chlor-Gas ein, und zersetzt dann die e mit Salzsäure-Eis-Mischung. Man ex- extrahiert mit Chloroform, wäscht die Chloroformphase mit Natriur.- hydrogenkarbonatlösung und Wasser, trocknet sie über Natrium sulfat und engt sie im Vakuum ein. Man erhält so 900 mg 3-Chlor-4-(cyclopentylmethyl)-acetophenon als farbloses öi. b) 800 mg 3-Chlor-4-(cyclopentylmethyl)-acetophenon werden unter den Bedingungen des Beispiels 1 d mit p-Toluolsulfonylmethyl- isocyanid umgesetzt, aufbereitet und man erhält 100 mg 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-propionitril als gelb liches Öl. c) 100 mg 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-propionitril werden unter den Bedingungen des Beispiels 1 e hydrolysiert, aufbereitet und man erhalt 40 mg 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclopentylmethyl phenyl)-propionsäure als farbloses Öl. NMR Spektrum in Deuterochloroform: Signale bei 1,5 ppm (mc, 9H); 1,5 ppm (d, J=7Hz, CH3); 2,7 ppm (d, J=7Hz, CH2); 3,6 ppm (q, J=7Hz, 1H); 7,2 ppm (mc, 3H). Beispiel 4 a) Unter den Bedingungen des Beispiels la werden 20 g Cyclohexancarbonylchlorid mit Benzol umgesetzt, aufbereitet und man er hält 18 g Cyclohexylphenylketon. b 15 g Cyclohexylphenylketon werden wie im Beispiel I b beschrieben reduziert, aufbereitet und man erhält 7 g Cyclohexylmethylbenzol. c) 5 g Cyclohexylmethylbenzol werden unter den Bedingungen des Beispiels 1 c acyliert, aufbereitet und man erhält 3,5 g 4-Cyclohexylmethyl-Acetophenon vom Siedepunkt 90 C bei 0,2 torr. d) 3,0 g 4-Cycl ohexylmethyl-ac etophenon werden wie im Bei spiel 1 d beschrieben mit p-Toluolsulfonylmethylisocyanid umgesetzt, aufbereitet und man erhält 1,2 g 2-(4-Cyclohexyl- methyl-phenyl)-propionitril als Öl. e) 1,0 g 2-(4-Cyclohexylmethyl-phenyl)-propionitril werden wie im Beispiel 1 e beschrieben hydrolysiert, aufbereitet und man erhält 650 mg 2-(4-Cyclohexylmethyl-phenyl)-propion- säure als farbloses Öl. NMR-Spektrum in Deuterochloroform: Signale bei: 1,5 ppm (d,J=7 Hz, CH ); 1,5 ppm (mc, llH); 2,6 ppm (d,J= 7 Hz, CH2), 3,7 ppm (q,J= 7 Hz, 1H) 7,1 ppm (mc, 4H). f) Diese Verbindung wird analog Beispiel 1 f in ihr Natrium salz vom Schmelzpunkt 2250 C überführt. Beispiel 5 a) Eine Lösung von 7,1 g 2,2-1)imethylaziridin und 12,1 g Tri- äthylamin in 100 ml Benzol wird auf + 100 C gekühlt und mit 1,94 g 2-(4-Cyanophenyl)-propionsäurechlorid in 100 ml Benzol versetzt. Man rührt die Mischung 15 Stunden lang bei Raumtemperatur, filtriert sie und engt sie im Vakuum ein. Der Rückstand wird in 350 ml Dichlormethan gelöst, mit 0,1 ml konzentriert er Schwefelsäure versetzt und 15 Stunden lang bei Raumtemperatur gerührt. Dann neutralisiert man die Lösung durch Zugabe von Natriumhydrogenkarbonat, filtriert, engt sie im Vakuum ein und erhält das 1-(4,4-Dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)-1-(4-chlorphenyl) äthan als öliges Rohprodukt. b) Eine Lösung von 5,7 g 1-(4,4-Dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)-1(4- cyanophenyl)-äthan Rohprodukt in 30 ml Äther wird innerhalb von 20 Minuten in eine unter Rückfluss siedende Lösung von 4,75 g Cyclopentylmagnesiumbromid in 30 ml Äther einge tropft. Man rührt die Reaktionsmischung noch 6 Stunden lang unter Rückfluss, zersetzt sie mit SalzsÅaure-Eis-Mischung, extra hiert mit Chloroform, wäscht die Chloroformphase mit Wasser, trocknet sie über Natriumsulfat und engt sie im Vakuum ein. Das erhaltene l-(4,4-Dimethyl-2-oxazolinyl)-l (4-cyclopentanoylphenyl)-äthan Rohprodukt wird in 200 ml 5 obige wässrige Salzsäure eingetragen und eine Stunde lang unter Rückfluss erhitzt. Man lässt die Reaktionsmischung er kalten, extrahiert mit Äther, wäscht die Ätherphase mit Wasser, trocknet sie über Natriumsulfat, engt sie im Vakuum ein und erhält die 2-(4-Cyclopentancarbonylphenyl)- propionsäure als farbloses öl. EMR-Spektrum in Denterochloroform: Signale bei 1,5 ppm (d,J=7Hz,CH); 1,8 ppm (mc,8H); 3,7 ppm (mc, 2H); 7,3 ppm (d,J=7Hz,2H); 7,9 ppm (d,J=7Hz,2H). Beispiel 6 a) Eine Mischung aus 0,29 ml 68 %iger Salpetersäure und O,y ml kontzentrierter Schwefelsäure wird in eine eisgekühlte Lösung aus 1 g 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propionsäure getropft. Dann rührt man die Reaktionsmischung noch eine Stunde lang bei 0 C und eine weitere Stunde bei Raumtemperatur, giesst sie in einer Eis-Wasser-Mischung und extrahiert mit Chloroform, Die Chloroformphase wird mit Wasser gewaschen, über Natri,um- sulfat getrocknet im Vakuum eingeengt und man erhält di'e 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethyl-3-nitro-phenyl)-propionsäure als öliges Rohprodukt. b) 2 g 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethyl-3-nitro-phenyl)-propionsäure werden in 20 ml Äthanol und 10 ml Eisessig gelöst, mit 500 mg 10 %igem Palladium-Tierkohle Katalysator versetzt und unter Normaldruck hydriert. Dann filtriert man den Katalysator ab, versetzt das Filtrat mit 50 ml Wasser und extrahiert mit Äther. Die Ätherphase wird über Natriumsulfat getrocknet, ein geengt und man erhält die 2-(3-Amino-4-cyclopentylmethyl phenyl)-propionsäure als Öl. NMR-Spektrum in Deuterochloroform: Signale bei 1,5 ppm (mc, 9H); 1,5 ppm (d, J=7Hz, CHJ3); 2,5 ppm (d, J=7Hz, CH2); 3,6 ppm (J=)Hz, 1H); 7,1 ppm (mc, 3H). Beispiel 7 a) 10g 6-Chlorindan-1-carbonsäure werden in 100 ml absolutem Dichlormethan mit 12 g Aluminiuulchlroid versetzt und auf -400 C gekühlt. In diese Mischung wird während 30 Minuten eine Lösung von 8,0 g l,l-Dichlormethyl methylähter in 50 ml Dichlormethan-eingetropft. Man rührt die Reaktionsmischung noch 30 Minuten lang bei 400 C, lässt sie erwärmen und giesst sie auf 100 g Eis unter Rühren. Dann trennt man die Dichlormethanphase ab, engt sie im Vakuum ein, kristallisiert den Rück stand aus Toluol um und erhält 8,9 g 6-Chlor-5-formyl indan-l-carbonsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 1620 C. b) 5 g 6-Chlor-5-formylindan-l-carbonsäure werden mit 20 ml absolutem Äthanol und 1,5 ml konzentrierter Schwefel säure versetzt und 4 Stunden lang unter Rückfluss erhitzt. Dann giesst man die Reaktionsmischung in 50 ml Wasser, extrahiert mit Chloroform, wäscht die Chloroformphase mit Wasser, trocknet sie über Natriumsulfat, engt sie im Vakuum ein, reinigt den Rückstand durch Destillation im Kugelrohr und erhält 4,2 g 6-Chlor-5-formylindan-l- carbonsäureäthylester vom Siedepunkt 1500 C bei 0,04 torr. c) 304 mg 6-Chlor-5-formylindan-l-carbonsäureäthylester werden in 10 ml Äthanol gelöst und unter Rühren in eine Mischung von 21 mg Natriumborhydrid und 10 ml Äthanol ein getropft. Man rührt die Reaktionsmischung 4 Stunden lang bei 800 C und versetzt sie mit 50 ml 10 %iger Schwefel säure. Dann extrahiert man mit Chloroform, wäscht die Chloroformphase mit Wasser, trocknet sie über Natriumsul fat, engt sie im Vakuum ein und erhält 200 mg 6-Chlbr 5-hydroxymethyl-indan-l-carbonsäureäthylest er als öl. d) Eine Mischung aus 6,5 g Thionylchlorid, 5 ml Benzol und einem Tropfen Pyridin wird in eine Lösung von 1,2 g 6-Chlor-5-hydroxymethyl-indan-l-carbonsaureäthylester eingetropft. Dann erhitzt man die Reaktionsmischung eine Stunde lang unter Rückfluss, lässt sie erkalten und giesst sie in Eiswasser. Die Benzolphase wird mit Wasser ge waschen, über Natriumsulfat getrocknet, im Vakuum einge engt > und man erhält 300 mg 6-Chlor-5-chlormethyl-indaa- l-carbonsäureäthylester als öl. e) 2,2 g 6-Chlor-5-chlormethy-indan-1-carbonsäureäthylester werden in 20 ml absolutem Äthanol gelöst mit 1,38 g Salium- salz des Cyclopentan-2-on-l-carbonsäureäthylesters ver setzt und 6 Stunden lang unter Rückfluss erhitzt. Dann setzt man der Reaktionsmischung 40 ml Wasser zu, extrahiert mit Äther, wäscht die Ätherphase mit Wasser, trocknet sie über Natriumsulfat und engt sie im Vakuum ein. Der Rückstand wird 8 Stunden lang in 20 ml 10 %iger wässriger Schwefelsäure unter Rückfluss erhitzt. Man lässt die Reaktionsmischung erkalten, versetzt sie bis zur al kalischen Reaktion mit verdünnter Natronlauge, extrahiert mit Äther, säuert die wässrige Phase an und extrahiert sie nochmals mit Äther. Der Ätherextrakt der sauren Extraktion wird mit Wasser gewaschen, über Natriumsulfat getrocknet und man erhält die 6-Chlor-5- (2-oxocyclopentylmethyl ) indan-l-carbonsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 126 0 (aus Petrol äther). Diese wird mit 15 ml Driglykol, einem Gramm Natriumhydro xid und 10 g Hydrazinhydrat versetzt, 2 Stunden lang auf 2000 C erhitzt, mit Salzsäure angesäuert, und mit Chloro form extrahiert. Die Chloroformphase wird mit Wasser gewaschen, über Natriumsulfat getrocknet im Vakuum und man erhalt die 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure als Öl. NMR-Spektrum in Deuterochloroform: Signale bei 1,5 ppm (mc, 9H); 2,6 ppm (mc, 6H); 3,9 ppm (t, J=7Hz, 1H); 7, Oppm (s, 1H); 7,3 ppm (s, 1H). Beispiel 8, 2,31 g 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propionsäure werden mit 3 ml'Chloroform und 860 mg Piperazin versetzt erwärmt und der ausgefallene Niederschlag abgesaugt. MEn wäscht, das Rohprodukt mit Äther, kristallisiert es aus Äthanol um und erhält 2,1 g des Piperazinsalzes der 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl )-propionsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 151O C, Beispiel 9 a) 1,18 kg AlCl, werden unter Rühren in 2,40 Ltr. Methylenchlori suspendiert, auf 0 C abgckühlt und mit einem Gemisch aus 790 Oxasäureäthylesterchlorid, 895 g Cyclopentylmethylbenzol und 3,36 Str. ethylenchlorid innerhalb von 1 Stunde versetzt. Anschliessend lässt man noch 2 Stunden bei 20 C rühren, aiesst auf 9 kg Eis/Wasser (pH prüfen, auf 3 einstellen) und trennt die organische Phase ab. Die wässrige Phase wird noch zweimal mit je 2,5 Str. ethylenchlorid extrahiert, die vereinigten organischen Phasen mit Natriumchlorid-Lösung neutral gewasche getrocknet und eingeengt. tian erhält 1476 g (4-'Cyclopentyl- methyl-phenyl)-glyoxylsäureäthylester als Öl. b) 1016 g Kaliumhydroxid werden unter Rühren in 5 Ltr. Methanol gelöst, 1355 g (4-Cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-glyoxylsäureäthyl ester hinzugegeben und solange bei 20 C gerührt, bis ein Sal ausfällt. Dieses Salz wird mit 8 Ltr. Wasser in Lösung ge bracht, die gesamte Lösung auf das halbe Volumen eingeengt u dreimal mit je i Ltr. Äther gewaschen. Die wässrige Phase wi mit konzentrierter Salzsäure angesäuert und dreimal mit je 2 Ltr. Ether extrahiert, die organische Phase wird mit Natri chlorid-Lösung gewaschen, getrocknet und eingeengt. 01an erhc 1026 g (4-Cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-glyoxylsäure als dl. c) Die unter Argon frisch bereitete Grignardlösung aus 259 g Magnesium und 820 ml Methyljodid in 4,5 Ltr. Ether wird unter starkem Rühren zu 519 g (4-Cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl) glyoxylsäure, gelöst in 4 Ltr. Äther, innerhalb von 2 Stunden bei 0 C bis +5 C eingetropft. Silan lässt 2 Stunden bei 200 nachrühren, tropft dann das Gemisch auf 10 kg Eiswasser, steuert mit 4 tr. konzentrierter Salzsäure an und trennt die Phasen. Die wassrige Phase wird noch viermal mit je 2 Ltr. Äther extrahiert, die vereinten organischen Phasen mit Wasser neutral gewaschen, getrocknet und eingeengt Dieser Trocken rückstand wird mit Benzin nachgewaschen, zum Schluss in 2 Ltr. Benzin 1 Stunde lang bei 0 C gerührt und abgesaugt. an erhalt 404 g 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethyphenyl)-2-hydroxypropionsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 111 C. d) 726 g 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-2-hydroxypropionsäure werden in 15 Ltr: Dioxan mit 1 Ltr. konzentrierter Schwefel- säure 2 Stunden gekocht. Nach Abkühlen auf 2000 wird langsam unter Animpfen in 35 kg Eiswasser eingetragen. Nach einigen Stunden Rühren unter Kühlung wird abgesaugt, getrocknet und aus Benzin umkristallisiert. Man erhält 376 g 2-(4-Cyclopentyl- methylphenyl)-acrylsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 10000. e) 320 g 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-acrylsäure werden in 3 Ltr. Dioxan gelöst, und die Lösung bei Normaldruck mit 30 g Palladium-Kohle (10%ig) hydriert. Nach Abfiltrieren vom Katalysator wird das Filtrat zum bl eingeengt. Man er hält 322 g 2-(4-Cylcopentylmethylphenyl)-propionsäure. Beispiel 10 a) 2,18 g 4-(Cyclopentylmethyl)-phenylessigsäure werden in 6,9 g Äthanol nit 0,39 g konzentrierter Schwefelsäure 5 Stunden gekocht. Nach Einengen wird mit Wasser versetzt, mit Äther extrahiert, die Stherphasen werden neutral ge waschen und eingeengt. 2,0 g 4-(Cyclopentylmethyl)-phenyl essigsäureäthylester werden als gelbliches Öl erhalten. b) 5,13 g 4-(Cyclopentylmethyl)-phenylessigsäureäthylester werden in 17 ml Diäthylcarbonat in der Siedehitze mit einer Lösung von 0,52 g Natrium in 12 ml. Äthanol tropfenweise ver setzt, wobei Äthanol abdestilliert wird. Geht kein Äthanol mehr über, wird abgekühlt, auf Wasser gegossen und mit Äther extrahiert. Die Atherphasen werden mit Wasser gewaschen und eingeengt. Destillation am Kugelrohr bei 7800C Mantel- temperatur und 0.06 Torr Druck ergibt 4,9 g 2-(4-Cyclopentyl methylphenyl)-malonsäurediäthylester. c) 3,39 g Tetrabutylammoniumhydrogensulfat und 0,80 g Natrium hydroxyd werden in 10 ml Wasser gelöst, und diese Lösung wird bei 200C mit einer Lösung von 3,08 g 2-(4-Cyclopentyl methylphenyl)-malonsäurediäthylester und 2,84 g liethyljodid in 10 ml Methylenchlorid versetzt. Die anfangs klare Lösung wird milchig trüb. Danach wird noch 20 Minuten gerührt. Die organische Phase wird abgetrennt und eingeengt, der Rückstand mit Äther versetzt, von Salzen wird abfiltriert und das Fil trat eingeengt. 3,04 g 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-2- m2thyl-rlalonsäurediathylester werden als öl erhalten. d) 3,0 g 2- (4-CyclopentylmethyIphenyl) -2-methyl-malonsäuredi- äthylester werden in einer Lösung von 1,4 g Kaliumhydroxid in wenig Wasser 3 Stunden gekocht. Ansäuern in der Siede hitze mit Salzsäure, Kühlen, Extraktion mit Äther und Ein engen der Ätherphasen ergibt ein öl, das noch 15 Minuten zur vollständigen Decarboxylierung erhitzt wird. 1,9 g 2-(4-Cyclo pentylmethylphenyl) -propionsäure werden erhalten. Beispiel 11 a) 7,45 g Cyclopentylbromid und 19,7 g Triphenylphosphin werden in einer Druckflasche unter Argon 6 Stunden in einem 160 C heissen Bad erhitzt. Nach Abkühlen wird das feste Reaktion produkt mehrmals mit Benzol ausgekocht und zum Schluss getrock net. 15,7 g Cyclopentyltriphenylphosphoniumbromid erden ex- halten b) 4,11 g Cyclopentyl-triphenylphosphoniumbromid werden in Tetrahydrofuran unter Argon suspendiert und bei 20 C mit 4,3 ml einer 3-molaren Lösung von Butyl-Lithium in n-Hexan versetzt. Nach 2 Stunden Rühren bei 20 C wird bei 5 C eine Lösung von 2,24 g 6-Chlor-5-formyl-indan-1-carbonsäure in 15 ml Tetrahydrofuran hinzugegeben. Nach 16 Stunden Rühren bei 2000 wird eingeengt, der Rückstand mit verdünnter Salz säure versetzt und mit Äther extrahiert. Die Ätherphasen wer den gewaschen und eingeengt. Der Rückstand (2 g) wird uber eine Kieselgelsäure chromatographiert (Elutionsmittel: Cyclo hexan 325 Teile + Toluol 160 Teile + Essigester 190 Teile + Essigsäure 19 Teile). Man erhält nach Umkristallisation aus Benzin 1 g 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylidenmethyl-indan-1-carbon- säure vom Schmelzpunkt 112 C. c) 1,58 g 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylidenmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure werden bei 200C und 760 Torr in 32 ml Äthanol nach Zugabe von 158 mg Platindioxid hydriert. Der Katalysator wird ab filtriert, das Filtrat eingeengt und der Rückstand aus Benzin umkristallisiert. 0,89 g 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1 carbonsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 126 C werden erhalten. Beispiel 12 a) 0,50 g Cyclopentanon und .1,35 g 6-Chlor-5-formyl-indan-1- carbonsäure werden in einer Hischang aus 6,2 ml Essigsäure und 2 ml konzentrierter Schwefelsäuren Stunde bei 20 C gerührt. Danach wird auf Eiswasser gegossen und mit Äther extrahiert. Die Ätherphasen werden neutral gewaschen und eingeengt und der Rückstand über eine Kieselgelsäule chromatographiert (Cyclohexan 325 Teile + Toluol 160 Teile + Essigester 190 Teile + Essigsäure 19 Teile). 0,41 g 6-Chlor-5-(2-oxocyclopentyliden methyl)-indan-1-carbonsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 1700C werden er halten. cyclo b) 2,5 g 6-Chlor-5- (2-oxopentylidenmethyl) -indan-1-car'bonsäure werden mit 1,3 g Hydrazinhydrat, 26 g Natriumhydroxyd und 40 ml Triglykol versetzt und zwei Stunden lang auf 200-2200C erhitzt. Nach Abkühlen wird mit Wasser versetzt, mit verdünnter Salz säure angesäuert und mit Äther extrahiert. Die Ätherphasen werden mit Wasser gewaschen, eingeengt und dcr Rückstand aus Benzin umkristallisiert. 0,9 g 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan. 1-carbonsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 126 werden erhalten. Beispiel 13 Aus Cyclopentanon und 2-(4-Formyl-phenyl)-propionsäure wird cylo wie in Beispiel 12 a) beschrieben, 2-4-(2-Oxopentylidenmethyl). phenyl]-propionsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 158 C erhalten. Daraus wird, wie in Beispiel 12 b) beschreiben, durch Reduktion der Carbonylgruppe 2-(4-Cyclopentylidenmethyl)-phenyl-propionsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 87 C erhalten. Beispiel 14 a) Eine Lösung von 22,4 g 6-Chlor-indan-1-carbonsäureäthylester in 100 ml 1.2-Dichloräthan werden bei 0 C zu einer mischung aus 28,4 g Cyclohexancarbonsäurechlorid, 26,6 g Aluminium- chlorid und 200 ml 1.2-Dichloräthan getropft. Nach 16 Stundc Rühren bei 200C wird auf, Eiswasser gegossen, und die organs sche Phase wird abgetrennt und eingeengt. Der Rückstand (49,2 g Öl) wird über Kieselgel chromatographiert (Elutions mittel: Cyclohexan 95 Teile + Essigester 5 Teile). 3,7 g 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäureäthylester werden als öl erhalten. b) 3,3 g 6-Chlor-5-cyclohexylcarbonyl-indan-1-carbonsäureathtl- ester werden mit einer Mischung aus 1,06 g Natriumcarbonat, 2 ml Wasser und 6 ml Äthanol 2 Stunden gekocht. Ansäuern mit verdünnter Salzsäure bei 0 C und Absaugen ergibt 2,9 g 6 Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure vom Schmelz punkt 670C. c) 1,3 g 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure werden mit 0,65 g Hydrazinhydrat, 13 g Natriumhydroxyd und 20 ml Triäthylenglykol versetzt und 2 Stunden lang auf 200-220 C erhitzt. Abkühlen, Versetzten mit Wasser, Ansäuern mit ver dünnter Salzsäure und Extraktion mit Äther ergibt nach Ein engen der Ätherphasen und Umkristallisation des Rückstandes aus Hexan 0,4 g 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbon säure vom Schrnalzpunkt 131 C. d) 0,3G g 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure werden über 44 mg Palladium-Kohle (10 %ig) in 10 ml Alkohol und 1 ml Wasser bei 20 C und 761 Tor hydriert flach Abfiltrieren des Katalysators und Einengen werden 0,27 g eines öls erhalten. Präparative Schichtchromatographie auf Kieselgel (System: Cyclohexan-Essigester 1:1) ergibt 0,19 g 5-Oyclohe,xylmethyl- indan-1-carbonsäure vom Schmelzpunkt 54 C (aus Benzin).";"P a t e n t a n s p r ü c h e 1. Phenylessigsäure-Derivate der allgemeinen Formel 1 EMI50.1 worin n die Ziffern Z bis 5 , EMI50.2 die Gruppierungen EMI50.3 R1 ein Wasserstoffatom, ein Halogenatom, eine Trifluormethyl grupe eine Nitrogruppe oder eine Aminogruppe, R2 und R3 Wasserstoffatome, niedere Alkylgruppen oder gemeinsam eine Äthylengruppe, X1 zwei Wasserstoffatome oder eine Oxogruppe und Y1 eine Cyanogruppe, eine Hydroxyamidocarbonylgruppe, eine Carbamoylgrukppe, eine 5-Tetrazolylgruppe, eine Carboxylgrupp deren Salze mit physiologisch verträglichen Basen, deren Est von physiologisch unbedenklichen Alkoholen oder deren Amide physiologisch unbedenklichen Aminen, bedeuten. 2. 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propionitril. 3. 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propiosäure. 4. Natrium-2-t4-cyclopentylfiiethylphenyi)-propionat. 5. 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-phenylessigsäure. 6. 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-propionitril. 7. 2-(3-Chlor-4-cyclopenfiylmethyl-phenyl)-propionsäure. 8. 2-(4-Cyclohexylmethyl-phenyl)-propionitril. 9. 2-(4-Cyclohexylmethyl-phenyl)-propiosäure. 10. 2-(4-Cyclopentanoylphenyl)-propiosäure. 11. 2-(4-Cyclohexylmethyl-3-nitro-phenyl)-propionsäure. 12. 2-(3-Amino-4-cyclopentylmethyl-phenyl)-propionsäure. 13-6-Chlor-5-(2-oxocyclopentyl-methyl)-indan-1-carbonsäure. 14. 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure. 15. Pharmazeutische Präparate, gekennzeicrnet durch cinen Ge- halt an einer Verbindung gemäss Anspruch 1 bis 14 und 19 bis 28 net, Wirkstoff. 16. Methode zur Behandlung von Entzündungen, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass man den Patienten ein pharmazeutisches Präparat ge mäss Anspruch 16 verabfolgt. 17. Verfahren zur herstellung von Phenylessigsäure-Derivaten der allgemeinen Formel Ta EMI52.1 worin n, EMI52.2 X1, R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen t Y2 die gleiche Bedeutung wie Y1 besitzt, aber keine Cyanogruppe oder 5-Tetrazolylgruppe darstellt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, da man in an sich bekannter Weise a) ein Nitril der allgemeinen Formel II EMI52.3 worin n, EMI52.4 X1, R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeuktung besitzen, hydrolysiert, oder b) eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel III EMI53.1 worin n, EMI53.2 X1, R1 und R2 die obengenannte, Bedeutung besitzen und Y eine Alkoxycarbonylgruppe, eine Ditbianylidengruooe oder eine 4,4-Dimethyl-2-oxazolinylgruppe darstellt, hydrolysiert, oder c) einen Aldehyd der allgemeinen Formel IV EMI53.3 worin n, EMI53.4 X1, R1 und R2 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen oxydiert oder d) dass man ein Acetophenon der allgemeinen Formel V EMI54.1 worin n und R1 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und R4 ein Wasserstoffatom oder eine niedere Alkylgruppe darstellt, zur Phenylessigsäure der allgemeinen Formel VI EMI54.2 'worin n, R1 und R4 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, um- lagert und diese gegebenenfalls in der &alpha; ;-Position alkyliert, oder e) dass man ein Malonsäure-Derivat der allgemeinen Formel VII EMI54.3 worin , EMI54.4 X1, R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung be sitzen, dekarboxyliert, oder f) dass man die Oxogruppe einer Verbindung der allgeminen Formel VIII EMI55.1 worin EMI55.2 X1, R1 R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, wobei mindestens eine der Gruppen B- oder C=X1 eine Carbonylgruppe bedeutet, durch thermische Behandlung mit Hydrazin reduziert, oder g) dass man ein Grignard-Reagenz der allgemeinen Formel IX EMI55.3 worin n, 21 R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und Hal ein Halogenatom darstellt, mit Kohlendioxyd umsetzt, oder h) dass rnn eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel X EMI55.4 worin n, #A-B-, X1, Y2, R1 und R2 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, R5 eine niedere Alkylidengruppe, oder falls EMI56.1 die Gruppierung EMI56.2 bedeutet auch cwei Wasserstoffatome oder eiu Wasserstoffaton oder eine niedere Alkylgruppe darstellt hydriert oder i) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XI EMI56.3 worin R1, R2, R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und R6 ein Wasserstoffatom oder einen Al'kylrest'mit 1 bis 6 Kohlenstoff- atomen darstellt, in Gegenwart von Friedel-Crafts Katalysatoren mit einem Cycloalkanylchlorid der allgemeinen Formel XII EMI56.4 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt, kondensiert oder j) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XIII EMI56.5 worin R1, R2, R3 und R6 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, mit einem mittig Reagenz der allgemeinen Formel XIV EMI57.1 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt oder einer Carbonylverbindung der allgemeinen Formel XV EMI57.2 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt kondensiert, oder k) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XVI, EMI57.3 worin R1, R2, R3 und Y3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und Z eine Formylgruppe oder eine Cyanogruppe darstellt, mit einer metallorganischen Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XVII EMI57.4 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt und II ein Lithiunatom oder eine Magnesiumhalogenidgruppe darstellt umsetzt, oder i) dass man eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XVIII EMI58.1 worin -R1, ,R2 > R3 und R6 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, mit einem ss-Ketoester der allgemeinen Formel XIX EMI58.2 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt und R7 eine niederes Alkylgruppe bedeutet kondensiert, die Estergruppen verseift un die entstandene ss-Ketonsäure decarboxyliert und gegebenenfalls Verbindungen der allgemeinen Formel Ia mit R',l"" in der Bodeutun eines Halogenatoss deshalogeniert, Verbindungen der allgemein Formel Ia mit R1 in der Bedeutung eines Wasserstoffatoms halo niert oder nitriert und die erhaltenen Nitroverbindungen zu Aminoverbindungen reduziert, gegebenenfalls die erhaltenen Carbonsäuren oder reaktionsfähige Derivate derselben in ihre Salze, Ester, Amide oder Hydroxamsäuren überführt, 18. Verfahren zur Herstellung von Phenylessigsäure-Derivaten der allgemeinen Formel Ib EMI59.1 worin n, EMI59.2 Ri, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und Y4 eine Cyanogruppe, eine Carbamoylgruppe oder eine 5-Tetrazolylgruppe darstellt, dadurch zu dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass man in an sich bekannter Weise, m) ein Keton der allgemeinen Formel XX EMI59.3 worink n, X1, R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen und EMI59.4 die Gruppierungen EMI59.5 bedeutet, mit einem Arylsulfonylmethylisocyanid umsetzt, oder n) ein Halogenid der allgeneinen Formel XXI EMI59.6 worin n, X1, A-B-, R1, R2, R3 und Hal die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, mit einem Alkalimetallcyanid umsetzt, oder c) eine Verbindung der allgemeinen Formel XXII EMI60.1 worin R1, R2 und R3 die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzen, in Gegenwart von Friedel-Orafts Katalysatoren mit einen Cycloalkanoy chlorid der allgenein'cn Formel XXIII EMI60.2 worin n die obengenannte Bedeutung besitzt, kondensiert, gegebenenfalls $vorhandene thioketalisierte Oxogruppen hydrolysiert und gegebenenfalls die erhaltenen Cyanide der allgemeinen Formel Ib zu den entsprechenden Amiden verseift oder sie in die entsprechenden Tetrazolylverbindungen überführt. 19. Piperazinsalz der 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-propionsäure 20. 2-(4-Cyclopentylmethylphenyl)-essigsäure-äthylester. 21. 6-Chlor-5-(2-oxocyclopentyliden)-methyl-indan-1-carbonsäure. 22. 2-[4-(2-Oxocyclopentyliden-methyl)-phenyl]-propionsäure. 23. 6-Chlor-5-cyclopentylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure. 24. 2-(4-Cyclopentylidenmethyl)-phenyl-propionsure. 25. 6-Chlor-5-cyclohe}lcarbanyl-indan-l-carbonsäureäthylester. 26. 6-Chlor-5-cyclohexylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure. 27. 5-Cyclohexylmethyl-indan-1-carbonsäure. 28. 6-Chlor-5-cyclohexylcarbonyl-indan-1-carbonsäure.";KAPP, JOACHIM-FRIEDRICH, DR., KIRSCH, GERALD, DR., RUFER, CLEMENS, DR.;SCHERING AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT BERLIN UND BERGKAMEN;1978
+EP-0007321-B1;19830427.0;19780728;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185910.0;B29C3;B29C27, B29C1;B29C37, B29C43, B29C65, B29C33;L29C223:04C, B29C  33/10, B29C  43/00C, B29C  65/70+A2, B29C  43/12, B29C  37/00G, L29C65:48P, B29C  43/36D, L29C227:18, L29C305:60, B29C  43/20B;METHOD OF MAKING A STRESS FREE PLASTIC ARTICLE OR WELD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT SAID METHOD;Disclosed is a method and apparatus for making stress free plastic articles from plastic particles such as powder utiliz­ ing heat and pressure in which a quantity of plastic particles (83) is supplied to a first member (82), a flexible diaphragm (90) is disposed in opposed relationship to said first member with said plastic particles therebetween, a micro-porous air release means (84), (85) is positioned between said plastic particles (83) and said flexible diaphragm (90), a fluid-like pressure is applied to said diaphragm to cause said diap­ hragm to apply an even fluid-like pressure through said air release means to said plastic particles, heat is applied to said plastic particles while under said fluid-like pressure and any entrapped gases between the particles is vented by means of the air release means. The pressure and heat are controlled to effect a consolidation of the plastic particles into the article. A second diaphragm may be used on the opposite side of said first diaphragm and either one or both of said diaphragms may be a sealed envelope to which fluid pressure is applied. The plastic article produced by the method is substantially free of all stresses.;"STRESS FREE PLASTIC ARTICLE, METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME AND APPARATUS FOR PERFORMING SAID METHOD TO MAKE SAID ARTICLE FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention belongs to the field of forming plastic articles including sheets from plastic particles and to welding the same under heat and pressure also utilizing plastic powders. Previous known methods of forming plastic articles including sheets from plastic particles have experienced a variety of difficulties. Many plastics are difficult or impossible to mold into articles or to form into sheets, particularly, thin sheets called films. Also, it is difficult to weld many plastic sheets by conventional electronic heating or other ""thermowelding"" techniques without having the joint exhibit a thickness greater than the thickness of the sheet. Further, such techniques for welding have generally been applicable only to certain relatively thin materials such as films. For example, the homopolymer chlorotrifluoroethylene may be thermowelded only in very thin thicknesses. In such conventional welding techniques the resulting joints frequently exhibit varying strengths and degradation of the plastic along the weld due to excessive or unequal heating, or unequal pressure. Still further, such conventional welding techniques frequently result in holes through the material at or adjacent the weld either during formation or subsequently during use which phenomenon is sometimes referred to as ""holing through"". When the sheet material to be welded has variable thicknesses these difficulties in conven- tional welding techniques are compounded even when the thickness variation is slight. Nor do the conventional welding systems produce a weld over the entire width of the overlapped edges. As a result, the unwelded portions of the edges are subject to movement in use by wind or other air currents which deteriorate the weld, often to the point where the weld separates Previous efforts to overcome these problems whizz conventional welding by using wider welded areas (more overlap) greatly reduces the speed of joining which is detrimental commercially. Much of what has been said above with respect to welding also applies to the forming of shaped articles including sheets from plastic particles. Still further, when forming plastic articles or sheets fror plastic particles by the use of conventional methods the articles or sheets produced have stresses or strains built into them by the method of formation except in those instances where the plastic being used is a monomer or a liquid-like material or are forded by solvent or casting methods such as those method¯ using organosols or plastisols for the production of the article or the sheet. Solvent methods of forma tion are expensive, generally slow, and are not applicable to a great many plastic resins. Polymers having millions molecular weight, for example, have proven very difficult to form into articles or sheets by many conventional techniques and, indeed, it is practically impossible to produce large thin sheets from such millions molecular weight polymers directly from the plastic particles. While certain plastics have been formed into articles, particularly sheets, that are nearly stress or strain free by the solvent or liquid phase methods mentioned sve, such products have not been widely used with solid polymers except with polymers such as polyvinyl chloride. Still further, such stress or strain free products (hereinafter referred to as ""stress free"" products) have not heretofore been produced from polymers having millions molecular weight. In an effort to proouce stress free plastic articles including sheets, attempts have heretofore been made to release the stresses built into the product during its formation by certain expensive after-treatments such as heating the product to a temperature suitable to relieve the stresses therein. Generally this involves heating the product to near and sometimes into the melt phase for extended periods. Such treatments (especially if the product is not restrained during treatment) can induce dimensional changes in the product which render it useless. The present invention eliinato stress as a problem. Prior to the present XnzentiorA the best quality of sheet (including film) plastic produced from pelletized or ground plastic powder has been made by the compression method; however, due to its large capital investment and costly operation such sheets produced by such compression method have priced themselves out of the market place except for very special applicaticns. In the compression method the rressures required may reach many thousands of pounds peL square inch with the recommended pressures for polystyrene homopolymer sheets, for example, being from 1,000 to 10,000 p.s.i. (70.3 - 703 kg/cm2) and those for acrylics being on the order of 2,000 5,000 p.s.i. (140 - 352 kg/cm2). BACKGROUND ART It is known from U.S. patent no. 3,383,265 that two plastic sheets can be welded together by placing them in a chamber having at least one flexible wall and heating with infrared or other heat while the flexible wall is pressed against the joint until it melts into the weld. Such process and method are, however, not disclosed as being useful for forming products from pa#rticulate material, much less stress free products. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention proposes to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art by producing plastic articles which are stress free directly from plastic particles by supporting said particles upon a suitable support such as a mold or platen, heating the plastic particles while applying to said plastic particles fluid pressure including applying said fluid pressure substantially uniformly to said supported plastic particles while the same are heated to a temperature sufficient to cause said particles to melt and form said article, and venting any air or gasses contained in the plastic powders during said heating and pressing. The apparatus for performing the method utilizes a flexible member which may be a diaphragm alone or a diaphragm that is one face of a closed envelope. The apparatus also includes an air release means which is, preferably, in two parts although a single element air release means is also contemplated. When the air release means is of two parts, one is a wire cloth or screen and the other is a microporous parting sheet. The microporous parting sheet may advantageously be comprised of a fiber lass fabric coated with polytetrafluroethylene, thus providing a sheet with a myriad of minute openings therethrough. In using the apparatus of this invention in carrying out the method to produce stress free articles such as sheets, the pressures required are often as low as 2 50 p.s.i. (3.52 kg/cm ) and less including use of only that force generated by the differential between atmospheric pressure and a readily obtainable partial vacuum. The articles including sheets produced by this invention are stress free and degradation is greatly reduced or eliminated. The articles may be made of such diverse plastics as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, the acrylics, and others, including, particularly, polymers of millions molecular weight such as millions molecular weight polyethylene, which are otherwise very difficult to process. Dissimilar plastics even such widely dissimilar materials such as the polystyrenes and polyvinyl chlorides may be superimposed in one or ore layers and produced as one solid sheet. Still further, the product produced by this invention exhibits the characteristics on its surface of the moid or platen support. In one specific example the product is produced having a mirror surface of extremely high quality which exhibits high smoothness or polish comparable to that of polished glass by having been formed on a platen having a surface with an extreme polish. Such a surface may be glass or highly polished metal and may, if desired, have patterns engraved or otherwise produced therein for reproduction in the final plastic article. In carrying out the method to produce such a sheet suitable for use as a mirror the plastic material in comminuted state is disposed on a suitable mold or platen in a layer of desired thickness. Over this layer of comminuted plastic particles or powder is placed the above-mentioned microporous parting sheet and over this is placed the wire screen. The plastic is then heated to at least its fusion or melt temperature and while so heated there is applied across the gas release means (comprised of the microporous parting sheet and the wire screen) a fluid-like pressure sufficient to cause the plastic material to fuse to a coherent sheet. The fluid pressure applied to this sandwich may be exerted through a flexible diaphragm or by means of two separate diaphragms one of which is placed beneath the platen and the other of which is placed above the wire screen. Fluid pressure is then applied to the diaphragm to cause the same to press evenly in a fluid like manner over the entire surface of the layer of plastic particles. The diaphragm may be either a single flexible member placed against one or both sides of the sandwich (comprising the mixture, plastic particles, microporous parting sheet, and wire screen) or the diaphragm may be one face of a sealed envelope in which case either a single envelope pressing against the air release means or a pair of opposed sealed envelopes (with the sandwich therebetween) may be utilized. The pressure may be either liquid such as water or hydraulic fluid under pressure or gas such as air or an inert gas under pressure. In either event, the fluid pressure may be applied to the outer surfaces of the diaphragm or diaphragms which transmits the same to the plastic particles. Alternatively, and particularly when two diaphragms are used which are not the faces of sealed envelopes, the periphery of the diaphragms may be sealed together and the air between the two evacuated whereby the pressure is ambient pressure and the amount thereof is determined by the differential between ambient pressure and the degree of vacuum applied between the peripherally sealed diaphragms. hen one or two envelopes are used, the fluid pressure is applied by placing the fluid within the envelope under pressure which pressure the flexible diaphragm face of the envelope transmits fluidly to the plastic articles. During the step of applying fluid pressure (by any of the described mechanisms or methocs) to the heated plastic material, all areas of the plastics material are contacted with a pressure that is even and substantially uniform throughout. Any gas (including ar or moisture) present in the plastics material is exhausted under the heat and pressure and the same is vented by means of the air release means comprised of the wire cloth or screen and the microporous parting sheet. It should also be noted that a porous or multiperforated thin flexible metal sheet may be used in place of the wire screen. Alternatively, a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated wire screen or minutely perforated or porous flexible metal sheets coated with PTFE may be used to replace both the wire screen and the microporous parting sheet. As the plastics material melts and consolidates, the significant movement is that towards solidification thus avoiding the gross lateral flow that in other processes causes the introduction of various stresses into the product upon cooling. If the sheet is produced on a glass plate master the fluid pressures applied are so even that the product is produced without any damage or breakage occurring to the glass master. The glass master is preferably tempered or heat resistant glass. When producing a mirror, as one specific embodiment, there is then applied to that face of the finished sheet which exhibits the polish of the master (i.e. that face which was against the master) a layer of reflective metal. The reflective metal may be sprayed silver and in order to protect the same there is applied thereover a transparent abrasion resistant coating. This abrasion resistent coating may advantageously be a solution of glass resin polymer applied evenly over the metal layer which resin is then cured by means of radiant heat. In one specific example the plastic sheet may be a polystyrene homopolymer of approximately .09"" (2.29mm) in thickness with a layer of silver sprayed onto its polished surface and the silver layer coated with a film of 40% glass resin and 5% catalyst in solution in butanol. When welding sheets of plastics together previous disadvantages mentioned above including tholing through"" are eliminated while producing a weld with little or no thickness variation being apparent in the final product not even in the weld and also having a mirror or other smooth surface as desired. Further, the invention permits the welding of dissimilar plastics, even those as diverse as polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride. When the invention is used to join two sheets or pieces of plastic material, they may be placed in juxtaposed edge to edge relationship or in overlapped relationship with powdered plastic between the meeting or overlapped edges. A fluid-like pressure is then applied to the joint while heating the same into or close to the melting temperature. As in the case of producing an article, the fluid pressure is applied by either one diaphragm or by two opposed diaphragms either or both of which may be one face of a sealed envelope. Under the applied heat and pressure the weld is formed and the particles lose their discreet identities and assume the ultimate desired shape. Where the materials to be joined are different plastic polymers the use of correspondingly different plastic powders has been found particularly advantageous. For example, different plastic powders hae been used in which the plastic of one powder corresponds to the plastic of one of said polymers and the plastic of the other powder corresponds to the plastic of the other of said polymers. At the joint or junction between the two materials the plastic powders may advantageously be arranged in a graded manner. That is to say that the powder adjacent the first of said mater lels is comprised of the same plastic as the first of said materials while the plastic powder adjacent the second of said materials is the same polymer as the second plastic polymer. Between these extremes the concentration of one of said powders increases and the other decreases in a gradual manner until midway between the two materials to be joined the powder comprises a mixture of substantially equal amounts of the two different polymers. The entire assembly is then subjected to a uniform fluid pressure with applied heat to affect a welding of the joint and a melting and fusion of the powders with each other and with the adjacent (juxtaposed or overlapped) edges of the materials being joined. Alternatively, in many applications the powders may be supplied at the joint without such gradation toward the center. After the applicaton of the plastic powders to one of the platens the platens are moved toward each other until a light pressure is applied to the layer of plastic particles. Thereafter the pressure is applied to the diaphragm or the envelope as described above. The diaphragm contacts the plastic powder with an even fluid pressure while heat is applied. The fluid pressure is substantially uniform over all of the plastic particles while the applied heat is sufficient to melt and consolidate the particles of the powder. It will be seen that the same basic method is used whether an article, a sheet, a weld or other joint is being produced. The time required to form the article including a sheet or to make suitable welds will in part depend upon the particular plastic or plastics being worked, the thickness of the final product and like considerations. After applying heat and pressure as described above for a sufficient length of time to produce the article the pressure is released from the diaphragm (or envelope) and the platens are separated permitting the removal of the product. There is far less or practically no degradation of the plastic whether in forming an article or making a weld since the diaphragm or diaphragms effectively exclude virtually all air from contact with the plastic. The air release means such as the PTFE coated glass fiber fabric having many minute pinholes and the wire cloth or screen described above also helps the escape of air so that the plastic is formed or welded in the absence of air with the result that degradation is greatly reduced or eliminated. The apparatus used in carrying out the method comprises a frame having mounted thereon upper and lower platens at least one of which is covered with a flexible impermeable diaphragm or envelope. The diaphragm or envelope may be of any suitable material which will withstand the pressure and heat of operation including suitably selected metal sheets, plastic sheets, plastic and fabric combinations or the like. Metal alloys having extremely low coefficients of expansion are particularly useful for the diaphragm or the diaphragm wall of the envelope. When the diaphragm or diaphragm face of the envelope is of metal thicknesses from about 0.002"" (0.05mm) to 0.007#"" (0.19mm) have been found adequate. However, thicker diaphragms may be used as well with up to about O."" (1.5mum) being contemplated. Thicknesses of 0.020"" (0.51mum) to 0.035' (0.89mm) are generally sufficient. The heat may be supplied to one or both platens in a number of ways. Common heat bars or heat elements of the electrical resistance type are satisfactory in many applications although a more versatile means of supplying heat is by using infrared radiation in wave lengths from 7, 500A to 6 microns or more. Since such infrared radiation lends itself readily; to concentration, absorption, transmission, and refrac tion over the areas to be heated by use of known optical and physical means such infrared radiation heating is more versatile than ordinary electrics' resistance heating elements. In either event with either system quite accurate temperature control is possible from less than about 200OF (940C) to a, excess of about 2,0000F (1093 C) which latter tempera ture far exceeds any nornal temperature requiremen; when working with plastics. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be fully understood by those skilled in'the art from the following description and drawings in which: FIG. 1 illustrates schematically the production of a wide sheet by use of plastic powders; FIG. 2 illustrates a mixture of different plastic powders graded progressively when joining two dissimilar plastic sheets; FIG. 3 is a schematic vertical section of another embodiment of the apparatus of the invention; FIG. 4 is a schematic vertical section of yet another embodiment of the apparatus of the invention; and FIG. 5 is a schematic side elevation illustrating the curing of an abrasion resistant coating applied to the silvered face of a plastic sheet when producing a mirror in accordance with the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In FIG. 1, there is shown an apparatus 100 comprising a lower platen 80 equipped with heating elements 81. The heating elements 81 may be electrical resistance heaters or, alternatively, may be tubes through which a heating fluid is pumped. A second platen as is positioned in opposed relationship to the platen 80. The platen 88 also incorporates heating elements 89 either by way of resistance heaters or tubes through which the-heating fluid is pumped. Any of a number of suitable heat sources may be used in place of or in addition to the heating cores 81,89. For example, infrared radiation from any suitable source such as electrical bars, quartz tube heaters or the like are particularly versatile because of the ease of controlling, concentrating, transmitting and absorbing the same on the material to be heated by use of known optical and physical techniques. However, any source of heat can be adapted for use in this invention. The platens 80 and 88 are mounted for relative move net toward and from one another by movement of one or both thereof. Secured to one of the platens 80,88, preferably the upper platen 88 as shown, is a flexible envelope 86 containing a fluid 87. The envelope 86 includes a front face or diaphragm 90. The diaphragm SO and the entire envelope 86 may be of any suitable material which will withstand the pressure and heat of operation including suitably selected metal sheets, plastic sheets, plastic and fabric combinations or the like. In some instances, metal alloys having extremely low coefficients of expansion are particularly useful for the diaphragm and for the entire envelope. However, in most applications it has been found that high coefficient of expansion materials, particularly copper and some stainless steels are very suitable. When a metal is used it has been found that thicknesses from about 0.020"" (0.51 mm) to 0.035"" (0.89 mm) are adequate. However, thicknesses of up to about 0.06"" (1.5 mm) are also useful. The interior of the envelope containing the fluid 87 communicates through a suitable conduit 91 with a source of fluid under pressure (not shown). The fluid may be a liquid such as water, hydraulic fluid, heat transfer fluid or the like or, alternatively, the fluid may be gaseous in which event air, or an inert gas such as nitrogen are suitable. The pressure source is selected depending upon the type of fluid (liquid or gaseous) which is to be utilized. A polished plate 82 is placed upon the platen 80 for the formation of a sheet of plastic. It will be appreciated that with suitable mold release agents the polished plate 82 may be dispensed with and the sheet formed directly upon the platen 80; however, the polished plate 82 is preferred. Members 102 and 104 on the plate 82 confine the plastic particles 83 which preferably comprise a finely ground powder. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, in a batch type operation where a single sheet is to be formed the members 102 and 104 extend around the periphery of the platen 80 and the plate 82 to confine the plastic particles 83 on all sides. However, when a continuous or substantially continuous sheet is to be formed the platens 80 and 88 can be elongated and comprise the adjacent converging runs of two conveyorlike structures so that the platens 80 and 88 not only move toward and from each other but also move longitudinally along with each other at the same rate. In the latter event, the members 102 and 104 are positioned only at the lateral side edges of the platen 80 as shown. The apparatus also includes a breathable microporous sheet 84 which is placed immediately above the plastic particles 83. The sheet 84 comprises a fabric material made of fiberglass and coated with PTFE in such a manner that the sheet has a myriad of minute pin holes substantially invisible to the naked eye extending therethrough throughout substantially the entire extent of the sheet. Positioned over the microporous parting sheet 84 is a fine woven wire cloth or screen 85. Alternatively, the element 85 may be a thin, flexible, porous or minutely perforated metal sheet. As will be apparent in the following description, the microporous parting sheet 84 and the wire screen 85 together comprise an air release means to release entrapped air from the layer of plastic particles 83 during formation of the sheet. The microporous parting sheet 84 and the wire screen 85 may be single sheets of material placed over the particle layer 83 in a batch operation or they may be a continuous track of material in the event the sheet is to be formed substantially continuously. While the above description refers to a two part air release means, a one part air release means as above described is also cortemplatec In such case the elements 84 and 85 are replaced by a single PTFE coated sheet comprising a porous metal sheet or wire screen. In operation, a layer of plastic particles 83 is spread substantially evenly in the area defined by the members 102 and 104 which layer is spread to a thickness substantially equal to or slightly greater than that of the members 102 and 104. The heating elements 81 or 89 or both are then energized to heat the platens 80 or 88 or both, and in the case of the platen 88 in order to heat the fluid 87 and the diaphragm 90 as well. While either platen 80 or 88 may be heated as described or both may be heated, it is sometimes sufficient that the lower platen 80 be heated whereby the heat is transferred through the polished plate 82 to the plastic particle layer 83. The platens 80 and 88 are then brought toward each other with the microporous parting sheet 84 and the wire screen 85 positioned therebetween. It will be appreciated that the layer of particles 83 together with the polished sheet 82, microporous parting sheet 84, and wire screen 85 comprise a ""sandwich"" located between the two platens 80 and 88. When the platens 80 and 88 have been brought together sufficiently so that the diaphragm 90 is applying a firm pressure on the layer 83 of plastic particles through the wire screen 85 and microporous parting sheet 84, then pressure is supplied through the conduit 91 to the envelope 86 and thus to the diaphragm 90. Under the heat supplied by the platen 80 (or the platen 88 or both) and the pressure applied by the diaphram 90 under pressure from the fluid 87, the plastic particles melt and consolidate into the plastic sheet. There is no lateral flow of plastic, only movement together to consolidation thus eliminating flow lines that produce stress. During this operation the diaphragm 90 insures that all areas of the layer 83 of particulate plastic material are under uniform pressure. After a suitable time, the platen 80 and 88 are separated, and the sheet produced from the layer of particles 83 is removed from the apparatus. The particle size is preferably below about 40 mesh, although, generally, the finer the powder used the better the results obtained, but, in any event, the powder should be free flowing so that there is an easy leveling of the plastic particle layer when the particles are applied initially. The pressures used will generally be below about 50 p.s.i. (3.52 kg/cm2), with 40 p.s.i. (2.81 kg/cm2) being typical though this will vary depending upon the material. The temperature best used is usually above the melt and will depend upon the particular plastic particles being utilized with 3500F (177 C) being useful for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as polymerized (without additives) and commercially available. This type of process produces a sheet that is vastly superior to previous products, which is stress free and has greatly improved physical and mechanical properties. Surprisingly, sheets of plastic made from the highest molecular weights such as trillions molecular weight polyethylene (MMwPE) are thermoformable when made by this process. Additionally, there is little or even no degredation even with materials in which high degradation is normally considered unavoidable. For example, MMwPE produces a stress free sheet that is completely undegraded and can be produced in any thickness ranging from very thin films to heavy weights Among other attributes it is this freedom from stress that makes these MMwPE sheets thermoformable whereas such sheets produced by other methods (if they can be produced at all) are very difficult or impossible to thermoform. Pure polyvinylchloride (PVC) sheet or film produced from polymerized plastic particles exhibits previously unobtainable properties. Among these are great impact strengths at far below freezing comparable to that at room temperature and the lack of the high degradation in a sheet of pure PVC which it is otherwise not possible to produce except by adding expensive addi:- tives. As another example, PTFE articles produced by this invention exhibit a much superior dielectric strength. By this process and equipment practically the whole range of thermoplastic materials can be processed. Two or more dissimilar materials can be spread in layers to produce a cladding, laminating, or surfacing thus allowing different properties to be combined at low cost or, alternatively, incorporating properties otherwise unattainable in one material. As one example, it is possible to produce a laminate in one step. The plastic particle layer 83 may include at the upper surface thereof a second layer 83' of a different plastic polymer in order that the completed product comprise a plastic sheet having one plastic on one side and a different plastic on the other side. Still further, a wood, metal, or other like material may be place directly upon the polished plate 82 or the platen 80 and a layer of- plastic particles 83 distributed thereover and then formed by this process such that the plastic particles are laminated directly to the wood, metal or other layer. Still further, one or more different polymeric materials can be spread in layers of the same or different thickness and simultaneously formed into film or sheet in one step. For example, normal molecular weight polyethylene may be spread in a layer 83' over a layer 83 of MMwPE placed on the polished sheet 82 in order to provide a cheap substrate (the upper layer 83') for facings (the layer 83) having low coefficients of friction. Various mixes of powders have been mixed with the plastic particles in layer 83 which have included graphite or molybdenum disulfide also for low coefficients of friction materials. Still further, this invention permits the production of much wider sheets than those which are currently possible and at a lower cost,while also eliminating great problems in maintaining thickness tolerances. And: as indicated, products with unusual properties may be produced. For example, very large building panels of pure PVC powder may be used in layer 83' to provide a low cost high strength backing with superior impact strength onto which a weather-side surface may be produced simultaneously in one stes by providing the layer 83 with a suitable powdered plastic t i # of an acrylic or the like which is ultra-violet light absorptive. This provides unparalleled resistance to the elements on the exposed surface. The outer surface can also be made highly chemically resistant by using fluorinated materials in the layer 83. Due to the broad applicability of this invention plastic articles having a wide variety of unusual characteristics may be produced. Indeed, it is possible to ""engineer"" many of the properties of the final product not previously possible. For example, this invention includes the ability to lower the heat requirement when melting crystalline materials such as polyethylene by as much as 20-25%. This results in a fast heating of the sheet when thermoforming with attendant savings in energy costs. Still further, the same sheet may be pellitized or ground for use as raw material for extrusion and injection processes and this raw material will require less total heat input to melt the plastic, thus making for a more economical operation. It has even been found that some crystalline materials such as polyethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, polypropylene and the like may be processed in the sheet at below the melt temperature. It is only necessary that the temperatures in the large crystal growth range be held long enough in the compacted fine particles so that the crystals will grow across boundaries of the sufficiently small particles and form into a solid mass. During the formation of the sheet from the plastic material 83 or 83 plus 83' any gases including air that surround the particles escape through the microporous parting sheet 84 and the wire screen 85 to the atmosphere. This is true also of any moisture that may be present which is vaporized and escapes in the same manner. Accordingly, as the sheet is being formed, it is formed substantially in the absence of air, moisture and oxygen and degradation is greatly lessened or avoided. Still further, there is no stress in the product since there is very little, if any, actual movement beyond that necessary to move from the particulate form into the solidified mass of the sheet, as mentioned above. In producing articles with the equipment and method of this invention, efficient results are often obtained from heating the bottom platen 80 only and using air pressure in the flexible envelope 86. As mentioned, however, the upper platen 88 may be heated by a suitable means. Still another alternative is to provide steam or hot liquids as the pressurizing fluid 87 in order to heat the diaphragm 90. In addition to the formation of articles, in particular sheets of plastic from plastic particles, the invention is also applicable to the welding of previously formed plastic sheets whether of the same or of different materials. For example, not only is it possible by this invention to make articles at far lower pressures (at 50 p.s.i. (3.52 kg/cm2) or less) than materials such as MMwPE have heretofore required, but by an adaptation of this process plastics which it has been difficult or impossible to weld may be welded with an excellence heretofore unknown. FIG. 2 shows the manner of welding a butt joint between two sheets of previously formed plastic sheet material 200 and 202. As shown in FIG. 2 only the lower platen 80 and the polished metal plate 82 are shown for simplicity. It will be appreciated that the upper platen 88 with its associated envelope 86 and diaphragm 90 together with the microporous parting sheet 84 and the wire screen 85 are also utilized in FIG. 2. The two sheets 200, 202 of plastic material to be joined are positioned on the polished plate 82 with their edges in spaced relationship as shown. In the space between their edges there is provided the plastic particulate material 201 to a depth to provide sufficient material for the proper thickness in the finished product to avoid either too thin or too thick a quantity of material at the finished joint. The particulate material 201 is preferably of the same polymer as the sheets 200 and 202. After supplying the material 201 to the space between the adjacent edges of the sheets 200, 202, the platens 80 and 8 < are brought together as described above to provide a firm pressure on the particles 201. At least one of the platens 80 or 88 (preferably the lower platen 80) or both are heated and are maintained at a suitable temperature generally at or above the melt temperature of the plastic particles 201. After the diaphragm 90 has been brought to bear through the wire screen EE and the microporous parting sheet 84 on the layer of plastic particles 201, pressure is supplied through conduit 91 to the fluid 87 and the diaphragm 90 to provide the requisite pressure for formation. After the plastic particles 201 have melted and formed the joint between the sheets 200 and 202, the pressure in envelope 86 is released and then the platens 80 and 88 are separated, and the polished plate 82 with the product thereon is removed from the apparatus. If no plate 82 is used then the product formed on platen 80 is usually cooled before it can be removed. For certain plastics or for reinforced articles cooling is not necessary. It will be appreciated that this apparatus and process is essentially the same as that described above with respect to FIG. 1 for the formation of a sheet excepting only that the elements 102 and 104 are not required and are instead replaced by the sheets 200, 202 of plastic material. When the sheets 200 and 202 are of different plastic polymers it is preferred that the plastic particulate material 201 be composed of particles of the same two plastic polymers as the sheets 200 and 202. In many instances it suffices to spread the two different plastic polymer particles and have them meet directly in the joint 201; however, it is sometimes preferred to use a gradual gradation from the plastic on one side to that of the other. For example, assuming that sheet 200 is made of a first plastic polymer designated A' and the second sheet 202 is made of a different plastic polymer designated B', then a track of powders would be placed adjacent the sheet 200 which is entirely a powder of the A' polymer. Similarly a track of powder would be placed adjacent to the sheet 202 which is entirely of the B' polymer. Adjacent to the track of A' polymer would be placed a mixture of plastic particles comprised of, say, two-thirds of the A' polymer plus one-third of the B' polymer and adjacent to the track of B' polymer powder would be placed a track of powder comprising a mixture of, say, two-thirds of the B' polymer plus one-third of the A' polymer. In the middle a mixture of one-half of the A' polymer and one-half of the B' polymer is provided. After supplying these tracks of plastic particles the sheets 200, 202 and the powder 201 are processed as above described for the joining of two sheets 200, 202 of the same polymer. While the ratios of two-thirds, one-third; one-half, one-half; and one-third, two-thirds have been mentioned by way of illustration, it will be appreciated that other proportions may be used and fewer or more tracks with lesser or greater gradual increase and decrease of the respective polymers may be utilized. While the above description of the use of the invention for welding sheets of plastic material together has referred to the forming of butt type joints, and while a butt type joint is shown in FIG. 2, the invention is not so limited. It has been found equally as useful in forming overlapped joints in which the plastic particles are placed in one or more layers between the overlapped edges of tne sheets. The layers of plastic powders may be graded wit; varying proportions as above described for the grade tracks of powders. In the above description of welding two like or unlike pre-existing sheets of plastic together, the plastic powders used would form the weld with the adjacent sheets using the present invention. However, sometimes happens that a plastic powder will not form a weld with a pre-existing sheet even when that sheet was produced from the same plastic as the powder In order to join two unlike sheets together in such instances, the joint is formed at the same time as the sheets themselves using the present method and equipment. The Examples below are illustrative of the application of the invention to the joinin#g of unlike sheets at the same time that one or both of the sheets are formed. EXAMPLE I Pure polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was joined to millions molecular weight polyethylene (MMwPE). Pure PVC powder which was pure as polymerized (no additives) was spread to be formed into a sheet and pure finely powdered MMwPE powder was spread to become a sheet with the powders meeting at the middle. The two powders met directly without the use of any mixture or gradation of the powders therebetween other than what mixing may have resulted from the pressure subse- quently applied. The materials assembled as just described were then treated as above described in an apparatus such as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 and heated to a temperature above the melt of either plastic, in this case, at 3920F (2000C). Sheets of varying thicknesses from 0.043"" (1.09mm) to 0.051"" (1.3mm) were joined in this manner. In a tensile strength test to determine the strength of the joint, the joined sheet was placed in a test apparatus with the joint line transverse to the direction of pull. It was found that the MMwPE sheet parted at 23 pounds/ 0.1875"" (10.4 kg/4.76mm) width while the joint remained intact. EXAMPLE II A polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheet 0.033"" (0.84mm) thick was joined to a millions molecular weight polyethylene (MMwPE) sheet 0.030"" (0.76mum) thick in the manner described above for Example I, excepting only that the PVC powder contained 2% of a tin stabilizer. The PVC powder met directly with the MMwPE powder with no gradation therebetween. The powders were then heated and processed in apparatus similar to that of FIGS. 1 and 2. In a tensile test of the joint it was found that the joint parted at 17 lbs/0.1875"" (7.7 kg/ 4.76mum) width which is approximately the tensile strength of MMwPE at that thickness. Subsequent tests demonstrated that the joint line strength is increased by the use of a single mixture of 50% PVC powder and 50% MMwPE powder. Still further improvement in the strength is achieved by use of the gradual increase of one and decrease of the other powder as above described with reference to the sheets 200, 202 when made respectively of polymers A' and B'. EXAMPLE III A PVC sheet was joined to a sheet of acrilonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) while producing both sheets from powders. The sheets were of 0.024"" (0.61mum) in thickness. The PVC powder used contained 2% tin stabilizer. A finely powdered ABS resin was spread to meet the edge of the PVC powder directly without gradation therebetween. The assembly was then subjected to pressure and heat as described above in apparatus like that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 to consolidate and form a joint. In a strength test in a tensile apparatus it was found that the ABS sheet parted at 23 lbs./0.1875"" (10.4 kg/4.76mm) width while the joint remained intact. The PVC sheet also remained intact. EXAMPLE IV A pre-existing commercially available PVC sheet was joined to a sheet of MMwPE as the sheet of MMwPE was formed Pure PVC (without additives) powder was spread to meet the edge of the pre-existing sheet of PVC and MMwPE powder which was to become the MMwPE sheet was spread to meet the PVC powder directly and then processed as in Example I. Tests to separate the sheet were relatively crude and the tensile strength was not measured; however, the sheets did not part at the joint. Accordingly, the present invention is applicable to the joining of two unlike sheets when both sheets are being formed as in Examples I, II, and III above or where one sheet already exists and the other sheet is formed at the time the joint is made as in Example IV above. In all instances the surface of thc joint reflected the texture of the metal sheet 82 and the parting sheet 84, and was not detectable as a joint except as to color when color existed. From the above examples, it is apparent that virtually any combinations of plastics may be welded or joined together with weld or joint strengths close to or equal to that of the sheet itself. In some cases the strength of the weld or joint is improvedsby a more gradual change of one plastic powder material to the other at the joint as previously described. It has been noted that when pure PVC or MMwPE are used in this process either in the formation of sheets or in the formation of welds or joints, there is comparatively little or no degradation of these materials and they are substantially stress free even though these materials are not normally considered to be capable of formation into sheets, welds, or joints with less than a great amount of degradation unless the PVC is specially compounded or, in the case of MMwPE, a thickness greater than about one-half inch is used. Even with the 392OF (2000C) process temperature generally used witn these examples, the present invention consolidates the plastic material in an extremely short dwell period above normal tempera erres. The following table is a useful guide in making first estimates of welding or joining temperatures: Welding Plastic Melt Point Temp. Degradation Pure Polyvinyl ) 335OF 3920F Very slight Chloride as ) (168 C) (2000C) polymerized ) (about) Pure Polyethylene ) 280-2900F 392OF Not measuror polymerized ) (138-1430C) (2000C) able (too millions molecular ) slight) weight Polyvinyl Chloride ) 330-3350F 3920F Very slight plus 2% tin ) (166-l680C) (2000C) stabilizer Pure ABS as ) Below 3000F 3920F Not measurpolymerized ) (1490C) (2000C) able (Acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene) The pressures necessary for welding or joining are the same as for making sheet and are very low and for some plastics may be only that obtainable from atmosphere and a partial vacuum. The process and apparatus of this invention are capable of producing a number of unique new products having improved or new properties as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Among these is the ability to produce wide thickness differences in the same sheet in which case more powder is used in the thicker areas and less in the thinner areas. Also different plastics may be used in different portions of the same -sheet. Most notably plastic articles including sheets produced by the method and apparatus of this invention are stress free. Still further, it is possible by this method and apparatus to produce articles including sheets of various thicknesses from very thick to very thin films from materials which have not previously been considered capable of being formed into such sheets. Among these are plastic polymers having millions molecular weight including, particularly, MMwPE. Most importantly, articles including sheets of millions molecular weight plastics such as polyethylene can not only be produced by this invention which was not previously economically possible, but in addition, such sheets are stress free which also was not previously possible. A product that is free of stress is very important in a number of applications as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art since such products are dimensionally very stable under extremes of temperature and do not have the localized weaknesses often associated with products having stresses built into them during formation. Previous to this invention the use of plastic sheets was limited to those temperatures that would not excessively release the stresses built into the product. Sheets or other articles produced by this invention, however, can be used at any temperature the particular plastic will withstand. While this invention has numerous applications in industry and can produce a very wide assortment of products including among others, sheet for use in the construction industry, in cladding, glazing for windows, and the like, one example described below is as a base or substrate for a mirror in place of the usual glass. This particular article is described below with reference to a second and third embodiment of the apparatus of this invention as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Essentially, the apparatus of FIGS. 3 and 4 differs from that of FIGS. 1 and 2 in having two diphragms one above and one below the sandwich. The diaphragms may be either single sheets of a heat resistant flexible material (FIG. 3) or the front face of a sealed envelope (FIG.4). This arrangement permits the use of glass platens which has not heretofore been possible. With reference to FIG. 3, there is shown an apparatus comprising support members S1 and S2 suitably mounted for relative movement. That is to say that either one or both of the support members S1, S2 may move toward and away from the other support member S1, S2. The upper support member S1 carries an upper platen 1 while the lower support S2 carries a lower platen 2. Each of the platens 1 and 2 incorporates heating cores 3 which may be electrical resistance heaters or tubes for carrying heated fluids, either gas or liquid. In place of heating cores 3 any of the heating mechanisms described above with refëren'ce 't'ϯ¯'the apparatus of - FIGS. 1 and 2 may be used. As shown in FIG. 3, there is a top diaphragm 4 and a lower diaphragm 5 carried respectively by pressure frames or members P1 and P2 which may advantageously form part of the jaws of a press also incorporating the supports S1 and 52. The diaphragms 4 and 5 are shown as having peripheral gaskets 6 of a suitable resiliently compressible sealing material such as rubber. The gaskets are preferably also resistent to deterioration from heat and are preferably spaced a sufficient distance from platens 1 and 2 as to reduce the heat that impinges on said gaskets 6. The gaskets 6 may be forced into sealing contact by the pressure members P1 and P2. As shown in FIG. 3, a master sheet 7 is positioned between the diaphragms 4 and 5. When producing a mirror, the sheet 7 is preferably of a high quality tempered or heat resistant glass highly polished although highly polished metal master plates 7 may also be used. The apparatus also includes a microporous parting sheet 10 and a wire screen 11 like elements 84 and 85 described above with reference to FIG. 1. In operation, a layer of powdered plastic material is placed upon the master sheet 7. If desired, a second layer 9 of the same or a different plastic material and of the same or different color may Fe placed over the layer 8. The apparatus is then closed bringing frames P1 and P2 as well as the support frames S1 and S2 together with the gaskets 6 in gas sealing contact to provide a chamber. At the same time, the support frames S1 and S2 are firmly pressin upon the opposite sides of the sandwich comprised of the master sheet 7, the layer of plastic particles S (or layers of plastic particles 8, 9, etc.), the microporous parting sheet 10, and the wire screen 11. Either or both of the platens 1, 2 is heated to a temperature sufficient to melt the plastic particles making up the layer 8 (or the layers 8, 9, etc.). After sealing the gaskets 6 and bringing the platens 1 and 2 into firm pressing engagement with the sandwich 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, a partial vacuum is applied through the conduit 12 to the sealed space or chamber defined by the diaphragm 4 and 5 and the gaskets 6 Tn t,e way, a pressure is achieved on the outer side o the diaphragms 4 and 5 which is a function of the offer- ential between the atmospheric pressure and the residual pressure within the chamber 4, 5, 6 resulting from the applied partial vacuum. This pressure though relatively low, is sufficient for the formation of many plastic particles (depending on their molec##: weight and their flow properties at the melt) i.nt¯ articles and sheets in accordance with the presen- invention This pressure applies a fluid pressure evenly over the whole area of the powdered layer 8. (or layers 8, 9, etc.). Also, due to the evenness of the pressure no damage such as cracking r or breaking of the glass master sheet 7 is experienced. The gaskets 6 are kept sealed and the partial evacuation of the chamber 4, 5, 6 maintained long enough. for the heat from platens 1 and 2 to penetrate into the plastic layer 8 (or layer , , 9, etc.) to melt the plastic and to cause it to fuse under the applied heat and pressure into a coherent sheet. Thereafter the vacuum at conduit 12 is discontinued, the apparatus is opened, and the finished plastic sheet removed. FIG. 4 shows an apparatus similar to that of FIG. 3 in which like elements are numbered with the same refer ence numerals. In FIG. 4, the pressure members P1, Pi, are not utilized nor are the gaskets 6. Also, in FIS, 4, the diaphragms 4 and 5 have been replaced by sealed pressure envelopes 14 and 15 respectively ha#'ing flexible diaphragm faces 141, 151 respectively These sealed pressure en#velopes 14 and 15 are mounted to support members S1 and S2 respectively by any known suitable means (not shown). It will be appreciated that while the pressure envelopes 14 and 15 are shown spaced from the platens 1, 2 for purposes of clarity, the same will be in contact with the platens 1 and 2 and may be secured directly thereto as with the envelope 86 shown in FIG. 1. Indeed, the apparatus of FIG. 4 is very similar to that of FIG. 1 accepting that the lower platen 2, unlike the lower platen 80 in FIG. 1, is also supplied with a sealed fluid envelope 15. Conduits 13 and 16 connect the interior of the fluid envelopes 14 and 15 respectively with a source of fluid under pressure. As with the apparatus of FIG. 1 the source of fluid pressure may be a hydraulic pump, an air compressor, or the like depending upon whether the fluid is a liquid such as water or hydraulic fluid or a gas such as air or an inert gas such as nitrogen. In operation, the support members S1, and S2 are brought together with the sandwich comprising the master sheet 7, the layer of plastic particles 8 (or layers 8, 9 etc.), the microporous parting sheet 10, and the woven wire screen 11 all positioned as shown between the sealed envelopes 14 and 15. One or both of the platens 1 and 2 will have been previously heated to or above the melting point of the plastic particles to be molded. After the platens 1 and 2 are exerting a firm pressure upon the sandwich 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 through their respective envelopes 14 and 15, the fluid within envelopes 14 and 15 is pressurized by a suitable mechanism through the conduits 13 and 16 respectively. In this construction, it is essential that the platens 1 and 2 be supported by their support members S1 and S2 by a mechanism that not only applies the low pressure required but holds the pressure exerted by the platens 1 and 2. The fluid pressure in envelopes 14 and 15 causes the diaphragm faces '41 e-d 151 to bear with an even pressure over the entire area of the layer of particles to be formed into a s.-.eet. This pressure is very even and adjusts automaticallv to insure evenness over the entire area. The pressure is kept applied in the envelopes 14 and 15 and t'ne apparatus is kept closed to maintain the platens and 2 in position for a time sufficient to a; melting of the powdered plastic material and it consolidation into a homogeneous sheet. After fox.ma- tion, the fluid pressure is relieved through conduits 13 and 16 and thus from the envelopes 14 and 15 and then the apparatus is opened thus moving th platens i and 2 away from each other. The sandwich may then be removed and cooled sufficiently for the plastic to be removed from the master layer 7. In many applications it has been found that the fluid pressure applied to the envelopes 14 and 15 may be from below about 1C p.s.i. (0.73 kg/cm2) to about 5^¯ p.s.i. (3.52 kg/cm2) depending upon such variables as the particXllar plastic being formed, its molecular weight and its flow properties, the nature of any embossings or debossings to be imparted to the plastic sheet fro the master 7 and the like. An alternative method of operating the apparatus of FIG. 4 comprises first pressurizing the envelopes 14, 15 with fluid pressure while the apparatus is open and support members S1, 52 separated wholly or partly. This pressurizing of the envelopes 14, 15 causes them to balloon outwardly at a very low pressure such as about 1-5 p.s.i. (0.073-0.365 kg/cm2). Rt this point, the conduits 13, 16 are turned off thus making taining the fluid under pressure in the envelopes 14, 15. Thereupon, the apparatus is operated to cause tne platens 1, 2 to close together with the necessary additional pressure being supplied by the apparatus itself, for example, with the usual hydraulic or fluid rams such as used in presses. In all cases, any air, gas, or moisture which might otherwise tend to become trapped within the final sheet (as the plastic powder melts and forms into the sheet) passes out through the icroporous parting sheet 10, the air escape wire screen 11 and then to the atmosphere with any moisture being converted to vapor and escaping in the same manner. The diaphragms 4, 5, 141 and 151 as well as the entire envelopes 14 and 15 may be made of any suitable metal or plastic material as mentioned above that will stand the pressures and temperatures involved. A copper sheet of 0.030"" (0.76mm) in thickness and a stainless steel sheet of the 400 series of 0.020"" (0.51mum) in thickness have been used successfully. Thicknesses of up to about 0.06"" (1.5mm) are also very useful. The coherent plastic sheet produced reflects the high polish of the master sheet 7 and equals the best that can be produced in glass. If desired the master sheet 7 may be etched or have other surface ornamentation which will be reproduced in the final plastic sheet. Because of the very even fluid pressure applied by the diaphragms there is no cracking or breaking of the master sheet 7 even when it is made of glass. Because of the extremely smooth and polished surfaces obtainable the sheet produced can be used in many applications where glass is used. In one applictlor it serves well as a mirror. Indeed reflective materials bond with greater strength to the plastic sheets produced by this invention than to glass This is contrary to previous experience since heretofore polystyrene has been nearly impossible to silver plate directly without an intermediate coating or other treatment. Also, mirrors made from such sheet provide strikingly better reflectivity. When producing sheets to be used as a mirror care must be taken to avoid any release agent on the surface and if release agents are used on the master °beet 7 they must be cleaned off thoroughly from the final plastic sheet. Other than for this, no special treatment such as chemical etchings or corona discharge are necessary. Silver spray plating has proved very efficient and economical in the production of mirrors from sheets produced in accordance with this invention A pressently preferred procedure for the application of such a reflective coating is as follows: (a) cleaning and water rinsing to obtain a release free and fingerprint free surface (b) a sensitizing spray is applied (c) a water rinse (d) a silver solution is sprayed evenly over the surface (e) a thorough water rinse is applied All of the above steps (a) through (e) =ay be performed automatically on equipment conventionally used for' glass mirrors. It is presently preferred to produce mirrors of the ""first surface"" type rather than of the ""second surfaced' type as is usual with glass Treat is to say that the reflective coating is placed upon the front surface of the sheet of plastic rather than the rear surface as is common with glass mirrors. In order to protect the silver plating in such first surface mirrors it must be covered with a suitable transparent abrasion resistant coating for example an acrylic coating which is preferably sprayed on. A preferred material for this abrasion resistant coating is the class of glass resin polymers described in US. patent no. 3,451,838. These polymers cure to an abrasion resistant glass-like hard thermoset material that is insoluble in most common solvents non-yellowing and highly light transmittlng above about l9COA. A 40t solution of such a glass resin in butanol with about 5% of a catalyst has proven successful. A thickness of .001"" (0.025mm) has been found adequate. The recommended cure time by the manufacturer of the glass res utilized was 16-24 hours at 2750F (13500). This recommended cure temperature and time is unecon comically long and the terperature excessive for the polystyrene homopolymer mirror sheet 0.C9"" (2.29mm) thick which was used to produce a mirror by this invention since the material melts at about 2800F (138 C). The total of heat and curing time was reduced to six minutes or less by the use of radiant heat evenly applied from above. This radiation strikes the silver plating which reflects back well over 90% of the radiation reaching it. The resin coating therefore heats very quickly while the other side of the sheet heats only very slowly. A temperature of 400 F (204 C) is reached very rapidly (about four minutes or less) and a cure of the-gl-a-ss-- r-esina s achieved at this temperature before there is damage to the underlying polystyrene sheet. FIG. 5 shows an apparatus for curing in accordance with the just described procedure. As shown in FIG. 5 there is a highly reflective stainless steel panel 17 having a plurality of radiant heating coils 18 positioned therebelow. A polystyrene homopolymer sheet 19 produced by the present invention either by the apparatus of FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 and 0.09"" (2.29mm) thick, having a molecularly thin silver layer 20 thereon, and having a film coating 21 of a glass resin as described above was cured as shown in the apparatus of FIG. 3. The complete operation was completed in about six minutes as above mentioned. Mirrors produced in accordance with this process appear, to the lay observer, to have a greatly magnifying effect due to the fact that such a mirror does not experience the 10-15% light loss which is common to second surface glass mirrors. In all of the above embodiments of the apparatus and method of this invention the heating of the platens may commence before or after the platens are brought together or before or after fluid pressure is applied to the plastic particles by the diaphragm or diaphragms. The particular sequence will depend upon a number of variables including the particular equipment being used, time to heat the platens and the plastic, the temperature required, etc. In all instances, however, the plastic particles consolidate into the article while at or above their melt temperature and while they are at the same time being subjected to the fluid pressure applied by the diaphragm or diaphragms.";"Claims: 1. In a method of making a plastic article from finely divided plastic particles utilizing heat and pressure the improvement comprising applying a quantity of said plastic particles to a first member; disposing a flexible diaphragm in opposed relationship to said first member with said plastic particles therebetween; disposing between said plastic particles and said diaphragm a microporous air release means; positioning said diaphragm against said air release means with said air release means against said plastic particles; applying a fluid-like pressure to said diaphragm to cause said diaphragm to apply an even fluid-like pressure on said plastic particles through said air release means; applying heat to the plastic particles while they are under said fluid-like pressure; venting entrapped gases through saiÅa air release means from between said particles while the latter are being heated and pressed with said fluidlike pressure; controlling the degree of pressure and heat applied to said plastic particles to achieve sufficient pressure and heat to cause the particles to consolidate and form a plastic article. 2. The method of Claim 1 in which said flexible diaphragm is one face of a sealed envelope. 3. The method of Claim 1 including a second flexible diaphragm positined in Opposition to said first flexible diaphragm with said microporous air release means and said plastic particles therebetween and in which fluid-like pressure is applied to both of said diaphragms. 4. The method of Claim 3 in which said dieu phragms are sealed together and said fluidw pressure is applied by applying a partial vacuum between said diaphragms. 5. The method of Claim 3 in which both of said diaphragms, are the front face of sealed envelopes and in which said fluid-like pressure is applied by pressurizing a fluid in said envelopes. 6. The method of any preceeding claim in which said microporous air release means comprises a poly tetrafluoroethylene coated fiberglass fabric positioned adjacent to said plastic particles and a wire screen positioned between said fabric and the first of said diaphragms. 7. The method of any one Claims 1 through 5 in which said air release means is a polytetrafluoroethylene coated wire screen. 8. The method of Claim 1 in which said method is used to weld two sheets of plastic together by placing said plastic particles between adjacent edges of said sheets and processing said sheet edges and plastic particles as in Claim 1. 9. The method of Claim 8 in which the adjacent edges of said sheets are separated apart with the plastic particles extending therebetween in a relationship to produce a butt weld. 10. The method of Claim 8 in which the adjacent edges of said sheets overlap with the plastic particles therebetween whereby an overlapped weld is produced. 11. The method of Claim 1 in which said plastic particles are of two different plastics, the plastic particles of one of said plastics being arranged to produce a sheet by said method, the plastic particles of the other of said plastics being arranged to produce a second sheet by said method simuiltaneously with the formation of said first mentioned sheet, and the plastic particles of said first and other plastics meeting each other whereby two sheets are produced simultaneously with joining said sheets together. 12. The method of Claim 1 including disposing a pre-existing sheet of plastic adjacent to said plastic particles to produce a second sheet from said plastic particles which second sheet is joined to said first mentioned sheet during formation of said second sheet by processing in accordance with the method of Claim 1. 13 The method of one of Claims 3, 4, or 5 in which said first member includes a polished glass sheet portioned between said diaphragms whereby one face of said article exhibits the polished surface of said glass sheet, applying a reflective silver layer to said polished surface of said article, applying a transparent plastic coating over said reflective layer, ano curing said transparent plastic coating whereby a mirror is produced. 14 ffi polymeric plastic article, said article having been produced directly from the powdered plastic of said polymer, and said article being substantrally stress free. 15 The polymeric plastic article of Claim 14 in which said polymer is of millions molecular weight. 16. The polymeric plastic article of Claim 14 in which said polymer is a millions molecular weight polyethylene. 17. An apparatus fir making a plastic article from finely divided plastic particles utilizing heat and pressure which apparatus includes a pair of members movable relative to each other characterized in that: one of said members includes a flexible diaphragm. positioned in opposed relationship to the other of said members; a microporous air release means positioned between said diaphragm and said other member; means for applying a fluid-like pressure to said diaphragm to cause said diaphragm to apply an even fluid-like pressure through said air release means to plastic particles positioned on said other member; and means for heating at least one of said members. 18. The apparatus of Claim 17 in which said flexible diaphragm is one face of a sealed envelope. 19. The apparatus of Claim 17 in which said other member includes a second flexible diaphragm and means for applying fluid-like pressure to both of said diaphragms. 20. The apparatus of Claim 19 in which sealing means is provided at edges of at least one of said diaphragms whereby said diaphragms may be sealed together when said members are moved to a position adjacent each other; and said means for applying a fluid-like pressure applies a partial vacuum to the chamber defined by said sealing means and said diaphragms. 21. The apparatus of Claim 19 in which both of said diaphragms are the front face of sealed envelopes and in which said means for applying a fluid-like pressure applies pressure to both of said envelopes hy pressurizing a fluid in said envelopes. 22. The apparatus of any one of Claims 17 thro 21 in which said microporous air release means com- prises a polytetrafluoroethylene coated fiberglass fabric and a wire screen positioned between said fabric and the first of said diaphragms. 23. The apparatus of any one of Claims 17 through 21 in which said air release means is a polytetrafluoroethylene coated wire screen.";GARABEDIAN, ARMEN;GARABEDIAN, ARMEN;1978
+EP-0007322-B1;19820331.0;19781122;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;25455691.0;A63F3;G09B19;A63F3;A63F   3/00J4, K63F3:00B;A BOARD GAME DEVICE;"A board game device for playing a game entitled ""ENVI­ RONMENT"" and which includes a rectangular board (10) hav­ ing a path of movement (12, 14) delineated thereon with the path including various alternate routes (28, 30) and being divided into a plurality of segments (18,20) with the segments having various indicia associated therewith. Cards with indi­ cia thereon are placed on the board (10) and playing pieces are provided which are moved in accordance with a chance device in the form of a unique roulette wheel and simulated money is used in playing an interesting and educational game. This game device creates an interest in the environ­ ment in the players which is accomplished by having the players acquire awards for their active preparation in the game and the knowledge obtained in connection with environmental science.";"A A board game device The present invention generally relates to a board game device in which a playing board is provided with a planar surface provided with a path of movement delineated thereon with the path including alternate paths of movement for game pieces which are moved in accordance with instructions provided by a chance device, instructional cards and rules of play with the indicia being related to improvement of and maintenance of environmental conditions. The use of board game devices for entertainment, competition and educational benefits are well-known, and various types of board games are commercially available and patents have been issued on various board game devices, including the following U.S. patents: Nos. 3,638,946 - Feb. 1,1972 - Bain 4,054,289 - Oct. 18,1977 - Burkett 2,952,461 - Sep. 13,1960 - Boulanger 3,997,166 - Dec. 14,1976 - Flores 2,174,058 - Sep. 26,1939 - McGennis 2,026,082 - Dec. 31,1935 - Darrow. The Bain patent relates to geographical travel in which the players travel along a particular route from one location to another. The Burkett patent also relates to automobile travel and is instructive with respect to traffic rules and penalties associated with the violation of such rules. Boulanger also relates to a travel game in which the component parts are retained in place to enable the game to be used by occupants of a vehicle, or the like. The Flores patent is simulative of air line operation including various purchases, sales and other business transactions. The McGennis patent also relates to business transactions, such as the purchase and sale of stock, and the like. The Darrow patent covers the well-known game of ""MONOPOLY"" and relates to various business transactions. Thus, while all of the above mentioned patents disclose game boards with game pieces movable along a path delineated thereon in accordance with chance control devices and rules of play, none of the above patents relate to creating an interest in or providing instructions in environmental science. The invention as claimed is intended to provide a remedy. It solves the object of providing a board game device to create an interest in and awareness of the environment by the players, including a game board with a segmental path of movement delineated thereon including alternate routes, numerical indicia, descriptive and instructional indicia, distinguishable colors in certain segments and areas for positioning decks of cards having indicia thereon. The board game device according to the invention comprises a unique roulette wheel including groups of numbers, distinguishable colored areas and two balls for controlling movement of game pieces on the game board, together with awards which may be obtained by the players when they have participated in the game, gained environmental knowledge and obtained possession of certain properties. The present board game device also will convey the knowledge of environmental problems facing the world to the players and facilitate student instruction in environmental science and related courses, with the object of the game not being to accumulate money but to obtain maximum knowledge of the elements of environment and the problems of the environment faced by this and future generations, while at the same time providing fun and entertainment. One way of carrying out the invention is described in detail below by referring to drawings which illustrate only one specific embodiment, in which: Figure 1 is a plan view of the game board forming a part of the board game device of the present invention; Figure 2 is a plan view of the roulette wheel utilized in association with the game board and a pair of balls to control movement of the game pieces along the game board; and Figure 3 is a plan view of one of the awards obtained by the players when they have gained possession of certain properties. The Figures show a game board, generally designated by the numeral 10, which may be of generally rectangular configuration with rounded corners or any other suitable configuration and constructed of heavy cardboard or other panel member utilized in constructing game boards, with the upper surface of the game board being generally planar. A transverse hinge structure may be provided to enable the game board to be folded into overlying halves by the use of a hinge tape, or the like. The game board is provided with a peripheral path of movement defined by an outside perimeter line 12 and an inwardly spaced generally concentric line 14 with this path being divided into a plurality of segments by a plurality of transverse lines 16. As illustrated in Fig. 1, one of the segments or spaces is designated as a starting space as designated by numeral 18 and the other spaces are designated by sequential numerical indicia 20; there being 44 peripheral spaces with various of the spaces including background color indicia 22, descriptive or instructional indicia 24 and pictorial indicia 26. Extending transversely of the board are two alternate paths 28 and 30 with one of the paths being a short cut alternate route and the other path returning a player's game piece to a preceding space so that his game piece must travel a greater number of spaces to return to the starting point. Also, the game board 10 includes four spaces 32 thereon for positioning decks of cards with each space 32 being distinguishably colored and provided with indicia indicating the deck of cards to be positioned thereon, and the game board also includes large indicia 34 indicating the name of the game to be played with the game device, that is, ""ENVIRONMENT"". The game device also includes a roulette wheel 36 which is of conventional construction except for the indicia associated with the pockets with the present roulette wheel including 36 spaces designated by reference numeral 38 in which the spaces are arranged in four sets of numerically indicated spaces with the numbers 1-6 being marked on the spaces in the roulette wheel. In addition, between the four sets of spaces, three colored spaces are provided, there being a total of four blue spaces 40, four red spaces 42 and four green spaces 44 and one white space 46. Two small metallic balls are utilized in association with the roulette wheel, with the balls and the roulette wheel, including the pockets, rotatable component, and the like, being conventional, while the indicia associated with the pockets are as described above, and two balls being used instead of the usual single ball. Fig. 3 illustrates an award or star generally designated by numeral 48 and which is in the form of a five-pointed star with each of the points having a distinguishable color 50 and the center being provided with designating indicia 52 with the award being designated as a ""Shah"" star. These awards are obtained by the players in accordance with the rules of playing the game. In addition, decks of cards with instructional indicia thereon are provided, and simulated money is also provided in playing the game. In playing the game of ""ENVIRONMENT"", the objective is to create an interest in the environment in the players which is accomplished by having the players acquire maximum number of ""Shah"" stars which are awarded for their active participation in the game and the knowledge obtained in environmental resources. The following represents a more detailed description of the rules for playing a typical game, it being pointed out that the various indicia may be altered and various types of game pieces may be utilized by the players: State Treasury: The State Treasury is the sole owner of all monies and estates in playing this game. The State Treasury leases the estates to the players after receiving the necessary costs and fees for the said estate. If the State Treasury should go out of funds, plain paper dollars with marked amounts and signed by the President of the State Treasury could be used. The State Treasury cannot go bankrupt. For selecting the President of the State Treasury, each player must take a turn to rotate the environment roulette. The lowest number shown out of all players, will be selected the President. The President automatically receives $500.00 from the Treasury, for his duties throughout the game. The Presient must always remember to keep his personal monies separate from the Treasury department. When there are more than four players participating in the game, it is recommended to appoint one player as the President of the State Treasury full time, and he will have no playing piece on the game board and he will be out of the game, but will be fully responsible for the control of the State Treasury and will see that all the rules of the game are implemented properly by the players. The $500.00 he was to receive from the State Treasury will remain the property of the State Treasury. Description of materials involved in the game: 1. Game Board The game board is made of flat cardboard. There are 44 spaces marked along the side of the game board which are numbered for the convenience of playing the game, except for the starting point which is not numbered. There are four different colored decks of cards in the center of the game board. 2. Environment Roulette and Two Balls: The game is played by means of environment roulette and two small metallic balls. There are 36 spaces marked in the environment roulette. These spaces are comprised as follows: (a) 24 Arabic numbered spaces. These are four sets of 1 - 6 numbers marked on spaces in the roulette. (b) Four blue color spaces. (c) Four red color spaces. (d) One white color space. Method of using environment roulette: The players move their playing pieces on the game board according to the numbers indicated by the ball(s). The player will rotate the environment roulette and the balls will land on two spaces marked in the environment roulette. If the two balls land on: (a) Two Arabic numbers: The player will move his playing piece by totalling both the numbers. (b) One Arabic number and one color: The player will draw the card from the deck on the game board according to the color where the ball lands and move his play ing piece according to the Arabic number. The player will follow the instruction of the card from the deck first and then will move his playing piece according to the number. (c) Double Arabic numbers (same numbers): The player will move his playing piece by totalling both numbers and the player will get one more turn-and will rotate the environment roulette once again. This process will be repeated if the player gets doubles again and will continue until he gets a single number with color or two different numbers. (d) Double Colors: The player will draw two cards from the decks on the game board according to the colors where the balls landed on the roulette. If two balls land on the same color, then the player will draw two cards from one deck. When the two balls land on colors, the player will get one more turn and will rotate the environment roulette. This process will be repeated until one of the balls or both balls comes to rest on one or two numbers. How to play the game: Step One: Arrangement of Materials: Place the game board on a flat surface, such as table, floor, etc. Separate and place face down, all colored cards, according to color and space provided on the game board. Each player will receive the amount of $3,000.00 from the President of the State Treasury for playing purposes. Each player selects his/her own playing piece to represent him/her for their new adventure. Step Two: Playing Technique: All players take one turn, to rotate the environment roulette. The player with the highest score shown will be player No.1 and will start the game. The player with the second highest score shown will be player No. 2. The player with the third highest score shown will be player No. 3, etc. The seating arrangement will follow the same pattern. All players will be on the left side of player No. 1 in sequence of their scores. Player No. 1 will begin by placing his game piece on the game board, in the space marked ""Start"". He will then rotate the environment roulette in the direction pointed by the arrow, and will proceed to move as many spaces as shown on the environment roulette. If player No. 1 lands on property that may be leased, he may do so. Player No. 2 and all other players will follow the same procedure as player No. 1. If a player lands on a property which is already leased, then he must pay lease charges to the owner. Award of nShah"" stars: - when played as an educational game. Each player is required to submit a request to the President, for a ""Shah"" star, after he is in the possession of two estates, as specified below: (a) Two National Parks, with recreational centers; (b) Two Energy Companies; (c) Two Clubs. He must prepare himself for the merit test, thus, being allowed to skip one turn for studying purposes. The merit test begins by the player requesting the merit test, reading aloud to the other players the information printed on the back of his two lease registration cards. The player then gives his two cards to the President. Two questions, asked by other players and based on the information read from the back of the lease registration cards, must be answered correctly by the applicant to win the award of the ""Shah"" star. If the player answers one or both questions incorrectly, the ""Shah"" star is denied and the player has to pay $50.00 compensatory fine to the State Treasury and the President returns the two lease registration cards to the player. The player can re-submit his request for the award of a ""Shah"" star, after his third turn only. If a player fails three merit tests-,-his-- estates are confiscated by the President, returned to the State Treasury, and no compensation is given to the player. Once a ""Shah"" star has been awarded, it cannot be sold, traded, or given to any other player, under any circumstances. Award of ""Shah"" stars: when playing for fun only. This game when played for fun only, the ""Shah"" stars are awarded on the following basis: When: (a) A player owns two National Parks with recreational centers, one ""Shah"" star is awarded. (b) A player owns two Energy Companies, one ""Shah"" star is awarded. Once a nShah star has been awarded, it cannot be sold, traded or given to any other player, under any circumstances. Selling leased estates on the basis of which ""Shah"" stars were obtained for getting additonal stars by erecting recreational centers on the already leased national parks: The player can sell to the State Treasury, the leased estates on the basis of which he already obtained his stars for erecting recreational center on already owned National Parks, with a view of obtaining an additional ""Shah"" star. Lease is compulsory if a player lands on a free estate: If a player lands in a National Park, Energy Company or Club, it is compulsory to purchase the lease. If the player does not have enough cash to purchase the lease of the estate, he will be considered a visitor only. The estate will remain the property of the State Treasury until another player lands there and is able to purchase the lease of that estate. Leasing National Parks and Recreational Centers: If a player's piece reaches a space marked ""National Park"" and this estate is not already leased by another player, he has to purchase the lease by paying the cost marked in the space on the playing board. The player will then be given a lease registration card with the name of his newly purchased estate. The player must then place a recreational center on his estate and will pay the charge shown on the lease registration for erecting a recreational center. If the player does not have enough money to buy a recreational center at the time of the lease purchase of the National Park, he will then have to buy the recreational center as soon as he is in the possession of enough money to cover the cost thereof. If the player fails to do this, he willhaveto pay a fine of $?oo.oo to the State Treasury for failure to act promptly for the appropriate action. -After paying the fine, the player has to erect a recreational center by his next turn, otherwise the State Treasury will take back the National Park lease and will not refund any compensation. If the National Park is already leased out, and under the circumstances where no recreational center has been built on the National Park, the owner can charge another player admission fees only, for landing on his leased estate. It is the duty of the landed player to ask the lease owner to show the lease registration card and pay the admission fees and charges for the recreational center, if erected. It is the responsibility of the lease holder to claim the charges from the player who lands on his estate. If the lease holder allows the player to move out of his estate without paying charges (due to lack of claims), the President fines the player who moved out of the estatewand the lease holder forfeits the charges which he could have collected. If the landed player moves out cf the National Park without paying the required dues, the President of the State Treasury will collect a fine of $100.00 for admission fees and $1,600.00 for the recreational center, if erected. This fine is for violation and dishonesty of the game. If for some reason the lease registration card cannot be found among the players, the President of the State Treasury will call the owner of the leased property to produce the lease registration card. If the owner fails to produce the lease registration card, the lease will be cancelled and the estate will be taken over by the State Treasury again. Leasing Energy Companies and Clubs: If a player lands on a space marked Energy Company or Club, and it is not leased by another player, he must purchase the lease by paying the cost marked in the space on the playing board. After the lease has been purchased, the President of the State Treasury issues the buyer a lease registration card, showing the name of the estate he has purchased and the charges for the use of the facilities when used by other players If the Energy Company or Club is already leased out, it is the duty of the landed player to ask the lease owner to show the lease registration card and pay the charges for the use of the facilities. If the landed player moves out of the National Park, Energy Company or Club, without paying the required dues, the President of the State Treasury will collect a fine of $100.00 for violation and dishonesty of the game. If for some reason the lease registration card cannot be found among players, the President of the State Treasury will call the owner of the leased estate to produce the lease registration card. If the owner of the leased estate fails to produce the lease registration card, the lease will be cancelled and the estate will be taken by the State Treasury. Selling and transfers of leased estates to the State Treasury: The State Treasury will accept, at any time, the return of the leased estates but only one-half of the original lease fees will be refunded. Leased estates cannot be sold from one player to another: If a player needs emergency cash for a penalty, or accident charges, or taxes, or for erecting a recreational center, he can return his leased estates back to the State Treasury only. A player cannot turn his leased estate back to the State Treasury or remove his recreational center for the purpose of buying a new or different estate. Personal gifts and loans: Players are not allowed to give or to receive any type of gifts or loans from other players or from the State Treasury, regardless of the situation. Environmental Protection Tax: (Red Cards) If a player arrives at ""Environmental Protection Tax"" space, and/or a ball lands on red space in the environment roulette, he will take the top card from the red deck and read aloud clearly. If the player fails to read aloud and accurately the contents on the card, the State Treasury will charge double the amount shown on the card. The player returns the card face down to the bottom of the deck after reading it. The player may or may not read aloud the contents of the card when playing for fun only. Try Luck: ] (Blue Cards) If a player reaches a rTry Luck"" space, and/or a ball lands on the blue space in the environment roulette, he will take the top card from the blue deck and read aloud the conents to the participating players. If the player fails to read aloud the contents of the blue card, he will pay a fine of $100.00 to the State Treasury, and returns the card to the bottom of the blue deck. The player may or may not read aloud the contents of the card when playing for fun only. Conversation Grant: (Green Cards) If a player lands on ""Conservation Grant"" space, and/or a ball lands on the green space in the environment roulette, he will take the top card from the green deck and read aloud and clearly, stating the reason and the amount which he will receive as his Conservation Grant. If the player fails to read aloud and accurately the contents of the cards, the State Treasury will not pay the player the amount of the grant which he was expected to receive. After reading the card, the player returns the card face down to the bottom of the green deck. The player may or may not read aloud the contents of the card when playing for fun only Performance Efficiency Award: (White Cards) Each time a player completes the circle of the playing board from the starting point, and/or a ball lands on a white space in the environment roulette, he will draw a Performance Efficiency Award card and will receive a cash award according to the players efficiency rating. The player must return the card face down, to the bottom of the deck of which he drew. Environmental Violation: If a player lands on ""Environmental Violation"" space No.30, he will have to pay a fine of $400.00, be sent straight to jail and will skip three turns. He will also miss the opportunity to draw a performance efficiency award card. If he can produce a President's Pardon (which is two Try Luck cards), he is considered a visitor at the Environmental Violation space No. 30, and does not have the $400.00 fine; he does not go to jail; he does not skip three turns and he will be allowed to draw a performance efficiency award card. Jail: When a player lands on space No.4, marked ""Jail"", he is considered visiting Wayside Park and does not pay anything. Short Cut Approach: When a player lands on space No. 2, marked ""Short Cut Approach"", he moves to space NO. 17 marked ""Try Luck"" and draws one blue card from the deck on the game board. Serious Accident: If a player lands on ""Serious Accident"" spare No. 14, he will be sent direct to the hospital, where he will skip two turns and pay $300.00 hospitalization costs. Hospital: When a player lands on space No. 32, he is considered visiting the hospital and there is no charge for it. Nuclear Shelter: If a player lands on the space No. 8 marked ""Nuclear Attack Alarm"" the player goes to the ""Nuclear Shelter"" and will skip one turn. Also, if the player lanes on the space No. 40 marked ""Nuclear Weapon Testing Area"", he is directly sent via detour to Nuclear Shelter and will skip one turn. Death Valley: If a player lands on space No.10 marked ""Death Valley"", he will skip one turn. People's Space Flight Center: If a player lands on space No. 13 marked ""People's Flight Center"", he is considered a visitor and there is no charge. Bad Flood: If a player lands on space No. 16 mark ""Bad Flood"", he will pay to the T'easury $80.00 for the flood relief fund. Snow Storm: If a player lands on space No. 22 marked ""Snow Storm"", he is required to pay $100.00 to the State Treasury or skip one turn. Landslide: If a player lands on space No. 28 marked ""Landslide"", he is required to pay to the StateTmasury $100.00 or will skip one turn. Oil Spill Penalty: If a player lands on space No. 6 or space No. 36 marked ""Oil Spill Penalty"", he is required to pay $150.00 to the State Treasury. Minor Accident: If a space is occupied by a player's piece and a second player lands there, the second player will pay to the first occupant of that space a minor accident fine of $25.00. This $25.00 is supplement to the charges which the player is obliged to pay, such as admission fees, recreational center charges, club membership fees or charges by the energy companies. If a third player lands, he will pay to each player.00 as compensation for the minor accident, besides paying other dues according to the demand of the space. Conclusion of Game: 1. There are nine ""Shah"" stars in the game. When the President of the State Treasury has awarded the last ""Shah"" star, the player who has the maximum number of ""Shah"" is the winner. (The abundance of dollars or the number of estates owned has no value for determining the winner.) If more than two players are participating in the game, the second, third and fourth place winner would be according to the number of ""Shah"" stars in the possession of the players. 2. If the game is interrupted and has to be stopped for any reason, the winner is the player who is in possession of the most ""Shah"" stars. 3. If two players hold an equal amount of ""Shah"" stars, the game becomes a tie game between the two players. 4. tf a player owes a debt to another player, he will return his estate leases to the State Treasury for the proper refund, and in turn, will pay his debit to the player he owes. 5. If the player has been awarded any ""Shah"" stars with his estate leases, he will keep his ""Shah"" stars until the game comes to an end. If he should become bankrupt during the play, he must remove his playing piece from the board and can only participate in the process of the merit test given to other players. 6. If one of the last two players loses all his cash and estates, the game ends and the player who has the greatest number of ""Shah"" stars is the winner. Game as instructional tool in Environmental Science and Inter-Disciplinary Science Courses: This game could be utilized as part of the formal system in teaching Environmental Science. The instructors could assign students in the schools, colleges and iniversities, to play ""Environment"" and to submit a short report of what knowledge the students have acquired from the game regarding environment and its application in life. Necessary credits may be granted for the productive effort of the student. Conservation Grant (Green Cards) 1. Special Award for developing special kind of Zoos for wildlife conservation. You receive $150.00. 2. Grant for the development of the equipment and the technology to manage the quality of our invironment so that observations and measurements of pollution locally, regionally and globally could be maintained efficiently. You receive $150.00. 3. Grant for water conservation project. You receive $100.00. 4. Grant for Bengal Tiger conservation project. Bengal Tiger is citically endangered species of the world. You receive $100.00. 5. You are awarded grant for the conservation of Lion Marmosets of Brazil which is a critically endangered species of the world. You receive $100.00. 6. Grant to develop efficient food storage system to meet the requirement of increasing population. You receive $100.00. 7. You are awarded grant for Marine conservation. You receive $100.00. 8. Grant for development of new natural parks. You re ceive $100.00. 9. Grant to study effects on man and his environment of major engineering projects. You receive $100.00. 10. Grant to secure methods of nuclear waste storage. You receive $100.00. 11. Grant to study environmental effects of urban-industrial societies. You receive $100.00. 12. Grant for development of nuclear waste disposal system. You receive $100.00. 13. Grant to reclaim eroded beach, due to poor planning and management. You receive $50.00. 14. Grant to save oysters from destruction by the spill of crude oil into the ocean. You receive $50.00. 15. Grant to develop all natural health food free from chemical pollution. You receive $50.00. 16. Grant to develop the efficient system for forecasting earthquakes. You receive $50.00. 17. Special Award to control water erosion. You receive $150.00. 18. Grant for assessing damage caused by pollution to lakes. You receive $150.00. 19. Grant to develop policies regarding noise levels at which high-ways and airports should be designed to operate. You receive $80.00. 20. Grant to develop special technique and re-design of aircraft currently in use to reduce noise. You receive $.100.00. 21. Grant for conducting research to reduce pollution emissions such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and smoke caused by aircraft engine emissions. You receive $100.00. 22. Grant to study the possibility of using hydrogen as fuel. You receive $50.00. Try Luck (Blue Cards) 1. Move forward to Arab Oil Company. (If free, you may purchase the leaser if already owned, you must pay the owner lease charges. 2. Pardon by President. Get out of jail free. (You keep it till you require or sell for $400.00.). 3. Special Award for your constructive effort to clean polluted streams. Amount you receive $80.00. 4. Fishing violation in restricted area. Pay fine $50.00. 5. Hunting violation in nature preserved area. Pay fine $50.00. 6. Special tax, pay $30.00. Contribution to wind protection development scheme to provide shelter from hot and cold high winds. 7. You are in quick sand area. Go back five spaces. 8. Special Award! To control water erosion. You receive $150.00. 9. Go to Rocky Mountains: if free, you may purchase the lease; if already owned, you must pay the owner lease charges. If you pass starting point, collect $250.00. 10. Pardon by President! Get out of Jail free! (You keep it till you require, or sell for $400.00.) 11. Fishing violation in restricted area. Pay fine $30.00. 12. Accident! Pay hospital charges $175.00. 13. Special Award for developing technique to clean polluted waterways. Amount you receive $150.00. 14. Special invitation to visit Yellowstone National Park: (If free, you may purchase the lease; if already owned, DO NOT pay any charges to the lease owner.) If you pass starting point center, collect $250.00. 15. Proceed to nearest oil company. (If free, you may purchase the lease; if already owned, you must pay the owner lease charges). If you pass starting point, collect $250.00. Environmental Protection Tax (Red Cards) 1. Environmental education tax, for advancement of re search to save natural environment. Pay $100.00. 2. Reclamation tax, for developing land destroyed by poor mining techniques. Pay $100.00. 3. Flood control tax, for constructing structures in upper and lower watersheds for control of water flow. Pay $1D0.00. 4. Energy conservation tax, for developing new sources. Pay $190.00. 5. Industrial waste disposal tax, for establishing new techniques and systems for the disposal of industrial waste Pay $110.00. 6. Drinking water tax, for changing the lead pipes and old drinking water supply system which was causing pollution in water and also resulting in sickness. Pay $80.00. 7. Ranch land improvement tax, for reclaiming excessive grazed lands. Pay $80.00. 8. Environmental conservation tax, for international co operation and coordination of environmental conservation research. Pay $150.00. 9. Wild life development tax, for conservation and enhance ment of wild life. Pay $150.00. 10. Forest development tax, for reforestation of denuded hills. Pay $150.00. 11. Sewage improvement tax, for developing efficient and effective method of sewage treatment. Pay $120.00. 12. Farm improvement tax, for reclaiming farmlands which lost productivity for not observing conservation techniques. Pay $100.00. 13. Noise pollution tax, for building noise protection barriers. Pay $120.00. 14. Environmental beautification tax, for beautifying poor section of urban areas. Pay $100.00. 15. Air pollution tax, for improving controls over auto mobile emissions and gases emitted by industries. Pay $80.00. 16. Fisheries development tax, for increasing fish wealth of the country. Pay $100.00. 17. Beach conservation tax, for developing advanced techni ques to save beaches from erosion. Pay $80.00. 18. Nuclear pollution tax, for covering the serious damage caused by the melting of nuclear reactors. Pay $200.00. 19. Fish conservation tax, for saving fish in rivers from industrial pollution. Pay $100.00. 20. People pollution tax, for clearing litter from parks. Pay $80.00.";Claims: 1. A board game device comprising a game board (10) having a substantially planar upper surface, and a peripheral path of movement (12, 14) delineated on said surface with the path of movement being separated into a plurality of spaces (18, 20) for movement of game pieces therealong, characterized in that said path of movement includes at least one alternate route (28, 30) for the movement of game pieces when appropriate, and that a roulette wheel (36) for controlling movement of a game piece is provided, said roulette wheel (36) including numerically designated sets of pockets (38) and.distinguishably colored sets of pockets (40 to 46) different from the numerically designated sets of pockets (38) and two balls for movement in a manner to become deposited in pockets on the roulette wheel (36) for indicating the manner in which the game piece is to be moved along the path of movement on the game board (10). 2. The device as defined in claim 1, wherein said game board is provided with a plurality of color delineated areas (32) thereon for decks of cards, a plurality of decks of cards having distinguishable colors for positioning on the areas (32) on the game board (10) with the decks of cards including indicia thereon in structing players to take certain actions when a card is drawn. 3. The device as defined in claim 2, wherein the spaces (20) on the game board (10) include sequential numeri cal indicia with some of the spaces including pictorial indicia, descriptive and instructional indicia and dis tinguishable colors. 4. The device as defined in claim 3 in combination with awards in the form of stars (48) to be obtained by players of the game when'certain properties have been obtained and a merit test passed, with the merit test being provided by the indicia on the cards. 5. The device as defined in claim 2, wherein said indicia on the game board (10) and cards relate to environmental science. 6. The device as defined in claim 1, wherein said sets of pockets (38) on the roulette wheel include 4 sets numbered from 1 to 6, 4 blue pockets (40), 4 red pockets (42) and 1 white pocket (46). 7. The device as defined in claim 1, wherein said path of movement (12, 14) includes a second alternate route (30 or 28), one of said alternate routes being a short cut and the other alternate route forming a longer route for movement of a game piece. 8. The device as defined in claim 1, wherein said game board (10) includes distinguishable card receiving areas (32) thereon, a plurality of color distinguishable decks of cards positioned face down on said areas to be drawn by game players when a game piece lands on a corresponding colored space in the path of movement (12 or 14), and indicia on said cards indicating course of action to be followed by the player.;SYED RIAZ HUSSAIN SHAH, DR.;SYED RIAZ HUSSAIN SHAH, DR.;1978
+EP-0007324-B1;19820526.0;19780704;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185956.0;E06B3;;E06B3;E06B   3/64;SYSTEM FOR FIXING ANY NUMBER OF PANES IN NEW OR EXISTING WINDOWS;"1. The system for variable multi-plane glass enclosures for new and old windows is easily installable in all window constructions, independent of the window and work material. The system takes into consideration the exchangeability of the individual glass panes and the variations in regard to the number of panes arranged one behind the other with respectively intervening air spaces, as well as to the optional enlargement of the air space in between the panes, to making full use of the window profile frame, and to the re-equipping of old single-pane windows with double-pane windows. The system also allows for subsequent change of insulating glass panes into three or multi-pane enclosures. With this system the glass panes (1G, 2P, 3-5G) are mounted without putty, but with rubber-like, elastomeric sealer, insert-clamp-type profile frames (DEK-Profile Frames), with a stretching device (I and II), or they are demounted in case of repair, whereby the exchange of the locked-in air is accomplished though a N2 -gas rinse. Here the prefabricated DEK-Profile Frame has two vertical sealing areas with cogged recesses (7) running parallel to each other along the vertical axis ; the profile frame determines the distance between the panes, placed singly or severally next to each other. The upper area of the profile frame also has cogged notches (8). The profile frame around the outer window panes has one or two angular shanks (10) with integrally formed sealer lips (9 and 18) ; the horizontal shanks (13) have wedge-shaped cuts (14). Furthermore the stretching device consists of a tension-rail profile whose holding part (I, Is) and tension mechanism II are made from temperature-resistant, impact-resistant plastic in long production lengths. The holding parts (I and Is) are rectangular with or without side-shanks (19), and the holding part has on the contact surface a recess for its attachment (21) ; on the narrow side it has a slighty conically tapered recess with serrated teeth (15) along the vertical axis on the bottom side all over the recessed area ; and on the top in the lower part of the recess there are serrated teeth in the opposite direction (16. The tension mechanism II is of angular shape and its horizontal shank has on its bottom side, in the corresponding working face, self-activated serrated notches (15), while on the top it has serrated prominences (16), which at the shank end run homologously with Part I. The vertical shank (19), which is slanted towards the angle, is conically tapered and has on the area at the shank's end a semicircular prominence (17) running vertically.";"""System für beliebig-Vielfachverglasung an Neufenster und Altfenster."" Die Erfindung betrifft ein System für beliebig-Vielfachverglasung an Neufenster und Altfenster,welches in allen Fensterkonstruktionen, unabhängig von Material und Werkstoff'in leicht montierbarer Art'unter Berücksichtigung der Austauschbarkeit einzelner Glasscheiben, variationsmöglichkeiten in bezug auf Anzahl der hintereinander mit entsprechendem Luftzwischenraum angeordneten Scheiben,als auch einer beliebigen Verbreiterung des Luftzwischenraumes zwischen den Scheiben,bei voller Ausnutzung des Fensterprofilrahmens,Umrüstungen von Einfach- in Doppelverglasung bei Altfenster, Verglasungen für Sonnenkollektoren,sowie nachträglichen Erweiterungen von ISO- in Drei-oder Vielfachverglasung anbringbar ist. Das wesentliche der Erfindung ist die kittlose Verglasung mit elastomeren (APTK) Spezial-DEK-Profilrahmen,einer zweiteiligen Spannschiene in leicht montier- und demontierbarer Art,wobei der Luftzwischenraum mit absolut trok kenem Mediumgas gespült wird,ein Beschlagen der Glasscheiben verhindert,der Einbau einer einbruchsicheren Scheibe zulässt, bei jeder Belastungsart (Lärm und Temperatur) eine maximale Dämmung und Energieeinsparung im Bereich der geforderten Schallschutzklassen 3 bis die höchste Wirtschaftlichkeit bei geringstem kostenaufwand erreicht wird. Es ist bekannt,dass zwei-und dreifachverglaste Isolierglaselemente in Fenster eingesetzt,nur als geschlossenes Element austauschbar sind, das die Verbindung der Glasscheiben und deren Distanzierung mit ALU- bzw.Bleiträ- gerprofilen mit Absorbtionsmittel < marktüblich) gefüllt, nur eine begrenzte Leistungsfähigkeit für Schall-und Wärmedämmung aufweisen,welche auf Kosten hoher Scheibendicken und Spezialscheiben den Forderungen angepasst werden können. Mithilfe von Vorsatzfenster oder Doppelfenster versucht man das Lärmproblem zu lösen. (Hoher Kostenaufwand). Es ist weiter bekannt, eigene Erfindungen Um 75 30 303, GM 76-09 732, GM 77 29 252, wobei für die Distanzierung ebenfalls DEK-Profil mit Schall-und Wärmedämmender Wirkung verwendet wird,jedoch die Varierungsmöglichkeiten und Verbreiterung des Luftzwischenraumes nicht gegeben sind,der Einsatz dicker Glasscheiben zur Erhöhung des Schalldämmeffek- tes erforderlich ist. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist die Schaffung einer Lösung, mittels welcher bei geringstem Kostenaufwand,leichter Bauweise, unbegrenzten Anwendungsbereich,maximaler Ausnutzung der gewählten Rahmenkonstruktionen insbesondere Profilbreite, unabhängig von Material und Werkstoff,je nach Lage und Forderung vorgegebener Schallschutzklasse, Wärmedämmung, Einbruchsicherung die maximal erreichbare Schallschluckintensität , Wirtschaftlichkeit , Variations- Erweiterungsund Austauschmöglichkeit zu erreichen. Breite Luftzwischenräume( zB.Doppelverglasung) mit schalldämmender Umrahmung, garantieren eine maximale Schallund Wärmedämmung, bei höchster Wirtschaftlichkeit,ohne gro ssen Aufwand, ohne zusätzliche Belastung des Rahmenprofils, für jede Fensterprofilrahmendicke frei wählbar. Bei einem System für beliebig-Vielfachverglasung an Neufenster und Altfenster der eingangs bezeichneten Art,wird diese Aufgabe gemäss der Erfindung dadurch gelöst, dass das Spezial-DEK-Profil (Dichtung- Einleg-Klemm-Profil)in drei verschiedenen Arten und Breiten (Standard- Distanz- Aussleichs- profil)hergestellt, aus einer gummiartigen elastomeren verrottungsfesten Masse, für jede Scheibenabmessung als Rahmen vorgefertigt,wobei das Standardprofil beidseitig den zur Aufnahme der Glasscheibe aufweisenden Klemmteil (u-förmig) mit grosser Aussendichtlippe, zur Distanzierung im wesent lichen der Breite des vorgegebenen Luftzwischenraumes ent sprechenden Einlegteil, durch kammartige mehrlippige Aus führung, dem Dichtungsteil besteht, wobei einseitig eine Einkerbung zwecks Abriss des U-förmigen Klemmteiles für eine etwaige Verbreiterung des Luftzwischenraumes vorgese hen ist. Bei den innenliegenden Scheiben, bzw.Verbreiterung des Luft zwischenraumes durch seitliches aneinander reihen der DEK Profile entfällt das Klemm teil am DEK-Profilrahmen,es be steht aus dem Einlegteil,Dichtungsteil und beidseitig z5- reissbarem Verklotzungsteil. ( Distanzprofil) Das Ausgleichsprofil mit einseitig U-förmigem abreissbarem Klemmteil mit grosser Aussendichtlippe,Einlegteil und Dich tungsteil ausgebildet,kann als Distanz als auch Aussenprofil verwendet werden. Mithilfe einer zweiteiligen Spannschiene,wobei die Halte schiene rundum innenliegend am Fensterrahmen verschraubt, genagelt oder verklebt, mit, und auch ohne senkrechten Stegteil ausgebiluet,zur Aufnahme der Spannschiene,sägezahn- artige Erhebungen an beiden Innenschenkeln der keilför migen Ausnehmung a#ufweist.Die Spannschiene winkelförmig, unterer Schenkel spiegelbildlich angeordnete sägezahnar tige Erhebungen passend zum Eingriff in Halteschiene,weist im senkrechten Stegteil,an der dem Winkel zugeneigten Fläche eine in Längsachse verlaufende halbkugelförmige Erhebung auf, welche den Anpresspunkt des Spannsystems bestimmt und zugleich Abschlussleiste , aus hitzebeständigem schlagzähem Kunstoff bzw.anderen Werkstoffen herstellbar ist. Ein derartiges System für beliebig Vielfachverglasung ist erkennbar schnell,einfach,sauber und dauerhaft dicht zu montieren,geringe Lagerhaltung,für alle zu verglasende Teile und Konstruktionen,sowohl nachträglicher Umrüstung an Altfenster als auch Neufenster anwendbar, Rcparaturfreudig,wirtschaft lich und Leistungsfähig. Der besondere Vorteil eines derartigen System für beliebig Vielfachverglasung ermöglicht die vielseitige und unbegrenzte Anwendung für alle Bereiche der zu verglasenden Teile,Altfenster, Neufenster,Vollverglasungen direkt zwischen Fachwerkrahmen oder Tragelementen montiert, Schall- und Wärmedämmende Umrahmung der Luftzwischenräume,elastisch eingefasste Glasscheiben verringern die Lärmbelästigung,sparen wirtschaftlich Energie, Vermindern die Bruchanfälligkeit, bieten keine Kältebrücken, bequemer Luftaustausch durch Spülung mit trockenem Mediumgas, auch bei Montagefehler und Reparaturen zu jeder Zeit möglich, ohne das Glasscheiben sichtbare Kondensatspuren im eingeschlossenen Bereich hinterlassen,was bei Sättigung der Absorbstionsmittel (IS0-verglasung) nicht vermeidbar ist. Bequeme und leichte Montage unabhängig des Einbauortes und Art, Bei Sonnenkollektoren hervorragend geeignet,da keine Ansprüche an Rahmenkonstruktion gestellt werden;das -System absolut wetterfest, Temperaturbeständig und gute Wärmedämmeigenschaften besitzt welche sich durch Verbreiterung des Luftzwischenraumes nach Wunsch und Forderung bestimmen lassen.Keine besonderen Fachkenntnisse für die Montage erforderlich,-ausser Glasschneiden. Maximal erreichbare Schall-und Wärmedämmung für jedes Fensterelement bezogen auf die Fensterprofilrahmendicke und normalen Fensterglasscheiben. Bei Veränderung der Glasscheibendicke lässt sich eine Verbesserung der Schalldämmung erreichen, auf Kosten des Fenstergewichtes. Die Erfindung ist nachstehend anhand der Zeichnung beispielsweise näher erläutert. Diese zeigt in Fig.1 ein Schnitt eines Fensterflügelunterteiles von einem Neufenster mit allem erforderlichen Zubehör in fix und fertig montiertem Zustand gemäss der Erfindung,5 und 3 fach,einschliesslich Einbruchsicherer Scheibe 2 P verglast Fig. 2 ein Schnitt eines Fensterflügeloberteiles aus Kunst stoffprofil von einem Neufenster, mit allem erforder lichen Zubehör in fix und fertig montiertem Zustand, 4 und 2-fachverglast,gemäss der Erfindung. Fig. 3 ein Schnitt eines Alt-Fensterflügelunterteiles aus Holz mit aufgeschraubten Leistenrahmen eines umgerüs teten Fensters von Einfach- in Doppelverglasung, sowie ein umgerüstetes Aluminium-Fensterflügeloberteil von ISO- in Dreifachverglasung in fix und fertig mon tiertem Zustand, gemäss der Erfindung. Fig. 4 ein Schnitt eines Fensterflügelunterteiles aus Holz von einem Neufenster mit allem erforderlichen Zubehör in fix und fertig montiertem Zustand, Doppelverglasung, gemäss der Erfindung. Fig.5 ein Schnitt eines""Standard"" Spezial-DEK-Profils und die Darstellung eines einbaufertigen Spezial-DEK-Profilrah mens mit anvulkanisierten Eckverbindungen, für normale Doppelverglasung an Alt- und Neufenster,gemäss der Erfin dung. Fig.l bis 4 Fig. 6 ein Schnitt eines"" Distanz- und Ausgleich"" Spezial-DEK Profils,die Darstellung eines einbaufertigen Spezial DEK-Profilrahmens mit anvulkanisierten Eckverbindungen, für Verbreiterung des Luftzwischenraumes und Distanzierung der Scheibenabstände zueinander bei Vielfachverglasung, gemäss der Erfindung. Fig. 1 bis 4 und in Fig. 7 ein Schnitt einer zweiteiligen Spannschiene, Teil Is Standardausführung ( Fig.4) mit Stegteil Teil I Ausführung für breite Verglasungseinheiten ohne Stegteil (Fig.1 bis 3) Teil II zugehörige Spannschiene des Verglasungssystems, gemäss der Erfindung. Fig.1 bis 4. Bei der in der Zeichnung wiedergegebenen Ausführungsform und Beispiele eines Systems für beliebig-Vielfachverglasung an Neufenster und Altfenster, sind folgende Einbauteile erforderlich und sind Bestandteil dieses Systems. Fig.5 Standard Spezial-DEK-Profil, aus elastomeren gummiartigen Masse als einbaufertiger auf jede beliebige Scheibenabmessung nach Massangabe vorgefertigter Rahmen hergestellt, ist mit zwei lotrecht,parallel,im Abstand der minimal gewählten Breite des Luftzwischenraumes einer Standard-Doppelverglasung 1G, 2G, viellippigen Dichtungsfläche 7 versehen und geht beidseitig am unteren Ende in ein U-förmiges Klemm teil 1o über,an derem Ende eine grosse Dichtlippel8, innenseitig ein Kammlippenpaar 9 im Bereich der Spannzone 17 vorgesehen ist. Die innenseite des Rahmenprofils am Einlegteil 13 wurde mit einer Kammlippenriffelung 8,gegenüberliegend aussenseitig mit einer Ausnehmung 6 versehen. Fig.6 ""Distanz und Ausgleich"" Spezial-DEK-Profil im wesentlichen wie Typ ""Standard"" hergestellt, weist am unteren Teil beidseitig rechteckförmige Stege 13 (Verklotzungsteil) auf,welche in Verlängerung der Dichtfläche 7 mit einem Einschnitt 14 (Abrisskante)ausgebildet,wobei die aussenseitige Ausnehmung 6 entfällt.Das Ausgleichprofil im wesentlichen wie Typ1, Standard"" hergestellt, jedoch nur einseitig ein U-förmiges Klemmteil 1o mit Einschnitt 14 (Abrisskante), ohne Ausnehmung 6 als Rahmen vorgefertigt. Fig.7 Die zweiteilige Spannschiene bestehend aus dem Halteteil Teil I, und Spannteil II, aus einer temperaturbeständigen Kunststoffmasse in grossen Fertigungslängen herstellbar, weist bei Teil I eine keilförmige Ausnehmung mit einseitiger sägezahnartiger Vertiefungen 15,gegenüberliegend sägezahnartige Rillen 16 auf,die Auflagefläche ist mit einer Ausnehmung 21 und Befestigungsbohrung versehen. Teil I.s (Standard) ist im wesentlichen wie Teil 1 hergestellt'jedoch mit winkelförmig angeordnetem Stegteil ?9,welcher innensei- tig am Schenkelende eine halbrunde Erhebung 17 aufweist. Spannschiene Teil II(Spannteil)winkelförmige Profilierung, wobei der untere Schenkel spiegelbildlich angeordnete Erhebungen 15 und 16 (sägezahnartig) passend zum Eingriff in Halteschiene Teil I und Is aufweist,im senkrechten Stegteil 19, an der dem Winkel zugeneigten Fläche eine in Längsachse verlaufende halbrunde Erhebung 17in Höhe des Anpresspunktes vorgesehen ist. Die Anwendung und Montage dieses Systems ist vielseitig und verschiedenartig je nach Forderung der Belastungsart wählbar, für alle Verglasungsbereiche möglich und erfolgt in folgender Weise. zB. Fünfachverglasung an Neufenster. Das vorgefertigte Pensterflügelrahmenprofil Fig.1 H ohne Glashalteleiste geliefert,kann stehend oder liegend montiert werden. Spannschiene Teil I Fig.7 auf Länge zugeschnitten mit Spannrichtung nach aussen, ca 5mm von aussen an der Glasaufnahmefläche des Fensterprofils in die vorbereiteten Befestigungsbohrungen verschrauben,nageln oder mit Kleber befestigen, rundum. Gegenüberliegend mit;pannrichtung spiegelbildlich, wie beschrieben verfahren.Verbleibendes Mittelteil mit entsprechend dicker Verklotzungsleiste versehen.Auf Gärung genau eingepasste Spannschiene Teil II, in die raumseitige Halteschiene Teil I einführen, ca 2 mm überstehen lassen. Scheibe 5 G zuerst montieren, Standardprofil Fig.5 einseitig Klemmteil 10 , im Bereich Einschnitt 14 abreissen und 5G Glasscheibe einrahmen,sodann in Fensterrahmen einführen bis gegen Teil II.Halteschiene. Glasscheibe 4 G einführen,mit 2 Düsen an den Ecken unterdie Scheibe 4 G eingeschoben und mit Mediumgas o,1 atü#ca.5 Min.spülen.Ausgleichsprofilrahmen auflegen, Distanzprofil Fig.6 einseitig Einlegteil 13 abreissen,profil- rahmen auflegen,Scheibe 3 G einführen,spülen,Distanzprofilrahmen Fig.6 auflegen,Scheibe 2P einführen,spülen,Standard- profilrahmen Fig.5 einseitig Klemmteil 10 abreissen, Scheibe 1 G umrahmen und einführen. Spülung wie beschrieben jedoch mindestens 1o minuten pro qm, Ijalteschiene Teil II Fig.7 einführen und gleichmassig spannen,beide Seiten kontrollieren und nachspannen, Fensterflügel einhängen. zB. Standard-Doppelverglasung Umrüstung an Altfenster Dem vorhandenen einfachverglasten Fensterflügel wird an der Glas falz leiste das alte Kittbett abgefrässt,Scheibe herausgenommen und rundum über die Holzrahmenbreite rechtwinklig nachgefräst,Ecken mit Stecheisen nachgearbeitet. Spannschiene Fig.7 Teil Is,wird mit 2 mm Abstand aussenkante wie vor befestigt, Scheibenpaar 1 und 2G mit Standardprofil Fig. 5 umrahmt, Luftaustausch,vorbereitetes Verglasungselement einführen, Halteteil Fig.7 Teil II einführen und spannen. Fensterflügel einhängen. Natürlich ist das beschriebene Ausführungsbeispiel in vielfacherweise abzuändern, ohne den Grundgedanken der Erfindung zu verlassen. So könnten grundsätzlich die Spanneinrichtung aus Einzelhalter in vielfacher Zahl und anderem Material bestehen,dasgleiche gilt für die Ausbildung der Dichtflächen und Dichtlippenart,wo ebenfalls eine andere Materialart möglich ist, beispielsweise harter-Kern mit weicherDichtfläche hergestellt sein. Das System der beschriebenen Ausführungsform ist jedoch wegen der variationsmöglichkeiten in bezug auf Anzahl der hintereinander mit entsprechendem Luftzwischenraum angeordneten Glasscheiben, als auch einer beliebigen Verbreiterung des Luftzwischenraumes zwischen den Scheiben,bei voller Ausnutzung des Fensterprofilrahmens, in kittloser Verglasungsart für Neu- und Altfenster, unabhängig von Material und Werkstoff,in leicht montierbarer Art,unter Berücksichtigung der Austauschbarkeit einzelner Scheiben,sowie nachträglicher Erweiterung auf Mehrfachverglasung geeignet,bei jeder Belastungsart eine maximal erreichbare Schall-und Wärmedämmung im Bereich der geforderten Schallschutzklassen 3 bis 6, hohe Wirtschaftlichkeit, Energiesparend bei geringstem Kostenaufwand zu leisten. So lassen sich bei der Standardverglasung durch Veränderung der Scheibendicke von 1G wesentliche höhere Schalldämmwerte erreichen ¯bei gleichem Montageaufwand, oder durch Verbreiterung des Luftzwischenraumes eine bessere Wärmedämmung und damit Energieeinsparung und höhere Wirtschaftlichkeit erzwingen. Ein hermetisch abgeschlossener Raum mit trockener Gasfüllung neigt nicht zu Kondensatbildung und bietet Gewähr für beschlagsfreie Glasscheiben.Das verwendete Material für die Herstellung der Spezial-DEK-Profilrahmen erfüllt bei ordnungsgemässer Spannung diese Bedingung und verbirgt kein Risiko. Durch die dauerelastische Verspannung des Systems kann auch einseitige Wechselbelastunc durch Witterrungseinflüsse keine nachteiligen Auswirkungen erzeugen. Die Glasscheibenbruchhäufigkeit wird erheblich gemindert, es ist bei Doppelverglasung kein besonderer Versicherungsschutz für Glasbruch erforderlich. Wie die Beispiele Fig.1 bis Fig.4 zeigen, lässt sich das System individuel in alle Fensterkonstruktionen und zu verglasenden Teile, unabhängig von Material und Werkstoff anwenden. Ansprüche:";ANSPRUCHE 1. System für beliebig-Vielfachverglasung an Neufenster und Altfenster,welches in allen Fensterkonstruktionen, unabhängig von Material und Werkstoff,in leicht montier barer Art,unter Berücksichtigung der Austiluschbarkeit einzelner Glasscheiben, variationsmöglichkeiten in bezug auf Anzahl der hintereinander mit entsprechendem Luft zwischenraum angeordneten Glasscheiben'als auch einer beliebigen Verbreiterung des Luftzwischenraumes zwischen den Scheiben, bei voller Ausnutzung des Fensterprofil rahmens,Umrüstung von Einfach- in Doppelverglasung bei Altfenster,sowie nachträglichen Erweiterung von lSO-in Drei-oder Vielfachverglasung anbringbar ist'dadurch ge kennzeichnet, dass eine kittlose Verglasungsart mithilfe der erforderlichen Einbauteile: :Glasscheiben 1G,2P,3-5G je nach Abmessung verschiedener Dicken,el#stomeren (APTK) DEK-Spezialprofilrahmen Typ I und II Fig.5 und 6,einem Spannschienenprofil (zweiteilig)Fig.7,leicht und schnell montiert,im Reparaturfall demontiert,der Austausch der eingeschlossenen Luft durch N2-Gasspülung ein Beschlagen der Scheiben verhindert,ja ausschliesst, der Einbau einer einbruchsicheren Scheibe möglich ist,bei jederBe lastungsart eine maximale Dämmung und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Bereich der geforderten Schallschutzklassen 3 bis 6, sowie Energieeinsparung bei geringstem Kostenaufwand erreicht wird,besteht. 2. System für beliebig-Vielfachverglasung an Neufe#nster und Altfenster nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, das ein vorgefertigter DEK-Spezialprofilrahmen Fig.5 und Fig.6 aus einer gummiartigen elastomeren Masse hergestellt,zwei parallel zu einander verlaufende Dichtungsflächen mit kammartigen Ausnehmungen 7 in Längsachse,einzeln oder ne beneinander angeordnet, den Abstand bestjr,men'die obere Fläche ebenfalls kammförmige Ausnehmungen B aufweist, gegenüberliegend zur Einfassung der aufzunehmenden Glas scheiben U-förmige Schenkel 10 mit angeformter Dichtlippe9# 18,an der Schenkelwurzel keilförmige Einschnitte 14 auf weist, Fig.6 rechteckige Schenkel 13 mit keilförmigen Einschnitti 4 aufweist. 3. System für beliebig-Vielfachverglasung an Neufenster und Altfenster nach Anspruch 1,dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das zweiteilige Spannschienenprofil Fig.? Teil I und II aus temperaturbeständigem (bei 80 C volle Spannkraft) schlagzähem Kunststoff in grossen Fertigungslängen herstell bar, Teil I rechteckförmig,mit und auch ohne winkelförmi gen Seitenschenkeltgan der Auflagefläche eine Ausnehmung für die Befestigung 21, in der Schmalseite eine leicht konisch zulaufende Ausnehmung mit unterseitig über die gesamte Ausnehmungstiefe,sägezahnartige Erhebungen 15 in Längsachse, oberseitig im unteren Teil der Ausnehmung sägezahnartige Erhebungen mit entgegengesetzter Richtung 16 aufweist. 4. System für beliebig-Vielfachverglasung an Neufenster und Altfenster nach Anspruch 3,dadurch gekennzeichnet,dass das zweiteilige Spannschienenprofil Fig.7 Teil II als Spannteil winkelförmig ausgebildet, der waagerechte Schenkel untersei tig entsprechend der Eingriffsrichtung selbstschlüssige sägezahnartige Ausnehmungen 15, oberseitig sägezahnartige Erhebungen 16 am Schenkelende spiegelbildlich zu Teil I, der senkrechte Schenkel1#konisch zuläuft, auf der dem Winkel zugeneigten Fläche am Schenkelende eine in Längsrichtung verlaufende halbrunde Erhebung 17 aufweist.;HAPKE, HEINZ;HAPKE, HEINZ;1978
+EP-0007325-B1;19820602.0;19780627;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;26077649.0;C02F1;C02F1;C02F1, C02F9;M02F1:66, C02F   1/52, C02F   1/461B4, M02F103:02B, C02F   9/00D, M02F9:00;PROCESS AND ASSEMBLY FOR REMOVING A DISSOLVED OR SUSPENDED CONTAMINANT FROM A POLAR LIQUID AS A SOLID SUBSTANCE;"Solid and/or dissolved contaminants are separated from a polar liquid such as water by providing in the contaminated, acidic liquid medium a galvanically charged particulate dis­ persion of defined size, concentration, density and free sur­ face energy, and then flowing such loaded medium through successive oxidation and treatment zones of an electrically insulated apparatus at a rate defined by dimensionless para­ meters such as Reynolds numbers, etc., so as to prevent phase separation. Gaseous oxygen adheres to particle sur­ faces and oxidation is further promoted by bringing medium to pH 2.0 to 2.5 as with sulfur dioxide gas, plus exposure to action of heavy-metal ions such as ferrous/ferric. After air blowing, medium is neutralized and brought to pH 10-11 with continuous aeration of suspended flocculant, then treated with soda ash and optionally additional particulate (recycled sludge), and the contaminant matter then allowed to precipi­ tate with concurrent galvanic grounding of the medium. The dispersed particulate matter may be inert and deliberately added (e.g., shredded cellulose) or it may be produced in situ by fractionation of component debris as in sewage-refuse; when possible, as in the latter case, the particle itself is subse­ quently oxidized. In either event, dual end products are pot­ able water and sterile sludge. Dissolved salts such as sodium chloride are simultaneously removed from medium as com­ ponent of sludge; applicable to remove toxic components from cooling water systems, recover traces of precious met­ als, etc., from slurry or run-off liquid, brackish water, indus­ trial waste, etc. Suitable treating apparatus is also provided.";"GALVANIC FLOW SYSTBT FOP JOINT PARTICULATE RECOVERY AND LIQUID PURIFICATION The demand for water purification does not arise solely from the need for treating sewage or noxious industrial waste, nor is it necessarily directed merely toward obtaining potable water for humans and animals. Recent environment control regulations have restrained the discard of water such as that which through ordinary industrial use has appreciably increased its content of dissolved solids (which are generally inorganic or mineral compounds) as well as inhibiting discard of such liquid which has accumulated or concentrated particular toxic components. For example, the body of water which is circulated as a coolant in many industrial or chemical plants, is then returned to a heat exchanger where part of it is evaporated in order to reduce the temperature of the remainder, which remainder is then recirculated. This evaporation step itself would increase the concentration of contained solids merely bo reducing the volume of liquid. However, in its travel, the liquid picks up deposits or sediment from the plumbing system, and in addition, in order to minimize corrosion, foaming and scale formation (such as resulting from '#ard water""), various inhibitory additives are mixed into the circulating stream. These obviously contribute further to the dissolved solid content and after the latter has built up to the maximum allowable for continued circulation, it becomes necessary to discard part of the fluid mixture and replace it with fresh water (and new additives). However, this heavily loaded discard has now become an illegal pollutant when released into flowing streams or ocean. The problem is to purify it before release; and hopefully if such purification process is sufficiently successful or complete, the water may be reused indefinitely and need not be released at all. A particular contaminant in such cooling water system is chromium which is a component of many anti-corrosive or biocide additives. Thus hexavalant chromium is a toxic substance not releasable to the environment. other toxic components of common cooling water additives are cyanides and phosphates, which must be detoxified before release. Phrification of polluted water for purposes of reuse, whether starting with agriculture/municipal sewage or with industrial waste, has been concerned primarily with recovery of potable water, only after the initial separation and disposal of solid components in an inert state, this being considered a necessary and preliminary step for any subsequent treatment. The solids may have then been utilized to a small extent as plant support base or land fill,but such product is not a primary purpose for effecting the separation and for the most part the undifferentiated sludge is simply separated in bulk and discarded in the manner most convenient. purification of the aqueous phase then takes place (if at all) as a successive, rather than concurrent, procedure. -However, it will be realized that the aqueous run-off from many and probably most watertreating procedures (even if only involving flushing) carries a quantity of solid and potentially-solid ingredients having tangible economic value if such could only be recovered in concentrated form without great expense. Further, treatment of such masses of contaminated water in the past has been primarily on a batch basis, large bodies of water being treated with acid or other reagent in a ""settling basin"" or even in successive chambers and then allowed to stand for atprolonged period until spot checks show that the supernatent was clarified. In brief, it has not been realized that by careful regulation of the parameters of a flowing stream containing charged particles, separation/purification of an impure aqueous medium could be effected in a fraction of the previous time, and also that the controls could be shifted so as to maximize the withdrawal of specific contaminants which it was desired to concentrate in the solid state. Some substances it may be desired to destroy - - as microorganisms, herbicides, pesticides and inorganic toxins - - or to recover, such as flitrogeneous compounds or precious metals. Accordingly, the control parameters of such flow treatment can now be accommodated to a particular feed stock and with a view as to how it is wished to dispose of specific contaminants. It has long been known to purify waste water by oxidizing it in the joint presence of iron plus sulfur dioxide or an oxidizing acid. The impurity is then removed by flocculating the iron in alkaline media. However, to the extent that this process has been used, bulk solids necessarily were first removed as by filtration, and as to the remaining filtrate, past treatment does not remove dissolved impurities (such as inorganic salts typified by Nail) or substances incapable of oxidation (such as metal particles): each of these classes may include such undesirable toxins as arsenic, mercury, cadmium, lead, selenium or boron. It has now been found that this dual oxidation/precipitation step can be incorporated into a composite treating process whereby essentially any flowable, polar liquid medium containing (finely fractionated) waste/refuse, as well as soluble salts and non-oxidizable impurities, can have all non-gaseous impurities removed as solids, leaving a sterile, pure, oxygen-containing liquid (e.g. potable water, which is also capable of supporting fish and other marine life). The precipated material is also sterile and if desired can be further fractionated to recover substances of economic value, such as precious metals or fertilizer-enriched sludge. In brief, in a primary reaction vessel or multi-unit apparatus, all of which is electrically insulated, there is provided (in the absence of any externally imposed electric current) a self-generated galvanic cell formed by ""soluble"" or free electrons resulting from acidic oxidation of a contained heavy metal capable of alkaline flocculation, such as iron and/or aluminum, as well as by free electrons produced by disassociation of water (or other polar media) by introduction of sulfur dioxide. A minimum suspension of minute particles (as hereafter defined) is also deliberately provided, either by addition or by fractionation of bulk solids initially present. Such dispersed particles (preferably constituting all of the solid material present except for the electron-produciTt metal) inherently possess random movement in the liquid medium (which movement is the Van der Waals effect resulting from an internally generated spin of an unsymmetrical molecule). In conjunction with the moving electrons, this results in a distribution of charge to other particles and adhesion between charged microparticles and minute gas bubbles, which ultimately results in complete oxidation of all oxidizable material present. This necessary cross-distribution or random mixing of electrons with both charged and uncharged particles in the insulated cell may be accentuated by bubbling gaseous oxygen (air) and/or sulfur dioxide through the liquid, as well as by agitation of the body of liquid as by means of pump or stirrer. Electrical insulation of each reaction vessel is necessary in order to keep such charge (maintained by pH regulation) from grounding through a conductive reaction vessel or flow conduit. Under the step-wise oxidizing conditions and imposed galvanic flow pattern, metallic ions agglutinate with particulate matter and are replaced in the aqueous medium by other cations, i.e. hydrogen ions, at the same time maintaining the selected concentration of acidity. Among oths reactions, part of such hydrogen ions couple with available nitrogen to form NH4 Such ammonium ion then couples with ferrous ion to form (green) ferrous ammonium ion. Successive chemical reaction steps can be effected by batch procedure, as long as sufficient agitation is provided to keep the ingredients from settling out prior to the ultimate and desired flocculation. However, it is usually desirable to effect the process as a continuous flow, particularly when a continuing supply of feed stock is available, as from a municipal sewage collection stream or similar industrial/agriculture waste flow. Accordingly both the liquid medium and an associated gas stream are moved to and through successive treating zones or chambers. The body of reactant gas (which should include oxygen) is channelled to contactingly overlie or flow through the liquid medium as the case may be. Accordingly, by relating the size and shape of the reaction vessels and connecting conduits, a series of dimensionless parameters has been obtained for both the liquid and gas streams, by use of which controlled flow rates the material being treated is moved in a substantially continuous but step-wise pattern of reaction which prevents phase-separation while enabling or promoting electron distribution until complete oxidation is effected. The final chemical-treatment step is then accomplished by alkylation of the medium with avoidance of potential phase-separation during a preliminary digestion period followed by electrical grounding of the medium concurrent with joint precipitation Xlocculation of the metallic ions and the coagulated impurities. In addition, such grounding of the medium, which may be effectuated by grounding the insulated reaction vessel containing it, produces a noticeably more firmly-packed precipitate than would otherwise result. When the composite impurity is composed of both (a) cellulosic material (e.g., food residues, waste paper orcartons, etc.) and (b) suspended minerals or metals and/or soluble salts (e.g. brackish water) the final alkaline flocculation tends to segregate ""a"" and 'b2' into successive layers with the 'M"" material being precipitated first or underneath the ""a"" material. The procedure can thus be used to concentrate small quantities of precious metals from slurries and the like; in the event that ""a"" material is not already mixed with it, the minimum charged particulate matter is added as described. Separation of all potentially-solidcomponents from such aSDwiE galvanic cell, by grounding and cessation of movement or agitation, in addition to removing in the flocculate such impurities as might previously be expected from the chemical reaction alone, now also draws soluble salts such as sodium chloride out of solution as well as precipitating suspended non-oxidizable particles. The only requirements for participating substances are that the liquid be a polar liquid, and the solid or potentially-solid substance be capable of the Van der Waals effect. In addition to water, other polar liquids are alcohols, acids, bases and other substances which ionize or conduct an electric current. The dispersed particulate matter should constitute a minimum of about 0.1% w. and have a particle density of about 1.05 to about 2.0 and a size of about 30 to about 225 microns with free surface energy of about 100 2 to about 500 ergs/cm In this connection it will be realized that the smaller the particle size, the greater the relative surface area and the greater the forces of surface attraction (relative to weight), so that the relative influence of gravity on the particle is correspondingly deminished. Thus the specific surface energy of a given solid can multiply more than 8000 times in going from approximately two inch diameter to one micron. Its unit surface energy at the same time increases more than 6oo#. Accordingly, the greater the fractionation (maceration) of the bulk material into small particles the greater effect the increased surface energy will have on reaction and flow properties. This factor is the same of course whether the material constitutes matter which (in addition to its carrier function) is to be oxidized, or whether it is particulate matter added merely for its function of carrying a charge in the flowing galvanic stream. However it will be apparent also that such fractionated particles, possessing Brownian movement and increased unit surface energy, have a strong tendency to coalesce if brought together; that is, they become a non-free-flowing mass rather than acting as independent discrete particles. Such potential coagulation is prevented by (1) pump action,mechanical agitation, and passage of gas currents through the liquid, each applied at a particular critical location, and (2) by moving the galvanic flow stream at a varied and deliberate rate in accordance with Reynolds Numbers and other dimensionless parameters selected to prevent phase separation. Thus when later such suspended particles (galvanically charged) are finally directed to settle out, in cooperation with a flocculating ion, cancellation or grounding of the galvanic charge tremendously reinforces this final (desired) phase separation. Thus one particularly notable and totally unexpected result from this flowing galvanic cell and from the Van der Waals surface effect exhibited by the particulate dispersion, is that by the present process soluble salts (in particular Nacl or other alkali metal halides) present in the liquid, also leave their state of solution and enter into the separating flocculate. Such desalinification may be explained in part by continuation of the suspended flocculate in an oxygen-saturated medium until the reduced flocculating ion (ferrous) is itself completely oxidized (to ferric ion). To restate the present process: flowable contaminants of a liquid may be either or both soluble and solid (the latter being held suspended by a moving stream). They may or may not be in a condition of lower valence or be subject to having toxicity destroyed by oxidation, but in any event the flow is exposed to a strong oxidizing treatmezt(initially in a strongly acidic environment which is then shifted to a highly alkaline environment) in a moving ionic exchange medium which characteristic is furnished by a combination of Van der Waals surface action of particulate matter and by galvanic charge imposed on such particles; one result of this is that gas bubbles (of air and sulfur dioxide) surface-adhere to and react with oxidizable particles and are replenished by inert particles (carriers) transferring similar bubbles to them. The flow is moved through successive treating units at rates of flow determined by dimensionless numbers such as Reynolds, Schmidt Numbers, Peclet Numbers, Lehman Reaction Numbers, Weber Numbers, Stanten Numbers and certain bed contact numbers. After alkaline treatment and continued gaseous oxidation, the nonliquid components are flocculated and separated as a sterile solid sludge. The latter may then be digested and/or fractionated to concentrate and retrieve particular ingredients of value, by use of known methods. Whereas in the past it was only dimly appreciated that the 502 iron oxidative reaction required the presence of free electrons (apparently transferring between ions), it is now realized that it is highly desirable to provide such a ""galvanic exchange"" condition throughout the whole procedure and particularly in conjunction with (a) turbulence or agitation, and (b) the intimate presence of gaseous oxygen continuing through successive steps until the flocculating ion itself is oxidized. As already noted, the galvanic charge imposed on the particulate matter by the added electrolytes (acid and basic reagents) promotes or accentuates the surface adhesion of gas to particle, and enables the interchange of electrons. Such a reacting state is then maintained, and phase separation prevented, by movement at a tailored flow rate. Typical surface-adsorbent particulate matter may be either oxidizable or non-oxidizable and includes cellulosic or other organic matter as well as inorganic compounds such as metallic oxides (alumina, magnesium oxide or calcium oxide) and especially compounds of atoms which have a Van der Waals packing radii of about 1.9 or less. Additional examples of particulate matter include infursorial earth, diatomaceous earth, bentonite, and siliceous matter such as free-flowing sand and silicones. The invention will be described further, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which : Figures 1, 2, 3 show in semi-schematic representation, a process and apparatus embodying the present invention, with the various flow connections being horizontally alignable when the three sheets are placed side by side in this order. Figure 4 is a horizontal sectional view taken on line 4 - 4 through the soda ash treatment unit of Figure 1. Figure 5 is a vertical sectional view on line 5 - 5 of the homogenizer tank of Figure 2. Figure 6 is an enlarged fragmentary detail of an end outlet segment of an air delivery conduit of tanks 70 and 72. In the illustrated apparatus, a flowable feed stock such as raw sewage is introduced through an inlet conduit 10 into a wet well or fragmentation chamber 12 where a chopper pump 14 reduces the solid matter to the required particle size (30 to 250 microns). Liquid level in this chamber is regulated by an automatic control unit 16 which opens and closes a pinch valve 17 in the line. From the wet well the particulate dispersion is moved to a primary or marshalling tank 18 through a conduit 19 as regulated by a liquid level control 20. In the absence of any or sufficient solid matter in the feedstock, the required particulate matter, which may be any inert material which will hold a galvanic charge (e.g. shredded cellulose) is added to the wet well from a supply hopper 22 by a conduit 23. The comminuted feed stock is ultimately withdrawn from the primary tank 18 through conduit 24 at a rate determined by a suction pump 25 and conveyed to a pulsation damper tank 27. A controlled quantity of exhaust gas is released from the top of the closed tank 18 through a wet charcoal filter unit 26 and vented (odourless) to the atmosphere. Within the primary tank 18 is a submerged transfer pump 28 which is operated to maintain a continuous flow of fluid and suspended particles. Turbulence within tank 18 is contributed in part by the presence of internal baffles 29 and by continuous bubbles of a (recycled) gas mixture from conduit 30 which enter through perforations in the piping adjacent the flooring 31 of the tank. To the extent that the liquid medium is clear enough, it is visually discernible that small gas bubbles here adhere to the surface of the moving solid particles within the liquid, and their gaseous oxygen content (derived initially from air) plus SO pretreats or conditions oxidizable particles for subsequent oxidation. In the case of highly oxidizable matter such as fecal debris, a residence time in the preliminary chamber 18 on the order of about one and a half to about two hours is indicated. From the pulsation dampener tank 27, the flow, at the rate controlled by mass flow meter 21, is moved through conduit 34 to a mixer tank 35 where it is intermingled with a gaseous mixture of sulfur dioxide and air, introduced by drop lines 37 from an overhead gas mixing chamber 36. Recycled gas is introduced to the mixer chamber 36 through the line 38 coming from a compressor 40 which receives exhaust gas through line 42, passing through a silencer unit 43. Both the gas mixer 36 and the flow mixer tank 35 are at times supplied with liquid sulfur dioxide through line 45 from a supply tank 46 (which may be heated), in response to a pH meter 44 which maintains the tank 35 within the pH range of about 2.0 to about 2.5. Alternately or concurrently sulfur dioxide gas is supplied to the gas mixer 36 from supply source 47 through conduit 48, controlled by pH meter 44 and/or the mass flow meter 21. In tank 35, Peclet Numbers will range between 9 and 25. Lehman Reaction Numbers of the blow tubes 37 vary from 3.5 to 8; for eductors 25 to 30. Exhaust gas from the tower39 is continuously introduced into the iron reaction chamber 50 as a stream of bubbles through conduit 49, while at the same time the liquid flow containing a controlled amount of free gas bubbles is passed through an outfall conduit 52 and introduced through line 53 into the reaction chamber 50 below the porous bed. It is very important that gas inlet valve 49 be partially closed and thus used to mix its flow with the fluid flowing through the line 53. The gas mixture which is passed jointly through the scrap iron bed (which furnishes both ferrous and ferric ions to the medium) and through the liquid flow stream, should contain a mixture of both nitrogen and oxygen (i.e. air). Vaporous mixture from the stack 51 of the iron chamber is passed through the conduit 54 which separates the non-gaseous components (i.e. liquid droplets) and returns them to the mixer tank 35 of the main flow by way of conduit 57 or into the discharge from tanks 70 or 72; the gaseous portion is recycled through the compressor 40 by the line 57. Liquid outflow from the reaction tank 50 has a pH of about 3.0 to about 3.5 and is passed through conduit 60 to a blow tank 62 where air from a reservoir 63, by conduit 64 and manifold 65 is passed upward through the liquid so as to separate it and to again provide a fluid system saturated with dissolved oxygen. The flow is generally red from ferrous ions. Gaseous take-off from stack 61 by conduit 66, and gases from tanks 70 and 72 by lines 67, 68 are returned by line 30 to primary tank 18. From the blow tank, liquid outflow is conveyed to the lower level of the neutralizer tank by conduit 69. A conduit 74 connects a mixing throat 75 of the outflow conduit 69 to a caustic supply tank 76, and a conduit 78 connects a lime slurry source 79 and circulating pump 80 to the mixing throat 75, the alkali flow to the neutralizer 70 being controlled by a pH meter 77. Instead of gradually neutralizing the acidic flow and progressively bringing it to the required alkalinity of about pH 11, it has been found advantageous to introduce through the throat 75 at one time, substantially the whole quantity of alkali required to achieve the final p11 for that immediate volume of flow with which it is mixed. The air reservoir 63 initiates a plurality of air delivery lines 83 to the neutralizer tank 70 and a similar series 88 to the homogenizer tank 72, which individual lines are disposed to emit a bubbling shearing air stream from individual sparger or wedge-aperture nozzles at their distal ends, thus agitnting the churning or foaming mass of liquid and charged particles at the same time that they supply oxygen and nitrogen. Consequently, the emerging outflow through conduits 71 and 73 is oxygen-saturated and the adsorbed gas on the particulate surface aitinues to be reactive. The flow of air through the several lines 83, 88 is controlled by individual (manual) valves or orifice plates so that it can be adjusted to the ""step by step"" progression of the increasingly viscous flow and thus continually prevent agglomeration and sedimentation. A residence time of about 15 to 17 minutes in each tank is typical; total about 30 to 40 minutes at about 60 - 800F. The air reservoir 63 is supplied by conduit 59 from an air compressor 89 connected to a silencer 91. The compressor processes fresh air and in some instances may pass it through an ozonizer 98, such as the non-sparking, low voltage, AC, face-separated insulated-plate type described in U.S. Patent No. 3,948,774. However, the basic procedure is sufficiently effective in most cases without the additional oxidation provided by ozone. As seen particularly in Figure 2, 5 and 6 the several air lines 83, 88, each angularly dispose their terminal segment 100 transversely within the tank 70 or 72. It is formed with a closed end 101 and a blow outlet mouth 102 is cut wedge-shaped into the hemi-cylinder which is oriented downward when disposed in the tank at a transverse angle to the longitudinal vertical plane of the chamber. Such positioning of the outlet minimizes the possibility of liquid backflow and consequent solid deposition or encrustation therein. Successive segments 100 are mounted crisscross or at different angles so that their outlet mouths are angularly staggered relative to the longitudinal axis of the tank. Functionally, the flow-aligned tanks 70, 72 can be considered to provide the same continuing and accelerating reaction process in tandem structural units, that is, supporting completion of the neutralization process while keeping in suspension the forming flocculate in the increasingly viscous flowstream so as to restrain phase separation. When it is desired to maximise removal of hardness components and silica, the outflow conduit 73 from the homogenizer tank 72 receives a soda ash increment from a supply tank 99 through line 84 and then passes through a heating zone or unit 85 where the flow is raised to a temperature of about 900 to about l200F before introduction to the treatment tank 82 where it is agitated by a motor driven agitator or marine type impeller 85. Location of four intermediate-length upstanding baffles 87 in the tank enables or directs the liquid suspension to circulate in closed paths of generally vertical ellipses between adjacent baffles. From the treatment tank 82, a conduit 90 carries the flow to a flocculation chamber 92 which may have inclined walls and/or corrugated floor segments separated by upstanding baffles which form a convoluted pathway for descending sediment and liquid. Individual floor segments are movable by pneumatic actuators 93 driven by air lines 94. Each unit of the apparatus has been electrically insulated from the ground and from successive (adjacent) units, being connected together by plastic conduits, the chambers preferably being formed of non-conductive material (concrete or wood) and in any event lined with corrosionresistant layer such as plastic or glass fibre. The flowstream or liquid medium may now be grounded by closing a switch 95 connected to an electrode 96 which is exposed to (i.e. inserted within) the fluid of the chamber 92. Consequent discharge of the galvanic charge carried by the particulate matter (which should now be oxidized to the extent possible), and cessation of agitation and flow, initiates a relatively rapid precipitation of the potentially solid components from the liquid medium. Residence time in the flocculation chamber is on the order of about 30 to about 90 minutes. Dismally the sludge, dark red-black from ferric ion, falls into a screw conveyor 97 which passes it through a screen classifier (not shown) and returns the liquid component to the system, The liquid of the flocculation chamber 92 passes over an air-locked weir 104 into a decanted water tank 106 where a submerged pump 107 moves it through conduit 108 to woven strainer units 109, 110, which remove collcds, and thence to an upper inlet of a packed tower 112 where it percolates down through raschig-like rings countercurrent to a stream of (possibly ozonized) air and is then introduced through the conduit 115 to a holding tank 116. Air from the top of the tower is conveyed by line 114 to the decanted water tank 106. Liquid outflow from the tower 112 passes through conduit 115 to a holding and aeration tank 116, which latter may be connected by a line 117 to a source of chlorine for optional use in particular circumstances (e.g. when required by local ordinance). A compressor 120 with silencer 121 delivers fresh air through conduit 122 to the aeration tank 116 through lines 123, 124 and to a filtered water tank 125 through lines 126, 127, 128. A gas take-off line 129 connects the filtered water tank 125 with a charcoal-filter exhaust unit 130. The latter is also connected by gas line 131 to the aeration tank 116. The tank 125 has a submerged pump 132 which moves liquid through conduit 133 to an ultimate polishing or holding tank 134. The aeration tank 116 is connected by pump 135 and liquid conduit 136 to dual or alternate activated-charcoal filter tanks 137, 138, having drain lines 139, 140 , which are joined to conduit 144 which terminates in the holding tank 125. A backwash line 142 collects fluid from filter tank 134 and delivers it to the decanted water tank 106. A return line 146 connects the backflush outlets of the two filter tanks 137, 138 to the decanted water tank 106. pump 132 in tank 125 provides product water or water for backwash through line 133 to filters 137, 138 and to product filter tank 134. A backwash line 146 connects the filter tank to the primary tank 18. The solids collected in the bottom of the flocculation tank 92 may contain toxins (which have not-been detoxified by oxidation). Such can be metals such as mercury, arsenic, boron, lead, iron, gold or silver, as well as some biocides. Nonoxidative pyrolysis may be used to remove organic materials such as petro-chemicals. Precipitates such as carbonates and sulfates are decomposed and removed as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Nitrogen is removed as an inert gas. The metals may be volatised and recondensed or removed in a carbon matrix and then calcined/ roasted in the presence of oxygen to prepare a composite of various metallic oxides. The noble metals are recovered as a combined metal concentrate. The particular procedure for any flowstresm will be adapted of course to the specific components shown by analysis to be present and which it is desired to recover. F1#W PATTERN: Reynolds Number EMI14.1 For example, the iron reaction chamber 50 has the characteristics - Diameter Liquid Liquid masç Air Mass Npe Mass flow feet velocity- flow-lb/ft Air flow-lb/ft2/hr e Ratio ft./sec. liquid/air 1.5 0.0143 1763 210 967 8.395 2.0 0.0121 1984 230 1452 8.626 2.5 0.0124 2540 210 2320 12.095 2.75 0.0116 2600 210 2613 12.381 3.00 0.0118 2645 252 2900 10.496 A critical factor for such sewage or waste water treatment in the presence of particulate matter and sulfite/sulfate ion or hydroxyl ion is defined as Shape Factor EMI14.2 wherein Y = particulate concentration factor. DA = nominal air lift Disengaging Area HFA = waste fluid hydraulic flow area An operative SF range is from about 9.5 to about 11.3; optimum 10+0.5 EXAMPLE: Municipal sewage with the bulk solids reduced in size to the designated particulate diameter was flowed through a processing assembly such as here illustrated, the initial acidity made pH 1.5 to 2.5 by introduction of liquid and/or gaseous sulfur dioxide. The liquid flow was then moved through the serpentine flow pattern of tank 35 (shape factor 9-10) at NRe of about 5000 to about 10,000 when in contact with the gaseous flow and about 7000 to about 18,000 when not in contact with the gaseous flow; the gas mixture of SO and air was moved at about Npe 400 to about 500. After about 7-1/2 - 15 minutes residence in the iron reaction chamber 50, the flow was passed through the airflow tank 62 and thence to the neutralizer tank 70 where the p11 was increased from about 8.5 to about 10.0 during a period of about 15 minutes; it continued through the homogenizing tank 72 for about 15 minutes while the pH increased to a maximum of about 11. When the operation is particularly directed to removal of calcium and magnesium ions (""hardness"" components) and also to reduce the concentration of silica, 15- ps of the sludge removed from the screens (subsequent to flocculation) is returned to the homogenizer tank to augment the particulate concentration and increase interfacial surface area, thus - Type In Liquid System Particulate Particle size Density Amount Interfacial Surface Dia.microns mg./cm go nitre area, cm2 nitre Solution born 30-225 192-1500 0.3-0.9 660-13000 Fiocculants 1004350 300-3500 0.04-0.3 25-4500 Precipita#s200-700 250-500 0.07-0.09 14-135 Additives & BR< soda ash 75-250 320-1700 0.10-16 40-4800 Recycle sludge 30-700 192-3500 0.01-4.8 250-3360 Additives of such size include fly ash, carbon black and infusorial earth. The flow is then moved through an agitation and heating zone 82 at NRe of about 30,000 to about 40,000 with addition of soda ash. Alternate to use of mechanical propellors, complete agitation with blown air may be achieved when there is 1.5 - 3.0 CFM/minute/ft2 of cross section area. Finally, the fluid flow is moved at Npe of about 2000 to about 3700 for about 30 to about 90 minutes through the flocculat- ion tank or sedimentation zone 92. In retrospect, the addition of particulate matter by the present process may be distinguished from various incidental additions of particles to liquids in the past in that the latter were (a) for removal of dispersed colloids by adding charged particles in order to agglomerate the two substances, or (b) for removing a solute by addition of a substance which decreases the solubility of one or more of the dissolved components. Neither of these treatments contemplates (or obtains) a continuing reaction (oxidation) between the dispersed particles and a gaseous component adhered to the added particles, and/or the interplay of free electrons in such environment, which electrons take part in the desired continuing reaction. Nor do they contemplate deliberately maintaining such dispersion and preventing agglomeration during a necessary {multi-step) reaction period; nor final precipitation by introduction of a flocculating ion. In brief, the provision and utilization of an insulated flowing body of polar liquid constituting a galvanic or ionic exchange module (cell) the contents of which is continually manipulated both to prevent phase separation (precipitation) and to effect a desired chemical reaction (ultimately resulting in joint liquid purification and separation of solids) seems to have been entirely overlooked or unappreciated. The necessary polar solvent such as water, contrasts with non-polar solvents such as mineral oil, paraffine, kerosene, etc., which are not suitable because of being incapable of transmitting an electric current. It should be appreciated that the intended and necessary result from applying the dimensionless flow parameters related herein, is that (1) sedimentation and agglomeration are prevented, and (2) at their active surface area, the dispersed particles maintain the intermolecular attraction, often referred to as the Van der Waals effect, which attracts to and causes to adhere thereto clusters of moving air molecules (bubbles). The result is not only the progressive oxidation of the flowing particles, but also subsequently the electrical and interatomic field force which is thus continued, appears responsible for ""drawing out"" of solution the dissolved electrolytes of both positive and negative charge, such as the halide (chlorine) ions and alkali metal (sodium) ions which finally are separated from the medium as one component of the flocculate. In addition to the Reynolds Number which relates the fluid density and velocity with the container configuration, the following parameters should be taken into account - The heat transfer and energy retaining properties of the flowing fluid are defined by the Peclet Number = DV,o Cp/k or EMI16.1 Cp = specific heat; 6 = surface tension k = thermal conductivity. The peclet Number for tanks 70 and 72 is in the range of 12 to 32, and gas escape velocity at the surface is 0.18 to 0.24 ft./sec. The Schmidt Number relates viscosity, density and container diameter (hydraulic diameter in an awkwardly shaped vessel) NSc = A / r DV. The Stanton Number relates the coefficient of heat transfer (h) to the specific heat, velocity and density. NSt = h/C V p p The Stanton Number for the liquid flow gas mixing tank 35 is 35.50 to 36.20; for the neutralizer and homogenizer tanks 70, 72 the Stanton Number is 28.60 to 10,160. The Weber Number relates the shape of the container (length of flow path L), the density, the velocity, and surface tension. N We = L# V76 gc. Contact Number Nc = Uê/#êg) 1/3 (NRe) 1/2(NSc) 1/2 The iron tank 50 has an operable range Schmidt Number 4 x 10 7 to 1.3 x 10-6; the contact number is 228 to 446. Reaction gases (air, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen or ozone) can be introduced into the stream of particulate-laden fluid by eduction, sparge lines, or blow-shear tube. Each of these operates within a precise Lehman Reaction Number and Weber Number range. The dimensionless Lehman Reaction Number relates the System Shape Factor and the mass flows of fluid and gases. System LRN Weber Eductor system 25-30 1.0-1.7 Sparge Lines 3.4-4.4 0.92-1.98 Blow-Shear Tube 6.7-7.7 0.98-1.85 The terminal velocity of spherical and non-spherical droplets of particles settling in the vapour space will vary from 0.4 to 30 ft./sec. Particles up to 85 microns will be entrained and are removed prior to gas flow to the iron tank 50. flow conditions within the heater tank 85 are defined by a Reynolds Number of 30,000 to 40,000 and a Grashof-Prandtl Number product within the range of 25,600 to 230,000 on the waterparticulate matter side. The Grashof Number = (L3 t 2 ( 1# T) where L equals length of reaction chamber; f = density; g =32. 2 ft/ sec.2; /2¯viscosity; b = coefficient of thermal expansion; T = temperature. The Prendtl Number EMI17.1 where C is specific heat; * is viscosity; K is thermal p conductivity. In removing hardness components, the heater tank is operated at a temperature of 105 F # 5 F, the fluid leaving the tank between 100 F and 110 F. Introduction of additional particulate matter by line 103 into the line 73 (effluent from the homogenizer tank 72) as noted earlier, provides 30; to more surface area in the final stages of magnesium conversion to magnesium carbonate and then to magnesium hydroxide (a solid). Magnesium oxide and magnesium hydroxide also promote silica removal. The reintroduced sludge at this point, composed of mechanically formed particulate matter, flocculants and precipitates, is very effective in assiting the soda ash in final removal of silica and magnesium. The electrical charge on the particulate matter also increases the rapidity and effectiveness of silica removal. Magnesium and calcium chlorides, sulfates and nitrates are converted to solid magnesium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. Since Ca and Mg exist in hard water primarily as chloride, bicarbonate and sulfates, they are removed by the present process. The way the present system handle hexavalent chromium and cyanides is of particular interest. As the recirculating gas stream of oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur dioxide contacts the particulate matter and soluble salts, the sulfite ion reacts with any metallic ions present. Hexavalent chromium is reduced to tribalent chromium in about 15 minutes at pH 2.0 to 2.5. As a reductant, the sulfur dioxide consumes oxygen but the latter is continually being replaced. In the iron reaction tank, ferrous sulfate is produced, which also acts as a hexavalent chromium reductant. This insures complete conversion to trivalent chromium. As the latter flows into the neutralization tank (with an initial pH of 8.0 to 8.2) its coupling with hydroxyl ion results in a light and voluminous precipitate which is continually mixed with the ferrous hydroxide that is changing to ferric hydroxide (a heavier precipitate). In a total residence time of about 30 minutes in tanks 70 and 72, this reaction goes to completion -- the precipitate continuing to be suspended as a result of air drive ""churning"" which maintains an oxygen-saturated medium - the pH eventually reaching about 10.5to 10.8 or 11. Discharge conduit 73 delivers a finely dispersed, charged particle that agglomerates rapidly in the region of the flocculation/sedimentation zone 92. When cyanides are present it is necessary to oxidize them to cyanate and thence to free carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas (both of which could be vented freely). If cyanide ion were oxidized in acidic medium, cyanide gas would result and require special handling precautions. Alternately, if cyanide is oxidized to cyanate in highly basic medium, it requires an extended reaction period. However, in the presence of the great amount of reactive oxygen carried by the particulate dispersion, cyanide can be oxidized to cyanate at pH 8.5 in approximately 5 minutes (in tank 70). If then this cyanate is exposed (i.e. returned by line 105) to oxygen and ferrous ion of the iron tank, an iron cyanate complex is formed. After passage through the blow tank 62, the flow reenters the neutralization tank 70 where hydroxyl ions react with the cyanate complex forming carbon dioxide and nitrogen. At the same time ferric sulfate is hydrolysed to ferric hydroxide; Fe(S04)3 + 6H = 2Fe (OH)3 + 3H2 S04 Upon grounding of the fluid, the ferric hydroxide separates as platelets which are as large as a quarter-inch across, dark red to black and firmly compacted in comparison with the fine, greyish, amorphous precipitate formed by ferrous hydroxide. Waste water treatment by the present system produced the foflowing- WATER PRIOR to % reduction of Initial con- Sludge concentate: TREATMENT centration found in Product specrographic Water prior to filtration analysis pH 5.1 . pH 7.2 2 pH 8.2;sp-gr,1.O94 Al 430. 0 mgll 0. 5 mg/l 99. 9% 33. 700 % by wt. Ca 616.0 536.0 13. 0 1.080 Mg 145.8 53.5 63.3 3.230 Boron 105.0 16.6 84.2 .190 Cu .009 Iron 700. 0 70. 0 90. 0 6. 670 Silicon 1.660 Titanium .640 Mn 1.3 .20 84.6 1.030 Sodium 13750. 1550. 0 88. 7 48. 230 Potassium 240. 14. 5 94. 0 2.810 99. 249,% Ammonia 5. 85 96. 6 Total hardness (asCaCo3) 2140.0 1560.0 27. 2 Fluoride 113.0 6.25 94.5 Chloride 1240. 152.0 87.8 Sulfate 32000 4050.0 87. 4 Phosphate .2 .2 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) 16. 0 18.0 mu/l Free Carbon Dioxide (as CO2) 20. 0 5. 0 Total Dissolved Solids 62338. 7598. 87.8 Total Solids 69514 7652 89.0 Suspended Solids 7176 54.0 99.25 Chemical Oxygen Demand 765. 0 38.3 95. 00 Volatile Solids 1599 464. 71. Dissolved Oxygen 0 4.5 Surfactants 2. 0 .6 70. Turbidity 18500 JTU 35.0 JTU 99.8 units Specific conductance @ 25 C. 45000 micromhos/ cm 7600 29.100 The unexpected usefulness of the present (water)treating process in killing and agglomerating viral and other monocellular life forms may be attributed to the cumulative effect or concurrence of a number of individual factors, at least some of which have a unique effect even alone. These factors are - (1) The broad band shift from extreme low to extreme high pH (i.e. 1.5 to 11), as well as residence at each end of the spectrum, effects the range of organisms of which individual groups may be resistant to acidic or basic media only, but not to extremes of both pH. (2) In this connection, the rapidity (e.g. 15 to 30 ;minutes) as well as the range or strength of the shift of pH appears important. kn organism could better acclimate or survive slow or mild change. (3) Residence time during which the whole medium or environment is undergoing treatment at each end of the flow-process, comprising gaseous inter-change, continued suspension/agitation, oxidation and ion exchange, is significant. (4) Relative density and composition of particulate matter in the flow-medium, compared to the volume of water being treated is an important parameter. (Total area particles cam2/1. = 130 to 13,280.) (5) The additional effect (attraction to living or newly dead cells) contributed by the galvanic charge which is carried by the particles is effective. In this connection, it is preferred to obtain the initial low adicity (plus galvanic charge) by introduction of sulfur dioxide, rather than by addition of formed acid, since the SO produces hydrogen ions and shifting electrons by disassociation of water. (6) Detergent action results from sulfonation of fat and oil components of the medium and especially from such ingredients which may form part of the viral/bacterium capsule/membrane. Protenaceous components of the membrane may also conjugate; subsequent salting out of the organic salts then exposes the cell contents to caustic attack or saponification. (7) Under these critical conditions, lime is particularly effective against some viruses. (8) Rapidity and completeness of flocculation is important, e.g. 5 to 7 minutes after grounding, in comparison with a minimum of 25 to 35 minutes or more which might be required in ""merely clarifying murky water by flocculating with A1 or Fe ions. (9) The total kill is achieved without recourse to chlorine or other toxic agent, and without need to modify the treatment so as to target it at a specific organism first determined to be present. Such process can be used to '%arve6t"" pestilential life forms for identification and study; by extracting samples from successive process steps, the susceptibility of the cell to each step is learned.";"CLAIMS 1. A process for removing from a polar liquid as a solid substance, a dispersed soluble or suspended contaminant, of which any suspended particles thereof are characterised by Van der Waals effect and which contaminant is capable of solid existence at ambient operating temperature and pressure, characterised in that said process comprises (a) dispersing in said liquid a minimum of about 0.1%o w. random-moving particulate matter, which may either be added or be formed by fractionation of said contaminant when the latter is initially present in bulk, which dispersed particles thereof have a density of about 1.05 to about 2.0 and a size.of about 30 to about 225 microns with free surface energy of about 100 to about 500 ergs/cm2, and also reducing any additional solid matter present to such particle size, (b) providing an oxidation medium for such of the contaminant and added particles as may be capable of oxidation, by making such liquid acidic, intimately dispersing gaseous oxygen therein, and providing a supply of free electrons as by acidic dissociation of the polar liquid and by oxidation in situ of a heavy metal provided therein, which metal is characterised by the capacity of subsequently forming a flocculant precipitate in alkaline media, whereby a galvanic charge is imparted to the moving particles by random distribution and attachment of the electrons thereto, (c) maintaining said charge on the moving particles and restraining coagulation and phase separation of particles and soluble contaminants during successive oxidative reaction periods by agitation effected at least in part by flowing the liquid and its contents through electrically-insulated and flow-connected reaction vessels in intimate mixture with gaseous oxygen and at a variable flow rate defined by dimensionless parameters derived from the internal size and shape of the respective vessels and their connecting conduits,. (d) making said liquid alkaline, subsequently ceasing agitation and electrically grounding the alkaline liquid, whereby flocculating ions of the heavy metal provided therein, mutually precipitate the charged particles, the metal ions and soluble contaminants, thus yielding an oxygen-containing supernatent pure liquid. 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which said oxidation medium of (b) comprises sulfite and sulfurous ions and is made pH of about 2 to about 2.5, and said heavy metal comprises iron. 3. A process as claimed in claim 1 or 2, in which the liquid of (d) is made pH of about 10 to about 11. 4. A process as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, in which said polar liquid is predominantly water. 5. A process as claimed in any preceding claim, in which: (i) said flowable polar liquid comprises sewage/refuse containing bulk solids which are substantially reduced to the particle size of (a); (ii) an inorganic salt is a soluble contaminant of the polar liquid and is substantially removed therefrom in the precipitate of (d); (iii) the suspended contaminant comprises fecal matter which is reduced to the particle size of (a) in situ; (iv) sodium chloride is a soluble contaminant of the polar liquid which is water; (v) the soluble contaminant comprises hexavalent chromium or cyanide ion. 6. A process as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 5, in which said dimensionless parameters are selected from a group comprising Reynolds Numbers, Peclet Numbers, Lehman Reaction Numbers, Shape Factors, Schmidt Numbers, Contact Numbers, Weber Numbers, Grashaf-prandtl Numbers, and Stanton Numbers. 7. A process as claimed in claim 2, in which said contaminant comprises hexavalent chromium and said process includes the steps of reducing hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium by reaction with sulfite and ferrous ions in the presence of ferrous sulfate at pH about 2.0 to about 2.5, then converting trivalent chromium to chromium hydroxide at pR about 10,5 to about 11.0, and jointly precipitating same in admixture with ferric hydroxide, 8. A process as claimed in claim 5, in which said contaminant comprises soluble cyanide and said process includes the steps of oxidizing the cyanide to cyanate at about PR 8.5 in said particulate carrying liquid, which liquid is substantially saturated with gaseous oxygen, then forming an iron cyanate complex by reaction of the cyanate with ferrous ion, then making the 1 iquid alkaline and converting the complex to carbon dioxide and nitrogen by reaction with hydroxyl ion. 9. A process as claimed in claim 1, in which prior to the flocculation of the charged particles and contaminants, there is reintroduced to said liquid about 15Só to about 3N,' of flocculated sludge plus soda ash, and the resultant mixture is heated at about 1000F to about ALOOF with agitation, and then flocculated as recited in (d), thereby increasing the removal of silica, magnesium and calcium from the liquid. 10. A process as claimed in claim 1 or 9 in which the heated liquid flow is moved through a zone adapted additionally to receive and intermingle therewith soda ash and recycled sludge, said flow being moved in accordance with the dimensionless parameters, Reynolds Number 30,000 to 40,000 and Grashof Prandtl Number product 25,600 to 230,000. 11. A process according to claim 1 or 2, in which (i) said oxidation medium of ""b"" is moved through a zone wherein said heavy metal produces free electrons, at a Reynolds Number of about 967 to 2900, a Shape Factor of 9.5 to 11.3, a Schmidt Number of 4 x 10-7 to 1.3 x 10-6, and a Contact Number of 228 to 446; (ii) said polar liquid is moved through a zone wherein gas is mixed therewith in accordance with the dimensionless parameters; Peclet Number 9 to 25, Shape Factor 9 to 10, a Reynolds Number of 400 to 500 for gas flow, 5000 to 10,000 with gas contact and 7000 to 18,000 without gas contact, a Lehman Reaction Number of 3.5 to 8 for blow tubes carrying gas into said zone, and a Stanton Number of 35.50 to 36.20; ; (iii) the alkalation of ""d"" is effected in a zone of liquid flow which is agitated by air moved countercurrent there through, said liquid being moved at a Peclet Number of t2 to 32 and the air being introduced therein by sparge lines having a Lehman Reaction Number of 3.4 to 4.4 or by blow shear tubes having a Lehman Reaction Number of 6.7 to 7.7, and B Stanton Number of 28.60 to 10,160; (iv) the flocculation and precipitation of ""d"" is effected in a zone wherein the flow is moved at a Reynolds Number of 2000 to 3700. 12. An assembly for purification of contaminated liquid including liquid flow control means, characterised in the following sequentially connected units; (a) liquid container means including associated means for selectively macerating solid components of a thus-contaminated liquid, and gas de#very/aeration means for passing gas into intimate admixture with said contaminated liquid and macerated components, (b) acidic treatment means, flow connected to said container means, and including means for regulation of pH by selective introduction of acidic and gaseous oxidizing reagents to the contaminated liquid, (c) container and reactant means, flow connected to said last treatment means, and comprising a source of soluble heavy metal ions adapted to mingle with the liquid flow stream, and means for subsequently aerating the liquid flow by passing gaseous oxygen therethrough; (d) neutralization means, flow connected to said last aerating means, and including proximate means for introducing alkaline reagent into the liquid flow, and a plurality of successively distal means for intimately mixing gaseous oxygen into the alkaline flow stream in amount adapted to restrain precipitation of contaminants by agitation thereof; ; (e) means for flocculating separable contaminant components of the alkaline flow stream, substantially concurrent with electrical grounding of said stream, and switch means for electrically grounding said alkaline flow stream, each of said units starting with (b) being electrically insulated from ground support, and said flocculating means (e) being electrically insulated from the preceding flow connected unit, whereby a galvanic charge may be imparted to solid particles of the liquid flow by pH regulation and electrons of said soluble heavy metal ions and such charge maintained until discharged by the switch means. 13. An assembly as claimed in claim 12, which includes between units (d) and (e), means for simultaneously heating and agitating the alkaline flow stream while continually restraining precipitation. 14. An assembly according to claim 12, in which unit (d) comprises an elongated chamber and said oxygen mixing means which is located distal to the alkaline introducing means, comprises successive downstream gas delivery conduits individually having ejection nozzles transversely disposed within the flow stream at successive staggered angular displacement from the longitudinal axis of the chamber, which conduits have individual flow control means whereby the gas inflow therethrough may be adjusted to changing turbidity of the flow stream immediately adjacent each nozzle. 15. Potable water derived from contaminated liquid or potable water and an aggregation of minute metallic particles individually derived from a liquid suspension containing said particles whenever obtained by the process or apparatus claimed in any of the preceding claims.";ALEXANDER, JOHN A., LINDMAN, WILLIAM EDWARD;ALEXANDER, JOHN A., LINDMAN, WILLIAM EDWARD;1978
+EP-0007326-B1;19820127.0;19780718;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185987.0;C07F9;A61K31;C07F9;C07F   9/6506R, C07F   9/6539B52, C07F   9/40A1+U, C07F   9/58R, C07F   9/24C1+Q, C07F   9/6506E, C07F   9/6539, C07F   9/6518R, C07F   9/653;AMIDINES, THEIR PREPARATION AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM.;Amidine phosphonate compounds have the structure in which Het is a 5- or 6- membered unsaturated nitrogen heterocycle, Z is sulphur or methylene, n is 2 or 3, R¹ is hydrogen, lower alkyl or Het-CH₂Z(CH₂) n₂ -, p is 0 or 1, R² is hydrogen or lower alkyl, or R¹ and R² together form a (CH₂)₂ or (CH₂)₃ group, R³ is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl-(lower alkyl), and R⁴ is hydrogen when p is 0 and hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl or aryl (lower alkyl) when p is 1. Those compounds where R⁴ is other than hydrogen are intermediates for the preparation of the compounds where R⁴ is hydrogen, which have histamine H₂-antagonist activity and are the active ingredients of phar­ maceutical compositions. The compounds are prepared by primary amine coupling reactions, phosphonylation and hyd­ rolysis.;"This invention relates to amidine compounds, their preparation, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. Many physiologically-active substances elicit their biological actions by interaction with specific sites known as receptors. Histamine is such a substance and has a number of biological actions. Those biological actions of histamine which are inhibited by drugs commonly called ""antihistamines"", of which mepyramine, diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine are typical examples, are mediated through histamine H1-receptors. However, others of the biological actions of histamine are not inhibited by ""antihistamines"" and actions of this type which are inhibited by burimamide are mediated through receptors which are termed histamine H2-receptors, and which may be defined as those histamine receptors which are not blocked by mepyramine but are blocked by burimamide. Compounds which block histamine H2-receptors are referred to as histamine H2-antagonists. Blockade of histamine H2-receptors is of utility in inhibiting the biological actions of histamine which are not inhibited by ""antihistamines"". Histamine H2-antagonists are therefore useful, for example, as inhibitors of gastric acid secretion, as anti-inflammatory agents and as agents which act on the cardiovascular system, for example as inhibitors of the effects of histamine on blood pressure. The present invention provides an amidine phosphonate compound of Structure 1: EMI1.1 Structure 1 in which Het is a 5- or 6- membered fully unsaturated heterocycle containing at least one nitrogen atom and optionally substituted by lower alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy; Z is sulphur or methylene; n is 2 or 3; R1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or Het-CH2Z(CH2)n-; p is 0 or 1; R2 is hydrogen or lower alkyl; or R1 and R2 together form a (CH2)2 or (CH2)3 group; 3 R3 is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl); and R4 is hydrogen when p is 0 and hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl or -aryl(lower alkyl) when p is 1. The above compounds where R4 is hydrogen, which are phosphonic acid mono-esters, are -the first phosphorus compounds to be discovered to be histamine H2-antagonists, and the remaining compounds, namely those where p is 1 and 4 R is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl), which are phosphonic acid diesters, are useful as intermediates for conversion by hydrolysis to the histamine H2-antagonists where p is 1 and R is hydrogen. Structure 1 is representative'of the tautomeric forms in which the compounds can exist. The compounds where R4 is hydrogen (the moso-esters) have both basic and acidic character and can be prepared in the form of their acid addition salts or their salts with bases such as sodium hydroxide as well as in zwitterionic form. The compounds where R is not hydrogen (the di-esters) have basic character and can be prepared in the form of their acid addition salts. The pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts and salts with bases are particularly concerned. In this specification by 'lower alkyl' and 'lower alkoxy' are meant an alkyl or alkoxy group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms: it can be straight or branched. An aryl group is preferably phonyl. Examples of heterocycles of the group Het are imidazole, pyridine, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, triazole and thiadiazole. Preferably the group Het is linked to CH2Z by a carbon atom of the heterocycle adjacent to a nitrogen atom. Preferably the heterocycle of Het is imidazole, particularly Het- is 2- or 4- imidazolyl optionally substituted by lower alkyl (especially methyl) hydroxymethyl, or halogen (especially chlorine or bromine). Especially valuable are compounds where Het- is a 5-methyl-4-imidazolyl or 2-thiazolyl group. Other suitable groups are 2-pyridyl optionally substituted by lower alkyl (especially methyl), halogen (especially chlorine or bromine), hydroxy or lower alkoxy (especially methoxy), 3-isothiazolyl optionally substituted by chlorine or bromine, 3-(1,2,5)-thiadiazolyl optionally substituted by chlorine or bromine and 2-(1,3,4-thiadiazolyl). Where R' is Het-CH2Z(CH2)n-, this can be the same as or different from the Het-CHzZ(CH2)=shown in Structure 1. Preferably Z is sulphur and n is 2. Where p is 1, preferably R2 is hydrogen. Where R1 is lower alkyl preferably it is methyl. Where R1 and R2 together form a (CH2)2 or (CH2)3 group, preferably they form a (CH2)2 group, which together with the adjacent nitrogen atoms and the carbon between them form an imidazoline ring. Particularly suitable compounds are those in which R3 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl and benzyl. Examples of phosphonic acids particularly suitable as the parent acids of the mono- and di- esters of Structure 1 are: A. -methyl-N""-[2-( (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]- amidinophosphonic acid, B. -methyl-N""-[2-(2-thiazolylmethylthio)ethyl]amidino- phosphonic acid, C. N-rnethyl-N ""-[2- ((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio) ethyl] - guanidinophosphonic acid, and D. N,N'-ethylene-N""-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl] gianidino-N-phosphonic acid. Specific examples of intermediate di-esters of the invention are the dibenzyl and benzyl ethyl esters of the phosphonic acid C. Specific examples of the mono-esters of the invention, which are H2-antagonists, are the methyl and ethyl esters of the phosphonic acid A, the ethyl ester of the phosphonic acid B, the ethyl and benzyl esters of the phosphonic acid C, and the benzyl ester of the phosphonic acid D. In a process of the invention a compound of Structure 1 is prepared by reacting a primary amino compound R1NH or Het-CHZZ(CH2)nNH2 with the complementary compound of Structure 2 or 3 EMI4.1 Structure 2 Structure 3 where A is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lolnrer alkyl),(and Het, Z, n, R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined for Structure 1); provided that where p is 0, R4 is hydrogen; and where R4 in the product is lower alkyl 5 aryl or aryl(lower alkyl) and a compound where R4 is hydrogen is required, the product is selectively hydrolysed. In accordance with the above, compounds where p is 0 are prepared by reaction of the appropriate primary amino compound with a phosphonic monoester of Structure 4 or 5. EMI4.2 Structure 4 Structure 5 These starting materials can be obtained by the reaction of an organic iodide AI, especially methyl iodide, with a corresponding intermediate compound Het-CH2Z(CH2)nNHCSPO(OR )(0R 4 or R1NHCSPO(0R3 )(oR ), when the sulphur atom is alkylated and the grpup R4 is removed. Intermediates of this type can themselves be prepared by the reaction of a compound R30PX2 where X is chlorine with one equivalent of an alcohol R OH in the presence of a tertiary amine to form a compound XP(oR3)(0R4), followed by hydrolysis with water to a compound HPo(oR3)(0R4) and reaction of this with an isothiocyanate Het-CH2Z(CH2)nNCS or R1NCS, for instance using sodium methoxide in methanol. Preferably A is methyl: preferably X is chlorine. The amidine phosphonate compounds of Structure 1 where p is 1 can be prepared by a process in which the units of the structure represented by Het-CH2Z(CH2)nNH-, R1N=, -=CNR2- 3 CNR"" 4 and -Po(oR3)(0R4) (designated units la, lb, 2 and 3 respectively) are brought together in the correct sequence using as reagents compounds of the following structure for unit la Het-cH2z(cH2)nNH2 for unit lb R1NH2 for unit 2 (AS)2C=NR2 for unit 3 XPo(oR3)(0R where X is halogen and each of R3 and R4 is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl), with, if required, conversion of the group R4 to hydrogen in the endproduct. Preferably A is methyl: preferably X is chlorine. Thus the unit la or Ib reagents can be coupled with the unit 2 reagent by known procedures to give respectively the unit combinations la2 and lb2 of Structures 6 and 7. EMI5.1 Structure 6 Structure 7 Alternatively the unit 2 reagent where R is hydrogen can be coupled with the unit 3 reagent by known procedures to give the unit combination 23 of Structure 8 EMI5.2 Structure 8 In the next step the unit combination la2 or lb2 can be coupled with the unit lb or la reagent, respectively, to give the unit combination lab2 of Structure 9 EMI5.3 Stl ucture 9 which is then coupled with the unit 3 reagent to give the unit combination lab23, representing an amidine phosphonate of Structure 1 in which the group R can be converted to hydrogen by hydrolysis. Alternatively the unit combinations la2 and lb2 can be coupled with the unit 3 reagent, or the unit combination 23 can coupled with the unit reagent la or lb, to give the unit combinations la23 and lb23 and these can be further coupled with the unit ib and la reagents respectively, before or after converting the group R4 to hydrogen. The hydrolytic replacement by hydrogen of the organic group R4 derived from the unit 3 reagent can be effected at any stage subsequent to the coupling of that reagent. Where R1 is itself Het-CH2Z(CH2)n-, the unit la and lb reagents are the same and two equivalents of the amine can be coupled with unit 2 reagent to replace the two groups AS successively and produce the unit combination lab2 in one combined stage. Whether the coupling reactions are effected with introduction of the phosphonate group by means of the unit 3 reagent before or after either or both the amine radicals by means of the unit la and Ib reagents, the end result is the same, so that the various possible sequences are chemically equivalent. The unit 2 reagent has obvious chemical equivalents which can be employed instead, in that the groups SA can be replaced by lower alkoxy, aryloxy or methylsulphinyl groups. The use of obvious chemical equivalents is to be considered as within the scope of the claims of this specification. Preferably in a process for preparing a compound of Structure 1 where p is 1, the process comprises the preliminary step of reacting a compound of Structure 6 or 7 with a compound XPo(oR3)(0R4) where X is halogen and each of R and R4 is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl). The invention also provides a process for preparing a compound of Structure 1 where p is 1, in which the units of structure of the compound represented by Het-CH2Z(CH2)2NH-, R1N'-, ECNRS-, and -PO(OR3(OR4) are brought together in the correct sequence using as reagents compounds of the structure Het-cH2z(cH2)nNH2 R1NH2, (AS)2c=NR , and XPO (OR3,(oR4) where X is halogen and R4 is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl). Where in the compound of Structure 1 R1 and together form a (CH2)2 or (CH2)3 group, there are no corresponding separate units of structure lb and 2, but these are taken together as a single unit R1N=CNR2- which is provided by the reagent R1NHC(SA)=NR2, and which is reacted with the unit 3 reagent described above, and then with the unit la reagent: or the compound of Structure 1 can be formed by the obvious chemical equivalent of using the reagents in the reverse order; and again the group R4 can be converted to hydrogen at any time after coupling of the unit 3 reagent. In a reagent of structure XPO(OR )(OR ), X is preferably chlorine. Such a reagent can be prepared by reacting a phosphoryl halide POX3 with an equivalent amount of an alcohol R30H or R40H in the presence of an equivalent amount of a suitable base such as a tertiary amine, for instance triethylamine or pyridine: the second esterifying group is introduced into the product by displacement of a second halogen atom in the same way; or if R and R4 are the same, two equivalents of alcohol and base can be used to introduce both esterifying groups in one step. The unit reagents la, lb and 2 can be prepared by known methods. Coupling reactions using compounds in which the group SA is replaced by an amino (or imino) group or in which the unit 3 reagent is employed can be carried out by known methods. In place of the unit 3 reagent there can be employed a compound of the same structure except that X is hydrogen, and reacting this in a two-phase system comprising aqueous sodium hydroxide and carbon tetrachloride with the appropriate compound containing the structural unit 2; an anion where X is replaced with a negative charge is initially formed and this reacts with carbon tetrachloride to give the chloro compound which is the unit 3 reagent. The conversion of the group R4 from lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl) to hydrogen can be effected by replacement under conditions which do not affect other groups present. When the conversion is effected on a compound in which all the structural units are present, the replacement can be effected by hydrolysis with an aqueous acid, for example hydrochloric or hydrobromic acid. Selective hydrolysis to replace R4 but not R as well is easy because removal of the second ester group is very difficult to effect. The groups R3 and R4 are so chosen that the desired group remains. A benzyl group is more readily cleaved with hydrobromic acid than a phenyl or ethyl group, so that compounds where R3 is phenyl or ethyl and R4 is hydrogen can be obtained by reaction of hydrobromic acid with the benzyl phenyl ester or the benzyl ethyl ester. The mono-ethyl ester can be obtained by reaction of the diethyl ester with sodium iodide in aqueous acetone. The monophenyl ester can be obtained from the diphenyl ester by reaction with sodium hydroxide under conditions sufficiently mild to avoid disruption of the remainder of the molecule. Where the conversion is effected on a compound containing an SA group (for example lower alkylthio), it can be carried out by treatment with aqueous pyridinium chloride or ammonium iodide. The compounds of Structure 1 that are pharmacologically active are those in which R4 is hydrogen. The active compounds block histamine H2-receptors; that is, they inhibit the biological actions of histamine which are not inhibited by antihistamines such as mepyramine but are inhibited by burimamide. For example, they inhibit histamine-stimulated secretion of gastric acid from the lumen-perfused stomachs of rats anaesthetised with urethane, at doses of from 0.5 to 256 micromoles per kilogram intravenously. Their activity as histamine H2-antagonists is also demonstrated by their ability to inhibit other actions of histamine which are not mediated by histamine H1-receptors. For example, they inhibit the actions of histamine on the isolated guinea pig atrium and isolated rat uterus. They inhibit the basal secretion of gastric acid and also that stimulated by pentagastrin or by food. In a conventional test such as the measurement of blood pressure in the anaesthetised cat, at doses of from 0.5 to 256 micromoles per kilogram intravenously, they inhibit the vasodilator action of histamine. The potency of the compounds is illustrated by an effective dose producing 50% inhibition of gastric acid secretion in the anaesthetised rat and producing 50% inhibition of histamine-induced tachycardia in the isolated guinea pig -4 atrium (less than 10 Molar). The pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise a pharmaceutical carrier and a pharmacologically-active compound of the invention of Structure 1 where R is hydrogen, which can be in the zwitterionic form or in the form of its addition salt with a pharmaceutically-acceptable acid or its salt with a pharmaceutically-acceptable base. Such acid addition salts include those with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, sulphuric and maleic acids and may conveniently be formed from the corresponding zwitterionic compounds by standard procedures, for example by treating them with an acid in a lower alkanol or by the use of ion exchange resins to form the required salt either directly or from a different addition salt. Salts with bases for example the sodium or potassium salts can be prepared in the usual way by neutralisation of the zwitterionic form. The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be a solid or liquid. Examples of solid carriers are lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate and stearic acid. Examples of liquid farriers are syrup, peanut oil, olive oil and water. If a solid carrier is used, the composition can be prepared in the form of a tablet, capsule, troche or lozenge. The amount of solid carrier in a unit dosage form is generally from about 25 mg to about 300 mg. If a liquid carrier is used, the composition can be in the form of a syrup, emulsion, soft gelatin capsule, a sterile -injectable liquid contained for example in an ampoule or an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspension. The pharmaceutical compositions are prepared by conventional techniques involving procedures such as mixing, granulating and compressing or dissolving the ingredients as appropriate to the des ired preparation. The active ingredient is present in the compositions in an effective amount to block histamine H2-receptors. Preferably, each dosage unit- contains the active ingredient in an amount of from about 50 mg to about 250 mg. The invention provides a method of blocking histamine H2-receptors which comprises administering to an animal a pharmacologically-active compound of Structure 1 where R4 is hydrogen, which can be in the zwitterionic form or in the form of its addition salt with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable acid or its salt with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable base, or a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound. The active ingredient will preferably be administered one to six times per day. The daily dosage regimen will generally be from about 150 mg to about 1500 mg. The route of administration may be oral or parenteral. In the treatment of certain conditions, for example inflammation, and in inhibiting the actions of histamine on blood pressure, a combination of the histamine H2-antagonsts of the invention with histamine H1-antagonists is useful. The invention is illustrated by the following Examples in which temperatures are in C. EXAMPLE 1 Diethyl N-methylthiocarbamoylphosphonate, prepared according to K.A. Petrov and A.A. Neimysheva, Zhur. Obsch. Khimii, 1959, 29, 1819, was purified by chromatography on a silica gel column (eluant 20% ethyl acetate in light petroleum) to give yellow crystals, m.p. 50-520 This phosphonate (2.11 g, 0.01 mole) was dissolved in methyl iodide (10 ml), and the solution heated under reflux for 2 hours and then left at ambient temperature for a further 24 hours: N,S-dimethyl-thioimidoylphosphonic acid monoethyl ester crystallised out, and was recrystallised from acetonitrile, m.p. 142-147 (dec). The above ester (3.94 g, 0 02 mole) and 2-[(5-methyl 4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethylamine (3.42 g, 0.02 mole) were dissolved separately in 25 ml quantities of acetonitrile, and the solutions mixed. A thick oily layer appeared and after 30 minutes was separated off, diluted with methanol (4 ml) and extracted repeatedly with boiling acetone. The acetone fractions were combined and allowed to stand at ambient temperature for 18 hours, after which the product N-methyl-N'-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl] amidinophosphonic acid monoethyl ester crystallised out m.p. 185-1870 (Found: C, 40.7; H, 6.6; N, 17.1%. CllH2lN403PS requires: C, 41.2; H, 6.6; N, 17.5%). EXAMPLE 2 Dimethyl N-methyl thi ocarbamoylphosphonate prepared by the method used for the diethyl ester (see Example 1) (1.8 g) was dissolved in methyl iodide (10 ml) and the solution heated under reflux for 3 hours and kept at ambient temperature for 3 days under anhydrous conditions. N,S-dimethylthio imidoylphospllonic acid monomethyl ester crystallised out and this reagent (1.56 g) and 2-[ (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)- methylthio]ethylamine (1.36 g) in acetonitrile (50 ml), on standing at ambient temperature for 16 hours afforded N metbyl-N [2-((4-methyl-5-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]- amidinophosphonic acid monomethyl ester, which was recrystallised from methanol-acetone,m.p. 170-171 , (Found: C, 39.5; H, 6.5; N, 18.5%. CloHlgN403SP requires: C; 39.2; H, 6.3; N, 18.3%). EXAMPLE 3 Reaction of dichlorophenoxyphosphine with an equivalent amount of benzyl alcohol in the presence of an equivalent amount of triethylamine and hydrolysis with water of the product yields benzyl phenyl phosphite. Reaction of this with methyl isothiocyanate gives benzyl phenyl N-methylthiocarbamoyl-phosphonate. When this is used instead of the corresponding diethyl compound in the procedure of Example 1, the monophenyl ester of N-methyl-N'-[2-((5methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]amidinophosphonic acid is obtained. EXAMPLE 4 Reaction of dibenzyl phosphite with methyl isothiocyanate gives dibenzyl N-methylthiocarbamoylphosphonate: use of this instead of the corresponding diethyl compound in the procedure of Example 1 gives the monobenzyl ester of N-methyl-N'-t2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]- amidinophosphonic acid. EXAMPLE 5 N, S-Dimet hylthioimidoylphosphonic acid monoethyl ester (0.59 g) was added to a solution of 2-(2-thiazolylmethyl thio)ethylamine dihydrobromide (1.0 g) in methanol (10 ml) containing triethylamine (0.61 g) and kept at ambient temperature for 24 hours, The reaction mixture was concentrate by evaporation and acetone added to precipitate triethylamine salt, which was removed by filtration; the filtrate was concentrated and purified on a silica gel column with elution initially by acetone-methanol (9:1) to remove impurities followed by acetone-methanol (1:1) to yield N-methyl-N'-[2-(2-thiazolylmethylthio)ethylamidino- phosphonic acid monoethyl ester, which was recrystallised from methanol-ethyl acetate, m.p. 156-158 , (Found: C,37,1; H, 5.6; N, 13.0%. C10H18N303PS2 requires: C, 37.1; H, 5.4; N, 12.9%). EXAMPLES 6 to 15 When instead of 2-[ (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio] ethylamine there is used in equivalent amounts in the process of Example 5 each of the following amines: Example 6. 2-[ (4-imidazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 7. 2-[ (5-bromo-4-imidazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 8. 2-[ (3-chloro-2-pyridyl)methylthio]ethylamine 9. 2-[ (3-methoxy-2-pyridyl)methylthio]ethylamine 10. 2-[(3-isothiazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 11. 2-[ (2-oxazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 12. 2-[ (3-l,2,4-triazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 13. 2-[ (2-l,3,4-thiadiazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 14. 2-[ (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio]propylamine 15. 4-(4-imidazolyl)butylamine there are obtained the monoethyl esters of the corresponding N-methyl amidinophosphonic acids. EXAMPLE 16 (a) N,S-Dimethyl isothiouronium iodide (23.2 g, 0.1 mole) was dissolved in water (40 ml), ice-cooled and vigorously stirred with a solution of dibenzylphosphite (26.2 g, 0.1 mole) in carbon tetrachloride (100 ml). Sodium hydroxide (8 g, 0.2 mole) dissolved in water (25 ml) was added during 30 minutes. After addition was complete the cooling bath was removed, and the stirring continued for a further 2 hours. The organic phase was separated, washed successively with dilute sulphuric acid, sodium bicarbonate solution and water, and dried over sodium sulphate. After removing the organic solvent the residue was chromatographed on a silica gel column, eluting with ethyl acetate-light petroleum 40600 (1:2)to give N,S-dimethyl-N'-(dibenzylphosphono)isothiourea, m.p. (b) To a stirred mixture of the isothiourea (3.65 g, 0.01 mole),2-[(4-methyl-5-imidazolyl)methylthioethylamine (1.71g, 0.01 mole) and 2 g. of Molecular Sieves 4A in 50 ml dry 2propanol (2.32g, 0.01 mole) was added silver oxide in several portions during 30 minutes. After 3 hours the reaction mixture was filtered and evaporated. The thick residue -was chromatographed on a silica gel column, eluding with acetone containing 10% methanol, to give N'-methyl-N""-[2- ((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl3guanidinophosphonic acid dibenzyl ester, (Found:C, 56.1; H, 6.3; N, 14.3%. C23H30N503PS requires: C, 56.8; H, 6.0; N, 14.4%). EXAMPLE 17 The guanidine obtained from the process of Example 16 (1..47g, 0.003 mole) was dissolved in acetone (20 ml) and 48% aqueous hydrogen bromide (1.1 ml, 0.0064 mole) added. Methanol (2 ml) was added to prevent separation of phases and the solution kept for 18 hours, after which N'-methyl N""-r2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]guanidino- phosphonic acid monobenzyl ester hydrobromide had crystallised out, m.p. 146-1470 (Found: C, 40.0; H, 5.3; N,14.9; Br.17.0%. C16H24N503PS.HBr requires: C, 40 2; H, 5.3; N, 14.6; Br.16.7%). EXAMPLE 18 (a) While stirring and ice-cooling, a mixture of redistilled benzyl alcohol (10.8g,0.1 mole) and triethylamine (lO.lg, 0.1 mole) was added dropwise in 30 minutes to a solution of ethyldichlorophosphate (C2H5OPOCl2) (16.3g, 0.1 mole) in tetrahydrofuran (100 ml). After a further 2 hours of stirring at ambient temperature, the solution was filtered and almost all of the tetrahydrofuran removed at reduced pressure at 250 to give benzylethyl chlorophosphate as an oil. This was diluted with chloroform (80 ml) and cooled in an ice bath, a cold solution of N,S-dimethylisothiouronium iodide (23.2g, 0.1 mole) in water (25 ml) was added and while vigorously stirring, a solution of sodium hydroxide (8g, 0.2 mole) in water (15 ml) was added dropwise in 30 minutes. After addition was complete the cooling bath was removed, and vigorous stirring continued for a further 2 hours. The organic phase was then separated and treated by the same procedure as in Example (16a) to give N,S-dimethyl-N'-(benzylethylphosphono)isothiourea as an oil. (b) Reaction of this isothiourea with 2-[(5-methy-1-4- imidazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine using the procedure of Example 16(b) gave N'-methyl-N""-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)- methylthio)ethylguanidinophosphonic acid benzyl ethyl ester. EXAMPLE 19 The guanidine of Example 18 was hydrolysed with 48% aqueous hydrogen bromide using the procedure of Example 17 to give on recrystallisation from ethanol/ether N'-methyl- N""-[2- ( (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl )methylthio)ethylguanidino- phosphonic acid monoethyl ester hydrobromide, 170-1720C (dec). (Found: C, 31.5; H, 5.6; N, 16.4; Br, 19.2%. C11H22N5O3PS.HBr. requires: C, 31.7; H, 5.6; N, 16.8; Br , 19.2%). EXAMPLE 20 Use of phenyldichlorophosphate instead of ethyldichlorophosphate inthe procedure of Example 18 gives N'-methyl-N"" [2-( (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethylguanidinophosphonic acid diphenyl ester. EXAMPLE 21 When the diphenyl ester obtained by the process of Example 20 is submitted to the procedure of Example 19 there is obtained N -methyl-N""- [2- ( (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl) - methylthio) ethyl]guanidinophosphoric acid monophenyl ester hydrobromide. EXAMPLE 22 to 31 When instead of 2-[(4-methyl-5-imidazolyl)methylthio]- ethylamine there is used in the equivalent amounts in the process of Example 16(b) each of the following amines: Example 22. 2-[ (4-imidazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 23. 2-[(5-bromo-4-imidazolyl)methylthio3ethylamine 24. 2-[ (3-chloro-2-pyridyl)methylthio]ethylamine 25. 2-[(3-methoxy-2-pyridyl)methylthioJethylamine 26. 2-[ (2-thiazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 27. 2-[(3-isothiazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 28. 2-[ (2-oxazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 29. 2-[ (2-l,3,4-thiadiazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 30. 2-[ (3-l,2,4-triazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine 31. 4-(4-imidazolyl)butylamine there are obtained the dibenzyl esters of the corresponding guanidinophosphonic acids. EXAMPLES 32 to 41 When the dibenzyl esters of Examples 22 to 31 are submitted to hydrolysis with 48% aqueous hydrogen bromide according to the procedure of Example 17 there are obtained respectively the hydrobromide salt of the monobenzyl ester of the following compounds: Example 32. N'-methyl-N""-t2-((4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]- guanidinophosphonic acid Example 33. N'-methyl-N""-[2-((5-bromo-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]guanidinophosphonic acid 34. N'-methyl-N""-[2-((3-chloro-2-pyridyl)methylthio)ethyl)- guanidinophosphonic acid 35. N'-methyl-N11-[2-((3-methoxy-2-pyridyl)methylthio)ethyl]-. guanidinophosphonic acid 36. N'-methyl-N'1-[2-((2-thiazolyl)methylthio)ethyl] guanidinophosphonic acid 37. N'-methyl-N""-[2-((3-isothiazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]- guanidinophosphonic acid 38. N N'-methyl-N""-[2-((2-oxazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]guanidino- phosphonic acid 39. N'-methyl-N""-[2-((2-1,3,4-thiadiazolyl)methylthio)- ethyl]-guanidinophosphonic acid 40. N1-methyl-N1'-[2-((3-l,2,4-triazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]- guanidinophosphonic acid 41. N'-methyl-N""-[4-(4-imidazolyl)butylXguanidinophosphonic acid. EXAMPLE 42 When S-methylisothiouronium iodide is used in equivalent amount instead of N,S-dimethylisothiouronium iodide in the process of Example 16, there is obtained as end-product N' [2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethylguanidinophosphonic acid dibenzyl ester. EXAMPLE 43 When the di-ester obtained by the process of Example 42 is subjected to a hydrolysis similar to that described in Example 17, there is obtained N'-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethylguanidinophosphonic acid monobenzyl ester. EXAMPLE 44 When S-methyl-N-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio) ethyijisothiouronium iodide is coupled with benzylethylchlorophosphate using the procedure of Example 18(a) there is obtained S-methyl-N-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)- ethyl]-N' -(benzyl ethylphosphono)isothiourea. Reaction of this with 2-[(5-methyl-4-imidazolylmethylthioethylamine by the procedure of Example 18(b) gives N',N""-bis-[2-((5 methyl-4-imidazolyl )methylthio) ethyl] guanidinophosphonic acid benzyl ethyl ester. EXAMPLE 45 When the do ester obtained by the process of Example 44 is subjected to a hydrolysis similar to that described in Example 17, there is obtained N',N""-bis-[2-((5-methyl- 4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethylZguanidinophosphonic acid mono-ethyl ester. EXAMPLE 46 When N,N1-S-trimethylisothiouronium iodide is coupled with benzylethylchlorophosphate using the procedure of Example 18 (a) there is obtained N,N'-S-trimethyl-N'-(benzylethylphosphono)isothiourea. Reaction of this with 2-[(5methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine by the procedure of Example 18(b) gives N,N'-dimethyl-N""-[2-((5-methyl-4- imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]guanidinophosphonic acid benzyl ethyl ester. EXAMPLE -47 When the di-ester obtained by the process of Example 46 is subjected to a hydrolysis similar to that described in Example 17, there is obtained N,N'-dimethyl-N""-[2-((5 methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl ]guanidinophosphonic acid mono-ethyl ester. EXAMPLE 48 (a) Reaction of 2-methylthioimidazoline with dibenzylphosphite according to the procedure of Example 16 (a) yields,. as an oily liquid, N,N'-ethylene-N-(dibenzylphosphono)-S- methylisothiourea. The isothiourea (3.76g) was dissolved in acetone (20 ml) and to the solution was added ammonium iodide (2.17g) dissolved in methanol (8 ml). After 16 hours at ambient temperature N,N'-ethylene-S-methylisothiourea N-phosphonic acid monobenzyl ester was separated as a hygroscopic oil by chromatography on a silica gel column using as eluant methanol/acetone (1:1). (b) The isothiourea phosphonic ester (1.43g) and 2-[5methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio]ethylamine (0.86g) were dissolved successively in propanol (10 ml). After standing at ambient temperature for 16 hours the product was isolated and purified by chromatography on a silica gel column using as eluant methanol/acetone (1:4), to give N,N'-ethylene-N""-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]guanidinophosphonic acid monobenzyl ester, (Found: C, 48.4, H, 5.9%, N, 15.8%. C17H24N5O3PS.12H2O requires: C, 48.8; H, 6.0; N, 16.8%): nmr:- (100MHz. DMSO-d6 62.14 (s, CH,-Imid), 2.65 (m, CH2CH2S), 3.40(m, NCH2CH2N and NCH2CH2S), 3.71 (s, imid-CH2), 4.79(d, CH OP), 7.34 (s, benzylic CH2), 7.48(s, N=CH-N), 9.30(broad, NH). All peaks had proper integrations. EXAMPLE 49 A pharmaceutical composition is prepared from the following ingredients. N'-methyl-N""-[2-((5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methylthio)ethyl]guanidinophosphonic acid monobenzyl ester hydrobromide 150 mg Sucrose 75 mg Starch 25 mg Talc 5 mg Stearic Acid 2 mg The ingredients are screened, mixed and filled into a hard gelatin capsule. EXAMPLE 50 An injectable pharmaceutical composition is prepared by dissolving N1 -methyl-N1,- (2- (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)methyl- thio)-ethylguanidinophosphonic acid monoethyl ester hydrobromide (loog) in sterile water (2 litres). From it are prepared ampoules containing lOOmg of active ingredient. EXAMPLE 51 A composition is prepared as in Example 49, but using as active ingredient N-methyl-N'-[2-(2-thiazolylmethylthio) ethyl]amidinophosphonic acid monoethyl ester. EXAMPLE 52 A composition is prepared as in Example 50, but using as active ingredient N-methyl-N1-[2-( (5-methyl-4-imidazolyl)- methylthio)ethyl]amidinophosphonic acid monoethyl ester as the hydrochloride salt. Similarly other compounds of Structure 1 where R4 is hydrogen can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions by the procedures of Examples 49 to 52. The pharmaceutical compositions prepared in the above Examples are administered to a subject within the dose range given above to block histamine H2-receptors.";"CLAIMS 1. An amidine phosphonate compound having Structure 1 EMI21.1 Structure 1 in which Het is a 5- or 6- membered fully unsaturated heterocycle containing at least one nitrogen atom and optionally substituted by lower alkyl, trifluoromethyl, hydroxymethyl, halogen, hydroxy or lower alkoxy; Z is sulphur or methylene; n is 2 or 3; R1 is hydrogen, lower alkyl or Het-CH2Z(CH2)n-; p is O or 1; R is hydrogen or lower alkyl; or Ri and R2 together form a (CH2)2 or (C112)3 group; 3 R is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl): and R is hydrogen when p is 0 and hydrogen, lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl) when p is 1. 2. A compound according to Claim 1, in the heterocycle of which Het is imidazole, pyridine, thiazole, isothiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, triazole or thiadiazole, and is linked to CH2Z by a carbon atom of the heterocycle adjacent to a nitrogen atom. 3. A compound according to Claim 2, in which Het is 5-methyl4-imidazolyl. 4. A compound according to Claim 2, in which Het is 2-thiazolyl. 5. A compound according to any preceding claim, in which Z is sulphur and n is 2. 6. A compound according to any preceding claim, in which R4 is hydrogen. 7. A compound according to any preceding claim, in which p is 1 and R2 is hydrogen. 8. A compound according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, in which p is 0. 9. A compound according to any preceding claim, in which R1 is methyl. 10. A compound according to any one of Claims 1 to 5, in which R1 and R2 together form a (CH2)2 group. 11. A compound according to any preceding claim, in which R3 is methyl, ethyl, phenyl or benzyl. 12. A compound according to Claim 6, as dependent on Claim 5, in which R4 is hydrogen and (a) Het is 5-methyl-4-imidazolyl, R1 is methyl, p is 0 and R3 is methyl or ethyl; (b) Het is 2-thiazolyl, R1 is methyl, p is 0 and R is ethyl; (c) Het is 5-methyl-4-imidazolyl, R1 is methyl, p is 1, R2 is hydrogen and R3 is ethyl or benzyl; or (d) Het is 5-methyl-4-imidazolyl, R1 and R2 together form a (CH2)2 group, p is 1 and R3 is ethyl. 13. A process for preparing a compound according to any preceding claim, characterised in that a primary amino compound R1NH2 or Het-CH2Z(CH2)nNS2 is reacted with the complementary compound of Structure 2 or 3, EMI22.1 Structure 2 Structure 3 where A is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl) provided that where p is 0, R4 is hydrogen: and where R4 in the product is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl) and a compound where R4 is hydrogen is required, the product is selectively hydrolysed. 14. A process according to Claim 13, characterised in that the compound of Structure 2 or 3 is one where p is 1 and is prepared by the reaction of a compound of Structure 8 or 9 EMI23.1 Structure8 Structure 9 with a phosphorus compound of structure XPO(OR )(OR ) where X is halogen and each of R3 and R4 is lower alkyl, aryl or aryl(lower alkyl), and, if required subsequent selective hydrolysis to convert R4 to hydrogen. 15. A pharmaceutical composition characterised in that it comprises a compound according to any one of Claims 1 to 12 where R4 is hydrogen, and a pharmaceutical carrier or diluent.";DURANT, GRAHAM JOHN, TASHMA, ZEV, YOUNG, RODNEY CHRISTOPHER;SMITH KLINE & FRENCH LABORATORIES LIMITED;1978
+EP-0009509-B1;19830330.0;19780929;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185930.0;A47F1;A47F3, B65D3;B65D3, A47F3;A47F   3/14, B65D   3/24;CONTAINER FOR DISPLAYING MERCHANDISE;"1. Container (1) for displaying merchandise, the vertical walls thereof comprising of flexible plate-like parts (4 ; 5), which can be assembled to the desired shape and size by means of press buttons insertable into holes which are arranged near the vertical lateral edges of the plate-like parts, characterized in that for releasably joining together several containers (1 ; 17) of this or similar kind strip-like connection elements (12 ; 18) having press buttons (11) are provided and the plate-like parts (4 ; 5) comprising holes (10) for inserting said press buttons (11).";"Behältnis für zum Verkauf anzubietende Waren Die Erfindung betrifft ein für zum Verkauf anzubietende Waren bestimmtes Behältnis, dessen etwa senkrechte Wand aus biegsamen plattenförmigen Teilen besteht, die mittels in Löcher dieser Teile einsteckbaren Druckknöpfen in der gewünschten Form und Grösse zusammengesetzt sind. Behältnisse dieser Art sind bekannt (DE-OS 27 46 104). Ein solches Behältnis findet beispielsweise in Kauf- häusern, Selbstbedienungsläden und dergleichen Ver- wendung, um - vorzugsweise verpackte - Massenartikel wie Seife, Zahnpasta, Kosmetika, Schokolade, Kaugummis, Zigaretten und dergleichen Produkte an einer im Laufweg der Kundschaft liegenden Stelle den Kunden anbieten zu können. Diese Produkte werden von oben in das im allgemeinen zylindrische Behältnis eingeschüttet und können aus einer darunter befindlichen Auffangschale oder auch von oben aus dem Behältnis ein zeln entnommen werden. Bei diesem bekannten Behältnis weisen die biegsamen plattenförmigen Teile an deren einander gegenüberliegenden Längskanten abwechselnd Löcher und Druckknöpfe auf, so dass diese Längskanten Ubereinanderge- legt werden, um mehrere Platten zusammenzusetzen oder auch rur as eIner derartigen Platte ein zylindrisches ehältnis zu bilden. Wegen der Überlappung der anein andrstorenden Kanten der Platten weicht der Querschnitt des BehG5tnisses, insbesondere wenn es einen kreisförmigen Grundriss haben soll, von der geaMnsch- ten Grundrissform ab, so dass es schwierig ist, Zwischenböden einzulegen und in der gewünschten Position zu halten. Hinzu kommt, dass das Aussehen derartiger Behältnisse nicht voll befriedigend ist. Auch können gleichartige Behältnisse dieser Art nicht einfach aneinander befestigt werden, so dass man aus einer Grundgrösse des Behältnisses auch nicht ohne weiteres Behältnisse verschiedener Höhe bilden kann. Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, hier Abhilfe zu schaffen. Die in den Ansprüchen gekennzeichnete Erfindung löst die Aufgabe, ein aus plattenförmigen Teilen zusammengesetztes Behältnis für zum Verkauf anzubietende Waren zu schaffen, das einfach und schnell in beliebigen Grössen aufgebaut werden kann und geeignet ist, aus einfachem Material bestehende Zwischenböden aufzunehmen,und das in einfacher Weise auch mit weiteren Anbauten versehen werden kann. Die durch die Erfindung erreichten Vorteile sind im wesentlichen darin zu sehen, dass die benachbarten Kanten der das Behältnis bildenden plattenförmigen Teile nicht übereinanderliegen müssen, sondern sozusagen stumpf aneinanderstossen, so dass eine exakte äussere und innere Form des Behältnisses erreicht wird, was insbesondere bei Behältnissen mit kreis förmigem Grundriss von Interesse ist, in die Zwischenböden eingelegt werden sollen, weil die Zwischenböden dann gleichmässig auf an der Innenseite der senkrechten Wand des Behältnisses befindlichen Auflagern aufliegen und zusätliche Halter oder Stützen nicht benötigt werden. Die die Druckknöpfe tragenden ge sonderten Verbindungselemente ermöglichen in einfacher Weise einen beliebigen Zusammenbau der plattenförmigen Teile zu Behältnissen mit mehr oder weniger grossem Grundriss und mehr oder weniger grosser Höhe. Auch ermöglichen sie den Anbau von Zusatzelementen wie beispielsweise einer nach oben offenen Tülle, die vor einer Wandöffnung des Behältnisses liegt und zur bequemen Entnahme von Gegenständen aus dem Behältnis dient. Dadurch, dass die Löcher in den plattenförmigen Teilen wenigstens zum Teil als Langlöcher ausgebildet sind, lassen sich die miteinander zu verbindenden Teile ohne gegenseitige Verspannungen miteinander verbinden. Da die Druckknöpfe sich in den Langlöchern verklemmen und somit ein Verschieben in den Langlöchern nur unter Uberwindung einer bestimmten Mindestreibung möglich ist, wird andererseits vermieden, dass sich die miteinander verbundenen--Teile in unerwünschter Weise gegeneinander verschieben. Erfindungsgemässe Behältnisse können an jeder beliebigen Stelle auf dem Boden, auf Tischen oder sonstigen Unterlagen aufgestellt oder auch aufgehängt werden, ohne dass besondere Zusatzeinrichtungen, wie beispielsweise bei der Ausgangspunkt der Erfindung bildenden DE-OS 27 46 104, notwendig wären. Zur weiteren Erläuterung der Erfindung dient die lediglich ein Ausfuhrungsbeispiel zeigende Zeichnung und die nachfolgende Beschreibung. In der Zeichnung zeigt Fig. 1 eine schaubildliche Ansicht eines aus zwei übereinander gesetzten zylinderförmigen Tei len gebildeten Behältnisses mit einer in der Seitenwand angeordneten Entnahme für einge füllte Material und einem eingelegten Zwi schenboden, Fig. 2 einen Teilausschnitt des Behältnisses, woraus Auflager für einen Zwischenboden zu erkennen sind, Fig. 3 eine Draufsicht auf ein vier Druckknöpfe tragendes streifenförmiges Verbindungselement, Fig. 4 eine Stirnansicht des Verbindungselementes aus Fig. 3 und Fig. 5 eine Draufsicht auf ein rahmenartiges Verbin dungselement mit insgesamt acht Druckknöpfen und vier Richtstegen. Das in Fig. 1 dargestellte Behältnis 1 ist als aufrechtstehender Hohlzylinder ausgebildet und aus zwei übereinander angeordneten hohlzylindrischen Teilen 2 und 3 zusammengesetzt. Jeder dieser hohlzylindrischen Teile 2 und 3 besteht jeweils Bus zwei biegsamen, flexiblen Platten 4 und 5, die entlang ihren senkrecht verlaufenden Kanten 6 und 7 aneinander befestigt sind und dabei die hohlzylindrische Form bilden. Die Art der Verbindung ist in der Zeichnung nicht näher dargestellt und kann, ähnlich wie die unten beschriebene Verbindung zwischen den aufeinandergesetzten Teilen 2 und 3 ausgebildet sein. Nahe den oberen und unteren Rändern 8 und 9 der hohlzylindrischen Teile 2 und 3 enthalten die Platten 4 und 5 eine Reihe von Langlöchern 10, deren Längsachse sich etwa parallel zur Kante des betreffenden Randes erstreckt. In diese Langlöcher 10 können Druckknöpfe 11 streifenförmiger Verbindungselemente 12 eingesteckt werden, wobei die Breite der Langlöcher 10 etwa dem Durchmesser-des Schaftes 13 der Druckknöpfe 11 entspricht, so dass zwischen dem Schaft 13 eines in ein Langloch 12 eingesteckten Druckknopfes 11 und der Wand dieses Langloches Kontakt besteht, der einen gewissen Reibungswiderstand gegen ein Verschieben des Druckknopfes und damit des gesamten Verbindungselementes 12 liefert. Um ein Herausrutschen der Druckknöpfe 11 aus den Lanb°- löchern 10 zu verhindern, hat jeder Druckknopf einen auf dem Schaft 13 sitzenden erweiterten Kopf 14, der sich nach aussen konisch verjüngt, um das Einstecken in ein Langloch 10 zu erleichtern. Ausserdem enthält jeder Druckknopf 11 einen ihn vollständig durchsetzenden, senkrecht verlaufenden Schlitz 15, der den Druckknopf in zwei Teile unterteilt, die aufgrund der elastischen Eigenschaften des Materials des Druckknopfes beim Einstecken in ein Langloch 10 zusammengedrückt werden können, danach jedoch wieder in ihre ursprüngliche Fonn zurückkehren, so dass der Kopf 14 jedes Druckknopfes 11 sich hinter die Platte 4 bzw. 5, in die er eingesteckt worden ist, legt und dieselbe gegen das Verbindungselement 12 drückt, wie Fig. 4 zeigt, so dass ein reibungsschltssiger Kontakt zwischen den Verbindungselementen 12 und den Platten 4 und 5 gegeben ist und die Verbindungselemente 12 daher eine stabile Verbindung zwischen aufeinandergesetzten Teilen 2;und -3 oder auch ganz allgemein zwischen aneinanderstossenden Kanten von Platten, mit denen das Behältnis oder Teile desselben zusammengesetzt wird, bilden. Fig. 1 zeigt, dass die Verbindungselemente 12 die stumpf aneinanderstossenden Enden der hohlzylindrischen Teile 2 und 3 des Behältnisses 1 überbrücken und dadurch so aufeinanderhalten, so sie sich mit ihren Kanten 8 und 9 gegeneinander abstützen. Aus Fig. 3 ist zu erkennen, dass der Abstand der Längsachse 10a der Langlöcher 10 zur jeweiligen Kante 8 bzw. 9 so auf dem Abstand benachbarter Druckknöpfe 11 am Verbindungselement 12 abgestimmt ist, dass die Teile 2 und 3 mit ihren Kanten 8 und 9 aneinanderstossend zusammengehalten werden. Die Langlöcher 10 gestatten eine gewisse gegenseitige Verdrehung der Teile 2 und 3, um Verspannungen im Verbindungsbereich zu vermeiden, jedoch können die Druckknöpfe 11 auch in ihrer Grösse entsprechende kreisförmige Löcher eingesteckt werden, wenn keine gegenseitige Versetzung von miteinander zu verbindenden Teilen zu erwarten ist. Die Platte 5 des oberen Teiles 2 enthält eine Öffnung 16, vor der eine nach oben offene flexible Tülle 17 mit Hilfe eines rahmenförmigen Verbindungselementes 18 befestigt ist. Dieses rahmenförmige Verbindungselement 18 ist in Fig. 5 in Draufsicht zu erkennen und trägt an der in Fig. 5 gezeigten Innenseite insgesamt acht Druckknöpfe 11 der in Verbindung mit Fig. 3 und 4 beschriebenen Art. Ausserdem sind an der Innenseite des rahmenförmigen Verbindungselementes 18 insgesamt vier als Richtelemente dienende hochstehende Stege 19 vorgesehen, die in in der Zeichnung nicht näher dargestellte Vertiefungen auf der Aussenseite der Platte 5 eingreifen, um das Verbindungselement 18 bei der Montage gegenüber der Platte 5 auszurichten. -Die Tülle 17 liegt mit ihren seitlichen und unteren Kanten zwischen dem rahmenförmigen Verbindungselement 18 und der Platte 5 des Teiles 2 des Behältnisses 1 und ist lediglich nach oben offen, so dass durch die Öffnung 16 von oben in das Behältnis eingeschüttete Waren entnommen werden können. Im unteren Teil 3 ist ein Zwischenboden 20 angeordnet, der auf nasenartigen Auflagern 21 liegt, die in das Innere des Behältnisses ragen, wie Fig. 2 zeigt. Diese Auflager 21 sind an senkrecht verlaufenden Rippen 22 angebracht, die wiederum mit den Platten 4 und 5 aus einem Stück bestehen. Alle Teile des Behältnisses 1 können aus Kunststoff und vorzugsweise aus flexiblerrKunststoff geformt sein. Aus Stabilitätsgründen können Verstärkungsrippen oder sonstige Verstärkungselemente auf der Aussenseite und/ oder der Innenseite der einzelnen Teile angebracht sein, die in der Zeichnung aber aus Gründen der vereinfachten Darstellung nicht im einzelnen gezeigt sind. Das erfindungsgemässe Behältnis kann auch aus mehr als zwei übereinander angeordneten Teilen zusammengebaut werden, ebenso wie jeder Teil auch aus nur einer einzigen oder mehr als zwei biegsamen Platten gebildet werden kann. Das Behältnis lässt sich mit und ohne Zwischenböden verwenden und entweder auf dem Boden oder einer anderen Unterlage aufstellen. Es wird vor zugsweise durch seine obere Öffnung 23 mit stückiger Ware gefüllt, die einzeln durch die Öffnung 16 entnommen werden kann. Da das Behältnis mehr oder weniger durchsichtig auszubilden ist, erkennt man leicht, wann Ware nachgefüllt werden sollte. Da das Behältnis leicht zusammenzubauen ist und auch kein grosses Gewicht aufweist, lässt es sich schnell aufbauen und an beliebigen Stellen aufstellen, ebenso wie eine Ortsveränderung problemlos möglich ist.";"cn. 3eflaltnis rur zum Verkauf anzubietende Waren, des sen etwa senkrechte Wand aus biegsamen platten förmigen Teilen besteht, die mittels in Locher dieser Teile einsteckbaren Druckknöpfen in der gewünscht;en Form und Grosse zusammengesetzt sind, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h ntie t dass an der Innenseite der plattenförmigen Teile (4;5) Auflager (21) für horizontale Böden (20) vorgesehen und die Druckknöpfe (11) an gesonderten Verbindungselementen (12;18) angeordnet sind. 2. Behältnis nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Auflager (21) nach innen vorspringende Nasen oder Rippen sind, die mit den aus Kunststoff hergestellten plattenförmigen Teilen (4;5) aus einem Stück bestehen. 3. Behältnis nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass die Böden (20) aus Pappe oder Karton bestehen. 4. Behältnis nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbindungselemente (12) als flache Strei fen ausgebildet sind, die in zwei parallelen Rei hen Druckknöpfe (11) tragen, welche in Löcher (10) der plattenförmigen Teile (4;5) und gegebenenfalls weiterer Teile passen. 5. Behältnis nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbindungselemente (18) geschlossene Rah men aus streifenlörmigen Abschnitten sind, wobei weder Rahmen eine flexible Tülle (17) vor einer in der senkrechten Wand des Behältnisses (1) be befindlichen Öffnung (16) hält. 6. Behältnis nach Anspruch 4 oder 5, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass die den Druckknöpfen (11) zugeord neten Löcher (10) wenigstens teilweise parallel zu den an den Verbindungselementen (12) angeord neten Reihen der Druckknöpfe verlaufende Langlöcher sind. 7. Behältnis nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, da durch gekennzeichnet, dass die Verbindungselemente (12;18) mit den Druckknöpfen (11) einstückig aus elastischem Kunststoff bestehen.";LANG, FRANZ JOSEF;DISPLAY-DESIGN GMBH;1978
+EP-0009511-B1;19831012.0;19781002;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185932.0;G01N31;G08B21, H01H33;G01N31;G01N  31/22;ABNORMAL-CONDITION DETECTOR FOR AN ELECTRIC APPARATUS;An abnormal condition detector (5) detects an abnormal condition of an electric apparatus (1) by sampling an insulat­ ing fluid filled in the electric apparatus (1) under a pressurized condition and detecting a change of the condition of an indi­ cator which changes its colour if induced by an acidic gas in the sampled insulating fluid.;"SPECIFICATION 1'ITS, OF THE INVENTION: ABNORMAL CQNDITION DETECTOR FOR ELECTRIC APPARATUS BACKGROUND OF TBE INTENTION: The present invention relates to an abnormal condition detector for an electric apparatus, More particularly, it relates to an abnormal condition detector of an electric apparatus especially suitable for an apparatus having a high voltage circuit kept in a closed container. In general, when a fault is caused in an electric apparatus, the decomposed gases are produced whereby a commercial gas detector can be used as a fault detector. However, such gas detector is mainly used for a low concentration level, and it responds to only one object component, and it is not clearly understood whether suitable detection can be performed when various decomposed gases are produced in the electric apparatus and when they are gradually produced. SUA1zERY OF THE INVENTION: It is an object of the present invention to provide an abnormal condition detector such as fault detector which easily , precisely and quickly detects an abnormal condition of an electric apparatus in which an insulat ing fluid is filled such as gas insulating switch. It is another object of the present invention to provide an abnormal condition detector of an electric apparatus which detects a fault of the electric apparatus by detecting an acidic gas from the viewpoint of the fact that most gases produced by a fault in the electric apparatus are acidic gases. It is the other object of the present invention to provide an abnormal condition detector which effectively detects a continuous abnormal condition as well as a sudden fault. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS: Figure 1 is a block diagram showing an application of an abnormal condition detector of the present invention; Figure 2 shows a structure of one embodiment of the abnormal. condition detector of the present invention; Figure 3 is a partially enlarged view of an detector element shown in Figure 2; and Figure 4 is a graph for illustrating a response of the detector element. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS: Referring to the drawings, the present invention will be illustrated in detail. Figure 1 is a block diagram of an electric apparatus equipped with an abnormal condition detector of the present invention. In Figure 1, the reference numeral (1) designates an electric apparatus such as gas insulator switch which contains a-high voltage conductor and is filled with SF6 gas; (2) designates a tube passage for discharging the SF6 gas from the electric apparatus (1); (3) designates a stop valve for holding the SF6 gas in the electric apparatus (1); (4) designates a flow rate control valve; (5) designates an abnormal condition detector of the present invention and (6) designates a flow rate meter for measuring a flow rate of the gas passing through the tube passage (2). Figure 2 shows the structure of one embodiment of the abnormal condition detector of the present invention. In Figure 2, the reference numeral (52) designates a detecting element whose color or concentration is changed by inducing with an acidic gas; (51) designates a box made of transparent acryl resin through which the change of the detector (52) is detected and (53) designates a connecting tube for connecting the tube passage (2) and the abnormal condition detector (5). Figure 2(a) shows a side view of the abnormal condition detector (5) and Figure 2 (b) shows a front view thereof from the arrow line direction X. Figure 3 is a partially enlarged view of the detail structure of the detector element (52) of Figure 2. In Figure 3, the reference nume- ral (521 )designates a glass tube; (523) designates a chromatography active alumina (basic) adsorbing Bromocresol purple sealed in the glass tube (521); (522) designates a cotton for supporting the active alumina (523). The principle of the abnormal condition detector of the electric apparatus having the above-mentioned structure which is applied for a SF6 gas apparatus will be illustrated. When an arc is generated at.a junction of a high voltage conductor, between the high voltage conductor and a surface of an insulating substance or between the high voltage conductors, SF6 gas is decomposed to generate low fluorinated sulfur compounds such as SF4. These low fluorinated sulfur compounds are chemically unstable to react with water in the SF6 gas or the substance of the apparatus whereby acidic gases such as HF, SOZ, SiF4, etc. are formed. When an arc is generated on or near the surface of the insulating substance, the carbon component of the insulating substance or the other material in the apparatus is decomposed with oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas (coy) together with the decomposition of SF6 gas. Among the resulting acidic gases, SF4, HF and SiF4 are chemically unstable whereby they are reacted with the components of the substrates of the apparatus to be consumed and further they are adsorbed into an adsorbent disposed in the apparatus for a moisture adsorption or decomposed gas absorption whereby the reduction of the concentration of these gases is relatively fast. On the other hand, SO2 and C02 are chemically stable and the effect of the adsorbent is relatively slow. From the viewpoints of the modes of the gas components, when the fault current is relatively large, enough amounts of SF4, HF and other gases remain for a long time, whereas when the fault current is small and is continuously passed, most of SF4, HF and SiF4 are adsorbed and only S02 and C02 remain. Accordingly, in order to detect such fault current, it is preferable to use a detector inducing to all of the acidic gases. Accordingly, as shown in Figures 1 to 3, the gases are dis charged from the electric apparatus (1) through the tube passage (2) as measured gases, and are passed through the detecting element (52) which contains the chromatography active alumina (basic) (523) adsorbing Bromocresol purple as a titration indicator. In order to detect the gases quantitatively,the flow rate of the gases is controlled by the flow rate control valve. When the particle size of the active alumina (basic) (523) is small and the passing gases are acidic, the color is changed from purple to yellow under enough reaction. Accordingly, the fault in the electric apparatus (1) can be detected by observing the condition of the color change of the detecting element (52) in the abnormal condition detector (5) through the box (51) made of the acryl resin. The quantitative detection may be attained by the observation of the flow rate of the gases and the length of the color change. The detector element (52) shown in Figure 3 can be prepared by the foU owing method. In the preparation, 3 ml of an indicator solution of Bromo cresol purple (0.5 g of Bromocresol purple + 90 ml of ethanol (95 vol. %) balanced with water to be 100 me) was mixed with 30 g of an active alu minum for chromatography and a small amount of water is added and the mixture is thoroughly mixed to a uniform colored condition and is tacky between particles. The active alumina is dried by passing a dry nitrogen gas at about room temperature. The dried active alumina (basic) particles (523) are filled in the glass tube (521) densely. Both ends of the glass tube (521) are clogged with cotton plugs (522) for buffering and holding the active alumina. It is preferable to cover the detector element (52) with plastic caps in the non-use condition so as to shield it from air. On the response of the detector element, the responses to various concentrations of SF4 that is the length of the color change region under controlling a water content of 10 wit,%, are shown in Figure 4. It is also possible to use the other indicators having a suitable pH color change interval such as Bromothymol Blue, Phenol Red, Neutral Red, Curcumine, Thymol Blue, Phenolphthalein, Cresolphthalein, Thymolphthalein, etc. together with the indicator mentioned above. Tn nrder to enlarge the lower limit of the detection, it is preferable to use particles having similar specific gravity and similar particle size. quantitativity quantitativity When higher is required, it is preferable to prepare the detector element by adding a predetermined amount of a base to the active alumina for chromatography. It is possible to eliminate needless components from the object for the measurement by selectively using a specific indicator. As described above, in accordance with the present invention, the abnormal condition such as a partial arcing which is continuously caused can be effectively detected as well as a detection of the fault, with a different method than electrical pr mechanical detection. Accordingly, the detection of the present invention can be combined with the electrical or mechanical detection. It is possible to detect NO2 caused by a partial arcing of an electric apparatus using air as an insulat ing medium as the measuring object which reacts to produce an acidic gas and the economic abnormal condition detector of an electric apparatus can be obtained.";"WIlAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1) An abnormal condition detector for an electric apparatus which comprises means for discharging a fluid filled in a closed container containing the electric apparatus; and a detecting element in which an indicator which is reacted with an acidic gas to change its color is disposed to contact with the fluid discharged from said discharging means; and said indicator being kept to be visible in said detectirg element. 2) An abnormal condition detector according to Claim 1 wherein said acidic gas is a decomposed gas produced by decomposing an insulating fluid. 3) An abnormal condition detector according to Claim 1 wherein said detecting element is a transparent tube in which said indicator is filled. 4) An abnormal condition detector according to Claim 3 wherein fibrous plugs for holding said indicator are inserted at both ends of said transparent tube. 5) An abnormal condition detector according to Claim 1 wherein said indicator is Bromocresol purple. 6) An abnormal condition detector according to Claim 1 wherein an indicator is adsorbed on an active aluminum for chromatography. 7) An abnormal condition indicator according to Claim I wherein a flow rate control valve is disposed in a passage for discharging said fluid. 8) Electric switching device with a switching mechanism in a chamber filled with an insulating gas, characterized by a detector (5) which is connected with the chamber (1) and which responds to acidic gaseous decomposition products of the insulating gas by a color change.";YOSHIOKA, TAKEO;MITSUBISHI DENKI KABUSHIKI KAISHA;1978
+EP-0009513-B1;19820512.0;19781201;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;14876618.0;B02C18;B02C18;B02C18;B02C  18/14B, B02C  18/18D, B02C  18/00B, B02C  18/14A;DISINTEGRATOR;A disintegrator having first and second rotary cutting disks alternatively arranged and held in shredding engage­ ment with one another to shred waste material into strips, first stationary cutting members disposed in first gaps formed between the first rotary cutting disks, and second stationary cutting members disposed in second gaps formed between the second rotary cutting disks. The first stationary cutting members have blade portions held in shredding engagement with outer peripheries of the second rotary cutting disks in the first gaps to cut the strips into chip fragments in the first gaps. The second stationary cutting members have blade portions held in shredding engagement with outer peripheries of the first rotary cutting disks in the second gaps to cut the strips into chip fragments in the second gaps.;"DISINTEGRATOR This invention relates to a disintegrator for waste materials, and more particularly to a shredder mechanism for shredding intelligence data such as all types of waste documents, drawings and microfilm, waste matter such as newspapers, magazines, books, bankbooks, plastics, rubber and leather, and other kinds of unnecessary material in sheet-like form such as asphalt or the like. In governmental, banking and industrial circles the destruction and disposal of important confidential documents and other unnecessary papers has been accomplished by finely cutting the waste documents into strips by means of a document shredder in order to preclude the danger of intelligence leaks. However, there is the possibility that the content of the waste documents can be reconstructed since characters and lines remain on these Strips In an effort to overcome this shortcoming, U.S. Patent Nos. 3,396914 and 3,529,782 disclose a shredder comprising a feed drum composed of a plurality of disks each having teeth about the periphery thereof, and a shredding drum consisting of a disk having choppers about the periphery thereof, the shredder thus being adapted to shred unnecessary documents into small chip-like fragments. The shredding drum rotates at an extremely high speed with respect to the feed drum and therefore develops a small torque when rotating. Accordingly, the number of sheets of unnecessary documents which can be processed at one time is limited, a disadvantage in that the efficiency of operation is unsjatisfactory. The shredder is also noisy since the shredding drum choppers strike the documents at high speed. U.S. Patent No. 3,860,180 offers a solution to these problems through the disclosure of a shredder that employs a pair of shredding members each comprising a rotary blade having notches spirally formed on the outer periphery thereof According to this system, unnecessary documents are finely cut-into chip-like fragments by bringing a nose adjacent to a notch of one rotary blade into engagement with the outer periphery of the other rotary blade Since the documents in this shredder are torn transversely by the nose edge, the documents can not be reliably torn into chip-like fragments but will instead tend to be cut into elongated strips whenever a large number of sheets are introduced or whenever they possess a large tensile strength. There is thus the strong possibility of intelligence leaks since characters or entire sentences remain on these long strips as mentioned above. To improve upon this defect it has been proposed that a groove be provided ahead of the rotary blade notch and that the strips be made to engage with the groove to thus be pulled and torn into pieces Nevertheless, this expedient has not proved effective. In addition, for the reasons as stated above a shredder of this type does not possess the capability of shredding into the form of chips materials which exhibit a high tensile strength, such as microfilm, plastics, rubber and leather. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a disintegrator capable of efficiently shredding in a highly reliable manner all kinds of waste materials into chips of predetermined dimensions by means of an extremely simple construction. It is another object of the present invention to provide a shredder capable of reliably shredding waste documents into extremely small chip-like fragments so as to make it completely impossible to restore top-secret or important confidential documents of a governmental or industrial nature once these documents have been processed and discarded. In the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a front view of a principal portion of a disintegrator for processing waste materials in accordance with the present invention; and Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II of Fig. 1. Hereinafter a shredder in accordance wifh the present invention will be described in terms of shredding a material having a sheet-like form. However, it is to be understood that the shredder is in no way limited to processing sheet-like materials and can be utilized to destroy a wide variety of waste materials as described above. Fig. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a disintegrator in accordance with the present invention, and Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line II-II of Fig. l. The disintegrator 10 includes a pair of rotary shafts 12, 14 disposed in parallel and rotatably driven in mutually opposite directions by suitable drive means (not shown) such as a motor. As can be more clearly seen in Fig. 2, a plurality of rotary disks 16, 16' are axially disposed along each of the shafts 12, 14 and secured thereto by keys or other suitable means. The rotary disks 16, 16* are alternatively arrayed along the axial direction such that a portion of the side surface of one disk abuts against a portion of the side surface of another, with gaps 18, 18' being formed between adjacent rotary disks 16, 16' and having approximately the same width as each disk. Formed about the outer periphery of each rotary disk are a plurality of suitably spaced shredding blades 16a, 16'a disposed so as to cut into both sides of a sheet-like material S at approximately the same time. However, it is also permissible to arrange the rotary disks 16, 16' in such a manner that the sheet-like material is sim ultaneously cut into by the edges of.the shredding blades on one rotarty disk and the outer periphery of the other rotary disk. Stationary cutting members comprising spacers 20, 20' are disposed in respective gaps 18, 18'. These stationary cutting members 20, 20' are secured to the disintegrator frame(not shown) by stationary shafts 22, 22' or other suitable means. Stationary cutting members 20, 20' inc-lude, respectively, engaging surfaces 20c, 20'c that engage with the outer peripheries of shredding blades l6ta, 16a on the opposing rotary disks 16', 16, and at least one blade portion 20a, 20'a provided above the respective engaging surfaces 20c, 20'e. The blade portions 20a, 20'a engage with the outer peripheries of shredding blades 16'a, 16a on the opposing rotary disks 16', 16 in the gaps 18, 18'. As depicted in Fig. 1 the stationary cutting members 20, 20' further include respective guiding surfaces 20b, 20'b for guiding the sheet-like material S to the blade portions 20a, 20'a in gaps 18, 18'. In accordance with this construction the sheet-like material S is longitudinally cut into strips S1, S'1 by the shredding blades 16a, 16'a of the rotary diskS 16, 16'. The lower portions of the strips S1, S'1 are fed between the blade portions 20a, 20'a of the stationary cutting members-and the opposing shredding blades 16'a, 16a of the rotary disks 16', 16 in the gaps 18, 18' by means of the guiding surfaces 20b, 20'b of the respective stationary cutting members 20, 20'. The strips S1, S'1 are then finely and reliably cut into chip-like fragments S2, S'2 since the shredding blades 16'a, 16a engage with respective blade portions 20a, 20'a of stationary cutting members 20, 20' in the gaps 18, 18'. The strips S1 S'1 are cut into the chip-like fragments S2, S'2 in an extremely reliable manner since the strips are guided in the direction of the blade portions 20a, 20'a without fail by the guiding surfaces 20b, 20'b of stationary cutting members 20, 20' in the gaps 18, 18' and further because the shredding blades 16'a, 16a of the rotary disks engage with the opposing blade portions of respective stationary cutting members 20, 20' in gaps 18, 18'. Moreover, outstanding effects are obtained in that waste materials can be shredded into chips of a small size not formerly attainable in the prior art disintegrators. This is accomplished by arranging the pitch of the shredding blades such that the blade portions of the stationary cutting members are set at the upper side of the small rotary disks, that lsS such that the blade portions are set close to the pci- at which the shredding blades 15a, l6sa cf the rotary disks 16, 16' initially engage Although the present invention has been described with respect to a preferred embodiment as illustrated in the drawings, a number of modifications can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, the shredding blades of the rotary disks 16, 16' may have various configurations other than the one shown depending on the type of waste material to be processed. The stationary cutting members 20, 20' are also not limited to the configuration illustrated but may be modified to provide any other shape. While each stationary cutting member 20, 20' was provided with only one blade porticn 20a, 20'a, respectively, as shown in the drawings, it is to be understood that one blade member or a plurality of blade members can be -formed on the engaging surfaces 20c, 20lc of the stationary cutting members.";CLAIMS 1. A disintegrator having a first rotary shaft (12) and second rotary shaft (14) arranged In parallel and rotatable in mutually opposite directions, a plurality of first rotary disks (16) and second rotary disks (16') each having a plurality of shredding blades (16a, 16'a) about the outer periphery thereof, the first pluralitv of rotary disks (16) being mounted on the first rotary shalt (12) and the second plurality of rotary disks (161) being mounted on the second rotary shaft (14) CHARACTERIZED IN THAT a first plurality of stationary cutting members (20) are disposed in respectIve ones of a first plurality of gaps (18) formed between the first plurality of rotary disks and a second plurality of stationary cutting members (20') are disposed in respective ones of a seccnd plurality of gaps (18') formed between the second plurality of rotary disks, said first plurality of stationary cutting members including blade por@@@ns (20a) brought into engagement with tlRe outer peripheries of said second plurality of rotary disks in said first plurality of @@@@ @@@ and said second plurality of stati@ @@@ @@@ members including blade portions (20'a) brought into engagement with the outer peripheries of said first plurality of rotary disks in said second plurality of gaps (18'). 2.. A disintegrator according to claim 1, wherein the first and second stationary cutting members comprise spacers (2Or2OT). 3. A disintegrator according to claim I or 2', wherein each of the first and second stationary cutting members has an engaging surface (20c, 20'c) which engages with the outer periphery of an opposing rotary disk. 4. . A disintegrator according to claim 3, wherein each blade portion of the first and second stationary cutting members is formed above said engaging surface. 5. A disintegrator according to claim 4, wherein each of the' first and second stationary cutting members has guide means (20b, 20'b) extending in the direction of said blade portions in said gaps. 6. A disintegrator substantially as shown and described with reference to the accompanying drawings.;HATANAKA, TAKEFUMI;HATANAKA, TAKEFUMI;1978
+EP-0009518-B1;19830706.0;19781004;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185971.0;A61F5;A61M31;A61F6, A61M31, A61K9;A61F   6/08, A61K   9/00M8B, A61M  31/00D;VAGINAL CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE;Vaginal contraceptive device comprising a back (12) which constitutes vaginal retaining means, reinforcing means (13) for said back and a front face (11), affixed to said back, comprising a semipermeable membrane for a spermicidal surfactant solution.;"VAGINA CONTRACEPTIVE The present invention enco#passes devices which are mused in the vagina to deliver spermicidal surfactants. By virtue of their unique construction and shape, the devices herein are foldable for easy insertion. Once in position at the cervical Os, the devices open to ""cap"" the os and rcmain in position, even during intercourse, so that access of the sper#icidal surfactant source to the cervical os is not interrupted. The devices of this invention are designed for use in the vagina, can be inserted by the user, and do not require insertion by a physician as, for eyanple, in the case of intranterine contraceptive devices. Tbe devices are designed tD Iemain in the vagina during the time between menstrual periods to provide desirable, prolonged release of a Epexmicidal surfactant, and their construction and shape facilitate retention therein An effective between-period contraceptive device is thereby provided. T ] uc devices of the present invention combine the desirable features of devices which provide prolonged release of rnedicair#nts, e.g., spermicides, or the like, through a membrane and into the vaginal area with the added advantages that the unique construction and shape of the present devices allow them to be worn ccmfortably- in the vagina for periods of several weeks and to remain substantially undisturbed within the vaginal cavity during sexual intercourse. For devices to open after insertion and be retained over the cervical os, they need to be stiff enough to main tain their general shape during wear. The necessary stiffness may be provided by incorporating a rim into the -devices. While this allows a device to be positioned and retained well, a rim can undesirably cause awareness of the device during wear and during intercourse. On the other hand; a device that is soft and com..pliant conforms well to the vagina and also results in minimal awareness during wear or during intercourse. However, if such rimless devices are too soft or compliant, they will not open to cover the cervix in use. The construction of the present devices allows them to be positioned in the vagina in such a way that maximum contraceptive protection is secured. As can be seen by reference to the Figures herein1 the highly pre ferred devices of the present type for use within the vaginal.cavity are chnracterized by a comfortable, substantially riln'lcss constructioll and comprise one or more co#iLainers, said containers having walls which allow passage of spermicidal surfactant monomers from within the containers into the vagina. The configuration of the devices allows them to be placed in the closest possible proximity to the cervical os, and this feature contributes importantly to their contraceptive efficacy. Indeed, the highly preferred devices herein substantially surround and ""cap"" the cervical cs. By the present invention, rimless confortable devices which open after insertion into the vagina are manufactured by incorporating reinforcing means across the back of the device. The resulting devices open after insertion, conform well to the vagina, and result in minimal awareness during wear or during intercourse. The reinforcing means can be arranged to provide the additional advantage of ensuring that spermicide solution in the device has a pathway to that, generally central, portion of the device which lies over the cervix. t'flien a device is worn, it may same times be flattened by the cervix and the walls of the vagina. If the face of the device which is toward the cervix is pressed against the back of the device, access of surfactant solution to the semi-permeable membrane is blocked. The reinforcing means can be arranged to provide channels so that even if the membrane is pressed against the reinforcing means on the back, the surfactant solution still llas a parhv..iy to t0#at portion of the membrane covering the cervix. The front and back walls of the present devices comprise polymeric membranes. By using membranes of different thickness, the major part of the contraceptive surfactant agent released from the devices can be directed through the face to the primary situs of contraceptive activity, i.e., to the cervical os, and losses of contraceptive agent by dissipation into the general vaginal area through the back are thereby minimized. In use, the devices are folded for insertion into the vagina posterior to the introitus such that they are positioned in the closest possible proximity to the cervical os. The reinforcing reans in the outer wall of the devices cause them to open from the folded position to substantially block or cap the es. SU1#1ARY OF TME INVENTION The present invention encompasses contraceptive devices especially adapted for use within the vaginal cavity, comprising. a back which constitutes rimless vaginal retaining means, said back being characterized by one or more thickened, reinforced areas; a front face affixed to said back, said front face constituting a transport surface comprising a semi-permeable membrane, said membrane describing at least a portion of the walls of one or more containers, said containers holding a spermicide comprising an aqueous solution of a micelle-forming spermicidal surfactant compound of a concentration at or above the critical micelle concentration of said surfactant compound. Rimless devices of the present type wherein the thickened, reinforced areas in the retaining means are substantially centrally located, and either thickened areas or especially those wherein the reinforced areas comprise one or more ribs, are preferred. Devices where said reinforcing ribs converge to the center of the back of the device provide channels which desirably direct the flow of spermicide towards the central portion of the transport surface. Disrshaped devices or lobed devices are preferred for comfort. The devices can be substantially flat to block the cervical os or can be domed to cap the os. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is an exploded perspective view of a preferred device of the present type. The device comprises two flattened, dome-shaped discs which are assesbied into a rimless structure which provides a container for the spermicidal ingredient. In the device of Figure 1, the front face 11 comprises a membrane which is permeable to surfactant monomers but which is not permeable to the passage of surfactant micelles therethrough. The back half 12 of the preferred device comprises a flexible, toxicologically-acceptable material which is reinforced with flexible reinforcing ribs 13. The toxicologically-aeceptable material used to fashion this outer portion of the device is not critical and need not be a semi-permeable .ne°.;ranc .#terial. Figure 1 depicts the rimless front face 11 and rimless back 12 of the device in proper juxtaposition for assembly To assemble the device, the edges can be sealed in any suitable-fashion such as polymer welding or adhesive sealing, thereby leading to the rimless assembled device depicted in perspective view as Figure 2. Figure 3 is a.section view of the assembled device through 3-3 showing the relationship of the front face 11, : which constitutes the transport surface for the spermicide, the hack 12, the reinforced area 13, and sealed edges 14 joined with an adhesive 15. The device of Figure 3 comprising a container formed by join big the two halves of the device is depicted as being substantially filled wit#i an aqueous solution of spermicidal surfactant 1G. Figure 3 also depicts an optional, selE-sealing, solid injectioli port 17 through which a hypodermic needle can be inserted to fill the device with the solution of surfactant 16. The device of Figure 3 is depicted with the back wall 12 being some what thicker than tulle front face 11. This connotes, in the preferred device herein, a back wall which is less permeable to transport of surfactant than the front face. This difference in permeability serves to direct sur factant monomers preferentially through membrane 11, which is placed in proximity to the cervical os. Figure 4 is a cross section through 4-4 of Figure 3 and depicts the rimless sealed edge area and injection port. Figures 5 through 12 depict other non-limiting examples of reinforcing means of various designs which can be used in outer halves of devices of the present type. Preferred devices have the reinforced areas substantially centrally located. Devices wherein the thickness of the reinforced area varies from a minimum at the periphery of the device to a maximum at its center are especially comfortable and preferred herein. In use, the devices herein are folded for insertion into the vagina posterior to the introitus. Once inserted, the reinforcing means causes the devices to open and to substantially block or cap the ceryical os such that semi pern#able membrane 11 is in the closest possible proximity to tape os. Placement of tulle semi-permeable membrane adjacent to the cervical os causes the os to be bathed in tulle spermi cidal surfactant as.monomers thereof are released through the surfactant transport surface which comprises membrane 11. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Tlic co#0LracepLive devices of this invention make use of the association colloid nature of solutions of ¯certiiin spermicidal surfactants to provide a reservoir from which spermicide is released in a controlled manner through the semi-permeable membrane which comprises at least a portion of the wall of the device. Surfactant micelles, as is, cannot diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane; they must first dissociate, at or remote from the membrane, to individual surfactant molecules which then dissolve in the membrane material and diffuse f erethronlgh to its outer surface, whereupon the sur fact nt monomers are free to dissolve in the surrounding vaginal fluid to provide their contraceptive effect. Since the predominant driving force for diffusion is the concentration difference between unassociated (i.e., -r'.onomeric) surfactant molecules in the solution inside and outside the contraceptive device, the rate of transport will slow drastically when the exterior surfactant monomer concentratio..; approaches that on the interior of the device, thus producing a desirable controlled release of the surfactant through the membrane. In the. present devices, the bulk of the surfactant remains in micellar form, where it resides in reserve within the device to provide a source of monomers over a long period of time, thereby delivering continuous contraceptive protection to the user for a time period of 20-30 days. As will be seen from the following disclosure, tiie present invention encompasses contraceptive devices which are especially adapted for use within the vaginal cavity cuit a position posterior to tile introitus and in close proximity to tlle ccrvical os, ciarictcrizei by: thin, flexible, comfortable walls comprising a substantially non-porous, semi-permeable membrane, said walls forming one or more containers, said containers holding a reservoir of spermicide comprising an aqueous solution of a micelle-forming spermicidal surfactant compound at a concentration at or above the critical mice lie concentration of said surfactant compound, said devices being characterized by reinforcing means in said walls, whereby said devices are maintained in position in the vagina, thereby providing a transport surface on the face of the device, said transport surface facing the cervical os. Preferred devices are those wherein the transport surface extends substantially across the face of the device. Domed or ""cup-shaped"" devices which can be position to substantially block or cap the cervical os are an especially preferred embodiment of the invention. Devices according to this invention wherein the container walls which face the cervical os comprise the only substantially non-porous, semi-permeable membrane transport surface in the device are preferred for use as contraceptives, inasmuch as the spermicidal surfactant is thereby delivered directly to its prime situs of action. Moreover, delivery of excess surfactant to the general vaginal cavity is thereby avoided. Ilowever, devices wherein all container walls comprise the substantially non-porous, semi-permeable membrane transport surface are also useful and arc cncompassed by this invention. The most highly preferred embodiment of the present contraceptive devices comprises: a wailed disc suitable for blocking or capping; the cervical os, at lcast one wall of said disc (the transport surface) comprising a flexible, non-porous, semi-permeable membrane having a thickness in the range of from about 0.1 mm to about 0.4 mm, the other wall being of a flexible, reinforced raterial, said palls being sealed together to provide one or more containers, said' containers holding an aqueous solution comprising from about, 10% to about 50% by weight of C10E05 or C10E06. Such devices wherein the walls are sealed together around their peripheral edges to provide a rimless container, and especially those devices wherein only the wall (transport surface) facing the cervical os comprises the semi-permeable membrane, are especially useful and preferred herein. This invention also provides a method for achieving contraception in the vagina, comprising: folding and inserting within the vaginal cavity at a position posterior to the introitus and in close proximity to the cervical os a reinforced device of the foregoing type, whereupon the reinforcing means cause the device to open to present a semi-permeable membrane transport surface across, and in the closest possible proximity to, the cervical os. Surfactant monomers diffuse from the device through the membrane transport surface and substantially bathe the cervical os with surfactant in the vaginal fluids to provide a spermicidal effect on sperm coming in contact therewith. The devices herein are prepared from components which arc- describe in detail hereinafter. TI0e configuration of the devices herein is designed to provide a semi-perjneable membrane as a transport surface for the surfactant monomers, said transport surface extending across the entire surface of the cervix (i.e., substantially covering the cervical os). This eliminates problems occasioned by small lateral movements of the device associated with muscular contractions/exertions of the user during wear. Most importantly, by providing a transport surface which is in the closest possible proximity to the cervix, the surfactant has the shortest possible path to the cervical Os. Since conception is associated with transmittal of sperm into the os, it will be appreciated that, by delivering surfactant monomers in the most efficient manner to this point in the vagina, the most efficient and effective contraceptive protection is provided. The configuration-of the present devices allows them to be positioned in close proximity to the cervical os (i.e., actually touching or within a distancc of ca. 1 mm to 10 am), and substantially enveloping and capping the cervical Os. Thus, the present devices deliver the spermicidal surfactants more efficiently and effec#ively than the devices disclosed in the U.S. patents of Gougeon and Drobish, 3,991,760 (11/16/76), 3,995,633 (12/7/76) and 3,995,634 (12/7/76). The reinforcing means used in the present devices allow them to be fashioned in a rimless, foldablc, yet vaginally-retainable design which is substantially more comfortable in use than rir.jned devices. Controlled release devices of the present type respond rapidly to changes such as dilution effects in the external environment, e.g., by by body fluid flanges, whereas sustained release articles do DDt; sce Cowsar, in ""Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"", Vol. .49, ""Controlled Release of Biologically Active Agents"", Ed.. Tanquary and Lacey, Plenum Press, #ew #ork 1974. The net result is that the present devices are capable of rapidly establishing an effective leltel or concentration of a medicament or other agent in a selected environment, and then substantially shutting off release to maintain the concentration at that level. In contrast, sustained release articles dispense an agent at a constant rate and do not display the feedback regulation of release that a controlled release article displays. It will be appreciated that devices operating by the controlled release mechanism provide substantial advantages over sustained release articles for certain uses. For example, placement of a properly formulated controlled release medicament system in an animal's body cavity in contact with body fluids establishes and maintains an effective concentration of the medicament in the fluids. The system responds to dilution or depletion as additional fluids are secreted, or the medicament is bound to tissue, absorbed, etc., thereby automatically maintaining the concentration or m.edic2,..ent at the proper level. As disclosed by Laughlin in German 2,610,880, open to inspection October 7, 1976, solutions of micelle-forming surfactant compounds can be releasably enclosed in a container comprising a microporous membrane. #rticles thus prepared are stable and do not suffer osmotic rupture when placed in body cavities in contact with body fluids. Rather, the stable articles provide controlled release of the surfactant into the body fluids.. The proper selection of membrane and-surfactant provides a means for achieving various biological effects, e.g., antimicrobial activity, spermicidal activity, and the like. Laughlin teaches .the use of porous membranes such as cellulose. However, cellulose is fragile and is quite difficult to fashion into controlled release devices. In the present invention various non-porous elastomers are fashioned into membranes which allow passage of sperinicidal surfactant monomers therethrough in a con troiJed man#icr. Such melobralles are not fragile; accordingly, stahle-colltrollcd rclease articles with optimal shapes for providing vaginal contraceptive protection are readily made therefrom. Moreovcr, the membranes used in the present devices are substantially impervious to liquid water. In use, the monomers of spermicidal surfactant diffuse through the membrane into the vagina (presumably by virtue of their solubility in the membrane), whereas the surfactant micelles do not. Since the membranes are non-porous and are substantially impervious to bulk water and body fluids, they do not undesirably develop an internal pressure in an aqueous environment. In contrast, osmotic pressure causes some rigidity in the devices of Laughlin, which can aid in their retention in the vagina. However, development of internal hydrostatic pressure due to osmotic effects can cause at least two disadvantages in the Laughlin devices: (1) this pressure-stresses the membrane structural components of the device making them more prone to rupture under the influence of more external force than they would be otherwise; and (2) this pressure precludes the use of products having relatively broad unsupported membrane areas in the present vaginal contraceptive application. - Products so designed would undesirably inflate to uncomfortable and potentially contraceptive ly ineffective shapes; In any case, osmotic pressure ¯ . is not, per sc, the force which moves surfactant out of either the J,aughlin devices or the devices disclosed herein. Rather, in both cases, it is the trans-membrane chemical potential (i.e., substantially the surfactant monomer concentration) difference which causes release of spermicidal surfactant monomers from the device. However, as noted above, Laughlin employs microporous membranes, such as swollen cellulose, which comprise microporous, water-filled channels through which the ,.ìcncr.e.s are transported. In contrast, the present devices use nonporous membrane materials through which the surfactant monomers migrate by first dissolving therein then diffusing therethrough. Moreover, the devices herein do not operate by an osmotic pressure mechanism and are thus entirely different from that of art-disclosed, osmotically-actuated ""pump"" devices for delivering drugs. Highly preferred devices are those operating by a controlled release mechanism. Hosever, devices operating by a sustained release mechanism can also be constructed in the manner disclosed herein so that they can be retained in the vagina during intercourse. Accordingly, sustained release devices of the unique construction and shape of the devices herein are fully contemplated by this invention. Container Broadly, the present devices comprise-a container, or multiple containers, said container being insoluble in vaginal fluids, in a total device of the configuration described hereinabove. The container has the surfactant solution enclosed therein. At least one portion of the con tainer comprises a non-porous polymeric seni-permeable membrane -which permits the release of surfactant monomers into the vagina, but which substantially prevents the trans port of the larger surfactant micelles. In short, the membrane is the transport surface which selectively discrim inates between passage of monomers and micelles Containers used in the present devices can be partly made of any stable material such as glass, plastic, etc., which is not permeable, even to surfactant monomers. Of course, the containers should be made from a material which is inert to the surfactant solutions being used, as well as to the vaginal tissues, but selection of inert container materials is not a problem. At least some portion of the container used in the present devices must comprise a non-microporous polymeric semi-perme ble membrane which allows diffusion of the spermicidal sur factant 'monomers therctllrjugh and into the vaginal cavity. For the reasons disclosed above, at least that wall of the' container which faces the cervical os comprises the con trolled release membrane. Alternatively, the entire device can be made of the membrane material. Preferred controlled release devices are those wherein at least d portion of the container wall is a domc-shnpcd i envelopc of, e controlled release membrane. The semi-permeable mcmbra##es used in the controlled release devices are characterized by parameters which reflect, their strength, integrity and ability to pass surfactant monomers and to retain surfactant micelles, as follows. The membranes should be substantially water insoluble so that they maintain their strength and integrity when in contact with body fluids. Since the devices are to be used in contact with body fluids and tissues, the mepJ?ranes (and total container and device) should be toxycologically acceptable. Moreover, the membrane material will most preferably be z-.-.unologi- cally acceptable and will not be rejected by the body's natural defense mechanisns nor have any untoward effect on the rate of antibody formation, and the like. - The membrane must possess the ability to provide metered release of the surfactant monomers in order to provide the prolonged contraceptive benefit of the article. The membrane must be sufficiently strong and made of a material that. can be fashioned into the highly pre.ferred shape of the devices disclosed herein. The semi-permeable membranes employed herein comprise non-porous elastomers, 'preferably silicone polymers or latex rubbers either natural or synthetic. The membranes generally have a thickness in the range from about 0.02 mm to about 0,6 mm, preferably about 0.1 mm to about 0.4 mm. By selecting a membrane thickness within this range, stable, non-fragile, yet flexible and comfortable articles which effectively transport surfactant monomers to the vagina are provided. The silicone polymers used in preparing the membranes for use in tulle present devices are preferably polydimethylsiloxanes, i.e., silicone polymers which contain the repeating unit EMI18.1 wherein y is an integer in the range of about 100-100,000. Repeating units of the silicone polyrmer can contain side-chain branching and cross-linking, e.g., EMI18.2 various functional groups may be present in the basic silicone polymer structure to facilitate cross-linking/curing. Silicone polymers suitable for use herein can be prepared, for example, by hydrolyzing dimethyldichloro- silane or mixtures of dimethyldichlorosilane, trichloro- methylsilane and chlorotrimethylsilane with water, in well-knoem fashion. Alternatively, si lox ne ""oligomers"" can be polymerized and ""cured"" in various ways well non in the art. Silicone polymers suitable for preparing the membranes for use in the present invention are also available, commercially, from suppliers such as the Dow Corning Corporation and the General Electric Corporation. The latex rubbers which can be used in the present invention can be either the natural or synthetic latex rubber polymers which are corrumercially available. Such materials include, for example, the neoprene-type rubbers, the Buns type rubbers, and the like. Natural or synthetic rubber x:hich is calendered or molded can also be used. Other types of non-porous polymers which can be used to fashion membranes for use with devices of the present type comprise, for example, mixtures of silicone polymers and latex rubbers; copolymers of silicone polymers and various other polymeric materials such as the poly carbonates, and the like; elastomers such as the well-known styrene/butadiene block copolymers; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, etc. Various polymeric membranes suitable for use in the contraccptive devices of the present invention can be determined easily using the Surfactant Transport Procedure, disclosed hereinafter. Highly preferred membranes for use herein are the non-porous membranes comprising silicone polymers, especially the polydimethylsiloxanes manufacturcd under ""clean"" conditions and marketed for various medical uses. Such materials are safe for prolonged use in contact with human tissues and provide excellent transport of surfactant monomers, especially the preferred, nonionic spermicidal surfactants of the type C10E05 and CloEO6, as described hereinafter. These silicone polymers can readily be fashioned into membranes for use in devices having the preferred dome-shaped configuration dis- closed herein. Typical examples of such silicone materials include Silastic# 382 and Dow Corning# MDX 4-4210, MDX 4-4515, MDX 4-4516, Q7-2213, Q7-2245, and X7-2177 available from the Dow Corning Corporation. SPermicidal Surfactant The use of micelle-forming surfactant solutions in the present contraceptive devices results in several important advantages over other types of metered dosage systems . First, the surfactants employed as the active agent of the contraceptive devices of the present invention appear to function by an entirely localized effect on motile sperm. (The terms ""spermicide"" and ""spermicidal"" as employed herein encompass surfactants which truly ""kill"" animal, including human, sperm as well as those which immobilize or otherwise render sperm cells inactive.) Accordingly, undesirable side efrects which can zcco.?any the prolonged use of systemic contraceptive drugs such as hormones are avoided. Moreover, the use of safe, effective surfactants as the spermicide permits the formulator of the present devices to employ a large excess of the spermicide therewith. The controlled release feature allows formulation of devices containing more spermicide (surfactant) than the usual expected need for an extended wear period, but (1), reduces the probability of side-effects by regulating the concentration produced in the vaginal fluids to a minimum level, and (2) allows for unusual variations in the amount of spermicide required or in the time period over which it might be needed. Accordingly, a ""safety factor"" of the order of several-fold vi.s-à-vis prolonged contraceptive efficacy is provided by the present devices. The devices herein can be som#w##at flaccid, rather than turgid. Accordingly, the pressure differential across the enclosing container is small, or zero, and the container is stable and is not subject to hydrostatic rupture. This desirable attribute of the present devices is to be contrasted with the situation which occurs then a similarly concentrated solution of a non-micelle-for.millg solute of similar molecular weight is enclosed by a water permeable diffusion membrane whereupon internal hydrostatic pressures of tens or hundreds of atmospheres can be developed due to osmotic effects, thereby leading to rupture of the membrane The surfactants employed in the present devices and processes are characterized by several parameters. In general, the surfactants are selected from those ##hich, in combination with the semi-permeable membrane described hereinabove, provide an appropriate relationship between release and the desired contraceptive end use of the devices.. The surfactants herein are characterized by their ability to dissolve in a solvent (normally, water) and to form an association colloid, or micelles, therein. It has now been discovered that the surfactant micelles do not penetrate the walls of the membranous containers used herein. However, surfactant monomers do diffuse through the membranous walls and into the vagina. Thus, by virtue of the equilibrium between micellar and monomeric surfactant, the solution of surfactant micelles provides a reservoir for the controlled delivery of spermicidal surfactant monomers to the environment external to the device, i.e., the vagina, especially the area immediately around the cervical os. In a surfactant solution which is sufficiently concentrated to form true micelles, the concentration oflasnomer in equilibrium with the micellar surfactant rcm.ains substantially constant at the so-called ""critical micelle concentration"" (cmc) over a wide range of total surfactant concentration. In order to realize fully the unique advantages of surfactants in devices of the present type, it is preferred to use those spermicidal surfactants having a cmc of at most about 5x10-3 lar Tom). In particular, by choosing surfactants with this low cmc, the user of the present devices is exposed to only minimum amounts of surfactant, thereby minimizing any possible toxicological hazards. It is to be appreciated that ""neat"" surfactants, i.e., surfactants not in solution, are not in the form of micellar aggregates and, accordingly, simply pass through the wall of the membranes in an undesirable, uncontrolled manner, thereby eliminating the reservoir effect provided by surfactant micelles. When used as between-period contraceptives, it is, of course, necessary to select surfactants which produce the desired spermicidal response. Moreover, to secure the benefits of controlled release, it is necessary also to select surfactants whose monomers are rapidly transported through the membranous walls of the container to establis ] # an effective concentration of surfactant in the vaginal area. From the foregoing considerations it will be appreciated that various surfactants can be tested in vitro in a simple medium which approximates various body fluids (such as physiological saline or distilled water) to determine the concentration at which the surfactant must be present in such medium to provide spermicidal eff#cacy. Surfactants those monomers are transported through the enclosing meibrane of the device to provide at least the aforesaid effective concentration in the medium are useful herein. Upon inrìersion in an external solvent (c.g., vaginal fluids) the controlled release devices herein deliver surfactant monomers to the external solvent in the rapid, or ""primary"", transport process. After this external concentration reaches, approximately, the cmc of the surfactant, monomer transport slows drastically, since monomer concentration on both sides of the semirpermeable membrane is nearly equal. Siower, ""secondary"" transport processes may carry a bit more of the surfactant through the membrane to the vagina, but this does not substantially deplete the surfactant reservoir in the present devices. From the foregoing, it follows that, for the desired spermicidal effect to be realized, the ratio, R, of the cmc of the surfactant to its spermicidallyeffective concentration, Sperm , e.g., in saline, i.e., EMI25.1 should be greater than or equal to about 1. Similar considerations hold for external media other than saline, i.e., fluid media such as vaginal fluids, water, etc., in which the present surfactant monomers are soluble. Accordingly, the preferred compounds for use in the devices described herein have values of R which are greater than or equal to ca. 1, i.e., R # ca. 1. 1. A variety of surfactants exhibit a cmc less than about 5x10- M and meet this criteria for use in the preferred controlled release devices herein. Several surfactant types having this preferred cmc provide a desirable spermicidal response. Moreover, several surfactants exhibit the requisite relationship, R > ca. between cmc and spermicidal activity. Based solely on the foregoing considerations, representative examples of surfactants useful herein include nonionic surfactants such as n-C101321(OCII2CH2)5011 (abb. C10E05) and n-C10H2l(0CH2CH2)6OH (C10EO6); semipolar surfactants such as C121125S (NI-I)2C113 and C12H25 (C113)2AsO; and cationic surfactants such as C16H33N+(CH3)3,C1- and C16H33N+C5H5,C1-. These surfactants are characterized by R > 2 and cmc. < 10-3M. It is to be understood that other surfactants having a cmc of about 103t1, or less, but which exhibit so-e'...l#at lower activity as spermicidal agents, i.e., surfactants wherein ca. 1 > R < 2, can be employed in controlled release articles. However, the biological response to these latter surfactants is somewhat less than that of the preferred group, and the efficacy margin, i.e., R-l, is not as great. Included among this group of surfactants are n-C12EO9; n-C16EO-1SO4-,Na+; C12H25(CH3)2P0; n-C10E04; C12H25(C2H5)2PO; 16 33 propanesulfonate; and nonylphenol nonaethoxylate. As can be seen from the foregoing, various surfactant types are useful in controlled release contraceptive devices of the present type. However, when devices designed for use as between-period contraceptives in humans are being prepared, additional shysio-chelr.ical properties of the surfactants must be considered. For example, the surfactants should be toxicologically acceptable for use in the body over extended time periods. The surfactants should also be non-irritating to the delicate tissues of the vagina and uterus. The preferred surfactants should not excessively bind serum proteins found in the vaginal area between periods of menstrual flow, inasmuch as the bound surfactant-protein moiety does not function as a spermicide and binding accelerates the depletion of surfactant from the reservoir (micelles) within the device. The surfactant monomers must be able to dissolve or partition into the enclosing mel.lbrane of the device and diffuse through the membrane in an efficient and effective manner. Finally, the surfactant should be selected from those which do not bind to charged sites in the enclosing diffusion membrane, since binding inhibits the passage of the surfactant monomers through the membrane. In particular, ionic surfactants are troublesome in this regard. tioreover, some ionic surfactants are too polar to partition into and diffuse through the preferred silicone membranes efficiently. Based on the foregoing factors, and considering the high spermicidal activity of the compounds, the alkylene oxide nonionic surfactants, especially the well known condensation products of ethylene oxide with aliphatic alcohols or alkyl phenols, are preferred for use herein. In particular, C10EO5 and C10EO6 surfactants are most preferred for-' use in the present controlled release contraceptive devices. As between these latter compounds, C10EO5 has the advantage of the lower molecular weight, and therefore provides more spermicidal monomer per given weight of compound. Accordingly, C10E05 is most preferred for use in the bet,ieen-period, controlled release contraceptive devices of this invention. The surfactants disclosed hereinabove are all well known from the detergency arts and can be made by various art-disclosed processes. Surfactant Transport Procedure A cell for testing transport of surfactant monomers through membranes is as follows. A 40 mm (diameter) x 50 mm (length) poly-methylmethacrylate rod is halved and each half is suitably machined to provide cavities 16 man (diameter) x 10 nun (deptll), such that the cavities abut when the rod halves are reassembled. Each cavity is provided with two inlet holes for filling and sampling. A brass clamp is used to hold the two cell halves firmly together. The surfactant transport testing is carried out in the following manner. A disc 3 cm in diameter, of the membrane material to be tested is sandwiched between the cell halves, enclosing a 3 mm glass bead on each side of the membrane to provide stirring. One half of the cell is filled with distilled water and the other half is filled with an aqueous solution of a radiolabeled surfactant. The inlet holes are sealed with waterproof tape and the cell is placed in a 37 C bath in a device which allows the cell to be rotated axially at approximately 50 rpm. -Periodically, the cell is raised from the bath and the solution in the desired compartment sampled. A typical procedure using a membrane of polydimethyl- siloxane (Dow Corning MDX 4-4210) is as follows. After charging the cell, the cell is maintained in the 37 C bath for varying time periods, after each of which the tape is removed from the inlet holes and duplicate 10 micro- liter (p) samples are removed by syringe and expressed into a counting vial. - In the subsequent scintillation counting, each sample vial is charged with 10 # of a solution of 0.8% 2-dipl)enyloxazole and 0.01% of 1,4-bis- ethanol/toluene mixture. The vials (two for each time period) are then placed in the refrigerator compartment of a counting instrument and cooled to 40C before being counted for 5 minutes each. The counts per minute are converted to ppm by applying a factor found by counting one or more standard samples. By taking samples at regular intervals, a curve plotting the surfactant concentration in the initially surfactant-free side of the cell versus the time of sampling can be drawn which describes the transport of the surfactant across the membrane. Following the Surfactant Transport Procedure set forth hereinabove, the cell cavity designated (A) is charged with surfactant solution and the cavity designated (B) is charged with distilled water. The cell cavities are separated by the test membrane, e.g., polydimethylsiloxane. The concentration of surfactant transported to cavity (B) is determined in the foregoing manner, and the graph of the concentration of surfactant in (B) versus time is plotted. Tliis graph describes a monomer transport curve which at the outset rises at a high rate (primary slope) and beyond a certain time rises at a much lower rate (secondary slope). The monomer transport curve has the -t/T general form C=C2(l-e t/T)l-S2t, where C=surfactant concentration in cavity (B), C2=t#ie zero time intercept of the secondary slope, t=time, T=the time constant, and S2=the secondary slope. The primary slope, S1, is the slope of the curve at t=O and is given by EMI30.1 For controlled release devices of the present type, the combination of surfactant and a suitable membrane should yield a monomer transport curve wherein S1 isrelatively large, S2 is relatively small, and C2 is about equal to the cmc of the surfactant being tested. The ratio of S2/S1 is from 0 to about 0.1..S1 should generally be no less than about 10 ppm/hr. and preferably will be in the range of about 100 ppm,4ir. to about 200 ppm/hr. Based on the foregoing, surfactant/membrane combinations can be selected which will provide controlled release articles of the present type. A highly preferred article herein which is particularly useful as a vaginal contraceptive comprises from about a 5% to about a 50% (wt.) aqueous solution of C10E05 enclosed within a polydimethylsiloxane membrane Method of Manufacture The following describes a typical method of manufacturing a device of the type depicted in the Figures herein. I & ile the description relates to a preferred and convenient process for preparing such devices from a silicone polymer, various methods of manufacture can be employed to prepare other devices enco.mpassed by the present invention. Dow Cornin J#X 4-4210 Clean Grade Elastomer (Dow Corning Corporation, ilidland, #iichigan) is supplied in two parts: an elastomer base and a curing agent which, when mixed and cured, form the finished silicone polymer membrane transport surface 11. In practice, about 10 parts of elastomer base are mixed with about 1 part of curing agent. The mixture is deaerated in a vacuum chamber until no more entrapped air can be seen. The deacrated mixture is then injected into a mold cavity of appropriate dimensions for silicone membrane The silicone membrane is cured by heating in the mold at ca. 1250C for at least about 15 minutes. It will be appreciated that the mold dimensions can be adjusted to provide the desired thickness of the resulting silicone membrane. The choice of curing agent for silicone polymers is not critical to the operation of the devices prepared in the mainer of this invention. Depending on the partic ular silicone polymer chosen, various platinum-based, tin-based and peroxide-based catalysts or curing agents for silicones well known in the art are suitable for use in preparing silicone membranes. However, it has now been discovered that, in prolonged use in the vagina, some curing agents can cause the silicone membrane to become discolored. X±zile this discoloration does not deleteriously affect the operation of the devices, they are rendered unsanitary in appearance Apparently, some natally- occurring sulfur and/or amino compounds present in vaginal fluids somehow interact with tin-based curing agents such as stannous octoate to cause the discoloration. VMatever the cause, it is preferable from an aesthetic standpoint, to avoid the use of tin-based curing agents and curing agents which form colored complexes with the components of vaginal fluids in the preparation of optimized articles of the present type Accordingly, peroxide-based- or, preferably, platinum.-based silicone curing agents. are preferred for use herein. Such materials are well knosçn in the art and can be selected from listings in standard texts. Alternatively, suitable poly-.ers substantially free from color-forming curing agents can be selected by preparing and curing silicone polymers in standard fashion and incubating the polymers in the vaginas of live laboratory animals to determine their propensity for discoloration. The other half (12) of the device is molded from a polymer (c.g., from silicone) in a die which is machined to-include the reinforcing means into the structure of the molded half. After having prepared the two halves of the double device, a uniform layer of silicone adhesive (e g., Silastic# Medical Adhesive Silicone Type A, Dow Corning Corporation) is placed around the periphery of the upper half (11) of the device. The upper half (11) and lower half (12) are joined and pressed to squeeze out any excess adhesive from the seal area. The excess adhesive is removed and the adhesive which seals the device is alloyed to cure for 24 hours, or longer. An aqueous solution of the spermicidal surfactant is prepared. The solution is taken up in a syringe fitted with a 25 gauge needle. The surfactant solution is injected into the free space within the double do!n.e- shaped device, either through the thickened, reinforcing means or through the optional injection port (17). With the needle still in place, any air remaining inside the device is removed. (Needle holes from this procedure do not leak with pressures encountered, in use.) In an alternative filling procedure, one half of the device is positioned as shorn in the Figures, the surfactant solution is poured into this half, and the other half of the device is sealed thereto with the surfactant solution in place in such a way as to avoid entrap- ping any air within the device. Alternatively, any entrapped air can be removed with a needle and syringe, as above. After filling, the sealed device is placed in a vial and covered with approximitely 50 mls of water. The vial is loosely covered and placed in an autoclave at 15 psig (121 C) for 30 minutes. After cooling, the autoclave is opened and the closure on the vial is tightened to provide individually packaged, sterile contraceptive devices suitable for distribution to users. The following examples illustrate the practice of this invention, but are not intended to be limiting thereof. It is to be understood that the present invention also encompasses devices herein the front (transport surface) face is reinforced to provide the vaginal retaining means and wherein the back is either reinforced or not, at the option of the manufacturer. Devices of this ""reverse"" construction are manufactured in the manner and with the materials disclosed herein. EXAMPLE I A device of the type depicted in Figure 3 is prepared from' Dow Cornin IX 4-4210 Clean Grade Elastomer using the methods described hereinabove. The device is in the form of a flattened domed disc formed from two separately cast halves comprising the OD.Y 4-4210 silicone material. The thickness of the inner half of the device which comprises the transport surface membrane (11) is ca. 0.25=0.15 mm, whereas the thickness of the outer half (12)'is ca. 0.5010.15 nt#. The thickness of the 8 reinforcing ribs (13) cast into the outer half of the device is ca. 3 mm. The base of the device has an outside diameter of ca. 55=10 mm. The height of the upper membrane of the double dome from the base of the device is ca. 20=5 mm, whereas the height of the lower membrane of the double dome from the base of the device is ca. 15=5 rm, whereby the total volume of the dome-shaped container resulting from sealing the edges of the device is ca. 5 cc. A device of the foregoing type is substantially filled with a 25% (wt.) aqueous solution of the C10EO5 surfactant. Excess air is removed. The device is autoclaved and is ready for use as a vaginal contraceptive. The device is folded in half and placed in the vagina posterior to the introitus in a manner such that the transport surface 11 substantially covers and ""caps"" the cervical os. The device opens automatically to cap the os, - by virtue of the reinforcing ribs. The device is worn during tlle time between menses and safely and co)#tinuously delivers a spermicidally effective amount of C10EO5 surfactant directly to the cervical os. In particular, the positioning and shape of the device bathes the cervical os with the spermicidal surfactant. The device is quite comfortable and remains in place during intercourse. In the device of Example I, the C10EO5 surfactant is replaced by an equivalent amount of C10EO6 surfactant and excellent spermicidal results are secured. EXAMPLE II A device of the configuratiozi depicted in Figure 2 is prepared as follows. The internal portion of the device (i.e., the transport surface (11) to be placed in close proximity to the cervical os) is prepared from Dow Corning0' 4-4210 Clean Grade Elastomer using the methods described in Example I. The thickness of the silicone membrane is ca. 0.25J0.15 mm. The other half of the device is prepared from a substantially non-perreable, polyethylene (PE) plastic having a thickness of ca. 0.35=0.15 mm. Reinforcing means (ca. 3 mm. thickness) of the type depicted in Figure 5 are cast into this half of the device., The two halves are assembled in the manner described above to provide a disc-shaped device. The inner concavity of the -device. comprises the semi-permeable silicone mer#rane. The base of the device has an outside dia#.#ter of ca. 55=10 mm, which is appropriate for the average user. The total volume of the device is ca. 5 cc. A device of the foregoing type is substantially filled with a 25% (wt.-) aqueous solution of the C10E05 surfactant. .Excess air is removed. The device is autoclaved and is ready for use as a vaginal contraceptive. The device is folded and placed in the vagina posterior to the introitus in a manner such that the silicone membrane substantially covers the cervical os. The device is worn during the time between menses and safely and effectiyely delivers a spermicidal amount of ClOISOS surfactant to the vaginal area In particular, the positioning and shape of the device bathes the cervical os with the spermicidal surfactant via the inner silicone membrane. Substantially none of the surfactant migrates through the PE outer dome into the general vaginal cavity. Thus, substantially all of the surfactant is delivered to the intended situs, i.e., the cervical os and immediate surrounding area. The device is quite comfortable- and remains in place during ordinary muscular exertions. In the device of Example II, the C10w05 surfactant is replaced by an equivalent emount of C10t06 surfactant and excellent spermicidal results are secured. EXAMPLE III A flat, disc-shaped silicone device is prepared in the manner described hereinabove by appropriate selection of die configuration. The device has the general dimensions of the device of Example I, with the exception that the container fornsed by the membranes is flat, rather than domed. The reinforced, outer half of the disc comprises silicone rubber reinforced by increasing the thickness from ca. 0.5 mm at the periphery of the outer half to ca. 1.5 mm at the center of the outer half per Figure 8. The inner half of the disc comprises ca. 0.15 mm silicone rubber. The disc-shaped device is substantially filled with a 50% (#,t.) aqueous solution of the C10E05 spermi cidal surfactant. Excess air is removed. The device is autoclaved in the manner described hereinabove and is ready for use as a vaginal contraceptive. The device is folded and placed in the vagina posterior to the introitus. The disc opens by virtue of the reinforcing means, and the inner silicone membrane is in the closest possible proximity to the cervical os. The device is worn during the time between menses and safely and effectively delivers monomers of the spermicidal surfactant to the vaginal area during that time. The device is quite comfortable and remains in place during intercourse. The device of Example III is prepared using synthetic rubber and excellent spermicidal results are secured. The device of Example III is prepared from the following polymeric materials: siliconc/polycarbonate copolymer; styrene/butadiene block copolymers; and cthylelze-vinylacetate copolymers, said polymeric materials being used in combination with both C10EO05 and C10EO6. Excellent spermicidal results are secured. EXAMPLE IV IV Ç A device of talc general domed disc configuration depicted in the Figures is-prepared as follows. The inner dome Which comprises the 0.25 nm thick mellbranous transport surface is prepared from Dow Corni MDX 4-4210 Clean Grade Elastomer using the methods described hereinabove. The outer dome disc is prepared from non-permeable PE plastic having a thickness of Ca. 0.35 mm, reinforced with ca. 9 mm reinforcing means of the type depicted in Figure 10. The inner and outer discs are sealed together around their peripheral edges without forming a rim. The domed configuration is maintained by virtue of the dimensional stability of the reinforced, yet comfortable, outer PE dome.. . A device of the foregoing type having the approximate dimensions of the article of Example I provides a domeshaped, container having a volume of ca. 5 cc. A device of the foregoing type substantially filled with ca. 30% (wt.) aqueous solution of C10E05 surfactant is used as a vaginal contraceptive. The device is folded and placed in the vagina posterior to the introitus in a manner such that the concavity of the dome, i.e., the inner, silicone membrane, substantially covers and ""caps"" the cervical os. The device is worn during the time between menses and safely and continuously delivers a spermicidally effective amount of C10F.05 surfactant to the vaginal area. In particular, the positioning and shape of the device bathes the cervical os with the spermicidal surfactant. The device is quite comfortable and remains in place during, intercourse. The device of Example IV is prepared with reinforcing means as depicted in Figures 5 through 12 cast into the outer PE dome. The devices are flexible, yet open in use to a comfortable, vaginally-retainable device WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:";"1. A contraceptive device especially adapted for use within the vaginal cavity, characterized in comprising: 1) a back which constitutes rimless vaginal retaining means, said back being characterized by one or more thickened, reinforced areas; 2) a front face affixed to said back, said front face constituting a transport surface comprising a semi permeable membrane, said membrane describing at least a portion of the walls of one or more containers, said containers holding; 3) a spermicide comprising an aqueous solution of a micelle-forming spermidical surfactant compound of a concentration at or above the critical micelle concentration of said surfactant compound. 2. A device according to Claim 1 characterized in that the thickened, reinforced areas in the retaining means are substantially centrally located. 3. A device according to Claim 1 or 2 characterized in that the reinforced area varies in thickness from a minimum at the periphery of the device to a maximum at its center. 4. A device according to any of Claims 1 to 3 characterized in that the reinforced areas comprise one or more ribs. 5. A device according to Claim 4 characterized in that said ribs converge to the center of the back of the device. 6. A device according to any preceeding claim charac terized in being disc-shaped. 7. A device according to any preceeding claim charac terized in that the transport surface extends substantially across the front face of the device. 8. A device according to any preceeding claim charac terized in being a dome-shaped or substantially flat disc, whereby the front face of the device area can be positioned to substantially cap or block the cervical Os. 9. A device according to any preceeding claim charac terized in that the semi-permeable membrane comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable silicone polymer or rubber. 10. A device according to any preceeding clan: charac terized in that the membrane has a thickness in the range of from about 0.02 mm to about o.6 mm. 11. A device according to any preceeding claim characterized in that the spermicidal surfactant compound is a nonionic surfactant selected from ethylene oxide condensates of aliphatic alcohols and ethylene oxide condensates of alkyl phenols. 12. A device according to any preceeding claim charac terized in that surfactant compound is characterized by a critical micelle concentration of at most about 5xlO Molar. 13. A device according to any preceeding claim characterized in that the surfactant compound is C10E05, C1OE06r or mixtures thereof. 14. A device according to Claim 1 characterized in being of a domed or flat configuration suitable for cappssng or blocking the cervical os, the front face of said device comprising a non-porous, s¯mi-permeable membrane transport surface having a thickness in the range of from about 0.1 mm to about 0.4 mm, the back of said device comprising rimless, resilient, ribbed vaginal retaining means, said front and back walls being joined to provide containers, said containers holding an aqueous solution comprising from about 10% to about 50t by weight of CloEO5, CloEO6, or mixtures thereof.";DROBISH, JAMES LEE, GOUGEON, THOMAS WILLIAM;THE PROCTER & GAMBLE COMPANY;1978
+EP-0009519-B1;19841212.0;19781009;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185972.0;C08J5;B24D3;C08L61, B24D3, C08G8;C08L  61/06+B4B2, C08G   8/24, M08L61:06, B24D   3/28B;APPLICATION OF RESIN BINDERS TO THE MANUFACTURE OF ABRASIVE ARTICLES, AND THE MANUFACTURED ABRASIVE ARTICLES;1. Use of synthetic resin binders based on an aqueous mixture of different phenolic resins being I) at least one phenol-resol in which at least 1.1 mole of formaldehyde per phenolic hydroxyl of the monohydric phenols has been added and/or condensed to the phenolic body and II) at least oen co-condensate of at least one monohydric phenol and at least oen polyhydric phenol with formaldehyde, with co-condensate contains per mole of monohydric phenol from 1.1 to 1.9 mole of formaldehyde and from 0.1 to 0.2 mole of a polyhydric phenol, the molar ratio of the used quantities of formaldehyde to the sum of the phenols being in the range of from 0.6:1 to 1.5:1, and optionally further additives, components I) and II) being present in the micture in a ratio of at most 95:5 and at least 70:30, for the manufacture of abrasive materials on flexible substrates, but without the use of formaldehyde donors and without application of superatmospheric pressure.;"unstharzbindemittel, ihre Verwendung zur Herstellung von Schleifmitteln, sowie die hergestellten Schleifmittel Gegenstand der vorliegenden. ERfindung sind Kunstharzbindemittel auf Basis einer wässrigen Mischung verschiedener Phenolharze sowie die Verwendung dieser Bindemittel zur Herstellung von Schleifmitteln auf flexiblen Unterlagen. Schleifmittel werden in vielen Bereichen der Technik, besonders bei der Oberflächenveredlung, angewandt. Meist erfolgt die Herstellung dieser Schleifmittel, indem zuerst auf die Unterlage ein flüssiges Bindemittel, das sogenannte Grundbindemittel, aufgetragen wird, welches gegebenenfalls Fdllstoffzusätze enthält, und anschliessend Schleifkörner aufgebracht werden. DAzu bedient man sich oft elektrostatischer Methoden, damit eine besonders aggressive Kornstellung erreicht wird. Im Anschluss an die Verankerung der SchleiSkRrner ist es üblich, eine odermehrere Bindemittelschichten dardberzulegen. Als Dindemittel werden vorwiegend wässrige Lösungen von Pnenolharzen, besonders solchen aus Phenol und Formaldehyd verwendet. Da die Bindemittel noch genügend fliessfähig und bindefähig sein müssen, also noch nicht ausgehärtet sein dürfen, finden sogenannte Phenolharz-Vorkondensate Verwendung, die erst im anschliessenden Trocknungsgang zu einem dreidimensional vernetzten Polykondensat aushärten. Dieses Polykondensat verleiht dem Schleifmittel die geforderten Eigenschaften und Beständigkeiten insbesondere gegen chemische und physikalische Einflüsse bei erhöhter Temperatur. Phenolharzlosungen auf Basis einwertiger Phenole sind die heute gebräuchlichsten Bindemittel für temperaturbeanspruchte Schleifmittel. Sie werden im technischen Massstab hergestellt undangewendet. Phenol-Resorcin-Formaldehydharze, die schnell härtbar sind, sind in Verbindung mit Formaldehyd oder einem seiner höheren Polymeren als Klebstoffe in der DE-OS 15- 70 848 beschrieben. Ihre alleinige Verwendung für die Herstellung von Schleifmitteln scheidet jedoch aus, da das ausgehärtete Produkt brüchig und von geringer Härte ist, so dass keine Schleifleistung erbracht werden kann. Besonderen technischen, apparativen und zeitlichen Aufwand bedürfen die Härtungsprozesse bei der Herstellung der Schleifmittel. Um eine Zerstörung der in der Regel aus Cellulosematerialien bestehenden Unterlagen zu vermeiden, soll der Härtungsprozess bei einer Maximaltemperatur von 120 bis 130 0C durchgeführt werden. Eine schnelle Härtung, z.B. durch Temperaturerhöhung, verbietet sich aber, weil einmal Rücksicht auf die Unterlage genommen werden muss, zum anderen aber weil dann mit einem erhöhten Auftreten von Blasenbildung gerechnet werden muss, die die Haftung des Harzes an der Unterlage beeinträchtigen. Die Härtung des beschichteten Materials nimmt daher im allgemeinen eine bis mehrere Stunden in Anspruch. Mischungen aus Phenol-Formaldehydharzen einwertiger Phenole und Polyphenol-Formaldehydharzen sind als Imprägnier-Bindemittel für die Herstellung verstärkter Produkte aus der GB 762 462 bekannt. Hinweise für die Verwendung derartiger Mischungen zur Herstellung von Schleifmitteln werden aber nicht gegeben. Darüberhinaus weisen derartige Kombinationen bei ihrem Einsatz bei der Schleifmittel herstellung nach eigenen Untersuchungen einen verminderten Schleifindex auf. Dieser Index ist ein tlass für die spezifische Abspanungsarbeit, die ein Schleifmittel unter definierten, konstanten Bedingungen zu leisten vermag, und ist der Quotient A/V aus dem Gewicht abgespanten Schleifgutes A durch den Gewichtsverlust V des Schleifmittels. Man hat in der Praxis versucht, bei der Härtung von Bindemitteln auf Basis einwertiger Phenole eine niedrige Anfangstenperatur und eine gere- gelte fortschreitende Temperaturerhöhung zu verwenden, wodurch das Entstehen von Blasen verhindert werden konnte. Allerdings wird ci.ldurch die benötigte Vernetzungszeit erhöht. Um den lange Zeit erfordernden Trocknungsgang, der zeitlich und räumlich die betreffenden Fabrikationsstätten stark belastet, nicht über Gebühr auszudehnen, müssen die Phenolharze schnell vernetzt werden. Entwick- lungen in dieser Richtung finden ihre Grenze aber darin, dass sich die Neigung der Bindemittel zu Polykondensationsreaktionen naturgenass nicht auf die Verarbeitungstemperatur beschränkt, sondern auch bei Raumtemperatur vorhanden ist. Deshalb kann die Polykondensationgeschwindigkeit von Bindemitteln auf Phenolharzbasis nicht vierter erhoht werden, weil sich sonst die Lagerbeständigkeit, die an die untere Grenze des technisch Brauchbaren angelangt ist, bis zur Unbrauchbarkeit verkürzt. So sind die in der Technik verwendeten Bindemittel im allgeneinen bei 20 OC 2 bis 4 Wochen, bei 30 OC 5 bis 10 Tage und bei 40 OC 1 bis 3 Tage lagerbeständig. Durch Lagerung bei +5 OC kann die Lagerbeständigkeit zwar auf 2 bis 4 Monate verlängert werden1 doch bleibt diese aufwendige 11massnahme dem Hersteller und dem Verbraucher vorbehalten, während sie sich für den Transport derartiger GUter aus wirtschaftlichen Erwägungen, die durch Wygienische ""O"",ente noch verschärft werden, verbietet. Der Vertriebsracius dieser Bindemittel ist somit erheblich beschränkt. Der Bedarf in räumliche weiterer Entfernung, wo eigene Produktionsstätten fehlen, kann also nicht gedeckt werden. Der Trocknungs- und Aushärtungsprozess der bisher verwendeten phenolharzgebundenen Schleifmittel lässt sic; in der Praxis aus den oben angegebenen Gründen weder durch Erhöhung der Temperatur bei der Aushärtung noch durch die Erhöhung der Reaktivität der Phenolharze beschleunigen, sondern benötigt eine lange Zeit. Um derartig lange Verweilzeit bewältigen zu können und gleichzeitig eine hohe Produktion zu erzielen, werden die Schleifmittelbahnen in Wärmekanälen getrocknet und gehärtet, die zwangsläufig als - mit zirkulierender warmluft geheizte - Schleifen- oder Hängekanäle, wie Hägetrockner, Girlandentrockner, ausgebildet sind, diese weisen aber gleichwohl noch Längen bis zu 100 m für den Vortrockenhang (Zaischenhang) und bis zu mehreren 100 m für den Haupthang auf. Trotz allem ist diese Trocke;ipartie eines Schleifmittelwerkes nach wie vor der grösste Engpass, weil die Schleifmittel bahnen zur Entfernung der grossen Mengen von Wasser zunächst bis zu mehreren Stunden bei Temperaturen bis zu 95 C vorgetrocknet und anschliessend bis zu mehreren Stunden lang (i bis 4 Stunden) bei Temperaturen von 120 bis 130 C optimal ausgehärtet und getrocknet werden. Es mangelt daher an Bindemitteln zur Herstellung von phenolharzgebundenen Schleifmitteln, - deren Lagerbeständigkeit auf das Mehrfache des heute üblichen verlängert ist; - die höchstens mit bisher gebräuchlichen, möglichst aber mit kürzeren Härtezeiten auskommen; - die entweder eine wesentlich erhöhte Geschwindigkeit bei ihrer Herstellung erlauben oder - bei gleicher Geschwindigkeit wesentlich kleinere Trocknungsanla gen ermöglichen und - die eventuell zusätzlich das Schleifri.ittel qualitativ verbessern. Ferner sollen diese neuen Bindemittel keine - oder nur in geringem ssasse scnd:dlichen Stoffe abspalten, um so die in den Fabrikationsstätten Be schäftigten und die Umgebung der Fabrikationsstätten vor giftigen Stoffen zu schützen; Obwohl Pbenol-Resorcin-Formaldehydharze allein, wie schon angeführt nach bisheriger Auffassung nicht für die Hersteliug von Schleifmitteln geeignet sind, wurde nun überraschend gefunden, dass sich die geschilderten Nachteile durch die Erfindung, d. h. durch die Verwendung von Mischungen verschiedener Phenolharze, die einen Anteil an Wischkkondensaten aus einund mehrwertigen Phenol-Form,aldehyd-Harzen aufweisen, vermeiden lassen. Gegenstand der Erfindung sind Kunstharzbindeniittel auf Basis einer wässrigen mischung verschiedener Phenolharze sowie gegebenenfalls weiteren Zusätzen, bei denen die Mischung der verschiedenen Phenolharze aus I) mindestens einen Phenol-Resol an das mindestens 1,1 4ol Formaldehyd pro phenolisches Hydroxyl der einwertigen Phenole addiert und/oder ankondensiert ist-und II) mindestens einem Mischkondensat aus mindestens einem einwertigen Phenol und mindestens einem mehrwertigen Phenol mit Formaldehyd, das pro Mol einwertigem Phenol 1,1 bis 1,9 ; ;l Formaldehyd und pro fiol einwertigem Phenol 0,1 bis 2,0 Mol eines mehrwertigen Phenols enthält, wobei das molare Verhältnis der eingesetzten Mengen an Formaldehyd zur Summe der Phenole 0,6 bis 1,5 : 1 beträgt besteht, sowie deren Verwendung zur Herstellung von Schleifmitteln. Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung sind auch die Schleifmittel selbst. Als Komponente I) eignen sich vorzugsweise solche Phenolharze, die durch Addition und/oder Kondensation von Formaldehyd an einwertige Phenole in Gegenwart von Alkalien oder Erdalkalien als Katalysator hergestellt er- den. Die Katalysatoren können im Harz verbleiben oder teilweise oder vollständig entfernt bzw. neutralisiert werden. Es ist auch möglich, einen Teil des Formaldehydes in nicht-reaktiver Form, z. B. in Gestalt von Methylenbrücken, in das Marz einzubauen. Zu diesen Zweck können bei erhöhten Temperaturen die gleichen Katalysatoren wie oben angegebenen oder Säuren verwendet werden. Als Komponente II), die einc hohe potentielle Kondensationsgeschwindigkeit mit Formaldehyd aufweist, werden Mischkondensate aus einwertigen Phenolen, Formaldehyd und mehrwertigen Phenolen, z. B. Resorcin, Brenzkatechin oder Pyrogallol eingesetzt. Bei der Her-stellung der Mischkondensate ist darauf zu achten, dass die bekannt schnelle Reaktionsfähigkeit des mehrwertigen Phenols, z. B. des Resorcins, im wesentlichen erhalten bleibt. Aus der Gruppe der einwertigen Phenole, die bei der Herstellung der Komponenten I) und II) eingesetzt werden können, wird m-Kresol, 3,5 Xylenol und vorzugsweise Phenol, C6lt50H genannt. Es können aber auch Alkylphenole mit 1 bis 9 C-Atomen im Alkylrest in Mischung mit Phenol verwendet werden. Der Anteil an Phenol beträgt dann mindestens 50 Mol. Die Herstellung der Harzkomponente I) erfolgt in üblicher Weise, z. B. wird einwertiges Phenol mit polymerem Formaldehyd und/oder wässrigen Lösungen von Formaldehyd im allgemeinen bei Temperaturen zwischen 30 und 100 OC, vorzugsweise zwischen 30 und 80 oC, in Gegenwart von Alkalien oder Erdalkalien als Katalysator umgesetzt, bis der erforderliche Kondensationsgrad erreicht ist. Der Kondensationsgrad wird durch Bestimmung der Viskosität charakterisiert und liegt im allgemeinen bei 200 bis 2000, vorzugsweise 300 bis 1000 mPa.s/20 Cr Das Molverhältnis von einwertigem Phenol : Formaldehyd soll im allgemeinen mindestens 1 : 1,1 betragen; vorzugsweise 1 : 1,3 bis 1 : 2,2. Als Katalysatoren dienen anorganische Verbindungen, vorzugsweise Natronlauge, Kalilauge, Magnesiumoxyd Calciumhydroxyd oder Bariumhydroxyd. Sie werden im allgemeinen in Mengen von 0,01 bis 0,9 Aquivalent, vorzugsweise von 0,05 bis 0,7 Äquivalent, bezogen auf phenolisches Hydroxyl, verwendet. Der Harzgehalt der wässrigen Lösungen liegt im allgemeinen zwischen 50 und 90 ,vorzugsweise zwischen 60 und 80 %Er kann entweder durch Destillation eingestellt oder durch Auswahl der Konzentration der Reaktionspartner von vornherein festgelegt werden. Die bei der Herstellung erhaltenen Phenolharzlösungen können als solche eingesetzt werden. Zur Verbesserung der Lagerbestandigkeit ist es oft zweckmässig, den verwendeten Katalysator zu neutralisieren. Zur Verbesserung der Löslichkeiten in wasser und zur weiteren Verbesserung der Lagerbeständigkeit können auch wasserlösliche Alkohole wie t1ethanol, äthanol, Propanol usw., mehrwertige Alkohole wie Glykole oder Glycerin in Mengen zwischen i und 20, vorzugsweise zwischen 2 und 10 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge des Bindemittels, verwendet werden. Die Komponente II) besteht aus Wlischkondensaten aus einsrertigem Phenol Formaldehyd und mehrwertigen Phenolen, vorzugsweise zweiwertigen, z. B. Resorcin. Diese können hergestellt werden, indem man zunächst ein Phenolresol herstellt und dieses anschliessend z. B. mit Resorcin umsetzt. Dazu wird 1 triol einwertiges Phenol im allgemeinen in Gegenwart von 0,1 bis 0,9, vorzugsweise 0,2 bis 0,6 t49l Alkali oder Erdalkali, vorzugsweise Natronlauge, im allgemeinen mit 1,1 bis 1,9, vorzugsweise 1,3 bis 1,8 ol Formaldehyd bei Temperaturen zwischen 30 und 100 OC, vorzugsweise 40 bis 80 OC, umgesetzt bis der Formaldehyd verbraucht ist. Dann werden dieser Reaktionsmischuny im allgemeinen 0,1 bis 2,0, vorzugsweise 0,2 bis 1,5 ,lol mehrwertiges Phenol zugefügt und unter gleichen Bedingungen umgesetzt, bis ein durch Viskositätsmessungen charakterisierter Kondensationsgrad erreicht ist. Das ist der Fall, wenn die Viskosität im allgemeinen von 100 bis 2000, vorzugsweise 200 bis 1000 mPa.s/20 oC beträgt. Das molare Verhältnis der eingesetzten Mengen an Formaldehyd zur Summe aus Phenol und mehrwertigen Phenolen darf höchstens 1,5 : 1 betragen und liegt vorzugsweise zwischen 0,7 und 1,3 ; 1. Es ist aber nicht zweckmässig, weniger Formaldehyd als 0,6 Mol zu verwenden. Diese Harze können ebenso wie die vorher beschriebene Komponente I) mit den oben aufgeführten alkoholen in den genannten Mengen gemischt werden. Die so hergestellten Harzkomponenten sind im allgemeinen für sich gut lagerbeständig. Auch Gemische verschiedener Phenolresole I) und Mischkondensate II) untereinander können als Mischungskomponenten eingesetzt werden. Als Unterlagen für die Herstellung von Schleifmitteln kommen im allgemeinen flexible Materialien, wie Papier, Gewebe, Vulkanfiber, Vliesstoff, Folien oder ähnliche in Frage. Die Komponenten I) und II) werden im allgemeinen im Mischungsverhältnis von 95 : 5 bis 60: 40, vorzugsweise 90 : 10 bis 70 : 30 zu einer Bindemittelflotte vermischt, die gegebenenfalls übliche Füllstoffe wie Calciumcarbonat, Gips, Kaolin, Kryolith usw. in bekannten Mengen enthält. Diese Zusätze werden meist nicht dem Grundbindemittel, sondern dem Deckbindemittel zugegeben. Die Verarbeitung zu Schleifmitteln erfolgt, indem auf die Unterlage in üblicher Weise Bindemittel und Schleifkorn aufgebracht werden. Die Verarbeitungsdauer liegt im allgemeinen zwischen 2 bis 48 Stunden, kann aber auch länger sein. Als Schleifkorn eignen sich alle üblicherweise verwendeten laterialien wie Sand, Schmirgel, Siliciumcarbid, gekörntes Alumi niumoxyd und andere. Das Bindemittel zeichnet sich dadurch aus, das es nur noch geringe Mengen an freiem Formaldehyd enthält und dass auch bein Erhitzen auf höhere Temperaturen, selbst solchen, die über der Verarbei tungstemperatur liegen, Phenol und besonders Formaldeiyd in wesentlich verringerten Mengen an die Umwelt abgegeben werden. Ebenso wird die Emission dieser Stoffe auch bei der Anwendung der Schleifmittel, d. h. beim Schleifen, erheblich vermindert. Als wesentlicher Vorteil gegenüber den bisher bekannten Bindernitteln ist die verkürzte Ver=cietzungszeit der erfindungsgemäss eingesetzten Bindemittel anzusehen. In der Tabelle, in der die Ergebnisse der verarbeitungs- und schleiftechnischen Prüfung zusammengefasst sind, stellen die Versuche 1 bis 3 die er findungsgemässen Bindemittelmischungen dar, während die Versuche 4 bis 6 Vergleichsmischungen sind. In den Versuchen 7 bis 9 werden die 100%gen Phenolharzkomponenten der erfindungsgemässen Mischung als Vergleich angeführt. Charakteristisch für die Härtungsgeschwindigkeit eines Harzes ist die sogenannte B-Zeit. Dies ist die Zeit, die das Harz unter Wärmeeinwirkung benötigt, um aus dem flüssigen Zustand in den gummi-elastischen (B-Zustand) überzugehen. Aus der Tabelle geht hervor, dass die B-Zeit der erfindungsgemässen t1i- schungen in vorliegendem Falle bei 120 oC 4 bis 8 Minuten gegenüber derjenigen bei konventionellen Bindemitteln von 10 bis 30 Minuten beträgt. Die Härtung wird also stark.beschleunigt; die Verarbeitungszeiten sinken von bisher 2 Stunden in der Vortrockenstufe bis auf 40 bis 50 Minu- ten, in der zweiten Vernetzungsstufe können sie bei 130 OC nur noch 20 bis 30 Minuten statt bisher 1,5 bis 4 Stunden betragen. Bei der Verar. beitung macht sich sowohl bei Normal- als auch bei erhöhten Temperaturen kein störender Formaldehydgeruch bemerkbar. Eine Verringerung der Emission von Formaldehyd und Phenol ist mit steigendem Anteil der Komponente II) zu beobachten. Durch das neue Verfahren wird aber vor allem die Qualität der Schleifmittel erhöht. Der Schleifindex verbessert sich bei der erfindungsgemässen Anwendung der Bindemittel mit steigendem Gehalt an resorcinhaltiger Harzkomponente bis zu 40, im allgemeinen un ca. 25 es, In den nachstehenden eeispielen bedeutet T Gewichtsteile und % Gewichtsprozent. B e i s p i e 1 e: Herstellung der Resolkomponente I) 1.) Phenolharz A In einem mit Rührer und Thermometer ausgestatteten Reaktionsgefäss werden 940 T Phenol C6H50H geschmolzen und mit 186 T zeiger wässriger Formaldehydlösung vermischt. Bei 50 OC werden dann 38 T 33%ige Natronlauge zugegeben, wobei die Temperatur auf 60 OC steigt. Anschliessend werden nach Massgabe der exothermen Reaktion 420 T Paraformaldehyd (91%ig) in Portionen zugegeben und der Ansatz so lange gerührt, bis das Harz eine Viskosität von 600 mPa.s/20 oC aufweist. Nach Zugabe von 80 T ethanol wird abgekühlt und mit verdünnter Schwefelsäure ein pH-Wert von 4,8 bis 5,3 eingestellt. Die Ausbeute an fertigem Harz ist quantitativ, Rückstand: 68 (die Rückstandsbestimmung erfolgt, indem eine Probe von 2 g eine Stunde auf 135 C erhitzt wird), Viskosität: 350 mPa.s/20 OC, die sich nach 6 Wochen Lagerung bei Raumtemperatur auf 407 mPa.s/20 C erhöht. 2.) Phenolharz B Beispiel 1 wird wiederholt, wobei jedoch die Zugabe von lethanol und Schwefelsäure unterbleibt. Das Harz hat eine Viskosität von 650 mPa.s/ 20 OC und einen Rückstand (2 g, 1 Std. 135 C) von 72 %. Herstellung der Reaktivatorkomponente II) 3.) Phenolharz C - 940 T Phenol und 200 T einer 37%igen wässrigen Formal- dehydlösung werden unter Rühren auf 40 C erhitzt und 600 T einer 33 igen Natronlauge zugegeben. Die Temperatur darf dabei 60 C nicht überschreiten. Anschliessend trägt man nach Massgabe der exothermen Reaktion bei 60 OC weiLere 610 T einer wässrigen 37%igen Formaldehydlösung sowie 198 T Paraformaldehyd (91%ig) ein und hält den Ansatz bei dieser Temperatur bis kein freier Formaldehyd mehr vorhanden ist. Dann trägt man 440 T Resorcin ein, rührt den Ansatz bei 60 C bis eine Viskosität von 300 mPa.s/20 OC erreicht ist und kühlt ab. Harzrückstand: 62 , Ausbeute: quantitativ. Die Viskosität erhöhte sich nach 6 Wochen Lagerung bei Raumtemperatur nur auf 333 mPa.s/20 OC. 4.) Vergleich 1 (Resorcinnovolak) Phenol harz D - 660 T Resorcin und 75 T Wasser werden geschmolzen und mit 3 T 12,5iger Schwefelsäue versetzt. Zu der auf 110 C erhitzten Schmelze werden 390 T einer wässrigen 30%igen Formaldehydlösung zugetropft und bei der Temperatur belassen, bis Jer Formaldehydgehalt 0 % beträgt. Das Harz wird auf 80 C abgekühlt und mit 432 T 33%iger Natronal versetzt. Rückstand: 65 %, Ausbeute: quantitativ, Viskosität: 2640 mPa.s/20 C. 5.) Vergleich 2 - Kondensationsprodukt einer Mischung eines Resorcinnovolaks mit einem Phenolresol. Phenolharz E 1.- 440 T Resorcin und 50 T Wasser werden geschmolzen und mit 2 T 12,5%iger Schwefelsäure versetzt. Zu der auf 115 C erhitzten Schmelze werden 211 T einer wässrigen, 37%igen Formaldehydlösung zugetropft und bei dieser Temperatur belassen, bis der Formaldehydgehalt 0 % beträgt. Phenolharz E 2. - 940 T Phenol werden geschmolzen und mit 720 T Natronlauge (33 ig) versetzt und auf 60 oC erwärmt. Bei dieser Temperatur werden 614 T einer 37igen Formaldehydlösung sowie 205 T Paraformaldehyd (91%ig) nach massgabe der exothermen Reaktion zugegeben und der Ansatz bei dieser Temperatur belassen, bis der Formaldehydgehalt 0 beträgt. Zu diesem Ansatz ira die abgekühlte Gesamtmenge des unter E 1) beschriebenen Harzes gegeben und auf 70 C erwärmt bis die Viskosität 145 mPa.s/20 C beträgt. Rückstand: 57,5 %, Ausbeute: quantitativ. 6.) Vergleich 3 Für die in der Tabelle aufgeführte Prüfung wird eine Bindemittelrnischung aus 95 % Phenolharz A und 5 % Resorcin herangezogen (siehe Tabelle Versuch 6). Herstellung der Schleifmittel Eine speziell für die Schleifmittel industrie gefertigte Vulkanfiber von 0,8 mm Stärke und einem Flächengewicht von ca. 1000 g/m2 wird mit dem Grundbindemittel in einer !lassfilmstärke von 150 m beschichtet und mit Normalkorund (Elektrokorund) der Körnung 16 in einer ilenge von 1600 g/m2 bestreut. Als Grundbindemittel werden die in der tabelle angeführten Versuchsmischungen in der vorliegenden Form verwendet. Danach werden die Proben in der Tabelle wie angegeben vorgetrocknet. Nun wird das Deckbindemittel in einer 'tassauftragsmenge von 600 g/m2 aufgetragen. Als Deckbindemittel wird die jeweilige Phenolharzmischung, gemischt mit der gleichen Gewichtsmenge Kalksteinmehl (mittlere Korngrösse 10 m), verwendet. Die Schichten werden dann - wie ebenfalls in der Tabelle angegeben - bei 130 Q ausgehärtet und die Proben anschliessend 24 Stunden bei 25 C und ca. 90 % relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit reklimatisiert. Aus dem beschichteten Vulkanfiber werden Ronden mit einem Aussendurchmesser von 178 mm und einem Innendurchmesser von 22 mm ausgestanzt und die Bindemittel schicht in üblicher Weise gebrochen. Schl ei ftest: Die Scheiben werden einem Schleiftest unterzogen, der auf dem Prinzip des ""Kantenschliffes"" beruht. Dabei werden sie mit einen Anstellwinkel ihrer Rotationsebene von 25 mit einer Andruckkraft von 80 N auf die Kante eines 3 mm dicken Cr-Ni-Stahlbleches gedrückt. Die Tourenzahl beträgt 3200 U/min., die Schleifdauer 9 Minuten. Gemessen wird der Gewicnts- verlust V der Schleifscheiben und das Gewicht A des abgespanten Stahles und daraus der Schleifindex bestimmt. T A B E L L E B i n d e m i t t e l Ver- KomponenteI) Komponente II) B-Zeit Lagerstabilität Härtezeit Gesamt Emission aus Schleifsuch d.Phenolharze Vortrock - Härtung 50 m-Film index 120 C Zeit f. 50%igen nung bei bei 1 h,100 C Phenol - Anteil Phenol - Anteil Viskositäts-An- 90 C 130 C Formal - Phenol harz harz stieg bei 20 C dehyd Nr. % % min. Wachen min. min. min. % % A/V 1 A 90 C 10 8 - 50 30 80 0,2 5,0 8,3 2 A 80 C 20 6 - 40 20 60 0,1 2,9 9,0 3 B 80 C 20 7 - 70 30 100 0,2 4,1 8,8 4 A 80 D 20 5 D : 35 60 30 90 0,1 3,1 7,5 (Vergl.1) 5 A 80 E 20 11 E : 12 90 60 150 0,3 4,2 7,0 (Vergl.2) 6 A 95 Resocin 5 25 - 150 180 330 0,4 8,6 5,8 (Vergl.3) 7 A 100 - - 22 28 140 120 260 0,9 6,2 7,7 (Vergl.4) 8 - - C 100 30 30 200 240 440 0,0 4,7 0,8 (Vergl.5) 9 B 100 - - 10 3 120 90 210 1,0 7,0 7,5 (Vergl.6)";Patentansprüche 1. Kunstharzbindemittel auf Basis einer wässrigen Mischung verschiedener Phenolharze sowie gegebenenfalls weiteren Zusätzen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mischung der verschiedenen Phenolharze aus I) mindestens einem Phenol Resol, an das mindestens 1,1 Mol Formaldehyd pro phenolisches Hydroxyl der einwertigen Phenole addiert und/oder ankondensiert ist und II) mindestens einem Mischkondensat aus mindestens einem einwertigen Phenol und mindestens einem mehrwertigen Phenol mit Formaldehyd, das pro Mol einwertigen Phenol 1,1 bis 1,9 Mol Formaldehyd und pro Mol einwertigem Phenol 0,1 bis 2,0 eines mehrwertigen Phenols enthält, wobei das molare Verhältnis der eingesetzten Mengen an Formaldehyd zur Summe der Phenole 0,6 bis 1,5:1 beträgt, besteht. 2. Bindemittel nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Resol I) aus Formaldehyd und Phenol, C6H5OH, im Molverhältnis von 1,3:1 bis 2,2:1 aufgebaut ist. 3. Bindemittel nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daB als Komponente I) ein Reaktionsprodukt mit einem Kondensationsgrad, der einer Viskosität von 200 bis 2000, vorzugsweise 300 bis 1000 mPa.s/200C entspricht und als Komponente II) ein solches mit einer Viskosität von 100 bis 2000, vorzugsweise 200 bis 1000 mPa.s/200C eingesetzt wird. 4. Bindemittel nach Anspruch 1 oder 3, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass das Mischkondensat II) pro Mol einwertiges Phenol 1,3 bis 1,8 Mol ankondensierten Formaldehyd und 0,2 bis 1,5 Mol eines mehrwertigen Phenols enthält und das molare Verhältnis der eingesetzten Mengen an Formaldehyd zur Summe der Phenole 0,7 bis 1,3:1 beträgt. 5. Bindemittel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1, 3 oder 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das mehrwertige Phenol in der Komponente II) Resorcin ist. 6. Bindemittel nachkinem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Komponenten I) und II) im Mischungsverhältnis 95:5 bis 60:40, vorzugsweise 90:10 bis 70:30 vorliegen. 7. Bindemittel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Komponenten I) und II) mit wasserlöslichen ein- oder mehrwertigen Alkoholen in Mengen von 1 bis 20 Gew.-%, bezogen auf die Gesamtmenge an Bindemittel, versetzt sind. 8. Verwendung von Kunstharzbindemitteln nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 zur Herstellung von Schleifmitteln. 9. Ausführungsform nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mindestens zwei Bindemittelschichten aufgebracht werden, die gegebenenfalls weitere übliche Zusätze enthalten, wobei jede der Bindemittelschichten nacheinander auf eine flächenförmige, flexible Unterlage aufgebracht, Jwerls getrocknet und abgekühlt wird, das Schleifkorn nach dem ersten Auftrag aufgestreut wird und die auf der Unterlage befindlichen Schichten anschliessend gehärtet werden. 10. Schleifmittel, hergestellt mit einem Bindemittel nach einem oder mehreren der Ansprüche 1 bis 7.;HESSE, WOLFGANG, DR., SATTELMEYER, RICHARD, DR., TESCHNER, ECKART;HOECHST AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;1978
+EP-0009520-B1;19830720.0;19780809;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185991.0;B01F3;G05D11, F23K5;B01F3, B01F15, F23K5, B01F5, G05D11;L01F3:08C, B01F  15/04G, B01F   3/08P, B01F   5/04C13, F23K   5/12, G05D  11/02;EMULSIFYING SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MIXING ACCURATE QUANTITIES OF TWO OR MORE LIQUIDS;An emulsifying system for mixing accurate ratios of two or more liquids to form an emulsion. The liquids are prefer­ ably, but not exclusively, water and oil. A supply circuit (11, 12) delivers accurate proportions of the two or more liquids to an injector (15) which mixes them to form a water/oil mixture. An emulsifier (46,48) emulsifies the mixture to form an emul­ sion. A container (40) stores a quantity of the emulsion that may vary between predetermined limits, and an output circuit is provided to draw the emulsion from the storage container (40). A recirculating circuit is connected at the output of the container to return emulsion from the container to the emul­ sifier continuously to regenerate the emulsion. The emulsion storage container permits the supply of the mixture and the emulsion to the storage container (40) at a rate independent of the rate at which the emulsion is drawn from the output circuit.;"The present invention relates to an improved emulsifying system and method for mixing accurate ratios of two or more liquids to form an emulsion. Preferabla, but not exclusively, the liquids are water and oil which are pressure regulated and the supply is isolated from a vented storage container which stores the emulsion to feed burning apparatus whereby to reduce pollutants which are released in the ztmosphre and which also reduce the efficiency of burning a water/oil emulsion, less oil is consumed by the burning system. various chemicals and apparatus have heretofore been provided in an attempt to achieve such objectives. However, such known methods and apparatus have not proved to be entirely efficient and economical. Surfactants are sometimes used to break down the surface tension of one of the fluids to be mixed together, whereby to enable the mixing to take place. Surfactants are usually expensive and require additional savings in the system construction whereby to justify the cost thereof. Also, it has been found that surfactants promote boiler and flue corrosion. The very fact that the surface tension is reduced, eliminates or diminishes the microexplosions which take place with an emulsion produced without surfactants. These microexplosions are important to the improved performance of burning emulsion. It is also known to. use sonic whistles or similar type devices together with bigh pressure pumps to produce a desired emulsion. However, known systems which use such devices do not provide means to reduce capacity in order to-correspond to varying firing rates of burners, without reducing feed pressures. The reduction of feed pressures seriously reduces the effectiveness of this type of equipment thereby providing a drawback. Another type of apparatus known is the piston type homogenizer which is used to produce emulsions from water and oil. These homogenizers, however, require very large amounts of horsepower, require frequent maintenance, and are expensive. Another type of prior art device known is the ultrasonic reactor which is used to produce a water/oil emulsion. This equipment is, however, very expensive, and uneconomical. Also, such reactors are known to fail due to overpressure, startup with cold oil, etc. This type of system is susceptible to damage from external pressure sources. Controlling water to oil ratio is very difficult because there is a reliance on standard control items which in themselves are not accurate while trying to proportion through the range of firing rates of a burner system. Known methods and devices, such as those described above, are also very costly. Recirculating or circulating emulsion through a burner system has been very difficult, if not impossible to achieve, because of the problem of contaminating the straight oil with emulsion. It is, therefore, a feature of this invention to substantially overcome all of the abovementioned disadvantages of the prior art and to provide an emulsifying system for mixing two or more liquids to form a stable emulsion. A further feature of the present invention is to substantially eliminate the use of surfactants or any other chemical which is only used to produce such an emulsion. A still further feature of the present invention is to provide a water/oil emulsion for burning and very accurately controlling the pressure of incoming fuel oil and water, always at one constant flow rate, to permit the control of very accurate proportions of the water and oil at any desired percentage, and at very reasonable cost. A still further feature of the present invention is to store the emulsion in a container which is vented to atmosphere and totally isolate the output circuit from the high pressure supplies and to recirculate the emulsion to maintain it in a stable state and further to recirculate the emulsion through the burner system, in the same manner as the oil system is circulated without contaminating the straight oil with emulsion. Another feature of the present invention is to produce an emulsion for feeding mixing devices such as ultrasonic reactors, or cells whereby to considerably increase the flow capacity therethrough to render such apparatus more economical. According to the above features, from a broad aspect, the present invention provides an emulsifying system for mixing accurate ratios of two or more liquids to form an emulsion suitable to permit continuous supply of said emulsion to emulsion consuming means. The system comprises means for supplying an accurate mixture of the two or more liquids. Emulsifying device is provided to emulsify the mixture into an emulsion. Emulsion storage means is also provided for storing a quantity of the emulsion that may vary between predetermined limits. An output circuit draws the emulsion from the emulsion storage means. A recirculating circuit is connected to the output circuit and has a recirculating pump to recirculate the emulsion to the emulsifying device where the emulsion is regenerated and returned to the storage means whereby the emulsion in the storage means is maintained in a usable state. The emulsion storage means has a volume control means to control the flow of the two or more liquids to the emulsifying device to permit the supply of the emulsified mixture to the storage means at a rate independent of the rate at which the emulsion is drawn from the output to maintain a stored volume of emulsion for supply. According to a still further broad aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of mixing accurate ratios of two or more liquids and forming a stable emulsion therefrom suitable to permit continuous supply of the emulsion to emulsion consuming means. The method comprises the steps of mixing the two or more liquids in an accurate proportion to form a mixture. The mixture is fed to an emulsifying device to produce an emulsion from the mixture. The emulsion is then stored in a storage means. The volume of emulsion in the storage means is controlled to permit the supply of the mixture and the emulsion to the storage means at a rate independent of the rate at which the emulsion is drawn from the storage means. The emulsion from the storage means is fed back to the emulsifying device where the emulsion is regenerated and fed back to the storage means. A preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the emulsifying system, and Figure 2 is a sectional view of an example of the construction of an injector device. Referring now to the drawings, there is shown generally at 10, the emulsifying system of the present invention for mixing accurate ratios of water and oil taken from a water supply line 11 and an oil supply line 12, to form a water/oil emulsion for feeding burning apparatus (not shown) and fed at the emulsion output supply line 13. A pressure regulator 14, of simple and inexpensive design and of a type known in the art, is connected in the water supply line 11 to feed water under pressure to an injector device 15. Similarly, a back pressure regulator 16 is provided in the return line 17 which connects to the oil line 12 to also feed oil under pressure to the injector i5. This pressure regulator is also of the type well known in the art. The purpose of using a back pressure regulator is to maintain a constant oil pressure in the oil line 12 while at the same time permitting recirculation of oil. When the system 10 is in use, the bypass valve 18 automatically shuts off thereby automatically disconnecting the bypass line 19 from the emulsion output supply line 13. A flow restriction means, herein a ratio adjustment valve 20, is connected in the supply line 11 downstream of the pressure regulator 14. A similar flow restriction means or ratio adjustment valve 21, is connected in the oil supply line 12 also downstream of the pressure regulator. These valves 20 and 21 are adjustable needle valves of the type well known in the art, and adjust the flow rates through the supply lines ii and 12, respectively to permit the proper ratio of water and oil to be fed to the inputs 22 and 23, respectively of the injector 15. This ratio is normally of the order of up to one part of water to four parts of oil. Referring now, more specifically, to Figure 2, there is shbwn an exmple of how the injector 15 may be constructed As herein shown, the injector 15 consists of a simple T-shaped mixing device consisting of an outer tubular portion 24 and an inner tubular portion 25 having an outlet portion 27 of the outer tubular portion 24. The output end portion 26 is perforated as shown at 28 to permit water within the inner tubular portion 25 to be released in the outlet portion of the outer tubular portion 24 to mix with oil flowing within the outlet tubular portion. This permits the water to be released in close contact with the oil whereby the water and oil particles will mix. As hereinabove mentioned, this is only an example of the construction of the injector and many other types of injector devices can be provided. The water/oil emulsion or mixture at the outlet portion 27 of the injector 15 is fed to emulsifying means being a pressure pump 46 feeding a pressure mixer 48. The emulsion at the output of the mixer 48 is fed to a container 40. This container 40 constitutes a storage means for a quantity oi the water/oil emulsion fed to it from the injector 15. The pressure in the container 40 is controlled, for example, by means of a vent 41, herein schematically illustrated. The container 40 is further provided with a recirculating circuit 42 which consists of an emulsion recirculating conduit 43 connected in a loop from an outlet 44, taken from the bottom of the container 40, to an inlet of the pressure pump 46. The pressure pump 46 is driven by a pump motor 47. The pressure mixer 48 takes the full pressure drop of the pressure pump 46 whereby to generate the emulsion. The outlet from the pressure mixer 48 is fed to the inlet 45 of the container 40. The container 40 is provided with a volume control means which is constituted by a level float switch 54. Further a temperature sensing device 51 may be provided to sense the temperature of the emulsion in the container to make sure it does not fall below a certain predetermined temperature. A heater element 52 may also be connected to the temperature sensing device to heat the emulsion when it fails below the predetermined temperature. The heater element 52 is controlled by the temperature sensing device 51, When the level of the emulsion within the container 40 falls below a predetermined low level or exceeds a predetermined high level, a signal is given to a shut-off valve 53 located in the flow line connected to the output portion 27 of the injector 15. This signal will either cause the shut-off valve 53 to open or close. Thus the valve 53 is either in a fully open or a fully closed position. The level switch 54 may be connected directly to the shut-off valve 53. High and low level float switches 49 and 50 protect against excessive volume changes. The shut-off valve 53 can also be of a slow opening or slow closing type, i.e., four or five seconds, in order to give the regulators time to lock up or seat themselves, depending on the type of regulators utilized. In the event that the regulating system were to consist of receivers or pans, then this valve may be of the fast opening fast closing solenoid type. The pressure pus 46 may also consist oi any type of positive displacement pump such as a gear pump, triplex piston pump, which will give sufficient pressure for it to cause the desired effect when processing the fluids through the pressure mixer 48. In the event that the recirculation of the emulsion causes the temperature to increase beyond the desired predetermined temperature, then coolers 55 may be provided in the recirculating conduit 43 to prevent the emulsion temperature from exceeding the predetermined desired temperature. Check valve 56 is provided in the conduit 43 to permit unidirectional flow of the emulsion. Also, the pressure in the line 43 may be monitored by the provision of a pressure gauge 56' downstream of the pressure pump 46. It can be noted that with the above system, there is provided a storage of an emulsion which is maintained in a desired stable state and which is isolated from the pressure supplies. Such emulsion may be fed directly to burner apparatus (not shown) without subjecting such burner apparatus to pressures within the emulsifying system. In one application of the system, as shown in Figure t; the outlet 44 of the container 40 may be connected to a mixer device 60 whereby the emulsion particles are further broken down to provide a finer mix before delivery to the burner device (not shown). As herein illustrated, for purpose of example only, the mixer device 60 is a high frequency mixer device capable of shattering water particles to obtain a finer emulsion. As previously described, an ultrasonic reactor cell may herein be provided and emulsion is fed into a cavity (not shown) incorporating an ultrasonic vibrator (not shown) to cause a breakdown of the emulsion particles. Shutoff valves 61 are provided on each side of the mixer device 60 to permit replacement of this mixer device by other suitable devices or to interconnect the valves 61 directly when such further mixer device 60 is not required. A check valve 62 insures unidirectional flow to the emulsion output supply line 13. As also shown in Figure 1, a power supply 63 feeds the high frequency mixing device 50. As further shown in Figure i, a bypass return line 64 from the burner device (not shown), is connected to the container 40. Coolers 65 may also be provided in the bypass return line 64 to regulate the temperature of the emulsion therein. Also, unidirectional valves 66 and 67 are provided, respectively, in the supply lines 11 and 12 to permit unidirectional flow. Oil pressure switch 68 and oil temperature limit switch 69 monitor the temperature and pressure of the oil within the oil supply line 12. Similarly, low pressure water limit switch 70 and percent water gauge 71 minitor the water supply line 11. The pressure mixer 48 may have various type constructions. With the use of bunker ""C"" fuel oil, there is always the chance of dirt coming through the system and plugging orifices and consequently it may be advisable to use an orifice arrangement together with a pressure unloading valve which will discharge back to the inlet of the pressure pump 46 or possible to the container 40 in the event that the orifice was to plug. On the other hand a common sDall-t-pe rlief valve, such as the type identified by the registered Trade Mark ""NUPRO"" may be used. In the event, of course, of any accumulation of dirt, then the ball in the valve would simply raise to clear itself. It may also be possible to use a simple chamber with various shape orifices or with an annular orifice, again using a pressure unloader or relief valve to prevent plugging. A still further alternative would be to use a sonic whistle of a type known in the art. Additionally, the efficiency of such whistle or any other device could be improved by modifying the discharge end to amplify the pressure fluctuations which theoretically should increase the performance. The size of the container 40 may vary depending on the requirement of the application of the system. Various modifications of the system are seen without departing from the broad scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The method of operation of this system can be summarized as follows. The water and oil supply lines are each provided with a pressure regulator whereby to supply water and oil to an injector device 15. The supply of the water and oil is regulated by ratio adjusting valves 20 and 21 respectively. The mix of water and oil at the outlet of the injector 15 is fed to a container 40 via a shut-off valve 53, and when the level of the emulsion 40 reaches a predetermined high level, the shut-off valve 53 is shut off, therefor isolating the pressure regulator supply lines from the container 40. The emulsion in the container 40 is recirculated through a recirculating circuit 42 and the emulsion is maintained in a stable state by a pressure mixer 48 which is fed by pressure pump 46 located in the emulsion recirculating circuit 42. The outlet of the container 40 is connected to burner apparatus (not shown) or to a further mixer device 60. As the emulsion is consumed, the level of the emulsion in the container 40 drops and when it reaches a predetermined low level, where it is necessary to replenish the container 40, the shut-off valve 53 is opened supplying more emulsion to the container 40. The size of the container 40 is selected to approximately supply the burner device (not shown). It can be seen that whilst the container 40 is being supplied, the pressure from the water and oil supply lines will be vented through the container 40 as the check valve 56 will prevent any direct connection of these supply lines to the burner device (not shown) or the mixer device 60. The emulsifying means, defined herein, could, for example, be an ultrasonic emulsifying device of a type known in the art similar to device 60. Also, as above mentioned, the proportioning and mixing of the liquids can be effected in a variety of ways. It is also foreseen that this system could be utilized as an economical means of providing emulsions for uses other than for combustion, for example in applications to the food and cosmetic industry. It is further pointed out, that due to the improved combustion process resulting from the burning of the emulsion produced by the invention, particulate emissions is drastically reduced thereby making this invention a most important pollution control apparatus. Furthermore, there is achieved a great improvement of energy conservation.";CLAIMS i. An emulsifying system for mixing accurate ratios of two or more liquids to form an emulsion suitable to permit continuous supply of said emulsion to emulsion consuming means, characterized in that said system comprises means for supplying an accurate mixture of said two or more liquids, an emulsifying device to emulsify said mixture into an emulsion, emulsion storage means for storing a quantity of said emulsion that may vary between predetermined limits, an output circuit to draw said emulsion from said emulsion storage means, a recirculating circuit connected at said output circuit and having a recirculating pump to recirculate said emu-lsion to said emulsifying device where said emulsion is regenerated and returned to said storage means whereby said emulsion in said storage means is maintained in a usable state, said emulsion storage means having a volume control means to control the flow of said two or more liquids to said emulsifying device to permit the supply of said emulsified mixture to the storage means at a rate independent of the rate at which said emulsion is drawn from said output to maintain a stored volume of emulsion for supply. 2. A system as claimed in claim i, characterized in that said emulsion is a water/oil emulsion for use as a combustible fuel. 3. A system as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that said means for supplying an accurate mixture comprises injection means fed by a regulated water and oil supply to provide said accurate mixture of said water and oil, said injection means is an injector device having a water flow inlet and an oil flow inlet connected respectively to said water and oil regulated supplies, conduit means to release water and oil flows from said inlets to mix in said injector device, said regulated supplies being pressure regulated supplies, said pressure regulated supplies each have a pressure regulating device and a flow restriction means located downstream of said pressure regulating device, said flow restriction means controlling the flow rate of said water and oil supplies for delivery to said water flow inlet and oil flow inlet, respectively, of said injection device. 4. A system as claimed in claim 2, charactized in that said water/oil emulsion is drawn into said recirculating circuit by said recirculating pump, said emulsifying device being connected between said recirculating pump and said storage means, said storage means further zoprisin temperature control means to maintain said water/ oil emulsion at a desired temperature, input means connected to said storage means to feed back water/oil emulsion from a burner, and wherein said output circuit is connected to said burner, whereby said burner draws said water/oil emulsion from said storage means when in operation. 5. A system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in tnat valve means is provided downstream of said means for supplying an accurate mixture to isolate said storage means from pressure from said means for supplying said accurate mixture. 6. A system as claimed in claim 2 characterized in that a further mixer device is connected to said output circuit to obtain a finer mix of said oil and water in said emulsion prior to delivery to a burner device. 7. A system as claimed in claim 6 characterized in that said further mixer is a high frequency mixer device capable of shattering water particles to obtain a finer emulsion. 8. A system as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that said storage means is vented to atmosphere. 9. A method of mixing accurate ratios of two or more liquids and forming a stable emulsion therefrom suitable to permit continuous supply of said emulsion to emulsion consuming means, characterized in that said method comprises the steps of: i) mixing said two or more liquids in an accurate proportion to form a mixture. ii) feeding said mixture to an emulsifying device to produce an emulsion from said mixture, iii) storing said emulsion in a storage means. iv) controlling the volume of emulsion in said storage means to permit the supply of said mixture and the supply of sad emulsion to said storage means at a rate independent of the rate at which said emulsion is drawn from said storage means, and v) feeding said emulsion from said storage means back to said emulsifying device where said emulsion is regenerated and fed back to said storage means. 10. A method as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that said step (i) comprising controlling the flow rate of a pressure regulated supply of said two or more liquids, and feeding said pressure regulated supply to an injector means for mixing. 11. A method as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that there is further provided the step of isolating said container from said pressure regulated water and oil supply. 12. A method as claimed in claim 11, characterized in that there is further provided the step of feeding said emulsion from said storage means to a further emulsifying means to obtain a finer emulsion, and feeding said finer emulsion to an emulsion burning apparatus. 13. A method as claimed in claim 10, characterized in that there is further provided the step of isolating said storage means from said pressure regulated supplies and controlling the feed of said emulsion to said storage means. 14. A method as claimed in claim 13, characterized in that said step of controlling the supply of said mixture includes controlling a shutoff valve downstream of a mixing means. 15. A method as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that there is further provided the step oi controlling the pressure in said storage means.;FOLLAND, ROY E., MILLAR, RICHARD C.;R.E. FOLLAND CONSULTANTS INC.;1978
+EP-0009522-B1;19830112.0;19781002;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186002.0;F23C9;F23M9, C01B3, F23C3;F23C9, F23C3, F23M9, C01B3;F23C   3/00, C01B   3/36B, F23C   9/06, F23M   9/06;A METHOD OF AT LEAST PARTIALLY BURNING A HYDROCARBON AND/OR CARBONACEOUS FUEL;A method of at least partially burning a hydrocarbon and/or carbonaceous fuel, comprising at least partially burn­ ing the fuel in a flame provided by a burner, and laterally confining at least part (e.g. at least 50%) of the length of the flame (including the largest cross-sectional dimensions thereof) in a combustion chamber having cross-sectional dimensions smaller (curve B) than those of the flame when not laterally confined (curve A) in the combustion chamber so as to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of the confined part of the flame by an amount of from 1.00 to 6.35 cms, but by less than 20% of the unconfined cross-sectional dimensions. The lateral confinement of part of the flame by the combus­ tion chamber causes reactive flame species to be reflected and deflected back into the flame (rather than being lost there­ from or quenched) by the hot walls of the combustion chamber thereby reducing the amount of carbon and/or smoke in the gases leaving the combustion chamber (curve A versus curve B). Further improvement may be obtained by baffles in the laterally confined part of the flame which prom­ ote flame species recirculation.;"A METHOD OF AT LEAST PARTIALLY BURNING A HYDROCARBON AND/OR CARBONACEOUS FUEL The present invention relates to a method of at least partially burning a hydrocarbon and/or carbonaceous fuel. In the partial or full combustion of a fuel, it is usual to attempt to (partially) burn the fuel as fully as possible so that the resulting (partially) burned fuel products are as free as possible from carbon-and/or smoke. In addition, it is usual to attempt to (partially) burn the fuel with the smallest possible amount of air (or other combustion-supporting gas). The attainment of one of the foregoing objectives usually results- in a failure to realize the other objective, since carbon or smoke formation tends to increase with a decrease in the amount of air for (part) combustion. In the past, a great deal of effort has been spent in improving the design of burners so that the air requirement for the (part) combustion of fuel to give products of low smoke and/or carbon content has been reduced. It has now been discovered that the amount of carbon and/or smoke generated during the (part) combustion of a fuel can be reduced by ensuring that the (part) combustion of the fuel proceeds in a flame which is at least partially confined by a combustion chamber which is designed to promote recirculation of reactive flame species in the flame rather than allowing such flame species to be quenched. According to the present invention, there is provided a method of at least partially burning a hydrocarbon and/or carbonaceous fuel, comprising at least partially burning the fuel in a flame supplied by a burner, and laterally confining at least part of the length of the flame having the greatest cross-sectional dimensions, when not confined, in a combustion chamber having cross-sectional dimensions smaller than the cross-sectional dimensions (measured in the same cross-sectional planes) of the said part of the flame so as to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of the flame by an amount in the range of from 1.00 to 6.35 cms., but by no more than 20% of the unconfined crosssectional dimensions. Prefereably, the pressure drop from one. end of the combustion chamber which receives the flame from the burner to the opposite end from which at least partially burned products are discharged is not more than 25.4 cms of water, more preferably less than 12.7 cms of water, still more preferably less than 10.2 cms of water. Accordingly, commercially - available burners, which may or may not be modified, may be employed in the method of the invention. The combustion chamber may have the general form of. commercially available combustion chambers, provided that the combustion chamber has cross-sectional dimensions so correlated with the cross-sectional dimensions of the flame that the cross-sectional dimensions of the flame are reduced within the limits specified herein. It is-preferred that the natural or unconfined cross-sectional dimensions.(e.g. diameter) of the flame be reduced by lateral containment or confinement in the combustion chamber by from 1.25 cms or thereabouts to 6.3 cms or thereabouts, more preferably from 1.8 cms or thereabouts to 5.1 cms -or thereabouts. In many cases, the reduction of the flame's cross-sectional dimensions may suitably be from 2.5 cms or thereabouts to 3.8 cms or thereabouts. At least 50% of the natural length of the flame is preferably laterally contained or confined by the combustion chamber and more preferably 60% or more (e.g. 70%). Better improvements in combustion may be realized when the combustion chamber laterally confines the upstream part (towards the burner) rather than the downstream part of the flame. The combustion chamber may confine the flame starting from a position either at the exit from the burner or spaced downstream therefrom. It may be convenient to attach the combustion chamber to the burner or burner support. The combustion chamber may contain at least one internal fixed baffle for promoting recirculation of reactive species in the flame. The, or each, baffle may have any convenient form such as a refractory ring or annulus (in the case of cylindrical combustion chambers) extending inwardly from the periphery at the internal wall. The baffle(s) should cause the smallest pressure drop which is economically acceptable for the realized improvement in combustion. For most cases, a pressure drop of up to 5.0 cms of water will be acceptable. With one baffle, the pressure drop will usually tend to be about 2.5 cms of water in most cases. When there are two or more baffles, they should be separated by a distance equal to at least the cross-sectional dimension (e.g. diameter or equivalent) of the combustion chamber. The location of the baffle(s) in the flame tends to influence the improvement in combustion. With one baffle, the baffle should be located preferably less than half-way down the total length of the flame from the burner, e.g. about 33% of the total flame length from the burner. When two baffles are employed, it is preferred that the upstream baffle is located from 25% to 33% of the length of the flame downstream of the base of the flame, e.g. at the burner, and the downstream baffle from 50% to 67% of the flame length from the flame base. With three baffles, the location of the upstream and middle baffles is preferably in the same range as for two baffles, the downstream baffle being located within the flame at any distance downstream of the middle baffle but separated therefrom by a distance no smaller than the internal diameter (or its equivalent) of the combustion chamber. While the combustion chamber tends to increase the length of the flame, each baffle reduces the flame length so that a shorter combustion chamber can be used to effect the same improvement in combustion. One baffle alone can reduce the flame length by up to 25%, e.g. 15 to 20%, while three baffles can reduce the flame length by up to 50%. The invention is particularly useful in reducing the amount of air (or other oxygen-containing gas) required to eliminate, or reduce to an acceptable level, smoke and/or carbon, so that it is possible to burn relatively heavy fuel oils and solid fuels substoichiometrically to produce hot, clean reducing gas relatively efficiently. The invention may also be employed with lighter fuels, e.g. naphthas up to liquefied petroleum gas containing more than 2% of butane, and may also be employed in the combustion of any of the foregoing fuels to produce a substantially smoke- and carbon-free hot neutral (i.e. neither oxidizing nor reducing) gas useful in processes requiring inert gas blanketting and in power generation. With regard to the latter, the absence of excess air tends to reduce the formation of S03 from sulphur in the fuel whereby greater heat recovery may be effected without the risk of sulphuric acid corrosion. Moreover, the production of nitrogen oxides also tends to be reduced in the substantial absence of excess air. The invention will now be described in connection with the production of hot, clean, reducing gases. Hot reducing atmospheres are extensively generated for heat treatment of metals. Their far wider use in future has been forecast for injection into the bosh zone of blast furnaces and eventually for the production of raw steel by direct reduction of iron ore. Currently reducing atmospheres are generated mostly by partial combustion of gaseous fuels - natural gas, town gas, propane/butane - in the presence of a catalyst. The operation requires a careful control of fuel and catalyst quality and maintenance of the optimum operating conditions to ensure prevention of carbon formation and deposition on the catalyst. Much work has already been carried out on improved burner designs for minimizing carbon formation. What has now been discovered, in accordance with the invention, is that a greater reduction in carbon-forming tendency can be achieved by careful design of the characteristics of the combustion chamber in relation to the flame which burns therein. By performing the invention using a suitable combustion chamber in conjunction with a suitable burner, a highly reducing atmosphere can be generated with e.g., liquid fuels of wide compositional range, without the aid of a catalyst. In the past, improved combustion has been sought by making modifications to the burner, and the burner modifications have been chiefly based on better mixing of the fuel and air feed and/or on the injection into the fuel-air feed of water/steam or products of combustion. In contrast, in the practice of the present invention, the combustion chamber modifications in relation to the flame are based on the discovery that increased mixing and recirculation of the flame reactants and products in the flame itself can greatly reduce carbon and/or smoke formation. Those combustion chamber design parameters which promote mixing and recirculation have been systematically investigated, and it has been found that they entail: - optimum choice of combustion chamber diameter (or equivalent cross-sectional dimension). - optimum choice of chamber length. - provision of suitable baffles in the chamber. These features are relatively easy to realize and incorporate, and unlike burner modifications, do not require any complex and expensive subsidiary control devices. The invention is now further described with reference to investigations, reported below, of the relevant characteristics of combustion chambers which were either unadapted or adapted and/or modified to confine the flame laterally in accordance with the invention. In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 shows graphically the comparative performances of two types of burner; Figure 2 shows graphically the influence of the internal diameter of a combustion chamber on combustion quality; Figure 3 and 4 show graphically the influence of combustion chamber length on combustion quality for different fuels fired at the same rate; Figure 5 shows graphically the influence of baffles on comb .JcStion quality; and Figure 6 shows graphically the influence of baffles on the proportions of various part-combustion products. The effect of combustion chamber modifications was investigated with a burner of the known type which recirculates a part of the combustion products into the fuel-air feed. This burner produces considerably less carbon than a typical medium pressure air atomizing burner. Comparative results with this burner firing light fuel oil at a rate of 9.092 litres/hour (2.0 imperial gallons/houi into a refractory lined combustion chamber of conventional size (61 cms (24 inches) diameter and 127 cms (50 inches) long) are shown in Figure 1. Clearly, a recirculation burner (curve B) provides superior combustion relative to a medium pressure air atomized burner (curve A). The influence of different parameters on the efficiency of combustion was investigated, as described below. Influence of Combustion Chamber Diameter: Using the exhaust gas recirculation burner referred to in connection with Figure 1, its smoke emission performance in the 61 cms (24 inches) internal diameter combustion chamber was compared with that in a 20.3 cms (8 inches) internal diameter chamber of the same length. The narrower diameter chosen was about 2.5 cms smaller than the flame diameter at its widest. The results (Figure 2) obtained using the same fuel and firing rate as used for Figure 1 show the markedly reduced carbon forming tendency in the narrower chamber (curve B) compared with the poorer results obtained using the wider chamber (curve A). Studies were next carried out in a still narrower 12.7 cms (15 inches) internal diameter chamber. It was noted that the flame lengh had become far too long to complete the combustion reactions within the 127 cms (50 inches) length of the combustion chamber. Influence of Combustion Chamber Length: With the 20.3 cms (8 inches) internal diameter chamber, the influence of increasing the length of the combustion chamber from 127 cms (50 inches) to 190.5 cms (75 inches) and then to 228 cms (90 inches) is shown in Figure 3 for light fuel oil and in Figure 4 for gas oil, both fired at a rate of 11.35 litres/hour (2.5 imperial gallonsihour). In Figures 3 and 4, A represents the shortest chamber, B the one of intermediate length, and C the longest. It is seen that an increase in length reduces the carbon-forming tendency, although the effect is less marked than that of reducing the diameter. Influence of Internal Baffles: In the 20.3 cms (8 inch) internal diameter, 127 cms (50 inches) long combustion chamber, three refractory annular baffles each with a 6.35 cms (2.5 inch) hole in the centre, were spaced in the combustion chamber at 40.6 cms (16 inches), 76.2 cms (30 inches) and 122 cms (48 inches) from the burner (i.e. from the entrance to the chamber). These baffles, as shown in Figure 5, (wherein curve A is for combustion without baffles and curve B is for combustion with the baffles), considerably reduced carbon formation. The effect, in fact, is greater than of increasing the length and thus the use of baffles to enhance flame circulation provides an inexpensive way of reducing carbon forming tendency even with short combustion chambers. The results depicted in Figure 5 were obtained firing gas oil at a rate of 11.35 litres/hour (2.5 imperial gallons/hour). It will be seen from the foregoing that smoke and/or carbon formation can be markedly reduced by reducing the chamber diameter, increasing the chamber length and by providing baffles which promote flame recirculation. Of the three factors, the effect of diameter is most marked. However, care has to be taken that the diameter is not reduced excessively - preferably by not more than 2.5 to 5.1 cms, or by not more than 20% of the diameter of the unrestricted/unconfined flame, since otherwise the resulting excessive inhibition of flame reactions and aerodynamic factors can necessitate the use of an impracticably long chamber for completion of the flame processes. For a given length constraint, carbon formation can be considerably reduced by the provision of baffles in the combustion chamber. Again care is necessary that these are not placed so closely as to inhibit the combustion processes to any significant extent. In the combustion system described by way of example, with reference to curve B of Figure 5, the position and size of baffles and the diameter of the chamber are particularly suited for maintaining a stable flame even with barely 50% of the stoichiometric air. In conventional systems stable flames are usually hard to maintain with air less than 70% of the stoichiometric. Successful completion and maintenance of the flame process with air in amounts barely 50% of the stoichiometric amount produces a highly reducing atmosphere. In Figure 6, there is shown graphically the amounts of CO, H2 and C02 produced by firing gas oil at a rate of 9.092 litres/hour (2.0 imperial gallons/hour) into the two combustion chambers referred to in connection with Figure 5. Both combustion chambers were of 20.3 cms (8 inches) internal diameter and 127 cms (50 inches) long. Curves A show the compositions of the product gases for the combustion chamber when not provided with internal baffles, and curves B show the compositions of the product gas when provided with the three radially annular baffles each having a central hole of 6.35 cms (2.5 inches) spaced at 40.6 cms (16 inches), 76.2 cms (30 inches) and 122 cms (48 inches) from the entrance to the combustion chamber, at the exit from the burner. It is clear that the recirculation of reactive flame species caused by the baffles improves the nature of the hot, reducing gas products. Moreover, as will be appreciated when the results of Figures 5 and 6 are considered together, the hot, reducing gas product obtained from the combustion chamber provided with baffles is not only richer in reducing gases and poorer in C02, but also has a lower content of carbon and/or smoke materials. For some applications it is desirable to generate even greater amounts of CO and H2 and correspondingly less of CO2 and H20. This can be readily achieved by passing the product gas through a bed of incandescent coal in accordance with well known practice.";Claims: 1. A method of at least partially burning a hydrocarbon and/or carbonaceous fuel, comprising at least partially burning the fuel in a flame supplied by a burner, characterized by laterally confining at least part of the length of the flame having the greatest cross-sec-tional dimensions, when not confined, in a combustion chamber having crosssectional dimensions smaller than the cross-sectional dimensions (measured in the same cross-sectional planes) of the said part of the flame so as to reduce the cross-sectional dimensions of the flame by an amount in the range of from 1.00 to 6.35 cms but by no more than 20X of the unconfined cross-sectional dimensions. 2. A method according to claim 1 characterised in that the pressure drop from one end of the combustion chamber which receives the flame from the burner to the opposite end from which at least partially burned products are discharged is not more than 25.4 cms of water. 3. A method according to claim 1 or claim 2 characterised in that at least 50% of the length of the flame is laterally confined by the combustion chamber. 4. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 3 characterised in that the flame is laterially confined by the combustion chamber towards its upstream end. 5. A method according to claim 4 characterised in that the flame is laterally confined by the combustion chamber upstream to a position which is substantially in the cross-section plane of the exit of the burner. 6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 characterised by comprising promoting recirculation of reactive species in the flame by means of at least one baffle in the combustion chamber and which is contacted by the flame. 7. A method according to claim 6 characterised in that the flame contacts at least two baffles in the combustion chamber, adjacent baffles being separated by a distance at least equal to the cross-sectional width of the combustion chamber. 8. A method according to claim 7 characterised in that the flame contacts at least two baffles, the upstream baffle being from 25 to 335 end of the length of the flame downstream from the upstreamlof the flame, and the adjacent downstream baffle being from 50% to 67% of the length of the flame from the upstream end thereof. 9. A method according to claim 6 characterised in that the flame contacts no more than one baffle at a distance less than halfiray down the length of the flame from its upstream end. 10. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 9 characterised in that the fuel is burned in the combustion chamber with no more than a stoichiometric amount of combustion-supporting gas.;SALOOJA, KAILASH CHANDER;EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY;1978
+EP-0009523-B1;19830518.0;19781002;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;26077654.0;F23C6;F23C11, C01B3;F23C6, C01B3, C10G11, F23C13, F23M9;F23C  11/00C, F23C   6/04B, F23M   9/06, C01B   3/36B;A METHOD OF AT LEAST PARTIALLY BURNING A HYDROCARBON AND/OR CARBONACEOUS FUEL;A method of at least partially burning a hydrocarbon and/or carbonaceous fuel in order to yield hot gaseous pro­ ducts of relatively low pollutant content, in which the fuel is partially burned in a first stage flame under such conditions that the partially combusted fuel has a temperature in the range 800 to 1600°C (e.g., about 1150°C) and is substantially free of smoke and/or carbon, bringing the partially com­ busted fuel at 800 to 1600°C into contact with a substantially non-volatile catalyst (19) which is active for reducing the amount of NO x in the partially combusted fuel, and then at least partially burning the partially combusted fuel, after con­ tact with the catalyst (19) in a second stage flame to yield the desired low pollutant hot gaseous products. Preferably one or both of the said flames burns in contact with a substan­ tially non-volatile catalyst (18,23) to reduce still further the NO x content of the final gaseous products. The preferred non-volatile catalysts (19,23) comprise either a mixture of iron and chomium oxides or cobalt oxide.;"A Method of at least partially burning a Hydrocarbon andior -Carbonaceous Fuel The present invention relates to a method of at least partially burning a hydrocarbon and/or carbonaceous fuel. The growing concern about both energy conservation and atmospheric pollution demands that combustion systems be operated with maximum combustion efficiency (with minimum excess air) and without any emission of pollutants. The two goals, however, are not readily compatible, and indeed have proved difficult to realize. This is because any reduction in excess air to promote combustion efficiency increases smoke, carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons, and often also oxides of nitrogen (NO ). The present invention relates to a system and method in which both of the foregoing objectives can be achieved, not just with relatively clean-burning gaseous and light distillate fuels but also with fuel oils. The system and method basically involve staged combustion, as described below, in which improvements have been made in the design of the combustion system, and catalysts used in different stages. Conventional staged combustion involved firing of all the fuel in the first stage with a sub-stoichimetric quantity of air and the injection in the second stage of sufficient air to complete combustion. Such systems have been claimed to reduce NO by ca 50%, but they usually render the x control of other pollutants, notably carbon, more difficult. According to the invention, in one aspect, fuel is partly burned in a first stage flame to yield hot substantially carbon (or smoke-)free partly-combusted fuel or first stage product, the latter being contacted with a catalyst which is active for promoting the conversion of nitrogen oxide(s) in the partly-combusted fuel or first stage product to nitrogen, the partly-combusted fuel (or first stage product), after contact with the catalyst, then being at least partially burned in a second stage flame to yield hot gaseous products having a low nitrogen oxide (and other pollutants) content. The invention, in another aspect, comprises a method of burning a hydrocarbon and/or carbonaceous fuel comprising the following steps in sequence: (a) partially burning the fuel in a first stage flame and pro ducing a substantially carbon-free or smoke free partially com busted gas phase fuel at a temperature of at least 8000C; (b) contacting the said partially combusted gaseous phase fuel with a solid, substantially non-volatile catalyst which is active for reducing the amount of nitrogen oxide(s) in the partially combusted fuel, the contacting being effected at a temperature of 0 at least 800 C; and (c) at least partially burning the partially combusted fuel in a second stage flame to yield hot gaseous products of relatively low pollutant content. The temperature at which the partly-combusted fuel or first-stage product contacts the catalyst may be in the range of from 800 to 16000C, preferably 900 to 14000C, more preferably 10000C to 13000C, although the actual temperature will depend upon the fuel and on the amount of oxygen supplied for combustion in the first stage flame, and on the amount of nitrogen introduced with the oxygen. In order to reduce still further the nitrogen oxide content of the products, a catalyst to reduce or inhibit the formation of nitrogen oxide may be located within the flame of the first stage and/or within the flame of the second stage. Preferably, a catalyst for reducing or inhibiting NO formation is located within the flames of both stage. x The catalyst for the, or each, stage, is preferably so disposed within the flame as to contact or be contacted by the hottest region of the flame usually at between 305 and 45 of the flame length from its upstream end. The catalyst employed between the stages, and the catalyst(s) used in the first and/or second stages may be the same or different. They are preferably selected from substances consisting of or containing the elements or compounds (e.g., the oxides) of chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, molyb denum, tungsten, silicon, aluminium, magnesium, calcium, manganese, barium, strontium, neodymium, vanadium, alkali metals or any mixture thereof. A preferred catalyst, for cost-effectiveness, iX Fe/Cr, although cobalt may alternatively be favoured. The total amount of oxygen supplied in relation to the fuel may be a substoichiometric amount so that the hot gaseous products contain combustible material, or a substantially stoichiometric amount so that the hot gaseous products substantially comprise a flue gas containing no free oxygen or combustible material, or a superstoichiometric amount so that a flue gas containing free excess oxygen is produced. The part-combustion in the first stage is preferably performed in any way which produces partly combusted fuel (or first stage products) which is free of, or susbtantially free of, carbon or smoke. The second stage (part-) combustion is also preferably performed in a manner which produces substantially no carbon or smoke. In a preferred method of effecting the first and/or second stage (part-) combustion without the production of smoke and/or carbon, a technique, herein referred to as the ""anti-smoke technique'a, is preferably employed. In the practice of the anti-smoke technique, the periphery of the frame is laterally confined or bounded for at least part of its length by a surrounding combustion chamber which reduces the greatest cross-sectional dimensions of at least a portion of the thus laterally confined part of the flame relative to the cross-sectional dimensions that the flame would otherwise have were it not laterally confined. Preferably the cross-sectional dimensions of the flame are reduced (preferably where the flame cross-sectional dimensions are greatest), and the dimensional reduction is preferably in the range of from 1 to 6.5 cms, more preferably 1.25 to 6.35 cms, and preferably no more than 20% of the unconfined cross-sectional plane. The confinement of part of the flame by the combustion chamber causes deflection and reflection, by the hot walls of the combustion chamber, of reactive flame species that would otherwise be quenched. The recirculation of reactive flame species back into the flame to promote efficient flame reactions may be further promoted by the provision of one or more baffles of suitable shape, which are contacted by the respective flame. Preferably such baffles extend unwardly from the wall of the combustion chamber across no more than part of the cross-section of the flame. The anti-smoke technique is more fully described later in this specification. Preferably, the total pressure drop through the combustion chamber is no greater than 25.4 cms of water. The second stage combustion may be effected by mixing an oxygencontaining gas (such as air) into the hot partly combusted fuel or first-stage products following contact with the NO -reducing catalyst between the first and second stage combustion stages. By effecting the part-combustion in the first stage flame as described, the NO production in the absence of all the catalysts which x might be employed in the practice of this invention is up to about 605 less than the NO production by single stage combustion. By employing x catalysts active for reducing the NO content of hot gases between the x first and second flame stages, and also within the first and second flame stages, a reduction in the NO concentration of over 90X to an x innocuously low concentration may be realized. The foregoing combustion may be effected at very high fuel to oxygen ratios with markedly reduced carbon or smoke formation from the first stage flame when the anti-smoke technique is employed, and combustion with substantially no excess air may be effected in the second stage flame with substantially no carbon or smoke formation particularly, but not essentially, when the antismoke technique is applied to the second stage flame. When the fuel contains sulfur, operation with no, or very little, excess air reduces the formation of S03, most of the sulfur appearing in the flue gases as S02 with a correspondingly advantageous increase in the acid dew point temperature and potential improvements for additional heat recovery. The invention is now described in more detail, and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a schematic diagrammatic cross-sectional elevation of the principal parts of an apparatus for effecting combustion or partcombustion of a fuel in accordance with the method of the invention; Figure 1A is a schematic diagrammatic cross-sectional elevation of a variant of the apparatus shown in Figure 1; Figure 2 is a graphieal representation of the effect of catalysts on nitrogen oxides formation at different fuel/air ratios for different positions of the catalysts between the first and second stage flames; Figure 3 is a graphical representation of the effect of a catalyst in the second stage flame on the NO content of the flue gas at differ x ent fuel/air ratios; ; Figure 4 is a graphical representation of the effect of a catalyst in the first stage flame on the NO content of the flue gas at different x fuel/air ratios; Figure 5 is a graphical representation of the effects of different types of burner on Bacharach smoke number at different fuel/air ratios; Figure 6 is a graphical representation of the effects of different diameters of combustion chamber on Bacharach smoke number at different fuel/air ratios; Figure 7 is a graphical representation of the effects of different combustion chamber lengths on Bacharach smoke number using light fuel oil at different fuel/air ratios; Figure 8 is a graphical representation like that of figure 7 but using gas oil as fuel; ; Figure 9 is a graphical representation of the effects of baffles at different distances from the burner on Bacharach smoke NO for different fuel/air ratios; and Figure 10 is a graphical representation of the effects of baffles on the composition of the first stage flame products at different fuel/air ratios. In Figures 2, 3 and 4, the ordinate shows the NO concentration in parts per million (ppm) by volume corrected to 3% 02. Referring first to Figure 1, the schematic diagram shows apparatus, generally indicated by reference 10, comprising a burner 11 in which fuel is burned to produce a flame (not indicated), a cylindrical refractory-lined combustion chamber 12 which receives the flame produced by the burner at one end, and from which combustion or part-combustion products are discharged at the other end to a flue pipe 13. The combustion chamber is provided with a number of viewing ports 14. Fuel, preferably a commonly-used liquid fuel such as light fuel oil or gas oil, is passed into the burner 11 via injector tube 15 and air is passed into an annular air supply ring 16 via conduit 17. The air mixes with atomized oil and the latter burns in the burner 11 to produce a flame which passes to the upstream end of the combustion chamber 12. Recirculation of some of the burning gases takes place around the air ring, the recirculation serving to improve the quality of combustion. The apparatus 10 depicted is arranged for combustion of the fuel in two stages, the first stage combustion being effected under fuel-rich conditions, and the partial combustion flame entering the upstream end of the combustion chamber 12 via an orifice bounded by walls 18 treated so as to contain a substantially non-volatile catalyst active for reducing carbon and/or smoke. In this instance the catalyst is either a mixture of iron and chromium oxides or cobalt oxide. The internal diameter of the combustion chamber 12 is chosen to be less than the natural or unconfined maximum diameter of at least a portion of the first stage flame produced by the burner 11 so that reactive flame species which promote combustion reactions are deflected and reflected back into the first stage flame by the hot walls of the combustion chamber 12 rather than being quenched, thereby enhancing the efficiency of partial combustion of the fuel in the first stage flame. The hot substantially carbon-free combustible gases at a temperature in the range of from 1000 to 13000C, e.g. about 12500C, produced in the first stage flame, pass down the combustion chamber into contact with an orificed refractory member 19 extending across the chamber 12 and which is impregnated with, and coated with, substantially nonvolatile catalysts which are active for reducing the content of NO in the gases. In this instance, the catalyst is either a mixture of iron and chromium oxides or of cobalt oxide impregnated in and supported on a silica (approximately 335), alumina (approximately 65%) refractory material. The member 19 has a large number of orifices 20 therethrough to minimize the pressure drop. The gases after passage through the orifices 20 in the member 19 are mixed with air furnished from an air injection head 21 which is connected to a source of air by a conduit 22 and ignites to form a second stage flame (not shown) which may burn with insufficient, sufficient or an excess of air for complete combustion of the combustible gases. The diameter of the combustion chamber 12 is chosen to be narrower than the natural or unconfined diameter of the second stage flame so as to promote efficient (part-) combustion with substantially no carbon or smoke formation even at low air/gas ratios. The second stage flame contacts a refractory member 23 having a large number of perforations 24 therethrough which member is impregnated and coated with a substantially non-volatile catalyst which is active or reducing the NO content of the flame gases and/or for inhibiting the x formation of NO . The catalyst may be, for example, either a mixture of x iron and chromium oxides or cobalt oxide. The resulting hot gases, which may be reducing, neutral or oxidizing, are of low carbon or smoke content and of low NO content. x The advantageous effects caused by confining at least part of each of the first and second stage flames by the combustion chamber so as to reduce their diameters may be enhanced by providing one or more baffles which is or are contacted by one or both of the flames. Such baffle(s) promote recirculation of reactive species in the flame(s) and thereby enhance the efficiency of the flame reactions and thereby reduce the formation of NO and also reduce the formation of smoke and/or carbon. x The or each baffle may take any form provided the pressure drop caused thereby is acceptably low. One such baffle 25 in the first stage flame is in the form of an annulus with a central hole. The baffle 25 is most effective for enhancing the flame reactions when it is disposed less than half way down the first stage flame from its upstream end at the exit from the burner 11, and more preferably when it is disposed about 33X of the first stage flame length from the burner exit. Reference is now made to Figure 1A in whcih all parts are the same as in Figure 1 with the following exceptions: (1) the first stage flame contacts two refractory baffles 25a and 25b of annular shape and which are separated by a distance greater than the (local) internal diameter of the combustion chamber 12. Preferably the upstream baffle 25a is located at a distance in the range of from 25 to 335 of the length of the first stage flame from the upstream end of the flame at its exit from the burner 11 and entrance into the combustion chamber 12, and the downstream baffle 25b is located at a distance in the range of from 505 to 67 of the length of the first stage flame from its upstream end. (2) the second stage flame contacts an ellipsoidal body 23a com prised of refractory material (e.g. alumina-silica) impregnated and coated with a substantially non-volatile catalyst which is active for reducing the NO content of the flame gases and/or for inhibit x ing the formation of NO . The catalyst may comprise any one or x more of the metals hereinbefore stated to be useful for the fore going purposes, but is preferably either a mixture of iron and chromium oxides or cobalt oxide for cost-effectiveness. The ellipsoidal body 23a is aligned with its long axis on the axis of the combustion chamber and supported by refractory coated radial metal wires 26 preferably with at least a major portion of the body 23a less than half-way down the second stage flame from its up stream end (which commences at the air outlets of the air injection head 21). In the embodiments of both figures 1 and 2, the baffle(s) 25 or 25a and/or 25b may comprise a susbtantially non-volatile catalyst active for reducing and/or inhibiting the formation of NO in the flame. x The invention and expedients which may optionally be employed therewith (as described with reference to Figure 1) is now described in relation to various desiderata and factors influencing them. Control of nitrogen oxides (NOx): x NO are reduced most effectively when catalysts are used in the x interstage zone. Less, but significant further reductions are achieved by placing catalysts within the first and second stage flames. The data below are quoted for a system where either light fuel oil or gas oil, doped with pyridine to increase the NO forming potential to the highest likely to be encountered from any petroleum fuel, was fired with a burner of the type which recirculates a part of the burnt gas into the fresh charge. The combustion chamber was lined with silica alumina refractory. It was 229 cms (90 in) long and 20.3 cms (8 in.) internal diameter. Catalyst in interstage zone: The effect of an iron/chromium oxide catalyst, coated on a perforated alumina/silica refractory block (7.6 cms (3 in.) thick with numerous 1.25 cms (0.5 in.) diameter channels across it), when placed at different positions in the interstage zone, is shown in Figure 2 and Table 1. The catalyst markedly reduced NO . Its effect increased the x further downstream it was placed, and also as the proportion of fuel-toair was increased. Table 1 also shows that cobalt oxide, while an effective catalyst, is a less effective catalyst than iron/chromium oxide. TABLE 1 Influence of interstage catalyst at different distances from the primary burner, and at different air consumption rates (Fuel: Light fuel oil Firing rage, 11.35 l/h (2.5 gall/h) Position of Air: NO catalyst from Actual/ Reduction Catalyst the primary burner Stoichiometric. Fe/Cr 167.6 cms (66 ins.) 0.75 62 0.80 41 0.85 25 132.3 cms (52 ins.) 0.75 53 0.80 34 0.85 21 101.5 cms (40 ins.) 0.75 44 0.80 30 0.85 19 Co 132.3 cms (52 ins.) 0.75 45 0.80 30 0.85 19 Catalyst in the second stage flame: An iron/chromium oxide treated refractory block similar to that in the interstage zone, but only half its thickness 3.81 cms, (1.5 in.), was placed 7.6 cms (3 ins.) downstream of the air injector. As shown in Figure 3, this brought about a further reduction in NO . For instance, x with the primary air 73% of the stoichiometric and the overall air input stoichiometric, the second stage catalyst reduced NO from 140 ppm to 120 ppm - a 145 reduction. A different design of catalyst support - in the form of an elongated ellipsoid with ca 15-25 cms (6 ins.) and 5.08 cms (2 ins.) axes, supported ca 5.08 cms (2 ins.) downstream from the burner (air injector 21 of Fig. 1) along the central axis - produced virtually the same effect as the perforated block catalyst. Catalyst in the first stage flame: The use of iron/chromium catalyst in the first stage flame fired by light fuel oil at a rate of 11.35 litres per hour (2.5 Imperial gallons per hour), in a manner similar to that in the second stage flame, substantially reduced NO (Figure 4). For instance, whilst the inter x stage catalyst, with primary air 745 of stoichiometric, reduced NO from 275 ppm to 115 ppm (58X reduction) the additional first stage catalyst reduced NO to 70 ppm (75% reduction). At this primary air level, second stage combustion with a catalyst therein, produced 100 ppm of NO at an overall stoichiometry of 1.0. A conventional combustion system, with the high nitrogen content fuel used, would generate well over 1000 ppm of NO. Control of sulphur trioxide: Formation of sulphur trioxide from any sulphur impurity in the flame is highly undesirable because of its corrosive nature. Combustion according to the invention greatly reduces S03 formation. For instance, whereas in a conventional system, operating at 2.1X excess oxygen, light fuel oil with 2.5 sulphur content gave rise to 44 ppm of SO3; the modified combustion system, without staging or the use of catalysts, produced 34 ppm of sulphur trioxide (23% reduction) at the same stoichiometry. Staging reduced sulphur trioxide from 34 ppm to 26 ppm. The use of the inter stage catalyst reduced it to 20 ppm, and that of the first and second stage catalysts to 18 ppm. Since, unlike the conventional system, staged combustion can be dperated smo-free under stoichiometric conditions, this further greatly reduces sulphur trioxide to only 5 ppm - that is ca 90% overall reduction. Control of smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and unburned hydrocarbons in the second stage: For complete combustion of smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and unburned hydrocarbons in the second stage, without any excess air, and in a limited space, thorough mixing of the products of the first stage with the added air should be promoted. The neeessary expedients for such mixing are essentially the same as those employed for the first stage. Using the same relatively narrow combustion chamber with baffles in the same manner as in the first stage, satisfactory combustion ws successfully effected with stoichiometric air on an overall basis. Smoke emission in the flue gas from the second stage was not greater than 3 Bacharach Number - that is, no smoke was visible in the stack gas. Carbon monoxide, hydrogen and unburned hydrocarbons were absent. And, as previously stated, both NO and sulphur trioxide had been x reduced by about 90%. The foregoing description is given to illustrate the invention and is not limitative of its scope. Reducing Carbon and/or Smoke Formation (Using the ""anti-smoke technique""): In the following description (and related Figures 5 to 10 of the drawings) there is now described a combustion technique which may be employed with the method of the invention in order to reduce still further the amount of pollutant in the gas products of part ot full combustion and to improve the efficiency of utilization of the fuel. As disclosed above, the combustion technique comprises confining a portion of the first stage flame and/or the second stage flame by means of a laterally bounding combustion chamber so that cross-sectional dimensions of the flame(s) are reduced relative to the cross-sectional dimensions of the flame(s), in the same cross-sectional planes, when the flame(s) are not laterally bounded or confined. It is preferred that the greatest natural or unconfined crosssectional dimensions (e.g. diameter) of the flame be reduced by containment in the combustion chamber by from 1.25 cms or thereabouts to 6.3 cms or thereabouts, more preferably from 1.8 cms or thereabouts to 5.1 cms or thereabouts. In many cases, the reduction of the flames greatest cross-sectional dimensions may suitably be from c.2.5 cms (c.1.O inch) or thereabouts to c.3.8 cms (c.1.5 inches) or thereabouts. It is preferred that the cross-sectional dimension should not be reduced by more than 25%. At least 50 of the natural length of the flame is preferably contained or confined by the combustion chamber and more preferably 605 or more (e.g. 70X). Better improvements in combustion may be realized when the combustion chamber laterally confines the upstream part (towards the burner) rather than the downstream part of the flame. The combustion chamber may confine the first stage flame starting from a. position either at the exit from the burner or spaced downstream therefrom. It may be convenient to attach the combustion chamber to the burner or burner support. The combustion chamber may contain at least one internal fixed baffle for promoting recirculation of reactive species in the flame. The, or each, baffle may have any convenient form such as a refractory ring or annulus (in the case of cylindrical combustion chambers) as exemplified by baffle 25, Figure 1, extending inwardly from the periphery at the internal wall. The baffle(s) should cause the smallest pressure drop which is economically acceptable for the realized improvement in combustion. For most cases, a pressure drop of up to 5 cms (c.2.0 inches) water will be acceptable. With one baffle, the pressure drop will usually tend to be about 2.5 cms (c.1.0 inch) water in most cases. When there are two or more baffles, they should be separated by a distance equal to at least the cross-sectional dimension (e.g. diameter or equivalent) of the combustion chamber. The location of the baffle(s) in the flame tends to influence the improvement in combustion. With one baffle, the baffle should be located preferably less than half-way down the total length of the flame from the burner, e.g. about 33X of the total flame length from the burner. When two baffles are employed, it is preferred that the upstream baffle is located from 25% to 33X of the length of the flame downstream of the base of the flame, e.g. at the burner in the case of the first stage flame, and the downstream baffle from 505 to 67 of the flame length from the flame base. With three baffles, the location of the upstream and middle baffles is preferably in the same range as for two baffles, the downstream baffle being located within the flame at any distance downstream of the middle baffle but separated therefrom by a distance no smaller than the internal diameter (or its equivalent) of the combustion chamber. While the combustion chamber tends to increase the length of the flame, each baffle reduces the flame length so that a shorter combustion chamber can be used to effect the same improvement in combustion. One baffle alone can reduce the flame length by up to 25, e.g. 15 to 20%, while three baffles can reduce the flame length by up to 505. The technique is particularly useful in reducing the amount of air (or other oxygen-containing gas) required to eliminate, or reduce to an acceptable level, smoke or carbon, so that it is possible to burn relatively heavy fuel oils and solid fuels substoichiometrically to produce hot, clean reducing gas relatively efficiently. The technique may also be employed with lighter fuels, e.g. naphthas up to liquefied petroleum gas containing more than 2% of butane,and may also be employed in the combustion of any of the foregoing fuels to produce a substantially smokeand carbon-free hot neutral (i.e. neither oxidizing nor reducing) gas useful in processes requiring inert gas blanketting and in power generation. With regard to the latter, the absence of excess air tends to reduce the formation of SO3 from sulphur in the fuel whereby greater heat recovery may be effected without the risk of sulphuric acid corrosion. Moreover, the production of nitrogen oxides also tends to be reduced in the substantial absence of excess air. The technique will now be described in connection with the production of hot, clean, reducing gases. Hot reducing atmospheres are extensively generated for heat treatment of metals. Their far wider use in future has been forecast for injection into the bosh zone of blast furnaces and eventually for the production of raw steel by direct reduction of iron ore. Currently reducing atmospheres are generated mostly by partial combustion of gaseous fuels - natural gas, town gas, propane/butane - in the presence of a catalyst. The operation requires a careful control of fuel and catalyst quality and maintenance of the optimum operating conditions to ensure prevention of carbon formation and deposition on the catalyst. Much work has already been carried out on improved designs for minimizing carbon formation. What has now been discovered is that a far greater reduction in carbon-forming tendency can be achieved by careful design of the combustion chamber. With a suitably designed combustion chamber, in conjunction with a suitable burner, a clean, highly reducing atmosphere can be generated from, e.g., liquid fuels of wide compositional range, without the aid of a catalyst. In the past, improvements in combustion have arisen from burner modifications which have been chiefly based on promoting better mixing of the fuel and air feed and/or on the injection into the fuel-air feed of water/steam, products of combustion. In contrast, it has been discovered that combustion chamber modifications that increase mixing and recirculation of the flame reactants and products in the flame itself can greatly reduce carbon formation. The combustion chamber design parameters which promote mixing and recirculation have been systematically investigated, and it has been found that these entail: - optimum choice of combustion chamber diameter (or equivalent cross sectional dimension) - optimum choice of chamber length - provision of suitable baffles in the chamber These features are easy to incorporate and unlike burner modifications, do not require any complex and expensive subsidiary control devices. The effect of combustion chamber modifications was investigated with a burner which recirculates a part of the combustion products into the fuel-air feed described with reference to Figure 1. This burner produces considerably less carbon than a typical medium pressure air atomizing burner. Comparative results with this burner firing into a refractory lined combustion chamber of conventional size (61 cms (34 inches) diameter and 127 cms (50 inches) long) are shown in Figure 5, wherein curve A shows the performance of the medium pressure air atomizing burner, and curve B the performance of the exhaust gas recirculation burner. Both burners burned light fuel oil at a rate of 9.09 l/h (2 gallons per hour). The influence of different parameters on the efficiency of combustion was investigated, as described below. Influence of Combustion Chamber Diameter: Using the exhaust gas recirculation burner described with reference to Figure 1, its smoke emission performance in the 61 cms internal diameter combustion chamber was compared with that in a 20.3 cms (8 ins.) internal diameter chamber of the same length. The narrower diameter chosen was about 2.5 cms (1 in.) smaller than the flame diameter at its widest. The results (Figure 6) show the markedly less carbon forming tendency in the narrower chamber (curve B) compared with the carbon forming tendency in the wider chamber (curve A). The results were obtained with the same light fuel oil and fuel feed rate (9.09 litres/hour) as used in the tests of Figure 5. Studies were next carried out in a still narrower (12.7 cms (5 ins.) internal diameter) chamber. But now the flame length has become far too long to effect complete combustion within the 127 cms (50 ins.) long chamber. Influence of Combustion Chamber Length: With the 20.3 cms (8 ins.) internal diameter chamber, the influence of increasing the length of the combustion chamber from 127 cms (50 ins.) to 190 cms (75 ins.) and then 229 cms (90 ins.) is shown in Figure 7 for light fuel oil and in Figure 8 for gas oil, at a fuel burning rate of about 11.37 litres/hour (2.5 gallons/hour). In Figure 7, curve A shows the performance using the 127 cms long combustion chamber, curve B that of the 190 cms long chamber and curve C the performance of the 229 cms long chamber. It is seen that an increase in length reduces the carbon-forming tendency, although the effect is less marked than that of reducing the diameter. Influence of Baffles: In the 20.3 cms (8 ins.) diameter 127 cms (50 ins.) long combustion chamber, three annular refractory baffles each like baffle 25 of Figure 1, each with 6.25 cms hole in the centre, were spaced in the combustion chamber at 40.6 cms (16 ins.), 76.2 cms (30 ins.) and 122 cms (48 ins.) from the burner. The burner consumed 11.37 litres/hour (2.5 gallons/hour) of gas oil. These baffles, as shown by curve B of Figure 9, considerably reduced carbon formation relative to the non-baffledchamber of curve A. The effect, in fact, is greater than that of increasing the length of the flame by confinement in a narrow combustion chamber and thus provides an inexpensive way of reducing carbon forming tendency even with short combustion chambers. In general, therefore, carbon formation can be markedly reduced by reducing the chamber diameter (or equivalent cross-sectional dimension), increasing the chamber length and by providing baffles in the chamber. Of the three factors, the effect of diameter is most marked. However, care has to be taken that the diameter is not reduced excessively preferably by not more than 2.5 to 5.1 cms (one-2 inches), or by more than 25% of that of the unrestricted/unconfined flame, since otherwise the resulting excessive inhibition of flame reactions and aerodynamic factors can necessitate the use of an impracticably long combustion chamber for completion of the flame processes. For a given length constraint, carbon formation can be considerably reduced by the insertion of baffles in the chamber. Again, care is necessary that these are not placed so closely as to inhibit the combustion processes to any significant extent. In the system described here by way of example, the position and size of baffles and the diameter of the chamber are particularly suited for maintaining a stable flame even with barely 50% of the stoichiometric air. In conventional systems stable flames are usually hard to maintain with air less than 70% of the stoichiometric. Successful maintenance of flame process with air barely 505 of the stoichiometric amount produces a highly reducing atmosphere. The amounts of CO and H2 that are formed, along with CO2, are shown in Figure 10 for gas oil fired at a rate of 11.37 litres/hour (2.5 Imperial gallons/ hour) into the 20.3 cms (8 ins.) diameter, 127 cms (50 ins.) long chamber fitted with 3 baffles (curve B) compared with the inferior reducing gas quality produced in the absence of baffles (curve A). For some applications it is desirable to generate even greater amounts of CO and H2 and correspondingly less of C02 and H20. This can be readily achieved by passing the product gas through a bed of incandescent coal in accordance with well known practice. In the practice of the invention, the pressure drop caused by the combustion chamber, interstage catalyst (and its support), second stage air injector, together with any baffles to be contacted by one or both stage flames should be sufficiently low not to necessitate any significant modification to the burner supplying the flame to the combustion chamber. Preferably, the combustion chamber should not cause a pressure drop greater than 25.5 cms H20 More preferably, the pressure drop should be less than 12.25 cms water, and may be in the range of from 2 to 10 cms water, e.g. about 6 cms water.";Claims: 1. A method of at least partially burning a hydrocarbon and/or carbonaceous fuel comprising partially burning the fuel in a first stage flame to produce partially combusted gaseous phase fuel and then further burning the partially combusted gaseous phase fuel in a second stage flame, characterized in that the partial combustion in the first stage flame is effected under such conditions as to yield partially combusted gaseous phase fuel which is substantially free of smoke and/or carbon at 0 a temperature of at least 800 C and wherein the partially combusted gaseous phase fuel is contacted at a temperature of at least 8000C with a substantially non-volatile catalyst (19) which is active for reducing the amount of nitrogen oxides in the partially combusted gaseous phase fuel, and wherein the partially combusted gaseous phase fuel after contact with the catalyst is at least partially burned in a second stage flame to yield hot gaseous products of relatively low pollutant content. 2. A method according to claim 1 characterized by comprising contacting at least one of the first and second stage flames with a respective solid, substantially non-volatile catalyst (18, 23) which is active for reducing or inhibiting the formation of nitrogen oxide(s) in the flame(s). 3. A method according to claim 2 characterized in that the hottest region(s) of the flame(s) contacts the said catalyst (18, 23). 4. A method according to claim 2 or claim 3 characterized in that the or each catalyst (18, 23) contacts the respective flame at a region from 30% to 45% of the length of the flame from its upstream end. 5. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 4 characterized in that the or each catalyst (18, 23) comprises a metal selected from iron, chromium, cobalt and a mixture of at least two of the foregoing. 6. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 5 characterised in that at least one of the first stage flame and the second stage flame is laterally confined for at least part of its length by a surrounding combustion chamber which reduces the cross-sectional dimensions of at least a portion of the laterally confined part of the flames relative to the cross-sectional dimensions of the flame(s) when not laterally confined. 7. A method according to claim 6 characterised in that the crosssectional dimensions of the said portion of the laterally confined part of the flame(s) are reduced by not more than 20% relative to the crosssectional dimensions of the flame(s) when not laterally confined. 8. A method according to claim 6 or claim 7 characterised in that the cross-sectional dimensions of the said portion of the laterally confined part of the flame(s) are reduced by an amount in the range of from 1.00 to 6.50 cms. 9. A method according to any one of claims 1 to 8 characterised in that at least one of the first stage flame and the second stage flame contacts at least one baffle (24, 25) disposed for promoting recirculation of reactive species in the flame(s) contacting the said baffle(s). 10. A method according to claim 9 characterised in that the or each respective flame contacts a baffle (24, 25) at a distance less than half way down the length of the flame from its upstream end.;SALOOJA, KAILASH CHANDER;EXXON RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY;1978
+EP-0009524-B1;19830316.0;19781005;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186004.0;C01B3;;F02C3, C01B3;F02C   3/34, C01B   3/36;PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GAS MIXTURES CONTAINING CO AND H2 BY THE PARTIAL OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONACEOUS FUEL WITH GENERATION OF POWER BY EXPANSION IN A TURBINE;The invention concerns a process for the generation of gas mixtures containing CO and H₂ by the partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous fuel at elevated temperature and pres­ sure. Power is generated by expanding the hot raw gas from generator (1) through an expansion turbine (50), after separat­ ing solids from the hot raw gas and diluting the hot raw gas with steam or liquid water, or with recycled purified process gas from line (43). The expanded gas from turbine (50) may be purified in purification zones (63, 75, 83) and compressed in compressors (54) and (55). Purified gas product is removed through lines (109) or (119), and a portion may be recycled through line (45) to provide diluent in line (43).;"PARTIAL OXIDATION PROCESS WITH GENERATION OF POWER This invention relates to a partial oxidation process for making gaseous mixtures comprising H2 and CO in a gas generator and simultaneously generating power by direct expansion of all of the moderated effluent gas stream from the gas generator in a turbine. The temperature of the effluent gas stream from a partial oxidation gas generator is normally reduced to a temperature in the range of 176 to 3150C (350 to 6000F) by quenching in a pool of water, or by cooling by indirect heat exchange with water. Both of these methods of gas cooling result in large in creases in entropy and reduced thermal efficiency. Some energy may be recovered, when indirect heat exchange is employed, by passing the heated heat exchange fluid, through an expansion turbine (see British Patent Applications No. 20806/78 and 20810/76). U.S. Patent No. 3,868,817, discloses the generation of power by burning purified fuel gas in the combustor of a gas turbine. According to U.S. Patent No. 2,660,521, carbon dioxide or steam may be introduced into the combustor of a turbine or into the efflux from the combustor. Such additions may change the composition of the product gas and increase the cost of purifying the process gas stream. In accordance with the present invention, the problems of increase in entropy and reduced thermal efficiency, as well as those of changed composition of the process gas, are avoided by cooling the raw process gas by mixing it with liquid water or recycled purified gas, and producing additional cooling by passing the resulting mixture through an expansion turbine. According to the process of the present invention, the effluent gas stream from a free-flow partial oxidation gas generator at a temperature in the range of 980 to 16500C (1800 to 30000F) and a pressure in the range of 9.8 to 294 Bars (10 to 300 atmospheres) and comprising H2, CO, CO2, H20 and at least one member of the group H2S, COS, CH4, N2, Ar, and entrained particulate solids, may be passed through a solids separation zone and then mixed with a recycle portion of a turbine exhaust stream, after said gas stream is cooled, cleaned, optionally water-gas shifted or purified or both, and recompressed. Alternatively, the recycle gas stream may be mixed with water, steam, or both. In one embodiment the temperature moderating stream comprises condensate produced in the process. The remaining portion of the process gas stream, which is not recycled, is removed for use as synthesis gas or fuel gas and constitutes the product of the process. The volume ratio of said recycle gas stream to turbine feed gas mixture may be in the range of about 0.2 to 0.8. The amounts and temperatures of the recycle process gas stream, steam, water, and the effluent generator gas stream which may be mixed together are such that the temperature of the resulting turbine feed gas mixture is a value in the range of 537 to 13150C (1000 to 24000F) e.g. 760 to 12050C (1400 to 22000F) most conveniently 760 to 10400C (1400 to 19000F). By operating the turbine at higher inlet temperatures, greater power-recovery may be achieved. Further, the acid-gas concentration of the gases passing through the turbine may be reduced by removing acid gases from the turbine exhaust before it is recycled. The cost of compressing the process gas stream with auxiliary compressors driven by said expansion turbine is considerably less than that of buying electric power from a public utility. This invention provides an improved continuous partial oxidation gasification process for producing synthesis gas or fuel gas along with the production of mechanical power, and optionally electrical energy. The raw gas stream from the gas generator comprises H2, CO, CO2, HO and at least one member of the group H2S, COS, CH4, N2, Ar and particulate carbon. The process of the invention provides for the use of the heat content of the partial oxidation gases in the production of power without the requirement of extracting this heat in a high temperatere heat exchanger or boiler. Such heat exchange equipment would be expensive, requiring either the rather high generator pressure or the rather high working fluid pressure to be on the shell side. The high generator temperature cczmbines with the high hydrogen content of the generator prooluct gases to present certain metallurgical problems in suich heat exchangers. In these respects, at least, a heat exchanger to extract the high temperature heat from the generator efflux for use in a power cycle would differ signifcantly from usual furnace-mounted boilers and superheaters. A molal increase is associated with the partial oxidation of any hs--drocarbonaceous fuel. In the process of the present invention, power is obtained from this molal increase, in addition tc the power obtained from the elevated pressure and sensible Leat in the hot raw partial oxidation product gas. By means of the present invention, it is possible to extract far more power from the inherent energy of the hightemperature h-gh-pressure generator efflux by direct expansion than by Using heat transfer to a closed Brayton-cycle power plant, even when account is taken of the consumption of power in recozpression of the product gas. Some of the reasons for this concern reduction or elimination of thermodynamic losses. A large factor, however, is the lower energy content of the process gas stream leaving the power section in the process of the present invention employing direct expansion. The invention will be further understood by reference to the accompanying Drawing which is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of the process. All of the lines and equipment are preferably insulated to minimize heat loss. Referring to the Drawing, free-flow noncatalytic partial oxidation gas generator l lined with refractory 2 has an upstream axially aligned flanged inlet port 3, a downstream axially aligned flanged outlet port 4; and an unpacked reaction zone 5. Annulus type burner 6, with centre passage 7 in alignment with the axis of gas generator 1, is mounted in inlet port 3. Centre passage 7 has a flanged upstream inlet 8, and a converging conical shaped downstream nozzle 9 at the tip of the burner. Burner 6 is also provided with a concentric coaxial annular passage that has an upstream flanged inlet 10 and a downstream conical shaped discharge passage 11. Burners of other design may also be used. A continuous stream of free-oxygen containing gas from line 20 is compressed in compressor 56, and passed through line 22 into flanged inlet 8 of burner 6. A hydrocarbonaceous fuel is introduced into burner 6 by way of line 23 ane inlet 10. Optionally, the hydrocarbonaceous fuel may be preaf heated in recuperator 24 and fed to the burner 6 by way of lines 25 and 26. Optionally, steam in line 27 may be used t atomize the hydrocarbonaceous fuel. Refractory lined or insulated flanged 'IT'' connector 30 may be somewhat spherically shaped and is joined by inlet 3 to outlet 4 of gas generator 1. Axially aligned outlet 32 i connected to inlet 33 of insulated slag pot 34. Flanged axial outlet 35 is normally maintained closed by valve 40. The effluent gas stream from gas generator 1 passes through outlet 4. It then enters connector 30 through inlet 31 and leaves through outlet 37 and insulated line 38. AnyJ slag, carbon, metals, or refractory that may separate from the effluent gas stream in connector 30 accumulate in the bottom of slag pot 34. The material in slag pot 34 is periodically removed through line 39, valve 40 and line 41, or through a conventional lock-hopper system not shown. The effluent stream of generator gas in line 38 is mixed in insulated line 42 with a temperature moderator to be further described. The resulting mixture of gas in lin 42 is passed through expansion turbine 50 as the working fluid Expansion turbine 50 provides the power for gas co pression and optionally to drive an electric generator. coupled to expansion turbine 50 by shafts 51, 52, and 53 are compressors 54, 55, and 56. An electric generator (not shown) may be driven by shaft 57. Although the shafts are shown in the Drawing in a straight line, they may be offset, joined by flexible couplings, or rearranged. Any suitable method may be used for utilizing the rotational power produced by expansion turbine 50. The exhaust gas leaving expansion turbine 50 is cooled in a conventional recuperator, or gas cooler, or both. For example, the turbine exhaust gas in line 60 may be passed through recuperator 24 and line 61, and optionally through gas cooler 62, where water may be converted into steam. The gas stream then passes, by way of line 64, into gas cleaning zone 63 where substantially all of the particulate carbon and any remaining entrained solids are removed. The gas stream is scrubbed with water from line 65 to produce a carbon-water dispersion. This dispersion is resolved by the addition of a liquid hydrocarbon. A carbon-liquid hydrocarbon slurry is produced, which may be introduced into the gas generator as a portion of the feed. Thus, a liquid hydrocarbon may enter gas cleaning zone 63 through line 66, and the carbon-liquid hydrocarbon slurry may leave through line 67. Alternately, a carbon-water slurry may leave through line 67. The clean gas stream leaves through line 68. When it is desired to increase the hydrogen content of the product gas while simultaneously decreasing the amount of carbon monoxide, the process gas stream in line 68 can be introduced into a water-gas shift conversion zone, not shown in the Drawing. The process gas stream in line 68, or the stream of H2- rich gas leaving the water-gas shift conversion zone (not shown), is dewatered and optionally purified to remove any acid gases CO2, H2S, or COS. For example, the process gas stream in line 68 may be cooled below its dew point in cooler 69. The process gas stream then enters gas-liquid separator 75 by way of line 76 and water, i.e. condensate, is removed through line 77. The dewatered gas is removed through line 78, and with valve 79 closed and valve 80 open, the process gas stream is passed through lines 81 and 82 into acid-gas absorber 83. Acid-gases may be removed in acid-gas absorber 83 by lean solvent absorbent, which is introduced through line 84 and which leaves saturated with acid-gas through line 85. The purified gas leaves by line 86. When there is no need for the acid-gas absorber, or when it desired to compress the process gas stream in compressors 54 and 55 before introduction into the gas purification zone, acid-gas absorber 83 may be by-passed by all or a portion of theprocess gas stream in line 78. In such a case, valve 79 is opened, valve 80 is closed, and the process gas stream is passed through lines 87, 88 and 89 into compressor 54. The cooled, cleaned, dewatered, and optionally purified process gas stream passes through line 89 into compressor 54. Optionally, additional gas compression may be achieved by passing the process gas through line 90, cooler 91 and line 92 into compressor 55. Water may be removed from cooler 91 through line 93. In the preferred embodiment, with valves 100 and 101 open, and valves 102, 103 and 104 closed, at least a portion of the compressed process gas stream is recycled to mixing zone 42, as previously described, by way of lines 105-108, 45, 44, and 43. The remainder of the compressed process gas stream leaves compressor 55 by way of line 109 as product gas and may be used as synthesis gas, H2-rich gas, or fuel gas. The term11H2 and CO-containing gas1' as used herein means the product gas in line 109. Optionally, solids-free water such as condensate from line 77, or steam i.e. saturated or superheated, may be introduced into the recycle gas stream in line 44 by way of line 110, valve 104 and line 111. In an embodiment as previously mentioned, the compressed process gas stream may be purified after compression. In such case, with valves 80, 101, and 103 closed and valves 79 100 a;nd 102 opened, the compressed process gas stream is passed through lines 105, 106, 115, and 116 into acid-gas absorber 83. At least a portion of the purified gas stream leaving the absorber 83 is passed through lines 117, 45, 44, and 43 into line 42. Optionally, condensate or steam from line 110 may be mixed with the compressed purified gas in line 44. A portion of the compressed purified gas in line 117 may be discharged as product gas through line 118, valve 103, and line 119. In another embodiment of the process, only solids-free water i.e. condensate in line 110 is used to moderate the temperature of the effluent stream of generator gas in line 38. In such a case, valve 100 is closed. The rest of the process is similar to the preferred embodiment including the alternative modifications described i.e. recuperator 24, water-gas shifting, and acid-gas absorber 83. Due to the heat absorbed upon evaporization, by injecting water, for example atomized water, into the hot generator gas, a high cooling effect per pound of coolant may be obtained. In the process of the present invention, a continuous effluent gas stream of raw synthesis gas or fuel gas is produced in the refractory lined reaction zone of a separate free-flow unpacked noncatalytic partial oxidation fuel gas generator 1, which is preferably a vertical steel pressure vessel, e.g. as described in U.S. Patent No. 2,992,906. A wide range of combustible carbon containing organic materials may be reacted, in the gas generator, with a freeoxygen containing gas, optionally in the presence of a temperature moderating gas. The term ""hydrocarbonaceous' is used herein to describe various suitable feedstocks for the partial oxidation gas generator including gaseous, liquid, and solid hydrocarbons, carbonaceous materials, and mixtures thereof. In fact, substantially any combustible carbon containing organic material, fossil fuel, or slurries thereof, may be included within the definition of the term ""hydrocarbonaceous."" For example, there are (1) pumpable slurries of solid carbonaceous fuels, such as coal, lignite, wood pulp, particulate carbon, petroleum coke, concentrated sewer sludge, and mixtures thereof in water or a liquid hydrocarbon; (2) gas-solid suspension such as finely ground solid carbonaceous fuels dispersed in either a temperature moderating gas or in a gaseous hydrocarbon; and (3) gas-liquid-solid dispersions, such as atomized liquid hydrocarbon fuel or water and particulate carbon dispersed in a temperature-moderating gas. The hydrocarbonaceous fuel may have a sulfur content of 0 to 10 wt. % and an ash content of 0 to 15 wt. % for liquid or gaseous fuels, and up to 50 wt. with solid hydrocarbonaceous fuels. The term liquid hydrocarbon, is used herein to include various materials, such as liquefied petroleum gas, petroleum distillates and residues, gasoline, naphtha, kerosine, crude petroleum, asphalt, gas oil, residual oil, tar-sand oil and shale oil, coal derived oil, aromatic hydrocarbon (such as benzene, toluene, xylene fractions), coal tar, cycle gas oil from fluid-catalytic-cracking operation, furfural extract of coker gas oil, and mixtures thereof. Gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, is used herein to include methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, natural gas, water-gas, coke-oven gas, refinery gas, acetylene tail gas, ethylene off-gas, synthesis gas, and mixtures thereof. Both gaseous and liquid feeds may be mixed and used simultaneously, and may include paraffinic, olefinic, naphthenic, and aromatic compounds in any propoftio Also included within the definition of the term hydrocarbonaceous are oxygenated hydrocarbonaceous organic materials including carbohydrates, cellulostc materials, aldehydes organic acids, alcohols, ketones, oxygenated fuel oil, waste liquids and by products from chemical processes containing oxygenated hydrocarbonaceous organic materials and mixtures thereof. The hydrocarbonaceous feed may be at room temperature o it is preferably preheated to a temperature of 315 to 650 0C (6000F to 12000F) say 4260C (8000F), but preferably below it cracking temperature. Optionally, the hydrocarbonaceous fee may be preheated by indirect i.e. non-contact heat exchange in recuperator 24 with the exhaust gas from the expansion turbine 50 and the recycle process gas stream in line 44. The hydrocarbonaceous feed may be introduced into the burner through line 23 in liquid phase or in a vaporized mixture with a temperature moderator. Suitable temperature moderators include steam, water, CO2-rich gas, nitrogen in air, byproduct nitrogen from a conventional air separation unit, and mixtures of the aforesaid temperature moderators. The use of a temperature moderator in the reaction zone of the gas generator depends in general on the carbon to hydrogen ratio of the feedstock and the oxygen content of the oxidant stream. A temperature moderator may not be required with some gaseous hydrocarbon fuels, but one is generally used with liquid hydrocarbon fuels and with substantially pure oxygen. The temperature moderator may be introduced in admixture with either or both reactant streams. Alternatively, the temperature moderator may be introduced into the reaction zone of the gas generator by way of a separate conduit in the fuel burner. The weight ratio of total amount of H2O to fuel introduced into the reaction zone of the gas generator is in the range of 0 to 5. When comparatively small amounts of H2O are charged to the reaction zone, for example through the burner to cool the burner tip, the H2O may be mixed with either the hydrocarbonaceous feedstock, the free-oxygen containing gas, the temperature moderator, or a combination thereof. In such case, the weight ratio of water to hydrocarbonaceous feed may be 0.0 to 1.0, and preferably 0.0 to less than 0.2 The term free-oxygen containing gas, as used herein is intended to include air, oxygen-enriched air, i.e. greater than 21 mole % oxygen, and substantially pure oxygen, i.e. greater than 95 mole % oxygen (the remainder comprising N2 and rare gases). The amount of nitrogen in the product gas may be decreased by employing substantially pure oxygen or oxygen-enriched air rather than air. Free-oxygen containing gas may be introduced into the burner at a temperature from ambient to 9820C (18000F). The ratio of free oxygen in the oxidant to carbon in the feedstock (O/C, atom/atom) is preferably from 0.7 to 1.5. The feedstreams are introduced into the reaction zone of the fuel gas generator 1 by means of a fuel burner, e.g. an annulus-type burner, as described in U.S. Patent No. 2,928,460. The feedstreams are reacted by partial oxidation without a catalyst in the reaction zone of the free-flow gas generator 1 at an autogenous temperature of 980 to 16500C (18000F to 30000F) such as 1090 to 15950C (2000 to 29000F), and at a pressure of 9.8 to 196 Bars (10 to 200 atmospheres absolute), such as 39 to 98 Bars (40to 100 atm. abs). The reaction time in the fuel gas generator is generally 1 to 10 seconds. The effluent stream of gas leaving the gas generator comprises H2, CO, CO2, H2O and at least one member of the group CH4, H2S, COS, N2, Ar and entrained solid materials. The composition (in mole %) may be as follows: H2 10.0 to 68.0, CO 15.0 to 60.0, CO2 3.0 to 30.0, H2O 2.0 to 50.0, CH4 0 to 28.0, H25 0.0 to 5, COS 0.0 to 0.7, N2 0.0 to 60.0, and Ar 0.0 to 1.8. Unreacted particulate carbon (on the basis of carbon in the feed by weight) is usually present in the effluent gas stream in an amount of 0.2 to 20 wt. % with liquid feeds, but is usually negligible with gaseous hydrocarbon feeds. The specific composition of the effluent gas is dependent on actual operating conditions and feedstreams. Synthesis gas comprises mixtures of H2 and CO. The CH4 content may be maximized for fuel gas having a high heating value. A continuous stream of hot effluent gas, at substantially the same temperature and pressure as in the reaction zone leaves from the axial exit port 4 of the gas generatorl and is then introduced into a mixing zone. For hydrocarbonaceous fuels containing a high ash content such as coal, a solids separation zone is preferably inserted between the exit port of the gas generator and said mixing zone The solids separation zone may comprise a catch - pot, slag chamber, cyclone separator, electrostatic precipitator, or combinations of such schemes for removing at least a portion of any solid matter. e.g. particulate carbon, ash, metal constituents, scale, slag, refractory, and mixtures thereof, that may be entrained in the hot effluent gas stream, or which may flow from the gas generator, e.g. slag, ash, or bits of refractory. The solid particles are separated from the effluent gas stream and recovered with very little, if any temperature or pressure drop in the process gas stream. A typical slag chamber that may be employed is shown in the Drawing, or in Fig. 1 of the Drawing for U.S. Patent No. 3,528,930. By removing all of the solid particles above the size of 12 microns by means of gravity or cyclone separation, or other physical cleaning process, erosion of the turbine and rotor blading may be minimized. The mixing zone may comprise any conventional means for mixing substantially all of the hot generator effluent gas stream at a temperature of 980 to 16500C (1800 to 30000F) with a portion of cooled and cleaned recycle process gas stream at a temperature of 175 to 5400C (350 to 10000F). The volumetric ratio of cooled and cleaned recycle process gas stream to the total gas mixture comprising effluent generator gas plus recycle gas is generally in the range e.g. 0.2 to 0.8, e.g. 0.4 to 0.6. The cooled and cleaned recycle process gas stream is produced downstream in the process and will be described further. Sufficient recycle process gas stream is mixed with the generator effluent gas stream to reduce the temperature to from 540 to 13150C (1000 to 24000F) such as 760 to 12050C (1400 to 22000F) or say 760 to 10400C (1400 to 1900 F) and above the dew point. The pressure remains in the range from 9.8 to 196 Bars (10 to 200 atm. abs.) such as 39 to 98 Bars (40 to 100 atm. abs.), and preferably only negligibly less than that in the gas generator. Further, the concentrations of particulate carbon and any acid-gases in the process gas stream leaving the mixing zone may be reduced. The aforesaid gas mixture is then passed as the working fluid through power-recovery turbine means 50, comprising at least one power developing expansion'turbine. The expansion turbine is coupled to at least one gas compressor, and optionally to an electric generator. The exhaust gas leaves the power-recovery turbine means at a temperature of 176 to 537 C (350 to 1000 F) and with a pressure of 1.96 to 14.7 Bars (2 to 15 atm. abs.). For example, the ratio of the turbine inlet pressure to outlet pressure may be from 6:1 to 40:1. Advantageously, heat is subsequently recovered from the turbine exhaust gas by indirect heat exchange in a first heat exchange zone i.e. recuperator 24 with the recycle process gas stream on its way to the previously described mixing zone. Next, the cooled turbine exhaust gas may be passed into a conventional gas cleaning zone 63 to remove any entrained particulate carbon and any other entrained solids. Since substantially no particulate carbon is produced with gaseous hydrocarbonaceous fuels, the gas scrubbing step may not be necessary with gaseous fuels such as natural gas or methane. Slurries of particulate carbon in a liquid hydrocarbon fuel may be produced in the gas cleaning zone, and may be recycled to the fuel gas generator as at least a portion of the feedstock. Any conventional procedure suitable for removing suspended solids from a gas stream may be used. In one embodiment of the invention, the expanded process gas stream after cooling in a recuperator is introduced into a gas-liquid scrubbing zone where it is scrubbed with a scrubbing fluid such as liquid hydrocarbon or water in order to remove entrained particulate carbon. A suitable liquidgas tray-type column is more fully described in U.S. Patent No. 3,816,382. Thus, by passing the process gas stream up a scrubbing column in direct contact and countercurrent flow with a suitable scrubbing fluid, or with dilute mixtures of particulate carbon and scrubbing fluid, flowing down the column, the particulate carbon may be removed. A slurry of particulate carbon and scrubbing fluid is removed from the bottom of the column and sent to a carbon separation.or concentration zone. This may be done by any conventional means that may be suitable e.g. filtration, centrifuge, gravity settling, or by liquid hydrocarbon extraction, such as the process described in U.S. Patent No. 2,992,906. Clean scrubbing fluid or dilute mixtures of scrubbing fluid and particulate carbon are recycled to the top of the column for scrubbing more synthesis gas. Other suitable conventional gas cooling and cleaning procedures may be used in combination with or in place of the aforesaid column. For example, the process gas stream may be introduced below the surface of a pool of quenching and scrubbing fluid by means of a dip-tube unit, or the process gas stream may be passed through a plurality of scrubbing steps including an orifice-type scrubber or venturi nozzle scrubber such as shown in U.S. Patent No. 3,618,296. Optionally, if it is desired to increase the hydrogen content of the product gas while simultaneously decreasing the amount of carbon monoxide present, then the soot-free gas stream may be introduced into a conventional catalytic watergas shift reaction zone at an inlet temperature of 176 to 371 C (350 to 700 F). CO and H2O are reacted over a conventional water-gas-shift catalyst to produce additional H2 and CO2. A suitable water-gas-shift catalyst may comprise iron oxide mixed with Cr oxide and promoted by 1 to 15 wt. % of an oxide of another metal, such as K, Th, U, Be, or Sb. Reaction occurs at 260 to 5650C (500 to 10500F). Alternatively, cobalt molybdate or alumina may be used as the water-gas shift catalyst at a reaction temperature of 260 to 4820C (500 to 900 F). Co-Mo catalysts comprise (in weight percent) CoO 2-5, MoO3 8-16, MgO nil-20, and Awl 203 59-85. Another shift catalyst comprises a mixture of copper and zinc salts or oxides in a weight ratio of about 3 parts of zinc to 1 part of copper. Next, substantially all of the H2O may be removed from the gas stream. The process gas stream is dewatered by, for example, cooling below its dew point and then separating out the condensed water. The clean dry process gas stream is then compressed. After the gas stream is compressed to a pressure slightly above that in the gas generator, a portion of the water which was previously condensed out may be optionally reintroduced into the recycle process gas stream at a point in the line located before the recuperator. The condensate may be used to moderate the temperature of. the generator effluent gas in the mixing zone by direct addition to the recycle gas, alone or in combination with other moderating streams, such as saturated or superheated steam. This would tend to yield several advantages: (1) the water would vaporize at partial pressures rather than at the total pressure, allowing use of lower grade heat; and regeneration against the turbine exhaust will be more efficient; (2) the number of heat exchangers can be reduced from that required for separate streams; and (3) the in situ generation of steam in the recycled gas will tend to suppress undesired back reactions, such as methanation. Depending on the desired pressure of the recycle gas stream and the product gas stream, one or more conventional gas compressors (54, 55) may be operated from power produced by the expansion turbine 50. The pressure of the product gas may be less than equal to, or greater than the pressure in the gas generator. The product gas and the recycle gas stream may be removed from the same gas compressor or from separate compressors. The recycle gas stream is produced at a pressure slightly greater than the pressure in the gas generator. The gas stream may be cooled between compressors. Multi-stage turbines and compressors may be employed. Optionally the free-oxygen containing gas introduced into the gas generator may be first compressed to a pressure above that in the gas generator by a separate gas cbmpressor 56 powered by or coupled to said expansion turbine. Optionally, an electric generator (not shown in the Drawing) may also be powered by said expansion turbine. In another embodiment of the invention the fuel to the partial oxidation gas generator contains sulfur compounds, which appear in the effluent gas stream from the generator as H2S and COS. In such a case, the concentration of H2S and COS in the gas in the power loop is reduced below the level of chemical attack on the turbine and gas compressors. The cooled and cleaned exhaust turbine gas stream may be purified by removing acid-gases i.e. H2S, COS, and CO2 in an acid-gas absorption zone 83. Advantageously, this will permit reduction of the size and cost of the gas compressors, and reduce or eliminate chemical attack on them. It will also upgrade the composition of the product gas stream, and prevent environmental pollution if the product gas is used as a fuel gas. It will also prevent sulfur contamination of any downstream catalyst that the product gas may come in contact with. Further, the purified recycle gas stream will dilute the effluent generator gas and thereby reduce or eliminate any chemical attack of the expansion turbine. Alternatively, where it is more economic to remove H2 S and possibly CO2 at high pressure, the acid-gas absorption zone may be placed after said turbine powered gas compressors. The gaseous impurities e.g. H2S, COS or CO2 may be removed by any suitable conventional process for example; refrigeration and physical or chemical absorption with solvents, such as methanol, N-methylpyrrolidone, triethanolamine or propylene carbonate, or alternately with hot potassium carbonate. In solvent absorption processes, most of the CO2 absorbed in the solvent may be released by simple flashing. The rest may be removed by stripping. This may be done most economically with nitrogen. Nitrogen may be available as a low cost by-product when a conventional air separation unit is used for producing substantially pure oxygen (95 mole percent 02 or more) for use as the free-oxygen containing gas used in the gas generator. The regenerated solvent is then recycled to the absorption column for reuse. When necessary, final cleanup may be accomplished by passing the process gas through iron oxide, zinc oxide, or activated carbon to re jfl:jve residual traces of H2S or organic sulfide. Similarly, the H2 S and COS containing solvent may be regenerated by flashing and stripping with nitrogen, or alternatively by heating and refluxing at reduced pressure without using an inert gas. The H2 S and COS are then converted into sulfur by a suitable process. For example, the Claus process may be used for producing elemental sulfur from H2S as described in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Second Edition Volume 19, John Wiley, 1969, Page 353. Excess SO2 may be removed and discarded in chemical combination with limestone, or by means of a suitable commercial extraction process. A stream of dry, clean, and purified process gas leaves from the gas purification zone at a temperature of 37 to 4270C (1000 to 8000F) and at a pressure of 9.8 to 176.4 Bars (10 to 180 atm. abs.) and preferably 14.7 to 58.8 Bars (15 to 60 atm. abs.) and having for example the following composition in mole %: H2 15 to 98, CO 1 to 75, CH4 0 to 30, N2 0.0 to 70 and Ar 0.0 to 2.0. The process gas stream from the acid-gas absorption zone may be compressed to a pressure at least slightly above that in the gas generator. As previously described, a portion of the process gas stream is recycled to the mixing zone as said recycle gas stream. The remainder of the dry, clean, purified, compressed process gas stream is removed from the compression zone as product gas i.e. synthesis gas, or fuel gas. In another embodiment of the process, the hot effluent gas stream from the gas generator is cooled solely by introducing solids-free water in liquid phase into the process gas stream. There is no recycle of a portion of the process gas stream for use as the temperature moderator. Should the effluent generator gas stream contain entrained solids such as ash, refractory, or particulate carbon, then a portion of the entrained solids are removed in the previously described çre-flow gravity or cyclone separation zone before the cooling water is introduced. The temperature and amount of water that is introduced into the hot effluent generator gas as the temperature moderator is sufficient to cool the process gas stream from a temperature of 980 to 16500C (18000 to 30000F) to a temperature of 537 to 13150C (10000 to 24000F), and above the dew point. The solids-free water, in liquid phase, may be introduced in an atomized-state. Boiler feed water or condensate produced elsewhere in the process may be employed. Optionally, the water may be preheated by indirect heat exchange with the turbine exhaust gas before being introduced into the hot effluent generator gas stream. The temperature-moderated process gas stream is then introduced into the power developing expansion turbine as the working fluid at an inlet pressure of 9.8 to 196 Bars (10 to 200 atm. abs.). After expansion, in the turbine the exhaust gas leaves the turbine at a temperature of 176 to 537 0C (3500 to 10000F) and a pressure of 1.96 to 14.7 Bars (2 to 15 atm. abs.). Advantageously, heat may be recovered from the turbine exhaust gas by indirect heat exchange in recuperator 24 with the hydrocarbonaceous fuel feed, and/or as previously described by-preheating the water used for moderating the temperature of the effluent generator gas. Steam may, optionally be produced by cooling the process gas stream in a gas cooler 62. Next, the cooled turbine exhaust gas may be cleaned, if necessary, in a conventional gas cleaning zone 63 to remove any remaining entrained solids i.e. particulate carbon. Slurries of particulate carbon in a liquid hydrocarbon fuel or water may be produced in the gas cleaning zone, and may be recycled to the fuel gas generator as at least a portion of the feedstock. Suitable gas cooling and cleaning procedures have been previously described. Depending on the desired concentration of hydrogen in the product gas, the process gas stream may be optionally introduced next into a conventional catalytic water-gas shift conversion zone, in a manner as described previously. Similarly, the process gas stream may be next optionally introduced into a conventional gas purification zone, for removing for example acid-gases in a manner as previously described. Further, the gas purification zone may be located before or after the next step, which involves compressing the process gas stream to a desired pressure which may be less than, equal to, or greater than the pressure in the gas generator. The process gas stream is compressed by means of at least one compressor powered by said expansion turbine. Optionally, a turbo-electric generator may be also driven by said expansion turbine. The amount of useful power obtained by the subject process is greater than that obtained for a closed Brayton cycle. The entire heat input in the closed Brayton cycle is obtained by expensive and inefficient indirect gas-to-gas heat exchange in contrast with the process of the present invention which utilizes the inherent heat content of the process fluid. The process of the present invention has the following advantages: (1) A worthwhile increase in power production over the closed Brayton-cycle is realized; and an expensive high temperature high pressure gas-to-gas heat exchanger may be eliminated. (2) In comparison with.some other power systems, the large entropy gain associated with the large temperature difference between the gas generator and the turbine inlet may be avoided. (3) The working fluid for the power cycle is produced by the process and has about the same composition as the product gas. This eliminates the cost, inventory, make-up, contamination and storage of a separate working fluid. (4) By eliminating a separate working fluid, there is a reduction in the necessary amount of heat transfer between streams and in the thermo-dynamic losses thereby occasioned. (5) Acid-gas, when present in the process gas stream, may be removed. The lives of the turbines and the compress ors in the system are thereby increased; the product gas is suitable for downstream catalytic reactions, and environmental pollution is avoided. (6) Power is obtained from the large molal increase that is associated with the partial oxidation of hydrocarbonaceous fuels, in addition to the power obtained from the elevated pressure and sensible heat in the hot raw partial oxidation product gas. EXAMPLE The following example illustrates an embodiment of the process of this invention which should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The process is continuous and the quantities specified are on an hourly basis for all streams of materials. The embodiment of the invention represented by the Example is depicted in the Drawing as previously described. Raw gas is continuously produced in gas generator 1 by partial oxidation of a hydrocarbonaceous fuel with oxygen (about 98.0 volume percent purity). A summary of the temperature, pressure and quantity for the various streams in the Drawing is shown in Table I below. The effluent gas stream leaves the generator at a temperature of 14300C (26050F) and a pressure of 83.2 Bars (1215 psia). The composition of the gas stream in line 38 of the Drawing follows, in gram-moles per 100 gram of vacuum residuum feed oil: H2 5.612, H2O 1.365, CH4 0.061, CO 6.380, CO 0.623, N2 0.018, Ar 0.065, H2S 0.136, and COS 0.008. Cooled and cleaned recycle gas from line 43 is mixed with the effluent gas stream from line 38 to produce the feed gas mixture in line 42 going to expansion turbine 50. The exhaust gas from the turbine in line 60 is cooled in recuperator 24 and leaves by line 61. The process gas stream is scrubbed with water to remove any entrained particulate carbon and further cooled below the dew point to condense out water. The process gas stream is then purified in section 83 to remove H25 and COS. CO2 is removed concomitantly. Section 83 may be any of the well-known acid-gas scrubbing processes commonly employed with synthesis gas generation. The process gas stream in line 86 is then compressed in compressors, 54 and 55, and any additional water may be removed between compressors. After compression the process gas stream in lIne 5 is mixed with condensate from line 110 to produce the mixture in line 44. This gas mixture is heated in recuperator 24 to produce the cooled (in comparison with the feed gas stream in line 42) and cleaned recycle gas mixture in line 44. TABLE I Line Pressure Temperature, Amount, g Moles/ No Bars (psia) 0C (oF) 100 g Feed Oil 43 83.6 (1220) 304 (580) 10.150 38 83.2 (1215) 1429 (2605) 14.268 42 83.2 (1215) 982 (1800) 24.418 60 5.2 (76) 364 (687) 24.418 61 4.2 (61) 149 (300) 24.418 82 3.15 (46) 38 (100) 21.673 86 ¯ 4.8 (70). 38 (100) 20.906 105 89.0 (1300) 258 (497) 7.816 111 84.9 (1240) 38 (100) 2.334 44 84.6 (1235) 136 (276) 10.150 109 109.6 (1600) 294 (561) 13.090 In the above example expansion turbine 50 generates 1350.9 watts for each Kg/hr. (83.3 horse power for each 100 pounds per hour) of feed oil introduced through line 25. This leaves a net power generation of 428 watts for each Kg/hr. (26.4 horse power per 100 lbs/hr.) of feed oil after supplying the power required by compressors 54 and 55. Since oxygen is supplied at system pressure, compressor 56 is omitted. Further, the synthesis gas product in line 109 has been raised to a process pressure of 109.6 Bars (1600 psia). In comparison, synthesis gas would be delivered at only 80.1 Bars (1170 psia) had there been employed a more conventional sequence consisting of gas generation at 83.2 Bars (1215 psia) cooling, carbon scrubbing, and acid gas removal.";1. A process for the production of a gaseous mixture comprising H2 and CO and simultaneously generating power hy partially oxidizing a hydrocarbonaceous fuel with a freeoxygen-containing gas, in the optional presence of a temperature moderator, at an autogenous temperature of from 980 to 16500C (1800 to 30000F) and a pressure from 9.8 to 196 Bars (10 to 200 atmospheres absolute) to form a raw gas stream comprising H2, CO, CO2 and H2O and containing entrained par- ticulate solids, separating at least a portion of said entrained particulate solids, and cooling, cleaning and compressing the gas stream, characterised in that the raw gas stream is cooled by mixing it with liquid water or with recycled purified gaseous mixture, and is expanded through an expansion turbine from an initial temperature of 537 to 1315 C (1000 to 2400 F) and above the dew point, and an initial pressure from 9.8 to 196 Bars (10 to 200 atmospheres), to a final temperature of 176 to 537 C (350 to 1000 F) and a final pressure of 1.96 to 14.7 Bars (2 to 15 atmospheres absolute), after removal of said entrained particulate solids and before cooling, cleaning and compression. 2. A process as claimed in claim 1 characterised in that the raw gas stream is cooled by mixing it with recycled purified gaseous mixture in a volume ratio of recycled gas stream to total gas expanded through the turbine of from 0.2:1 to 0.8:1. 3. A process as claimed in claim 1 characterised in that the raw gas stream is cooled by mixing it with liquid water, said liquid water being preheated by indirect heat exchange with the gas stream leaving the expansion turbine. 4. A process as claimed in claim 2 characterised in that water or steam is added to the recycled purified gaseous mixture before it is mixed with the raw gas stream. 5. A process as claimed in any preceding claim characterised in that the gases leaving the expansion turbine are subsequently purified. 6. A process as claimed in any preceding claim characterised in that the gases leaving the expansion turbine are subjected to catalytic water-gas shift reaction. 7. A process as claimed in any preceding claim characterised in that the expansion turbine is used to power compressors used to compress product gas and/or recycled gases. 8. A process as claimed in any preceding claim characterised in that electrical energy is produced by coupling an electric generator to the expansion turbine.;ALEXANDER, DAVID LEE, BARBER, EVERETT MCMULLIN, MUENGER, JAMES ROBERT, SCHLINGER, WARREN GLEASON;TEXACO DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION;1978
+EP-0009525-B1;19811014.0;19781010;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186005.0;B65D41;B65D55;B65D55, B65D41;L65D101:00A3C, B65D  41/48B, B65D  55/16;IMPROVEMENTS IN AND RELATING TO HINGED CLOSURES FOR CONTAINERS;A hinged closure has a cap part (1) and an integral band (3) adapted to be separated circumferentially from one another except for a narrow interconnecting hinge (15) by removing a partial arcuate tear band (2) between the cap part and the anchor band and then applying upward pressure upon the cap part so as to tear two remaining arcuate mem­ branes (13) which connect the tear band with the hinge.;"""Improvements in and relating to hinged closures for containers"" Fl FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to hinged closures for bottles and the like hereinafter simply called containers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART The hinged closures to which the invention relates comprise a. cap part, a tear band, an anchor band and a hinge to connect the cap part -to the anchor band. These hinged closures bave in the past few years achieved a very considerable success commercially and our hinged closures known under the Registered Trade Mark JAYCAP and manufactured under British Patent No. 812580 are to be wound on many different containers including bottles of still soft drink such as orange squash. So far it has not proved possible to use ou JAYCAPS on containers of aerated drinks because the internal pressure has created practical problems among which we should mention:- a) Tile pressure inside bottles of a beverage such as tonic water may be as much as i2Op.s.i. and this has proved to be sufficient to blow our normal JAYCAPS right off the bottle. b) in cases in which our JAYCAPS have held iu position the pressure inside the bottle has caused a leakage so that the beverage has gone flat. c) When removing the tear band the cap part has been blown open with such force that an injury could be sustained by the pelson o))ening the bottle. SU@@@ARY OF THE, PRESENT INVENTION @ have t@@reiore carried out a series of experiments with vi@@ to designing a speeial hinged @losure adapted for use @@i@arily with a container the content of which is aerated. According to the present invention a hinged closure for closing tile mouth of a container comprises a cap part, au integral anchor band adapted to embrace the neck of the container or that part of the container wall adjacent tulle mouth of the container and means for separating the anchor band from the cap part circumferentially except over e narrow intereonne eting zone which constitutes a hinge, wherein the means for separating the anchor band from. the cap part includes an arcuate partial tear band and at least one arcuate area of weakness. Each of the problems mentioned above has required special attention nd a soiution is based upon the provision of a hinged closure iu accordance with the statement above and prele having the additional following features:- a) We make the closure sufficiently strong to stay in position even with substantial pressure building up inside. This may be done by thickening the material of which the closure is made, by providing a bead of substantial size inside the anchor, by making the closure of a stronger jnateria than heretofore (e.g. a plastics composition made up of about 90% low density polyethylene and about 10% high density polyethylene and by @ishing the top of the cap part of the is resisted and @losure so that pressure @xisted inside/ at least partially expands itself by pushing ip the dished part. b) We provide the closure with extra sealing means which may be in the form ci annular external lamellas on a plug part of the closure. c) We make the thickness of membranes joining the tear band to the cap part and to the anchor part and the arcuate area of weakness of a thickness between O.OOS"" and 0.022"". This thickness is within this range because if the membrane thickness is less than O.OOS"" there is a danger that the carbonated pressure will blow the cap open and if the membrance thickness is greater than 0.022"" then it will be difficult to tear the membrane when opening. d) We thicken the area of weakness in two opposed places so that the portion of the cap part torn away will flex upwards until the thickened areas tear. rhe effect of tis is tat after the partia] tear band is torn away the cap part flexes rather in the manner of the opening of a @rown stopper and this permits the pressure to be released in a controlled manner. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWSINGS This invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, givcn by way of example and in which:- Figure 1 is a vertical section of a closure embodying the invention Figure 2 is a sectional plan Figures 3 and 3a are side views of a closure from different directions and e ttc 11 '1 graph. @LSC@TPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT The closure comprises a cap part 1, a tear band 2 And an anchor band 3. The cap part 1 is centrally dished at 4 and has a depending plug 5 for insertion into the mouth of a container. The plug 5 has an external annular bcad G and two annular lamellas 7 which seat against the inside of the mouth of a container. The cap part 1 also has furtber annular sealing beads 8 and 9 and the bottom of the plug is shaped to provide an oblique line 10 when inspected from the side. The tear band 2 in the example illustrated extends for about 900 around the closure, that is 45 on each side of a thumb tab 11 and the tear band 2 is connected to the cap part ;L by a weakened membrane 12 and to the anchor band 3 by g weakened ruembrane 13. The weakened membrane 12 ends at each end 14 of the tear band 2 but tile weakened membrane 13 extends on around the closure to the hinge 15 to form two arcuate weakened lines. The anchor band 5 has a large main internal. retai bead 16 and a smaller auxiliary bead 17. At diametrically opposed positions on the weakened membrane i3 membrane or Dost there is a thickened part/20 see figure 3a which resists tearing so that the left hand portion o- the cap ill figure 3a flexes upwards to release the pressure in a controlled manner until the thickened part membrane or posts 2O tear. In operation when it is desired to open a container which is closed by n closure as illustrated the tear band is torn awny by seizing a finger grip 18 and pulling the band 2 around the closure in the usual way. When the band 2 has been torn to t]ie end. 14 upward pressure is exerted on the tab Ii to push tiie cap part 1 away from the anchor band 3 so that the rest of the weakened line 13 between the end 14 of the tear band 2 and the hinge 15 is broken and the cap par-t 1 pivots upwardly on the hinge 15. It will be understood that for containers of liquid with a high aeration pressure the are of the tear band will be small e.g. 90 while with lower pressures the are of the tear band may be longer. Generally speaking tonic water with a pressure of about 120 p.s.i. has the highest pressure of any aerated soft drinks and to provide a hinged closure with a satisfactory safety margin for such a pressure we have found that the tear band should extend around the closure for not more than 450 on each side of the tab 11 i.e. 900 in all. This is clearly illustrated in the accompanying graph (Fig 4) which plots lbs/ins2 of pressure within a containcr against the arcuate degrees of the tear band and shows that to reduce the tear band from substantially 3600 to 180 does not make much improvement after which a quick improvement sets in until with a 900 tear band blowing open does not occur on tearing away until a pressure of about 145 p.s.i. within a container is reached. The pressures plotted are averages obtained from ten samples each at 90 , 120 , 1500, 1800, and a complete tear band.";"ldAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A hinged closure for closing the mouth of a container comprisin. a cap part, an integral anchor band adapted to embrace the neck of the container or that part of the container wall adjacent the mouth of the container and means for separating the anchor band from the cap part circumferentially csccp-1; over a narrow interconnecting zone which constitutes a hinge, wherein the means for separating the anchor band from the cap part includes an arcuate pal-lial tear band and at least one arcuate area of weakness. 2. A hinged closure according to claim 1 wherein the means for separating the anchor band groin the cap part comprises an arcuate partial tear band opposed to the interconnecting zone constituting the hinge, and a line of weakness cn each side of the hinge between the tear band and the hinge. 3. A A hinged closure according to claim 2 wherein the arcuate tear band extends for 900. 4. A hinged closure according to claim 2 wherein each of the membrane or posts lines of weakness includes a thickened patr/ which resists tearing so that after the partial tear band is torn away a perti@ of the cap part flexes upwards until the thickened pos-is tear, ti: flexing action permitting pressure within a container to be released in a controlled manner. 5. A hinged closure according to claim 2 wherein the tear band is joined to the cap part and the anchor part by a thin membrane, the membrane and arcuate lines of weakness having a thickness of between 0.008"" - 0.022"". 6. A hinged closure according to claim 1 wherein the cap part has an internal depending cylindrical plug adapted to elltcr and seal against the internal wall of a container mouth. 7. A hinged closure according to claim 6 wherein the outer wall of the plug has an annular sealing bcad and two annular lamellas in use to seal against the internal wall of a container mouth. 8. A hinged closure according to claim 6 wherein the plug is deeper on one side than on the other, the deepest part of the plug being adjacent the hitige so that ti'1e deepest part forms an abutment which, when the closure has been opened, cooperates with the container mouth Sn as to releasably retain the cap part in the open position. 9. A hinged closure according to claim , wherein the anchor band includes two annular retaining beads. 10. A hinged closure according to claim 1 wherein the cap part has a dished top to resist pressure.";PERCIVAL, STEPHEN JOHN;JOHNSEN & JORGENSEN (PLASTICS) LIMITED;1978
+EP-0010108-B1;19821201.0;19781013;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185933.0;A61K31;;A61K31;A61K  31/557;STABILIZED PROSTAGLANDINE E COMPOSITION;The degradation of prostaglandins E is prevented or minimized by combining prostaglandins E with methylhes­ peridin.;"STABILIZED PROSTAGLANDIN E COMPOSITION This invention relates to a stabilized prostaglandin E composition. Prostaglandins E exhibit various pharmacological activities and, when used in minor amounts, are useful in, for example, bronchodilatation, control of uterine contraction, suppression of acid secretion, treatment of and prevention against peptic ulcer, lowering of blood pressure, suppression of blood platelet aggregation and control of lipid metabolism. Prostaglandins E are generally liable to be degraded by acid, base and/or heat, and cause some problems in prescription and dosage of the medicines thereof. When prostaglandins E are maintained at room temperature, degraded products can be detected several weeks later. At a higher temperature, for example, 100 C, a substantial part of prostaglandins E is degraded within a few hours. Even when they are maintained in a refrigerator, it is recognized that degradation proceeds, although slowly. Some proposals have been heretofore made to stabilize prostaglandins E. For example, it is described in K.C. Srivastava and J. Clausen: Lipids, 8, P 592 - 594(1973) that prostaglandins E can be stabilized by dissolving them in an acid ester such as ethyl acetate, an alcohol such as ethyl alcohol, or chloroform. It now has been found, however, that methylhesperidin prevents or minimizes the degradation of prostaglandins E to a great extent. Therefore, in accordance with the present invention there is provided a stabilized prostaglandin E composition comprising a prostaglandin E having incorporated therein a stabilizing amount of methylhesperidin. Prostaglandins E to be stabilized by methylhesperidin include, for example, prostaglandin E2 (hereinafter abbreviated as ""PGE2""), prostaglandin E1 (hereinafter abbreviated as ""PGE1""), 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E1 (hereinafter abbreviated as ""PGE0"", 13,14-dihydro-PGE2, 15-methyl-PGE2, 15-methyl-PGE1 15-methyl-PGE0, l6-methyl-PGE2, 16-methyl -PGE1, 16-methyl-PGE0, 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2, 16,16-dimethyl -PGE1, 16,16-dimethyl-PGE0, 16,16-propano-PGE2, 16,16 -propano-PGE1, 16, l6-propano-PGE0, i6-cyclohexyl- W-tetranor- -PGE2, 16-phenyl-#-tetranor-PGE2, 17-phenyl-#-trinor-PGE2, 16-phenoxy- W-tetranor-PGE2 and l6-m-chlorophenoxy-(p- -tetranor-PGE2 Alkyl esters (the alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms), such as methyl ester, ethyl ester and decyl ester, of these compounds and aralkyl esters thereof (the aralkyl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms) are also included in the prostaglandins E used in the present invention. Furthermore, the prostaglandins E used in the present invention include compounds represented by the general formula: EMI2.1 wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R4 and R5 may be the same or different, and each of R4 and R5 represents independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a fluorine atom; R2 and R3 may be the same or different, and each of R2 and R3 represents independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a protective group for the hydroxyl group; ; R6 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted cycloalkyl group (the cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms), such as methyl -cyclohexyl group or 3,4-dimethyl-cyclopentyl group, an aryl group having from 6 to 15 carbon atoms, such as a phenyl group or a naphthyl group, or a substituted aryl group (the aryl group having from 6 to 15 carbon atoms), such as a phenyl or naphthyl group having from 1 to 3 substituents selected from, for example, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogen atom (C1, Br or F) and a trifluoromethyl group; Z represents a single bond, a sulfur atom or an oxygen atom; A represents -CH2CH2 - or cis-CH=CH-; ; B represents -CH2CH2-, -C-C- or trans-CH=CH-; X represents an alkylene group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a substituted alkylene group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and; Y represents a carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group having from 2 to 13 carbon atoms, a hydroxymethyl group, an alkoxymethyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituted alkoxymethyl group (the alkoxymethyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms). The prostaglandins E listed above and their preparative methods are disclosed, for example, in E.J. Corey et al: J. Am. Chem. Soc., 91, P 5675 - 5677(1969), ibid, 92, P 397 - 398(1970); Japanese Patent Publications 10,236/1973 and 24,599/1971, and; Japanese Laid-open patent applications 128,492/1976, 115,991/1976, 43,749/1976, 43,744/1976, 35,413/1976, 14,150/1976, 52,745/1973, 38,320/1972, 34,355/1972, 30,641/1972 and 6,264/1972. The prostaglandin E's liability of being readily degraded is due to the presence of a readily eliminatable hydroxyl, acyloxy or alkoxy group in the five membered ring portion. It is usually recognized that, due to the elimination of such a readily eliminatable group, prostaglandins E are converted to prostaglandins A. The prostaglandins A are further converted to prostaglandins B and prostaglandins C, and occasionally otherwise degraded. Methylhesperidin prevents or minimizes all of such type degradations to a great extent as hereinafter explained in detail. Thus, the prostaglandins E used in the present invention should be interpreted in a broad sense as meaning all of the prostaglandins E which possess the five membered ring portion of the general formula hereinbefore mentioned. Methylhesperidin is popularly known as a soluble vitamine P and a food additive, and is not injurious to the health. Methylhesperidin is produced by methylating hesperidin. The methylation of hesperidin is described in, for example, C. V7. Wilson's U.S. Patent 2,425,291(1947); I. Sakieki: Nippon Kagaku Zasshi 79, 733-736, 736-740 and 1103-1107(1958); Ibid, 80, 419-423, 423-426(1959), and; Japanese Patent Publication 23,091/1961 (see also Chem. Abstr., 54, 4557i and 5632f, 55, 5481e and 58, P6918d). The methylation may be effected, for example, as follows. Dimethyl sulfate is incorporated in an alkaline solution of hesperidin, and then, sulfuric acid is added thereto to adjust the pH of the reaction mixture to a value between 4 and 5. The reaction product is extracted with n-butyl alcohol and, after n-butyl alcohol is distilled off under reduced pressure, the residue is recrystallized from isopropanol thereby to obtain a yellow powder. The methylation of hesperidin may also be effected by using diazomethane or methyl iodide, instead of dimethyl sulfate, for example, as described in F. F. Ring and A. Robertson; J. Chem. Soc., 1931, P1704, and G. Zemplen and A. K. Tettamanti: Chem. Ber., 71, P2511(1938). Methylhesperidin products produced by methylation of hesperidin are usually a mixture of various methylated hesperidins and hesperidin-chalcones, the composition of which mixture varies depending upon the purification degree of hesperidin used as raw material and the methylation conditions. For example, the methylhesperidin products are comprised of 3'-methylhesperidin, 3'-methyl-7-(rhamnosyl -2-methylglucosyl)hesperetin, 3,6'-dimethylhesperidin- -chalcone, 3,6'-dimethyl-4'-(rhamnosyl-2-methylglucosyl)- -hesperetin-chalcone and other methylated derivatives. Such methylhesperidin products, which are generally commercially available as they are, can be used without special purification in the present invention. The manner in which methylhesperidin is incorporated in prostaglandins E is not particularly limited. For example, a prostaglandin E and methylhesperidin are mixed together in an aqueous solution form, followed by lyophilization of the aqueous solution. When a prostaglandin E used is difficult to dissolve in water, the prostaglandin E may be dissolved in a small amount of methyl alcohol or ethyl alcohol and mixed with an aqueous methylhesperidin solution, and then, the mixture may be lyophilized. Instead of the lyophilization, a mixed solution of a prostaglandin E and methylhesperidin may be evaporated into dryness under a reduced pressure. The water content in these products dried by lyophylization or evaporation should preferably be as small as possible, i.e., less than about 5% by weight. Instead of the above-mentioned procedure ulitizing water, only a prostaglandin E may be dissolved in an organic solvent such as alcohol and ethyl acetate, and then, the solution so obtained may be mixed well with a methylhesperidin powder, followed by the removal of the organic solvent. Alternatively, a prostaglandin E and methylhesperidin may be mixed together both in a powder form by using, for example, a mortar. The proportion of methylhesperidin to the prostaglandin E may be varied in a broad range. Usually, the ratio of methylhesperidin to the prostaglandin r is from 0.1 to 10,000 by weight, more preperably from 1 to 1,000 by weight. When the relative amount of mothylhesperidin is too small, the stability of the prostaglandin E is not satisfactory. In contrast, the use of an excessive amount of methylhesperidin causes some problems in that the medical preparations become voluminous. Various additives may be incorporated in the stabi- lized prostaglandin E composition of the present invention, provided that the additives do not exert a harmful influence to a salient degree on the stability of the composition. Suitable additives are those which are conventionally used as medical additives, for example, cellulose and its derivatives such as hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose and methylcellulose; polysaccharides and their derivatives such as starch, dextrin, dextran and cyclodextrin; mono- and disaccharides such as sucrose, lactose, maltose, glucose, D-fructose, mannitol and sorbitol; biological substances such as protein, nucleic acid and bile acid; vitamines and their derivatives such as ascorbic acid, tocopherol and hesperidin; and inorganic substances such as bentonite and talc, food additives may be incorporated, such as anti-oxidants, other stabilizers, emulsifiers and sourness-imparting agents. The composition of the present invention can be used in any medical preparation form such as injection, aerosol, suppository and peroral preparation. These medical preparations may be prepared in a conventional manner. The stabilized prostaglandin E composition of the present invention is useful in, similarly to conventional prostaglandin E preparations, for example, bronchodilatation, control of uterine contraction, suppression of acid secretion, treatment of and prevention against peptic ulcer, lowering of blood pressure, suppression of blood platelet aggregation and control of lipid metabolism. The following examples are included to further illustrate the present invention, but are not intended to be limiting. In the examples, the percentage of retention of prostaglandins E was determined as follows. After a specimen of the prostaglandin E composition was left to stand at a stated temperature and for a stated period of time, water was added to the specimen to obtain an aqueous slurry. The aqueous slurry was subjected to extraction by using as an extractant an organic solvent such as ethyl acetate and chloroform. A predetermined amount of the extract solution was subjected to a thin-layer chromatography, wherein a developing solution comprised of ethyl acetate, iso-octane, acetic acid and water (the ratio by weight = 110:40:20:100) was used. An aqueous diluted ammonium sulfate-sulfuric acid solution was sprayed on the developed area, followed by heating at a temperature of 1800C for one hour to develope a color in said developed area. The density of the color-developed area was determined by using a recording densitometer (SHIMAZU CS-900). The amount of the retained prostaglandin E was calculated from a comparison of the determined density with the calibration curve of a standard prostaglandin E. The percent of retention of prostaglandin E could be expressed by the formula: % Retention = (A/Ao) x 100, wherein A and Ao are the amount of the retained prostaglandin E and the amount of the initial prostaglandin E used, respectively. Example 1 Fifty mg of methylhesperidin were dissolved in 1 milli-liter of distilled water. A solution of 500 micro-g PGE2 in 50 micro-liters of methanol was added to the aqueous methylhesperidin solution, and the mixture was stirred to obtain a uniform solution. The solution was lyophilized t obtain a yellow powder. The powder was maintained at a temperature of 100 C open thermostatic chamber for a predetermined period of time, and then, the % retention of prostaglandin E was determined. The results are shown in Table I, below. In the following Examples 2 through 24 and Comparative examples 1 trug 4, the thermal degradation test of each prostaglandin E E compositIon powder was carried out in a anne similar to to that mentioned above, unless otherwise specified. Th-t results obtained in Examples 2 through 10 and Comparative Examples 1 through 4 are shown in Table I, Lelow. Example 2 The preparation procedure mentioned in Exemple 1 was repeated, except that the amount of methylhesperidin was changed to 20 milli-g, to obtain a yellow powder. Example : Twenty milli-g of methylhesperidine and 174 milli-g ot dextrin were dissolved in 1.2 milli-liter of distilled water. A solution of 500 micro-g PGE2 in 50 micro-liters of methanol was added to the aqueous methylhesperidin solution, and the mixture was stirred to obtain a uniform solution The solution was lyophilized to obtain a light yellow powder Example 4 Five hundred micro-g of PGE were dissolved In 1 milli-liter of ethyl acetate, and then 20 milli-g of methylhesperidin were added to the solution while it was stirred. The resultant solution was distilled under a reduced pressure to remove ethyl acetate, thereby to obtain a yellow powder. Example 5 The preparation procedure mentioned in Example 4 was repeated. except that ethyl alcohol was used instead of ethyl acetate, thereby to obtain a yellow powder. ar-The dure mentioned in Example was repeated, except that PGE1 was used instead of PGE2 Example 7 The preparation procedure mentioned in Example 1 was repeated, except that 13,14-dihydro-PGE1 was used instead of PGE2 Example 8 The preparation procedure mentioned in Example 1 was repeated, except that 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 was used instead of PGE2 Example 9 The preparation procedure mentioned in Example 1 was repeated, except that 16,16-dimethyl-PGEl was used instead of PGE2 Example 10 The preparation procedure mentioned in Example 1 was repeated, except that wherein 16-m-chlorophenoxy -17,18,19,20-tetranor-PGE2 was used instead of PGE2 Comparative Example 1 Five hundred micro-g of PGE2 were placed in a glass ampule. The ampule was flushed with argon and then sealed. Comparative Example 2 Bata-cyclodextrin dlathrate inclusion compound containing 500 micro-g of PGE2 was combined with P -cyclo dextrin to obtain 200 milli-g of a PGE2 composition. Comparative Example 3 The PGE2 composition obtained in Comparative Example 2 was placed in a glass ampule. The ampule was flushed with and and then sealed. Comparative Example 4 One hundred and seventy four milli-g of dextrin were dissolved in 1.2 milli-liter of distilled water. A solution of 500 micro-g PGE2 in 50 micro-liters of methanol was added to the aqueous dextrin solution, and the mixture was stirred to obtain a uniform solution. The solution was lyophilized to obtain a white powder. Table I Example Additive Powder %Retention of PGE (average) Prostangladin (weight ratio to PGE) Preparation 100 C 100 C 100 C No. 3 hours 7 hours 24 hours Example 1 PGE2 methylhesperidin(x100) lyophilization 97 92 89 2 PGE2 methylhesperidin(x 40) lyophilization 97 - 88 3 PGE2 methylhesperidin(x 40) lyophilization - - 80 dextrin (x 348) 4 PGE2 methylhesperidin(x 40) distillation - - 42 of solution in ethyl acetate 5 PGE2 methylhesperidin(x 40) distillation - - 40 of solution in ethyl acetate 6 PGE1 methylhesperidin(x100) lyophilization 102 - 88 7 13,14-dihydro-PGE1 methylhesperidin(x100) lyophilization - - 90 8 16,16-dimethyl-PGE2 methylhesperidin(x100) lyophilization 99 95 87 9 16,16-dimethyl-PGE1 methylhesperidin(x100) lyophilization - 95 90 10 16-m-chlorophenoxy- methylhesperidin(x100) lyophilization - 92 86 -17,18,19,20 tetranor-PGE2 Comparative Example 1 PGE2 - lyophilization - 5* 0* 2 PGE2 ss -cyclodextrin (x400) lyophilization - 55 50 3 PGE2 ss -cyclodextrin (x400) lyophilization - 64* 45* 4 PGE2 dextrin - 78 68 *Tested in argon sealed ampule Examples 11 through 24 Methylhesperidin-PGE2 compositions were prepared in a manner similar to that mentioned in Example 1, except that the proportions of methylhesperidin to PGE2 were varied as shown in Table II, below. Furthermore, the thermal degradation tests were carried out at 370C and 500C for a period of 30 days. The test results are shown in Table II, below. Table II % Retention of Example Temperature PGE2 (average) No. PGE2 Methylhesperidin/PGE2 ( C) 11 500&gamma; 2 50 18 12 500 4 50 67 13 500 10 50 89 14 500&gamma; 20 50 95 15 500 &gamma; 40 50 97 16 500 100 50 91 17 500 r 200 50 103 18 500&gamma; 2 37 74 19 500 &gamma; 4 37 97 20 500&gamma; 10 37 94 21 500 21 20 37 98 22 500&gamma; 40 37 96 23 500 &gamma; 100 37 96 24 500&gamma; 200 37 100";"What we claim is: 1. A stabilized prostaglandin E composition comprising a prostaglandin E having incorporated therein a stabilizing amount of methylhesperidin. 2. A composition according to Claim 1 wherein the ratio by weight of methylhesperidin to the prostaglandin E is in the range of from 0.1 to 10,000. 3. A composition according to Claim 1 wherein the ratio by weight of methylhesperidin to the prostaglandin E is in the range of from 1 to 1,000. 4. A composition according to Claim 1 wherein the prostaglandin E is at least one compound selected from the group consisting of prostaglandin E2 prostaglandin E1 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E1 13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E2 15-methylprostaglandin E2 15-methylprostaglandin E1, 15 -methyl-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E1, 16-methylprostaglandin E2 16-methylprostaglandin E1 16-methyl-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E1 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2, 16,16 -dimethylprostaglandin E1 16,16-dimethyl-13,14-dihydro prostaglandin E1 16,16-propanoprostaglandin E 2, 16,16- -propanoprostaglandin E1, 16,16-propano-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin E1 16-cyclohexyl-#-tetranorprostaglandin E2 16-phenyl- #-tetranorprostaglandin E2 17-phenyl- t-tri- norprostaglandin E2 16-phenoxy- W-tetranorprostaglandin E2 16-m-chlorophenoxy- # -tetranorprostaglandin E2 and their alkyl esters (the alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms) and aralkyl esters (the aralkyl group having from 7 to 15 carbon atoms), and; prostaglandins E represented by the general formula: EMI12.1 wherein R1 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; R4 and R5 may be the same or different, and each of R4 and R5 represents independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a fluorine atom; R2 and R3 may be the same or different, and each of R2 and R3 represents independently a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a protective group for the hydroxyl group; ; R6 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a substituted cycloalkyl group (the cycloalkyl group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms), an aryl group having from 6 to 15 carbon atoms, or a substituted aryl group (the aryl group having from 6 to 15 carbon atoms); Z represents a single bond, a sulfur atom or an oxygen atom; A represents -CH2CH2- or cis-CH=CH-; B represents -CH2CH2-, -CC- or trans-CH=CH-; X represents an alkylene group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a substituted alkylene group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and; ; Y represents a carboxyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group having from 2 to 13 carbon atoms, a hydroxymethyl group or an unsubstituted or substituted alkoxymethyl group (the alkoxymethyl group having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms). 5. A composition according to claim 1 wherein the methylhesperidin is a product obtained by methylating hesperidin. 6. A composition according to claim 1 which has a water content of less than about 5% by weight.";NARUSE, NORIO, NARUTO, MASANOBU, OHNO, KIYOTAKA;TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC.;1978
+EP-0010111-B1;19830112.0;19781121;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6694888.0;A61B17;;A61B17;A61B  17/44;DIVERGING FORCEPS;1. Diverging forceps, consisting of two arms (1, 14) detachable connected with each other, each arm having a blade (13, 21) at one end and a grip (2, 15) on the other end, each arm having a middle section (3, 16) constructed as a slide bar (3, 4) which enables a sliding gearing, with one arm (1) having two guiding parts (5, 7) characterized by, the guiding parts (5, 7) at the opposite flanks of the middle section (3) of one arm (1) being staggered in the axial direction of the middle section (3) wherein the guiding part (7) situated the most closed to the grip as a rotatable locking disk (9) which has such a choosen form that it releases, in opening position, the inside width (a) between both of the guiding parts (5, 7) which is larger as the width (b) of the middle section (16) of the other arm (14) and in closed position it guides the middle section (16) as well as it clamps by means of one side wall (19) the middle section (16) against the guide part (5) of the forceps arm (7) with the foetal head between the forceps blades (13,21) forming the support.;Divergenz-Geburtszange Die Erfindung betrifft eine Divergenz. Geburtszange, bestehend zwei lösbar miteinander verbundenen Zangengliedern. Die gebräuchlichsten Geburtszangen sind entweder als Scherenzangen oder als Divergenzzangen ausgebildet und unterscheiden sich darüber hinaus im wesentlichen durch die Form der Löffel und die Arretiereinrichtung der beiden durchweg um eine feste Achse drehbeweglich angeordneten Zangenglieder. Das ortsgebundene Gelenk besteht übli cherweise aus einem an dem einen Zangenglied vorgesehenen Loch, in welches ein an dem anderen Zangenglied angebrachter Zapfen eingreift. Da jedoch die beiden Zangenglieder beim Erfassen des kindlichen Kopfes unabhängig voneinander gehandhabt und sowohl in ihrer Längs. richtung als auch in Achsrichtung des Gelenks im allgemeinen gegeneinander verschoben werden, ist es bei den bekannten Zangen schwierig oder sogar unmöglich, die beiden Zangenglieder nach erfolgtem Anlegen an den kindlichen Kopf miteinander in Eingriff zu bringen, ohne dabei auf die Zangenglieder eine verhältnismässig grosse Kraft ausüben zu müssen, die sich auf den Fötus schädigend auswirkt. Die als Scherenzangen konzipierten Geburtszangen, bei denen sich die Zangenlöffel kreuzen, haben darüber hinaus noch den Nachteil, dass bei Zug- undloder Druckbelastung der Zange die Zangenlöffel in Schliessrichtung, das heisst gegen den Kopf des Kindes bewegt werden, was die Gefahr in sich birgt, dass der Kopf einem unerwünscht hohen Druck ausgesetzt wird, falls es nicht gelingt, die Zange beim Anlegen an den Kopf rechtzeitig in einer angemessenen kopfschonenden Position zu arretieren, oder falls sich die Zange aus der bereits herbeigeführten Verschlussstellung unbeabsichtigt löst. Dieser Mangel tritt bei den Divergenz. Geburts zangen grundsätzlich nicht auf, weshalb sich diese in zunehmendem Masse in der Praxis durchgesetzt haben. Bei den Divergenzzangen verlaufen die Löffel parallel zueinander, so dass beim Betätigen der Zangengriffe die Löffel in Öffnungsrichtung bewegt werden, was einer Druckentlastung des kindlichen Kopfes entspricht. Allerdings besteht bei diesen Zangen die Gefahr, dass sie sich bei Zugbeanspruchung zu weit öffnen und deshalb vom Kopf abrutschen. Diesen Mangel bei den bekannten, einen festen Drehpunkt für die beiden Zangenglieder aufweisenden Scheren- und Divergenz-Geburtszangen hat man durch Anordnen eines keilförmigen Schiebers zwischen den Zangengriffen zu beseitigen versucht. Diese Lösung hat sich jedoch nicht bewährt, da sich der Schieber, der zwecks rascher Handhabung leichtgängig angebracht sein muss, in bestimmten Neigungsstellungen der Zange selbsttätig verschiebt, und zwar derart, dass sich die Zange entweder mit zu starkem Druck an den Kopf anlegt oder sich von diesem in unerwünschter Weise löst. Schliesslich haben alle Geburtszangen mit fester Drehachse noch den Nachteil, dass sich die Zangenglieder nicht in Längsrichtung verschieben lassen, wodurch sie insbesondere bei schwierigen Hinterkopfsowie bei Steisslagen unbrauchbar sind. Dieser Mangel ist bei einer bekannten Zange dadurch behoben, dass das eine Zangenglied eine Ulförmige, zur Längsinnenseite offene Lasche besitzt, in welcher das andere Zangenglied längsverschiebbar geführt ist. Dem dadurch erreichten Vorteil der axialen Verschiebbarkeit der beiden Zangen. glieder steht jedoch der Nachteil gegenüber, dass die Zangenglieder nicht arretiert werden können, sondern von Hand in der erforderlichen gegenseitigen Zuordnung gehalten werden müssen, was bei der starken Zugbeanspruchung während der Geburt so gut wie nicht möglich ist. Der vorliegenden Erfindung liegt nun die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine L vergenz# Geburtszange zu schaffen, deren beide Zangenglieder sich nach erfolgtem Anlegen an den kindlichen Kopf möglichst rasch ohne Schwierigkeiten zusammenfügen und auf einfache Weise in der gewünschten gegenseitigen Zuordnung zuverlässig arretieren lassen. Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäss dadurch gelöst, dass jedes der beiden Zangenglieder zwischen Griff und Löffel einen als Gleitschiene ausgebildeten Mittelteil aufweist, wobei diese beiden Mittelteile in gleitenden Eingriff miteinander bringbar sind und der Mittelteil des einen Zangengliedes zwei gleitflächenseitig angeordnete Führungs- teile besitzt, zwischen welchen der Mittelteil des anderen Zangenglie- des verschiebbar geführt ist, und wobei an dem einen Führungsteil im Abstand zur Gleitfläche sowie parallel zu dieser eine Arretierscheibe drehbar gelagert ist, mittels welcher die Atittelteile der beiden Zan genglieder festklemmbar sind. Erfindungsgemäss ist die lichte Weite zwischen den beiden Führung teilen des einen Zangengliedes gröber als die Breite des Mittelteils des anderen Zangengliedes im Eingriffsbereich. Gemäss der Erfindung ist somit in vorteilhafter Weise erreicht, dass im Gegensatz zu den bekannten Divergenz#Geburtszangen, die eine ortsfeste Drehachse für die beiden Zangenglieder besitzen, zwischen den beiden Führungsteilen des einen Zangengliedes ein relativ grosser, über die Breite des einzulegenden anderen Zangengliedes hinausgeI#cn der Abstand vorhanden ist, der bei in Öffnungsstellung befindlicher Arretierscheibe uneingeschränkt zur Verfügung steht und ein leicht zu handhabendes, störungsfreies Zusammenfügen der beiden Zangenglie glieder gestattet, und zwar auch dann, wenn diese wegen kornplizier ter Geburtslagen des Kopfes in Zangenlängsrichtung gegeneinander verschoben sind. Ausserdem ist es als günstig anzusehen, dass die erfindungsgemässe Zange im Bereich zwischen den beiden Führung teilen einen verlagerbaren Drehpunkt besitzt, der der jeweiligen Stellung der Zangenglieder anpassbar ist. Ein weiterer Vorteil dieser Zange besteht darin, dass sich die beiden Zangenglieder nach erfolgtem Anlegen an den Kopf mittels der erfindungsgemässen Arretierscheibe in der gewünschten Position zuverlässig verriegeln lassen. Schliesslich sind die Krümmung und die exzentrische Lagerung der Arretierscheibe einerseits und die Krümmung des als T#T#lderlager dienenden Führungsteils andererseits so gewählt, dass bei jeder möglichen Zangeneinstellung die von der Zange auf den kindlichen Kopf einwirkende Anstellkraft stets annähernd gleich gross ist. Demzufolge bietet die erfindungsgemässe Geburtszange die Gewähr dafür, dass ihre beiden Zangenglieder während der Geburt, das heisst für die Dauer der Zugbeanspruchung der Zange, die zuvor herbeigeführte optimale Rela tivstellung gegenüber dem kindlichen Kopf beibehalten. Eine vorteilhafte Ausgestaltung der erfindungsgemässen Zange besteht darin, dass einerseits die Aussenflanke der am Mittelteil des einen Zan gengliedes angeordneten Seitenwand und andererseits die Innenflanke des mit dieser Seitenwand in Anlage geratenden Führungsteils des anderen Zangengliedes jeweils mit einer Reibfläche, beispielsweise in Form einer Zahnung, versehen sind. Dadurch wird die von der druckbeaufschlagten Arretierscheibe auf die beiden Zangenglieder ohnehin ausgeübte Reibkraft zusätzlich erhöht. Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels des näheren erläutert. In der Zeichnung zeigen: Fig. 1 eine erfindungsgemässe Geburtszange in grösster Öffnungsstel lung in Draufsicht und Fig. 2 denselben Gegenstand im Schnitt nach der Linie AIA der Fig. 1 in vergrösserter Darstellung. Die erfindungsgemässe Geburtszange besteht aus zwei gleich langen Zangengliedern 1 und 14, die sich im wesentlichen durch unterschiedlich ausgebildete Mittelteile 3 und 16 voneinander unterscheiden, in Grösse und Form ihrer Griffe 2 und 15 und Löffel 13 und 21 jedoch übereinstimmen, Das Zangenglied 1 besitzt an seiner als Gleitfläche für das Zangenglied 14 dienenden Seite 4 des Mittel teils 3 zwei senkrecht angeordnete Führungsteile 5 und 7, Das Führungsteil 5 ist an seiner konvex gekrümmten Innenflanke 6 mit einer Reibfläche, beispielsweise in Form einer Zahnung, versehen. In dem Führungsteil 7 ist ein Bolzen 8 drehbar gelagert, an dessen einem freien Ende eine mit einer Handhabe 10 versehene Arretierscheibe 9 und an dessen anderem freien Ende eine Scheibe 11 befestigt ist. Zwischen die Scheibe 11 und den Mittelteil 3 ist eine Druckfeder 12 geschaltet, mittels welcher die Arretierscheibe 9 gegen den Füh rungsteil 7 gezogen wird, Der Mittelteil 16 des Zangengliedes 14 weist aussenseitig eine Seiten- wand 19 auf, die über die angrenzende Klemmfläche 17 hinausragt und mit dieser eine zur Zangengliedinnenseite offene Stufe bildet. Die Aussenflanke 20 der Seitenwand 19 besitzt eine Reibfläche, beispielsweise in Form einer Zahnung. Der Mittelteil 16 geht in seinem freien Längskantenbereich von der Klemmfläche 17 in eine Anlaufschräge 18 über, Bei Benutzung der Zange wird zuerst das mit der Arretiereinrichtung ausgestattete Zangenglied 1 und anschliessend das Zangenglied 14 löffelseitig an den Kopf des Kindes angelegt. Sodann wird das Zangenglied 14 in das Zangenglied 1 eingeftihrt, und zwar derart, dass der Mittelteil 16 zwischen die beiden Führungsteile 5 und 7 gelangt. Die lichte Weite a zwischen den Führungsteilen 5 und 7 ist grösser als die Breite b des Mittelteils 16. Beim Zusammenfügen spielt die gegenseitige Zuordnung der Zangenglieder 1 und 14 in Längsrichtung keine Rolle. Die beiden Zangenglieder 1 und 14 sind in jeder möglichen axialen Verschiebestellung mit Hilfe der Arretierscheibe 9 feststellbar, Zum Verriegeln der beiden Zangenglieder 1 und .14 wird die Arretierscheibe 9 mittels ihrer Handhabe 10 im Uhrzeigersinn be- wegt. Die federbeaufschlagte Arretierscheibe 9 läuft dabei mit ihrer Unterseite über die Anlaufschräge 18 auf die Klemmfläche 17 des Mittelteils 16 des Zangengliedes 14 auf und presst den Mittelteil 16 gegen den Mittelteil 3 des Zangengliedes 1. Die Arretierscheibe 9 wird so weit gedreht, bis sie mit ihrem gekrümmten Rand an die Seitenwand 19 stösst, die sich ihrerseits mit der Aussenflanke 20 an der Innenflanke 6 des Führungsteils 5 abstützt. Mittels der Arre tierscheibe 9 wird über die Mittelteile 3 und 16 und die Löffel 13 und 21 eine definierte Anstellkraft auf den Kopf des Kindes übertragen. Die in der beschriebenen Weise angelegte und arretierte Zange wird sodann auf Zug in Richtung des Pfeiles X beansprucht.;Patentansprüche: 1Divergenz Geburtszange, bestehend aus zwei lösbar miteinander verbundenen Zangengliedern, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedes der beiden Zangenglieder (1, 14) zwischen Griff (2, 15) und Löffel (13, 21) einen als Gleitschiene ausgebildeten Mittel teil (3, 16) aufweist, wobei diese beiden Mittelteile in gleitenden Eingriff miteinander bringbar sind und der Mittelteil (3) des einen Zangengliedes (1) zwei gleitflächenseitig angeordnete Führung teile (5,7) besitzt, zwischen welchen der Mittelteil (16) des ande ren Zangengliedes (14) verschiebbar geführt ist, und wobei an dem einen Führungsteil (7) im Abstand zur Gleitfläche (4) sowie parallel zu dieser eine Arretierscheibe (9) drehbar gelagert ist, mittels welcher die Mittelteile (3, 16) der beiden Zangenglieder (1,14) 14)festklemmbar sind. 2, Divergenz-Geburtszange nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die lichte Wefte (a) zwischen den beiden Führungsteilen (5, 7) des einen Zangengliedes (1) grösser als die Breite (b) des Mittel teils (16) des anderen Zangengliedes (14) ist. 3. Divergenz#Geburtszange nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Arretierscheibe (9) als Kurvenscheibe ausgebildet ist. 4. Divergenz#Geburtszange nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Arretierscheibe (9) eine Feder (12) zugeordnet ist, welche auf die Arretierscheibe (9) einen gegen die Gleitfläche (4) des Mit telteils (3) gerichteten Druck ausübt. 5. Divergenz-Geburtszange nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Innenflanke (6) des einen Führungsteils (5) kurvenförmig verläuft. 6. Divergenz-Geburtszange nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Innenflanke (6) des einen Führungsteils (5) als Reibfläche, beispielsweise in Form einer Zahnung, ausgebildet ist. 7. Divergenz-Geburtszange nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Mittelteil (16) des einen Zangengliedes (14) eine zur Klemmt Klemmfläche (17) senkrecht verlaufende Seitenwand (19)besitzt, die nach erfolgtem Zusammenfügen der beiden Zangenglieder (1, 14) an dem einen Führungsteil (5) des anderen Zangenglie# des (1) anliegt. 8. Divergenz#Gebunszange nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Seitenwand (19) über die Klemmfläche (17' des Mittel teils (16) hinausragt, wodurch eine Stufe für den Eingriff der Arretierscheibe (9) des anderen Zangengliedes (1) gebildet ist. 9. Divergenz-Geburtszange nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Aussenflanke (20) der Seitenwand (19) als Reibfläche, bei spielsweise in Form einer Zahnung, ausgebildet ist. 10. Divergenz#Geburtszange nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Mittelteil (16) des einen Zangengliedes (14) in seinem freien Längskantenbereich von der Klemmfläche (17) in eine Anlaufschräge (18) übergeht.;QUASTHOFF, HANS, DR., WEYER, KLAUS;WEYER, KLAUS;1978
+EP-0010117-B1;19840815.0;19781025;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186010.0;G05D16;G05D16, F16K17;G05D16, F16K17;G05D  16/16, G05D  16/10, F16K  17/10;IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE SYSTEMS;A pilot operated relief valve has a main relief valve (10) and a pilot relief valve (31) connected between a control chamber (23) and drain. A restriction (16) connects the control chamber (23) to the inlet chamber (22) which is separated from the control chamber by a piston (24) integral with the main relief valve closure member (12). Thus opening of the pilot relief valve against the adjustable force of a spring (14) determines the maximum pressure in the inlet chamber (22). The control chamber (23) can also be connected to drain (70) by a pilot valve (19) which is operated by a force motor (52) against pressure in a feedback chamber (56) connected to the inlet passage (22). The energisation of the force motor (52) can be adjusted to adjust the relief pressure to a value below that at which the pilot relief valve (31) opens. Alternatively the pressure in the feedback chamber (56) can depend on the pressure at least one side of a load fed via a directional valve from the inlet passage (22).;"DESCRIPTION ""IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES"". The present invention relates to relief valves for fluids and more particularly to a pilot operated relief valve having a fluid-pressure operated main relief valve and a pilot valve for controlling the fluid pressure for operating the main relief valve Commonly, a piston integrally formed with the main relief valve closure member is subjected on one side to the pressure in the inlet chamber (i.e. to the pressure to be relieved or controlled) and on the other side to the pressure in a control chamber. The inlet chamber is connected to the control chamber via a restriction and the control chamber is connectible to drain via a pilot relief valve When the desired pressure in the inlet chamber is reached, the pilot relief valve opens and the resulting fluid flow through the restriction creates a pressure drop across the piston, whereby the main relief valve is opened to connect the inlet chamber to the outlet chamber which is normally connected to drain. In the pilot operated relief valve described in British Patent No. 1 109 261, the pilot relief valve is opened by the pressure in the control chamber acting against a spring and against the pressure in a back pressure chamber (the outlet chamber of the pilot relief valve). The spring force may be manually adjustable but to provide for the possibilfty cf remote control, a bleed path extends from a fluid supply, e.g. the source of the pressure to be relieved or controlled, to drain and comprises a second restriction and a servo valve operated by an electrical torque motor The junction of the second restriction and the servo valve is connected to the back pressure chanber so that the second restriction lies in parallel with the pilot relief valve. When the servo valve is opened by the application of an electrical signal to the torque motor, the pressure in- the back pressure chamber is reduced, whereby the opening pressure of the pilot relief valve, and thereby of the main relief valve is reduced. It is to be noted that, in the event of failure of the electrical circuitry, the - servo valve will remain closed so that the inlet pressure wili not be limited unless a separate safety relief valve is provided. An object of the invention is to provide a remotely controllable relief valve which opens at a relatively low or minimum pressure in the event of absence of a control ling electrical signal. According to the present invention, a pressure relief value comprises a Piston operated main relief valve, one side of the piston being exposed to the inlet pressure and the other side being exposed to a control chamber which is itself connected to the junction between a restriction leading frcm a pressure source, e.g. the source of the pressure to be controlled, and a pilot valve leading to drain and an electrical force motor for actuating the pilot valve against P fluid pressure produced force ions, in tiie absence of an electrical signal, the fluid pressure displaces the pilot valve to connect the control chamber to drain, whereby the main relief valve is immediately opened. In.some embodiments of the invention, the last mentioned fluid pressure is the inlet pressure to the relief valves. In another embodiment of the invention, the force motor acts against a pressure difference which is the pressure difference across a load being actuated from the source of the fluid pressure by means of a suitable control valve. ly this measure the supply pressure is lImited to a value not substantially in excess of that required to work against the load The invention is further described, by way of example, with reference to. the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a flow diagram of a remotely operable, pilot operated relief valve in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, Figs. 2 and 3 are similar flow diagrams of two further embodiments, hig, 4 is a flow diagram of a pilot operated relief valve whose opening pressure is adjustable in accordance with a load connected to the source of pressure fluid, and Fig. 5 is a similar flow diagram of another embodiment, similar to that of Fig. 4. P.eferrLng to Fig. 1, the pressure in a supply line 11, leading to a hydraulic load (not shown) is limited by a rilot operated relief valve having a main stage 10. The housing 20 of the main stage 10 contains a valve seat 29 with which a main relief valve closure member 12 co-operates. An operating piston 24 integrally formed with the closure member 12 is slidable in a cylinder bore 21 in the housing 20 and divides the latter into an inlet chamber 22 and a control chamber 23. An extension 12a on the closure member 12 is slidable in a reduced diameter bore in the housing 20 and is of the same diameter as the valve seat 29 so that opposite sides of the piston 24 are of equal effective area, opposite end faces of the closure member 12 being interconnected by a bore 18. The outlet chamber 25 of the main stage 10 is connected via a line 26 to drain. A restriction 16 in the piston 24 connects the control chamber 23 to the inlet chamber-22 so that, in the absence of any fluid flow out of the control chamber 23, the pressures on opposite sides of the piston 24 are equal and a spring 28 in the control chamber 23 holds the closure member 12 in its closed position illustrated. A control line 27 connects the control chamber 23 to a control port 47 of a pilot valve 19. The pilot valve 19 has a valve spool 40 which is provided with three lands 41,42 and 43 controlling fluid communication between ports 44,45 and 46 on the one hand and control ports 47 and 48 on the other hand. The port 45 is connected to drain via a line 59. Whilst the pilot valve lg iis shown as a five-port valve, only two of the ports are used. Thus the ports 44,46 and 48 are shown blanked- off although they may all three be connected to the control port 47. The pilot spool 40 can be displaced from its neutral position by means of a linear force motor -52 which is adapted to produce a force directly proportional to the electrical current fed thereto. The armature of the force motor is sported on diaphragms which act as centering springs for the pilot valve spool 40 The pilot valve 19 has annular feedback chambers 55 and 56 at the'sides of the lands 41 and 43 facing the respective ends of the spool 40. Chambers 57 and 58 at the ends of the spool 40 are connected to the drain line 59. A feedback line 71 connects the relief valve inlet chamber 22 (the pressure to be controlled) to the feedback chamber 56 and the feedback chamber 55 is connected by a line 70 to pilot drain. The pressure at which the relief valve opens is detemined by the current fed to the force motor 52, the latter being energised to urge the pilot spool 40 to the rights as shoni, from its neutral position. Thus the port 45 is closed off so that the pressure in the control chamber 23 follows the build-up of pressure in the inlet chamber 22 and the closure member 12 remains closed The pressure in the feedback chamber 56 also follows the build-up of inlet pressure and applies a feedback force to the spool 40 in opposition to the input force from the force motor 52. When the feedback force on the spool 40 exceeds the input force the spool is displaced to the left until the port 47 is connected to the port 45. This allows fluid to flow through the restriction 16, the line 27, the pilot valve 19 and the line 59 to drain. The resulting pressure drop in the restriction 16 is applied to the piston 24 to lift the closure member 12 from its seat 29 and so connect the inlet chamber 22 to drain. The pressure in the supply line 11 is thus limited to a value determined by the energization of the force motor 52 and this value can be adjusted remotely from the relief valve by adjustemnt of the energizing current. .Should no signal be applied to the force motor, e.g. because of an electrical fault, the inlet pressure immediately displaces the pilot spool 40 to the left to relieve the control chamber 23, whereby the inlet pressure acting on the piston 24 can open the main relief valve and prevent a build-up of pressure above a relatively low or residual valve. A conventional pilot relief valve 31 is also provided in the illustrated embodiments and comprises a closure member 13 which is urged against a valve seat 15 by a spring 14 disposed in a valve chamber 17. The valve seat 15 is connected to the line 27 and thereby to the control chamber 23 and the valve chamber 17 is connected to drain via the passage 18 which extends through the main closure member 12. The pilot relief valve 31 provides a marinum pressure override in that, when sufficient pressure is applied to the pilot closure menber 13 to overcome the force of the spring 14 the closure member 13 is lifted from its seat 15 to connect to drain whereby the main valve is opened. Ehe force of the spring 14 can be adjusted by means of a spring abutment screw 30. Since the pressure to be controlled acts against tne force of the force motor 52, the latter nas to be designed to produce a very large force unless the effective area of the land 43 1:3 made very small. One way of reducing this difficulty is to connect the line 70 to > source of fated or adjustable reference pressure instead of to drain; Thus the force of the force motor has only to be balanced by the force due to difference between the pressure to be controlled and the reference pressure. Another possibility is to make the left hand enci of the pilot spool 40a of the pilot valve l9a of slightly larger diameter than its right hand end and to connect the line 70 between the line 71 and the feeclbacir chamber 55, as shown in Fig.2. The effective area of the annu'ar feedback chamber 56 is thereby s1itly greater than that of the annular feedback chamber 55a. It is easier to achieve close manufacturing tolerances on the difference between the sizes of the feedback chambers 55 and 56 than on the actual size of its feedback chamber 56 if the latter were made very small. In Fig. 2, parts like those of Fig. 1 are denoted by like reference numerals. In operation, the force of the force motor 52 is balanced by the difference between the forces applied to the pilot spool 40a by the inlet pressure in the two feedback chambers 56 and 55a. Other wise the embodiment of Fig.2 operates in the same way as that cf Fig. 1. A further possibility is shov i Fig. 3 wherein parts like those of Fis. 1 and 2 are denoted by like reference numerals. In the Fig.3 enbodiment, the force due to the inlet pressure in the feedback chamber 56 and acting to the left on the pilot spool 40 of the pilot valve 19b is opposed by a spring 32 which is disposed in the chesoer 57 and which is adjustably supported by a screw 33. Thus t-he force motor 52 has only to act against the difference between' the control force due to the pressure in the chamber 55 and the force of the spring <RTI ID=7.14> 32 If the force motor 52 is made bi-directicnal, the range of adjustment of the inlet pressure at which the relief valve opens can be doubled for a given magnitude of the marimus control force and for a given setting of the screw 33. It should be mentioned that, with the embodiment of Fig. 3 and with the modification to the embodiment of Fig. 1 wherein a reference pressure is applied to the feedback chamber 55, the supply pressure will not fall below a value determined by the force of the spring 32 or the reference pressure in the event of absence of the electrical input signal. In the modification of the invention shown in Fig.4 the main relief valve 10, the pilot valve 19 and the pilot relief valve 31 are of the same construction as in the embodiment of Fig.1 and again like parts are denoted by like reference numerals. However, the control force of the force motor 52 is opposed not by a force dependent upon the inlet pressure in the supply line 11 but by the pressure drop across a hydraulic load 34 which is controlled by a main valve 35. Thus the supply line 11 leads to a supply port 36 of the main valve 35 which has 2 drain port 37 connected to drain. Two service ports 38 and 39 of the main valve 35 are connected by respective lines 49 and 50 to opposite sides of the load. 34. Feedback lines 51 and 52 are connected to respecQ3svt inlet ports 53 and 54 of a shuttle valve 60. Outlet ports 61 and 62 of the shuttle valve 60 are connected by the line 71 to the feedback chamber 56 and an outlet port 63 is connected by the line 70 to the feedback chamber 55. be lines 51 and 52 are also connected to operating chambers 64 and 65, respectively, of the shuttle valve 60 so that the spool 66 of the shuttle valve 60 is switched to the position in which the line 71 is always connected to that one of the two lines 49 and 50 which is at the higher pressure. The shuttle valve 60 therefore ensures that the pressure difference across the load 34 is always applied in the same direction to the pilot spool 40, irrespective of the direction of operation of the load 34. In the embodiment of Fig.4, the direction of movement of the load 34 depends upon the direction of operation of the main valve 35, which is a directional valve. The maximum pressure drop across the load is determined by the magnitude of the energizing current fed to the force motor 52 since this pressure drop is fed back to the pilot valve 19 which controls the opening pressure of the main relief valve 10 accordingly. The setting of the spring 14 by means of the spring abutment screw 30 determines the macimum supply pressure in the line 11. The means for operating the main valve 35 are not shown. Such means may comprise a lever or a pilot valve. Thus the main valve 35 can be directly manually operable or may be pilot operated as described in 3ritish Patent Specification No. 1 406 326. The embodiment of Fig. 5 is very sinilar to that of Fig. 4 and again like parts are denoted by like reference nunerals. In Fig. 5, the shuttle valve 60 Ot Fig. 4 is replaced by a simple two-way non-return or shuttle valve 66 whose inlet ports 53 and 54 are connects by the lines 51 and 52 to be load lines 49.and 50 and whose nedial outlet port 63 is connected by the line 70 to the control chamber 55. The control chamber 56 is connected by the line 70 to the inlet chamber 22 as in the embodiment of Fig. 1. Thus the pilot-operated relief valve of Fig. 5 has a variable pressure-match circuit in which the difference between the supply pressure and the higher of the two load pressures is fed back and balanced by the force produced the force motor 52. In the embodiment of Fig.5, the relief valve main stage 10 is operated to maintain the pressure drop across the main valve 55 at a predetermined value, irrespective of load variations. This pressure drop is determined by the input current to the force motor 52 and the input current can be programmed -to ;cOflfQrm to the flow-pressure characteristics of the main valve 35. Normally it is deslrable for the pump tQ be unloaded when the actuator 34 is at rest and this can be accomp- lished by applying a negative signal to the farce motor 52a In each of the illustrated embodiments, there is a closed pressure' feedback loop--comprising at least the feedback line 71 leading to the feedback chamber 56. It is preferred to use the like port pilot valve 19 rather than a simple two port, valve since the pilot valve constructed and manufactured for use in the control device described in British Patent No. 1 406 326 can then also be used as the pilot valve the relief valve of the present invention.";CLAIMS 1. A pressure relief valve comprising a pistonoperated main relief valve, one side of whose piston is exposed to the inlet pressure to be relieved, the other side of which piston is exposed to a control chamber which is connectible via a, pilot relief valve to drain,, a control-pressure for controlling the pilot relief valve being obtained from the junction between a restriction leading from a pressure source, e.g, the source of the pressure to be controlled, and an electrically operated pilot valve leading to drain, characterised in that the control pressure is applied to the inlet side of the pilot relief valve (31). 2. A relief valve according to claim 1, characterised in that the force motor (52) of the electrically operated pilot salve (19) determining the control pressure, acts against a force produced by the inlet pressure applied from the supply line (11) via a branch line (71) to the feedback chamber (56) (Figs. 1 to 3 and 5). 3. A relief valve according to claim 2, characterised in that the force motor (52) acts against the net force produced by the inlet pressure applied via the branch lice (71) to opposed differential area feedback chambers (55a and 56). (Fig.2). 4. A relief valve according to claim 2 characterised in that the force motor (52) is assisted by a spring (32). (Fig.3). 5. h relief valve according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the force motor (52) of the electrically operated pilot valve (19) determining the control pressure, acts against a force produced by the pressure at at least one side of a load (34) being actuated from the supply line (11). (Figs. 4 and 5). 6. A relief valve according to claims 1 and 5 characterised in that the force motor (52) acts against a force dependent on the pressure difference between the load lines (49 and 50) connected to opposite sides of the load (34) and applied via lines (51, 52, 70, 71) to feedback chambers (55 and 56). (Fig.4.) 7. A relief valve according to claims 2 and 5 characterised in that the force motor (52) acts against a force dependent on the difference between the inlet pressure and the pressure at one side of the load (34) and applied via lines (51, 52, 70 and 71) to feedback chambers (55 and 56). (Fig. 5). 8. A relief valve according to claim 6 or 7 characterised in that a shuttle valve -(60 or 66) is interposed between the lines (51,52) and at least the line (70) to the pilot valve feedback chamber (55). 9. A relief valve according to claim 2, in which the force of the force motor (52) is assisted by a reference pressure applied to a second feedback chamber (55). -10. A relief valve according to any preceding claim, characterised in that the pilot valve (19) is construcved as a five-port valve of which only two ports (45 and 47) are used.;WALTERS, RONALD BERNARD;SPERRY CORPORATION;1978
+EP-0011063-B1;19830720.0;19781111;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185939.0;H04Q7;H02J9, G05F3, H04Q1;H04M1;H04M   1/73;PORTABLE RADIOTELEPHONE SYSTEM;A portable telephone system which utilizes both a VOX and a duplexer network wherein the necessity for the trans­ mission of a continuous signal and continuous receiver scan­ ning is eliminated, thereby conserving power, and wherein the ringing signal is generated locally by the individual sub­ scriber units to prevent contact with the base station until full two-way communication is established, thereby preventing possible interference with other parties already on the line.;"Portable telephone system This invention relates to a portable telephone system, and it particularly relates to a portable telephone system wherein the operation of the system is totally automatic, permitting its use in the same manner as an ordinary land line phone. A number of telephone systems have heretofore been designed which are characterized by the fact that the subscriber units are not normally tied to a fixed location. Generally, such units have been mounted on moving vehicles such as automobiles, boats, airplanes, or the like. It has recently been recognized that the provision of such a portable unit which is capable of being carried on the person would be highly advantageous, but such types of systems have been usually effective only for communications through a telephone operator at a base station or, even when of the socalled ""automatic"" type, have been subject to undue control by the base station as to periods of use, relying on the base station to set up the channels of communication before the subscriber unit can begin its communication. Furthermore, the prior systems generally use a maximum signal system with a special audio tone, whereby they operate on specific exclusive frequencies which severely limits the lines open to the subscriber, in contrast to the utilization of a minimum signal system, operating on shared frequencies, which permits a much wider selection of lines open to the subscriber. In other words, in these prior systems, the subscriber unit must search for a specific channel with a tone thereon, whereas a better system utilizes any channel that is open. Other prior systems utilize pulses for designating subscriber units rather than tones. In addition, although some prior systems utilize a VOX system and some utilize a duplex system, none appear to utilize the combination of both a VOX and duplexer system. The VOX system is important in portable systems because, if the transmitter is only on when audio is being fed into the audio input, battery power is greatly conserved and, since the portable unit utilizes a battery, it requires less battery changing when power is conserved. The duplexer system is also important since it permits simultaneous transmission and reception in the same manner as an ordinary telephone. Many prior systems also utilize a subaudible tone that is transmitted by the subscriber unit continuously, whereby the base station only determines when the subscriber unit is finished with the conversation when the tone disappears. A more efficient system is one utilizing a tone burst at the beginning and another tone burst at the end of the.con- versation, thereby eliminating the necessity for a continuous signal. This permits use of the above-mentioned VOX since the VOX cannot be used where it is necessary to keep the transmitter on all the time in order to transmit the constant tone. Many prior systems also require constant receiver scanning. This requires a large power expenditure. If the system is adapted to use interrupted receiver scanning wherein the receiver is only on for a portion of time, the saving in battery power is very significant. Prior systems, in general, require that the ringing signal be controlled by the base station. Since different frequencies are used for different subscriber units, the ringing signal is somewhat different in each instance. If the ringing signal is generated locally on the subscriber unit, the same ringing signal can be generated for each unit regardless of the difference in frequencies. Furthermore, when the ringing signal, busy signal, or other signal, is generated locally, there is only intermittant contact with the base station until such time as there is a full two-way completed cycle of acknowledgement that the base station and subscriber unit are in communication with each other (handshake). This minimizes any possible interference by the ringing signals, busy signals, or the like with other parties already on the line, or any inadvertent breaking in on other parties. It is, therefore, one object of the present invention to overcome the above deficiencies of the prior art by providing a portable telephone system of the ""automatic"" type which is used in the same manner as a standard ""fixed"" type of system whereby the subscriber can place a call by merely removing the handset from the hook and dialing the number, and can receive a call by merely lifting the handset off the hook after receiving a ringing or other similar signal. Another object of the present invention is to provide a portable system of the aforesaid type wherein the subscriber is not limited to any particular channel or frequency but can use any channel that is not already in use by another subscriber. Another object of the present invention is to provide a portable system of the aforesaid type which conserves power both for transmission and reception and, thereby, significantly prolongs the life of a battery unit. Other objects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: Fig. 1 is a block diagram of the audio and super visory logic system utilized in the present invention. Figs. 2E and 2B constitute a single schematic view of the actual logic used in the diagram of Fig. 1, wherein Fig. 2A is the upper portion and Fig. 2B is the lower portion of the circuitry. Figs. 3A and 3B constitute the upper and lower portions respectively, of the clock system and its associated parts, as shown in schematic view. Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the handset cir cuitry embodying the present invention. Fig. 5 is a block diagrammatic view of a base station embodying the present invention. Fig. 6 is a schematic view of the system for each channel of the base station. Fig. 7 is a schematic view of the base station supervisory logic used in the present invention. Fig. 8 is a block diagrammatic view of a sub scriber phone unit embodying the present invention. Fig. 9 is a schematic view of an input filter portion of the handset. Figs 10 is a schematic view of a VOX preamplifier detector and shaping circuitry embodying the present invention. Fig. 11 is a schematic view of a crystal circuitry embodying the present invention. rig. 12 is a schematic view of an internal battery circuit utilized in the present invention. Referring now to Fig. 1, showing the logic in generally block diagram form, there is shown an 8-second monostable 10 and a 4-second monostable 12, each of which will be described in greater detail hereinafter. Both monostables are connected through respective lines 14 and 16 to a NOR gate 18, the monostable 12 also being connected through line 20 to an OR gate 22, while the monostable 10 is connected through line 24 to an OR gate 26. The output of NOR gate 18 determines whether scanning occurs by enabling or disabling (turning on or off) the counter 28. The output of OR gate 22 provides power to the receiver so that if the output of this gate is negative, the receiver is made inoperative, while if it is positive, the receiver is made operative. While the power is on, the counter 28 turns the receiver on for one second out of each four seconds but is overriden by the monostable 12, so that the receiver stays on continuously for a full four seconds if the monostable 12 is in its ""on"" stable state. Otherwise, it is on only for one second out of four. This conserves power because the receiver requires only one-fourth the power it would require if it were on all the time. The lines 30, 34, and 36 go to the receiver and to the transmitter and act to select the frequencies to which the receiver and transmitter are tuned. In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 there are four channels, each channel consisting of two frequencies. The subscriber phone transmits on one frequency while the base station transmits on the other frequency of each channel. The four channels are spaced 25 kflz apart, while the difference in the frequencies between the transmitter and receiver is 5 MHz. In this manner, at the end of three seconds of silence, the receiver is turned on and is tuned to each channel for 1/8 second twice around. Additionally, another output is taken from the receiver, this output being shown at 38, and this output, which is taken from a phase locked loop in the receiver, is applied to a carrier detector 40 for the purpose of detecting whether a carrier is present. The carrier detector 40 provides an output indicated as RF. If a carrier is present, line RF is negative, while if a carrier is absent, line RF is positive. Counter 28 also generates a strobe pulse while it is counting. This strobe pulse is indicated at 42, and occurs during the last 1/4 of each period during which the receiver is tuned to a particular frequency. The strobe pulse is applied to an AND gate 44, to which the RF signal from the detector 40 is applied, and since the strobe pulse occurs only during the last 1/4 of each period, it permits the receiver to settle for about 1/10 second before the signal RF is examined by gate 44. The hook switch 45 provides a signal that is actuated by removing or replacing the handset, as indicated at HS. The resistor 47 acts as pullup resistor to make line HS positive when switch 45 is open. If the handset is taken off-hook, HS becomes negative, while when it is replaced on-hook, HS becomes positive. When the handset is taken off-hook and HS becomes negative, counter 28 continues to scan until, during a strobe pulse, RF is found to be positive, indicating absence of a carrier. At this time, the output of gate 44 becomes positive, which makes the output of OF gate 26 positive. Since HS is negative, the output of AND gate 46, to which both the output of gate 26 and HS are applied, becomes positive. This sets flip-flop 48 since HS, as applied thereto, is now negative, which causes the scan control line on the output of NOR gate 18 to become nega -ve, thereby disabling counter 28 so that scanning stops and the receiver continues to be tuned to the frequency which had no carrier present. If a carrier should subsequently appear, since flip-flop 48 has been set, counter 28 is not affected. Furthermore, when HS became negative, it caused the output of OR gate 22 to remain positive, thereby applying power continuously to the receiver as long as the handset is off-hook. In this manner, the function of finding a free channel and seizing it upon removal of the handset is accomplished. Replacing the handset on-hook resets flip-flop 48 so that scanning may again be begun. However, replacing the handset on-hook causes HS to become positive, thereby triggering the four-second monostable 12. This prevents resumption of scanning for a period of 4 seconds and continues to hold the receiver on via OR gate 22 for the same 4 seconds.- The output of monostable 12 that is indicated as DISC is positive for the first 2 seconds of the 4-second period, while the output indicated as VR is positive for the second 2 seconds. In this manner, when the handset is replaced, the positive DISC enables the tone generator designated 50 which transmits tones over the transmitter for the first 2 seconds, while during the next 2 seconds, line VR, being positive, operates a relay 52 which connects the output of the receiver audio to the input of the transmitter audio. At the conclusion of the 4 seconds, the circuits are all returned to the initial state prior to taking the handset off-hook. A tone detector 54 is connected to the receiver, whereby, if the base station transmits certain tones on a particular channel while the receiver is turned on and tuned to that channel, such tones are detected by the tone detector 54, the output DT thereof thereby becoming positive. This triggers the 8-second monostable 10 which, thereupon, makes the scan control output on NOR gate 18 negative, whereby scanning is terminated for the duration of the eight seconds. If, during this eight-second period, the base station should transmit tones, the receiver will remain tuned to the same channel until eight seconds after the base station stops repeating the transmission of the tones. If, at any time, the scan button switch 56, which is connected to a pulldown resistor 57, is pressed, a 30-second monostable 58 is activated. This operates a relay 60 interposed in the line connecting four light-emitting diodes 62, 64, 66 and 68 to crystal switches, such as indicated at 70, whereby the diodes serve to indicate the present conditions of circuits connected to the crystal switches. The pulldown resistor 57 makes the lower terminal of scan switch 56 negative when the switch is in an open condition. The present system includes a clock system consisting of an oscillator 72 and counters 74, 76, and 77, the latter also being a divide-by-three circuit. These are used to provide various frequencies to the system. For example, the oscillator shown at 72 may be a 1 MHz crystal oscillator which is counted down by powers of 2 to provide the respective frequencies of 3906 Hz, 488 Hz, 61 Hz, 4 Hz and 1 Hz. In addition, the frequency of 3906 Hz is divided by 3 by the divide-by-three circuit 77 and is then counted down by powers of 2 to provide 651 Hz and 20 Hz. The following Table l-shows the operation of the countdown system: TABLE 1 COUNT FREQUENCY PERIOD 20 1,000 kHz 1 uS 21 500 "" 22 22 250 "" 4 125 "" 8 62.5 "" 16 31.25"" 32 26 16 "" 64 7,812 Hz 128 2 3,906 "" 256 1,953 "" 512 210 977 "" 1,024 "" 211 488 "" 2,048 "" 212 244 "" 4,096 "" 213 122 "" 8,192 "" 214 61 "" 16 mS 215 30.5 "" 33 "" 216 15.25 "" 66 "" 217 8 "" 131 "" 218 4 "" 262 "" 219 2 "" 524 "" 220 0.95 "" 1.05 S 221 0.48 "" 2.1 "" 222 0.24 "" 4.2 223 0.12 "" 8.4 224 0.06 17 225 0.03 "" 34 226 0.015 "" 67 28/3 1,302 "" 768 uS 651 "" 1.5 mS 210/3 326 "" 3.1 211/3 163 "" 6.1"" 212/3 81 "" 12 "" 213/3 41 "" 25 "" 214/3 20 "" 49 "" The 61 Hz frequency is used for counting by the counter 28, while the other frequencies are used for annunciation. Whenever, the scan control line, SC, leading from NOR gate 18, is positive, indicating that scanning is taking place, and while the hook switch line HS is negative, indicating that the handset has been removed and the scanning system is searching for a free channel, AND gate 78 passes 1 Hz through OR gate 80 to modulate 488 Hz and 651 Hz frequencies vi AND gate 82. The output of gate 82, indicated as MT, is applied through a resistor 83 to line C of the handset earphone, hereinafter described, to provide a busy signal annunication. A resistor 85 is provided between audio and C. The 488 Hz and the 651 Hz frequencies, which are derived from the 1 MHz oscillator 72, provide a close approximation of the 480 Hz and 620 Hz frequencies which are normally used as the components of ""busy"" and 11reorder11 tones. In this manner, a busy signal is heard until a free channel is found and seized, at which time, the busy signal is discontinued because the scan control line SC becomes negative, thereby disabling gate 78. The resistors 83 and 85 are mixing resistors to prevent MT and audio from loading each other down. In this manner, the audio line may be used for operating other things, such as the tone generator 54. The conjunction between the subscriber phone and the base station is provided in the following manner: If the handset is off-hook, making HS negative, and a free channel has been found and seized; as indicated by SC being negative, the output of AND gate 84 becomes positive. The output of gate 84 is differentiated at 86 to produce a short pulse that sets flip-flop 88 and also produces a pulse to activate a 1/2-second, non-resettable monostable 90. The output of this monostable 90 makes line ID positive and this positive signal is applied to a tone generator 92, which, thereupon sends a set of tones to the transmitter. The transmitter then sends these tones to the .)ase station. If identified appropriately at te base station, these tones are retrans mitted by the base station back to the subscriber phone, the tones being received by the subscriber phone receiver and detected by the subscriber phone tone detector 54, which, thereupon, sends a positive signal, indicated at DT. If line DT becomes positive while the output of the 1/2-second monostable 90 is positive, this sets flip-flop 96, making A positive. Line A provides power to the handset, thereby activating it. The resistors 89, 91, 93 and 95 in the transmitter audio circuit are combining resistors to insure that the various components do not load each other down. The short pulse emanating from differentiator 86 sets flipflop 88, making line RR positive. This signal RR is applied to AND gate 98, together with the 4 Hz frequency, to provide an output which is applied to OR gate 80 to modulate the 488 Hz and 651 Hz frequencies on the input of AND gate 82. In this manner, a reorder tone, which is the same as the busy tone, but four times faster, is passed to the earphone. If the appropriate tones are received from the base station, making the output of AND gate 94 positive, then the output of OR gate 100, connected to gate 94 becomes positive, thereby resetting flip-flop 88 so that the reorder tone is never actually heard. However, if the base station does not return the appropriate tones, flip-flop 88 will not be reset and a reorder tone will be heard in the earphone, thereby indicating that the base station did not complete the connection with the subscriber phone. There would also be no connection if the subscriber phone was out of range of the base station since, in that event, the base station would not receive any tones to retransmit. Replacing the handset on-hook resets the flip-flop 96, thereby disabling the handset, and, via OR gate 100, resets flip-flop 88, if not already reset, thereby terminating the reorder tone to prevent its continuation after hang-up. A 2-second pulse from the monostable 12 is passed through line DISC to the tone generator 50 in the audio transmitter circuit, which generates tones for transmission to the base station when the handset is hung up. As an optional feature, a ""confirm"" button switch, such as shown at 102, and a line 104 leading into AND gate 84 may be provided. This ""confirm"" switch may optionally be included to satisfy present FCC regulations that require that activation of the base station must be controlled manually. This regulation is satisfied by manual operation of the ""confirm"" switch button after a free channel has been found and seized. The handset, indicated generally at 106, includes four wires connecting the belt unit to the handset. Line B is the return for all other lines. Line C, as previously described, transmits annunciator signals as well as the receiver audio to the earphone 108. A tone pad 110 and a microphone 112 are combined and amplified by a preamplifier circuit, generally designated 114, which has an output D applied to the input of the transmitter. The preamplifier receives its power from line A, which is the output of flip-flop 96, whereby the tone pad and the microphone are effective only if power is provided to line A. Combining resistors 111 and 113 are provided between pad 110 and microphone 112 to prevent them from loading each other down. If a call comes into the base station while the handset is on-hook, the base station transmits the tones associated with this particular subscriber phone. These tones are detected by tone detector 54, making line DT positive. This activates AND gate 116 which permits appropriate frequencies, rezesenting a ringing signal, to be passed by AND gate 83, to a loudspeaker 120. Additionally, the 8-second resettable monostable 10 is triggered, which thereby stops the scanning so that the system remains tuned to the same frequency The signal from the base station is normally repeated every six seconds so that the subscriber phone remains stopped on the same frequency. If the call is then answered by removing the handset, line HS becomes negative. Since the 8-second monostable 10 is positive, the output of OR gate is positive, so that the output of AND gate 46 immediately becomes positive. This sets flip-flop 48, which holds the subscriber phone on the same frequency until the handset is placed on-hook, thereby setting the connection. If the ""confirm"" switch is incorporated in the system, this switch must be closed before the connection is established. Briefly recapitulating the operation of the device, the normal monitoring condition is such that all the monostables are reset and, therefore, have negative outputs. In this condition, the scanning control line, leading from NOR gate 18, is positive and scanning takes place, the receiver being powered for one second out of each four seconds. This scanning may be observed, at will, for a period of 30 seconds each time the SCAN button 56 is pressed. If it is desired to place a call, the handset is removed, making Ws negative, whereby a busy signal is transmitted to the earphone via gates 78, 80 and 82 via lines MT and C. In addition, scanning continues, with line RF being strobed via gates 4 and 26, the output of which, since line HS is negative, can be transmitted through gate 46 to set flipflop 48 when a free channel is found, thereby stopping the scanning and stopping the busy signal. In the absence of the ""confirm switch"" the gate 84 then becomes positive, whereas when the ""confirm"" switch is in the system, the' closing thereof causes the gate 84 to become positive. This starts the 1/2-second monostable 0 to transmit identification tones, which, when retransmitted by the base station within the 1/2-second period, are combined by gate 94 to set flip-flop 96, thereby activating the handset microphone and tone pad 110. In addition, the base station connects its transmitter and receiver to a phone line so that a dial tone is heard and dialing may then take place from the tone pad. If, for any reason, the base station does not return the proper tone, flip-flop 88 which had also been set by gate 84 becoming positive, is not reset, so that a reorder tone is heard. If either the conversation is terminated and it is desired to dial a different number, or a reorder tone is heard, the handset may then be placed on-hook, thereby making line HS positive. This resets all of the flip-flops and activates the 4-second monostable, which prevents scanning for an additional 4 seconds, continues to keep the receiver turned on for the additional 4 seconds, and transmits a disconnect tone for 2 seconds to indicate to the base station that it should disconnect the phone line. In addition, the base station transmits a voice identification for the next 2 seconds which is relayed by the subscriber phone to the base station because line VR from monostable 12 operates the relay 52 to connect the audio output of the receiver to the audio input of the transmitter. The term ""monostable"" is applied here to three different types of systems: (a) the straight or non-resettable monostable consisting of a trigger source, a flip-flop, a counter and a frequency source, (b) a resettable monostable consisting of a trigger source, a flip-flop, a gate, a counter and frequency source, and (c) what may be referred to as an alternating or delay type non-resettable monostable which consists of a source of levels, a flip-flop, an exclusive NOR gate, a counter and a frequency source. The non-resettable monostable has a period that is independent of the number of times the monostable is activated by an input signal. Therefore, its period begins with the beginning of the first activating signal and continues for the redetermined time to conclusion. The resettable monosWable operates in a manner similar to the non-resetable monostable except that it enters its unstable state at the beginnln r of th ; first input pulse and continues until its period, starting with the trailing edge of the last input pulse, concludes. The alternating non-resettable monostable, by utilizing the delay, protects against switch bounce or other large noise on the input trigger line. The actual logic used in the above-described system is illustrated in Figs. 2A and 2B and 3A and 3B. The 8-second monostable, shown at 10 in Fig. 1, comprises NOR gates 130, 132, and 134 plus counter 138 shown in Fig. 2A. The 4-second monostable shown at 12 in Fig. 1, comprises NOR gate 140, NOR gate 142, exclusive NOR gate 144, counter 148, NOR gate 152 and NAND gate 154. Gates 140 and 142 constitutes a flip-flop. In operation, when line HS becomes negative, the input line 156 to gate 144 becomes positive. Since the input line 158 is also positive, the input line 160 of the counter 148 becomes positive, thereby enabling the counter 148 to count 30-Hz pulses from the clock system until such time as the 28 power output of the counter, shown at 162, becomes different from the input line 156 of gate 144, at which time the counter is again disabled. Since during that period the output 162 of counter 148 is positive, no output is produced via gate 152 to line VR. Similarly, since the output of gate 142 is negative, the output of gate 154 remains positive. If the hook switch should bounce, the 4-second period merely takes a little longer. When the handset is placed on-hook, making line HS positive, the inputs of the exclusive NOR gate again become the same, thereby enabling the counter, which then continues to count until the inputs differ from each other. However, this time, the dutput 162 of the counter is negative so that when output from the counter, indicated at 164, becomes positive, gate 152 is activated to operate the voice relay hereinafter described. In addition, since the output of gate 142 is now positive, gates 154 becomes negative when the output 164 of the counter is negative, so that line DISC becomes negative for the purpose of transmitting tones. A NOR gate 166, which corresponds to gate 18 of Fig. 1, is connected to the counter 168, corresponding to the counter 28 of Fig. 1, to prevent scanning thereby. At the same time, the output of gate 142 is transmitted to a transistor 200 via a diode OR gate consisting of diodes 172 and 174 and resistors 176 and 178, whereby negative power is supplied by the collector of transistor 200 to the receiver. The output of the diode OR gate is also connected to a gate 202, acting as an inverter, the output of which is connected via resistor 171 to the base of a transistor 170, the collector of which supplies positive power to the receiver. The output of inverter 202 is also connected so as to enable a decoder 210. NOR gate 180 and NOR gate 182 perform the functions of gates 26 and 40 of Fig. 1, while NOR gates 184 and 186 represent the flip-flop 48 of Fig. 1. A separate strobe line is not actually used in this system. 6 Instead, the 22, 23 and 2 outputs of counter 168, which are respectively indicated at 188, 190 and 192, are combined directly with line RF and AND gate 194 to perform the function of the strobe and of the gate. 44 shown in Fig. 1. A NAND gate 196 combines the two outputs, indicated at and 28 in counter 168, to produce an output from the gate one-fourth of the time, thereby providing the 25% scanning ratio. In addition, NAND gate 198 plus the diode OR gate 172-174 perform the function of gate 22 of Fig. 1, which activates the transistor 200 to provide negative power to the receiver. The output of the diode gate is, furthermore, inverted by NAND gate 202, operating solely as an inverter, to tn on the transistor 170, whereby positive power is supplied to the receiver. The counter 168 counts in binary, and the 24 and 25 outputs thereof, respectively designated 206 and 208, are decoded by the decoder 210 to provide the scanning functions of the crystal switches hereinafter described. If decoder 210 were to remain enabled, the crystal switches would be scanned as a continuous function; therefore, unlike the simplified showing Fig. 1, when the handset is taken off-hook, the hook switch being indicated at 212, making HS negative, the decoder 210 is enabled on a continuous basis, whereby a free channel can be found immediately rather than after a wait of 3 seconds. Decoder 214, having current limiting resistors 215 connected to respective light-emitting diodes 217, is connected to counter 168 in parallel with decoder 210; however, decoder 214 is enabled by a monostable consisting of NOR gates 216 and 218, acting as a flip-flop, plus counter 220, so that when the scan button, shown at 222, is pressed, the flipflop 216,218 and counter 220 are enabled. The resistor 223 is a pulldown resistor. This operates a set of LED's in synchronism with the crystal switches until the counter 220 counts 61 Hz divided by 211, at which time, the flip-flop is reset. The line here is connected to the 212 output, but because the flip-flop is reset when the line goes positive, which occurs halfway through the 212 cycle, the division is only by the 211 count rather than by the 212 count. If it is desired to scan only two channels instead of four, as disclosed, the connections to decoder 210 may be modified by reconnecting the pin connecting line 208 to the positive supply permanently. It is to be noted that the 30-second monostable, shown at 58 in Fig. 1, which, as described above, consists of NOR gates 216 and 218 plus counter 220, could be equally effective if it were made a resettable monostable; however, by making it a non-resettable monostable, it requires less gates. AND gate 224, OR gate 226 and AND gate 228 correspond to the respective gates 78, 80 and 82 of Fig. 1, and are used to provide a busy signal in the manner previously described. AND gates 230 and 232 correspond to gates 116 and 83 of Fig. 1 to provide a ringing signal to loudspeaker 120, as previously described. The resistor 233 is a current-limiting or gain or loudness-adjust resistor. NOR gate 234, followed by the differentiator consisting of capacitor 236, resistor 238 and resistor 240, correspond to the gate 84 and differentiator 86 of Fig. 1. The combination of flip-flop 88 and gate 100 of Fig. 1 corresponds to the NOR gate 242 and NOR gate 244. The AND gate 246, in combination with OR gate 226 and AND gate 228, correspond to the combination of gates 98, 80 and 82 of Fig. 1 to provide a reorder tone, previously described. The 1/2-second non-resettable monostable 90 of Fig. 1 comprises a flip-flop consisting of NOR gates 248 and 250 plus counter 252. When triggered, the output of gate 248 makes line ID positive to generate tones, as hereinafter described. In addition, line DT is inverted by NOR gate 130 to become line DT, which is then combined with the output of gate 250 by NOR gate 254 to perform the operation of gate 94 of Fig. 1 whereby it sets the flip-flop 96. The flip-flop 96 comprises NOR gates 256 and 258 in Fig. 2. The output of gate 258 is passed by NOR gate 260 via diode 262 to line A when no identification is being transmitted, which occurs when line ID is negative. In this manner, unlike the simplified showing in Fig. 1, the handset is not activated until the transmission of the identification tones is complete. As shown in Figs. 2 and 3A, the clock system comprises an oscillator with an amplifier section consisting of an integrated circuit 264, to which is connected an exclusive OR gate 263, acting as an inverter, and diodes 265 which serve to deouple the various inputs, plus a 1 MHz crystal 266 in parallel with a resistor 267, which provides bias for the interval amplifier in the circuit 254. Since integrated circuit 264 is unable to operate from the complete power supply voltages, it operates from half a power supply less the drops of diodes 268, 270, 272 and 274. Since the output of the oscillator is insufficient amplitude to operate counter 276, it is amplified by transistor 278 plus its associated components. A capacitor 275 and a resistor 277 provide standard resistorcapacitor coupling from the oscillator output to the transistor 278, while resistor 279 is a load resistor which discharges the inherent capacitance of transistor 278. If the input of counter 276 and oscillator 264 operate from the same supply voltage; components 275, 277, 278 and 279 are not necessary when the oscillator amplifier output of 264 would be connected directly to the clock input of counter 276. Counter 74 of Fig. 1 consists of counters 276 and 280. The divide-by-three circuit 77 of Fig. 1 comprises exclusive OR gate 282 plus flip-flops 284 and 286. The divide-by-three function could also be made up of an appropriate integrated circuit appropriately connected. Counter 228 performs the same function as counter 76 of Fig. 1. It is to be noted that counter 74 of Fig. 1 could consist only of one counter instead of the two shown at 276 and 280; however, two counters are shown here because the presently commercially available integrated circuits. only include counts to 214. Since the base station is able to identify the particular subscriber phone units it is in communication with during the connection therewith, the two tones used for disconnect could be the same for all units. In the present instance, the two tones selected are those conveniently produced by integrated circuit 264. During the connection function, however, a different pair of tones is required for each unit, which requires a different pair of oscillators, which, in turn, require a rather large amount of current. Therefore, since it is never required to transmit the identification tones except when the handset is off-hook and prior to connection being completed, as indicated by line A becoming positive to activate the handset, an appropriate NOR gate 290 is connected to line HS and to line A (which is here indicated as ""HP""), whereby the output of gate 290 provides negative power to the oscillators through gates 291 and 293. The diodes 292 and 294 serve to decouple reversed voltages from the integrated circuit amplifiers hereinafter described The oscillators comprise narrow band pass filters, consisting of electrically-excited crystal and tuning fork elements shown at 296 and 298, plus their associated components, which include resistors 279 and 299 and integrated circuit amplifiers 300 and 302. The resistor 297 is a currentlimiting resistor, while the resistor 299 serves to prevent the low-impedence inverting input of amplifier 300 from loading down the fork and destroying its Q. The resistor 301 is a feedback resistor which, in conjunction with the resistor 299 and the resistor 303, determines the closedloop gain of the amplifier 300 at the frequency of oscillation. The resistor values are selected such that the oscillators always operate with the amplifiers in saturation, whereby a constant-amplitude output is always provided. The capacitors 305 and 307 provide roll-off compensation so that the amplifier does not self-oscillate. It is preferable and, generally, necessary, to transmit both tones at the same amplitude in order that the base station may detect both tones. Resistors 304 and 306 plus capacitor 308 act as a low-pass filter to filter out all harmonics so that only the fundamental frequencies of the oscillators remain. The outputs of the oscillators are keyed by forward and reverse biasing diode 310 by making line ID negative or positive, as required. The positive channel portion of complimentary MOS usually has less resistance than the negative portion, so that the paralleling of gates 292 and 294 provides a resistance similar to that of gate 290 when activated. The outputs of the oscillators are coupled through resistor 312 to the audio input of the transmitter, while the tone outputs of integrated circuit 264 are coupled through resistors 314 and 316 and capacitor 318 to the audio input of the transmitter. For voice identification purposes, the audio output of the receiver is coupled through an attenuator consisting of resistors 320 and 322 and the contacts of relay 324 to the audio input of the transmitter. Provision for external audio and data to the input of the transmitter is provided by a jack and resistor 326. The audio out-put of the receiver is passed via resistor 328 and line C to the earphone in the handset. Busy and reorder tones produced by AND gate 228 (Fig. 2) are coupled by line MT through capacitor 330 and resistor 332 to the earphone via line C. An important aspect of the present invention is the type of tone detector used. This tone detector basically comprises a transistor with a collector load resistor, a biasing network that is DC referenced to the collector supply voltage potential and AC referenced to the transistor's emitter, a peak-detector consisting of a diode, a capacitor, a resistor and a high-impedance or low leakage threshold means, and an input coupling capacitor. Such a detector distinguishes between the presence of a steady voltage and a varying t voltage, while, when the input coupling capacitor is substituted by a filter, the detector then detects the presence or absence of particular frequencies. Specifically, as shown here, electrically-excited crystal and tuning fork resonators 334 and 336, plus their associated components, act as tone detectors. They are identical so that a description of one will serve as a description of the other. In this respect, transistor 338 is lightly biased on by resistor 340, thereby making the collector of transistor 338 positive and reverse biasing the diode 342. This permits resistor 344 to discharge capacitor 346. The resistor 340 is connected to a decoupling network including resistor 339 and capacitor 341. A pulldown resistor 347 is also provided for the transistor 338. The input pin or NOR gate 348 is of extremely high impedance, as compared to the resistance of resistor 344. Therefore, since the input pin of gate 348 is positive, the output pin thereof is negative. When a signal is received by the receiver, the audio is passed via resistor 350 to element 334. If the signal from the receiver contains a frequency that is the same as the resonant frequency of element 334, that frequency will be passed by element 334 to the base of transistor 338, which then reproduces that frequency as a square wave on its collector. At this time, diode 342 and capacitor 346 act as a peak detector, thereby fully charging capacitor 346 and making the input therefrom into gate 348 negative. If both tones represented by elements 334 and 336 are present, then both input pins ofgate 348 will become negative so that line DT can become positive, thereby indicating that both tones were received. The receiver contains a phase-locked loop, the error voltage of which is essentially constant but of indeterminate amplitude when a carrier is present within the pass band of the receiver. When no carrier is present, the error voltage is either oscillatory or consists of noise. Transistor 352 and its associated components constitute a detector which operates in substantially the same manner as transistor 338 and its associated components, described above. However, capacitor 354 is added so that if a carrier is present, only DC current is present on the line PLL. Transistor 352 is lightly biased by the resistors 355 and 356 of the decoupling network, while resistor 357 acts as a pullup load resistor for the transistor. The decoupling resistors also act to charge the capacitor 354. The bias makes the line RF negative. If a carrier is not present, then the oscillations or noise on line PLL are passed by the capacitor 354 and reproduced as saturated signals on the collector of transistor 352 so that line RE becomes positive. The various unnumbered components in Fig. 3B, such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, decoupling networks, etc. serve the same purpose as the corresponding parts described elsewhere in Figs. 3A and 3B. The handset used in this system is exemplified in Fig. 4 and comprises a standard set of twelve buttons connected to a tone-generating integrated circuit 360 which produces appropriate tone frequencies that are mixed and attenuated by resistors 408, 409 and 410 and then combined with the output of microphone 384 by a resistor 362, capacitor 364 and capacitor 386. The resultant signals are then amplified by a standard transistor amplifier consisting of biasing resistors 336 and 368, transistor 370 and gain-determining resistors 372 and 374, the output of which is coupled through the emitter-follower configuration consisting of transistor 376 and resistor 378, and thence through resistor 380 and capacitor 382 to line D. Additionally, side tone is provided to the earphone by coupling the attenuated voltage appearing across resistor 410 through a resistor 388 to the earphone. As an optional feature, in order to prevent actuation of the device by inadvertant depression of any pushbutton when grasping the handset, a system may be included which is embodied by the the lower portion of Fig. 4. In this system, the crystal-controlled oscillator unit 360 is counted down by a factor of 2 by counters 390 and 392 operating in cascade. The counter 390 has a 29 output and the counter a 214 392 has a 214 output. When power is initially supplied to the handset via line A (note Fig. 1 and 2), the capacitor 394 is in a discharged condition, so that the input of the flip-flop unit formed by NOR gates 396 and 398 is positive, thereby resetting the flip-flop. This makes the common for the pushbutton negative. When a pushbutton is pressed, the output of the NAND gate 400 is made positive. This output is inverted by NAND gate 402 and applied to NAND gate 404 to make the reset input of the counters 390 and 392 negative so that the counters count. The gates 402 and 404, plus NOR gates 403 and 405, plus counters 390 and 392, comprise, in essence, a resettable monostable, whereby each time a button is pressed, the monostable is reset. If however, no button 14 is pressed for a duration of 4 seconds, then the 2 output of counter 392 sets the flip-flop comprising gates 396 and 398 making the common of the pushbuttons positive, so that no further tones can occur. In order for the pushbuttons to be capable of transmitting data when so desired, a switch 406 is provided to short out the capacitor 394, making the common negative, so that the buttons can be used to transmit data after dialing. A resistor 407 is connected to the switch 406 and serves to start the capacitor 394 in a discharged condition and subsequently charges it. In Fig. 5, there is shown, a block diagram of the radio frequency portion of the base station system. There are six transmitters designated, repsectively, as 411 A, 411 B, 411 C, 411 D, 411 AB and 411 CD, and six receivers designated, repsectively, 412 AB, 412 DC, 412 A, 412 B, 412 C and 412 D, made up of one group of four of each and another group of two of each. This is, in effect two separate base stations, one capable of operation with four channels and the other capable of operation with two channels. The four-channel transmitters are here limited to 3-watts input power and are referred to as the low power station, while the two-channel transmitters are limited to 60-watts input power and are referred to as the high power station. The four-transmitter outputs A, B, C, and D are combined by a standard, four-channel combiner network 413, the output of which is fed through a duplexer 414 to an antenna 416. Similarly, signals are received by the antenna, these signals being passed by the duplexer to a standard four-channel coupler 418 which consists of a preamplifier followed by a divison network. The outputs of the coupler are then fed to the four receivers 412 A, B, C and D. The duplexer 414 is also a standard device which is characterized by the fact that signals originating from the combiner pass to the antenna but not the coupler, whereas signals coming into the antenna are coupled to the coupler but not to the combiner. The two-channel, high-power station operates through combine 420 and coupler 422, duplexer 424 and antenna 426 in a similar manner to the above whereby, for a particular station, all of the receivers and transmitters are connected to one antenna. In general, the base station supervisory logic is identical for each transmitter-receiver pair and is duplicated four times for the four-channel station. The subscriber unit is not tuned to any particular channel but simply scans the channels and stops on whichever channel is free, so that it utilizes the same logic with any channel with which it interfaces. The following description, provided in conjunction with Fig. 6, relates to one complete channel and serves as a description of all the channels. The logic, as described, is identical for both incoming and outgoing calls, with the exception of the ringing function described hereinafter. In this description, for the four-channel base station, there are four phone lines, each with a separate telephone number and each associated with a transmitter-receiver pair. In this figure as well as subsequent figures, the coils of the various relays are shown by rectangular boxes while the closed or open contacts of the same relays are indicated by parallel lines, either with or without a diagonal line to indicate normally closed or normally open positions. The relay coils and relay contacts of the same relay are designated by the same reference characters. The telephone line 428 is connected to a detector for detecting ringing signals which consists of a capacitor 430, four diodes 432, 434, 436 and 438 and a relay 440. When a ringing signal comes down the telephone line, the relay 440 operates for two seconds. One contact of the relay 440 turns on the transmitter while the other contact connects the output of a tone generator 441 to the transmitter audio input. The tone generator generates two tones which, when detected by the subscriber unit, will stop the subscriber unit on a particular channel, and, in addition, a ringing signal will be emitted by loudspeaker. In this manner, when an incoming call is being received, the transmitter will transmit the appropriate pair of tones for two seconds out of each six seconds if there is a ringing signal on the phone line for such two seconds. In operation, when the subscriber picks up the handset, in the case where the ""confirm"" button is not used (where it is used, he presses it after removing the handset), this operates the monostable 12 which causes generation and transmission of a pair of tones for 1/2 second. The base station supervisory logic uses tone detector 442 to constantly monitor the receiver audio output, so that, when it detects the proper pair of tones, it operates relay 444, which, in turn, causes normally open relay 446 to operate. This turns on the transmitter and connects the receiver audio output to the transmitter audio input so that the two tones caused to be generated by the monostable 12 are retransmitted back thereto. The monostable 12 then detects its own pair of tones and activates the system. The relay 444 is provided with normally closed contacts in the two lines 429 and a normally open contact in the line between the receiver audio and transmitter audio. When the transmitter stops transmitting at the end of the 1/2 second, the tone detector 442 releases the relay 444, whereby the transmitter audio input is no longer connected to the audio output of the receiver. However, relay 446 electrically locks itself closed so that the transmitter stays on and, in addition, relay 446 connects a hybrid 448 to the phone line and, through the normally closed contacts of relay 444, which has now dropped out, to the receiver audio output and the transmitter audio input. The hybrid 448 is a standard device (manufactured by ""Mobile Communications"") and is similar to a duplexer except that it applies to audio whereas the duplexer applies to radio signals. In this manner, any audio from the receiver is passed into the phone line but is not passed to the transmitter, while audio from the phone line is passed to the transmitter. In this manner, there is no feedback because the loop is not completed from the subscriber microphone to the transmitter, then to th base receiver, then to the phone line, then to the base transmitter, then to the subscriber receiver, then to the subscriber earphone and then acoustically back to the subscriber microphone, the link being broken by the hybrid. The hybrid also contains a DC resistant so that, when relay 446 operates, the phone line is taken off-hook. The subscriber can now dial, converse, transmit data, etc. When the subscriber completes the call, he hangs up the handset, which causes the phone to transmit a second pair of tones. These tones are detected by the tone detector 450, which operates relay 452. The relay 452 thereupon causes relay 446 to drop out. However, another set of contacts of relay 452 continues to keep the transmitter turned on, while a third set of contacts of relay 452 connects the output of a tape loop 454 to the transmitter audio input. The tape loop contains the station call sign which is repeated continuously by the loop so that when relay 452 operates, the call sign that is transmitted by the base station is received by the subscriber phone and is retransmitted thereby. In this manner, at the conclusion of any conversation, when the subscriber hangs up, the station is identified by the voice on both frequencies. If, during a conversation, the subscriber unit moves out of range of the base station, or, if, for any other reason, the subscriber unit does not transmit disconnect tones, this would normally leave the base station transmitter turned on and connected to the subscriber unit so that it would be continuously transmitting to the subscriber unit. This would unnecessarily tie up the channel even though it is not in actual use. To obviate this, when the tone detector 442 is actuated, it starts a timer 456 which can be set for an arbitrary amount of time, such as one minute. When the timer finishes timing, it operates relay 452 which initiates the shutdown procedure described above. On the other hand, if the subscriber unit remains in range, the speech therefrom is detected by an audio detector 458, and each time the speech is detected, the timer 456 is reset so that the conversation can continue without being cut off. However, if the speech is discontinued for more than the pre-set time (i.e. one minute) or if the speech is not received for any other reason for this length of time, the base station will be automatically shut off. Since each subscriber unit transmits a different pair of tones, the tone detector 442 is arranged to detect many different tones and to actuate relay 444 only for those pairs of tones which are currently valid. Those which are not valid, can be deleted so that if, for example, the subscriber does not pay his bill, he cannot use the phone. In addiction, tone detector 442 has additional outputs which indicate which subscriber unit is currently using the base station, which outputs can be used to record on paper or magnetic tape, or on any other desired storage medium, the usage of the base station by the subscriber unit. The output of tone detector 442 can also be used to start a clock running which is stopped by tone detector 450, such time information being storable for billing purposes. In addition, a tone decoder may be coupled to the receiver audio and the output thereof can be entered into the storage medium to indicate what telephone number was called by the subscriber unit, whereby, when the base station owner receives a bill from the telephone company, he can sort out and pass the charges on to the individual subscriber. All of this information may, if desired, be put into a computer to automatically print bills. Briefly stated, in the subscriber unit of the present invention the various supervisory signals such as ""busy"" and ""reorder"", are generated by combining those frequencies by means of gates rather than resistors or amplifiers, the gates being used, in essence1 as modulators to produce the composite tones. This is also done for the ringing signal. In this respect, an exclusive OR gate may be used as a modulator in that such a gate is, in essence, a saturated phase detector or modulator. Fig. 7 is a more detailed schematic illustration of the base station supervisory logic for one channel, it being understood that the same logic applies to each of the channels utilized in the system. As shown, a ringing signal may appear between the tip and ring wires of the phone line, which is connected solely through a capacitor 460 and diodes 462, 464, 466 and 468 to a relay 470. Relay 470 is a sensitive relay and has a high impedance coil, so that it does not load down the telephone line. One contact of relay 470 causes a relay 474 to operate to supply power to the transmitter. Other contacts of relay 470 disconnect the audio input of the transmitter from anything else and connect the outputs from a low tone oscil lator 476 and a high tone oscillator 478 to the audio input of the transmitter. In this manner, when a ringing signal causes relay 470 to operate, during the time that the ringing signal is on the line (normally about 2 seconds), the transmitter is powered and transmits a pair of tones. The higher of the two tones is always the same, while the lower of the two tones designates the particular subscriber unit being called. Subsequent operation is the same whether the subscriber unit is making an outgoing call or receiving an incoming call. In either case, the subscriber unit transmits two tones (a low tone and a high tone) for about one-half second. The tones are received by the receiver and appear at the receiver audio output, which passes them to a high tone detector 480 that indicates to the logic which channel is being used. The tones are also combined with any tones appearing on other channels by a summing amplifier system comprising lines 482, 484 and 486 and an amplifier 488, and the sum is passed to a set of six low tone detectors indicated at 490, 492, 494, 496, 498 and 500. If any low tone is detected, the output of an OR gate 502 is combined with the output of the high tone detector 480 by an AND gate 504 to operate a relay 506. A contact of relay 506 sets flip-flop 514 which operates relay 516 on a continuous basis until the flip-flop is reset. A set of contacts on relay 516 operates relay 474, the contacts of which connect power to the transmitter when switch 508 is closed. Additionally, another set of contacts of relay 506 connects the receiver audio output through a gain control 512 to the transmitter audio input, thereby retransmitting the tones back to the subscriber unit for interconnection (""handshake"") purposes by indicating that the subscriber unit has been recognized and accepted. A set of normally closed contacts on relay 506 disconnects any other possible inputs to the transmitter audio input as long as relay 506 remains energized. In this manner, as long as the two tones are received, they are retransmitted. When the tones are no longer received, relay 506 is deenergized, thereby disconnecting the receiver audio output from the transmitter audio input and connecting the output of hybrid 518 to the transmitter audio input. Since flip-flop 514 has been set and is stable, relays 516 and 474 remain operated, supplying continuous power to the transmitter. Another pair of contacts of relay 516 connect the telephone line to hybrid, indicated, generally, within the broken line 518, which, in turn, is immediately connected to the receiver audio output at 519, and, upon the dropping out of relay 506, is also connected to the transmitter audio input. In this manner, the telephone line is connected via the transmitter and receiver to the subscriber unit so that the unit can answer a call or initiate a call. This connection remains until such time as the subscriber unit transmits a disconnect tone pair. The particular high tone detector that is operated determines the channel that is used, while the particular low tone detector that is operated indicates the particular subscriber unit that is actuating the channel. For this reason, the same number of high tone detectors is required as there are channels to be used, while the same number of low tone detectors is required as there are subscriber units. In the system illustrated in Fig. 7, there are six low tone detectors previously indicated at 490-500, and four high tone detectors are used, including the detector 480, previously described, and detectors 520, 522 and 524. However, any desired number of high and low tone detectors may be used. When all of the outputs of the high and low tone detectors are combined, a pair at a time, by AND gate 504 taken together with AND gates 526 528 and 530, the outputs of these gates provide full specific information for billing purposes. In this respect, the detectors are combined through two input AND gates in order to maintain adequate noise rejection. When the outputs of these gates are recorded (as by a tape) and the outputs of the disconnect tone pair detectors are similarly recorded, all of the information would be on the tape that is necessary for a computer to fully automatically prepare a bill for time and charges to each customer. In this manner, while this system retains the same noise rejection as in other doubletone detection systems, it requires, in the case of large number of subscriber units, only the square root of as many detectors as would otherwise be required, thereby effecting a considerable saving in materials and cost of installation. As described previously, when a call is completed and the subscriber handset is hung up, the unit automatically- transmits a disconnect tone pair for two seconds and, for an ensuing two seconds, connects the audio output of the unit's receiver to the audio input of the unit's transmitter, after which it turns itself off. The disconnect tone pair is received by the base station receiver and detected by the disconnect tone pair decoder 532, which resets flip-flop 514, causing relay 516 to drop out. However, it also operates a four second monostable 534, which operates a relay 536 for 4 seconds, which, in turn, activates relay 474 to supply power to the transmitter, whereby the transmitter continues to stay on for an additional four seconds after relay 516 drops out. In addition, a second set of contacts of relay 536 energized the motor 538 of a tape machine, while a third set of contacts of the relay 536 connects the audio output of the tape machine to the audio input of the transmitter, while, in addition, a fourth set of normally closed contacts of relay 536 disconnects hybrid 518 from the transmitter audio input. The tape machine contains 2-second loop with the stations' identifying call letters recorded on it, so that the call letters are continuously repeated and transmitted during the four-second interval. Therefore, the timing at the base station need not be in synchronism with the timing in the subscriber units. At the conclusion of the four-second interval, relay 536 drops out. This, in turn, causes relay 474 to drop out, thereby removing power from the transmitter and placing the base station in the starting condition. Fig. 8 is a block diagram of the subscriber unit, generally, designated 540, wherein the instrument comprises several different subunits, namely the receiver 542 with its crystal switch 544, the transmitter 546 with its crystal switch 548, the VOX system comprising the preamplifier, detector and pulse shaper, indicated at 550, and the VOX power amplifier, indicated at 552, plus the input filter, indicated at 554, which is connected to the transmitter 546 by an isolation amplifier 556. When the instrument is turned on, the receiver is activated by the logic, previously described, to receive any incoming signals. As this is a multichannel system, means are provided to scan from one channel to the next. This is accomplished by the receiver crystal switch 544. In this respect, a signal comes in from the logic to activate one of several crystals in sequence. These crystals are scanned by the logic signals. Since the receiver input frequency, i.e. the frequency to which the receiver is tuned, is controlled by the frequency of these crystals, the receiver is tuned to one of several different channels by switching the crystals. Whn a call comes in, or when a call is to be made, the transmitter circuitry and the VOX are activated by the logic signal indicating an off-hook position. The transmitter crystal switch serves the same type function as the receiver crystal switch, namely, to place the transmitter on the appropriate channel which is selected by the logic. When a signal comes in from the handset, it passes through the input filter 554, which is a single-pole, low pass filter, to equalize the tones and signals from the microphone. A portion of this signal passes through the isolation amplifier 556 which isolates the transmitter audio input stages from the VOX circuitry, and passes into the transmitter circuit to frequency-modulate the transmitter. The signal is also applied to the input of the VOX preamplifier 550, where it is stepped up in level from the low millivolts, to operate the detector stage. The detector converts the audio signal to DC, while the pulse shaper squares up the signal from the detector to provide good, fast rise and fall intervals to the power amplifier 552. The power amplifier then takes this signal, which is swinging in voltage but is at high impedance, and uses this signal to turn on the DC power to the transmitter itself. The signal coming from the transmitter 546 and the signal passing to the receiver 542 use a common antenna which is shown at 558 connected to a duplexer 560. The two signals are separated by the duplexer so that one antenna can be shared. This sharing is made possible by the large difference in frequency of 5 MHz. The two crystal switches are locked together by the logic signals so that they always maintain the five megacycle spacing. The antenna 558 is of the helical type adapted for the 450 to 470 MHz band. The duplexer is a standard type, for example, ""Model MR337B"" manufactured by ""Sinclair Radio Laboratories"", which is modified by removing the four cavities, with their associated cabling, from their housing and mounting them on the cover of the shield can. The transmitter and receiver boards are standard, commerciallyavailable units which are modified to reduce their size. The input filter is shown in Fig. 9 and comprises a singlepole resistor 560 and a capacitor 562 to form a low-pass filter to roll off the excessive highs primarily from the microphone portion of the handset, while the isolation amplifier, also shown in Fig. 9, comprises an emitter follower 564 which serves to restrain the turn-on transient that comes out of the audio amplifier of the transmitter system from returning through the VOX line and tripping the VOX inadvertantly. Since this isolation amplifier must run continuously when it is on, it draws low current to avoid excessive drain on the battery. The VOX preamplifier detector and shaping circuitry 550 is shown in Fig. 10. The purpose of this system is to turn on the transmitter only when there is actual information to be transmitted, and to keep the transmitter off while there are neither tones nor voice signals, nor any kind of information being transmitted. This is to reduce the drain on the battery because the transmitter draws high current if it is left on during an entire conversation, listening as well as talking. The basic circuit comprises a two-stage audio amplifier, of the low-current type, which takes the low millivolt level signal from the handset, and amplifies it through the two stages of audio gain indicated at 556 and 558, to boost it to a level of 100 millivolts or more. The amplified signal is then passed to the transistor 560 which is biased just enough to maintain the voltage on the collector at a low or slightly negative level with respect to ground. The transistor 560, the capacitor 562, the diode 564 and the resistor 566 comprise a detector which operates in the same manner as the transistor 352 and its associated components described previously. The effect is to turn the VOX on almost instantaneously with a voice or tone signal, and it remains on for a period of about one second. The signal from the capacitor 562 is coupled to d threestage amplifier consisting of amplifiers 568, 570 and 572 connected in series. These three stages provide a good, clean, fast rise and a fast fall output signal. This signal is passed to the VOX output amplifier. The VOX output amplifier is a straight forward current amplifier where the signal comes in through a moderately high resistance 574, into a ""PNP Darlington pair"" 576, which applies +8 volts, at up to about 1 ampere, to the transmitter. When the collector on this ""Darlington pair"" goes positive, this positive-going swing is used to drive another ""Darlington pair"" 578 of the ""NPN"" type, which applies -8 volts to the transmitter. The effect of this entire circuit is to take the millivolts input signal and convert it to the plus and minus 8 volts at approximately 1 ampere (between 1/2 and 1 ampere) required by the transmitter circuitry. The crystal switch system used in the present system is shown in Fig. 11. This system consists of identical switches for any desired number of channels. Each channel on the transmitter, four channels being illustrated, consists of a crystal 580, a PIN diode 582, a resistor 584 in parallel with the diode and a resistor 586. The resistor 584 and the PIN diode 582 are coupled out through a capacitor 588. A diode 590 has its cathode connected to the resistor 586. The diode 590 is connected in series to a resistor 592 and rheostat 594. The junction of the anode of the diode 582 and the resistor 584 is the common point for all channels. All channels are tied to ground through a resistor 596 and to the output of the crystal switch through the capacitor 588. The end of the rheostat 594 that is remote from the resistor 592 on each channel is also common and ties to the output side of the capacitor 588. With the above arrangement, a negative signal on any line will turn on the channel. In operation, one line is negative and the other three are positive; this results in a small current flow through the resistor 586 and the diode 582, thence through the resistor 596 back to ground on the channel that is negative. This turns on the diode with the negative input and allows the crystal to be connected to the output through the blocking capacitor. On the channels with the positive signal on their inputs, the PIN diode 582 is back-biased, turning off the diode and disconnecting the crystal. The purpose of the resistor 586 is to isolate the input line RF-wise from the crystal. The purpose of the resistor 584 is to provide a high-resistance path from any crystal not in use. The crystal is used in its series mode, and a high resistance in series with the crystal effectively kills any effect from that crystal. This resistor 584 also swamps out the capacitive coupling through the diode 582. It is a much lower impedance than the reactance of the capacitor, and the net effect of the parallel combination of the diode capacitance and the resistor is a reasonably high series resistance with the crystal. The purpose of the diode 590, the resistor 592, and the rheostat 594 is to provide a negative voltage to the input of the oscillator which is adjustable. It is necessary to have an individual adjustment on each channel so that each channel can be placed exactly on frequency in spite of small differences in the crystals and slight variations in frequency due to the series effects of the other components used in the switch. The diode 590 is turned off by a positive input signal so that only the channel with its negative input has any effect on this frequency adjustment. The receiver crystal switch is identical to that described above, with the exception that the individual frequency trims are omitted. This means that the resistor, 592, and the rheostat 594 are not used on the receiver. This is because it is a phase-locked loop system and the frequency control in the receiver requires a feedback circuit through the other components. Since this invention relates to a portable telephone system and reduction of weight and size is an essential feature, an important aspect of the present system is the reduction of battery size while maintaining a sufficiency of uninterrupted power at all times. In order to maintain uninterrupted power, it is necessary to have both an internal and an external battery so that the internal battery can supply power during the time that the external battery is being recharged or replaced. This would ordinarily, or in other systems, require a full sized internal battery as well as a full-sized external battery. In the present system, however, because of the use of tone bursts rather than continuous transmission, it is only necessary for the system to remember which channel is being used during the battery-changing operation. It is not necessary for the transmitter, the receiver, the handset nor for the majority of the logic to remain activated a It is only necessary for the elements 130, 132, 134, 138, 140, 142, 144, 148, 180, 182, 184, 186, 166 and 168 (shown in Fig. 2A) which constitute a memory, to remain activated, i.e. powered. However, all of these components, combined, require a relatively small current, e.g. less than 10 microamps, because they use complimentary MOS, as compared to a far greater current drain, e.g. almost 1 ampere, when all the components are activated. Therefore, a very much smaller internal battery is required than in other systems. For this purpose, there is provided a circuit, indicated generally at 600, which is shown in Fig. 12 and which functions as follows: External battery power is supplied to terminals 602 and 604, wherein the + terminal 602 is in series with a switch 606 for turning the unit on and off. When the external battery (not shown) is in place, current flows from the terminal 602 through switch 606, then through diode 608, through switch 610, through the load 612, and then back to the - terminal 604. The load 612 consists of all the components that require power. Simultaneously, battery 614, which is a rechargeable battery, receives a small amount of current, e.g. 1% of the current flowing through the circuit, via resistor 616, this current acting to recharge the battery 614. The voltage drop across resistor 616 acts to reverse bias the diode 618 and this diode, therefore, does not conduct while the external battery is being used. when the external battery is removed, diode 618 is forward biased so that the low voltage internal battery 614 can then supply sufficient voltage to the decreased load (memory only) described above, while the other components, such as the transmitter, receiver and oscillator in the logic, do not draw current because they automatically stop drawing current when the voltage drops below a predetermined amount, e.g. 4 to 5 volts, whereas the internal battery is set to provide a lesser voltage, e.g. 3 volts. In this manner, continuity is maintained since, while a person is changing the battery, he is not talking and does not require the use of the transmitter and receiver. When the external battery is again in place, the internal battery 614 is automatically recharged from the external battery, so that the internal battery is always in condition to take over when the external battery is removed.";"CLAIMS: 1. A portable telephone system characterized by at least one subscriber station having a transmitter, a receiver, a control section, and a plurality of communication channels, said control section including scanning means and means to monitor for identification signals specific to said subscriber station, said scanning means when activated, causing said receiver to be tuned sequentially to each channel for a specific interval of time, said control section further having a monitor state for causing all said channels to be monitored periodically for said identification signals, an originate state for causing all said channels to be monitored periodically until a channel having no carrier thereon is found, and an active state for causing said transmitter and said receiver to remain turned to one channel, powerconserving means operative when said control section is in the monitor state to cause total suspension of power to said receiver except during periodic intervals of time when said scanning means scans all the channels an integral number of times, and a base station having a plurality of base station communication channels corresponding to the channels of said subscriber station and having a transmitter and receiver to establish communication-with said subscriber station through the corresponding channel at said subscriber station, said base station, when originating a call, transmitting said identification signals on a fixed channel for a period of time sufficient to insure that the subscriber station will monitor said fixed channel at least once when said subscriber station is in the monitor state. 2. The system of claim 1, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with means to transmit identification signals to said base station when any free channel is detected and seized, and means to activate said subscriber station when said identification signals are retransmitted by said base station. 3. The system of claim 2, characterized in that detection means are provided at said base station for monitoring the subscriber station and for activating the base station ,transmitter to retransmit said identification signals when said identification signals are received and detected by said base station detection means. 4. The system of claim 2 or claim 3, characterized in that said means to transmit identification signals comprises a monostable means having a predetermined period of activation and a tone generator adapted to generate a set of tones upon receiving a predetermined signal from said monostable means. 5. The system of claim 2, 3 or 4, characterized in that means are provided at said base station to connect the transmitter and receiver of said subscriber station through the base station to a telephone line when said subscriber station is activated. 6. The system of any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with means to transmit tone bursts at the beginning and end of audio communication. 7. The system of any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that said system includes a duplexer for permitting simultaneous transmission of signals to and from the subscriber station and base station. 8. The system of any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that said system includes a VOX circuit to activate the subscriber station transmitter by audio signals. 9. The system of any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with means to generate a ringing signal prior to completion of communication between the subscriber station and the base station. 10. The system of any one of claims 1 to 9, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with means for receiving and being activated by any of a plurality of simultaneous ringing tones from said base station. 11. The system of any one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with a detector circuit for distinguishing between the presence of a steady voltage and a varying voltage. 12. The system of any one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with a detector circuit for detecting the presence or absence of particular frequencies. 13. The system of any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with a tone detector circuit to control said scanning means, said circuit comprising: a transistor having a collector load resistance; a biasing network that is DC referenced to said transistor's collector's supply voltage potential and AC referenced to said transistor's emitter; a peak-detector coupled to said biasing network and comprising a diode, a capacitor, a resistor and a high-impedance voltage comparitor; and an input coupling capacitor coupled to said biasing network. 14. The system of any one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with a tone detector circuit to control said scanning means, said circuit comprising: a transistor having a collector load resistance; a biasing network that is DC referenced to said transistor's collector's supply voltage potential and AC referenced to said transistor's emitter; a peak-detector coupled to said biasing network and comprising a diode, a capacitor, a resistor and a high-impedance voltage comparitor; and a filter coupled to said biasing network. 15. The system of any one of claims 1 to 14, characterized in that said subscriber station is provided with means to generate supervisory signals by combining frequencies which have been counted down from a stable oscillator and then combining the resulting frequencies by modulators to produce composite tones. 16. The system of claim 15, characterized in that said modulators comprise gating means. 17. The system of claim 16, characterized in that said gating means are exclusive OR gates. 18. The system of any one of claims 1 to 17, characterized in that said subscriber station is operatively connected to a power supply means, said power supply means comprising an internal battery and an external battery, said internal battery being in continuous operative association with said subscriber station, said external battery being selectively coupled to and decoupled from operative association with said subscriber station, and said external battery is operatively coupled to said subscriber station. 19. The system of claim 18, characterized in that said internal battery is a relatively low voltage source and said external battery is a relatively high voltage source. 20. The system of claim 18 or claim 19, characterized in that said subscriber station includes a memory means, and wherein said internal battery continues to supply power only to said memory means when said external battery is decoupled. 21. The system of any one of claims 1 to 20, characterized in that said subscriber station includes a memory means and a clock network in addition to said transmitter and receiver, said clock network comprising an oscillator means and a counter means for counting the frequencies produced by said oscillator means and applying the resulting signals to said memory means to said transmitter and to said receiver. 22. The system of any one of claims 1 to 21, characterized in that said subscriber station includes a monostable means for controlling the scanning of said channels by activating and deactivating the scanning in accordance with an on-hook or off-hook position of the receiver and transmitter at said subscriber station. 23. A tone detector characterized by a transistor having a collector load resistor; a biasing means that is DC referenced to said transistor's collector's supply voltage potential and AC referenced to said transistor's emitter; a peak-detector comprising a diode, a capacitor, a resistor and a high-impedance, low-leakage threshold means; and, selectively, a voltage and frequency detector means. 24. The tone detector of claim 23, characterized in that said detector means is an input coupling capacitor which distinguishes between the presence of a steady voltage and a varying voltage. 25. The tone detector of claim 23, characterized in that said detector means is a filter which detects the presence or absence of specific frequencies. 26. A control system for scanning multiple communication channels in a radio telephone network that includes a subscriber station having a receiver and transmitter and a base station having a receiver and transmitter, characterized in that the receivers and transmitters at the subscriber station and at the base station are associated with corresponding channels, said subscriber station having a scanning means and monostable means for activating and deactivating said scanning means. 27. The system of claim 26, characterized in that said monostable means is activated by signals from said base station to deactivate said scanning means and is activated by an on-hook position of the receiver and transmitter at said subscriber station to deactivate said scanning means. 28. The system of claim 26 or claim 27, characterized in that said monostable means generates transmission of identification signals from said subscriber station to said base station which, thereupon, retransmits the signals to said subscriber station to activate the system and activates the receiver and transmitter at said subscriber station upon retransmission of said identification signals from said base station. 29. A power supply system comprising a relatively low voltage means and a relatively high voltage means, characterized by said relatively high voltage means being selectively coupled and decoupled from an electrical system to be powered, said relatively low voltage means being continuously operatively connected to said electrical system and being continuously electrically charged by said relatively high voltage means when said relatively high voltage means is coupled to said electrical system. 30. The power supply system of claim 29, characterized in that said relatively high and relatively low voltage means are electrical batteries. 31. The power supply system of claim 29 or claim 30, characterized in that said electrical system is a radio telephone network. 32. The power supply system of claim 31, characterized in that said radio telephone network comprises a subscriber station and a base station in selective communication with each other, said power supply system being operatively connected to said subscriber station for supplying power thereto. 33. A monostable system utilizable in a radio network characterized by a trigger source, a flip-flop, a counter and a frequency source inter-connected to each other. 34. The monostable system of claim 33, characterized in that a gate is interposed between the trigger source, the flip-flop, and the counter. 35. The monostable system of claim 34, characterized in that the gate is an exclusive NOR gate.";BENJAMIN, JOEL MALVERN, JR., BOLGIANO, DUANE RIDGELY, MEYER, VICTOR, JR.;INTERNATIONAL MOBILE MACHINES CORPORATION;1978
+EP-0011064-B1;19810812.0;19781111;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185940.0;A47J43;A47G23;A47G23, A47J43;A47G  23/04, A47G  23/02A, A47J  43/042, A47G  23/08;ROTATABLE HOLDER WITH SPIRIT STOVE FOR GLASSES WITH A STEM, IN PARTICULAR FOR IRISH-COFFEE GLASSES;1. A spirit-burner turntable for stemmed glasses (5), more particularly Irish coffee glasses, comprising a glass holder (4) which receives the stemmed glasses on a baseplate (1) and allows rotation of the glasses about their vertical axis, further comprising drive means for rotating the glasses, said means being drivingly interconnected and acting on the glasses by friction, characterised in that the glass holders (4) and one or more friction drives (7, 21, 27) are so disposed and constructed that the feet (6) of the stemmed glasses (5) resting in the glass holders roll by their edge bearing against the associated fiction drive.;"Walter im Brahm, Duisburger Strasse 430, 4330, Mülbeim Friedrich Diete, An der Beeke 13, 4130 Moere Drehstander mit Spiritusbrenner für Stielgläser, insbesondere Irish-Coffee-Gläser Die Erfindung betrifft einen Drehständer mit Spirtusbrenner für Stielgläser, insbesondere Irish-Coffee Gläser. Für die Bereitung von Irish-Coffee finden Stielgläser Verwendung, die, teilweise mit Whisky gefüllt, in einem besonderen Glashslter über einem Spiritusbrenner von Hand um ihre Mittelachse verdreht und erwärmt werden. Da ein solcher Ständer immer nur ein Stielglas aufzunehmen vermag, kann nur ein Glas nach dem anderen zubereitet werden, sofern nicht eine entsprechende Vielzahl derartiger mit Spiritusbrennern ausgestatteten Glasständer zur Verfügung stehen. Des ist insbesondere bei grösseren Gesellschaften zeitraubend und unangenehm. Demgegenüber liegt der Erfindung die Aufgabe zugrunde, einen Drehständer mit Spiritusbrenner für Stielgläser derart auszubilden, dass mit einem Geret mehrere Gläser gleichzeitig gedraht und erwärmt werden können. Diese Aufgsbe wird erfindungsgemäss dadureb gelöst, dass eine Grundplatte mit wenigstens zwel Glashaltern und Spiritusbrennern sowin einem Reibantrieb versehet ist, gegen den die Glssfüsse der in die Glashalter eingelegten Stielglàeez zur Ariege komeet. Bei diesem neuartiget Geràt können je nach Ausstattung zwei oder mehrere dei in den Glsshaltern einliegenden Stielgläser gleichzeitig durch Eetätigung des Reibantriebes um ihre Mittelechse verdreht werden, um den Gläserinhalt über dem jeweile zugeordneten Spiritusbrenner gleichmässlg zu erwärmen. Dabei bleibt jedes eingelegte Stielglag in dem betreffenden Glashslter über dem zugeordneten Spiritusbrenner gelagert, während der Glssfuss mit seinem kreisrunden Umfang an dem Reibantrieb @brollt. Für dieses Grundprinzip kann der am Rand der Glasfüsse angreifende Reibantrieb verschieden ausgebildet sein. Eine besonders einfache Ausführungsform sieht eine scheibenförmige, innerhalb eines Ringkörpers drehbar gelagerte Grundplatte vor, auf der die Glashalter derart angeordnet sind, dass die radisl nach aussen weisenden Glasfüsse gegen einen peripher em Ringkörper angeordneten Reibring zur Anlsge kommen. Die Grundplstte hat die Form einer mit den Glashaltern und den Spiritusbrennern ausgerüsteten Drehscheibe. Wird diese durch Handantrieb oder auch durch einen motorischen Antrieb in Drehung versetzt, rollen die Glasfüsse mit ihrem Rand auf dem ortsfesten Reibring ab, wobei die auf der Grundplatte befestigten Spiritusbrenner und Glashalter und demit auei die eingelegten Stielgläser um die Mittelscbse der Grundplatte mitgedreht werden. Als Drehlager für die Grundplatte im Ringkörper kann entweder ein Axisllager vorgesehen oder der Ringkörper mit einem Standring und nach innen gerichtetem Laufrollen verseben sein, auf denen die Grundplatte mit einer peripheren Schulter aufliegt. Vorzugeweise ist der Ringkörper mit einer neben dem Reibring verlaufenden Stützschulter für die Glasfüsse versehen, welche den Glasfuss einerseits @bstützt und andererseits zum Reibring binlenkt, so dass ein guter Reibungsschluss vorhanden ist und eir Abrollen des Glasfusses gewährleistet ist. Eine andere Ausführungsform für den Reibantrieb besteht darin, dass eine scheibenförmige Grundplstte auf einer Bodenplstte drehbar gelagert und an ihrem Umfang mit gegen die Bodenplatte anlieganden Rollen versehen ist und dass die Glashalter derart angeordnet sind, dass die radisl nach aussen weisenden Glasfüsse jeweils von oben gegen eine der Rollen zur Anhlage kommen. Beim Verdroben der Grundplatte wälsen zich die Rollen auf der Bodenplatte ab und die sich ur ihre wachse drehemden Rollen versetzen den betreffenden Glasfuss in Drehung. Die Rollen sind also sowohl Laufrollen für die Grundplette als auch Reibrolle ftir die Glasfüsse. Zur Ausbildung einer dritten Ausführungsform für den Reibantrieb kann an der ortsfesten Grundplstte ein Ringkörper drehbar gelsgert und die Anordnung der Glsshalter derart sein, dass die radisl nach aussen weisenden Glasfüsse gegen einen peripher am Ringkörper angeordneten Reibring zu Anlage kommen. Bei dieser Ausführung wird der Reibring gedrcht und bewirkt das Verdrehen der Stielgläser, die in den auf der ortsfesten Grundplstte befestigten Glsshaltern gelsgert sind. Schliesslich sieht eine vierte Ausführungsform vor, dass am Rand der Grundplatte mit einem Triebwerk verbundene Reibrollen gelagert und die Giashalter derart; angeordnet sind, dass die Glasfüsse jeweils gegen eine dieser Reibrollen zur Anlege kommen. Jedem Stielgles ist dabei ein eigener Reibantrieb zugeordnet und alle Reibantriebe werden durch ein geminsames Triebwerk betätigt, beispielsweise durch einen Anschluss der Reibrollen über ein Verteilergetriebe an eine Handkurbel oder einen Antriebsmotor in Form eines Federwerkes oder eines Elektromotors. Die Grundplstte kann obenfalls scheibenförmig susgebildet sein, sber such einen quadratischen ober rechteckigen Grundriss haben, wobei die Reibrollet an einer oder an mehreren Seiten angebracht sind. Bei einem rechteckigen Grundriss können Glashalter, Spiritusbvrenner und Reibantriebe in ein oder zwei beliebig langen Reihen angeordnet sein. Die auf der Grundplatte angeordneten Glashalter können einen üblichen Aufbau haben und beispielsweise aus einem an der Grundplatte befestigten Stützfuss bestehen, an dem zwei U-förmige Glasbügel für die Einlage eines Stieltglases angebracht sind. Wird das Stielglas mit Hilfe des Reibantriebes gedreht, so wird es von den beiden Glasbügeln gehalten. Die beiden Glasbügel sind also Lager für dns Glas. Ausserdem tragen sie in ihrer Funktion dafür Sorge, dass das Glas in einer richtigen Lage über dem zugeordneten Spiritusbrenner angeordnet ist. Jedem Glashalter Qst ein in die Grundplatte ein- gelassener Spiritusbrenner zugeordnet. Bei einer bevorzugten Ausführung sind auf der Grundplstte vier Glashalter mit je einem Spiritusbrenner angeordnet. Es besteht jedoch auch die Möglichkeit, mehrere Glashalter mit einer entsprechenden Anzchl Spiritusbremmer auf der Grundplatte anzubringen. In der Regel kann die Drehbewegung des Drehständers von Hand ausgeführt werden, indem entweder die Grundplatte oder der Reibring von Hand gedreht werden. Es besteht ober auch die Möglichkeit, dass die Grundplstte oder der Reibring mit einen Getriebe versehen werden, welches von einem Federwerk oder einem Elektro- motor angetrieben wird. Der Gegenstand der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung anhand mehrerer Ausführungsbeispiele näher erlätert; es zeigt: Figur 1 einen Drehatänder in einer seitlichen An sicht, Pigur 2 den Gegenstand der Pigur 1 in einer Drauf sicht, Pigur 3 einen Teilschnitt durch den Drohatänder der Figuren 1 und 2, Pigur 4 einen Teilschnitt durch eine weitere Aus führungsform, Figur 5 ein weiteres Ausführungsbeispiel in einer seitlichen Ansicht, Pigur 6 den Gegenstand der Pigur 5 in einer Drauf- sicht und Pigur 7 einen Teilschnitt durch den Gegenstend der Figuren 5 und 6. Bei dem in den figuren 1 bis 3 dargestellten ersten Ausführungsbeispiel besteht der Drchständer im wesent lichen aus einer scheibenförmigen Grundplatte 1, die von einem Ringkörper 2 eingefasst und an diesem drehbar gelagert ist. Auf der Grundplatte 1 sind vier Spiritusbrenner 3 um 90 versetzt angeordnet. Neben jedem Spiritusbrenner 3 ist ein Glashalter 4 angebracht, der so ausgebildet ist, dass die sstlelglaser 5 mit ihrem Behälterteil über dem zugeordneten Spiritus- brenner 3 liegen und andererseits der mit einen kreis formigen Rand versehene Glasfuss 6 gegen einen am Ring kbrper 2 angeordneten Reibring 7 aus Gummi oder Kunststoff zur Anlage kommt. Die mit der zu erwärmenden Flüssigkeit gefüllten Stiel glaser 5 werden in die Glashelter 4 eingesetzt und von den angezündeten Spiritusbrennern 3 erwärmt. Für eine gleichmässige Erwärmung wird die Grundplstte 1 gedreht, beispielsweise im Sinne des in Figur 2 gezeigten Pfei les. Dabei rollen die sstielgläser 5 mit dem Rand ihres Glasfusses 6 auf dem Reibring 7 ab und versetzen damit das Glas in eine Drehung um seine mittlere Längsachse. In Pigur 2 ist angedeutet, dass bei den gezeigten Drehsinn der Grundplatte 1 die Gläser in gleichem Drehsin- ne in den Glashaltern 4 zur Drehung gelangen. Wahlwei- se können netürlich in dem Drehständer auch weniger Gläser eingelegt und erwärmt werden. Wie Figur 3 zeigt, ist der Ringkörper 2 mit einem nach unten weisenden Standring 8 oder Füssen verschen, mit dem er auf einer Tischplatte 0. dgl. zur Auflage kommt. An der Innenfläche des Ringkörpers 2 sind nach innen weisende laufrollen 9 angebracht, auf denen die Grundplette 1 mit einer peripheren Schulter 10 aufliegt. Weiterhin ist dieser Rigkörper 2 am oberen Rand mit einer peripheren Stützschulter 11 für die Glasfüsse 6 ausgestattet. Diese stützt nicht nur das Stislgles 5 ab, sonderi lenkt den Rand des Glasfusses 6 auch gegen den in einer Ringnut eingelassenen Reibring 7. Die Glashalter 4 bestehen im wesentlichen aus einem Stütafuss 12, der an seinem unteren Ende mittels einer Schraube 13 an der Grundplatte 1 befestigt ist. Im oberen Bereich sind wesentliche Bestandteile zwei U förmige Glasbügel 14,15, in denen das Glas einliegt. Der grössere Glasbügel 14 ist duch zwei Arme 16, die ebenfalls eine Art Bügel bilden, mit dem Stütafuss 12 verbunden. Der Glashalter 4 kann beispielsweise aus geschmiedeten eilen bestehen. Die Spiritusbrenner 3 sind, wie Pigur 3 zeigt, in Offnungen 17 eingelassen, welche mit einem Schutzring 18 aus Metall verkleidet sind. Die Grundplatte 1 besteht aus einen nicht entflemmbaren oder zumindest schwer entflammbaren Werkstoff. In Betracht kommen Metall, aber auch Holz oder Kunststoff, wobei vorzugsweise die Oberfläche mit einem geeigneten Metallbeschlag versehen ist. 8ie kann insbesondere auch aus geformtem Blech aus Edelstahl, Messing oder Kupfer bestehen. Der Ringkörper 2 kann aus einem gleichen Werkstoff gefertigt sein. Bei der Ausführung nach den Piguren 1 bis 3 bildet der Ringkörper 2 den ortsefesten, auf einer Tischplatte o. dgl. stehenden Teil, während die Grundplatte 1 dreh- beweglich angeordnet ist und durch deren Verdrehung der Reibantrieb erfolgt. Diese Kinematik lässt sich aber zu einer nicht dargestellten Ausführungsform umkehren, indem en einer ortsfesten, d. h. auf der Tischplatte liegenden Grundplatte ein Ringkörper drehbar gelagert ist und die Glashalter entsprechand angeordnet sind, so dass die radial nach aussen weisenden Glasfüsse gegen einen peripher am Ringkörper angeordneten Reib- ring zur Anlage kommen. Hierbei muss der Ringkörper gedreht werden, um den gevtinschten Reibantrieb der Stielgläser zu erzielen. Die Betätigung kann entweder durch Hand geschehen. Es ist aber auch möglich, die tu drehenden Teile, die Grundplatte bzw. den Ringkör- per mit einen motorischen Antrieb zu vergeben, indem ein geeignetes Getriebe und ein Federwerk oder ein Elektromotor vorgesehen werden. Figur 4 zeigt die Hälfte eines Querschnittes durch eine weitere Ausführungsform. Auch dieser Drehstän- der weist eine scheibenartige Grundplatte 1 auf, die auf einer Bodenplstte 23 um ein axiallager 26 drehbar gelagert ist. Am Bend 19 der Grundplatte 1 sind ausser halb eines jeden Glashalters 4 Schlitze 20 vorhanden, in denen je eine Rolle 21 mittels einer Welle drehbar gelagert ist. Jede Rolle 21 ist mit einer aussen liegenden ringförmigen Schulter 22 verstehen, die der AS stützung und als Reibantrieb für den betreffenden Glasfuss 6 dient. Der Antrieb der Rollen 21 erfolgt beim Drehen der Grundplatte 1 dadurch, dass diese auf tor Bodenplatte 23 abrollen. Zur Erhöhung der Reibung ist auf der r kreisförmigen Fahrbahn ein laufring 24 aus Gummi oder Kunststoff befestigt. Zur Abdeckung der Bollenlager und der Fahrbahn ist am Rand der 3odenplatte 23 ein nach oben weisender Kragen angeformt. Bei dieser Ausführungsform ist jedem Stielgles 5 ein eigener Rollonantrieb zugeordnet, wobei alle Rollenantriebe beim Verdrehen der Grundplatte 1 durch ihren lauf auf den laufring 24 in Bewegung gebracht werden. Die Rollen 21 sind sowohl Antriebarollen für die Gläser als auch Lsufräder für die Grundplatte. Auch hier kann die Drehung der Grundplatte 1 von Hand oder mit Hilfe eines Motors erfelgen, wobei ein geeignetes Getriebe vorge sehen sein kann. Die in den Figuren 5 bis 7 gezeigte Ausführungsform besitzt ebenfalls für jedes Glas einen eigenen Reib @ntrieb. Die Grundplatte 1 steht fest auf der Tisch- platte und hat einen rechteckigen Grundriss. An zwei einander gegenüberliegenden Seiten sind am Rand zwei Schlitze 20 vorgesehen, in denen je eine mit einer ringtörmigen Schulter 28 versehene Reibrolle 27 mit- tels einer Lagerwelle 29 drehbar gelagert ist. Auf der Innenseite weder keibrolle 27 ist ein Zahnrad 30 angeformt oder befestigt, in dass von unten her ein Zahnritzel 31 eingreift. Jedes Zahnritzel 31 sitzt auf einer Welle 32, die an ihrem inneren nde ein Kegelzahnred 33 trägt. Diese Kegelzahnräder 33 ste hen mit auf einer Antriebswelle 35 befestigten Kegel- zshnrädern 34 in Eingriff, wodurch eine Art Vertei- lergetriebe gebildet ist. Durch Betätigung der An triebswelle 35 mittels einer äusseren Handkurbel oder einem Motor, z. B. einem Federwerk oder einem Elek promotor, werilen slle Reibrollen 21 angetrieben, die durch Reibungsschluss mit den Glasfüssen 6 die Stielgläser 5 in der gewünschten Weine verdrehen. Die Erfindung bleibt nicht auf die in den Figuren 1 bis 7 dargestellten Ausführungsbeimpiele beschränkt, sondern es sind zchlreiche Änderungen durohführbar, ohne dass der Rahmen der Erfindung überschritten wird. So besteht die Möglichkeit, den Drehständer mit weniger oder mehr Glashaltern und Spiritushrennern auszu rüste Für eine besonders brauchbare Form können bei- spielsweise auch sechs Glashalter und sechs spiritus- brenner angebracht sein. Insbesonders lassen sich bei der Ausführung nach den Figuren 5 bis 7 eine Vielzahl von Glashaltern, Spiritusbrennern und einzelnen Rollenantrieben auf einer oder zwei einander gegenüber liegenden Seiten einer länglichen Grundplatte anbrin- gen. Pur einen Elektromotor kann entweder ein Netzanschluss oder eine Stromspeisung durch Akkumulator oder Batterie vorgesehen sein.";Patentansprüche 1. Drehständer mit Spiritusbrenner für Stielgläser, insbesondere Irish-Coffee-Gläser, dadurch geksnn zeichnet, dass eine Grundplatte (1) mit wenigstens zwei Glashaltern (4) und Spiritusbrennert (3) so wie einem Reibantrieb versehen ist, gegen den die Glasfüsse (6) der in die Glashalter eingelegten Stielgläser (5) zur Anlage kommen. 2. Drehständer nach Anspruch 1, dedurch gekennzeich net, dass eine scheibenförmige Grundplatte (1) in nerbalb eines Ringkörpers (2) drehbar gelagert ist und die Glashalter (4) derart angeordnet sind, dass die radial nach aussen weisenden Glasfüsse (6) gegen einen peripher am Ringkörper angeordneten Reibring (7) sur Anlage kronen. 3. Drehständer nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass der Ringkörper (2) mit einem Standring (8) und nach innen gerichteten Laufrollen (9) versehen ist, auf denen die Grundplstte (1) mit einer peri pheren schulter (10) sutaiegt. 4. Drehständer nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, dadurch gekenn- zeichnet, dass der Ringkörper (2) mit einer neben dem Reibring (7) verleufenden Stützschulter (11) fur die Glasfüsse t6) versehen ist. 5. Drehständer nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass eine scheibenförmige Grundplatte (1) auf einer Bodenplstte (23) drehbar gelagert und an ihrem Umfang mit gegen die Bodenplstte anlie genden Rollen (21) versehen ist und dass die Glas halt er (4) derart angeordnet Bind, dass die radial nach aussen weisenden Glasfüsse (6) jeweils vol oben gegen eine der Rollen zu Anlage kommen. 6. Drehstander nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass an der Grundplatte ein Ringkörper dreh bar gelagert ist und die Glashalter derart ange ordnet sind, dass die radial nach aussen weisenden Glasfüsse gegen einen peripher am Ringkörper ange ordneten Reibring zur Anlage kommen. 7. Drehständer nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass am Band der Grundplatte (1) mit einez Triebwerk (30 biss 34) verbundene Reibrollen (27) gelagert und die Glashalter (4) derart angeordnet sind, dass die Glasfüsse (6) Jeweils gegen eine dieser Reibrollen zur Anlage kommen. 8. Drehständer nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass die Reibrollen (27) über ein Verteiler- getriebe an eine Handkurbel ober einen Antriebs motor angeschlossen ist 9. Drehständer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, da durch gekennzeichnet, dass die Glashalter (4) aus einen an der Grundplatte (1) befestigten Stützfuss (12) bestehen, an denen zwei U-förmige Glasbügel (14,15) für die Einlage eines Stielglases (5) an gebracht sind. 10. Drehständer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5. dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedem Glashalter (4) ein in die Grundplatte (1) eingelassener Spiritusbrenner (3) zugeordnet ist. 11. Drehständer nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf der Grundplatte (1) vier Glashalter (4) mit be einem Spiritus- brenner (3) angeordnet sind. 12. Drehständer nach einer der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 und 9 bis 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Grundplatte (1) oder der Ringkörper (2) mit einem Getriebe versehen ist, welches von einez Federwerk oder einem Elektromotor anhgetrieben wird.;IM BRAHM, WALTER, DIETE, FRIEDRICH;DIETE, FRIEDRICH, IM BRAHM, WALTER;1978
+EP-0011065-B1;19820324.0;19781201;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;6696515.0;B65D5;;B65D5;B65D   5/42H;GROUP OF PARALLELEPIPEDIC PACKAGES;1. A group of parallelepipedic packages comprising at least two parallelepipedic bodies (1, 2) which are folded up out of cardboard blanks and which are pivotally connected by two coupling members (5, 9), wherein the coupling members comprise an eye portion (5) formed from a cover flap portion of one parallelepipedic body (1), the cover flap portion covering approximately half the area of the opening, and a hook portion which is formed from an additional flap portion (9) of the other parallelepipedic body (2), the flap portion (9) projecting outwardly and, in the coupled condition, into the one parallelepipedic body (1), thereby overlapping the cover flap portion, which hook portion has recesses (10) which extend thereinto in its middle region from both sides, thereby to form two oppositely disposed outer hooks (11) which, in the coupled condition, engage over parts of the eye portion (5) from a central opening (7) therein, characterised in that the opening in the eye portion (5) comprises a slot (7) which extends in the middle region of the cover flap portion parallel to the base edge thereof and which corresponds in width approximately to double the wall thickness of the cardboard material, and the two hooks (11) of the additional flap portion (9) are each foldable through 180 degrees relative to each other about a respective fold edge (12) disposed at the root of the respective hook and extending transversely with respect thereto, and that the two fold edges (12) are spaced from each other by a distance (1) which is somewhat less than the length (L) of the slot (7).;"Quadergruppe Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Quadergruppe aus mindestens zwei aus Kartonzuschnitten aufgefalteten und durch zwei Kupplungsglieder gelenkig verbundenen Quaderkörpern wobei die Kupplungsglieder aus einem aus einer üblichen, annähernd die halbe Öffnungsfläche verdeckenden Decklasche des einen Quaderkörpers gebildeten Ösenteil und eine aus einer zusätzlichen, nach aussen und im eingekuppelten Zustand r einen Quaderkörper, die Decklasche überlappend hineinragenden Lasche des anderen Quaderkörpers gebildeten-Hakentell beste- hen, der durch In seinem Mittelbereich von beiden Seiten her eingreifende Ausnehmungen zwei gegenüberliegende äussere Haken bildet, die im eingekuppelten Zustand von einer mittleren Ausnehmung des Ösenteils her Teile desselben übergreifen. Solche Quadergruppen werden insbesondere als aus acht Wür-' feln ringförmig zusammenhängende Würfelketten verwendet, webei die beiden Kupplungsglieder dazu dienen3 zwei aus jeweils vier zusammenhängenden Würfeln gebildete Würfelsätze an jeweils ihren äusseren Enden lösbar zu der ringförmig geschlossenen Wür- felkette zu verbinden. Den bekannten, beispielsweise durch die Gebrauchsmusterschrift 78 06 533 bekannten Kupplungsgliedern haftet jedoch noch der Mangel an, dass sie keine für die@prak- tischen Beanspruchungen der Würfelkette, die zu einer unterschiedlichen gegenseitigen Lage der einzelnen Würfel in ihrer Gesamtform verwandelt werden kann, ausreichend zuverlässige Kupplungsverbindung gewährleisten können. Während die Kupplungsverbrndung zugleich eine zuverlässige scharnierartige Gelenkverbindung zwischen den beiden verbundenen Würfeln bilden soll, ist die Kupplungsverbindung der eingekuppelten bekannten Kupslunasglieder nicht hin reiches formsclssig, so dass die den Hakenteil bildende zusätzlicne Lasche, die an ihrer Grundkante zugleich die Gelenkstelle zum anschliessenden Würfel bildet, leicht mehr oder weniger grosse Schwenkbewegungen gegenüber dem anderen Kupplungsglied ausführen kann, die bei der gelenkigen Zusammenwirkung der einzelnen Würfel abträglich sind. Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, die Gestaltung der Kuplungsglieder zwischen den benachbarten, gelenkig verbundenen Quaderkörpern so zu vervollkommnen, dass Relativver- schiebungen der zusammengekuppelten beiden Kupplungsglieder bei den bei der Anwendung der Quaderkörper auftretenden normalen Beanspruchungen nach Möglichkeit ganz ausgeschlossen bleiben. Die gestellte Aufgabe ist erfindungsgemäss dadurch gelöst, dass die Ausnehmung des ösenteils aus einem im Mittelbereich der Decklasche zu deren Grundkante parallel verlaufenden, in seiner Breite etwa der doppelten Wandstärke des Kartonmaterials entsprechenden Langloch besteht und die beiden Haken der zusätzlichen Lasche um je eine an ihrer Wurzel befindliche auerverlaufende Falzkante um 1800 gegeneinander faltbar sind, und dadurch, dass die beiden Falzkanten einen gegenüber der Länge des Langloches etwas kleineren gegenseitigen Abstand aufweisen. Bei einer solchen Aushildung der beiden zusammenwirkenden K@@@l@ng@@@ @@ @@@ der @it se@@er beiden gegeneinander g@@@@ teten Sante durch des Langleh der Ösenteils hindurch g@@@@@@te@akertal @ @@ch airen Zurüchfalten der belden Haken ne@@ au@en @owoh@ gegen@ber Schwenkbewegungen als auch gegen üner sonsalgan Varseni@oungei relativ zum Ösenteil zuverlässig verankert. Ausgestaltangan der Erfindung betreffen weitere vorteilhafte Linseineiten der Gestal@ung des Hakenteils. In der Zeichnung ist die Erfindung beispielsweise veranschaulicht; es zeigen; Fig. 1 zwei aus Kartonzuschnitten aufgefaltete und über zwei der Erfindung entsprechende Kupplunhgsglieder miteinancer verbundene Würfel einer im übrigen nicht dargestellten ringförmig geschlossener. Wü-r- elkette in einer Seitenansicht (Teile der beiden Würfel sind zur besseren Sichtbarmachung von Ein- zelheiten der Kupplungsglieder nach der Linie I-I der Fig. 2 geschnitten daraestelit); Fig. 2 die beiden Würfel gemäss F. 1 in einer Ansicht von oben (der linke Würfel ist zur besseren Sich; barmachung der Kupplungsglieder oben geöffnet dar- gestellt); Fig. 3 und 4 die zur Bildung der beiden Würfel gemäss Fig. 1 dienenden ausgebreiteten Kartonzuschnitte in jeweils einer Draufsicht auf ihre an den aufgefalteten Wür feln innen liegenden Flächen. Die in den Fig. 1 und 2 dargestellten beiden Würfel, de re Kartonzuschnitte aus den zugeordneten Fig. 3 und 4 er sichtlich sind, sind gemäss dem Ausführungsbeispiel Bestandteile einer ringförmig geschlossenen Würfelkette aus acht zusammenhängenden Würfeln, die in bekannter Weise zu einer unterschiedlichen Gesamtform und insbesondere zu zwei Würfelkörpern mit unterschiedlichen Aussenflächen zusammenfügbar sind. Während der Würfel 1 mit drei anderen anschliessenden (nicht dargestellten) Würfeln über eine Klebelasche 3 fest verbunden ist, ist der Würfel 2 mit dort anschliessenden (nicht dargestellten) weiteren drei Würfeln über eine Klebelasche 4 fest verbunden. Damit alle acht Würfel nach einer keinen Ge-- genstand der vorliegenden Erfindung bildenden bestimmten Zusammenfaltung raumsparend versandt werden können, hat es sich als zweckmässig erwiesen, die beiden Sätze von je vier Würfeln an beiden Enden jeweils lösbar über eine Kupplungsverbindung miteinander zu verbinden, wie sie insbesondere aus den Fig. 1 und 2 ersichtlich ist. Die nachstehend näher beschriebene Kupplungsverbindung ist so einfach, dass sie an der Stelle der Wiederauffaltung der Würfel ohne weiteres von jedermann zusammengefügt werden kann. Das eine, einen ösenteil 5 bildende Kupplungsglied besteht aus einer einfachen Decklasche, die in ihrem Mittelbereich ein zu ihrer Grundkante 6 parallel verlaufendes Lang loch 7 aufweist. Bei aufgefaltetem Würfel 1 befindet sich der Osen- teil 5 am Grunde des Würfels 1 neben einer weiteren einfachen Decklasche 8. Das zugeordnete Kupplungsglied des Würfels 2.besteht aus einer zusätzlichen Lasche 9, die durch in ihrem Mittelbereich von beiden Seiten her eingreifende Ausnehmungen 10 zwei gegen überliegende äussere Haken 11 bildet. An ihren gegenüber der Länge L des Langloches 7 einen etwas kleineren gegenseitigen Abstand 1 aufweisenden Wurzeln verläuft quer zu jedem Haken 11 eine Falzkante 12, die ein Gegeneinanderfalten der beiden Haken 11 möglich macht. Im übrigen ist die Lasche 9 mit dem Würfel über einen gelochten Wandstreifen 13, der keinen Gegenstand der vorliegenden Erfindung bildet gelenkig mit dem Würfel 2 verbunden, so dass die beiden Würfel 1 und 2 nach ihrer Zusammenkupplung ohne nennenswerten Widerstand leicht um die entlang dem Wandstreifen 13 verlaufende Grund kante der Lasche 9 zueinander verschwenkt werden können. Aus Fig. 4 ist ferner ersichtlich, dass die Ausnehmungen 10 vorzugsweise jeweils die Form, eines rechtwinkligen Dreiecks aufweisen, dessen Hypothenuse vo zugeordneten äusseren Ende der entlang dem Vwandstreifen 13 verlaufenden Grundkante zum inneren Ende der zugeordneten Falzkante 12 verläuft, VJGh- rend dessen an die dortige Spitze anschliessende Kathete parallel zur Grundkante verläuft und zugleich die eine Seitenkante des zugeordneten Hakens 11 bildet. Bevorzugt wird es ausserdem, wenn die äusseren Enden der jeweils im wesentlichen rechteckigen Haken 11 an ihren der Grundkante zu gelegenen Ecken 14 abgerundet sind. Das Zusammenkuppeln der durch den ösenteil 5 und die zusätzliche Lasche 9 gebildeten beiden Kupplungsglieder kann bei vollkommen aufgefaltetem Würfel 2 und nahezu aufgefaltetem Würfel 1 erfolgen. Es ist lediglich erforderlich, die an der Kupplungsseite des Würfels 1 befindliche Deckelwand 15 aufzuklappen, woraufhin die aus dem völlig aufgefalteten Würfel 2 herausragende, den Hakenteil bildende Lasche 9 mit ihrem äusseren Ende bei um 1800 zueinander geklappten Haken 11 von der Grundkante 6 des ösenteils 5 her mühelos durch das Langloch 7 hindurchgesteckt werden kann, woraufhin lediglich noch die beiden Haken 11 in der aus Fig. 2 ersichtlichen Weise nach aussen zurückgeschwenkt zu werden brauchen. Die beiden Fig. 1 und 2 veranschaulichen zugleich, dass die , zusammengekuppelten beiden Kupplungsglieder eine allen normalen Beanspruchungen der Würfel bei ihrer Handhabung gewachsene zuverlässige Verbindung gewährleisten, die praktisch keine Rela tivverschiebungen der Lasche 9 gegenüber dem ösenteil 5 mehr zulässt. Selbstverständlich ist die Erfindung nicht an die Anwendung an lediglich im Zusammenhang mit dem Ausführungsbeispiel erwähnten ringförmig geschlossenen Würfelketten gebunden und kann in ähnlich vorteilhafter Weise zwischen irgendwie gestalteten, aus Rartonzuschnitten aufgefalteten Quaderkörpern ganz unabhängig davon vorgesehen sein, ob dieselben noch mit weiteren Quaderkörpern verbunden sind. PatentansprAche:";Patentansprüclle 1. Quadergruppe aus mindestens zwei aus Kartonzuschnitten aufgefalteten und durch zwei IXupplungsglieder gelenkig verbundenen Quaderkörpern, wobei die Kupplungsglieder aus einem aus einer üblichen, annähernd die halbe OffnungsflEche verdeckenden Decklasche des einen Quaderkörpers gebildeten Osenteil und einem aus einer zusätzlichen, nach aussen und im eingekuppelten Zustand in den einen Quaderkörper, die Decklasche überlappend hineinragenden Lasche des anderen Quaderkörpers gebildeten Hakenteil bestehen, der durch in seinem Mittelbereich von beiden Seiten her eingreifende Ausnehmungen zwei gegenüberliegende äussere Haken bildet, die im eingekuppelten Zustand von einer mittleren Ausnehmung des ösenteils her Teile desselben übergreifen, d a d u r c h g e k e n n z e i c h n e t , dass die Ausnehmung des ösenteils (5) aus einem im Mittelbereich der Decklasche zu deren Grundkante parallel verlaufenden, in seiner Breite etwa der doppelten Wancstärke des Kartonmaterials entsprechenden Langloch (7) besteht und die beiden Haken (11) der zusätzlichen Lasche (9) um je eine an ihrer Wurzel befindliche querverlaufende Falzkante (12) um 1800 gegeneinander faltbar sind, und dadurch, dass die beiden Falzkanten (12) einen gegenüber der Länge (L) des Langloches (7) etwas kleineren gegenseitigen Abstand (1) aufweisen. 2. Quadergruppe nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Ausnehmungen (10) jeweils die Form eines rechtwinkligen Dreiecks aufweisen, dessen Hypothenuse vom zugeordneten äusseren Ende der Grundkante (Wandstreifen 13) zum inneren Ende der zugeordneten Falzkante (12) und dessen an die dortige Spitze anschliessenden Rathete parallel zur Grundkante (Wandstreifen 13) verläuft. 3. Quadergruppe nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die äusseren Enden der jeweils im wesentlichen rechteckigen Haken (11) an ihren der Grundkante (Wandstreifen 13) zu gelegenen Ecken (14) abgerundet sind.;RUGER, WALTHER, Rüger, Walther;REFEKA WERBEMITTEL GMBH;1978
+EP-0011067-B1;19820421.0;19780721;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;27124337.0;C07D337;A61K31, C07D417, C07D409;A61K31, C07D417, C07D337, C07D409, A61P11;124HC1B2A+A5, C07C 149/34, 124HC1B4+A5, 124HC1B3D2+A5, C07D 337/14, 124HC1B4B+A5, C07C 149/40+8G, C07C 149/30+8G, C07C 149/40, C07C 149/34+8G, M07D337:14;PROSTAGLANDIN ANTAGONISTS, THEIR PRODUCTION AND THEIR PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS;"The invention provides 7- and 8-R-dibenzo[b,f]- thiepin derivatives of formula : in which n is O or an integer from 1 to 4; Z is thio, sulfinyl, or sulfonyl; R is hydrogen, halogen, amino, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkanoyl, hydroxyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, mercapto, C₁₋₄ alkylthio, C₁₋₄ alkylsulfinyl, C₁₋₄ alkylsulfonyl, trifluoromethyl, trif­ luoromethylthio, cyano, carboxy, nitro, C₁₋₄ alkylamino or di(C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino; A is 5-tetrazolyl, 3-­ hydroxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl, 4-­ hydroxy-2,5-dioxy-Δ³-pyrollin-3-yl or where R₂ is hydroxy, C₁₋₄alkoxy, N,N-di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino-(C₁₋₄ alkoxy), C₁₋₄ hydroxyalkoxy, carboxy-(C₁₋₄ alkoxy), amino, C₁₋₄ alkylamino, di(C₁₋₄alkyl)amino, C₁₋₄alkylsulfonylamino, carboxy(C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino, carbamoyl(C₁₋₄ alkyl)amino or 2-imino-3-methylthiazolidine and the dotted line indicates either an olefinic bond or saturation at the 10, 11-position; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. These com­ pounds can be used in the treatment and control of allergic conditions such as allergic asthma and pharmaceutical com­ positions containing the compounds and methods of making the compounds are also provided.";"Tricyclic chemical compounds and their production This invention relates to prostaglandin antagonists. Prostaglandin antagonists are useful in treating a variety of conditions, such as allergic asthma where excessive contractile activity of prostaglandins and prostaglandin biosynthetic intermediates occur. The prostaglandin antagonists of the present invention are 7- and 8-substituted-dibenzo[b,f)thiepins having the structural formula : EMI1.1 in which n is Q or an integer from 1 to 4; Z is thio, sulfinyl, or sulfonyly R is hydrogen, halogen including chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine, amino, C1-4 alkyl, C1-4 alkanoyl, kydroxyl, C34 alkoxy, mercapto, C1-4 alirylthio, C1-4 alkylsulfilryl, C1-4 alkylsulfonyl, trif)uorotnethyl, trifluoromet,hyltbio, cyano, carbon nitro, C1-4 alkylamino or di(C1-4alkyl)amino; A is 5-tetrazolel, 3-hydror-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl, 4-hydrox -2,5- dioxo 83-pfrrolin-S-yi or EMI2.1 where R2 is hydroxy, C1-4 alkoxy , N,N-2i(Cl Ealtyl)amino-(Cl 4 alkoxy), C1-4 hydroxyalk Xrç carboxy-(Cl 4 alkoxy), amino, C1,4 alkylamino, ditCl 4 alkyl)amino, C1-4 alkylsulfonylamino, carboxy(Cl 4 alkyl )amino, carbamoyl(C1-4 alkyl)amino or 2-imino3-methylthiazolioine and the dotted line indicates either an olefinic bond or saturation at the 10-, ll-position; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. As used herein, the term, halogen (or halo), means chlorine, bromine, iodine or fluorine. Unless otherwise specifically stated, the term lower alkyl and loweralkoxy means straight and branched chain alkyl and alkoxy groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkoxy residue, for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy and isobutoxy. The term loweralkanoyl includes straight or branched chain alkanoyl groups having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in the alkanoyl residue, for example, formyl, acetyl, propanoyl, isobutyryl and isotutyryl. These dibenzo [b,fà thiepin desivatives antag- onize the actions of contractile prostaglandins, such as PGG2 =d and PGH2 and TXA,. The use of agents which act as prostaglandin antagonists offers new approaches to therapy in a a number of disease states. For example, certain prostaglandins, such as PGF2z, PGG2 and PGEI2, are potent contractants of bronchial muscle. Indeed human asthmatics have been shown to be especially sensitive to the bronchial constricting action of PGF2aS In addition to the involvement of contrac- tile prostaglandins in chronoc obstructive lung disease (or asthma), prostaglandins are know to play a role in other allergic conditions, as well as inflammation, diarrhea, hypertension, angina, platelet aggregation, cerebral spasm, premature abortion, and dismenonorrhea. In addition to the prostaglandin antagonist actions, the dibcnzotb,flthiepins of this invention are antagonists of sl reacting substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A). This contractile substance is released in the lung tissue in allergic asthma, and antagoninm of its actions contributes to alleviation of this disease. The dibenzo [b,f] thiepins of this invention are prepared according to the follving general reaction scheme. An appropriately substituted mercaptobenzoic acid II is is reacted with sr-dibromobenzene III (R3-Br) to obtain the 0- (3-bromophenyl) benzoic acid ZV. Or Alter- natively, an approrriately substituted o-bromobenzoic acid II (R2-lNr) is reacted with m-bromobenzenethiol III to SH) to give 1V, EMI3.1 where RÚ is hydrogen, nitro, amino, C14 alkanoyl, hydroxy C14 alkoxy, C14 alkyisulfinyl, C1¯4 alkylsulfonyl, C1-4 alkyl, trifluoromethyl or trifluoromethyithic. R2 and 5 are different: one of them is mercapto and the other ifi bromine. Generally, the sulfide-forming reaction is carried out according to the methods described by Jilek et al., Mbnatsh. Chem. 96, 200 (1965), Protiva et al, Czech. Patent 121,337 C.A. 68 (105, 247t, 1968) and U.S.P. 3,711,489, and by other procedures well known in the art. The resulting o- (3-bromophenylthio) benzoic acid (IV) is reduced to the alcohol, brominated, and the bromo replaced with cyano. The cyano derivative is then hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid V. EMI4.1 The carboxylic acid V is transformed into the 3-bromo Il-oxo-l0,11-dihydrodibenzoIb,flthiepin by first conversion to the acid halide with thionyl or phosphoryl halide followed by Friedel-Crafts cyclization with a Lexis acid such as aluminum chloride to give VI. Reduction of the ketone VI with alkali metal borohydrides, followed by heating with catalytic amounts of a mineral acid, such as sulfuric acid or toluenesulfonic acid provides the 3-bromodibenzolS,flthiepin VII. EMI5.1 The 3-bromo derivative VII is then converted to the 3-nitrile YIII by reaction with cuprous cyanide in a high boiling polar solvent such as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like. EMI5.2 The 3-cyano derivative YI1I may be hydrolyzed with agueous mineral acid or base to give the dibenzo b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid ZX. The 3-cyano compound VII1 may also be reacted with azide ion at reflux in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide, hexa methylphosphorictriamide and the like for 1/4 to8 hours to give the tetrazole derivative X. Alternatively, the cyano intermediate VIII may be oxidized with organic peroxides such as peroxy acids, for example, m-chloroperbenzoic acid and the like, in a stepwise fashion to the corresponding sulfoxide XI and sulfone XII, controlling the molar ratio of oxidant to reductant. This determines the oxidation level of the sulfur. For example, a 1:1 molar ratio re sults largely in the production of sulfoxide XI. In contrast, a 2 to 3 molar excess of oxidant results in a yield predominantly comprising the sulfone XII. EMI6.1 Hydrolysis of XI and XII using aqueous mineral acid or alkali provides the corresponding carboxylic acids RII and XIV. EMI6.2 Reaction of XI and XII with azide ion as described above provides the tetrazoles XV and XVI, respectively. EMI7.1 Compounds of type I where the 10-11 double bond is saturated are prepared from intermediate V in which the 3-bromo is converted to a cyano derivative XVII, then hydrolyzed with mineral acid to the acid XVIII and esterified to the ester XIX, where R' is loweralkyl. EMI7.2 The ester XIX is reduced by conventional methods, e.g., Wolff-xishner, to compound XXII os better by-reduction with N6E4 to XX followed by PBr3 reacton to XXI, then reduction with NaBH3 in solvent such as sulfolane to XXII. EMI8.1 Compound XXII may be hydrolyzed with aqueous mineral acid or base to give the l0,'lI-dihydro[b,f- thiepin-3-carboxylic acid XXIII. Compound XXII may also be oxidized with one equivalent of organic peroxides, such as peroxy acids, for example, m-chloro perbenzoic acid and the like, to yield the sulfoxide XXIV, which can then be hydrolyzed with mineral acid or base to provide the carboxylic acid XXV. EMI9.1 The acid XXIII may be oxidized with excess organic peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide in acidic solvents such as acetic acid at temperatures ranging from 00-1000C. to yield compound XXVI. EMI9.2 Compound VI may be reacted with phosphorous tribromide followed by reduction with NaBH4 in solvents, such as sulfolane, and reaction with cuprous cyanide in high boiling polar solvents, such as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone and the like, to yield XXVII. EMI10.1 The 3-cyano derivative XXVII may be reacted with azide ion at reflux in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide or in THF with the addition of Lewis acid, such as Aid3, to yield the tetrazole derivative XXVIII. Compound XXVII can also be oxidized with excess peroxy acid, such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid followed by the tetrazole forming reaction to yield XXIX. EMI10.2 Tetrazole XXVIII may be oxidized with perox id such as hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium, such as acetic acid, to yield compound XXX. EMI11.1 XVII may also be oxidized with one equivalent of organic peroxide, such as peroxy acids, for example, m-chloroperbenzoic acid followed by mineral acid or base hydrolysis to yield XXXI. EMI11.2 XVII can also be reacted with azide ion at reflux in an inert solvent such as dimethylformamide or in THF with the addition of a Lewis acid such as Alp13 to yield the tetrazole XXXII. EMI12.1 Substituent R in I can also be introduced by modification of the nitro group in VIII (R=NO2) and XXVII (R=N02) by known procedures. For example, XXXIII can be reduced with stannous chloride in acidic medium, hydrochloric acid and the like, to yield XXXIV which can be hydrolyzed with mineral acids or bases to XXXV. EMI12.2 Alternatively, XXXIII may be oxidized with peroxides, for example, m-chloroperbenzoic acid to yield XXXVI which can be reduced to XXXVII and then hydrolysed with mineral acids or bases to XXXVIII. EMI13.1 Intermediate XXXIV can be reacted with sodium nitrite in mineral acid to the diazonium salt XXXIX, where X is a mineral acid counter ion, for example, C1, HSO BF4 and the like1 which on reaction with CuCl and CuC12 yields intermediate XL which can be hydrolyzed to the acid XLI. Intermediate XL may also be oxidized to the sulfone derivative, then followed by a hydrolysis to the carboxylic acid XLII. EMI14.1 Derivative XXXIX can be hydrolyzed with a solution of sulfuric acid 10 to 508 in strength at temperatures ranging from 00-900C. to yield XLIII. XXXIX may also be reacted with potassium thioxanthate at temperatures from 400-700C. followed by basic hydrolysis to yield the thiol acid XLIV. EMI15.1 Compound XXXVII can be transformed in the usual manner to the diazonium salt XLV. XLV can be reacted as described above to yield compounds XLVI AND XLVII. EMI15.2 Compounds XLIII, XLIV, XLVI, XLVII can be reacted with alkyl halides RX in which R is a lower alkyl C1 to C4, benzyl, and X is a leaving group such as C1, Br, I, EMI16.1 in the presence of bases such as alkali carbonate, hydroxides, and the like, in solvents such as dimethylformamide, at temperatures ranging from 3O0-1600C. to yield XLVIII, XLIX, L and LI, respectively. EMI16.2 Compound XLIX can in a controlled oxidation with peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide or organic peroxy acids such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid, yield compound LII. LI may be oxidized with one equivalent of organic peroxides such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid or with hydrogen peroxide in hydroxylic solvents such as alcohols, organic acids such as acetic acid, at temperatures below 300C., to yield LIII. Compounds XLIX, LI and LIII may also be oxidized with excess organic peroxides such as m-chloroperbenzoic acid at room temperature, or with peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide in acidic medium such as acetic acid at temperatures between 800 and 1000 C. to yield LIV. EMI17.1 Specific introduction of substituents in position 8 in I can also be achieved. For example, XXVII ( can react with alkanoyl halide RCOX or alkanoic anhydride RCOOCOR in which R is a lower alkyl C1 to C4 and X is chloro or bromo, to yield the substituted acyl LV which upon acid or base hydrolysis affords acid LVI. EMI18.1 EMI18.2 LV can be oxidized with oxidizing agents such as inchloro perbenzoic acid stepwise to yield sulfoxide LVII and sulfone LVIII which are hydrolyzed under acidic or basic conditions to afford acids LIX and LX respectively. EMI19.1 Compound LVI can be reacted with hydroxylamine hydro chloride with presence of base 'to yield oxime LXI which on a Beckman rearrangement, yields the acylamino compound LXII which upon hydrolysis yields amino.acid LXIII. EMI19.2 compound LXII can be oxidizedwith hydrogen peroxide in acetic acid stepwise to yield the corresponding sulfoxide LXIV and sulfone LXV which upon hydrolysis afford the acids LXVI and LXVII. EMI20.1 Compounds LXIII, LXVI, LXYII can be treated in Various Sandmeyer reaction as described earlier to yield I sub stituted in the 8 Position. Compound LVI (R-CH3)when treated with sodium hypochlorite and base at temperatures from 00-700 for half an hour yield the diacid LXVIII. When the process is carried for 2 days under the same conditions LXIX is obtained. EMI21.1 Compounds LVI, LIX, LX can be reduced with sodium borohydrid to afford the corresponding alcohols, LXX, LXXI, LXXII. EMI21.2 It will be obvious to those skilled in the art that the nitrile, XVII, can be substituted for the nitrile starting material, XXVII, in the foregoing reaction se- quences in order to prepare correspondingly substituted 10,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo [b,f thiepins. In addition to their therapeutic properties as noted above, the 3-carboxylic acid derivatives of this invention serve as valuable intermediates in the preparation of other variously substituted thiepins of formula I. Thus, for example, the 3carboxylic acid of formula XVIII (R1=R as defined in formula I) may be converted readily into the corresponding acid halide, preferably the acid chloride, by treating the carboxylic acid with a thionyl halide, preferably thionyl chloride. The resulting 3-halocarbonyl l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxodi- benz[b,f][1,43thiepin i.e., the 3-chlorocarbonyl compound of formula LXXII I then may be treated with various well-known reagents to form desired ester and amide derivatives. These reactions are illustrated in the following reaction scheme wherein R is as previously defined, it being understood that they are equally applicable to the 3-carboxylic acids of formula IX or XXIII. EMI22.1 Thus, for example, the chlorocarbonyl compound of formula LXXI II may be treated: (a) with a loweralkanol such as, for example, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, butanol and 2-butanol, to form the corresponding loweralkyl ester, LXXIV: EMI23.1 (b) with ammonia to form the corresponding carboxamide, LXXV: EMI23.2 (c) with an N-loweralkylamine such as for example, methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine and butylamine, or an N,N-diloweralkylamine such as, for example, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine and dibutylamine, to form the corresponding N-loweralkylcarboxamide LXXVI or N,N-diloweralkylcarboxamide, LXXVZI: : EMI24.1 Cd) with a loweralkylsulphonamide such as, for example, methane sulphonamide, ethane sulphonamide, propane sulphonamide and butane sulphonamide, to form the corresponding N-loweralkylsulfonylcarboxamide, LXXVIII: EMI24.2 (e) with 2-imino-3-methylthiazolidine to form the corresponding (3-methyl-2-thiazolidinylidene) carboxamide, LXXIX: EMI24.3 C-) with a lpweralkyldiol such as, for example ethylene glycol trimethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol, to form the corresponding hydroxyloweralkylester, LXXX: EMI25.1 (g) with an N,N-diloweralkylaminoloweralkanol such as, for example, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine, 3-N,N-dimethylaminopropan-l-ol and 4-N,N-diethylaminobutanl-ol, to form the corresponding N,N-diloweralkylaminoloweralkyl ester, LXXXI: : EMI25.2 (h) with an amino acid such as, for example, glycine, alanine and valine, to form the corresponding N-carboxyloweralkylcarboxamide, LXXXII: EMI26.1 (i) with an alkali metal salt of a hydroxyloweralkanoic acid such as, for example, hydroxi- acetic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid and hydroxypropionic acid, to form the corresponding carboxyloweralkyi ester, LXXXIII: EMI26.2 Where the corresponding sulfinyl or sulfonyl derivatives are desired, the corresponding 11oxide or ll,ll-dioxide 3-carboxylic acid may be sub etituted for starting material XVIII in the foregoing reaction sequence. Alternatively, it will be clear to those skilled in the art that the product esters and umides obtains in the foregoing reaction sequence may be oxidized by the techniques already to ced to obtain the corresponding sulfinyl or sulfonyl derivatives. Those thiepins of this invention wherein the substituent at the 3-position is 3-hydroxy-1,2,5thiadiazol-4-yl are prepared by refluxing a 3cyano intermediate (a compound of formula XVII where R1=R as defined in formula I, for example) in formic acid in the presence of Raney nickel alloy for 1 to 2 hours in order to obtain the corresponding l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo-[b,f]- thiepin-3-carboxaldehyde. The aldehyde product then is converted into the corresponding 3-(2 & inoacetonitrile) by treatment with sodium cyanide in an alcoholic solvent saturated with ammonia and in the presence of ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide. The reaction usually is conducted at room temperature and requires from 8 to 16 hours for completion. The aminoacetonitrile so produced is treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 20 to 45 minutes in order to obtain the corresponding 3-(2-aminoacetamide) which then is treated with sulfur monochloride in dimethylformamide to obtain the desired l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxo-dibenzotb,f]- thiepin-3-13-hydroxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl) of formula LXXXIV. This reaction sequence is illustrated in the following diagram. EMI28.1 The novel thiepinsof this invention wherein the substituent at the 3-position is 4 3 hydroxy-A -pyrroline-3-yl-2,5-dione are prepared from the appropriately substituted 3-carboxylic acid by reducing the acid to the correspondinq alcohol with borane in tetrahydrofuran. The reaction conveniently is carried out at room temperature under an inert atmosphere and usually requires 2 to 4 hours for completion. The alcohol then is brominated with phosphorous tribromide and the bromomethyl compound so produced is treated with sodium cyanide to form the corresponding 3-cyanomethyl derivative. These reactions may be carried out at room temperature and usually require from 1 to 3 hours for completion. The cyanomethyl intermediate then is hydrolyzed to the corresponding acetic acid which is treated with thionyl chloride followed by ammonia to form the corresponding 3acetamide derivative by techniques already described. The acetamide then is treated with diethyloxalate in dimethylformamide in the presence of potassium t-butoxide to form the desired dibenzo(b,f)thiepin- 3- (4 -hydroxy-A3-pyrrolin-3-yl-2 , 5-dione), LXXXV. This reaction sequence is illustrated in the diagram below. EMI30.1 EMI31.1 Where corresponding sulfinyl or sulfonyl derivatives are desired, the products of the four reaction schemes described immediately above may be oxidized by the techniques already described. It will be noted that the reaction sequence described above affords not only thiepins of this invention wherein the substituent at the 3-position is 4-hydroxy-A3-pyrroline-3-yl-2,5- dione, but, in Steps A-D, leads also to the preparation of those thiepins of this invention wherein the substituent at the 3-position is a loweralkanoic acid (i.e., compounds of formula I wherein A is EMI32.1 n is an integer between 1 and 4 and R2 is hydroxy). Thus, Steps A-D, as described above, starting with the appropriately substituted 3-carboxylic acid, through reduction, bromination, cyanization and oxidation, affords the corresponding 3-acetic acid derivative. Quite obviously, the described reduction, bromination, cyanization and oxidation sequence can be repeated, employing the 3-acetic acid derivative as starting material, in order to obtain the corresponding propionic acid derivative which, in turn, can be employed as starting material for preparing the corresponding butyric acid derivative. In this manner, any desired 3-loweralkanoic acid derivative of the instant invention readily is prepared. Corresponding sulfinyl or sulfonyl derivatives are prepared by the oxidation techniques previously described. The 3-cyanoloweralkyl intermediates obtained from Steps A-C in the reaction sequence described above also serve as intermediates in the preparation of other therapeutically active thiepins of formula I. Thus, for example, an appropriately substituted 3 - cyanomethyl-lD,ll- 3 oxodibenzotb,fZthiepin may be treated with sodium azide and ammonia by techniques prev ion sly described to form the corresponding 3 (lH-tetrazol-S-ylmethyll0,ll-dihydro-ll-oxo- dibenzo[b,f)thiepin and the product, if desired, can be oxidized to form the corresponding sulfinyl or sulfonyr derivative. As noted above, pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the novel thiepins also are included within the scope of this invention. The term, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, is intended to include salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids and bases such as, for example, ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as magnesium and calcium salts, salts of organic bases such as amine salts derived from mono-, di and tri-loweralkyl or loweralkanoyl amines such as trimethylamine, dimethylamine and triethanolamine, salts derived from heterocyclic amines such as piperidine, pyridine, piperazine and morpholine, and salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, tartaric acid and propionic acid. EXAMPLE I STEP 1 2- (3-Bromophenylthio) benzoic Acid A mixture consisting of 179 g. m-dibromobenzene (0.758 mole); 46.6 g. thiosalicyclic acid (0.303 mole); 25.9 g cuprous oxide (0.181 mole); 212 cc. quinoline; and 24 cc. pyridine is mechanically stirred and heated in an oil bath at 2000C. to 2100C. for three hours. The internal temperature remains constant at 1450 C. The reaction mixture is then poured into 1500 cc. of 5N aqueous HC1. The oily solid is filtered, then dissolved in 750 cc. 1N aqueous NaOH solution; this solution is filtered through celite, then extracted three times with ether. The aqueous fraction is acidified with concentrated HC1 and the resulting grayish solid filtered, washed well with water and dried. The crude yield obtained is 65 g. (69.4%). It is used as such in the next step. STEP 2 2-(3-Bromophenylthio)benzyl Alcohol A solution of 63.3 g. of 2-(3-bromophenylthio)benzoic acid (0.205 mole, crude) in 400 cc. dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) is treated dropwise at room temperature and under nitrogen atmosphere with 240 cc. 0.96N borane in THF. Hydrogen evolution is noticed during approximately one-third of the addition. After completion of the addition, the mixture is left stirring for one additional hour, then decomposed by the dropwise addition of 15 cc. water. Most of the THF is evaporated off and the residue is partitioned ether and water. The organic phase contains the crude alcohol which n""o:natogr & hed on â column of silica gel 1 g.); elution is done with a mixture of 20% ethyl acetate in benzene. Pure 2-(3-bromophenylthio)-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol (50.03 g.) is obtained as a yellow oil (82.8% yield). STEP 3 2- (3-Bromophenylthio)benzyl Bromide To 50.03 g. 2-(3-bromophenylthio)benzyl alcohol (0.17 mole) cooled in an ice bath is added dropwise 6 cc. phosphorous tribromide (0.06 mole). The resulting milky oil is stirred in the cold an additional 15 minutes then decomposed with ice water. Extraction with ether affords 58.6 g. of 2-(3-bromophenylthio)benzyl bromide as a yellowishbrown oil which is used as such in the next step. STEP 4 2- (3-Bromophenylthio) benzyl Cyanide 12.4 G. sodium cyanide (0.25 mole) is added to a solution of 58.6 g. 2-(3-bromophenyl- thio)benzyl bromide (0.164 mole) in 200 cc. dimethylformamide (DMF). The reaction is slightly exothermic. The resulting solution is allowed to stir for an hour without cooling, then is diluted with a large volume of water and extracted with ether three times. Ether extracts are washed several times with water, dried over sodium sulfate and the ether evaporated off. The crude yield of 2-(3-bromophenylthio)benzyl cyanide is 49.6 g.; the product is an oil which is hydrolyzed as such. STEP 5 2-(3-sromophenylthiotphenyl Acetic Acid 49.6 G. crude 2-(3-bromophenylthio) zenzyn cyanide iE refluxed in a mixture of 650 e. 3 aqueous sodom hydroxide solution and 650 cc. denatured alcohol for three hours. The solution is concentrated and the sodium salt of the acid separates. The mixture is diluted to three liters with water and acidified with concentrated HC1. The free acid precipitates and is filtered. The yield of crude 2-(3-bromophenylthio)phenyl acetic acid is 49.3 g. (93.5%). It is used as such in the next step. STEP 6 3-Bromo-l0,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b,f] thiepin 49.3 G. (0.1526 mole) crude 2-(3-bromophenylthio)phenyl acetic acid and 50 cc. thionyl chloride are refluxed together for 10 minutes. The excess thionyl chloride is evaporated off and the residual oil dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane and the mixture evaporated again to remove the last traces of thionyl chloride. The oily acid chloride is dissolved in 400 cc. 1,2-dichloroethane and 22.4 g. aluminum chloride (10% excess) is added in portions. The reaction is slightly exothermic but no cooling is necessary. The reaction is permitted to go for 40 minutes then the mixture is poured onto ice. The organic fraction is collected and the aqueous fraction extracted three times with chloroform. Combined organics are washed with water, dried over sodium sulfate and stripped to dryness. The solid residue is triturated in ether and filtered, then triturated in methanol and filtered. The yield of crude product is 34.8 g. (74.8%). STEP 7 3 -B romo - 1.0 , ll-dihydro-l1-hydroxydibenzo [b, f) thiepin 17 G. of 3-bromo-l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxodi- X zoib,fAthiepín (0.056 mole) are dissolved in a mixture of 150 cc. DMF and 150 cc absolute alcohol. ì. G. sodium borohydride (0.045 mole) are added snd the mixture is left stirring overnight at roon temperature. The ethanol is evaporated and the residual DMF solution is diluted with water and extracted with ether three times. The ether extracts are washed several times with water, dried a.d evaporated to a thick oil. A quantitative yield of the alcohol is obtained. STEP 8 3-5romodibenzo[b,f]thiepin 17 G. 3-bromo-ll-hydroxy-l0 ,ll-dihydro- dibenzo[b,f)thiepin are dissolved in 600 cc. benzene; 1 gram p-toluene sulfonic acid is added and the mixture is refluxed with elimination of water for two hours. The solution is cooled and washed with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and water, dried and stripped to a solid residue. 16 G. of 3-bromodibenzo[b,f)thiepin are obtained. STEP 9 3-Cyanodibenzo[b,f]thiepin A mixture containing 15.4 g. 3-bromodibenzo[b,f]thiepin and 7.16 g. cuprous cyanide (50% excess) in 100 cc. DMF is refluxed for 10 hours. The dark mixture is cooled to 10 OC. and poured onto 500 cc. 20% aqueous HC1 solution. Solids are filtered and washed well with water, then dissolved in chloroform. The solution is filtered through celite to remove insoluble cuprous sçler, then evaporated to a solid residue. Chroma tography on silica gel, eluting with benzene, affords 7.3 g. pure 3-cyanodibenzo[b,f]thiepin as a yellow solid, m.p. 1080C. 1100 C. Yield is 58.3%. STEP 10 Dibenzo [b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 2.0 G. 3-cyanodibenzo[b,f]thiepin are refluxed in a mixture of 25 cc. concentrated HC1 and 25 cc. glacial acetic acid for 19 hours; the acid separates from the hot solution. After cooling, the mixture is diluted with water and the light yellow solid is filtered and washed well with water. The yield of dibenzo[b,fthiepin-3-carboxylic acid is 2.07 g. (95.8%), m.p. 2510C.-2540C. Calculated: C: 70.85; H: 3.95; S: 12.61. Found: C: 71. OS; H: 3.88; S: 12.35. EXAMPLE II STEP 1 3-Cyanodibenzo [b, f) thiepin-5-oxide 5 G. 3-cyanodibenzo [b,fthiepin (0.021 mole) are dissolved in 300 cc. methylene chloride and 3.45 g. m-chloroperbenzoic acid (0.020 mole) are added in portions. The solution ii stirred for two hours at room temperature, then excess calcium hydroxide is added. The mixture is stirred for a few minutes and filtered through celite, the filtrate is evaporated down and the residue chromatographed on silica gel, eluting with a 50 : 50 mixture of chloroform and benzene. A mall amount of starting material is recovered, and the yield of sulfoxide is 4.92 g, (92%), light yellow solid, m.p. 2200C.-2220C. SEPS 23 Debenzo [b,f3thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5-Oxide 925 Mq. 3-cyanodibenzo[b,fjthiepin 5oxide are refluxed for 3 1/2 hours in a mixture of 60 cc. 108 aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 60 cc. denatured alcohol. The mixture is diluted with 1/2 liter of water and acidified with concentrated HC1. The acid precipitates and is filtered and dried. The yield of white dibenzo jb,f) thiepin-3-carboxylic acid 5-oxide is 965 mg. (97%), m.p. dec. 249cC. Calculated: C: 66.75; H: 3.73; S: 11.86. Found: C: 66.75; H: 3.62; S: 11.67. EXAMPLE III STEP 1 3-Cyanodibenzo [b ,f) thiepin-5 ,5-dioxide 5.4 G. 3-cyanodibenzo(b,f)thiepin (0.023 mole) are dissolved in 300 cc. methylene chloride and 15.87 g. m-chlorperbenzoic acid (0.092 mole) are added in portions. The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for one hour, then excess calcium hydroxide is added. The mixture is filtered through celite and the filtrate is stripped to dryness. The yellow solid istriturated in benzene and filtered. One obtains 5.46 g. (89%) of the sulfone, m.p. 2290C.2310C. STEP 2 Dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5-Dioxide 13.6 G. 3-cyanodibenzo [b,f]thiepin-5,5- dioxide are refluxed for 2.5 hours in a mixture of 20 cc. 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and 20 cc. ethanol. The mixture is diluted with water and acidified with concentrated HC1. The acid precipitates as a white solid. The yield of acid, m.p. 2680C.-2700C. is 1.38 g. (94.68). Calculated: C: 62.93; H: 3.52; S: 11.20. Found: C: 62.72; H: 3.58; S: 10.91. EXAMPLE IV 3- (5-Tetrazolyl) dibenzo [b, f] thiepin 5,5-Dioxide A mixture made up of: 1 g. 3-cyanodibenzo[b,f]thiepin 5,5dioxide (3.75 millimoles); 302 mg. sodium azide (4.65 millimoles); 273 mg. ammonium chloride (5.10 millimoles); 20 cc. DMF is refluxed for 16 hours. After cooling, the mixture is diluted with 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution; the resulting solution is extracted three times with ether, thus affording 302 mg. recovered starting material. The aqueous fraction is acidified with concentrated HC1 and the crude tetrazole (700 mg.) is filtered. It is chromatographed on a column of silica gel, eluting with a solvent mixture consisting of 4 parts methanol, 10 parts chloroform, 1 part 28% aqueous ammonium hydroxide. The product is obtained from the column as the ammonium salt; it is dissolved in water and the solution is washed with chloroform. The aqueous fraction is then acidified with aqueous HC1 solution and the tetrazole precipitates and is filtered and dried. The yield is 350 mg. (30%) of yellowish solid, m.p., dec. 2470C. Calculated C: 58.06; H: 3.25; N: 18.05; S: 10.32. Found: C: 58.29; H: 3.08; N: 18.17; S: 10.11. EXAMPLE V 3-C5-TetrazolylWdibenzorbfAthiepin A mixture consisting of 4 g. 3-cyanodibenzo[b,f]thiepin (17 millimoles); 1.8 g. sodium azide C28 millimoles); 1.63 g. ammonium chloride (30.5 millimoles) and 50 cc. DMF is refluxed for 17 hours. The mixture is cooled and diluted with aqueous sodium carbonate solution. The solution is extracted with ether, then acidified with aqueous HC1 solution. The tetrazole precipitates and is filtered. Crystallization from methanol affords 393 g. (83%) yellow product, m.p., 2130C.-2140C. Calculated: C: 64.75; H: 3.59; N: 20.14; S: 11. 51. Found: C: 65.03; H: 3.71; N: 19.94; S: 11.74. EXAMPLE VI 3- (5-Tetrazoll) dibenzo [b,f)thiepin-5-oxide To a solution of 2.03 g. (7.3 millimoles) of 3-(5-tetrazolyl)dibenzo(b,f)thiepin in 100 cc. glacial acetic acid is added 15 cc. 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide. The mixture is heated to 650 C. for 10 minutes; the sulfoxide separates from the hot solution. After cooling and diluting with water, the crystalline product is filtered and washed with water. It is then heated on a steam bath in 25 cc. DMF and filtered hot. The solid is washed with methanol and dried. The yield of sul * is 1.55 1.55 ge (72i) as a white solid decom- 277 C.-279 C Calculated: C: 61.21; H: 3.40; N: 19.03; S: 10.09. Found: C: 60.93; H: 3.41; N: 19.08; S: 10.66. EXAMPLE VII STEP 1 3-Cyano-lO ,ll-dihydro-l1-oxodibenzo [b , f] thiepin 36.45 G. 3-bromo-l0,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodi- benzo[b,f]thiepin and 32.11 g. cuprous cyanide are refluxed in 450 cc. dimethylformamide for five and one half hours. The reaction mixture is cooled down and poured into 2 1. of ice water with good mechanical stirring. The resulting solid is filtered, washed with water, then extracted into 1.7 1. chloroform. The insoluble copper salts are filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness. The residue is triturated in methanol and the insoluble yellow product is filtered and weighs 22.4 g. (74. 6%) , m.p. 166e-1700C. STEP 2 10 ,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 20 G. of 3-cyano-1-,11-dihydro-11-oxodi- benzo[b,f]thiepin are refluxed in a mixture of 200 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid and 200 cc. acetic acid for 21 hours. The desired acid precipitates out of the solution and is filtered while hot and washed with water and dried to yield 17.3 g. light yellow solid. From the mother liquors 2.74 g. of additional material are recovered, total yield 93.6%. STEP 3 10,11-Dihydro-11-hydroxydibenzo [b , fi thiepin-3- carboxylic Acid 16.3 G. l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo- [b,fZthiepin-3-carboxylic acid is stirred in aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and 5 g. sodium borohydride is added in portions. The foaming mixture is stirred for an additional half hour. The solution is extracted with ether and the aqueous layer acidified with hydrochloric acid and the solid filtered and dried to yield 15.8 g. of the desired yellow solid (96.2% yield), m.p. 202Q-2040C. Calculated: C: 66.16; H: 4.44; S: 11.77. Found: C: 66.00; H: 4.62; S: 11.54. STEP 4 Methyl-10,11-dihydro-11-hydroxydibenzo [b, f] thiepin- 3-carboxylate 13.5 G. l0,11-dihydro-ll-hydroxydibenzo- [b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid is suspended in ether and excess diazomethane is added in portions. A clear solution results which is filtered from small particles in suspension and the filtrate evaporated to dryness to a yellow oil weighing 14.2 g. STEP 5 Methyl ll-bromo-l0,ll-dihydrodibenzo b,fthiepin- 3-carboxylate 14.7 G. methyl-10,11-dihydro-11-dihydroxy- dibenzo !b,fthiepin-'3-carboxylate are dissolved in 400 cc. ether and 5 cc. phosphorous tribromide is added. The mixture is stirred at room tempera ture for 15 minutes. Ice is added and tr & the nice ture is filtered to yield a first crop of t';m The organic layer in the filtrate is separ:,e dried and evaporated; the residue triturated with ether and filtered affords a second crop. The two crops are combined and dried to yield 15.47 g., m.p. 1160-1230C. STEP 6 Methyl-l 1 0 , 1 l-dihydrodibenzo Tb,f thi epin- 3 - carboxyl at 13.6 G. methyl-ll-bromo-l0,1l-dihydrodi- benzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylate is suspended in 150 cc. sulfolane and to the mechanically stirred mixture 7.18 g. sodium borohydride is added in portions over one hour. The foamy mixture is stirred an additional half hour. The mixture is diluted with 1.5 1. of water and extracted with ether. The organic layer is washed with water, dried, evaporated, and the residual oil is chromatographed on silica gel. Elution with benzene affords 8.1 g. of the pure oily material. STEP 7 10,11-Dihydrodibenzo [b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5.6 G. methyl-l0,11-dihydrodibenzo Ib,f]- thiepin-3-carboxylate is refluxed in a mixture of 50 cc. 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide and 50 cc ethanol until a clear solution results (15 to 20 minutes). Most of the ethanol is evaporated away and aqueous residue is diluted with water and acidified with hydrochloric acid. The white solid is collected, recrystallized from acetic acid to yield 4.125 g. (77.7%) of the desired white crystalline material, m.p. 1960-1980C. Calculated: C: 70.29; H: 4.72; S: 12.51. Found: C: 69.92; H: 4.71; S: 12.15. EXAMPLE 8 STEP 1 Methyl 10, ll-dihydrodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-carboxy- late-5-oxide 540 Mg. methyl-10, 11-dihydrodibenzo [b,f]- thiepin-3-carboxylate is dissolved in 40 cc methylene chloride and m-chloroperbenzoic acid is added in small portions until TLC shows very little starting material left. Excess calcium hydroxide powder is added and the mixture filtered through celite. The organic layer is evaporated and the residue chromatographed on silica gel to afford 570 mg. (94.7%). STEP 2 10, ll-Dihydrodibenzo [b,f) thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5-oxide 520 Mg. methyl-10,ll-dihydrodibenzolb,f]- thiepin-3-carboxylate 5-oxide is stirred at 650 C. in a mixture of 20 cc. 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide and 20 cc. ethanol until a clear solution results (1 hour). The mixture is diluted with water, extracted with ether, then acidified with hydrochloric acid. The white precipitate is filtered and dried to yield 245 mg. of material which is recrystallized from methanol to yield 180 mg., m.p. 2610-2650C. EXAMPLE 9 10,11-Dihydrodibenzo [b,f] thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5, 5-dioxide 735 Mg. of l0,l1-dihydrodibenzo[b,f)- thiepin-3-carboxylic acid is heated at 750-800C. in 30 cc. acetic acid and 5 cc. 30% hydrogen peroxide for 2 hours. The reaction mixture is cooled down, the crystals filtered and washed with water and dried to yield 650 mg., m.p. 248 -250 C. Calculated: C: 62.49; H: 4.20; 5: wJ..) ' Found: C: 62.1); H: 4.38; S: 10.97. EXAMPLE 10 STEP 1 3,11-Dibromo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,flthiepin 10.5 G. 3-bromo-l0,ll-dihydro-ll-hydroxy- dibenzo(b,f)thiepin and 25 cc. phosphorous tribromide are stirred for 2 hours, poured onto ice and extracted with ether. The ether is dried and evaporated to yield 10.65 g. of a brown oil which solifies on standing. The material is used as such for the next step. sTEP 2 3-Bromo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin 10.55 G. 3,11-dibromo-l0,11-dihydrodi- ,bçnto[b,f]thiepin is suspended in 150 cc. sulfolane and gradually, in portions, 3.5 g. sodium boro hydride is added. When the foaming has subsided, water is added and the mixture extracted four times with ether, the combined extracts are washed several times with water, dried and evaporated to dryness, and the residual oil chromatographed on silica gel. On elution with 10% benzene in hexane, 3.31 g. of pure material as a white solid is obtained, m.p. 690-710C. STEP 3 3-Cyano-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,3thiepin 4.61 G. 3-bromo-l 0, l1-dihydrodibenzo- (b,f)thiepin and 4.3 g. cuprous cyanide are refluxed in 50 cc. dimethylformamide for 5 1/2 hours. The mixture is poured onto ice and the solid filtered. The solid is triturated with chloroform and filtered. The chloroform is evaporated to yield 4.5 g. residue which is chromatographed on silica gel. Elution with benzene affords 2.83 g. (75.4%) of the desired pure oily compound which crystallizes on standing. Elution with ethyl acetate gives 440 mg. 10,11-dihydrodibenzo [b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid amide as a white solid, m.p. 1450-1470C. STEP 4 10,11-Díhydro-3-(5-tetrazolyl)dibenzo[b,f]thiepin To 21 cc. dry tetrahydrofuran, cooled in an ice bath, 2.08 g. AlCl3 is added, followed by 1.7 g. 3-cyano-10,11-dihydro[b,f]thiepin and 2.03 g. sodium azide. The resulting mixture is refluxed for 7 hours then cooled. 6.2 CC. 15% aqueous hydrochloric acid is added slowly. The reaction mixture is decanted, the residue extracted several timer with ethyl acetate. The organics are combined, extracted several times with water, then once with sodium bicarbonate solution, The basic aqueous solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid. The tetrazole crystallizes out as white fluffy needles which are filtered and washed with water and d d, yield 1.065 g., m.p. 205 C. Calculated C; 64.76 H: 4.31; N: 19,98; 9; 1X.44. Found: C: 64,13 H'. 4.46; N: 19,87 C; 11.36. EXAMPLE 11 10,11-Dihydro-3-(5-tetrazolyl) dibenzo [b,f] thiepen- A mixture of 600 mg . of 10,11-dihydro- 3-(5-tetrazolyl)dibenzo[b,f)thiepin, 25 cc. acetiP acid and 5 cc. 30% hydrogen peroxide is stirrer for 6 hours. The suspended solid is filtered, washed with acetic acid, then water and dried to yield 575 mg. of pure material, m.p. 2870 C. dec. Calculated: C: 60.79; H: 4.08; N: 18.91; S: 10.82. Found: C: 60.65; H: 4.28; N: 18.77; S: 10.59. EXAMPLE 12 STEP 1 3-Cyano-10,11-dihydrodibenzo [b, f) thiepin-5,5-dioxide 800 Mg. 3-cyano-lO ,ll-dihydrodibenzo- [t,f]thiepin is dissolved in 75 cc. methylene chloride and 1.73 g. m-chloroperbenzoic acid is added and the solution stirred at room temperature for three hours. An additional 10 cc. methylene chloride is added, followed by a large excess of powdered calcium hydroxide. After stirring for 5 minutes, the mixture is filtered through celite and the filtrate stripped to dryness and the residual solid triturated with ether and filtered to yield 854 mg. (94%) of the desired pure white solid. STEP 2 10,11-Dihydro-3-(5-tetrazolyl)dibenzo[b,fjthiepin 5,5-dioxide To 9 cc. tetrahydrofuran, cooled in an ice bath, is added in the following order 862 mg. aluminum chloride, 792 mg. 3-cyano-l0,il-dihydro- dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-5,5-dioxide, and 839 mg. sodium azide. The mixture is refluxed for six hours, cooled down, treated with 3 cc. 15% aqueous hydrochloric acid. The organic solvent is decanted and the residue triturated several times with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases are washed with water, then extracted with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The aqueous layer is acidified with hydrochloric acid and the precipitated tetrazole is filtered, washed with water, and dried, yield 580 mg. (63%), m.p. 2330C. dec. Calculated: C: 57.68; H: 3.87; N: 17.94; S: 10.27. Found: C: 57.53; H: 4.06; N: 17.66; S: 10.15. EXAMPLE 13 STEP 1 3-Cyano-l0,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b,f) thiepin- 5oxide 1.63 G. 3-cyano-l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxodi- benzotb,f)thiepin is dissolved in 100 cc. methylene chloride and 1.12 g. m-chloroperbenzoic acid is added and the solution stirred for one hour at room temperature. The reaction mixture is diluted with methylene chloride, excess powdered calcium hydroxide is added, and the mixture stirred for five minutes and filtered through celite. The organic filtrate is evaporated to dryness and the residue chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with a 1:1 mixture of benzene: chloroform to yield 937 mg. (54%) of the desired pure sulfoxide, m.p. 2190-2210C. STEP 2 10,11-Dihydrob oxodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5-oxide 780 Mg. 3-cyano-10,l1-dihydro-ll-oxodi- benzotb,f]thiepin 5-oxide is refluxed for four hours in a mixture of 50 cc. 109 aqueous sodium ayde0etS and 50 cc. ethanol. The reaction mixture is dilute with water, acidified with hydrochloric acid, fil tered and dried under vacuum in the oven at 700C. The solid is recrystallized from a mixture of dimethylformamide and methanol to yield 360 mg. of the pure acid, m.p. 2730C. dec. Calculated: C: 62.93; H: 3.52; S: ll.2G. Found: C: 62.86; H: 3.77; S: 11.13. EXAMPLE 14 10,11-Dihydro-ll-oxo-3-(5-tetrazolyl ibenzo rb, f]- thiepin To 25 cc. of freshly distilled tetrahydrofuran is added in the following order 2.35 g. aluminum chloride, 2 g. 3-cyano-l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo- [b,f]thiepin, and 2.3 g. sodium azide, and the mixture is refluxed for 8 hours, cooled and 7 cc. of 15% aqueous hydrochloric acid added. The supernatant layer is decanted and the residue triturated with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phases are extracted with aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. The basic aqueous solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid and the solid filtered. After two recrystallizations from methanol, 850 mg. (36%) of the pure tetrazole is obtained, m.p. 2350C. dec. Calculated: C: 61.21; H: 3.42; N: 19.03; S: 10.89. Found: C: 60.92; : 3.60; N: 18.76; S: 10.63. EXA!PL 1 STEP 1 2-(3'-Bromophenylthio)-5-nitrobenzoic Acid A mixture of 205 g. 3-bromothiophenol, 188 g. potassium hydroxide in 2 1. water, 205 g. 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid and 6.5 g. copper powder is refluxed for two hours, filtered while hot, acidified with hydrochloric acid and the solid filtered, washed with water and dried to yield 301 g. of the desired white solid, m.p. 2020- 2060C. STEP 2 2- (3' -Bromophenylthio) -5-nitrobenzyl Alcohol Prepared in 83% yield as described in Example I, Step 2, m.p. 98 -101 C. STEP 3 2-(3'-Bromophenylthio)-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide Prepared in 96% yield as described in Example I, Step 3, m.p. 800-820C. STEP 4 2-(3'-Bromophenylthio)-5-nitrobenzyl Cyanide 2.16 G. 2-(3'-bromophenylthio)-5-nitrobenzyl bromide is refluxed in 50 cc. ethanol and 2.4 g. of cyanide ion exchange resin for 1/2 hour. The mixture is filtered hot and the resin washed with ethyl acetate. The combined organic filtrates are evaporated to dryness to yield 1.85 g. of crude residue which is chromatographed on silica gel. Elution with benzene affords 800 mg. of the desired compound. STEP 5 2-(3'-Bromophenylthio)-5-nitroacetic Acid 2-(3'-Bromophenylthio)-5-nitrobenzyl cyanide is hydrolyzed as described in Exarr1 Step 5, m.p. 1230-125 C. STEP 6 3-Bromo-10,11-dihydro-8-nitro-11-oxodibenzo [b,f)- thiepin 2-(3'-Bromophenylthio) -5-nitroacetic acid is transformed to the title compound in 955 yield as described in Example I, Step 6, m.p. 242 - 2450C. STEP 7 3-Bromo-10,11-dihydro-11-hydroxy-8-nitrodibenzo [b , f - thiepin 3-Bromo-10, 11-dihydro- 8-nitro -l 1-oxodi- benzo[b,f]thiepin is reduced in 98% yield as des cribed in Example I, Step 7. STEP 8 3-Bromo-8-nitrodibenzo [b,f]thiepin 3-Bromo-10,11-dihydro-ll-hydroxy-8-nitro- dibenzo lb,fAthiePin is dehydrated as described in Ex ample I, Step 8, in 81% yield, m.p. 190 -192 C. STEP 9 3-Cyano-8-nitrodibenzotb,f]thiepin 3-Bromo-8-nitrodibenzo [b,f]Athiepin is reacted with cuprous cyanide as described in Example I, Step 9, in 69.5% yield, m.p. 2340-2360C. STEP 10 8-Nitrodibenzo [b,f] thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 3-Cyano-8-nitrodibenzo [b,f]thiepin is hydrolyzed as described in Example I, Step 10, m.p. 3040-3060C. Calculated: C: 60.19; H: 3.03; N: 4.68; S: 10.71. Fond: C: 59.68; H: 3.08; N: 4.57; S: 10.75. EXAMPLE 16 8-Nitrodibenzo [b, f) thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5-oxide 400 Mg. 8-nitrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid is stirred for 24 hours in 200 cc. acetic acid and 1.5 cc. 30% hydrogen peroxide. The product is filtered, washed with water and dried to yield 315 mg. (74%) of pure product, m.p. 2780- 2810C. EXAMPLE 17 STEP 1 3-Cyano-8-nitrodibenzo !b ,f) thiepin-5,5-dioxide 2 G. 3-cyano-8-nitrodibenzo !b,f)thiepin is dissolved in 600 cc. chloroform and 12 g. mchloroperbenzoic acid added. The solution is stirred for 24 hours. Excess powdered calcium hydroxide is added, the mixture filtered through celite, the filtrate evaporated to dryness and the residue chromatographed on silica gel. Elution with 5% ethyl acetate in benzene afforded 1.36 g. (61%) of pure sulfone. STEP 2 8-Nitrodibenzo [b,f] thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5dioxide 400 Mg. 3-cyano-8-nitrodibenzo [b,f- thiepin-5,5-dioxide is refluxed in 5 cc. acetic acid and 5 cc. 50% aqueous sulfuric acid for 24 hours. The mixture is cooled down, the crystallized material is filtered, washed with water, dried at 135""C. in vacuum to yield 345 mg. (81.2%) acid, m.p. 3100-3120C. Calculated: C: 54.38; H: 2.72; N: 4.22 S: 9.68. Found: C: 54.31; H: 2.97; N: 4.24; S: 9.69. EXAMPLE 18 STEP 1 8-Amino-3-cyanodibenzo[b,f]thiepin 5. 6 G. 3-cyano- 8-nitrodibenzo tb, f) thiepin is dissolved in 600 cc. tetrahydrofuran and 27 ge stannous chloride dihydrate in 40 cc. water is added, followed by 100 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid. The mixture is stirred for 24 hours, poured onto ice, and shaken with 300 cc. 20% sodium hydroxide. The organic layer is separated and the aqueous basic layer shaken once more with tetrahydrofuran. The combined organic extracts are dired and the solvent evaporated to dryness and the residue chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with 20% ethyl acetate in benzene to yield 2.45 g. of the pure amine, m.p. 1880-1900C. STEP 2 8-Aminodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid Hydrochloride Salt 850 Mg. 8-amino-3-cyanodibenzo [b, f) thie- pin is refluxed in a mixture of 20 cc. acetic acid and 20 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid for 48 hours. The suspended solid is filtered, washed with some acetic acid, dried overnight under vacuum at 700 C. to yield 600 mg. pure compound, m.p. 308 - 3110C. Calculated: C: 58.92; H: 3.95; N: 4.58; C1: 11.59; S: 10.48. Found: C: 58.65; H: 4.17; N: 4.49; C1: 11.66; S: 10.35. EXAMPLE 19 STEP 1 8-Amino-3-cyanodibenzo [b, f]thiepin-5 ,5-dioxide 875 Mg. 3-cyano-8-nitrodibenzo tb,f]thiepin- 5,5-dioxide are dissolved in 105 cc. tetrahydrofuran. 15 CC. concentrated hydrochloric acid is added, followed by 3.8 g. stannous chloride dihydrate and the mixture is stirred for 24 hours. A solution of 20% sodium hydroxide is added, the mixture is shaken and the organic layer separated; the aqueous phase extracted once with ethyl acetate. The combined organic extracts are dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness. The residue is chromatographed on silica gel to yield 464 mg. (58%) pure amino compound, m.p. 3210-3240C. STEP 2 8-Aminodibenzo [b , f) thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5dioxide Hydrochloride 415 Mg. 8-amino-3-cyanodibenzo [b,f]thie- pin-5,5-dioxide is suspended in a mixture of 15 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid and 15 cc. acetic acid and refluxed for 24 hours. The reaction mixture is evaporated to dryness and the residue collected and dried at 1000C. at 0.5 mm./Hg. to yield 454 mg. pure product, m.p. 280DC. Calculated: C: 53.33; H: 3.58; N: 4.14; C1: 10.49; S: 9.49. Found: C: 53.30; H: 3.32; N: 4.28t C1: 10.47; : 9.65. EXAMPLE 20 STEP 1 8-Chloro-3-cyanodibenzo (b, f) thiepin 1 G. 8-amino-3-cyanodibenzothiepin is suspended in 16 cc. concentrated hydrochloric acid and 5 cc. of water. The suspension is maintained at a temperature between 0 and 50C. and 300 mg. sodium nitrite in 2 cc. of cold water is added slowly. The reaction mixture is stirred for 1/2 hour. A mixture of 400 mg. cuprous chloride and 700 mg. cupric chloride dihydrate is then added slowly. After the evolution of nitrogen has subsided, the reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, water added and the reaction mixture extracted with chloroform, dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness to yield 995 mg. (92%) of the pure chloro derivative, m.p. 2070-2100C. STEP 2 8-Chlorodibenzo [b,fjthiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 550 Mg. 8-chloro-3-cyanodibenzo [b,f)- thiepin is refluxed for 16 hours in a mixture of 15 cc. acetic acid and 15 cc. 50% aqueous sulfuric acid. The reaction mixture is cooled down and the product filtered, washed with water and dried to yield 485 mg. (82% of the pure acid, m.p. 302-3040C. Calculated: C: 62.39; H: 3.14; C1: 12.27; S: 11.10. Found: C: 62.48; H: 3.06; C1: 12.01; S: 10.89. EXAMPLE 21 STEP 1 8-Chloro-3-cyanodibenzo [b , f thiepin-5 ,5-dioxide 400 Mg. 8-chloro-3-cyanodibenzo[b,f]thiepin is dissolved in 30 cc. chloroform and 2 g. m-chloroperbenzoic acid added, and the solution stirred for 24 hours. 5 G. calcium hydroxide is added, the mixture stirred for five minutes and filtered through celite. The organic filtrate is evaporated to dryness and the residue chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with 5% ethyl acetate/benzene mixture to yield 339 mg. (76%) pure sulfone, m.p. 2280-2300C. STEP 2 8-Chlorodibenzo [b, f) thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5dioxide 320 Mg. 8-chloro-3-cyanodibenzo [b,f)- thiepin-5,5-dioxide is refluxed for 24 hours in a mixture of 10 cc. acetic acid and 10 cc. 50% aqueous sulfuric acid. The mixture is cooled down and the crystalline product filtered, washed with water and dried at 700C., 0.5 mm./Hg., to yield 289 mg. (82%) of pure acid, m.p. 2760-2780C. Calculated: C: 56.17; H: 2.82; C1: 11.05; S: 9.99. Found: C: 56.19; H: 3.09; C1: 10.82; S: 9.82. EXAMPLE 22 8-Hydroxydibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid The diazonium chloride, prepared from 1 g. 8-amino-3-cyanodibenzo !b,fthiepin, is heated at 900 C. for three to four hours in 50 cc. 50% aqueous sulfuric acid. The reaction mixture is cooled down, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried, evapor ated and the residue chromatographed on st gel and eluted with a mixture of ammonium nydro,- ide, chloroform, methanol, in the ratio 1:6:4 yield 250 mg. of the pure phenol. EXAMPLE 23 8-Hydroxydibenzotb,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5dioxide The diazonium chloride, prepared from 1 g. 8-amino-3-cyanodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-5,5-dioxide, is treated as per Example 22 to yield 300 mg. of the desired compound. EXAMPLE 24 8-Mercaptodibenzo [b, f) thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid A cold solution of the diazonium chloride (see Example 22) is added at a fair rate to a solution of 1 g. potassium thioxanthate in 15 cc. water, maintained at 45""-65""C. At the end of the addition, 10 cc. 40% potassium hydroxide and 10 cc. ethanol are added and the reaction mixture is refluxed for three hours, cooled down, acidified with hydrochloric acid and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic extract is dried, evaporated to dryness and the residue chromatographed on silica gel and eluted with a mixture of ammonium hydroxide, chloroform, methanol, in the ratio of 1:8:4, to yield 500 mg. of the mercapto acid. EXAMPLE 25 8-Mercaptodibenzo [b ,f] thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5-dioxide A cold solution of the diazonium chloride of Example 22 is treated in an identical fashion to Example 24 to yield 450 mg. of the desired compound. EXAMPLE 26 8-Methoxydibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 1 G. 8-hydroxydibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3- carboxylic acid is stirred in 50 cc. dimethylformamide with 1.5 g. potassium carbonate and 3 cc. methyl iodide. 100 CC. water is added to the reaction mixture, heated for three hours and then extracted with ethyl acetate, and the aqueous layer acidified. The precipitated solid is filtered, washed with water and a small volume of cold methanol, and dried. Yield of the desired material 700 mg. EXAMPLE 27 8-Thiometh6xydibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 1 G. 8-mercaptodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3- carboxylic acid was treated as per Example 26 to yield 650 mg. of the desired compound. EXAMPLE 28 8-Methoxydibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5, 5-dioxide 1 G. 8-hydroxydibenzotb,f]thiepin-3- carboxylic 5,5-dioxide acid is treated as per Example 26 to yield 830 mg. product. EXAMPLE 29 8-Thiomethoxydibenzotb,fZthiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5-dioxide 1 G. 8-mercaptodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3- carboxylic acid 5,5-dioxide is treated as per Example 26 to yield 650 mg. of the desired compound. EXAMPLE 30 8-Methylsulfinyldibenzolbfflthiepin-3-carboxySic Acid 5,5-dioxide 500 Mg. 8-thiomethoxydibenzo [b,f]thiepin- 3-carboxylic acid in 15 cc. acetic acid and 3 cc. 30% hydrogen peroxide is stirred at room temperature for 8 hours. 15 CC. water is added to the reaction mixture and the suspended solid filtered and dried to afford 450 mg. of the desired compoun. EXAMPLE 31 8-Methylsulfinyldibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5-dioxide 450 Mg. 8-thiomethoxydibenzo [b,fthiepin- 3-carboxylic acid 5,5-dioxide is stirred at room temperature in 15 cc. acetic acid and 1.5 cc. 30% hydrogen peroxide for an 8 hour period. Water is added and the white solid filtered, washed with water and dried to afford 400 mg. of the desired compound. EXAMPLE 32 8-Methylsulfonyldibenzo [b , f] thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid 5,5-dioxide 1 G. 8-thiomethoxydibenzo[b,flthiepin-3-car- boxylic acid 5,5-dioxide is heated at 800-1000C. in 15 cc. acetic acid and 3 cc. 30% hydrogen peroxide. The reaction mixture is cooled down, water added, and the solid filtered and dried to yield 800 mg. of product. EXAMPLE 33 8-Acetyl-3-cyano-lG,ll-dihydrc,dibenzofb,f'lt.F:seRsrs Add 125.5 g. (0.94 mole) of Xl.URiD'ASo chloride and 47.9 g. (0.47 mole) of acetic anhydride to 1.01 of dichioroethane. Stir at room temperature for 10 minutes. Add 14 g. (0.058 mole) of 3-cyano-l0,ll-dihydrodibenzo [b,f]thiepin in portions. Stir at room temperature for 4 hours. Pour the reaction mixture over ice and extract into ethyl acetate. Wash with water, dry over sodium sulfate, filter and evaporate to dryness to obtain the title product. (n.p. 1380-1410C.) EXAMPLE 34 8-Acetyl-10,11-dihydrodibenzotb,f]thiepin-3- carboxylic Acid Add 8.5 g. of the nitrile of Example 33 to a mixture of 220 ml. of acetic acid (glacial) and 220 ml. of 50% sulfuric acid. Heat the mixture at reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere overnight. Cool to room temperature and separate the solids by filtration. Recrystallize from acetic acrid to obtain the title product. (m.p. 230 - 2320C.) EXAMPLE 35 8-Acetyl-3-cyano-10 ,ll-dihydrodibenzo [b,f]thiepin- 5,5-dioxide Dissolve 2.5 g. of 8-acetyl-3-cyano-l0, ll-dihydrodibenzotb,f]thiepin in 200 cc. of methylene chloride and add 6.0 g. of m-chloroperbenzoic acid. Stir at room temperature overnight. Add 12.0 g. of calcium hydroxide and filter through celite. Evaporate to dryness to obatin the title product. (Yield 2.58 g. - 92.5%) EXAMPLE 36 8-Acetyl-lO, 1l-dihydrodibenzo [b, f) thiepin-3- carboxylic Acid 5,5-Dioxide Suspend 2.2 g. of 8-acetyl-3-cyano-10,- ll-dihydrodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-5,5-dioxide in 60 ml. of acetic acid and 60 ml. of 50% sulfuric acid. Reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for 6 hours. Cool to room temperature. Evaporate the acetic acid, dilute with water and separate the solids by filtration. Wash with water and air dry. Suspend the solid in ether (200 ml.), stir at room temperature and filter to obtain the title product. (m.p. 2190-2210C.) EXAMPLE 37 8-Acetamido-l0,1l-dihydrodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3- carboxylic Acid STEP 1 Oxime of 8-Acetyl-10,11-dihydrodibenzol[b,f]- thiepin-3-carboxylic Acid Reflux for 24 hours a mixture of 130 mg. of 8 acetyl-10,11-dihydrobenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid, 180 mg. of hydroxylamine hydrochloride and 426 mg. of sodium acetate in 10 cc. of ethanol. Dilute with water and separate the solids by filtration. Wash with water and dry in order to obtain the title product. STEP 2 8-Acetamido-lO, ll-dihydrodibenzo [b, f] thiepin-3- carboxylic Acid Reflux 100 mg. of the oxime from Step 1 in 2 cc. of trifluoroacetic acid for 2 hours. Evaporate to dryness. Add water and extract into ether. Dry and evaporate to dryness to obtain the title product. EXAMPLE 38 8-Amino-10,ll-dihydrodibenzo [b, f] thiepin-3- carboxylic Acid Reflux 200 mq. of 8-acetamido-10,11 dihydrodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-carboxylic acid for 16 hours in a mixture of 5 cc. of acetic acid and 5 cc. of 50% aqueous sulfuric acid. Dilute with water and separate the solids by filtration. Wash with water and dry to obtain the title product. EXAMPLE 39 10, ll-Dihydrodibenzo [b, fi thiepin-3, 8-dicarboxylic Acid 5,5-Dioxide Add 1.85 g. of 8-acetyl-l0,11-dihydro- dibenzotb,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid to a stirred mixture of 370 ml. of 50% aqueous sodium hypochlorite and 13 ml. of 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide at 600 C. Raise the temperature to 850C. and stir for 30 minutes. Pour the mixture over ice and add sodium metabisulfite Acidify with 6N hydrochloric acid. Separate the solids by filtration wash with water and dry to obtain the title product. (m.p. 3500-3520C.) EXAMPLE 40 Dibenzotb,f]thiepin-3, 8-dicarboxylic Acid 5,5 Dioxide Add 2 g. of 8-acetyl-l0, ll-dihydro- dibenzolb,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid to a stirred solution of 50% sodium hypochlorite (400 ml.) and 15 my. of 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide at 600 C. Heat for 48 hours at 750 C. Cool to room temperature and add sodium metabisulfite. Acidify and separate the solids by filtration. Purify by chromotography over silica gel eluting with a mixture of 80 parts toluene, 20 parts dioxane and 4 parts acetic acid. (m.p. ¯ 3750C.) EXAMPLE 41 Methyl l0,11-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo[b,flthiepin- carboxyl ate STEP 1 3-Chlorocarbonyl-lO,ll-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo [b,f) - thiepin Dissolve 5.16 gm. of l0,11-dihydro-ll- oxodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-carboxylic acid in 100 cc. of chloroform and 50 cc. of thionyl chloride and add to the mixture 1.0 cc. of dimethylformamide. Allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for 72 hours. Evaporate the mixture to dryness to obtain the desired acid chloride. STEP 2 Methyl 10, ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b,fJ thiepin- 3-carboxylate Dissolve 2.0 of the acid chloride of Step 1 in 20 cc. of tetrahydrofuran containing 1.0 cc. of methanol and 4 cc. of pyridine. Allow the mixture to stand at room temperature for 24 hours then evaporate to dryness. Dissolve the residue in 1:4 ether/hexane and filter through silica gel. Evaporate the filtrate to dryness to obtain the title product. Employing the process of Example 41, but substituting another lower alkanol such as, for example, ethanol, 2-propanol butanol and 2butanol, for the methanol of Step 2, the corresponding loweralkyl esters of 10,11-dihydro-11 oxodibenzo [b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid are obtained. Loweralkyl esters of l0,11-dihydrobenzo- [b, f] thiepin-3-carboxylic acid and dibenzo[b,flthiepin-3-carboxylic acid are prepared by following the process of Example 41 by substituting the desired 3-carboxylic acid for the starting material of Step 1. EXAMPLE 42 10,1i-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzolb,f]thiepin-3-carboxamide STEP 1 3-Chlorocarbonyl-l0,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b,f) - thiepin Heat a solution o 5 g. of 10,11-dihydro ll-oxodibenzotb,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid and 40 ml. of thionyl chloride under reflux for 20 minutes. Evaporate the reaction mixture under vacuum to dryness. Repeat the evaporation with two 30 ml. portions of carbon tetrachioride. Crystallize the residue from diisopropyl ether to obtain the title product. STEP 2 10 ,ll-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b,f) thiein-3-carboxamide Dissolve the acid chloride from Step 1 in 20 ml. of dry tetrahydrofuran and add this solution dropwise with stirring-to a cooled (ice-bath) saturated solution of ammonia in 60 ml. of tetrahydrofuran. Pass ammonia through the reaction for 15 minutes. Stir at room temperature for an additional 15 minutes and evaporate the reaction mixture to dryness. Add a mixture of 12 ml. of ethanol and 60 ml. of water to the residue and stir at room temperature for an additional 30 minutes. Separate the solid by filtration and wash with water, then with ethanol and then with ether. Dry in vacuo to obtain the title product. Carboxamides of l0,ll-dihydrodibenzo [b,f - thiepin-3-carboxylic acid or dibenzo[b,f)thiepin- 3-carboxylic acid are prepared by the process of Example 42, by substituting the desired 3-carboxylic acid for the starting material of Step 1. EXAMPLE 43 10, ll-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo Ib, f]thiepin-3N-methy 1- carboxamide Add 6.0 gm. of 3-chlorocarbonyl-l0,ll- dihydro-ll-oxodibenzolb,flthiepin to 4 gm. of methyl amine in 100 ml. of methylene chloride at 0-5 C. Add 13 ml. of triethylamine dropwise over 10 minutes then stir the reaction mixture at room temperature overnight. Extract the reaction mixture with water, dry the organic layer and evaporate to dryness. Chromatograph over silica gel eluting with 200:20 toluene/dioxane. Evaporate eluate to dryness and recrystallize residue from methanol to obtain the title compound. In a similar manner, substituting another N-loweralkylamine such as, for example, ethylamine, propylamine, isopropylamine, butylamine and the like, or a N,N-diloweralkylamine such as, for example, dimethylamine, diethylamine, dipropylamine, dibutylamine and the like, for the methylamine employed above, there is obtained the corresponding 10,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,fithiepin-3-N-lower alkylcarboxamide or or r 3-N, N-diloweralkylcarboxamide. Also in a similar manner, substituting a carioxDIouerall=flamine$ for example, glycine, valine, leucine or isoleucine and the like or a N-(lower alkyl)derivative thereof, for example, N-metbylglycine, N-propylleucine or N-butylisoleucine, there is obtained the corresponding l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo- [b,f]thiepin-3-carhoxyloweralkyl carboxamide or a N-(lower alkyl) derivative thereof. 3-N-(lower alkyl )carboxamides, N,N-di(lower alkyl) carboxamides and carboxy(lower alkyl)carboxamides and the N-(lower alkyl) derivatives thereof corresponding to 10,11dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid and dibenzotb,f]- thiepin 3-carbolic acid are prepared hy following the process of Example 43 by substituting the desired 3-chlorocarbonyl compound for the starting material employed in Example 43. EXAMPLE 44 10,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-N- methanesulîonsFlcarboxamide Heat 5.0 gm. of l0,1l-dihydro-ll-oxodibcnzo[b,f)- )-carboxylic acid in 50 cc. of thionyl chloride for 15 minutes at reflux and then distil off the excess thionyl chloride. Evaporate the residue twice with small volumes of benzene. Add the resulting acid chloride to 4.0 gm. of methane sulphonamide in 100 ml. of methylene chloride at 0-50C. Add dropwise over 10 minutes 15 ml. of triethylamine. Stir the mixture at room temperature overnight. Extract the reaction mixture with 100 cc. of 0.5 N sodium hydroxide, wash the alkaline extract with ether and acidify with 6N hydrochloride acid. Separate the soli. by filtration and dry in vacuo over potassii! hydroxide. Chromatograph over silica gel ell n: with 200:20:3 toluene/dioxane/acetic acid. Evapsr- ate the eluate to dryness and recrystallize the residue from methanol to obtain the title product. In a similar manner, substituting another loweralkylsulphonamide such as, for example, ethanesulphonamide, propane sulphonamide, butane sulphonamide and the like, for the methane sulphonamide employed above, there is obtained the corresponding 10,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-2- N-loweralkylsulfonylcarboxamide. 3-N-loweralkylsulfonylcarboxamide derivatives of 10,ll-dihydrodibenzo [b,f)thiepin-3-car- boxylic acid and dibenzo [b,f) thiepin-3-carboxylic acid are prepared by following the procedure of Example 44 by substituting the desired 3-carboxylic acid for the carboxylic acid starting material in Example 44. EXAMPLE 45 10, ll-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b, f) thiepin-3- (3- methyl-2-thiazolidinylidine)carboxamide Reflux 1.0 gm. of l0,11-dihydro-ll- oxodibenzo [b,f] thiepin-3-carboxylic acid in 15 cc. of thionyl chloride for 30 minutes. Strip the reaction mixture to dryness and dissolve the residue in 25 cc. of methylene chloride. Add a solution of 1.0 gm. of 2-imino-3-methylthiazolidine in 10 cc. of methylene chloride. Stir at room temperature for 30 minutes and add water. Continue stirring for 10 minutes. Separate the organic phase and wash with water and dry overnight over sodium sulfate. Strip to dryness. Stir and triturate the residue in ether, then in methanol. Chromatograph the resulting solid over silica gel, eluting with 20% ethylacetate in benzene. Strip to dryness to obtain the title product. 3-(3-Methyl-2-thiazolidinylidine) carboxylates corresponding to lO,ll-dihydrodibenzo b,f)- thiepin-3-carboxylic acid and dibenzo[b,f]thiepin- 3-carboxylic acid are prepared by following the procedure of Example 45 by substituting the desired 3-carboxylic acid for the starting material employed in Example 45. EXAMPLE 46 10,11-Dihxdro-ll-oxodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-(4- hydroxy-h -pyrroline-3-yl-2,5-dione) Step 1 3-Hydroxymethyl-10,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzotbtf]- thiepin Dissolve 5.1 gm. of 10,11-dihydro-11-oxo- dibenzotb,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid in 100 cc. of tetrahydrofuran and add 35 cc. of 1M borane in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 3 hours. Slowly dilute the reaction mixture with water and then with ethyl acetate. Wash with aqueous sodium chloride, dry and evaporate to an oil. STEP 2 3-Bromomethyl-10,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo[b,f]- thiepin Dissolve 4.43 g. of the alcohol of Step 1 in 100 cc. of benzene and add 1 cc. (10.5 mmole) of phosphorous tribromide. Stir at room tempera ture for 1 hour, add water and then dilute with toluene. Wash three times with water, dry an strip to a solid residue. STEP 3 3-Cyanomethyl-l0,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b, f) - thiepin Dissolve 6.4 gm. of the bromide of Step 2 in 75 cc. of dimethylformamide and add 2.95 gm. of sodium cyanide. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 1.5 hours. Dilute with 600 cc. of water and extract three times with ether. Wash the combined organics with water, dry and strip to a solid residue. Triturate in hexane and recover the solid by filtration. STEP 4 10, ll-Dihydro-l1-oxodibenzo [b ,f] thiepin-3-acetic acid Reflux 2.0 gm. of the nitrile of Step 3 in a mixture of 30 cc. of 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide and 30 cc. of ethanol for four hours. Strip away the alcohol, wash with ethyl acetate and acidify the aqueous phase with hydrochloric acid. Separate the precipitate by filtration. Wash with water and dry. STEP 5 10¯ Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzolb,f]thiepin-3-acetamide Reflux for 20 minutes a mixture of 5.0 gm. of the acid of Step 4 and 40 ml. of thionyl chloride. Evaporate to dryness under vacuum. Evaporate twice with 30 ml. portions of carbon tetrachloride. Dissolve the residue in 20 ml. of tetrahydrofuran and add the solution dropwise to a cooled and stirred saturated solution (ice bath) of ammonia in 60 ml. of tetrahydrofuran. Pass ammonia through the solution simultaneously. Continue stirring at room temperature for an additional 15 minutes. Evaporate the mixture to dryness. Add a mixture of 12 ml. of ethanol and 60 ml. of water and stir the suspension for 30 minutes. Separate the solids and wash with water, then with ethanol and finally with ether to obtain the title product. STEP 6 10,11-DihWdro-ll-oxodibenzotb,f]thiepin-3-(-4- hydroxy-A-pyrrolin-3-yl-2 , 5-dione) Stir at room temperature a mixture of 5.118 gm. of the amide of Step 5, 2.939 gm. of diethyloxalate, 4.723 gm. of potassium t-butoxide and 40 ml. of dimethylformamide for 6 hours. Pour the reaction mixture into 300 ml. of ice-water and extract with 300 ml. of ethyl acetate. Acidify with 6N hydrochloric acid and separate the ethyl acetate layer. Wash with saturated sodium chloride solution and dry. Evaporate to dryness and dissolve the residue in warm dioxane. Treat with a slight excess of ammonia and separate the solid by filtration. Wash with dioxane and dry. Suspend the product in water, acidify with 6N hydrochloric acid and extract with ethyl acetate. Wash the extract with saturated sodium chloride solution, dry over magnesium sulfate and evaporate to ob tain the title product. In a similar manner, substituting 10,11 dihydrodibenzo tb,f)thiepin-3-carboxylic acid or dibenzo [b, f) thiepin-3-carboxylic acid for the car boxylic acid starting material employed in Step 1, there is obtained the corresponding 10,11-dihydrobibenzotb,f]thiepin-3-(4-hydroxy- 3 d -pyrrolin-3-yl-2,5-diane).or dibenzo [b,f)- 3 thiepin-3-(4-hydroxy-A-pyrrolin-3-yl-2,5-d 5-dione). EXAMPLE 47 8-Hydroxyethyl 10, ll-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo r- @@@@ ] - thiepin-3-carboxylate To a stirred solution of 1.0 gm. of 2 chlorocarbonyl-10,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo[b,3- thiepin in 50 cc. of methylene chloride, add 3 gm. of ethylene glycol and stir the mixture for 18 hours at room temperature. Distill off the solvent and excess ethylene glycol under high vacuum (0.1mm.). Chromatograph the residue on a silica gel column (100 gm.), eluting with 10t ethyl acetate in benzene to obtain the title product. In a similar manner, substituting another loweralkyldiol such as, for example, trimethylene glycol and 1,4-butanediol and the like for the ethylene glycol, there is obtained the corresponding hydroxyloweralkylester. Hydroxyloweralkylesters of 10,11-dihydro- dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid and dibenzo lb,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid are prepared by substituting the desired 3-carboxylic acid for the starting material employed in Example 47. EXAMPLE 48 &beta;-Dimethylaminoethyl-10,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenzo [b,f] thiepin-3-carbolate Dissolve 1.0 gm. of 3-charcaEStnl-i5,i- dihydro-ll-oxodibenzorb,3thiepin as prepared in Example 31, Step 1, in 10 cc. of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran with stirring and add 2 ml. of N,N di?lethylethanolamine. Stir at room temperature for 18 hours and strip the mixture to dryness. Partition the residue between ether and dilute hydrochloric acid and separate the aqueous layer. Basify the aqueous layer with aqueous ammonia and extract with ethyl acetate. Evaporate the organic phase and chromatograph the residue over silicagel eluting with 90% chloroform in methanol to obtain the title product. In a similar manner, substituting another N,N-diloweralkylaminoloweralkanol such as, for example, amine, diethylethanolamine, 3-N,N-dimethylaminopropan-l-ol, 4-N,N-diethylaminobutan-l-ol and the like, for the N,N-dimethylethanolamine, there is obtained the corresponding N,N-diloweralkylaminoloweralkyl ester. N,N-diloweralkylaminoloweralkyl esters of l0,lI-dihydrodibenzo [b,fthiepin-3-carboxylic acid and dibenzo [b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid are prepared by following the procedure of Example 48 and substituting the desired 3-chlorocarbonyl compound for the chlorocarbonyl starting material employed in Example 48. EXAMPLE 49 10 , 1 l-Dihydro-1l-oxodibenzo Ib, f) thiepin-3-N- carboxymethylcarboxamide Reflux 1.0 gm. of 3-chlorocarbonyl-10,11- dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo[b,f]thiepin in 20 cc. of ethyl acetate containing 2.0 gm. of glycine for 5 hours. Evaporate the mixture to dryness. Add 30 cc. of water to the solid residue and stir at room temperature for one hour. Separate the solid by filtration and recrystallize from methanol to obtain the title product. In a similar manner, substituting another amino acid such as, for example, alanine or valine and the like for the glycine, there is obtained the corresponding 3-carboxyloweralkylcarboxamide. Carboxyloweralkylcarboxamides of 10,11 dihydrodibenzo [b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid and dibenzo !b,f] thiepin-3-carboxylic acid are prepared by substituting the desired 3-chlorocarbonyl compound for the starting material employed in Example 49. EXAMPLE 50 B-Carboxyethyl 10,11-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo[b,f3 thiepin-3-carboxylate Dissolve 1.0 gm. of 3-chlorocarbonyl-l0, ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo[b,f)thiepin in 20 cc. of tetrahydrofuran and add 1.0 gm. of the sodium salt of 8-hydroxypropionic acid. Stir the mixture at room temperature for 18 hours. Filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness. Recrystallize the solid residue from ethanol to obtain the title product. In a similar manner, substituting another hydroxyloweralkanoic acid salt such as, for example, an alkali metal salt of hydroxyacetic acid, 3-hydroxypropionic acid sodium salt, there is obtained the corresponding carboxyloweralkyl-3-carboxylate ester. Carboxyloweralkyl-3-carboxylate esters of 10,ll-dihydrodibenzo [b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid and dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid are prepared by substituting the desired 3-chlorocarbonyl compound for the starting material employed in Example 50. EXAMPLE 51 3-(3-Hyoroxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-10,11-dihydro- ll-oxo-dibenzotb,fjthiepin STEP 1 3-Cyano-l0,ll-dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo (b,f)thiepin Stir 5 gm. of methyl l0,11-dihydro-ll- oxodibenzo [b,f] thiepin- 3-carboxylate in 500 ml. of methanol saturated with ammonia gas for 24 hours at room temperature. Evaporate the reaction mixture to dryness. Reflux the residue in 200 ml. of methylene chloride containing 10 gm. of phosphorous oxychloride for eight hours. Cool the reaction mixture to room temperature and shake several times with water. Separate the organic layer, dry over magnesium sulfate and evaporate to dryness to obtain the title product. STEP 2 10,ll-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo [b,f]thiepin-3-carbox- aldehyde Heat a mixture of 5.0 gm. of 3-cyano-l0,11 dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo[b,f)thiepin and 4.0 gm. of Raney nickel alloy in 60 ml. of 75% (v/v) aqueous formic acid at reflux for 1.5 hours. Cool to room temperature and filter. Concentrate to small volume and extract with methylene chloride. Wash the extract with water and with 1N sodium bicarbonate until neutral. Dry the neutral extract over sodium sulfate and concentrate to dryness to obtain the title product. STEP 3 l0,11-Dihydro-ll-oxodibenzolb,f]thixpin-3-t2- aminoacetonitrile) Stir at room temperature tor 12 hours a mixture of 5.85 gm. of ammonium chloride, 5.3 gm. of sodium cyanide, 75 ml. of ammonia hydroxide, 100 ml. of ethanol saturated with ammonia and 12 gm. of carboxaldehyde of Step 1. pur, the reaction mixture into 300 ml. of water and extract with ether. Dry the extract over spdium sulfate and concentrate to dryness to obtain the title product. STEP 4 10,11-Dihydro-11-oxodibenzo [b,f] thiepin-3- (2- aminoacetamide} Stir at room temperatuxe 5.D gm. of the aminoacetonitrile of Step 2 in 30 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid for 30 mints. Slowly pour the reaction mixture into cold ammonium hydroxide. Extract the mixture with ether and dry over sodium sulfate. Evaporate the extract to dryness to obtain the title product. STEP 5 3-(3-Hydroxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-yl)-10,11-dihydro l1-oxodibenzo [b, f) thiepin Stir overnight at room temperature a mixture of 1.365 gm. of the aminoacetamide of Step 4, 1,989 gm. of sulfur monochloride and 5 ml. of dimethylformamide. Filter the reaction mixture and then partition between ice-water (75 ml.) and ethyl acetate (75 ml.). Filter, separate the organic layer, wash with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dry over magnesium sulfate. Evaporate to dryness and dissolve the residue in 200 ml. of boiling ethanol, treat with charcoal and filter. Concentrate to 25 ml. and separate the solids by filtration to obtain the title product. Similarly by substituting 3-cyano-l0,11 dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepin or 3-cyanodibenzo (b,f] - thiepin for the 3-cyano-l0,11-dihydro-ll-oxo-di benzo[b,f)thiepin employed in Step 2, there is obtained the corresponding 3- (3-hydroxy-l ,2, 5-thia- diazol-4-yl) -10,ll-dihydrodibenzo [b,f] thiepin or 3-(3-hydroxy-1,2,5-thiadiazol-4-y-djl benzotb,f]thiepin. The required cyano intermediates are prepared by substituting the appropriate 3-carboxylic acid methyl ester for the methyl 10,11dihydro-ll-oxodibenzo rbl f] thiepin-3-carboxylate employed in Step 1 above. EXAMPLE 52 3-(lH-Tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)-10,11-dihydro-11-oXo- dibenzo[b,f]thiepin Add to 25 cc. of tetrahydrofuran cooled in an ice bath 1.59 gm. (11.9 mmole) of aluminum chloride, 1.33 gm. (5.25 mmole) of 3-cyanomethyl10,11-dihydro-11-oxodibenzo [b,fthiepin and 1.55 gm. (23.8 mmole) of sodium azide. Reflux the mixture for 19 hours, cool, dilute with water and acidify. Extract the mixture into ethyl acetate and evaporate. Triturate the residue in ether and separate the title product by filtration. EXAMPLE 53 10,11-Dihydrow oxodibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-acetic Acid-ll ,ll-dioxide Heat 600 mg. of 10,11-dihydro-11-oxodi- benzo[b,f)thiepin-3-acetic acid to 80-850 C. in a mixture of 30 cc. of glacial acetic acid and 5 cc. of 30% hydrogen peroxide for 3 hours. Dilute with water to a final volume of about 250 cc. Separate the title product by filtration. The compounds of formula I are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of mammalian disease conditions where excessive undesirable contractile activity of prostaglandins, such as PGF2a, or prostaglandin biosynthetic intermediates contribute. These conditions include asthma, inflammatory states such as arthritis, allergy, diarrhea, hypertension, angina, platelet aggregation, cerebral spasm, premature abortion and dismenorrhea. In particular, they are of value in reaginic mediated asthma (extrinsic asthma). The magnitude of a prophylactic or therapeutic dose of compound of formula I will, of course, vary with the nature and the severity of the condition to be treated and with the particular compound of formula I and its route of administration. In general, the dose range lies within the range of 0.2 mg. to 100 mg. peXr kg. body weight of a mammal. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound of formula I as an active ingredient, and may also contain pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients. The compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, opthalmic, pulmonary, nasal, dermal, topical or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous) administration, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the nature and severity of the condition being treated and on the nature of the active ingredient. They may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. For use where a composition for intravenous administration is employed, 9 suitable dosage range is from 0.2 to 10 mg, (preferably 1 to 5 mg.) of a compound of formula I per kg. of body weight per day and in the case where an oral composition is employed a suitable dosage range is about, e.g., 1 to 50 mg. of a compound of formula I per kg. of body weight per day, preferably from 10 to 40 mg./kg. Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for oral administration and by inhalation in the case of asthma therapy may be presented as discrete units such ag¯capsules, cachets or tablets each containing-a predetermined amount of the active ingredient; as a powder or granules; or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous liquid, a non-aqueous liquid, an oil-inwater emulsion or a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. Such compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy but all methods include the step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier which constitutes one or more necessary ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active- ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product into the desired presentation. For example, a tablet may be prepared by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, op tionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, lubricating, surface active or dispersing agent. Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Desirably, each tablet contains from 50 mg. to 500 mg. of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule contains from 50 mg. to 500 mg. of the active ingredient. Although the instant invention has been described in the foregoing specification in terms of the use of the novel thiepin disclosed herein in the treatment and control of human and warmblooded animal disease conditions characterized by excessive undesirable contractile activity of prostaglandins and prostaglandin biosynthetic intermediates, and particularly of asthma, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that, in addition to the involvement of contractile prostaglandins in chronic obstructive lung disease (e.g., asthma), prostaglandins play a role in other allergic conditions as well as in inflammation, diarrhea, hypertension, angina, cerebral spasm, premature abortion and dismenorrhea. Also, the thiepins of this invention are potent TXA2 biosynthesis inhibitors, inhibiting platelate aggregation, and can be useful in diseases such as atherosclerosis, variant anginal and myocardial infarction. Applicants consider application of the thiepins disclosed and claimed herein to the treatment and control of such disease conditions to be obvious equivalents to the invention as disclosed by applicants and to fall within the scope of the instant invention.";"CLAIMS 1. A compound of the formula : EMI82.1 in which n is 0 or an integer from 1 to 4; Z is thio, sulfinyl, or sulfonyl; R is hydrogen, halogen, amino, C1-4 alkyl, C1 4 alkanoyl, hydroxy, C1-4 alkoxy, mercapto, 014k alkylthio, C1-4 alkylsulfinyl, C1-4 alkylsulfonyl, trifluoromethyl, trifluoro- methylthio, cyano, carboxy, nitro, C1-4 alkylamino or di(014k alkyl)amino; A is 5-tetrazolyl, 3-hydroxy-1,2,5-biadiazol-4-y1, 4-hydro-2,5-dioxo-#3-pyrrolin-3-yl or EMI82.2 where R2 is hydroxy, C1-4 alkoxy, N,N-di(C1-4k alkyl)a:nino-(C14k alkoxy), C1-4 hydroxyalkoxy, carboxy-(C1 4 alkoxy), amino, C1 , alkylamino, di(014k alkyl)amino, C1 4 alkylsulfonylamino, carboxy(014k allcyl)amino, carbamoyl(C14k alkyl)amino or 2-imino3-nietbylthiazolidine and the dotted line indicates either an oleiinic bond or saturation at the l0-,ll-position; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. 2. A compound according to Claim 1 in which r, is 1 to 4 and A is carboxy. 3. A compound according to Claim 1 or 2 in which R is chloro. 4. A compound according to Claim 1 or 2 in which R is acetyl. 5. Dibenzo[b,f]thiepin-3-carboyylic acid. 6. Dibenzo[b, f)thiep'3-carboiy1ic acid-5-oxide. 7. DibenzoCb,flthiepin-3-csrboxylic acid 5,5-dioxide. 8. 3-(5-Tetrazolyl)dibenzo[b,f]thiepin 5,5-dioxide. 9. 3-(5-Tetrazolyl)dibenzo[b,fJthiepin. 10. 3-(5-Tetrazolyl)dibenzoCb, ]thiepin-5-ovide. 11. 10, ll-iihydrodibenzo[b, ±)thiepin-3-carbolic acid. 12. 10 > 11-Dihydrodibenzorbf]thiepin-3-carboxylic acid 5-oxide. 13. l0,11-DihydrodibenzCb,f)thiepin-3-carho acid 5, 5-dioxide. 14. 10, 11-Dibydro-3-(5-tetrazo)yl )dibenzoLb, f)thiepin. 15. 10, 11-Dihdro-3-(5-tetrazolyl )dibenzo[b,f)thiepi 5-oxide. 16. lO,ll-Dibydro-3¯(5-tetrazolyl)dibenzo[b,fgthiepin- 5,5-dioxide. 17. A process for preparing a compound of the formula : EMI84.1 in which Z, R, the dotted line and n are as defined in Claim 1 and A is 5-tetrazolyl or carboxy, that comprises hydrolysing a compound of the formula EMI84.2 with an acid or base to form the carboxyl compound or reacting the said compound with an azide ion to form the 5-tetrazolyl compound. 18. A compound as claimed in Claim 1 produced by a process as claimed in Claim 17. 19. A composition for treating undesirable contractile activity of prostaglandins consisting essentially of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of a compound as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 16 and 18.";CRAGOE, EDWARD JETHRO, ROKACH, JOSHUA, ROONEY, CLARENCE STANLEY;MERCK & CO. INC.;1978
+EP-0011069-B1;19821103.0;19781114;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186015.0;C07C143;C10L1, C07C139, C10M1;C10M159;C10M 159/24;PROCESS FOR PREPARING OVERBASED OIL SOLUBLE MAGNESIUM SALTS;A process for preparing an over-based, oil-soluble mag­ nesium salt of a sulphonic acid comprises contacting an acidic gas in the presence of a promoter system with a mixture of an oil-soluble magnesium salt of a sulphonic acid, a light mag­ nesium oxide and an inert diluent. The promoter system comprises (1) a carboxylic compound selected from the group of compounds consisting of lower carboxylic acids, lower carboxylic anhydrides, substituted lower carboxylic acids, and metal salts and esters of lower carboxylic acids, (2) water, and optionally (3) a lower alkanol or lower alkoxy alkanol. The reaction is carried out at a temperature ranging from approx­ imately 10°C (50°F) up to reflux temperature of the mixture. The volatile components are stripped from the reaction mix­ ture after absorption of the acidic gas is at a desired level to give an over-based, oil-soluble magnewium salt of the sul­ phonic acid.;"h process for preparing over-based, oil-soluble magnesium salts. This invention relates to over-based, oil-soluble magnesium salts of sulphonic acids having metal ratios ranging from approximately 10 up to approximately 40 and processes for preparing such over-based magnesium salts of sulphonic acids. Over-based, oil-soluble magnesium salts of sulphonic acids are used as additives in oil-based compositions, such as lubricants, greases, fuels, and the like. ¯ They function as detergents and acid neutralizers, thereby reducing wear and corrosion and extending the engine life. Highly basic magnesium salts of a sulphonic acid having a metal ratio of equivalents of magnesium to equivalents of sulphonic acid ranging from 10 up to 40 or more, particularly the higher metal ratios of 20 to 40 have been difficult to prepare in a one-step operation using #gO as a Mg source. In systems previously described, either insufficient magnesium was dispersed or an unfiltered product resulted. It has been discovered that over-based magnesium sulphonates may be prepared in a one-step operation by using a reaction promoter system comprising (1) a carboxylic compound selected from the group of compounds consisting of lower carboxylic acids, lower carboxylic anhydriaes, substi tuted lower carboxylic acids, metal salts and esters of lower carboxylic acids and mixtures thereof, all having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms; (2) water and optionally (3) an alcohol selected from the group of compounds consisting of lower alkanols, lower alkoxy alkanols and mixtures thereof, all having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. Such a promoter system gives a high quality over-based magnesium sulphonate having very high metal ratios which is suitable for use in various types of oil-based compositions. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a process for manufacturing oil-soluble, over-based magnesium salts of sulphonic acids having metal ratios ranging from approximately 10 and upwards to approximately 40 or more where the product is prepared in a one-step operation of contacting the reaction mixture with an acidic gas. It is a further object of the invention to provide a reaction promoter system for use in processes for manufacturing oil-soluble, over-based magnesium salts of sulphonic acids having metal ratios of 10 up to 40 or more. It is another object of the invention to provide a process for preparing a magnesium salt of a sulphonic acid having very high metal ratios wherein over-basing of the sulphonic acid is accomplished by using a promoter system in combination with a light form of magnesium oxide. This invention provides a reaction promoter system for use in the manufacture of an over-based, oil-soluble magnesium salt of a sulphonic acid having metal ratios of from approximately 10 up to approximately 40 or more, in a one-step operation of contacting an acidic gas with a mixture containing the sulphonic acid to be over-based. According to the present invention there is provided a process for preparing an over-based oil soluble magnesium salt of a sulphonic acit having a metal ratio of equivalents of magnesium to equivalents of sulphonic acid of from approx - mately 10 to approximately 40; comprising contacting an acidic gas with a mixture comprising: (a) an oil-soluble magnesium salt of a sulphonic acid1 (b) from approximately 10 equivalents up to approximately 40 equivalertm of a light magnesium oxide per equivalent of sulphonic acid, (c) a promoter system comprising: : (1) from approximately 0.5 to approximately 5 eouinalents of an essentially oil-insoluble carboxylic compounc per equivalent of Eulphonic acid, said compound being selected from the group of compounds consisting of lower carboxylic acids, lower carboxylic anhydrides, substituted lower carboxylic acids, and mixtures thereof, all having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, -(2) from approximately 2 to approximately 30 equivalents of water per equivalent of sulphonic acid, and (3) from 0 to approximately 35 equivalents of an alcohol per equivalent of sulphonic acid, said alcohol being selected from the group of components consisting of lower alkanols, lower alkoxy alkanols and mixtures thereof, all having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and ( ) an inert solvent for lowering the viscosity of said mixture to facilitate mixing; said contacting being conducted at a temperature ranging from approximately 1000 (500F) up to reflux temperature of said mixture and the volatile components being stripped from the reaction mixture after absorption of the acidic gas by the reaction mixture is at a desired level to give an over-based, oil-soluble magnesium salt of a sulphonic acid. The reaction mixture may be filtered either before or after the stripping of the volatile components to give the product in solution or in concentrated form. Additional water and/or alcohol may be added continuously or portion-wise to the reaction mixture during the time that the acidic gas is contacted with the mixture. The amount of water used in total should not exceed 30 equ{va- lents per equivalent of sulphonic acid and the total amount of alcohol used should not exceed 35 equivalents per ¯rliva- lent of sulphonic acid. The aforementioned, and other objects, advantages a@ features of the invention will become apparent in the following detailed discussion of preferred embouiments accor#.\±# to this invention. It is understood that the followin, preferred embodiments are not to be interpreted as li#¯ing the scope of the invention. Promoter System The essentially oil-insoluble carboxylic compound i represeated by the formula: XCOOY wherein x is H, -CH2OF, -CH2Cl, -OE2#r, -OH2C0CR3, i or RNH2 and Y is E, R, or E where R is an alkyl radial of from n to 4 carbon atoms, the sum of all the carbo atoms in the R radicals not exceeding 5, and Mn is an a@ali or alkaline earth metal atom wherein n is an intege# .Jf 1 or 2. Preferred oil-insoluble carboxylic compounds of his inven- tion are acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoi@@@id, glycine, chloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, glyolic acid, ethyl ac#toacetate, sodium acetate, calcium Fetate, and magnesium acetate. These compounds may be ued individually or in combination with one another where tn amount of this promoter ranges from .5 up to 5 equivalent per equivalent of oil-soluble sulphonic acid. Preferab#' the amount ranges from 0.7 to 1.3 equivalents. It *8 been found in most instances that if over 5 equivalen@ of the promoter are used, the reaction mixture becomes@ery viscous and although a product is obtained, the vJcosity of the mixture makes the isolation of the product @@ the introduction of acidic gas into the mixture during @e latter part of the process difficult. The initial reaction mixture should have at least 2 equiva- lents of water per equivalent of sulphonic acid. The mix- ture may have up to 15 equivalents of water where the preferred range in the initial mixture is from 2 to 8 equivalents of water per equivalent of sulphonic acid. Although the mechanism of the reaction is not fully understood1 it is theorised that the presence of water in the reaction mixture initiates absorption of the acidic gas by the reaction mixture. There is, however, a competing reaction for the water in the formation of hydroxides of the magnesium oxide. It is therefore preferred to minimise the reaction of water with the magnesium oxide by carryice out additions of small amounts of water to the reaction mixture during the time that the acidic gas is contacted with the reaction mixture so as to ensure that water is available in the system to promote the absorption of the acidic gas. The amount of water used determines to a certain extent the value of the metal ratio in that higher amounts of water used gives a higher metal ratio; however, with higher amounts of water, there is usually a resultant haziness in the product. On the other hand, a deficiency of water causes higher viscosity in the reaction mixture and a lower metal ratio. The total amount of water added to the mixture over the entire reaction time should not exceed 30 equivalents per equivalent of oil-soluble sulphonic acid used. The optimum amount of water to be used is determined by the amount of magnesium oxide used and the metal ratio desired because a larger amount of water results in a product having a higher metal ratio. Depending upon the end use of the product, it may be acceptable for the product to be hazy if used, for example, in bunker fuel oils and the like; however, higher clarity products are required in lubricating oils. The alcohols used in this process include lower aliphatic alkanols, alkoxy alkanols, and mixtures thereof, where the number of carbon atoms does not exceed 5. Examples of the alcohols include methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propÅanol, butanol, and pentanolt The preferred alcohol is methanol because of the low cost and ease of removal from the reaction mixture. Examples of the alkoxy alkanols include methoxy ethanol and ethoxy ethanol. In order to initiate absorption of the acidic gas in the reaction mixture, it is not necessary to have an alcohol present in the initial mixture. It is believed, however, that the primary function of the alcohol is to promote the stability of the colloidal dispersion of magnesium salts in the oil. To this end there may be none or a small amount of alcohol in the initial reaction mixture and during the contacting with the acidic gas further amounts of alcohol are added either separately or in combination with the addition of water. It nas been found that lower metal ratios result if the total amount of alcohol to be added exceeds 35 equivalents per equivalent of sulphonic acid. The preferred amount tr be used ranges from 4 to 20 equivalents per equiv- alent of sulphonic acid. SulDhonic Acids The suiphonic acids to be used in this process are those which are widely known by thole skilled in the art as oilsoluble sulphonic acids. Such compounds may be derived from natural petroleum fractions or various synthetically prepared sulphonated compounds. Typical oil-soluble sulphonic acids which may be used include: alkane sulphonic acids, aromatic sulphonic acids, alkaryl sulphonic acids, aralkyl sulphonic acids, petroleum sulphonic acids such as mahogany sulphonic acid, petroleum sulphonic acid, paraffin wax sulphonic acid, petroleum naphthene sulphonic acid, polyalkylated sulphonic acid, and other types of sulphonic acids whiCh may be obtained by fuming sulphuric acid treatment of petroleum fractions. It is understood, of course, that mlxtllres of the sulphonic acids may be used in preparing an over-based magnesium Maphonate. The process according to this invention is operative with low sulphonate concentrations which thereby allows the use of oil-based feed stock compositions containing as little as 10% by weight of magnesium sulphonate without further concentration of the oil-based stock. Acidic Gas As is appreciated by those skilled in the art, various types of acidic gases may be used in over-basing magnesium sulphonates. The preferred acidic gases are carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide. These gases are bubbled through the reaction mixture as it is being mixed so that the selected gas or gases become intimately mixed and in contact with the components of the reaction mixture. The temperatures at which the contacting of the gas with the reaction mixture according to a preferred embodiment may vary from 10 to 93.3 C (50 to 200 F), although preferably within the 48.9 to ?6.?oC (120 to 1700F) range. Magnesium Oxide The type of magnesium oxide used in a preferred embodiment of the process is the light or active form. Such magnesium oxides are sold under the Trade Marks: MAGNESITE, available from Martin Marietta Chemicals, Hunt Valley, maryland; MICHIGAN No. 3, MICHIGAN No. 15, MICHIGAN No. 340, available from OSchigan Chemical Corporation, Chicago, Illinois; DOW I-2, DOW C-1, available from Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Li chigan; ELASTOMAG 170, and ELASTOItiAG 20, available from M rton Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois; MAGLITE Y, available from Whittacker, Clark and Daniels, South Plainfield, New York; LYCAL 93/?11, and LYCAL 9O/575 available from Pigment and Chemicals, Toronto, Canada; and MAGOX PREI#IU?:1 available from Basic Chemical, Cleveland, Ohio. The amount of magnesium oxide used is dependent upon the metal ratio desired in the final product. The metal ratio is the ratio of the number of equivalents of magnesium in the over-based compound to the equivalents of sulphonic acid in the over-based compound. Therefore, to obtain a metal ratio of, for example, 30, there must be at least thirty equivalents of magnesium oxide per equivalent of sulphonic acid in the initial reaction mixture. It is apparent that when the reaction is carried out under less favourable conditions at lower efficiencies, an excess of magnesium oxide beyond that determined by the metal ratio should be used to ensure sufficient incorporation of magnesium with the structure of the over-based magnesium salt of the sulphonic acid. Inert Diluents Several different types of volatile and non-volatile diluents may be used in this process. The non-volatile diluents are generally mineral or synthetic lubricating oils, such as lubricating oils having a viscosity around 100 SUS at 37.800 (100 F) or higher. The volatile diluents which are inert to the reaction are preferably hydrocarbons with boiling points ranging from 65.6 to 148.900 (150 to 3000F). These can be aliphatic, aromatic, or a mixture of both types-of solvents. Por example, naptha is a particularly useful diluent. Other types of suitable diluents include Stoddard solvent, cycloaliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, and corresponding halogenated hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzene, and other conventional organic diluents generally employed in the over-basing procedures in this particular art of manufacture The amount of diluents used is sufficient to lower the visl cosity of the reaction mixture to facilitate mixing thereof during the introduction and contacting of the acidic gases with the mixture. The length of time that the acidic gas is contacted with the reaction mixture depends upon the desired level of magnesium in the over-based magnesium sulphonate. The contacting of the gas with the mixture may be continued until no further gas is absorbed to indicate that substantially all of the magnesium oxide originally introduced into the system has been reacted to form an over-based magnesium sulphonate. To determine wben the absorption of the gas is complete, the flow rate of the acidic gas being introouced is compared to the flow rate of the gas leaving the system. When the flow rate of leaving gas almost equals the flow rate of the in trounce gas, then the absorbtion is substantially complete. As can be appreciated by those skilled in the art, impurities and other variations in the selected petroleum feed stocks and magnesium oxides, according to this inventions can cause the resultant product to have slightly different metal ratios than that achieved in the following examples. These examples are intended to illustrate various aspects of the invention and are notintended to limit the scope of the invention in any way. Preparation 1 An oil-soluble magnesium sulphonate was prepared by charging into a I litre reactor, equipped with stirrer, dropping funnel, thermometer, cooling and vent, 310 gm. of a solvent refined lubricating oil having a viscosity of 330 SUS at 37¯8 C (100 F) and while stirring vigorously, 103 gm. of 25 percent by weight oleum was added dropwise over a half hour period. The temperature was maintained at 32.2 to 43.30C (90 to 110 F). The mixture was stirred for an additional 10 minutes and then quenched with 25 gm. water, 310 gm. WM#P naphtha was added and the mixture allowed to settle in a separatory funnel for 3 hours; 80 gm. spent acid wss separated and removed. The organic naphtha layer was washed with 120 gm. pater and the aqueous lower yellowish layer was separated and discarded. To the upper sulphonic acid/naphtha layer was added 100 gin. water, 10 gm. methanol and 8 Em- magnesium-oxide. The mixture was stirred at 600C (140 F) effecting neutralisation of the sulphonic acid and allowed to stand. The bottom aqueous layer wnich separated was discarded and the naphtha layer was stripped of solvent and water to give a 30 wt.% solution of magnesium sulphonate in oil. Example 1 Into a 1000 ml. flask fitted with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, condenser, dropping funnel and a course cylindrical dispersion tube were charged 85 gm. of the magnesium sulphonate of Preparation 1, 25 gm. lubricating oil of 100 SUS viscosity at 37.8 C (1000F), 140 gm. naphtha and 30 gm. magnesium oxide (MAGNESITE No. 569). The mixture was heated to 54.40C (1300F) and 6 gm. magnesium acetate was added. Heating was continued, and at 600C (140 Z) a mixture of water/methanol of 20 gm/16 gm. respectively '.#s added dropwise through the dropping funnel over a period of 66 minutes. At the same time carbonation was initiated at 75 ml/ min. and continued for 3 hours The product of carbonation was then filtered with the aid of diatomaceous filter aid. Water, methanol and naptha were then stripped off by heating to 204.4 C (4000P) leaving a product which was clear and bright with a magnesium content of 9.2% which is equivalent to a metal ratio of 27.0. Example 2 The following reagents were mixed together in a 1000 ml blask fitted with mechanical stirrer, thermometer, condenser and a course cylindrical dispersion tube: 137g naphtha (3.P. 115.6#143.30O (240-290 Z)) 8g methanol. 4g water 32g lubricating oil 100 gm magnesium sulphonate solution made up of 455 magnesium sulphonate, 42% lubricating oil, and 139 naphtha. The sulphonic acid used to make the magnesium sulphonate is a straight chain alkyl benzene sulphonic acid of molecular weight about 500 which may be obtained from Continental Oil 30g magnesium oxide sold under the Trade Yiark MAGNESIA1 No. 569 available from Martin Marietta Co. (USA) and 5.25g glacial acetic acid. The mixture was heated near its reflux temperature 65.6 C (150 F) and carbon dioxide was introduced while mixing via the dispersion tube into the mixture at a flow rate of 100 Crbonation was continued for 2-1/2 hours, during which 8 gm. water and 8 gm. methanol were added after 40 minutes of carbonation and further 4 gm. of water and 8 gm. methanol were added after 80 minutes of carbonation. The product of the carbonation was filtered with the aid of diatomaceous filter aid. The volatile components of solvent water, methanol and naphtha were stripped off by beating to 204.4 C (400 F). h stream of C02 was introduced to the heated mixture to remove the last traces of solvents. The final product thus obtained was aclear and bright oil soluble solution which contained 9.4% by weight magnesium, 26.5% by weight magnesium sulphonate and had a viscosity of 525 SUS at 96.9 C (2I00F). he metal ratio of the product was 14.8. Exaintle 3 This example illustrates the effect of temperature during carbonation. The exact procedure of Example 2 was followed except that the mixture was maintained at 32.2 to 43.300 (90 to 1100F) during carbonation. The final product was a clear and bright oil soluble solution which contained 6.9N by weight magnesium, 26.9% by weight magnesium sulphonate. The metal ratio of the product was 10.7. Examples 4 to 7 The results of a series of experiments are listed in T#ble 1 which illustrates the effect on the metal ratio in varying the amounts of methanol and water used during the carbonation step. The procedure is as for Example 2 with water/ methanol additions made at 0, 40 and 80 minutes during the carbonation step. TABIE 1 Example Time of Water Methanol Metal % Mg.by Appearance Water/ gin. gin. Ratio Wt. of ethanol Product Addition During Carbonation Minutes 4 0 8 16 16.3 9.8 Hazy 40 8 8 80 8 8 5 0 4 16 15.7 9.4 Hazy 40 8 8 80 8 8 6 0 4 8 16.3 9.8 Hazy 40 8 8 80 & 8 8 7 0 4 8 16.0 9.7 Bright and Fluid 40 8 8 80 4 6 Examples 8 to 11 Table 2 summarizes results of a series of experiments which illustrate the effect of adding the water/methanol at dif ferent time intervals. The procedure used in each experi ment is similar to that used in Example 2. TABLE 2 Example Time of Water Methanol Metal % Ug.by Appearance Water/ gm. gm. Ratio Wt. of Methanol Product Addition During Carbonation Minutes 8 0 4 8 15.5 9.3 Slight Haze 30 8 8 60 4 8 9 0 4 8 155 9.3 Bright and fluid 40 8 8 80 4 8 10 0 4 8 14.7 8.8 Bright and fluid 50 8 8 100 4 8 11 0 4 8 14.2 8.5 Bright and Fluid 60 8 8 120 4 8 EXamples 12 to 23 This series of experiments illustrate the effect of the amount of promoter used in terms of product quality. The results of these experiments are summarised in Table 3. The procedure for each experiment is similar to that used in Example 2. TABLE 3 Example Promoter: No. of Metal high by Appearance #Viscosity Equivalents of Ratio Wt. of SUS (AcOH) per Product 98.9 C Equivalent of (210 F) Sulphonic Acid ¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯ 12 0 .5 -- Bright 13 .51 13.6 -- Bright - 14 .68 15.5 9.3 Bright 750 15 .68 15.5 9.3 Bright 1200 16 .68 15.5 9.3 Bright 1700 17 1.02 15.7 9.4 Bright 525 18 1.02 15.8 9.5 Bright 560 19 1.02 15.7 9.4 Bright 525 20 1.56 16.0 9.7 Bright 630 21 1.56 16.3 9.8 Bright 660 22 1.56 15.7 9.4 Bright 500 23 1.87 15.7 9.4 Hazy Viscous gel Examples 24 to 29 Table 4 summarises the results of a series of experiments which illustrate the use of different promoters. All conditions of the procedure in each experiment are similar to that used in Example 2 except for using an equivalent molar amount of the different promoters as listed. TABlE 4 Example Promoter Netal Appearance Ratio 24 Acetic Acid 16.3 Bright,clear;fluid product 25 Glycine 14.7 Bright,clear;fluid product 26 Formic Acid .7 Hazy; fluid 27 Ammonium Acetate -- Did not absorb CO2 28 Benzoic Acid 10.9 Viscous to solid 29 Ethylene Diamine 11.2 Bright, clear; fluid Diformate Examples 30 to 33 These examples illustrate how the sulphonic acids affect the product quality when using this process for production of magnesium containing lubricating oils. The results of the experiments are summarised in Table 5. The procedure of each experiment is similar to that used in Example 2. TABIS 5 Example Source of Basic Structure Netal Appearance magnesium & Approximate Ratio Sulphonate Molecular Weight Used 30 prepared from Straight Chain 16.0 Clear1 bright; Union Carbide Alkyl Benzene fluid ""Ucane H.A."" M.W. 410 31 prepared from Straight Chain 16.5 Clear1bright; ; Continental Alkyl Benzene fluid Oil D 26 #.W. 400 Alkylate 32 Esso France Branched Chain 15.8 Very viscous, SA 119 Alkyl Benzene heat promotes approx.M.W.430 viscosity in crease until product became solid 33 Edwin Cooper Straight Chain 15.7 low viscosity Sulphonic Alkyl Benzene product,slight acid l '. 380 haze in hexane solution Examples 34 to 46 The results of these experiments are summarised in Table 6 to illustrate the effect on the product obtained by using different commercially available magnesium oxides. The procedure in each experiment is similar to that of Example 2. TABLE 6 Example Source of Metal Magnesium Oxide Ratio Appearance 34 Magnesite 369 17.4 Viscosity increase during reaction;product very hazy 35 Maagnesite 569 17.1 Bright and fluid 36 Michigan No.3 17.3 Viscous during reaction 37 michigan No. 15 Solidifies during reaction 38 Dow 1-2 18.6 Increase in viscosity during reaction; product hazy 39 Dow C-1 14.5 Viscosity increase during initial stage or reaction; product excellent 40 Elastomag 170 16.7 Viscosity increase during initial stages of reaction; product hazy 41 X,agox Premium Solidifies during reaction 42 Licothion Tab Viscosity increase during (China) reaction; solidifies on stripping 43 Elastomag 20 17.8 Viscosity increase during initial stage of reaction; product hazy 44 X,aglite Y 16.9 Hazy product 45 Lycal 93/711 12.2 Product hazy 46 Local 96/575 Solidifies during reaction Examples 47 to 49 These experiments illustrate the use of different lower alcohols in the procedure of Example 2. The results of the experiments are summarised in Table 7. TABLE 7 Example Alcohol Netal Appearance Ratio 47 Isoproponal 12 Slight haze,and fluid product N-pentanol 8 Slight haze,and fluid product 49 Methoxy ethanol 12 Hazy and fluid product It can be appreciated from the results of these experiments that high quality, over-based magnesium salts of sulphonic acids may be manufactured and used as additives in lubricating oils, greases and other types of oil-based products, such as fuel oils, bunker oils, etc., where the metal ratio of the additives are in the range of 5 to 40. The products are permanently soluble in many organic environments and therefore find application as additives in the field of lubricants and fuels. Although various preferred embodiments of the invention have been described herein in detail, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that variations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention or the scope of the appended claims.";"C#A1I#iS': 1. A process for preparing an over-based oil-soluble magnesium salt of a siipionic acid having a metal ratio of equivalents of magnesium to equivalents of sulphonic acid of from approximately 10 to approximately 40; comprising contacting an acidic gas with a mixture comprising: (a) an oil-soluble magnesium salt of a sulphonic acid, (b) from approximately ten equivalents up to approximately 40 equivalents of a light magnesium oxide per equivalent of sulphonic acid, (c) a promoter system comprising: : (1) from approximately 0.5 to approximately 5 equivalents of an essentially oil-insoluble carboxylic compound per equivalent of sulphonic acid, said compound being selected from the group of compounds consisting of lower carbox ylic acids1 lower carboxylic anhydrides, substituted lower carboxylic acids, and mix tures thereof, all having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, (2) from approximately 2 to approximately 30 equiv alents of water per equivalent of sulphonic acid, and (3) from 0 to approximately 35 equivalents of an alcohol per equivalent of sulphonic acid, said alcohol being selected from the group of compon ents consisting of lower alkanols, lower alkoxy alkanols and mixtures thereof, all having from n to 5 carbon atoms, and (d) an inert solvent for lowering the viscosity of said mixture to facilitate mixing; ; said contacting being conducted at 2 temperature ranging from approximately d0 C (50 B) up to reflux temperature of said mixture and the volatile components being stripped from the reaction mixture after absorption of the acidic gas by the reaction mixture is at a desired level to give an over-based, oil-soluble magnesium salt of a sulphonic acid. 2. A process according to Claim 1 wherein said contacting is carried out at a temperature of from 100C to 93.30C (500F to 2000F). 3. h process according to Claim 2 in which said contacting is carried out at a temperature of from 48.90C to 76.70C (1200F to 1700F). 4. 4# A process according to Claim 1, 2 or 3 in which the acidic gas is contacted with the mixture until absorption of the gas by the mixture is esseotielly complete. 5. A process according to any one of the preceding claims in which the promoter system includes from approximately 0.5 to approximately 3 equivalents of the essentially oil-insoluble carboxylic compound per equivalent of sulphonic acid. 6. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein approximately 0.7 to 1.3 equivalents of the carboxylic compound are used. A A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the initial amount of water is less than 30 equivalents and additional water is added to the mixture during the time that acidic gas is contacted with the mixture to bring the total amount of water used to not more than 30 equivalents per equivalent of sulphonic acid. 8. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein an initial amount of selected alcohol is present in said mixture sufficient to initiate absorption of the acidic gas and an additional amount of alcohol is added to said mixture during the time that the acidic gas is contacted with the mixture to bring the total amount of alcohol used to not more than 35 equivalents per equivalent of sulphonic acid. 9. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said acidic gas is selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen dioxide. 10. h process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said acidic gas is carbon dioxide. 11. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the amount of water present in the mixture prior to contacting the mixture with acidic gas ranges from approximately 2 to approximately 15 equivalents. 12. h process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the amount of water present in the mixture prior to contacting the mixture with carbon dioxide gas ranges from approximately 2 to approximately 8 equivalents. 13. X process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the total amount of alcohol used ranges from approximately 4 to approximately 20 equivalents. 14. h process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said alcohol is selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n propanol, butanol, pentanol, methoxy ethanol, and thoxy ethanol. 15. A process according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said carboxylic compound is represented by the formula: XCOOY wherein X is H, -Ch20#, -CX2Cl, -CX2Br, -CH2COCH31 R, or and andY is H, R, or Iln where R is an alkyl radical of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, the sum of all the carbon atoms in the R radicals not exceeding 5 and Nn is an alkali or alkaline earth metal atoms wherein n is an integer of from 1 to 2. 16. A process according to Claim 15 wherein said carboxylic compound is selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, glycine, chloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, glycolic acid, ethyl acetoacetate, sodium acetate, calcium acetate, magnesium acetate and mixtures thereof. 17. An overbased, oil-soluble magnesium salt of sulphonic acid having a metal ratio of from approximately 10 up to approximately 40 prepared by the process according to any one of the preceding claims.";ELIADES, THEO IOANNOU, HORNER, JAMES DONALD, MUIR, RONALD JOHNSTON;SURPASS CHEMICALS LIMITED;1978
+EP-0011656-B1;19830112.0;19781201;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185943.0;B23B47;;B23B47;B23B  47/28G1;DOWELING JIG;A doweling jig requiring minimal adjustment for drilling multiple like-size mating dowel pin holes in workpieces of varying thicknesses, dependant on the configuration of fixed position drill guides or bushings. The jig is generally of chan­ nel construction (10), with reversible clamping for use on double jigs of one or two channels. Each side of a double jig may differ in configuration and size of its fixed position drill guides. Of the many construction methods, two use inter­ changeable heads (14) containing one or more drill guide configurations (15). The use of pivotal stop disk (21 and 22) at each end of the channel lessens visual alignment.;"DOWELING JIG This invention relates broadly to small and relatively light hand tools for use in carpentry and cabinetry and more particularly to improvements in a doweling jig of the type that is clamped directly to the work and adapted for use with wood or composition board. In woodworking and similar arts many expedients have been employed for drilling matching dowel pin holes in order to join members with concealed dowel pins so that they present aligned surfaces. Various doweling jigs are disclosed in the prior art such as in U.S. Patents 2,522,400; 2,260,784; 3,708,237; 2,583,283 and 2,602,238. These prior art doweling jigs concern setup or adjustments that are necessary each time a different thickness of lumber is used. The principal object of this invention is to provide a jig with fixed position drill guides or bushings for the accurate drilling of multiple, like-size matching dowel pin holes for the joining of wood with concealed dowel pins, with the pieces being precisely positioned and aligned. Another object of the invention is to provide a jig with means by which it can be quickly, accurately and securely positioned on the workpiece and one requiring minimal visual alignment; with such alignment, when necessary, being done with an end of the jig, which affords excellent visibility with a mark on the edge or face of the workpiece to designate the relative position of the pieces to be joined. In accordance with the invention, there is provided a dowel jig for use in drilling matching holes in two separate pieces of stock characterized by a horizontally elongated channel having a flat top and two parallel side members, said top member having an undersurface parallel with its upper surface and having a longitudinally spaced series of vertical guide bushings through which a drill bit can pass for making spaced holes in the piece of stock held in contact with said undersurface, one of said side members having attached means for clamping the piece of stock longitudinally against the other side member and said undersurface in a position for drilling operation thereon, an eccentric stop disk at each end of. said channel to form a trihedral angle and constituting a stop against which the end or the edge of the stock is positioned thereto, each of said stops being pivotal to move out of such stop position. The invention will be described with reference to the drawings in which: Figure 1 is an isometric view of one form of; the jig of the invention; Figure 2 is similar to Figure 1, except that the drill head has been removed; Figure 3 shows a drill head in reverse configuration for ease of illustration, with various configurations of drilling holes with an extended portion for fitting into the cut out portion of the channel of Figure 2; Figure 4 is a partially sectional isometric view of another form of the dowel jig having a reversible clamping plate and a dual channel; Figure 5 is an isometric view of the clamping plate of Figure 4; Figure 6 is an isometric view of a jig having an eccentrically activated clamping plate; Figure 7 is an isometric view showing the construction of the eccentric lever for the clamping plate shown in Figure 6; ; Figure 8 is a partially sectional isometric view of another form of the invention having a reversible clamping plate, a single channel and a dual head; Figure 9 is an exploded perspective view showing a portion of the dowel jig with a second type of clamping means. One mode of construction is a jig with interchangeable heads as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The interchangeable heads permit with each positioning of the jig, the drilling of aligned holes for doweling a piece of lumber of -standard stock thickness. In addition-to lumber and plywood, the jig can be used for doweling particle board or any light synthetic materials that would normally be drilled with a portable electric drill. Another advantageous use of the jig is for mortising. This is easily accomplished by inching the jig along a workpiece and drilling through the multiple aligned drill guides to produce overlapping holes for making a mortise of any length. With an interchangeable head containing one or more offset drill guides, or any jig with this feature, dowel holes may be drilled in a zigzag pattern. This is particularly advantageous as it strengthens a joint and eliminates any tendency towards twisting. In addition, offset doweling expands the use of the head to other stock of greater thickness. Typically, one drilling configuration is for positioning 1/4"" dowel pin holes in 1/2"", 5/8"", 3/4"" and 5/4"" material. As shown in the drawings, my improved doweling jig has a horizontally elongated channel generally 1#dicated at 10 wlth a tl t and s parallel side members 12, 13. The flat top surface is fitted with a drilling plate 14 with a special spaced series of vertical guide drilling holes or bushings generally indicated at 15. The guide bushings allow a drill bit to pass through and drill the required holes in alignment in the stock. The guide holes are spaced in precise relationship to allow utilization of the jig in its most useful manner. Such a configuration will allow a work piece to be inserted in either side of the jig to drill corresponding holes in the work piece. As an illustration in a three hole configuration the center hole is equal distance from each side of the jig. The two other holes are aligned to be equal distance from the end of the jig and each the same distance from its closer side of the jig or the corresponding hole. A clamping means comprising a plate 16 and an adjustment screw 17 passes through one of the side members 12 for clamping the piece of stock to be drilled longitudinally against the opposite side member and the undersurface of the top of the channel. Eccentric stop disks are provided at each end of the channel to form a trihedral angle and constituting a stop against which an end or edge of the stock is positioned. The eccentric stops are generally circular plates 18, 19 having a set screw 21, 22 passing through off center for securing the disk to the channel. By loosening the set screw it is possible to rotate the disk so that it is out of position and does not block the channel or interfere with the jig resting squarely on the work piece. In Figure 1 the right hand disk is in position and the left hand disk is out of blocking position. As seen in Figure 1 and 3 drilling plates of various configurations of holes can be affixed to the upper surface of the channel by set screws such as of the Allen type. The upper surface of the channel 10 is provided with a cut out section 24 to allow fitting of a corresponding configuration 14a on the plate which extends through section 24 and is flush with the underside of the channel and contacts the stock to be drilled. This configuration improves wood chips clearance generated by the drilling of the holes in the work piece. As shown in Figure 3, the head has five guides for drilling stock of four different thicknesses with the same head. As a general rule to obtain satisfactory drilling of holes the guide should be not less than twice the diameter of the drill in order to guide it straight. The configurations in Figures 4 and 8 show the side members 12 and 13 of the channel are provided with slots 26, 27 so that the clamping member generally indicated at 28 and shown in Figure 5 can be switched from one side to the other for quick reversing of the jig. In a preferred arrangement each slot has a recessed portion to receive stop means37 for a compact structure. The use of interchangeable heads on the jig shown in Figure 4 converts it to two different jigs with each change. The modification necessary for a flat plate type of interchangeable head for use on this jig requires openings to be made in the top member of the jig of Figure 4 to permit passage of two configurations of drill bushings embedded or press fitted in the heads. Figure 4 shows a center fence 29 in the channel against which the work piece can be clamped. In Figure 8 the center fence has been removed and the opposite side member is utilized for the clamping surface. The clamping means shown in Figure 9 represents a novel arrangement for such clamping. It comprises a pressure plate 28 connected to an adjustment screw 31 with a turning knob 32 on the opposite end. The adjustment screw 31 is made to pass into the slot 26 by means of two parallel flat surfaces 50, 51 cut into the screw preferably adjacent to the knob 32, so that the thickness of the remaining part of the screw at such flat surfaces is such as to allow the screw to slide into the slot. The slot 26 has a top portion 52 which is threaded to receive the adjustment screw 31. In this preferred arrangement, the offset bushing 53 is positioned further from the fence to expand the doweling range to pieces 1-1/2 to 2"" in thickness while still retaining the three aligned bushings for doweling pieces 3/4"" thick. In operation the adjustment screw passes into the slot at the flat parallel surfaces until it reaches the threaded portion. By rotating the adjustment screw it will engage the threaded portion for movement of the pressure plate into or away from engagement with the piece of stock. When the clamping means is to be removed the screw can be turned to align the flat surfaces with the slot and allow the removal of the clamping means from the slot. The clamping means shown in Figure 5 represents a novel arrangement for such clamping. It comprises a pressure plate 28 rotatably connected to an adjustment screw 31 with a turning knob 32 made to pass through the slot 26. The screw is fitted with a nut 33 with two flat parallel sides 34 and 35 which fit into the slot 26 thereby preventing turning. The nut is provided with a threaded end 36 which is sufficiently long to extend through the slot. A stop means 37 is secured to the opposite end of said nut which is larger than the width of the slot 26 for pressing against one side of the slot and in conjunction with a second nut 38 larger than the width of the slot 26 for screwing onto the threaded end of the first nut and pressing against the opposite surface of the slot. Adjustment of the two nuts allows tightening the nuts in a rigid configuration with the slot which still allows movement of the adjustment screw 31 and in a loosened position allows the ready removal of the clamping device from the slot for positioning in the opposite slot. Figure 6 shows a clamping device which has an eccentric. In this modification one side member 40 of the channel 41 is pivotately connected to the channel. A rod 42 fits through a slot 43 cut in the side of the channel 41 which allows the rod to be moved in one direction to clamp the work piece in the channel formed by the top and the two side members and in the opposite direction to loosen the side member 40 to allow removal of the work piece from the channel. The construction of the eccentric is shown in Figure 7. It comprises an elongated cylinder 45 with an off-set center pin 46 affixed to one end. The rod 42 is secured at a right angle to the cylinder such as by a threaded end screwing into the cylinder 45. A hole is provided in channel 40 in which the pin 46 fits. When the rod 42 is moved in one direction it allows a tight configuration and a loose fit when moved in the opposite direction. Lack of adjustability limits this clamping method to the one thickness of stock for which it is designed. The doweling jig of the invention has many advantages. One such advantage is that there is no measuring with respect to the dowel hole positions, it requires no line to line marking to designate dowel hole centers as is customary with many devices of this nature, and the use of which makes possible the principal objective of drilling multiple, like size, precisely positioned and matched dowel pin holes; assuring aligned surfaces in materials to be joined by doweling. This ordinarily difficult and time consuming task is made easy, fast and efficient to such an extent that a novice can quickly make doweled joinings of an excellence unsurpassed by the most proficient cabinet maker, regardless of the type of said joinings; whether they are ""butt"", ""mitered at any degree"", a ""T"" or ""edge to edge Excellent visibility and multiple drilling also makes it easier to dowel a ""right angle joining"", which is an edge joining with a flat surface. It is easily accomplished with the aid of a narrow wood ripping as an accessory; by temporarily securing it to the flat surface in the desired position of joining for the expressed purpose of providing a means of fastening the jig thereto while drilling the dowel pin holes through the ripping to the desired depth in the flat surface. The same ripping can be used in similar joinings and actual drilling through this piece occurs only in its first use. The method of using the jig of the invention is as follows: attach a depth control collar on bit before drilling.. The jig must rest squarely on the work. Overlay the jig on the work, with the fence against the face; taking care that it is properly positioned for drilling holes in the edge or end as desired. Dowel holes are always at right angles to the contacting surfaces which are to be joined. Each joining consists of a right and left-hand member, and doweling involves the use of each end of the jig for its positioning. Work lines are necessary on either face or edge of joinings such as ""edge to edge"", ""mitered"", and the cross member of a ""T"". An identifying mark on the face of the work at the common point of every joining, and on the edge or end to be drilled saves time as it facilitates correct attachment of the jig. A stop may be used for positioning the jig on each piece of a corner butt joint. The most confined areas for dowel holes are the ends of narrow pieces. If they are drilled first, the drill guide or guides to use in the opposite member becomes apparent. The order for drilling is of no significance provided the holes match, dowels are concealed, and sufficient stock is left opposite the guiding end of the jig. Correct usage results in mated holes and aligned surfaces and can be attained by using the jig with the fence against the face of the work. The jig of this invention can be made in a number of different ways. The one with eccentric clamping lends itself to plastic injection molding or die casting in either aluminum or an alloy metal, either of which would have embedded drill bushings. The eccentric piece would be in steel and produced by screw machine. The leverage arm would preferably be a casting. The preferred method for the basic structure of the jig with interchangeable heads is die casting. Heads, with embedded drill bushings can be cast or molded separately or bushings can be press fitted in the heads. The heads with drill guide holes can be produced by ""the lost wax"" method in investment casting. The latter is done by making a replica of the steel heads, such as the machined ones. Drill bushings in jigs, or in interchangeable heads, will protrude above the surface so as to prevent wearing of the materials into which they are embedded, or press fitted. There are no adjustments on jigs constructed under the principles of this invention. If the jig in use has a head with an offset drill guide or guides, a change in set-up may not be necessary as each head with this feature will accommodate a minimum of two thicknesses of lumber; with one of the heads accommodating four thicknesses. However, if a head with drill guides of another size, or one without the offset feature is desired, a change of heads is necessary. After a head is changed, the jig is properly positioned on one of the workpieces, holes are drilled, and jig repositioned for drilling of matching holes.";CLAIMS 1. A dowel jig for use in drilling matching holes in two separate pieces of stock characterized by a horizontally elongated channel having a flat top and two parallel side members, said top member having an undersurface parallel with its upper surface and having a longitudinally spaced series of vertical guide bushings through which a drill bit can pass for making spaced holes in the piece of stock held in contact with said undersurface, one of said side members having attached means for clamping the piece of stock longitudinally against the other side member and said undersurface in a position for drilling operation thereon, an eccentric stop disk at each end of said channel to form a trihedral angle and constituting a stop against which the end or the edge of the stock is positioned thereto, each of said stops being pivotal to move out of such stop position. 2. A dowel jig according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the top of the channel is provided with a large opening and the guide bushings are located in separate plate removably affixed over said openings. 3. A dowel jig according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that one of the side members is pivotally connected to the undersurface of the flat top of the channel to form the clamping means when in its aligned position to form said channel, said side member being moved into clamping position by the action of an eccentric activating means. 4. A dowel jig according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that at least one of the side members contains an open ended slot having a threaded portion at its closed end and said clamping means comprises a pressure plate affixed to an adjustment screw having two parallel flat surfaces which allows passage of said screw into said slot and in engagement with said threaded portion to allow movement of said pressure plate against the piece of stock by rotation of said screw in one direction and release of the stock when rotated in the opposite direction. 5. A dowel jig according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the channel contains a spacer fence dividing the channel into a first channel and a second channel, each of said first and second channels having a longitudinally spaced series of vertical guide bushings and said clamping means being reversible to allow clamping the piece of stock longitudinally against either side of said spacer fence. 6. A dowel jig according to claim 5, characterized by the fact that the clamping means fits into an open ended slot in the lower surface of each of the side members and comprises a pressure plate rotatably connected to an adjustment screw passing through said slot, said screw having a nut with two flat parallel sides which fit into said slot and a threaded end, a stop means secured to said nut opposite to said threaded end for pressing against one side of said slotted side member and a second nut for pressing against the opposite surface of said side member when screwed onto said threaded end of said first nut thereby firmly clamping said adjustment screw into said slot without interfering with the lateral movement of the adjustment screw against said pressure plate for securing the piece of stock in drilling position. 7. A dowel jig according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized by the fact that the vertical guide bushings are aligned parallel to one of the side members and are two in number, each guide bushing being spaced the same distance from its corresponding open end of the channel as the other guide bushing. 8. A dowel jig according to claim 7, characterized by a third bushing spaced equal distance from each open end of the channel.;WIGGINS, GARFIELD;WIGGINS, GARFIELD;1978
+EP-0011657-B1;19810729.0;19781201;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185944.0;F23G5;F23J15, F23M5;F23G7, F23M5, F23G5, F23M9, F23J15, F24B7;F23J  15/02D, F23G   7/10A, F24B   7/00D, F23G   5/46, F23M   5/00, F23M   9/00;COMBUSTION FURNACE FOR DOMESTIC REFUSE OR THE LIKE;1. An incinerator for domestic garbage and the like, having a heat exchanger (40) which is disposed behind the combustion chamber and through which flow combustion gases, characterized in that said heat exchanger (40) includes can-shaped molded bodies (51) within the flow path, the open sides of which are facing downwards and the bottoms of which are facing upwards, that the bottoms of said molded bodies (51) are provided with one or more holes (52) and that gaps are disposed between the can-shaped molded bodies (51) through which the flue gases can pass said molded bodies (51), the velocity of said flue gases flowing through said molded bodies (51) being smaller than the velocity of the gases flowing past said molded bodies.;"Verbrennungsofen für Hausmüll oder dgl. Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen aus Blech gefertigten Verbrennungsofen für Hausmüll oder dgl. Die bekannten Verbrennungsöfen sind mit Feuerräumen ausgestattet, deren Wandungen mit Schamotteplatten ausgemauert sind, deren Wärmeleitfähigkeit gering ist. Es sind ferner einfache Blechöfen bekannt, deren Wandungen dem Feuer direkt ausgesetzt sind und daher nach relativ kurzem Gebrauch durchbrennen. Während die mit ausgemauerten, verhältnismässig kleinen Feuerräumen ausgestatteten Verbrennungsöfen in der Regel aus Gusseisen gefertigt, nur für bestimmte Brennstoffe optimal und ausserdem sehr teuer in der Anschaffung sind, besteht der wesentlichste Nachteil der einfachen Blechöfen darin, dass die Seitenwandungen, die direkt mit den Flammen in Berührung kommen, beim Feuerungsvorgang leicht zum Glühen gebracht werden, wodurch die Verletzungsgefahr vermehrt und die Wärmeabstrahlung wesentlich vergrössert wird. Hier will die Erfindung Abhilfe schaffen. Die Erfindung, wie sie in den Ansprüchen und insbesondere im Hauptanspruch gekennzeichnet ist, löst die Aufgabe, einen Verbrennungsofen aus Blech zu schaffen, bei dem aus dem Rauchgas bzw. aus den Verbrennungsgasen Russund Ascheteilchen ausgefiltert werden, so dass nur trockenes und relativ sauberes Rauchgas in den Schornstein gelangt. Vorteile ergeben sich noch dahingehend, dass die durch die Verbrennung im Feuerraum erzeugte Wärme weitestgehend für die Raumhei- zung nutzbar zu machen ist. Die Erfindung lässt sich bei einem Verbrennungsofen anwenden, bei dem die äusseren Seitenwände sowie die Rückwand des Feuerraums unter Verwendung auswechselbarer Blechteile gegen die unmittelbare Einwirkung des brennenden Materials abgeschirmt sind. Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den Unteransprüchen erfasst. Die Erfindung ist nachstehend anhand der schematischen Zeichnungen näher erläutert. Es zeigen: Figur 1 einen Verbrennungsofen mit angebautem Wärmetau- scher in perspektivischer Darstellung; Figur 2 einen Verbrennungsofen mit angebautem Wärmetau scher in Vorderansicht; Figur 3 den Verbrennungsofen im Querschnitt; Figur 4 eine Einzelheit des Verbrennungsofens im Teil schnitt und Figur 5 eine Einzelheit des Wärmetauschers im Teilschnitt. Ein in Fig. 1 dargestellter Verbrennungsofen 1 für Haus müll oder dgl. besteht aus einem rechteckigen Kasten 2 aus Blech, der durch eine überstehende Platte 3 abgedeckt und an der Vorderseite mit einer Feuerungstür 4 ausgestattet ist. An den Ecken des Bodenbleches 5 (Fig. 2) des Kastens 2 können aus profiliertem Blech oder dgl. erstellte Halterungen 6 bis 9 befestigt sein. Das Bodenblech 5 ist innerhalb des Feuerungsraums 10 (Fig. 3) mit einer rechteckigen Öffnung 11 versehen, über der ein Rost 12 eingelegt ist. Unterhalb der Öffnung 11 lagert in angesetzten Winkeln 13 ein Aschenkasten 14, der ebenfalls aus Blech gefertigt ist. Die beiden Seitenwände 15, 16 des Feuerungsraums 10 sowie die Rückwand 17 (Fig. 4) bestehen aus eingesetzten Blechen, die gegebenenfalls aus Abfallbi ech gefertigt werden können. Die Seitenwände 15, 16 und die Rückwand 17 des Feuerungsraums 10 können, wie in Fig. 3 dargestellt, mittels Bolzen 18 bis 21 und zugeordneten Distanzbuchsen 22 bis 25 an den betreffenden Aussenwänden des Kastens 2 (Fig. 1) befestigt werden oder, wie aus Fig. 4 ersichtlich, durch eingesetzte Winkel 26, 2't in der eingesetzten Lage gehalten werden. In die zwischen den äusseren Wandungen des Kastens 2 (Fig. 1, 2) und den Seitenwänden 15, 16 bzw. der Rückwand 17 (Fig. 3, 4) gebildeten Räume 28 bis 30 sind zweckmässig wellen- oder zickzackförmig gebogene Bleche 31 bis 33 eingelegt, die zur Wärmeübertragung dienen, wobei sie die Wärme von den Seitenwänden 15, 16 bzw. der Rückwand 17 auf den Kasten 2 übertragen, von dem die Wärme a ie Etaurnluft abgegeben wird. Anstelle der Blechte 31 bis 33 können auch Gitterroste oder dgl zui direkten Wärmeübertragung ein gesetze werden Die bereits genannte Platte 3 (Fig. 2, 3) weist eine Öffnung 34 auf, die durch einen abnehmbaren Deckel 35 abgedeckt ist. Am hinteren Teil des Deckels 3 ist eine Buchse 36 (Fig. 1) eingesetzt, in die ein Abzugsrohr 37 eingeschoben ist. Am Abzugsrohr 37 befindet sich eine Sperrklappe 38 (Fig. 2), die zur Einstellung des Rauchabzuges dient. Das Abzugsrohr 37 (Fig. 2) sitzt in einer Muffe 39 eines vorzugsweise rechteckigen Wärmetauschers 40, der einen sich nach innen trichterförmig erweiternden Einlauf 41 aufweisen kann, der durch ein Gitter 42 abgedeckt ist. Die Leitrippen bzw. Leitbleche 43 (Fig. 5) des Gitters 42 können allseitig gegen die zugeordneten Wandungen 44 geneigt sein, so dass die einströmenden Rauchga.-;e in Pfeilrichtung 45 gegen die Wandungen 44 strömen und dabei ihre Wärme an letztere abgeben. Zweckmässigerweise kann der zentrale Bereich (Fig. 2) des Gitters 42 ohne Leitbleche 43 ausgestattet und mit einem nach unten weisenden Kegel oder einer Pyramide 46 versehen sein, welche die eintretenden Rauchgase an das Gitter 42 leitet. Um eine möglichst grosse Wärmeabgabe zu erreichen, ist an der oberen Wandung 47 des Wärmetauschers 40 eine durchgehende Rohrmuffe 48 eingesetzt, die ein Stück in den Innenraum 49 hineinragt. Durch diese Anordnung erfolgt eine gute Verwirbelung der Rauchgase, die dabei einen wesentlichen Teil ihrer Wärme an die umgebenden Blechteile abgeben. In die Rohrmuffe 48 ist ein Abzugsrohr 50 eingeschoben, das zu einem nicht dargestellten Kamin des Hauses führt. Durch das Gitter 42 wird neben der Umlenkung der einströmenden Rauchgase auch ein grober Filtervorgang bewirkt, bei welchem die von den Rauchgasen mitgerissenen grösseren Papierteile durch das Gitter 42 zuriickgehalten werden und erst nach vollständiger Ver brennung als Aschenteile in den Feuerraum 10 zurückfallen oder von dem durchströmenden Rauchgas mitgerissen werden. Anstelle der kastenförmigen Ausbildung des Verbrennungsofens 1 und des Wärmetauschers 40 kann uch eine zylindrische Formgebung erfolgen, bei welcher der Feuerungsraum 10 ebenfalls zylindrisch ausgblldet wird. Selbstverständlich sind dabei die zugeordneten Innenwandungen sowie die gewellten Wärmeleitbleche ebenfalls zylindrisch gestaltet. Des weiteren kann der Wärmetauscher 40 als integrierter Bestandteil des Verbrennungsofens 1 ausgebildet werden. In diesem Fall kommt das Abzugs rohr 37 gemäss Fig. 2 in Fortfall. Bei der zylindrischen Formgebung kann ein durchgehender Aussenmantel vorgesehen werden, was sich fertigungst echnisch giin- stig auswirkt. Bei dieser Konstruktion ist der untere bereich des Aussenmantels für den Feuerungsraum und der obere bereich für den zusätzlichen Wär meauslaus cher vorgesehen. Im Wärmetauscher 40 sind über dem Gitter 42 dosenförmige Formkörper 51 aus Blech angeordnet. Diese dosenförmigen Formkörper 51 können im einfachsten Fall aus leeren Konservendosen bestehen. Diese dosenförmigen Formkörper 51 sind dann mit der Öffnung nach uii- ten und mit dem Boden nach oben im Wärmetauscher 40 angeordnet. Die Böden der dosenförmigen Formkörper 51 sind mit einem oder mit mehreren Löchern 52 verziehen. Aus dem Rauchgas werden dadurch weitere Russ- und Ascheteilchen ausgefiltert, so dass nur trockenes und relativ sauberes Rauchgas in den Schornstein gelangt. Diese zusätzliche Ausf;'t erung der Russ- und Ascheteilchen aus dem Rauchgas lässt sich folgendermassen. erklären: Die dosenförmigen Formkörper 51 bilden für die Rauchgase zwei unterschiedliche Rauchgaswege. Ein Teil der Rauchgase kann an den z.B. aus leeren Konservendosen bestehenden Formkörpern 51 vorbei direkt in das Abzugsrohr 50 gelangen. Der übrige Teil der Rauchgase strömt in die dosenförmigen Formkörper 51 und durch die Löcher 52. Da der dabei zu überwindende Widerstand wesentlich grösser ist als der Widerstand für die an den dosenförmigen Formkörpern 51 vorbeiströmenden Rauchgase, ergeben sich unterschiedliche Rauchgasgeschwindigkeiten. Die durch die dosenförmigen Formkörper 51 strömenden Rauchgase verringern ihre Strömungsgeschwindigkeit so stark, dass auch leichte Russ- und Ascheteilchen nicht mehr mitgerissen werden und sich absetzen können. Dadurch wird das in den Schornstein gelangende Rauchgas auch vom grössten Teil der leichten Russ- und Ascheteilchen befreit. Beim Anheizen oder bei kleinem Feuer können die Rauchgase an den dosenförmigen Formkörpern mit ausreichender Geschwindigkeit vorbeiströmen. Es ist deshalb auch bei ungünstigen Zugverhältnissen ein ausreichender Schornsteinzug vorhanden. Bei schwankendem Schornsteinzug, wie er bei böigem Wind oder bei der Verbrennung von festen Brennstoffen nichi zu vermeiden ist, wird ausserdem noch folgender Vorteil durch die im Wärmetauscher 40 befindlichen dosenför migen Formkörper 51 erzielt: 1) Bei starkem Schornsteinzug durch Windböcn wirken die Formkör per wie ein Widerstand oder wie eine Drosselklappe im Rauchgas kanal. Zu grosser Luftüberschuss bei der Verbrennung und zu grosse Wärmeabführung aus dem zu beheizenden Raum werden dadurch vermieden. Der Verbrennungswirkungsgrad und auch der Heizwir kungsgrad werden verbessert. 2) Bei starkem Schornsteinzug durch ein grosses Feuer wirken die Formkörper ebenfalls wie ein Widerstand im Rauchgaskanal. Da bei geben die langsam durch die dosenförmigen Formkörper 51 strömenden Rauchgase einen grossen Teil ihrer Wärme an die Formkörper 51 ab. Einen Teil dieser Wärme speichern die Formkörper 51. Die rest liche Wärme wird über die Aussenwandung des Wärmetauschers 40 für die Raumheizung nutzbar gemacht. 3) Bei schwachem Schornsteinzug durch ein kleines Feuer, durch starken Abbrand oder nach dem Nachfüllen des Ofens mit Brenn material geben die Formkörper 51 einen Teil der gespeicherten Wärme an die Rauchgase ab und erhöhen damit den Schornstein zug. Das Abbrennen des nachgefüllten Brennmaterials wird da durch verbessert. Da insbesondere bei r Verbrennung von Müll oder Holzabfällen die Verbrennung ständig zwischen einem Minimal- und einem Maximalwert schwankt, ist die den Schornsteinzug regulierende Wirkung der Formkörper 51 von wesentlicher Bedeutung für die Verbrennung ranti itir den Heizungswirkungsgrad. Mit den Formkörpern 51 im Wärmetauscher 40 lassen sich praktisch alle Vorteile einer automatisch gesteuerten Drosselklappe - ohne deren Nachteile, wie hoher mechanischer Aufwand, Störanfälligkeit oder dgl. - erreichen. Gegenüber einer automatischen Drosselklappe werden noch zusätzlich folgende Vorteile erzielt: 1) Ausfilterung, auch kleiner Russ- und C! scheteilchen, aus dem Rauch gas, 2) zusätzliche Wärmeausnutzung aus den Rauchgasen, 3) Erhöhung des Schornsteinzugs nach dem Nachfü.llen von Brennma terial.";Patentansprüche: 1. Verbrennungsofen für Hausmüll oder dgl. mit einem dem Feue rungsraum nachgeschalteten, von den Verbrennungsgasen durch strömten Wärmetauscher, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in dem Wärmetauscher (40) dosenförmige Formkörper (51) vorhanden sind, welche mit der Offnung nach unten und mit dem Boden nach oben in dem Wärmetauscher angeordnet sind, und dass die Böden der dosenförmigen Formkörper (51) mit einem oder mit mehreren Löchern (52) versehen sind. 2. Verbrennungsofen nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Formkörper (51) nach Art einer leeren Konservendose ausgebildet sind und dass in dem Wärmetauscher (40) mehrere Formkörper (51) neben einander angeordnet sind, so dass ein Teil der Rauchgase durch die von den nebeneinander angeordneten Formkörpern (51) gebil deten Zwischenräume strömen kann. 3. Verbrennungsofen nach Anspruch 1 und 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass unterhalb der dosenförmigen Formkörper (51) im Strömungs weg der Rauchgase ein Gitter (42) angeordnet ist. 4. Verbreiinungsofen nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 3, d2dui^ch geenn- zeichnet, dass die dosenförmigen Formkörper mit der Öffnung nach unten auf dem Gittcr (42) aufliegen. 5. Verbrennungsofen nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 4, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass der Feuerungsraum doppelwandig ausgebildet ist und dass die Seitenwände (15 bis 17) des Feuerungsraumes (10) über Wärmeleitbleche (31 bis 33) verbunden sind. 6. Verbrennungsofen nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 5, dadurch gekenn- zeichnet, dass die Seitenwände (15 bis 17) des Feuerungsraums (10) leicht auswechselbar in dem Feuerungsraum befestigt sind. 7. Verbrennungsofen nach den Ansprüchen 1 bis 6, dadurch gekenn zeichnet, dass die Seitenwände (15 bis 17) des Feuerungsraums (10) ir Füh- rungen lösbar gelagert sind.;MIELE, CARL;MIELE, CARL;1978
+EP-0011661-B1;19830518.0;19781129;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186019.0;C08J11;;C08J11;C08J  11/24+L75/04;A RECYCLING PROCESS FOR FLEXIBLE POLYURETHANE FOAMS;A recycling process for flexible polyurethane foam which comprises dissolving the foam in low molecular weight diol, admixing therewith high molecular weight polyol that is suitable for preparation of flexible urethane foam, removing under vacuum low molecular weight diol solvent from the admixture obtained, and recovering the residue which comprises polyol product that may be used to provide new flexible foam with desirable properties including advantageous tear strength.;"SPECIFICATION TITLE: PROCESS FOR TR@ATING POLYURETHANE DESCRIPTION This invention relates to methods for treating polyurethane. Considerable effort has been heretofore. directed to the development of recovery methoda for polyurethane scrap materials, particuZarly polyurethane foams including flexible, rigid and semi flexible foams. One approach in recovering useful materials from flexible foam utilizes low molecular weight aliphatic diols to effect thermal decomposition of the foam for subsequent processing. (See, for example, U.S. Patents 3,983,087; 3,738,946; 3,632,530; 3,300,417; and 2.937,151). In treating flexible foam by thermal decomposition with low mqlecular weight diol, a separation over a period of time of the decomposition product obtained into two liquid layers has not been an altogether satisfactory consequence. U,S. Patent 3,738,946 describes such consequence and shows mitigation of its effect by preparing rigid foams from balanced proportions of the resultant layers. U.S. Patent 3,983,087 alternatively uses particular amounts of certain alkyl substituted low molecular weight diols to provide a single phase decomposition product that is said to be suitable for preparation of certain polyurethane products. U.S. Patent 3,632,530 provides for separating the layers obtained from certain flexible foams by rather extreme reaction conditions and cooling of the dissolution product before further purification. Each of the approaches in the above-identified patents while evidencing merit, does have certain drawbacks. For example, the type of alkyl substituted glycol utilized in U.S. 3,983,087 may be even more expensive than the polyol originally used in making the flexible foam. Moreover, the process of U.S. 3,738,946 apparently is not seen to be applicable to recycling scrap flexible foam back into products suitable for preparation of new flexible foam. Still further, the process of U.S. 3,632,530 appears to require extended periods for completion. According to the present invention there is provided a method for treating flexible polyurethane which comprises dissolving the polyurethane in a low molecular weight diol at a temperature up to 210 C; characterised in that during dissolution or thereafter a high molecular weight liquid polyol that is suitable for use in preparation of flexible polyurethane foam is admixed with i e polyurethane, and at least part of the low molecular weight diol is removed under vacuum from the liquid at mixture obtained at a temperature in a range exceeding about 10000, to leave a liquid polyol residue. The method of this invention provides not only a rapid procedure for recovery of desirable liquid polyol product from the flexible foam, but, furthermore a polyol product that is suitable for use in the preparation of new flexible foam. Rather than proceeding with conditions that necessitate formation of separate liquid layers after heating the flexible foam in the presence the law molecular weight diol, the method herein allows formation and use of a single phase dissolution product. Moreover, economic use of readily available diol is achieved. The preferred method of this invention utilizes low molecular weight aliphatic diols, especially alkylene glycols such as diethylene glycol to thermally dissolve flexible polyurethane foam at temperatures up to 2100C during periods normally ranging up to about 3 hours. After addition of high molecular weight polyol to the so obtained or obtainable dissolution product, remaining glycol solvent is vacuum distilled (at temperatures preferably below about 170 C to prevent degradation) to leave R polyol residue that can be reprocessed into new flexible foam with ad- vantageous properties including tear strength. The distilled glycols may be reprocessed to provide further economic advantage. Typical polyurethane flexible foams applicable herein are polymeric reaction products containing urea type and urethane type linkages and are made by reaction of a mixture containing polyisocyanate and high molecular weight (e.g., number average exceeding about 1000) ether or urea polyol. Polyisocyanates often utilized in making flexible polyurethane foam and especially found suitable for the method herein include aromatic polyisocyanates, particularly those diisocyanates comprising arylene or alkarylene moieties e.g., 2,4-tolylene, 2,6-tolylene and 4,4' -diphenyl- enemethane as are well known for their use in preparing flexible foam. The high molecular weight ether or urea polyol typically used in making flexible foam has a molecular weight (number average) in a range below 10,000 as, for example, in a range of from about 2000 to about 9000 and the recovery method herein is advantageously applicable to ible foam made with ether polyols such as polyether triols having a nx ber average molecular weight in a range of from about 4000 to about 7frC. Eloreover oombinations of polyols of varying molecular weights within these ranges are also often used in making flexible polyurethane foams. Other ingredients often used in preparation of flexible foam that is suitably recovered according to this invention include catalyst, surfactant, water, fillers and other modifiers icluding amiss in minor amounts. Besides flexible foam, the method herein can utilize other polyurethane, e.g., semi-flexible and rigid foams during the dissolution stage as such other polyurethanes can undergo decomposition at these conditions. - Recovery of fixed amounts of well characterised flexible foam scrap, however, provides for ease in process control. The low molecular weight aliphatic diol used in the dissolution of the flexible foam preferably comprises one or more aliphatic diols having up to 6 carbon atoms and of the formula HO-A-OH wherein A is an alkylene that is preferably interrupted by oxy (-0-) groups. Glycols that distill below about 170 at below about 10 mm. of Hg are preferred, and diethylene glycol (i.e., 2,2'-dib;ydrozydiethyl ether) currently constitutes a particularly preferred glycol in view of its relative cost, availability and performance. The amount of low molecular weight aliphatic diol used in dissolution of the flexible foam is not a critical aspect, providing that a viscosity of the dissolution product is maintained that is convenient for processing. In this regard admixture with high molecular weight polyol used to make the original foam may aid in attaining desired viscosity of the dissolution product. Preferably, the weight ratio of the flexible foam to the low molecular weight diol is from about 2:1 and to about 1:2 with a range of above about 1:1 advantageously providing desirable utilization of diol. In one preferred embodiment the low molecular weight diol is heated to a temperature in a range of up to 210 C, preferably of fron about 1800C to about 200 C, whereupon the foam is added in amall pieces with continuous stirring. Addition of the pieces over a period of time is advantageous. Equal weights of the preferred lov molecular weight diol and the foam are able to be dissolved in about one hour and twice as much foam taking about two hours. It appears that catalyst used ir making the foam promotes the dissolution as the dissolution rate increases with further addition of foam up until viscosity of the dissolution pro- duct inhibits adequate mixing. The conditions under which dissolution is carried out in accor- -ce with this invention are desirably mild and permit attainment of a liquid product which is Thereafter preferably admixed with a high mole cular weight polyol that is suitable for use in the preparation of flexible foams, preferably the same type of polyol that is used as a starting material in making the flexible foam that is being recovered. For exani- ple, if the flexible urethane foam is made with a polyether triol it is desired to use a polyether polyol, especially the same polyether triol, for admixture with the liquid dissolution product. Thus, one may simply look to the high molecular weight polyol that is used in preparation of any given foar for examples of the type of high molecular weight polyol suitable for the method herein. The subsequent addition of high molecular weight polyol has an advantage of reducing viscosity of the dissolution product but earlier addition may also be possibly of advantage in aiding dissolution and reducing viscosity of the dissolution mixture if desired. Since the conditions under which the flexible foam are dissolved in low molecular weight diol, and, optionally high molecular weight polyol that is suitable for use in preparation of new foam are mild as compared to the prior art procedures, this perhaps accounts in part for the fact that a single or substantially single liquid layer is obtain- able during such dissolution. Moreover, attainment of this apparently single or substantially single liquid layer which is relatively stable, e.g. remains unseparated for 2 hours or more evidences that preferred reaction conditions are being employed. The amount of high molecular weight polyol employed relative to the low molecular weight diol and flexible foam combined may vary widely but are desirably used in amounts that permit adequate viscous ity of the admixture for pumping, e.g. from about 1:20 to about 10:1 weight ratio of the flexible foam and low molecular weight diol to the high molecular weight polyol. Use of a weight ratio of the added high molecular weight polyol to diol of from about 20:1 to about 3:1 is normally sufficient. Optimum ratios will in part depend upon the amount of scrap flexible foam to bt recycled relative to the new foam that is being produced. Low molecular weight diol is removed from the liquid dissolut ion product cnprising the added high molecular weight polyol by heating (preferably at a temperature in a range up to about 180 C) under vacuum, preferably @@ below 10 mm. Hg and more desirably below 1 mm. Hg to ob- tain a recovery product that can be used in preparation of foams, especially flexible foams. The low molecular weight diol removed may be reprocessed for use again in continuous operations. Desirably, a major portion of the original amount of the low molecular weight diol added is removed, preferably at least about 7j' by weight of the original amount used during dissolution, more preferably at least about 90% by weight. The following examples illustrate this invention and are not intended limiting it to their specific details. All parts are parts by weight and all temperatures are in degrees Centigrade unless specially notea otherwise. EXAMPLE 1 (a) A flexible polyurethane foam is made from the ingrediants of Table I below by rapid mixing of ingredients 1-8 with ingredient 9 (polyisocyanates) for about 15 seconds and pouring the foaming product into a mould whereby a light cream coloured flexible urethane foam of 0.034 specific gravity is obtained after a cure of 5-10 minutes at 120 C. TABIE I FoRMULATION OF F1EXIBLT. POLYURETHANE FOAS Material - Source Parts Description 1. Pluracol 535 (Polyol) (BASF) 75 1640 eq. wt. mostly triol 2. Pluracol 581 (Polyol) (BASF) 25 2078 eg. wt. mostly triol; contains styrene and acrylonitrile 3. Water 2.8 Distilled 4. Amine (Air Prod.) 0.14 Triethylena diamine 5. Amine (Air Prod.) 0.20 Dimethylaminoethyl morpholine 6. Glycol (Union Carbide) 0.10 7O bis (2-Dimethyl aminoethyl) ether, 30. dipropylene glycol 7. Surfactant (Dow Corning) 1.4 Silicone glycol co polymer 8. Catalyst (M & T) 0.015 Dibutyl Tin Dilaur ate 9. Polyisocyanate (Y.obay) 35.78 Polymeric Isocyanates, 2Q MDI, 80% TDI (b) Equal amounts by weight of a virgin flexible foam prepared as in (a) and diethylene glycol (2,2'-dihydroxydiethyl ether) are admixed according to the following procedure. The diethylene glycol is preheated to 1800. Small pieces of foam weighting about 0.01 parts are added slowly with agitation until dissolution occurs whereupon additional pieces are added while the mixture is iaintaird between 180-200 0C. The total time elapsed for complete dissolution is 4i minute. The mixtult is maintained for an additional one hour and Then the heating and stirring is stopped. The end product is dark brown in colour with a small amount of solid residue in the bottom. Negligible weight loss is fount to occur during dissolution. (c) To three mixtures each of 100 parts of a liquid mixture of ingredients 1-8 of Table I are mixed, respectively, five, ten and twenty-five parts of the resinous liquid obtained in (b) above. Flexible low density foams are obtained when 100 parts of the 8o combined mixture is foamed with 34 parts- of the polyisocyanate in Table I. (d) Fifty parts of the liquid phase obtained in (b) are mixed with 150 parts of Pluracol 535. The mixture is passed through a rotating film evaporator maintained at a pressure of 0.7 mm. Hg and a temperature of 130 C. Collection of the vapours yields twenty-four parts of a light yellow liquid that is identified by infrared analysis to contain essentially diethylene glycol. The non-evaporated resinous liquid remaining weighs 175 parts. A single liquid phase remains after allowing this liquid to stand for over 72 hours. (e) Flexible foam is prepared in accordance with the foaming procedure above in (a) using the formulation of Table I except that the 25 parts of Pluracol 535 is replaced with the above obtained resinous liquid of (d) at equal parts by weight The resultant flexible foam is a material with greater tear strength than the foams obtained from using the dissolution product described above in (c) that does not utilize subsequent distillation of glycol. EXAMPLE 2 The procedures of Example 1 are followed except that similar size pieces of 20 parts of the sam virgin flexible foam are added to 100 parts of the diethylene glycol over a period of 80 minutes. Fifty parts of the resultant liquid are added to one hundred fifty parts of Plurocol 535. Distillation under the conditions of example 1 (d) pro- vides vapours weighing 12.5 parts with 186 parts recovered as the liouie residue. The foam achieved using this liquid residue is similar in characteristics as that of the foam similarly prepared in Example 1 en¯ of greater tear strength than foam prepared without diBtillatnon of the glycol in 1 (c). EXAMPLE 3 The procedure of Example 1 is repeated except that the additional one hour heating and stirring in step (b) is omitted Essentially similar results are obtained.";"CLAIMS 1. A method for treating flexible ployurethane which comprises dissolving the polyurethane in a low molecular weight diol at a tempcr- ature up to 2100C; characterised in that during dissolution or ther@after a high molecular weight liquid poZyol that is suitable for use in pse- paration of flexible polyurethane foaan is admixed with the polyurethane and at least part of the low molecular weight diol is removed under vacuum from the liquid admixture obtairu-d at a te porature in a range exceeding about 100 C to leave a liquid polyol residue. 2. A method in accordance with Claims 1, characterised in that the high molecular weight liquid polyol comprises triol 3. A method in accordance with Claim 1 or Claim 2, characterisea in that the weight ratio of the said diol to the polyurethane is from 1:1 to 1:2. 4. A method in accordance with any one of Claims 1 to 3 characterised in that the weight ratio of the high molecular weight polyol to the polyurethane is from 10:1 to 1:1. 5. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 4 wherein at least 70% by weight of the diol is renoved from the liquid admixture. 6. A method in accordance with any one of Claims 1 to 5 characterised in that the molecules of the diol comprises an oxy- interrupted chain of up to 6 carbon atoms 7. A method in accordance with Claim 6 characterised in that the diol comprises diethylene glycol, or dipropylene glycol. 8. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 7 characten:ed in that the weight ratio of the product obtained by dissolving The polyurethane in the diol and the high molecular weight polyol is from 1:2C to 10:1. 9. A method in accordance with any one of Claims 1 to 8 characterised in that the high molecular eight polyol comprises a polyether triol having a number average molecular weight of from 1000 to 10,000. 10. A method in accordance w th any one of Claims 1 to 9 characterised in that at least 90W by weight of the diol is removed from the liquid admixture. 11. A liquid polyol residue prepared by a method according t(+ any one of Claims 1 to 10. 12. A flexible polyurethane formed from a plyol and a polyisocyanate characterised in that the polyol is obtained by a process according to any one of Claims 1 to 10. 1";BRASLAW JACOB, PAI PURNACHANDRA;FORD FRANCE SOCIETE ANONYME, FORD MOTOR COMPANY, FORD MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, FORD-WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;1978
+EP-0011662-B1;19830914.0;19781129;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186020.0;C08J11;;C08J11;C08J  11/14+L75/04;HYDROLYSIS OF POLYURETHANES;Vapour phase hydrolysis of scrap polyurethanes, espe­ cially flexible polyurethane foams, is improved through the use of catalytic amounts of basically reacting alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds applied to the foam prior to hydrolysis.;"SP@CIFICATION TITLE HYOROLYSIS OF POLYURETHAN@S DESCRIPTION This invention relates to the hydrolysis of polyurethanes. Convertion of scrap polyurethane materials, especially polyurethane foams, by chemical metilods into useful decomposition products has received considerable recent attention. Of the various approaches proposed for decomposition of polyurethane scrap, high temperature hydrolysis has the merit of minimizing the need for large amounts of organic solvents, as i.' required in accordance with other approaches. High teznprature hydroiysis, however, necessitates a choice between the desirable high reaction rates obtainable at high pressures, e.g., 30-60 atmosphGre, where relatively expensive pressure vessels are required for the reaction, and the undesirable slow reaction rates obtainable at low pressures where more conventional, but larger and cheaper equipment can be used. One attempt at upgrading low pressure processes is exemplified by U.S. Serial No. 816,636, (German Patent Application P2831S832) wherein ammonia is introduced into a low pressure hydrolysis system. The reaction rates are however still relatively slow. According to the present invention, there is provided a method of hydrolysing polyurethane which comprises treating the polyurethane with superheated steam characterised in that the hydrolysis is effected in the presence of a basic alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compound. The basically reacting alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds provide a catalytic effect in the super heated hydrolysis of polyurethanea, especially polyurethane foams. Remarkably in such reactions, basically reacting compounds (at low levels as compared to the amount of foam present) can increase hydrolysis rate by a factor of two or more in super heated steam where one would not expect liquid water to be present at any appreciable level. This invention is advantageously suitable for recovery of flexible polyurethane foams made by reacting a mixture comprising aromatic diisocyanate (e.g., toluene diisocyalete), high molecular weight polyol (e.g., polyether triol with number average molecular weight in excess of 1000 up to about 9000), and water in the presence of a small amount of amine or other catalysts, e,g., dimethylaminomorpholine triethylenediamine. Other ingredients typically included in the form@l- ations are aurfactants, fillers, pigments and so forth most ofteTl in minor amounts. Other foams suitable include those jirepared from diisocyanates and polyestera such as esters of 1,4 butane diol and adipic aoid. Still other foams as rigid and semi-flexible foams are typically made with similar ingredients but with the active hydrogen compound, e.g., polyol, being of lover molecular weight. Decompoa- ition of any such foams that include ester type (e.g., urethane) linkages and amide type (e.g., urea) linkages predominantly constitute the preferred type of jiolyurethane scrap material that may be recover ea by hydrolysis according to the invention herein, Polyurethane foam technology is described, for instance, in Polyurethane, Chemistry and Technology, by J. H. Saunders and K. C, Friach, Part II Technology, Interscience Publishers, New York (1967). In a currently preferred method of carrying out this invention an aqueous dilute solution, e.g., less than lO%I active, of the basically reacting compound is used to apply such compound uniformly on the polyurethane prior to its decomposition, One method of application is prior to introduction of a polyurethane foam material into a zone wherein the hydrolysis reaction takes place am this method utilizes immeraion of the foam material into the dilute solution and thereafter drying the foam material to leave a uniform deposit of the solid basically reacting compound. Placing foam wetted with aqueous solution as above into a reaction zone comprising dry steam can perfect drying of at least a po@- tion of the foam to provide a concentrated layer of basically reacting compound on the foam. Alternatively, the foam may be oried in a separat stage prior to its inclusion in th zone of hydrolysis. Still other methods for applying the basically reacting compound on polyurethane f@a@ include application prior to its decomposition during hydrolysis as by injection or spraying on its surface as the foam is being decomposed during hydrolysis. The basically reacting alkali metal or alkaline earth metal com- pound preferably comprises alkali metal as, for example, alkali metal hydroxides, particularly sodium hydroxide in view of its solubility. Other basically reacting compounds, such as alkaline earth oxides as calcium oxide may be applied, for example, from aqueous or alcohol j utions or dispersions. Still other basically reacting compounds inclu@@ alkoxides, especially lower alkoxide, e.g., sodium or potassium ethoxide. Normally, because of convenience and cost, hydroxide, particularly sodium hydroxide alone will be preferred as the basically reacting compound there aqueous solution are employed for application prior to decomposition of the foam. The basically reacting compound such as sodium hydroxide is used in a catalytic amount and normally below 5, and preferably no more than 3, parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the scrap polyurethane and, in the case of flexible foam, advantageously as little as 1 part or less by weight of basic reacting compound per 100 parts by weight foam. Remarkably, amounts in a range between about 0.1-30 parts by weight per 1000 parts of flexible foam are seen to provide particularly desirable reaction rates, providing uniform application at least on the surface of the foam is obtained. The conditions under which the polyurethane is hydrolyzed include elevated temperatures up to about 300 C, more preferably superheated steam in a range between about 150 C-275 C at up to ten or more atmospheres, advantageously super heated steam at between 0.5-5.0 atmospheres within the latter temperatures. Inert gas may be included as diluent, if desired. In one preferred way of carrying out the hydrolysis, dry steam is admitted into an evacuated reaction chamber containing the foam having the basically reacting compound deposited thereon whereby hydrolysis begins with gaseous effluent containing diamine reaction product allowed to be discharged from the chamber while liquid polyol product is collec tedaat the bottom of the chamber. An apparatus suitable to carry out this invention is described in U,S. Patent Application Serial No. 816,636, filed July 18, 1977 (German Patent Application P2831483.7). Of course, in such apparatus, there need be only one inlet tube for admitting the water vapour rather than one for ammonia and one for water vapour. Moreover, the apparatus described in U.S. Patent 4,025,559 can also be used to advantage with this invention. Still other apparatus include extrusion type apparatus wherein the basically reacting com- pound is applies during extrusion of the polyurethane foam as bere super heated steam is formed from the evaporation of water applied to the foam during extrusion which contains the basically reacting compound. The time required to carry out the hydrolytic decomposition varies in accordance with such conditions as temperature, pressure, foai type and amount of catalyst present. Theoretical yields are achievable, however, as measured by diamine prodnction, in less than two hours and even within one hour at higher temperature within the above noted ranees. Even at lower temperatures within tile above ranges the rate of hydroysis can exceed twice that of water alone, especially in the early stages of the decomposition. This invention is illustrated by the following specific resulta that are achieve(t by utilizing preferred procedures as hereinbefore described. The scope of this invention, however, is not to be limited to the particular details shown below as those skilled in the are wil) appreciate that many procedures can be designed to exploit the discovery of this invention. All parts are arts by weight in the examples. Example l (a) An analytical flexible polyurethane foam is made from the ingredients of Table I below by rapid mixing of ingredients 1-8 with ingredient 9 (Polyisocyanates) for about 15 secords and pouring the foaming product into a mould whereby a light cream coloured flexible urethane foam (density about 2.1) is obtaine@ after a cure of 5-10 minutes at 12O0C. table l FORMULATION OF FL@XIBL@ POLYUKETHANE FOAM Material - Source Parts Description 1. Pluracol 535 (Polyol) (BASF) 100 1640 eq.wt. mostly tr@@l 2. Amine (Union Carbide) 2 Diethanolamine 3. Water 2.8 Distilled 4. Amine (Air Prod.) 0.14 5. Amine (Air Pred.) 0.20 Dimeathylaminoethyl morpnoline 6. Glyccl (Union Carbide) 0.10 70C; bis(2-Dimethylam@) ethyl) other, 3 dip@ pylene glycol 7. Surfactant (Dow Corning) 1.4 Sil@con glycol cop@@y@ 8. Catalyst (M & ) 0.015 Dibutyltindilaura@ 9. Diisocyanate (Mobay) 3@.4 Toluem diisocyana@ (b) Certain test an control samples each being 100 pals; weight are taken from foam prepared as in (a) above and treated a follows. The samples are zipped into 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 percent by wei@@ @@ueous solutions of sodium hydroxide, blotted dry and then dried under @@@um. A first series of control samples are then titrated with an @@@eous solution of hyurochloric acid. It is determined by titration @@at approximately 0.1, 0.3 and 2.9 parts by wieght for each 100 part by @@ght sample of sodium hydroxide are deposited by this dipping and drying @@ocedure by the above solutions of C .1, 1.0 and 5.0 percent by weight @@dium hydroxide, respectively. The test sampl@s and other control samples (untreated by the @@@ium hydroxi@e solutions) are then individually introduced into a @@ated hydrolysis chamb@r having inlet and outlet tubes and filled with perheated steam at a pressure approximately one atmosphere passing @herethrough. Prior to introduction into the heated hydrolysis chamber @@b @ample is placed in a heating zone wherein it is heated to 175 C by Iatrogen gas so that it is introduced into the heated hydrolysis chamber the the temperature of the super heated steam therein. In Table II below ar: the results of hydrolysis of the foam at varying temperatures and at slightly above one; atmospheric pressure of super heated steam with and without use of sodium hvdroxide. The results in Table 11 are obtaine-d by ultraviolet analysis of the condensed gaseous effluent to measure the amount of toluene diamine as a function of time. This is accomplished by comparing the ultra violet light absorption results with a set of calibration curves obtained from passing standard toluene diamine samples through the ultraviolet absorption analyzer. The values shown in Table II are weight percent foam hydrolyzed at the end of the indicated periods, Table IT Sodium hy@roxide Catalyzed Foam Hycrolysis Percent Hydrolysis"" 0.1 part Naoll 0.8 part NaOll 2.9 part NaOll Steam Only 100 part foam 100 part foam 100 part foam 190 C Time, Min 5 4.0 10.0 @3.5 22.4 10 7.2 18,5 36.2 36.0 15 10.5 24.6 @5.0 44.8 20 12.9 29.5 51.9 51.5 25 15.0 33.6 57.0 57.1 35 17.8 - 64.8 63.3 @ 210 C Time, Min 2 5.7 - 14.4 4 12.7 - 28.8 6 17.7 - 38.8 8 20.4 - 46.1 10 23.1 - 52.0 15 27.G - 62.4 20 30.8 - - 25 32.7 - 74.9 35 36.2 - 81.5 250 C Time, Min 2 21.9 47.7 57.0 4 33.6 75.@ 80.5 6 39.8 86.2 8@.3 8 44.6 90.8 89,3 10 48.6 92.2 90.2 15 57.5 93.6 - 25 64.9 94.3 ""Based upon the theoretical yield of 19.4 parts by weighu toluene diamine per 100 parts of foam, Example 2 The procedures of A ample 1 are followed using potassium hydroxide rather than so@ium hydroxide, Catalytic inerease in the hydrolysis rate is also seen. Example 3 A straw coloured liquid polyol product. obtained from hydrolysis in accordance with the procedure of Example 1 using a foam with 0.1 part by weight sodium hydroxide deposited per 100 parts by weight foam and hydrolized at 1.1 atmospheres of super heated steam at 220 C is used to replace 20% by weight of the polyols described in Table 1. Excellent quality foam is achieved following standard foaming techniques.";CLAIMS 1. A method of hydrolysing polyurethane which comprises treating the polyurethane with super heated stearn characterised in that the hydrolysis is effected in the presence of a basic alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compound, 2. A method in accordance with Claim ), characterised in that the polyurethane comprises flexible polyuretl3ane foam. 3. A method in accordance withClaim 1 or Claim 2, characterised in that the basic compound comprises an alkali metal hydroxide, 4. A method in accordance with any one of Claims 1 to 3 characterised in that the hydrolysis is effected in the presence of no more than 3 parts by eight of alkali meta] compound per 100 parts by weight of polyurethane. 5. A method in accordance with any one of Claims 1 to 4 wherein the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compound is incorporated vith the foam prior to hydrolysis by applying to the polyurethane an aqueous solution containing the said compound. 6. A method in accordance with any one of Claims 1 to 5 characterised in that the basic compound is applied to the polyurethane prior to hydrolysis to form a uniform solid layer thereon. 7. A method in accordance with any one of Claims 1 to 6 characterised in that the super heated steam is at a pressure of from 0.4 to 10 atmospheres. 8. A method in accordance with Claim 7 characterised in that the super heated steam is at a pressure of from 0.9 to 5.0 atmospheres. 9. A method according to any one of Claims 1 to 8 characterised in that the hydrolysis is effected at a temperature of up to 300 C, 10. A method according to Claim 9 characterised in that the hydrolysis is effected at a temperature of from 1500 to 275 C.;GERLOCK, JOHN LAWRENCE;FORD FRANCE SOCIETE ANONYME, FORD MOTOR COMPANY, FORD MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, FORD-WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;1978
+EP-0011663-B1;19821208.0;19781201;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186023.0;A61K7;A61K7;A61K8, A61Q11;A61K   8/19, A61Q  11/00, A61K   8/41, A61K   8/27;TOILET AND DENTAL PREPARATIONS AND THEIR USE FOR ORAL AND DENTAL HYGIENE;Oral plaque is controlled and its formation retarded by compositions useful for dental hygiene and in the prophylaxis of tooth decay and periodontal disease, comprising (a) tet­ radecylamine, preferably in the concentration range 0.005-­ 0.05 M, (b) at least one compound of zinc, aluminium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and or tin, preferably in the concentra­ tion range 0.0005-0.05 M: and (c) a compatible base accept­ able for oral use: the amounts of components (a) and (b) are chosen to be effective for controlling plaque and providing a plaque-controlling effect greater than that attributable to the sum of the activities of each component in the absence of the other.;"TOILET AND DENTAL PREPARATIONS AND THEIR USE FOR ORAL AND DENTAL HYGIENE The field to which this invention relates is that of oral and dental hygiene, and of toilet and dental preparations for such hygiene purposes. T11 particular the invention relates to oral products (such as dentifrices and mouthssashes) which have antiplaque activity, i.e. those which are effective in retarding the formation of oral plaque in the mouths of users. There are already numerous prior art disclosures relating to substances with anti-plaque activity. Among these are disclosures of the use of aliphatic amines, e.g. decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine and hexa decylamine, as showing such activity in tests carried out in vitro. Tetradecylamine was studied separately by R.M. eying, J. Dental Res. (1951), 30, 399-402, in trials using tetradecylamine in medicinal paraffin. US Patent No. 3,943,267 (Randol) discloses use of heavy metals in treatment of tooth enamel by a process including acid-etching and heavy-metal deposition on the e-eled surfaces: the metals used include zinc, iron, cromiun, nickel, lead, cobalt, cadmium, copper, platinum, ¯L, and silver; and the process requires conversion to metal sulphides in vivo to resist decay. There are also disclosures of certain metal compounds as ingredients in such oral products as dentifrices and meuthashes 7 e.g. zinc ions (US Patent No. 4,022,880 (Vinson & Cancro) and UK Patent No. 1,373,001 (Unilever) * S Patent No. 3,888,976 (Mlkvy and Tucci)). We consider it desirable to find ways of increasing the activities of active ingredients present in anti-plaque oral hygiene compositions, so that for a given effect less of the active ingredients is required. This invention is based on the finding that the anti-plaque activity of oral products containing tetra ylamine can be enhanced by the presence of compounds of certain metals to an extent greater than that attributable to the mere presence of the metal compounds themselves: i.e. the effect is what has been called synergistic. A sImilar effect was sought, but not found, in mixtures in which dodecylamine or hexadecylamine was present instead the tetradecylamine as an anti-plaque agent. Accordingly, by this invention, there is provided an oral composition, such as a dentifrice or a mouthwash, comprising: (a) tetradecylamine, (b) at least one compound of zinc, aluminium, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt and/or tin,- and (c) a base acceptable for oral use and compatible with components (a) and (b); in which composition the tetradecylamine component (a) and metal compound component (b) are present in amounts effective for retarding plaque formation and for providing a retarding effect greater than that attributable to the sum of the plaque-retarding effects which ould be shown by each of components (a) and (b) in the absence of the other The oral compositions of this invention can take the form of mouthwashes, toothpastes, tooth powders, lozenges, dental creams and/or chewing gum. They enable plaque to be controlled when they are applied to the mouths of users, and are hence useful in the prophylaxis of tooth decay and periodontal disease. The concentration of the tetradecylamine component (a) in the compositions will preferably, for many purposes, be chosen within the range 0.005-0.05 molar. The concentration of metal compound component (b) in the compositions will preferably, for many purposes, be chosen within the rangeO.0005 molar to 0.05 molar. However, for many purposes it will be preferable that where zinc or aluminium is used, the concentration chosen w.ill preferably be in the range 0.001-0.05 molar; there copper, nickel, iron, cobalt or tin is used, the concentration chosen will preferably be in the range 0.0005-0.015 molar. A plurality of compounds of one or a plurality of metals as .specified at (b) can be present, if desired. According to the Seventh Issue of the Merck Index, aluminium and zinc have an LD50 orally in rats of approximately 3-4 g/kg body eight; copper, iron, nickel, cobalt have LD50 (orally in rats) in the range 0.3-0.9 g/kg body weight, and tin has an LD50 (orally in rats) in the range about 0.05 g/kg bod eight. The synergism observed between the active ingredients (a) and (b) in the compositions of this invention has the result that plaque may be controlled with relative ease by using substantially non-tosic amounts of the metal compound with a substantially non-toxic amine. The essence of the invention consists, thus, of a synergistic combination with greater antiplaque activity than the simple additive effect of both of the constituent compounds. Tetradecylamine when used alone exhibits good antiplaque activity but when coupled with the metal compound component (b ) of this invention, gives significant additional activity. In addition to their synergistic activity, the metals wsere chosen for their solubility, low astringency and low toxicity. imbile not wishing to be bound by the following theories, it is postulated first that the amine facilitates the penetratlon of the bacterial cell wall by the germi civil metal. Charged metals are normally excluded from inside microorganisms by a lipid-protein cell wall. The iipophylic tetradecylamine may solubilise the cell wall or as the charge of the metal to allow passage of the particle into the bacterial cell. An increased death of tneroorganisms will be manifested in a reduction of plaque gswth and its accumulation. Several antibiotics, including the sulfa drugs,have been shown to work synergistically with metals While antibacterial agents alone will kill or retard the growth of plaque bacteria, neither the metal ions nor the tetradecylamine of this invention can easily be used at levels permissible in the oral cavity which produce the technical effect possible with the to in combination. Additionally, as a second postulate, the level of antiplaque activity may be increased because the synergistic combination reduces the surface energy and surface tension of the tooth pellicle. The pellicle may be covered by a low surface tension monolayer of tetradecylamine and positively charged metal ions. In effect, this lover surface tension may reduce the affinity of plaque to the dentition. Further, this monolayer may reduce the incidence of caries by preventing the transport of ions from the enamel surface. The latter theory, regarding lowering of surface tension, is favoured since the antiplaque compositions of the instant invention failed to demonstrate synergistic germicidal activity in bacterial cultures. In addition, the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of tetradecylamine was found to be lowered in combination with selected metals. Bass, Dillingham and Powers (J. Dent. Res. 54: 968-971, (1975)) shoved that lowering the CMC in a series of aliphatic amines increased the antiplaque activity. The CMC of other amines was not lowered in combination ith zinc. It was found that lo-cjering the CMC paralleled the finding of synergistic plaque reduction of the present invention. Aluminium and/or zinc metals are thought to lover the CMC of tetradecylamine by forming ion pairs. This theory was further confirmed hen it vas found that the addition of C02 to tetradecylamine increased antiplaque activity while lowering the CMC. The final evidence was offered when it was found that during formulation, if nonionic detergents such as Brij, Tween or Triton products ere employed, the CMC of tetradecylamine in combination with selected metals was raised to that concentration expected for tetradecylamine alone, while the synergistic plaque reductions were lost, leaving plaque reductions indicative of only tetradecylamine. Dodecylamine, dimethyldodecylamine, hexadecylamine, decylamine, and N,N'-dimethyl-octadecylamine do not give synergistic plaque reductions. Only the primary aliphatic amine with a fourteen carton chain length acted synergistically with zinc or aluminium. Under the conditions of the tests described below, the minimum amount of the metal compound or mixtures of compounds necessary to result in control of plaque is generally about 0.001 molar for aluminium and zinc, and O.QQOd molar for copper, nickel, iron, cobalt and tin,at the site of formation of the plaque. While there seems to be no maximum effective concentration, an amount significantly higher than about 0.05 molar aluminium and zinc, and 0.015 molar copper, nickel, iron, cobalt and tin, may be difficult to formulate in an organoleptically acceptable mouthwash. The particularly preferred metal concentration (molar) is about 0.018 aluminium, 0.020 for zinc, 0.0037 iron, 0.0042 nickel, 0.0042 cobalt, 0.0041 copper, and 0.0019 tin in combination with tetradecylamine in a mouthrinse for application to plaque. The maximum concentration which can be utilised is properly determined by product parameters such as astringency and formulation eompatibilities. The preferred pH of a mouthrinse is in the range pH 3-5, particularly preferred is about pH 4.1 C aluminium, pE 4.3 for zinc, pH 5 for copper, iron, n-elwel and cobalt, and pll 3 for tin, to deliver sufficient tl ions to the site of plaque formation. The concentration of metal containing compound combined ith a vehicle and the tetradecylamine to form the compositions of this invention is not critical and may vary thin an organoleptically and toxicologically acceptable limit so long as the amount of compound is sufficient to result in the concentration of 0.0005 to 0.05 molar at the site of formation of the plaque, preferably 0.01-0.05 molar in the case of aluminium and zinc, and 0.0005-0.015 molar n the case of copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, and tin. The optimum abount of the tetradecylamine necessary -Xa result in a control of plaque when combined with the metals of the instant invention is generally about 0.005 molar in a rinse. While there is no maximum effective concentration, amounts significantly higher than about 0.05 molar will be difficult to formulate in an organoleptically and toxicologically acceptable mouthwash or manner. The maximum concentration of tetradecylamine which can be utilised is thus properly determined by product parameters as listed above in relation to the maximum amount of metal which can be use. Without tetradecylamine the high level of the metal which would be necessary to observe significant benefit may be too astringent and/or toxic for normal therapeutic use. Furthermore, high levels of plaque reduction with a metal have never been demonstrated in a clinical study. In addition, high levels of metals are difficult to formulate into a product acceptable to the consumer and conformable with legislation applicable to oral products. Tetradecylamine without a metal does not attain the desired plaque reductions. While higher levels of this amine confer additional benefit, its bitter taste, greater tonicity, prohZems of solubility and compatibility with the vehicle provide practical limits of increasing its concentration. This invention sugests the use of the highest possible level of tetradecylamine which is non-toxic and suitable for formulation. The addition of the metal to the amine does not markedly affect the toxicity or acceptability of the amine. By using the synergistic mixtures of this invent'on advantage is taken not only of their co-action, but also of the fact that low levels of each can be employed. In one embodiment, the invention comprises a wateralcohol soluble tetradecylamine/metal mouthwash (oral rinse) which reduces dental plaque. In a further embodiment, the combination of the invention may be used in a dentifrice. The essential components of the invention are an orally acceptable medium, which may be for example, water and alcohol, and the antiplaque mixture. The term ""orally acceptable medium"" applies to any suitable carrier medium for the antiplaque mixture; such a medium is selected to be harmless to the oral cavity and is not meant to be intentionally swallowed; however the medium is, of course, harmless in an amount accidentally ingested during use. Ibe compositions of the instant invention may be utilised with a variety of orally compatible agents such as mouthwashes, toothpastes, dentifrices, tooth powders, lozenges, and chewing gum as well as any compatible vehicle for applying the synergistic combination at the specific site of plaque formation. Such formulations are generally prepared in accordance with the art-recognised practice. In mouthwash formulations, for example, the medium includes typically an essentially aqueous solution of alcohol, glycerine or sorbitol. In some mouthwash formulations it is not essential to use any of these materials although theS- do help to solubilise certain flavour oils. A suitable mouthrinse, for example, stains about 0.02 molar tetradecylamine and about 0.02 molar zinc or aluminium, or 0.004 molar copper, iron, cobalt, @ickel, or 0.002 tin, in a medium consisting essentially of @@@ 95% water and 5-250 ethanol. Other common additives + do not affect synergism may also be present. In toothpastes and tooth powder formulations, the essential ingredient other than tetradecylamine and the aluminium and/or zinc compound of this invention is any itable dental abrasive compatible with components (a) and oj the composition. It is recommended that the Lrasives used in the dentifrice formulation of the present Invention provide a final composition which has an accept ;-Dle dentin abrasion value. Suitable dental abrasive Instances include finely divided particles of appropriate size, hardness and composition for dentifrice abrasives. Toothpastes and tooth powder formulations also commonly contain a soap or synthetic surface active agent. It is essential in these formulations as well as mouthwash oi-mulations to provide sufficient foaming action to satisfy market eonsumer preference for this property. A preferred aterial for dentifrices is sodium lauryl sulfate. @@oxever,many other surface active agents can be used so long -s bhey are compatible, i.e. they do not interfere with the activity of the compound synergistic interaction between the etradecylamine and the metal compound. It has however been noted that in some compositions nonionic detergents did inactivate the synèrgism. The practitioner in the art will be able to test for this effect by the methods referred to herein and avoid such inactivation. In addition, the toothpaste formulation will frequently contain humectants sufficient to provide smooth texture and flowability. Glycerine and sorbitol are preferred for tis purpose together with suitable amounts of water, ethyl alcohol, glucose, and mannitol. Lastly, the toothpaste formulation generally contains cected binding agents. These also should be compatible itfl the synergistic combination as well as with the other toothpaste components. For example, cellulose ethers are ole type of preferred binder. A chewing gum medium normally comprises a gum base and cemmon flavouring materials used in the field. The flavouring materials are present at a level of about 0.01 2.0up of the final chewing gum composition. The base is a chewable plastic gum material such as natural rubber, chickle, polyvinyl acetate, ester gum, coumarone resin, and paraffin wax. The gum base is typically nade from a mixture of two or more plastic gum materials to achieve a preferred degree of plasticity for chewing. Optionally, a binder or a softener may be used as well as sweetening agents. Lozenges may be made containing the synergistic combination with a suitable binder. The invention is further illustrated hereinbelow by a number of Tests and Examples. An in vitro test was used in the Tests described herein for examining and effects of chemotherapeutic agents on plaque, and was carried out in accordance with the test reported in the Journal of Dental Research, Vol. 55, February 196, page B286, by R T Evans, P J Baker, R A Coburn and R J Genco. An assay system for producin artificial plaque was used to screen antiplaque agents rapidly under conditions which simulated those found in the oral cavity. Evans et al. found that effective dosages in the in vitro assay correlated with results of previously published clinical studies. The assay gives reproducible, quantitative results and has the ability to distinguish between antibacterial agents which are clinically effective or non-effective as plaquae inhibitors. The in vitro plaque was formed at 370C on uniformlysized aluminium plummets which were first coated with saliva. The plummets were then placed in a growth medium inoculated with clinical plaque samples. After seven hours the plummets were suspended overnight in a 25/ó saliva mixture. On the second day, the plummets were ;!aaersed in a 50% saliva - 50%o test compound mixture for ne minute, placed in the growth medium for seven hours, retreated with the test mixture and suspended in 25eah aliva overnight. The plummets were treated again on the third day and incubated in the growth medium for three hours. The plaques were removed from the plummets by sonication into approximately six millilitres of buffer and quantitated by optical density (O.D.) in a Beckman DU spectrophotometer at 570 nm. A test compound showed antiplaque activity if the O.D. (plaque mass) was reduced from the control plaques treated earth water. Positive controls were included to determine relative activity. Comparisons of antiplaque activity were then made within a given experiment. At least five replicas per compound were examined. The following Tests and Examples will more fully illustrate the embodiments of this invention. All parts and proportions referred to herein and in the appended claims are by weight unless otherwise noted. TEST 1 The effects of H20, 0.04% cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC), 0.0600Zh tetradecylamine (TDA); 0.30 ZnC12 and several concentrations of zinc salt plus tetradecylamine are examined, by the artificial plaque method previously described, all with 15% ethanol, at pH 4.1. The results are as follows in Table I. TABLE I EMI11.1 <SEP> Average <tb> <SEP> Wt/ <SEP> Optical <SEP> Standard <tb> <SEP> Active <SEP> Vol. <SEP> Density <SEP> Deviation <SEP> /0 <SEP> Reduction <tb> <SEP> H20 <SEP> (control) <SEP> - <SEP> .704 <SEP> .028 <SEP> <tb> <SEP> CPC <SEP> alone <SEP> .040 <SEP> .515 <SEP> .014 <SEP> 26.9 <tb> <SEP> TDA <SEP> alone <SEP> .060 <SEP> .571 <SEP> .035 <SEP> 18.8 <tb> <SEP> Zinc12 <SEP> alone <SEP> .30 <SEP> .766 <SEP> .022 <SEP> -8.0* <tb> fZnC12 <SEP> plus <SEP> .10 <tb> TDA <SEP> .060 <SEP> .451 <SEP> .012 <SEP> 35.9 <tb> ZnCl2 <SEP> plus <SEP> .20 <tb> <SEP> TDA <SEP> .060 <SEP> , <SEP> .436 <SEP> .041 <SEP> 8 <SEP> 38.0 <tb> <SEP> ZnC12 <SEP> .30 <tb> <SEP> TDA <SEP> .060 <SEP> .394 <SEP> .022 <SEP> 44.0 <tb> *Weight gain At the concentrations of metal salt alone used in this test, there is often a small increase in plaque eight with the in vitro assay. Clinical data suggest however that zinc salt alone provides about 5 reduction in plaque. Tetradecylamine alone was slightly less effective than the quaternary ammonium germicide, CPC. This level of TDA is usable in an oral product for human use without creating anp problems due to toxicity. The results shown in Table I clearly show that the combination of ZnC12 and tetradecylamine produced a greater anti-plaque effect than the sum of the effects produced by either ingredient alone, i.e. a synergistic effect. The dose-response curve of tetradecylamine indicates the necessity of increasing the concentration from 0.060/ó to 0.2to' in order to raise the plaque reduction from 18% to 44% when a metal is not present. This higher level would be expected to be more toxic and more bitter than lower levels. The synergistic effect of combining the use of zinc chloride with that of tetradecylamine, as disclosed herein, allows such drawbacks to be mitigated. TEST 2 To test higher levels of tetradecylainine, the artificial plaque treatment previously described is eliminated on the third day to simulate infrequent use of the antiplaque products. The results of tetradecylamine in combination with salts of zinc or aluminium are listed in Table II. TABLE II EMI12.1 <tb> <SEP> Average <tb> <SEP> % <SEP> wot/ <SEP> Optical <tb> <SEP> Active <SEP> Vol. <SEP> Density <SEP> Deviation <SEP> 1O <SEP> Reduction <tb> <SEP> EIZO <SEP> (control) <SEP> - <SEP> 1.113 <SEP> .018 <tb> <SEP> TDA <SEP> alone <SEP> .120 <SEP> .882 <SEP> .076 <SEP> 20.7 <tb> <SEP> AlCi3. <SEP> 6H20 <SEP> alone <SEP> 1.00 <SEP> 1.218 <SEP> .026 <tb> <SEP> A1C13.6H20 <SEP> alone <SEP> .250 <SEP> 1.080 <SEP> .045 <SEP> 3.0 <tb> A1013.6H20 <SEP> plus <SEP> 1.00 <SEP> > <SEP> .371 <SEP> .034 <SEP> 66.6 <tb> <SEP> TDA <SEP> .120 <tb> (A1C136HZO <SEP> plus <SEP> .50 <SEP> 161 <SEP> .012- <SEP> 85.5 <tb> (TDA <SEP> .120 <tb> tAlC13.6H20 <SEP> plus <SEP> .250 <SEP> > <SEP> .150 <SEP> .011 <SEP> 86.5 <tb> TDA <SEP> .120 <tb> fZnC12 <SEP> plus <SEP> .20 <SEP> > <SEP> .456 <SEP> .026 <SEP> 59.0 <tb> lTDA <SEP> .120 <tb> *Weight gain These data show that even low amounts of aluminium salt in combination with tetradecylamine cause the synergistic reduction of plaque. When compared with zinc salt and tetradecylamine, equimolar amounts of aluminium salt and tetradecylamine give statistically greater reductions. In addition, aluminium salt is less astringent and may be less toxic, thus, aluminium salt plus tetradecylamine may be more useful in a therapeutic product. It is postulated that the weight gains observed with the metal salts alone are the result of the precipitation of salivary components onto the plummots. Even without regarding these as weight gains, both metal salt combinations with the amine give wide margins of synergistic reductions over the relatively low reduction seen for the tetradecylamine alone. Cations such as hydrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium, have not been found to give synergistic plaque reductions by the in vitro assay. In addition, synergism has not been found associated with chloride, fluoride, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate in themselves. EXAMPLES 1 - 2 A tooth powder and toothpaste are made up to the following specification: Example 1: Tooth Powder Abrasive 90.0 Sodium lauryl sulfate 3.0 Hydrochloric acid (to pH 3.8) A12(S 4)3 3.0 Tetradecylamine 3.0 Flavour 1.0 lOC .Oc,C' ws-ample 2: Toothpaste Particulate polishing agents 10.00 Humectant (sorbitol) 40.00 Sodium Laurel sulfate (21) glycerine 7.00 Bodyznffl arent (carboxymethyl cellulose)1.00 Flavour and colour 1.5 Zinc chloride 1.2 Tetradecylamine 0.3 Hydrochloric Acid (to pH 4.4) Water Balance to 100.00% The above Example formulations 1-2 both incorporate synergistic mixtures according to this invention. The specific metal salts used in the formulation are typical of the metal salts which can be used with tetradecylamine (TDA). The antiplaque effect of the formulations is greater than that accountable by the sum of the effects of either tetradecylamine or metal salts alone. TEST 3 Several separate experiments are conducted by the artificial plaque method previously described to demonstrate the synergistic plaque reductions associated with copper, iron, nickel and cobalt in combination with the tetradecylamine (TDA). The experiments are conducted in the same manner, in a 15 ethanol/water media at p11 5. The values are presented below in Table III. TABLE III EMI14.1 <tb> Active <SEP> % <SEP> Wt./Vol. <SEP> % <SEP> Reduction <tb> <SEP> TDA <SEP> alone <SEP> 0.06 <SEP> 19 <tb> <SEP> Cu(N03)2.3H20 <SEP> alone <SEP> 0.10 <SEP> -10 <tb> Cu(N03)2.3H20 <SEP> an <SEP> > <SEP> 0.10 <SEP> 62 <tb> TDA <SEP> 3 <SEP> 0.06 <tb> <SEP> FeC13.6H20 <SEP> alone <SEP> 0.10 <SEP> -38 <tb> (FeC13.6H20 <SEP> and <SEP> \ <SEP> 0.10 <SEP> 49 <tb> TDA <SEP> ,v' <SEP> 0.06 <tb> NiC12.6H20 <SEP> alone <SEP> 0.10 <SEP> -17 <tb> <SEP> pLiC12.6H20 <SEP> and <SEP> j <SEP> 0.10 <SEP> 69 <tb> <SEP> tTDA <SEP> -' <SEP> O.06 <tb> <SEP> CoC12.6H20 <SEP> alone <SEP> 0.10 <SEP> -25 <tb> rCoC12.6H20 <SEP> and <SEP> 0.10 <SEP> 59 <tb> TDA <SEP> / <SEP> 0.06 <tb> The data show that the combination of these metals and tetradecylamine produced a synergistic effect in plaque reduction. Similar comments apply to the interpretation of these test results as were made in connection with Tests 1 and 2 above. EXAMPLES 3 - 6 A mouthwash and toothpastesare made up to the following specifications: Example : Mouthwash FeC13.6H20 0.07 Tetradecylamin e 0.3 Flavour 0.15 Humectant (Fructose) 80.00 Saccharin 0.02 Colouring 0.22 Hydrochloric Acid (to pH 5) Ethanol 15.00 Water Balance to 100 % Example : Toothpaste Abrasive 10.00 NiCl2.6H2O 0.05 CoC12.6H20 0.05 Refined extract of carrageenan 0.35 Tetradecylamine 0.25 Bodying agent (Syloid 44)(Tradei Mark) 9.00 Saccharin 0.20 Glycerine (95%) 50.00 Hydrochloric acid (to pH 5) 21% sodium lauryl sulfate in glycerine 7.00 Colouring and flavour 1.32 Water Balance to 100 ffi Example 5: Toothpaste Abrasive 15.00 Cu(N03)2. 3H20 0.4 Powdered polyethylene 5.00 Tetradecylamine . 0.2 Carboxymethyl cellulose 0.80 Glycerine 65.00 Saccharin 0.20 Flavour 1.30 Colouring 0.25 Foaming agent 0.63 Hydrochloric acid (to pE 5) Water Balance to 100% (1)The polyethylene is a high density polyethylene powder having an average particle size of about 8-9 microns. Example 6: Toothpaste 0 Abrasive 17.00 FeCl3.6H20 0.6 Polyethylene powder (1) 6.00 Tetradecylamine 0.2 Carboxymethyl cellulose 0.80 Saccharin 0.35 Glycerine 55.00 Flavour 1.30 Foaming agent (sodium lauryl sulfate) 1.47 Colour 0.25 Acetic acid (pH to 5.5) Water Balance to 100 ops (1)The polyethylene is a high density polyethylene powder having an average particle size of about 8-9 microns., The above Examples 3-6 incorporate synergistic mixtures according to this invention. The antiplaque effect of the formulations is greater than that accountable by the sum of the effects of either tetradecylamine or metal salts alone. TEST 4 The effects of 0.060 /0 tetradecylamine (TDA) 0.05 Sus14, and the combination of SnC14 and TDA at these concentrations are examined by the artificial plaque method previously described, all with 15coo ethanol, at pH 2.6. The results are as follows in Table IV. TABLE IV EMI17.1 <tb> Active <SEP> /0 <SEP> Wt/Vol. <SEP> /0 <SEP> Reduction <tb> TDA <SEP> alone <SEP> 0.06 <SEP> 19 <tb> <SEP> SnC14.5H20 <SEP> alone <SEP> 0.05 <SEP> -8* <tb> SnCl4.5112O <SEP> plus <SEP> 0.06 <SEP> 50 <tb> TDA <SEP> > <SEP> 0.06 <tb> *Weight gain At these metal concentrations, there was often a small increase in plaque weight with the in vitro assay. Clinical data suggest that tin salt alone provides slight reductions in plaque. As with Tests 1-3, it is postulated that the weight gains observed with the metals alone' are the result of the preciptation of salivary components onto the plummets. Even IgnorIng these weight gains, the metal/amine combina tins gave wide margins of synergistic reductions over the relative low reduction seen for the tetradecylamine alone. Cations such as hydrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium, did not give synergistic plaque reductions by the in vitro assay. In addition, synergism was not found associated with chloride, fluoride, nitrate, phosphate and sulphate in themselves. The combination of SnC14 and tetradecylamine clearly produced a synergistic effect. The dose-response of tetradecylamine indicates the necessity of increasing the concentration from 0.0605b to 0.20 in order to raise the plaque reduction from 1850 to 4450 when tin is not present. This higher level would be expected to be more toxic and more bitter than lower levels. EXAMPLES 7 - 8 A mouthwash and toothpaste were made up to the following specifications: Example 7: Mouthwash Ethanol 22.00 Glycerol 12.00 Flavour and Colour 0.90 Hydrochloric acid (to pH 3) SnCl4. 5it20 0.03 Tetradecylamine 0.01 Water Balance to 100 ,; Example 8: Toothpaste Abrasive 13.00 Binder .30 Sorbitol (70% solution) 64.20 Cab-O-Sil bodying agent 5.00 SnC12 0.15 Tetradecylamine 0.8 21 Sodium lauryl sulfate in glycerine 7.00 Hydrochloric acid (to p11 3.5) Flavour and colour 3.00 Water Balance to 100 % The above examples 7 - 8 incorporate synergistic mixtures according to this invention. The antiplaque effect of the formulations is greater than that accountable by the sum of the effects of either tetradecylamine or metal salts alone. In summar, it appears that the presence of quantities of salts of the metals mentioned above which are in themselves insufficient to give more than a very small antiplaque effect (or which give none at all) can nevertheless result in a substantial increase in the anti-plaque effectiveness of tetradecylamine present in an oral product.";"CLAIMS: 1. An oral composition comprising (a) tetradecylamine; (b) at least one compound of zinc, aluminium, copper, iron, nickel, cobalt, and/or tin; aid (c) a base acceptable for oral use and compatible with components (a) and (b): in which composition the tetradecylamine component (a) and the metal compound component (b) are present in amounts effective for retarding plaque formation and for providing a plaque retarding effect greater than that attributable to the sum of the plaque-retarding effects which would be shown by each of components (a) and (b) in the absence of the other. 2. An oral composition eccording to Claim 1, in which the concentration of component (a) is in the range 0.005-0.05 molar. 3. An oral composition according to Claim 1 or 2, in which the concentration of component (b) is in the range 0.000-0.05 molar. 4. An oral composition according to Claim 3, in which component (b) comprises a zinc or an aluminium compound at a concentration in the range 0.001-0.05 molar, or a copper, iron, nickel , cobalt or tin compound at a concentration in the range 0.0005-0.015 molar. 5. An oral composition according to Claim 4, in which component (b) comprises a compound of one of the following metals at about the molar concentration indicated as follows: aluminium or zinc at about 0.02; iron, nickel, cobalt, or copper at about 0.004; or tin at about 0.002. 6. An oral composition according to Claim 4 or 5 in wbich the concentration of tetradecylamine is about 0.02 molar. 7. An oral composition according to any preceding claim, in the form of a dentifrice such as a toothpaste or tooth powder; a dental cream; a mouthwash; a lozenge or a chewing gum. 8. An oral composition according to Claim 7, which is a dentifrice and contains a dental abrasive compatible with components (a) and (b) of the composition. 9. For use in dental hygiene, or for controlling oral plaque, or retarding its formation, or in the prophylaxis of tooth decay or periodontal disease, an oral composition as defined in any one of the preceding claims.";RITCHEY, THOMAS WILLIAM;UNILEVER NV, UNILEVER PLC;1978
+EP-0012138-B1;19830406.0;19781213;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186027.0;G06F3;G01D5, G06K11, G08C21;G06F3;G06F   3/046;POSITION SENSING APPARATUS;"Position sensing apparatus comprising two coil ar­ rangements (10, 11) movable relative to each other, the first arrangement (11) being a side-by-side array of elongate coils defining a writing area (21) and the second coil arrangement (10) being a single or multiple coil loose coupled with the coils in the array. The coils in the side-­ by-side array have phase-shifting units (12) between them so that they give an output which is unambiguously phase-­ characterised dependent upon the position of the second coil arrangement on the writing area in the direction of the array. Two layers (11, 11,) of the elongate coils can be provided so that the coils in one layer are at right angles to those in the other to give ""x"" or ""y"" co-ordinate posi­ tioning. The phase shift over the writing area may be less than 360°, or greater than 360° with the use of an ambiguity eliminating circuit. The second coil arrangement (10) may comprise two coils (10A, 10B) carried on a pen (30) and spaced from the pen tip and connected so that indef­ initeness does not arise as the pen is tilted. Apparatus according to the invention may have its output processed for line transmission for stock ordering and accounting purposes or for signature verification.";"Position Sensing APParatus This invention relates to position sensing apparatus of the kind comprising a first coil arrangement defining a co-ordinate direction and a second coil arrangement movable relative to the first coil arrangement in said co-ordinate direction wherein the two coil arrangements are electromagnetically coupled and output terminals are provided whereat a signal is produced which identifies the relative position of the coil arrangements. Many forms of apparatus are known wherein the position of one component (frequently referred to as a ""pen"" or ""cursor"") can be identified relative to another component. Such apparatus, depending on use, can be identified as Data Tablets, Signature Verifiers, Line Tracers, Chart Readers, Co-ordinate Locators etc. Such apparatus can involve a diversity of technologies For example in GB-PS 1,310,683 a form of apparatus is shown in which pressure generated by a pen affects the contact position between two resistive sheets. In UOS.PO 2,925,467 a conducting stylus functions as a movable contact on a resistive tablet UoSOPo 3,626,483 discloses a sonic arrangement. GB-PS 982,008 has contact sheets on which a pen can write, the sheets being separated by an oil film. Other devices, such as shown in GB-PS 1,306,040 (which cross refer to UOSOPE 2,988,643 and UOSO 3,135,857 showing optical systems) use mechanical servo arrangements. Laser systems are also known. From this complexity of technologies apparatus which is highly sensitive, structurally robust, stable, relatively inexpensive, and free of movable parts other than that of the pen or cursor, does not arisen For apparatus to have this specification one looks to electromagnetic devices and reference is made in this respect to the disclosure of GB-PS 1,304,376 and 1,350,113 in the name of the Bendix Corpora tion. These specifications disclose an ""x"", ""y"" co- ordinate axis system in which, for each axis there is, at one level, a single conductor providing a plurality of equally spaced long parallel portions and at another level a similar single conductor known as a ""quadrature conduc torso Thus, for both ""x"" and ""y"" axes there are four conductors at various levels and these define a tablet area which can be traversed by a pen or cursor inthe form of a coil which is related in size to the spacing of the parallel portions of the conductors and which must be close coupled with the conductors, although with four. layers, this can introduce problems. In use of this system it is thought to be essential to move the pen always from a set; zero position. If the pen is placed at random on the board an ambiguous reading of position would be obtained. This system is also believed to involve problems with ""neutralising"" the effects of the return wire from the end of the single conductor to the source which energises the conductor. The present invention provides improved position sensing apparatus of the kind stated in which construction is simplified, which can operate with loose coupling is free of ambiguity and is highly sensitive Advantages which arise from use of the present invention are as follows: (a) for each axis only one layer of conductors is necess ary. This simplifies design and it allows a compact apparatus to be designed, (b) the coupling between a pen and the layer of conduc tors can be loose and hence more freedom in design is possible. A thick robust writing surface for example; can be provided between the pen and the layer of conductors without affecting accuracy or sensitivity significantly. (c) the pen can be placed anywhere above the layer of conductors and no ambiguity arises. There is no need to move the pen from a set zero position0 s (d) a high sensitivity is possible, such as the sen#ing of a position to an accuracy of a tenth of milli metre for example. The invention will. now be described further with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FigOl is a diagram of first and second coil arrangements with a graph showing induced e.mOf's; Figs2 is an elementary circuit diagram showing parts of a position sensing apparatus according to the invention; Figs3 is a graph showing how the phase of a phasecharacterised signal varies with relative displacement of the coil arrangements in the circuit shown in Fig.2; Figs4 is a diagrammatic representation of a writing tablet including position sensing apparatus according to -the present invention; Figs G 5A and SB show respectively parallel and series connected coils in an array with phase shift units; Figs6 is a diagram in support of a methematical explanation; Figs7 shows a writing tablet amplifier0 FigOl shows a coil 10, of a second coil arrangement of circular shapelpositioned over coils 11 of a first coil arrangement. The coils 10 and 11 are loosely coupled0 That is the distance between coils 10 and 11 is preferably the same as or more than the spacing between coils llo The coupling is loose so that the movement of coil 10 produces a smooth output from coils 11 as explained later with reference to Fig0 3.. The coils 11 are of elongate shape, FigOl showing the narrower dimension, so that they have lengths greater than their widths The major axes of the coils are mounted laterally to each other. For the position shown in FigOl with coil 10 centred on the array coils 11, and for an A0C0 input to coil 10, e.m.f's lla are induced in the coils 11 having magnitudes as indicated inthe graph immediately below coils 11. The dotted envelope lIb represents the theoretical position of ""infinite"" coils 11. If phase shift units 12 are inserted between the coils 11 (shown in circuit diagram form in Figs2) and the coils 11 and units.l2 are connected in series (see-also Fig,SB) then a signal is obtained at terminals 13 which is phase displaced relative to the input signal applied at terminals 14 of oil 10, the extent of phase displacement being unambiguously related to the position coil 10 has along the coils 11. For a constant phase displacement at each unit 12, and with loose coupling between coils 10 and 11, the relationship of phase to movement of coil 10 can be made nearly linear. Where there is a departure from linearity (more noticeable with end effects arising at the limits of displacement of the coil 10) the linearity can be restored by appropriate selection of phase displacement in each circuit 12 or by the provision of additional coils to give the array of coils 11 the appearance of having an infinite length. A graph 15 of coil 10 displacement ""d"" against phase displacement m is shown in Fig3. The graph 16 shows the effect of altering the distance h (Fig,2) between coil 10 and coils 11 whilst maintaining loose coupling. The effect is not a major one0 If the coupling is made close the graph 15 would have peaks and thus linearity would be destroyed. The coils 11 could be connected in parallel (see Fig.5A). In this event each is provided with a phase displacement unit 12. Phase displacement in each unit 12 is typically between 10 to 45 but could be as high as 120 and may be chosen in relation to the number of coils so that the overall phase shift is less than 3600 but could be more by including an ambiguity eliminating circuit0 Such a circuit could include a further set of phase shift circuits 12 but with a smaller phase shift, One set of circuits 12 would provide one output 13 and the other set would provide another output 13o The two outputs could be combined to give a single ambiguity free arrangement. The ratio of distance h between coil 10 and array coils 11 to the width of one of the coils 11 is preferably in the range of 2 to 4O Figs4 shows the invention set up in the form of a writing tablet. The coil 10 has a hollow centre into which is fitted a lens with cross hairs 20. The coil 10 is movable by hand over the surface on table 21. Between the coil 10 and table 21 there could typically be a drawing, a graph, a schedule of parts or a shape, details of which have to be recorded, displayed, or transmitted. Fastened under the table 21 there are two arrays 22, 23 of coils 11 array 22 extending in one direction or axis parallel to the plane of the table 21 and array 23 extending in the coordinate direction or axis also parallel to the plane of the table 21o Movement of coil 10, when powered from an A0C0 supply (such as one of 1 to 20 KHZ frequency) will produce from each array a phase-characterised signal from which can be derived output signals for storage, display, processing or transmission Power to coil 10 is shown under control of a switch 24 which can be closed when the coil is correctly located over a point of interest on the surface 21o The switch could be foot operated or finger operated on the side of the coil, or pressure operated by pressing down on the coil. The moving coil arrangement may consist of more than one coil. This is illustrated in Fig.6 where a pen 30 is provided with two coils 10A and 10B, displaced from the point of the pen and displaced from each other along the length of the pen They are powered alternately from a common supply0 When the pen is vertical the coils behave like a single coil positioned at a location distance d from a datum point. However, the point of the pen will not be readily visible to a user, as may be required if it is to be used to trace over an outline. This lack of visibility will cause the user of the pen to tilt the pen, If there were only one cdil then a positional error arises as the coil position in the d direction has changed with tilting and, to less effect, the height of the coil above a datum has changed and the orientation of the coil has changed. With the second coil present a ""tilt-differential1, signal can be derived which can be fed into the phasecharacterised signal derived from the array coils to bring about correction for the tilts Using the symbols on Fig.6 the matters discussed above can be treated mathematically. Let Va be the output voltage from the apparatus (sizes voltage at terminals 13 in Fig.2) when coils 10A and 10B are vertically above a point x When the pen tilts coil 10A will give an apparatus output voltage VA where: VA = Vd + K RA cos e - - - - (i) and K is the ideally constant voltage per unit length of d and # is the angle the pen makes with the horizontal0 Coil 10B will give an apparatus output voltage VB where: VB = Vd + K RB cos e - - - - (ii) If RB is selected to be twice RA then from equation (ii) VB = Vd + 2K RA cos e - - - - (iii) a and VB - VA = K RA cos e - - - - (iv) If this difference signal (iv) is subtracted from VA (i) then a voltage is derived which is the voltage proper to be recorded when the tip of the pen is at X0 It is independent of pen tilts The difference signal may be used as a signal proportional to pen angle or, when differentiated may be used to obtain angular velocity of the pen, Such information can be of importance in signature verification. The pen could be provided with a pressure sensitive switch so that it only functioned when the pen tip contacts a writing surface, In Fig.7, X and Y co-ordinate phase characterised signals (such as may arise from arrays 22 and 23 in Fig4) are connected respectively to amplifier input terminals 13X and 13Yo A reference signal tapped from a local coil 10 is connected to amplifier input terminal 14 The reference signal receives one stage of amplification which is fed respectively to the X and Y sections of the emplifier via connectors 40 and 41. (Only the Y section is described below)0 The signal at terminal 13Y is given two stages of amplification whereafter it is used with the amplified reference signal Y to switch on and off a flip-flop circuit 42 to give a mark/space waveform which is smoothed in circuit 43, 44 and 45 to give an apparatus output signal VoO The circuit of Figs7 is designed to work on conjunction with a pen with two coils (Fig06) thus there are two parallel circuits 44, 45 which can operate alternately in synchronism with powering of coils 10A8 lOB and a compen sation circuit 46 to provide the differential signal (iv) referred to above0 In a modification, the coil arrangement 10 may include its own power supply and oscillator so that there are no connecting wires, This is very advantageous when the coil arrangement 10 is mounted on a ""conventional"" pen, To provide a reference signal against which phase can be related, a single coil would be provided surrounding the area occupied by coil arrangement llo Alternatively, where wires are provided to coil arrangement 10p the wire could also be used to hold the coil captive or be incorporated in a lead holding a pen, which includes the coil, captive. It would be possible to make the coil arrangement 10 null seeking in response to phase related signals supplied to coils in the coil arrangement 11, so that coil 10 could be moved, Both coil arrangements 10, 11 could be included in a single piece of apparatus, such as a safe, with coil 10 mounted on a cordless pen, and the writing surface 21 being a part or on the apparatus and coil arrangement 11 being below surface 21o Signature verification circuits could be included in the apparatus which could then be stimulated by a verified signature or mark. In another application the table 21 has applied to it some printed information such as a list of goods with empty ""boxes"" alongside each item of goods0 The boxes could be marked with a pen 30 to indicate the stock of the goods that are held or that more stock of the goods identified by the pen are required. In an improved arrangement the marking could be by letters or numbers or both to indicate typically the number and sizes of goods in stock or goods required. The output from table 21 could then be supplied to a micro-processor and the output of the micro-processor fed to a central computer that could be programmed to perform a number of operations such as might be involved with stock accounting and supply. The phase-characterised output signal from apparatus according to the invention can be processed in a number of ways. Two examples will be given: Example I A pulse derived from a zero cross-over detector acting on a reference signal is held by a flipflop or monostable which opens an AND gate and permits clock pulses from a clock pulse generator to pass into a register. A pulse derived from a zero cross-over detector acting on a phase-characterised signal switches off the AND gate and thus the number of clock pulses in the register is a measure of the phase angle, Example II A pulse derived from a zero cross-over detector acting on a reference signal sets a flip-flop and a pulse derived from a zero cross-over detector acting on a phase-characterised signal re-sets the flipflop to zero. The output of theflip-flop during the ON time is limited to a precise voltage and to zero voltage during theOFF time, This is called a variable mark/space system where the average output voltage is proportional to the relative timing of the two pulses and therefore the phase position. Thus, for a movement of the local coil arrangement across the array coil arrangement, the output signal voltage changes from zero to a maximum. Moreover, by differentiating the output signals by known methods, velocity and acceleration may be obtained0 The coils 11 may be fixed below a writing surface made of wood, or any non-conducting and non-magnetic material of any thickness within limits set by the initial design to form a writing tablet. The apparatus of the invention will also work when placed below some metal surfaces (with certain limitations); stainless steel for example being effectively non-conducting at operational frequencies of 2 to 10 KHZo By use of the invention it is possible to provide a position sensing apparatus having a writing surface which is completely plain and free from anything above it other than a pen. Thus the apparatus, with a conventional looking pen, can, if necessary for security purposes, be completely concealed even when in use, The invention has application to a number of fields such as transferring data on a surface to a store, to a display, to a transmitter or to a comparator0 The data could typically be in graph form and transferred in digital form to a computer programmed to analyse the data. The data could be a signature which has to be transferred for verification by comparison with a reference signature. As a means of signature verification, the invention has certain advantages; reference data against which a comparison has to be made, can be stored at a point remote from where the signature is made and it may be kept concealed so that it cannot be photographed or reproduced. The invention has use in conjunction with processors and transmission lines for transmitting cursive and noncursive writing and recognition. The invention is suitable for providing apparatus in many different sizes. The length of the coils 11 may typically be up to 1000 millimetres in length. The width of the coils 11 may be in the range of a few millimetres to fifty millimetres. Usually there will only be a small space between the coils 11. The size of the coil 10 is not critical. If it is to be carried on a pen then it will have a size such that the pen is not cumbersome or so that it can be concealed in the pen.";"Claims: Position sensing apparatus of the kind comprising a first coil arrangement (11) defining a co-ordinate direction (22 or 23) and a second coil arrangement (10) movable relative to said first coil arrangement (11) in said co-ordinate direction wherein the two coil arrangements are electromagnetically coupled and output terminals (13) are provided whereat a signal is produced which identifies the relative position of the two coil arrangements characterised in that the first coil arrangement (11) comprises a multiplicity of at least three coils (11) each shaped to have a length greater than its width and mounted with their major axes lateral to each other and transverse to said co-ordinate direction; that the coil arrangements (10, 11) are loosely coupled with each other; and that phase shifting units (12) are provided between the coils of the first coil arrangement (11) so that the signal at the output terminals (13) is given a phase shift which is unambiguously representative of the relative positioning of the two coil arrangements. 2. Position sensing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the parameters of the phase shifting units (12) are such that the phase shift per unit is in the range of 10 to 45 degrees and the phase shift over the first coil arrangement is less than 360no 3e Position sensing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the parameters of the phase shifting units (12) are such that the phase shift over the first coil arrangement is greater than 3600 and an ambiguity eliminating circuit is provided so that a position represented by a phase shift in the range of 0 - 360 degrees is distinguishable from a phase shift in higher ranges, 4O Position sensing apparatus as claimed in claim 3 in which the ambiguity eliminating circuit includes two sets of phase shift circuits (12) one set having a greater phase shift per pair of adjacent coils (11) than the other and each set providing an output, and means combining said outputs, Sc Position sensing apparatus as claimed in claim 1 in which the second coil arrangement (10) is carried on a pointed member (30) simulating a pen and the first coil arrangement (11) is located below a tablet (21) of nonmagnetic material. 6. Position sensing apparatus as claimed in claim 5 in which the second coil arrangement (10) comprises two coils (10A, 10B) spaced apart on said pointed member (30) in which the spacing of one of said two coils from the point of the member is twice the spacing of the other coil from said point, 7O Position sensing apparatus as claimed in claim 5 having the phase-characterised output connected to a micro-processor to convert said output into line transmissable signals0 8o Position sensing apparatus as claimed in claim 5 in which the phase characterised output from the first coil arrangement (11) -has means for comparing it with stored information.";HOWBROOK, ERNEST;CONTROL TELE-SYSTEMS LIMITED;1978
+EP-0012140-B1;19820721.0;19781215;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186029.0;H01J17;H01J65;H01J17;H01J  17/49D;GASEOUS DISCHARGE DISPLAY DEVICES;The invention relates to a gaseous discharge display device (gas panel) of the kind comprising a pair of glass plates each having an array of parallel conductors formed thereon overlaid with a dielectric layer, the plates being sealed together at their edges in superimposed spaced parallel relationship with the conductor arrays being dis­ posed substantially orthogonally to one another to define a plurality of discharge gaps, each formed at the cross-­ point of a conductor of one array with a conductor of the other array, and metal spacers disposed between the di­ electric layers for maintaining the discharge gaps precisely spaced over the area of the display device. The spacers are in the form of rods 9 having a trape­ zoidal cross-section so that light 13 or 15 emanating from an adjacent gas discharge tends to be reflected downwardly into the panel, as shown by rays 17 and 19, rather than outwardly from the panel. This reduces the visibility of the spacers 9 when the panel is viewed from the front.;"GASEOUS DISCHARGE DISPLAY DEVICES This invention relates to gaseous discharge display devices, hereinafter referred to as gas panels. It is necessary with large area high resolution devices of this type to provide a method of spacing the opposite plates of the device in a manner which does not inhibit the flow of gas particles within the panel and which maintains a uniform discharge gap between opposing cell electrodes across the entire display surface. Various techniques have been employed in the prior art for providing and maintaining a uniform discharge gap between opposing glass plates of a gas panel, primarily involving the use of glass spacers in rod form. Other arrangements modify the gas panel structure by cutting grooves in one or both of the glass plates and forming conductor arrays within the grooves whereby the plates themselves consititute the spacer elements. However, such devices are difficult to fabricate, particularly in high resolution panels which may contain about 5,000 cells per square inch. A further technique uses metallic spacers which are located on one of the glass plates prior to the deposition of the conventional dielectric coating. Such a technique, however, makes it extremely difficult to provide a uniform dielectric coating over the entire surface of the panel so that the dielectric surface in the spacer areas is not perfectly flat and is mechanically weak, and unstable point contact may result. Additionally, differences in dielectric thickness in respect of individual cells resulting from such arrangements require variations in the electrical parameters of control signals used to control the device, and eliminate or severely restrict the panel margin. The operation of cells or firing sites which are located adjacent to the spacers is adversely affected due to the meniscus effect of the dielectric reflow, since perturbations of the dielectric surface alters the dielectric thickness over conductor lines adjacent to the spacer elements, thereby preventing reliable operation of such cells. This disadvantage is avoided by the technique described in U.S. Patent 3,998,510, wherein metal spacers are sandwiched between the glass plates after deposition of the dielectric coatings. It is stated that U.S. Patent that in the resulting panel the spacers are substantially invisible to the observer. While this may be true for the spacers specifically disclosed therein, it would not be true for elongated spacers of rod form since the long edges thereof would present a substantial area for reflection. The use of rod-form spacers would be particularly desirable in high resolution panels with a very small conductor spacing, since this would reduce the number of spacers which are required compared to that required if disc-shaped spacers were used as described in U.S. Patent 3,998,510, and also would facilitate their handling and placement due to their larger size. However, as mentioned above, the long edges of such spacers would present a substantial area for reflection and each would be visible to viewers as a narrow line of light in the displayed image. Thus it is an object of the invention to provide a gas panel construction having spacers of rod-form in which the visibility of the spacers is substantially reduced. According to the present invention there is provided a gaseous discharge display device comprising a pair of glass plates each having an array of parallel conductors formed thereon overlaid with a dielectric layer, the plates being sealed together at their edges in superimposed spaced parallel relationship with the conductor arrays being disposed substantially orthogonally to one another to define a plurality of discharge gaps, each formed at the cross-point of a conductor of one array with a conductor of the other array, and metal spacers disposed between the dielectric layers for maintaining the discharge gaps precisely spaced over the area of the display device, characterised in that the spacers (9) are in the form of rods having a trapezoidal cross-section with the non-parallel edges thereof converging in a direction away from the front plate (31) of the device. An embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is an enlarged plan view of a portion of a gaseous display device illustrating one embodiment of the present invention, Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the device shown in Fig. 1 taken along the lines 2-2 of Fig. 1, and Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a spacer used in the device of figures 1 and 2. Referring now to the drawings, the gaseous discharge display device (or gas panel) there shown corresponds generally to that described in U.S. Patent 3,837,724, and the fabrication steps are generally similar except in so far as they relate to details of the spacers as described below. In the plan view shown in Fig. 1, a plurality of parallel vertical lines includes groups of eight vertical lines such as that designated V3, and groups of nine horizontal lines such as those designated H5 and H7. The horizontal lines are formed on the front plate of the device (upper plate in fig. 2), while the vertical lines V3 are formed on the back plate of the panel. Each intersection of a group of horizontal lines and a group of vertical lines defines an 8 x 9 dot matrix for generating alpha-numeric each of the characters being generated within a 7 x 9 sub-matrix so as to leave a single column space between characters. Fig. 2 is a sectional view of the gas panel. The bottom or back glass plate 21 has metallic conductors 23 formed thereon (corresponding to the vertical conductors such as V3) and is overcoated with a layer of dielectric 25. While not strictly necessary, the dielectric layer 25 may be overcoated with a layer of refractory secondary emissive material 27 such as MgO. The upper or front plate 31 has conductors 33 formed thereon (corresponding to the horizontal conductors such as H5 or H7), the conductors 33 being disposed substantially orthogonal to conductors 23, and the plate 31 is also overcoated with a dielectric layer 35. Bonded to the dielectric layer 35 are metallic spacers 9, both the layer 35 and spacers 9 being 6vercoated with a further layer 37 of the refractory secondary emissive material to protect the dielectric surface and facilitate low voltage operation. The plan view shown in Fig. 1 portrays an idealized situation, since the spacers 9 are shown located only between rows of characters which, in most practical applications, would not provide the best distribution of spacers. Rather, the spacing members are designed for positioning between any pair of adjacent drive lines, preferably between horizontal drive lines, and this permits a freedom of placement of spacers over the display surface to provide optimum load bearing characteristics. As described in the previously mentioned U.S. patent, the horizontal and vertical conductors are chrome-copperchrome conductors, and in the present embodiment preferably have a resolution of about 70 lines per inch in each direction with 3 mil. wide conductors spaced on 14 mil. centres, giving a separation of 11 mils. between adjacent conductors. The spacers 9 of this embodiment are 5 mils. wide (at their base), 4 mils. thick and 250 mils. long, and are positioned centre to centre in both vertical and horizontal directions with respect to adjacent spacers 2,000 mils. or 2 inches. It has been determined that the spacers 9 should be separated from the adjacent conductors 33 by 2 mils. to avoid an adverse effect on the electrical characteristics on adjacent conductors, particularly the panel margin or the difference between Vs max and Vs min where Vs represents the sustain signal. Thus the spacers 9 must be positioned to an accuracy of + 1 mil. to avoid such problems. As mentioned before, one of the problems associated with metal spacers relates to their visibility, which is caused primarily by reflection from the surface of the spacers such that the spacers are readily visible to viewers positioned at only a slight angle relative to the normal to the display surface. One way to reduce reflection from metal spacers is to oxidize the surface of the spacers to reduce the reflectivity. The spacers 9 in the present case are composed of a nickel-iron alloy having approximately equal percentages by weight of the two component elements, and the spacers are oxidised prior to assembly of the panel. An additional advantage of the oxide coating is that the spacers 9 are further protected from the plasma during operation. The spacers 9 are secured to the dielectric 35, prior to assembly of the lower plate 21, by conventional thermal compression or ultrasonic bonding techniques depending on the bonding medium. In one form of bonding, a drop of solder glass approximately 5 mils. in diameter and 1 mil. thick is applied to the surface of the spacer to be bonded to the dielectric. The spacer is then positioned on the dielectric surface 35 under appropriate loading such as 15 grams and sufficient heat is applied to effect a glass-solder bond. Load and heat are chosen to optimize the strength of the bond and the reliability of the overall process. With respect to positioning the spacers on the dielectric 35, techniques for automated placement as well as bonding are well known in the art, and positioning of the spacers as heretofore described could be controlled by a modified X-Y table which could operate under digital programming control to position the spacers at any selected location using digital controlled servo devices to move the table in a horizontal, vertical or both directions as specified. The spacer positioning previously described has been designed to represent the best configuration for maximum load bearing with a 10"" x 12"" display surface, since loads of up to 50,000 PSI, near the breaking point of the dielectric coating, may be encountered during the backfill operation or under maximum vacuum conditions. In addition to reducing spacer visibility, the oxidized surface of the spacer improves the adhesion between the solder glass and the spacer, and also improves the adhesion of the MgO layer 37 which is applied by evaporation over the dielectric 35 and the spacers 9 to provide a refractory surface which protects the device from sputtering of the dielectric or the spacers and simultaneously by virtue of its secondary emission characteristics permits lower operating voltages. The use of magnesium oxide for both purposes is well known. The nickel-iron alloy was developed so that its coefficient of thermal expansion would match that of the plate glass on which it is mounted. The essential feature of the spacers 9 relates to their shape. The metallic spacers 9 are in rod form and have a cross-section which corresponds to an inverted trapezoid as shown in Fig. 3, the base or widest part of the trapezoid being disposed facing the front or upper plate 31. Thus, it will be seen that if incident light from the display falls on the sloped edges of the trapezoid, as indicated by light rays 13 and 15 eminating from opposite sides of the spacer, the light will tend to be reflected downwardly into the panel, as shown by the relfected light rays 17 and 19, rather than outwardly from the display, thus eliminating or substantially reducing the reflective light which represents the primary source of visibility of the spacers. This combined with the oxidation of the surface of the spacers renders them substantially invisible during normal panel operation, a highly desirable result. It is to be understood that the conductor configuration and composition, the specific method of fabricating gaseous discharge display devices and the apparatus by which the chamber is evacuated and then charged with an illuminable gas are considered known in the art, and are disclosed, for example, in the above-mentioned U.S. Patent 3,837,724. Accordingly, certain of such details have been omitted in the present specification in the interest of succinctness and as unnecessary for an understanding of the present invention.";CLAIMS 1. A gaseous discharge display device comprising a pair of glass plates each having an array of parallel conductors formed thereon overlaid with a dielectric layer, the plates being sealed together at their edges in superimposed spaced parallel relationship with the conductor arrays being disposed substantially orthogonally to one another to define a plurality of discharge gaps, each formed at the cross-point of a conductor of one array with a conductor of the other array, and metal spacers disposed between the dielectric layers for maintaining the discharge gaps precisely spaced over the area of the display device, characterised in that the spacers (9) are in the form of rods having a trapezoidal cross-section with the non-parallel edges thereof converging in a direction away from the front plate (31) of the device. 2. A device as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surface of the spacers is oxidized.;PERRY, CHARLES HAMPTON;INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION;1978
+EP-0012141-B1;19840829.0;19781219;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186030.0;G05G9;B63H21;B63H21, G05G9;B63H  21/22B, G05G   9/08;CONTROL UNIT BRAKING APPARATUS;A control unit braking apparatus has a housing (6) in which a shaft (4) is rotatably supported and is capable of axial movement, has one end of the shaft (4) projecting from the housing (6) and connected to a control member (40). The braking apparatus incorporates a friction member (24) mounted on the end of the shaft (4) and urged by a spring (20) positioned between the housing (6) and the friction member (24) against the control member to effect a braking action. The braking apparatus prevents throttle creep when the unit is applied to the control of a gear selection and throttle operating mechanism operated by a single lever.;"Control Unit Braking Apparatus This invention relates to control unit braking apparatus in which the control unit comprises a housing rotatably supporting a shaft projecting at one end from the housing and connected to a control member externally of the housing. The control unit can further include in the housing a driven member engageable with the shaft so as to be driven therewith, the shaft being axially movable to disengage it from the driven member. The present invention finds its principal application to single lever control units which sequentially operate a transmission and throttle and also permit independent operation of the throttle when the transmission is not engaged. Such control units find particular use in marine applications. Examples of-previous pertinent patents are United States Patents 2,254,144; 3,127,785; 3,511,117; 3,581,603; 3,842,695 and 3,929,039. In US Patent 3,842,695, the lever and shaft are not capable of axial movement, but a slider shaft in the lever assembly can be retracted. When the transmission is in the neutral position, retraction of the slider shaft disengages key 96 having projection 100 from the driving gear 56 and pulls pin 108 into hole 110. US Patent 3,581,603 discloses a similar mechanism. US Patent 3,842,695 differs from the present invention in several ways: first, the lock is on the slider shaft, not the lever; second, the slider shaft is nonrotatable; and third, the lock is not spring biased. In Patent 3,581,603, the slider shaft is rotatable. US Patents 3,511,117 and 3,127,785 disclose control levers which can be pulled outward when in neutral position, to open the throttle independently of the shift function. The control lever is spring biased. In US Patent 3,511,117, a blocking flange 134 locks curved portion 133 of interlocking plate 131 against reverse to prevent accidental shift while in the neutral throttle mode. Lateral wings 135 or 136 are interposed between the blocking flange 134 and gear 38 to prevent axial translation of the control lever 18 except in the neutral position. US Patent 3,127,785 has a similarly functioning plate 70 and flange 37. The lever in US Patent 3,929,039 contains a springloaded coupling shaft which can be disengaged while the lever is in a neutral position. The coupling shaft has radially extending pins 25 which couple the main shaft to the throttle gear. Pressing in the coupling shaft against the spring disengages the pins from the gear, and the gear from the shaft. In operation, this mechanism functions in the reverse manner from the present invention. It is useful to be able to operate control units so that a braking effect is put on the control member operating the throttle opening to ensure that once set to a specific opening it remains at its setting and that no throttle creep occurs which may cause the throttle either to open or close from the set position. This risk of throttle creep particularly manifests itself where vibration occurs and where this vibration is transmitted to the control unit. It is an aim of the invention to prevent any substantial throttle creep. In control units which are directly associated with gear transmission controls, i.e. where the unit also selects a reverse or advance gear position as well as applying throttle control, it is an advantage to be able to ensure that when it is desired only to apply throttle control the gear transmissions cannot inadvertently be engaged and are able to be locked -in neutral. The present invention prevents or reduces throttle creep by providing braking apparatus in a control unit which comprises a housing rotatably supporting a shaft which projects from one end of the housing and is connected on its projecting end to a control member externally of the housing, which apparatus incorporates a friction member mounted on a shaft adjacent the control member with spring means positioned between the housing and the friction member to urge the friction member into frictional braking engagement with the control member. The action of the spring is thus to create a resilient force on the friction member biassing towards the control member so that there is resistance to the movement of the control member by the shaft and the control member is thus only moved deliberately. Any creep or slippage due to vibration will not occur since the friction member, under the action of the spring means, will hold the control member firmly in its set position. The most convenient form of spring means is a helical spring which surrounds the end of the shaft with one end of the spring abutting the housing, and preferably circumscribing a shoulder thereon, and the other end abutting a friction plate which preferably has a relatively large radial surface area and is configured to abut the control member over substantially the entire radial surface of the control member. In a preferred form of control unit where a driven member is included in the housing and is able to be engaged by the shaft and driven with it and the shaft is made axially movable to disengage it from the driven member and to move the friction member towards the housing to compress the spring means, locking means may be connected to the friction member so as to be moved by axial movement of the shaft to engage and lock the driven member. This locking means is advantageously used where it is required to hold the driven member in a neutral or nondrive position whilst the throttle only is operated via the throttle member. The locking member preferably comprises a member connected to the friction member and extending towards an opening in the housing, and the driven member also preferably has a notch which is able to be aligned with the opening in one position only of the driven member so as to receive the locking member therein to lock the driven member when the shaft is moved axially to bring the friction member towards the housing. The spring means may be connected to the locking means for supporting the locking means and for resiliently urging it away from the driven member when the control member is moved by axial movement of the shaft away from the housing. The spring means may have a radial projection which is received within the locking means. A friction member may be secured in the housing adjacent the driven member which is provided with a surface configured frictionally to engage the friction member sufficiently to provide a relatively large frictional braking resistance to the movement of the surface across the friction member. A recessed portion in the surface may provide an area of smaller frictional resistance. The friction member is preferably adjustable. This friction member helps to offset a brake to stop throttle creep when the driven member is in an operative position and the throttle is operated. One example of a control unit braking apparatus will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate one form of the apparatus. In the drawings Figure 1 is a longitudinal cross section through the control unit braking apparatus; Figure 2 is a top plane view of a retainer plate; Figure 3 is a top plan view and Figure 4 is a sectional side view taken on the line 4-4 of Figure 3 of a collar, Figure 5 is crosssectional detail of the hand lever shown in Figure 1, Figure 6 is top plan view of a detail of a throttle gear included in Figure 1, Figure 7 is a rear plan view of the apparatus shown in Figure 1, and Figure 8 is scrap sectional detail of an additional braking feature of the apparatus. Referring to Figure 1, a single lever control unit 1 is shown attached to a mounting board 2. Preferably, the unit is adapted to operate sequentially a transmission and throttle and, selectively, to operate the throttle independently of the transmission. The control unit 1 has a shaft 4 mounted in a housing 6 for rotational and axial movement. The shaft 4 is provided with keys 8 adjacent an annular flange 10. The keys 8 are shaped to engage keyways 12 in a hub 14 rotatably mounted in th housing 6. The flange 10 abuts an annular shoulder 16 on the hub 14 when the keys 8 and keyways 12 are engaged. The shaft 4 communicates rotary actuating forces to the hub 14 through the keys 8. A space 18 is provided adjacent the shaft 4 above the annular flange 10 to permit axial movement of the shaft 4. When the shaft is moved axially, the keys 8 and keyways 12 disengage, thereby permitting rotation of the shaft 4 without consequent rotation of the hub 14. The lower surface of the keys 8 abut the upper surface of the hub 14 until further rotation of the shaft 4 causes the keys 8 to realign with the keyways 12. One end of the shaft 4 projects beyond the housing 6 and a spring 20 surrounds this end. One end of the spring 20 abuts an annular shoulder 22 on the housing 6. The lower end of the spring 20 abuts friction plate 24 mounted on the shaft 4 adjacent a throttle actuating member 26 rigidly connected to the end of the shaft 4. The spring 20 continuously urges the keys 8 automatically to engage the keyways 12 when the shaft 4 rotates the keys 8 into alignment with the keyways 12. The hub 14 has a throttle gear portion 30 and constitutes a driven member. The throttle gear 30 is a Geneva type wheel which operatively engages a Geneva wheel 32 rotatably mounted in the housing 6. The Geneva wheel 32 is rigidly connected to a shift control arm 34; the arm 34 and wheel 32 rotating simultaneously. As shown in Figure 6, rotation of the throttle gear 30 causes rotation of the Geneva wheel shift gear 32 only when the teeth of the gears 30 and 32 are meshed. Substantial rotation of the throttle gear 30 in either direction causes the teeth of the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 to disengage. Continued rotation of the throttle gear 30 causes a reversed curve portion 34 of the shift gear 32 to mate with a curved surface 36 on the throttle gear 30 to prevent rotation of the shift gear 32. The sequential shifting and throttling operations of the control unit as well as the selective independent throttling operation of the control unit can now be readily understood. A throttle control arm 40 is connected to an engine throttle operator (not shown). Similarly, the shift control arm 34 is connected to a transmission operator (not shown). The connections are made in a manner to permit neutral idling of the engine when the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 are aligned as in Figure 6. Rotation of the shaft 4 in one direction rotates the throttle gear 30 in the same direction. Initially, the shift gear 32 is also rotated in the same direction. When the reversed curve portion 34 of the shift gear 32 abuts the curved portion of the throttle gear 30, the shift gear 32 stops rotating. At this point, the shifting of the transmission from neutral to an operative gear, for example, forward gear, is complete. Continued rotation of the shaft 4 causes rotation of the throttle gear 30 and throttle actuating member 26. Consequently, the engine is throttled. When the shaft 4 is rotated in the opposite direction, the throttle gear 30 and throttle actuating member 26 also rotate in the opposite direction. Initially, engine throttle is reduced. Continued rotation of the shaft 4 causes the teeth on the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 to mesh. The transmission is shifted from forward gear to neutral. If the shaft 4 is further rotated, the transmission is shifted from neutral to reverse gear. Reverse throttle is then applied by continued rotation of the shaft 4. In order to prevent throttling while the shifting gear 32 is rotating, the throttle control arm 40 is connected to the throttle operator by an appropriate lost motion device, or any similarly functioning device. A locking arm 42 is connected to the friction plate 24 and is received within an opening 44 in the housing 6. The end 46 of the spring 20 projects through an opening in the locking arm 42 and is thereby connected to the locking arm 42. The throttle gear 30 is provided with a notch 48 formed to receive the locking arm 42 when the notch 48 is aligned with the opening 44 in the housing 6. The notch 48 is positioned to align with the opening 44 in the housing 6 when the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 are in neutral alignment. Axial movement of the shaft 4 in neutral disengages the keys 8 from the keyways 12 and projects the locking arm 42 into the notch 48 in the throttle gear 30, thereby locking the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 in neutral position. Rotation of the shaft 4 throttles the engine. The spring 20 urges the friction plate 24 into frictional engagement with the throttle actuating member 26 to prevent throttle creep. When the shaft 4 is rotated to the neutral position, the keys 8 automatically engage the keyways 12 and the locking arm 42 automatically disengages the notch 48 in the throttle gear 32 by means o-f axial loading created by the spring 20. The end 46 of the spring 20 connected to the locking arm 42 facilitates removal of the arm 42 from the notch 48 in the throttle gear 30 and supports the arm 42. When the throttle gear 30 is rotated from neutral alignment, the notch 48 in the throttle gear 30 is moved from alignment with the opening 44 in the housing 6. The locking arm 42 prevents axial translation of the shaft 4. A detent 50 is mounted in the housing 6 adjacent the throttle gear 30. The detent has a spring 52 which continuously urges a roller 54 against the side of the throttle gear 30. The gear 30 is provided with spaced notches 56, 58 and 60 configured to receive the roller 54. The central notch 58 is positioned to receive the roller 54 when the throttle gear 30 is in neutral alignment. The side notches 56 and 60 are positioned to receive the roller 54 when the reverse curved portion 34 of the shift gears 32 is first rotated into contact with the curved portion 36 of the throttle gear 30. Engagement of the roller 54 with the notches 56, 58 and 60 tends to lock the throttle gear 30 against rotation. The operator of the control unit 1 is thereby given indications that the engine is in neutral or forward or reverse gear. Additionally, the side notches 56 and 60 are positioned to engage the roller 54 when the control unit 1, operating in sequential mode, completes the shifting operation and begins the throttling operation. A friction pad 61 is connected to the end of a screw 62 threadedly mounted in the housing 6. As best shown in Figure 8, the pad 61 is positioned to abut a specially profiled surface 64 of the throttle gear 30. The surface 64 has a portion 66 recessed from the friction pad 60; the arc length of the portion 66 corresponding to the amount of angular displacement of the throttle gear 30 during which the throttle gear 30 rotates the shifting gear 32. When the control unit 1 operates in the shifting mode, the friction pad 60 offers relatively little frictional resistance to the rotation of the throttle gear 30 since the friction pad 60 is aligned with the recessed portion 66 of the throttle gear 30. In the throttling mode, however, the friction pad 61 is aligned with the portion 67 of the profiled surface 64 of the gear 30 closely adjacent the inward surface of the housing 6, thereby offering a relatively large frictional resistance to the rotation of the throttle gear 30. The amount of frictional resistance offered by the pad 61 to the rotation of the gear 30 can be adjusted by the screw 62. It is appreciated that the control unit 1 is readily adaptable for use with power boat engines. Consequently, sleeve bearings 68, 69 and 71 are provided to seal the unit 1 and to prevent damage to the components of the unit 1 due to the environment. Referring now also to Figures 2, 3 and 4 an interlock collar 70 and a collar retainer 72 are connected to the control unit 1 prior to mounting the control unit 1 on the mounting surface 2. A neutral interlock hand lever 74 is connected to the end of the shaft 4 projecting through an opening 76 in the mounting board 2. The lower end of a hand lever cap 78 surrounds a portion of the interlock collar 70 and is provided with means to lock the hand lever 74 against further rotation when the hand lever 74 is moved to a neutral position. As shown most clearly in Figure 5, the hand lever 74 has a block 80 slidably mounted within the cap 78. The block 80 is connected to a release button 82 by an arm 84 slidably mounted within the shaft 86 of the hand lever 74. A spring 88 connected to the arm 84 and the shaft 86 urges the block 80 toward the centre of the cap 78. A screw 90 projects through a slot in the arm 84 and is received-within a sliding block 92 formed inside the shaft 86 to keep the arm 84 in proper alignment. Moving the button 82 in the direction indicated by the arrow 94 slides the block 80 toward the side of the cap 78. When the button 82 is released the spring 88 causes the block 80 to automatically move toward the centre of the cap 78. The cap 78 is positioned on the collar 70 in a manner which enables the radially inward surface of the block 80 to abut the radially outward surface of the upper axial portion 102 of the collar 70 (Figures 3 and 4). The cap 78 is connected to the shaft 4 and rotates with the shaft 4. Rotation of the shaft 4 causes the block 80 to move along the surface 102 of the collar 70. A notch 100 provided in the upper axial portion 102 of the collar 70 is shaped to receive the block 80 when the block 80 is aligned with the notch. Preferably, the notch 100 is positioned to engage the block 80 when the hand lever 74 and shaft 4 are rotated to a neutral position. Engagement of a block 80 and notch 100 prevents further rotation of the hand lever 74 and shaft 4. Moving the button 82 in the direction indicated by arrow 94 moves the block 80 toward the side of the cap 78, thereby disengaging the block 80 and the notch 100. The hand lever 74 and shaft 4 can then be rotated from the neutral position. When the hand lever 74 and shaft 4 are returned to the neutral position, the spring 88 causes the block 80 automatically to engage the notch 100 thereby automatically preventing further rotation of the hand lever 74 and shaft 4. The collar 70 is held against the housing 6 by the retainer 72 which overlies an annular flange 104 on the lower axial portion 106 of the collar 70. The retainer 72 is provided with serrations 108 shaped to engage serrations 110 on the lower axial portion 106 of the collar 70 adjacent the flange 104. The serrations 108 and 110 prevent rotation of the collar 70 when engaged. Prior to mounting the control unit 1 on the mounting plate 2, the collar 70 is orientated in the retainer 72 in any desired position. Preferably, the collar 70 is orientated in a manner which positions the interlock notch 100 to engage the block 80 when the hand lever 74 is in an appropriate neutral orientation. Cap 78 is provided with an annular shoulder 112 which abuts the outward surface of the mounting board 2 when the keys 8 on the shaft 4 engage the keyways 12 in the hub 14. When the shaft 4 is moved axially to disengage the keys 8 and keyways 12, the shoulder 112 is spaced from the surface of the mounting board 2 thereby providing an indication to the operator that the control unit 1 is in the neutral throttle mode of operation. In an alternative embodiment, the cap 78 is positioned on the collar 70 in a manner which enables the axially inward surface of the block 80 to abut the axially outward end of the upper axial portion 102 of the collar 70 when the hand leve-r 74 is rotated from the neutral position while the control unit 1 is in the neutral throttle mode of operation. When the hand lever 74 is rotated to the neutral position, the block 80 engages the notch 100, thereby permitting axial movement of the shaft 4 and engagement of the keys 8 with the keyways 12 under loading from the spring 20. The hand lever 74 is rotated from the neutral position in the manner previously described.";Claims: 1. Control unit braking apparatus in which the control unit comprises a housing (6) rotatably supporting a shaft (4), the shaft (4) projecting at one end from the housing (6) and being connected to a control member (40) externally of the housing 67 Characterised by the braking apparatus incorporating a friction member (24) mounted on the shaft (4) adjacent the control'member (40), spring means (20) positioned between the housing (6) and the friction member (24) to urge the friction member (24) into frictional braking engagement with the control member (40). 2. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 in which the spring means (20) is of helical form and surrounds the end of the shaft (4) projecting from the housing (6), one end of the spring means (20) abutting the housing (6) and the other end abutting the friction member (24). 3.- Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 in which the friction member comprises a plate (24). 4. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim in which the control member (40) has a relatively large radial surface adjacent the friction member (24), the friction member (24) having a radial surface configured to abut the control member (40) over substantially the. entire radial surface of the control member (40). 5. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim, in which the housing (6) is provided with an external shoulder (22) concentrically spaced about the shaft (4), the end of the spring means (20) adjacent the housing (6) closely circumscribing the shoulder (22). 6. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 5 in which the shoulder (22) is an annular shoulder. 7. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in aPy preceding claim in which the control unit further includes in the housing (6) a driven member (14, 30) engageable with the shaft (4) so as to be driven therewith, the shaft (4) being axially movable to disengage it from the driven member (14, 30), and to move the friction member (24) towards the housing (6) to compress the spring means (20), characterised by a locking means (42) connected to the friction member (40) so as to be moved by axial movement of the shaft( to engage the lock the driven member (14, 30). 8. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 7 in which the locking means comprises a member (42) connected to the friction member (40) and extending towards an opening (44) in the housing (6), and in which the driven member (30) has a notch (48) which is able to be aligned with the opening (44) in one position of the driven member (30) so as to receive the locking member therein when the shaft (4) is moved axially to bring the friction member (40) towards the housing (6) to lock the driven member (30). 9. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 7 or Claim 8 in which the spring means (20) is connected to the locking means (42) and for resiliently urging it away from the driven member (30) when the control member (40) is moved by axial movement of the shaft (4) away from the housing (6). 10. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 9 in which the spring means (20) has a radial projection (46) received within the locking means (42). 11. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in any one of Claims 7 to 10 characterised by further including a friction member (61), secured in the housing (6) adjacent the driven member (30), the driven member (30) having a surface (67) configured frictionally to engage the friction member (61) sufficiently to provide a relatively 'large frictional braking resistance to the movement of the surface (67) across the friction member (61). 12. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 11 in which a recessed portion (66) is provided in the surface (67) to provide an area of relatively small frictional resistance across the friction member (61). 13. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 11 or 12 in which the friction member (61) is supported by adjusting means (62) in the housing (6). 14. Control unit braking apparatus as claimed in Claim 11 in which the surface is a radial end surface of the driven member (30).;CANTLEY, GEORGE, OLSEN, ROGER F.;INCOM INTERNATIONAL INC.;1978
+EP-0012142-B1;19840808.0;19781219;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186031.0;G05G9;;B63H21, G05G9;B63H  21/22B, G05G   9/08;CONTROL UNIT ADJUSTABLE INTERLOCK APPARATUS;Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus in a con­ trol unit which includes a housing (6) through which a rotatable and axially movable shaft (4) projects has a collar (70) located in the housing (6) which collar (70) surrounds the shaft (4) and which has a notch (100) capable of being engaged by engaging means (80) asso­ ciated with a member (78) rotatable with the shaft (4) to interlock the shaft. The collar (70) has a section which has serrations (110) which enable the collar (70) to be fitted on to a retainer plate (72) in a plurality of positions. The invention enables the sahft of the unit to be selec­ tively interlocked and also makes it possible for the collar to be adjusted relative to the retaining plate so that the po­ sition where the interlock becomes effective is also ad­ justable.;"Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus This invention relates to a control unit adjustable interlock apparatus in which the control unit includes a housing rotatably supporting a shaft. Control units such as those used in marine applications are conveniently controlled with a single lever control handle. This handle or lever is used selectively to engage forward or reverse gear and to control the throttle setting. - It is useful if the throttle setting can be operated independently of the gear setting when this is neutral and this can be achieved by allowing axial movement of the shaft to disengage the throttle control from the gearing. It is necessary to provide suitable interlock arrangements to ensure that the various components of the control unit cannot be operated unless they are correctly positioned and it is an object of the present invention to achieve this. It is also convenient to allow the interlock and the handle to be able to be positioned in any one of a number of positions according to the convenience of operation for a person controlling the unit and it is also an object of the invention to provide a unit which has provision for this. Examples of pertinent patents are United States Patent Nos. 2,254,144; 3,126,785; 3,511,117; 3,581,603; 3,842,695 and 3,929,039. In US Patent 3,842,695, the lever and shaft are not capable of axial movement, but a slider shaft in the lever assembly can be retracted. When the transmission is in the neutral position, retraction of the slider shaft disengages key 96 having projection 100 from the driving gear 56, and pulls pin 108 into hole 110. US Patent 3,581,603 discloses a similar mechanism. US Patent 3,842,695 differs from the invention in several ways; first, the lock is on the slider shaft, not the lever; second, the slider shaft is non-rotatable; third, the lock is not spring biased. In US Patent 3,581,603 the slider shaft is rotatable. US Patents 3,511,117 and 3,127,785 disclose control levers which can be pulled outward when in neutral position, to open the throttle independently of the shift function. The control lever is spring biased. In US Patent 3,511,117, blocking flange 134 locks curved portion 133 against reverse of interlocking plate 131 to prevent accidental shift while in the neutral throttle mode. Lateral wings 135 or 136 are interposed between the blocking flange 134 and gear 38 to prevent axial translation of the control lever 18 except in the neutral position. US Patent 3,127,785 has a similarly functioning plate 70 and flange 37. The lever in Patent 3,929,039 contains a spring-loaded coupling shaft which can be disengaged while the lever is in a neutral position. The coupling shaft has radially extending pins 25 which couple the main shaft to the throttle gear. Pressing in the coupling shaft against the spring disengages the pins from the gear, and the gear from the shaft. In operation, this mechanism functions in the reverse manner from the present invention. Many problems remain in the prior art devices. One problem lies in mounting restrictions which must necessarily be imposed in order to assure that the hand lever is placed in a convenient and accessible position. No mechanism is disclosed which allows the control unit to be mounted in any position while permitting orientation of a neutral interlock hand lever at any desired position. These objects are achieved by providing a control unit adjustable interlock apparatus in which the control unit includes a housing rotatably supporting a shaft and in which a collar is located in the housing and through which collar the shaft passes, the collar has a notch and engaging means associated with the shaft and rotatably therewith is shaped to engage the notch when the shaft is-rotated to a selected interlock position, retaining means connectable; to a mounting member and to the collar secure the collar in a selected rotatable position to permit engagement of the notch by the engaging means when the shaft is rotated to the interlock position. The retaining means, which may be a plate, further secures the collar against axial movement. The collar preferably is provided on an exterior lateral surface with annular serrations and the retaining means is provided with an opening having corresponding mating serrations. The collar may have a flange having a diameter which is sufficiently large to abut the retaining means when an axial portion on one side of the flange projects into the opening in the retaining means. An axially projecting portion may also extend on the other side of the flange and be arranged to engage the housing with the flange abutting the housing. The shaft is preferably axially movable relative to the housing and the collar and the engaging means is provided with an axially inward surface abutting the axially outward surface of the collar for preventing axial movement of the shaft towards the housing when the shaft is rotated from a selected interlock position, the engaging means being shaped to engage the notch when the shaft is rotated to the selected interlock position thereby permitting axial movement of the shaft towards the housing. The release means may be connected to the engaging means for disengaging it from the notch when the shaft is in the interlock position. It will thus be appreciated that the invention provides an easy form of interlock which is adjustable to many positions to allow a great flexibility of positioning to be achieved. One example of a control unit braking apparatus will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings which illustrate one form of the apparatus. In the drawings Figure 1 is a longitudinal cross section through the control unit braking apparatus; Figure 2 is a top plane view of a retainer plate; Figure 3 is a top plan view and Figure 4 is a sectional side view taken on the line 4-4 of Figure 3 of a collar, Figure 5 is crosssectional detail of the hand lever shown in Figure 1, Figure 6 is top plan view of a detail of a throttle gear included in Figure 1, Figure 7 is a rear plan view of the apparatus shown in Figure 1, and Figure 8 is scrap sectional detail of an additional braking feature of the apparatus. Referring to Figure 1, a single lever control unit 1 is shown attached to a mounting board 2. Preferably, the unit is adapted to operate sequentially a transmission and throttle and, selectively, to operate the throttle independently of the transmission. The control unit 1 has a shaft 4 mounted in a housing 6 for rotational and axial movement. The shaft 4 is provided with keys 8 adjacent an annular flange 10. The keys 8 are shaped to engage keyways 12 in a hub 14 rotatably mounted in the housing 6. The flange 10 abuts an annular shoulder 16 on the hub 14 when the keys 8 and keyways 12 are engaged. The shaft 4 communicates rotary actuating forces to the hub 14 through the keys 8. A space 18 is provided adjacent the shaft 4 above the annular flange 10 to permit axial movement of the shaft 4. When the shaft is moved axially, the keys 8 and keyways 12 disengage, thereby¯ permitting rotation of the shaft 4 without consequent rotation of the hub 14. The lower surface of the keys 8 abut the upper surface of the hub 14 until further rotation of the shaft 4 causes the keys 8 to realign with the keyways 12. One end of the shaft 4 projects beyond the housing 6 and a spring 20 surrounds this end. One end of the spring 20 abuts an annular shoulder 22 on the housing 6. The lower end of the spring 20 abuts a friction plate 24 mounted on the shaft 4 adjacent a throttle actuating member 26 rigidly connected to the end of the shaft 4. The spring 20 continuously urges the keys 8 automatically to engage the keyways 12 when the shaft 4 rotates the keys 8 into alignment with the keyways 12. The hub 14 has a throttle gear portion 30 and constitutes a driven member. The throttle gear 30 is a Geneva type wheel which operatively engages a Geneva wheel 32 rotatably mounted in the housing 6. The Geneva wheel 32 is rigidly connected to a shift control arm 34; the arm 34 and wheel 32 rotating simultaneously. As shown in Figure 6, rotation of the throttle gear 30 causes rotation of the Geneva wheel shift gear 32 only when the teeth of the gears 30 and 32 are meshed. Substantial rotation of the throttle gear 30 in either direction causes the teeth of the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 to disengage. Continued rotation of the throttle gear 30 causes a reversed curve portion 34 of the shift gear 32 to mate with a curved surface 36 on the throttle gear 30 to prevent rotation of the shift gear 32. The sequential shifting and throttling operations of the control unit as well as the selective independent throttling operation of the control unit can now be readily understood. A throttle control arm 40 is connected to an engine throttle operator (not shown). Similarly, the shift control arm 34 is connected to a transmission operator (not shown). The connections are made in a manner to permit neutral idling of the engine when the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 are aligned as in Figure 6. Rotation of the shaft 4 in one direction rotates the throttle gear 30 in the same direction. Initially, the shift gear 32 is also rotated in the same direction. When the reversed curve portion 34 of the shift gear 32 abuts the curved portion of the throttle gear 30, the shift gear 32 stops rotating. At this point, the shifting of the transmission from neutral to an operative gear, for example, forward gear, is complete. Continued rotation of the shaft 4 causes rotation of the throttle gear 30 and throttle actuating member 26. Consequently, the engine is throttled. When the shaft 4 is rotated in the opposite direction, the throttle gear 30 and throttle actuating member 26 also rotate in the opposite direction. Initially, engine throttle is reduced. Continued rotation of the shaft 4 causes the teeth on the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 to mesh. The transmission is shifted from forward gear to neutral. If the shaft 4 is further rotated, the transmission is shifted from neutral to reverse gear. Reverse throttle is then applied by continued rotation of the shaft 4. In order to prevent throttling while the shifting gear 32 is rotating, the throttle control arm 40 is connected to the throttle operator by an appropriate lost motion device, or any similarly functioning device. A locking arm 42 is connected to the friction plate 24 and is received within an opening 44 in the housing 6. The end 46 of the spring 20 projects through an opening in the locking arm 42 and is thereby connected to the locking arm 42. The throttle gear 30 is provided with a notch 48 formed to receive the locking arm 42 when the notch 48 is aligned with the opening 44 in the housing 6. The notch 48 is positioned to align with the opening 44 in the housing 6 when the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 are in neutral alignment. Axial movement of the shaft 4 in neutral disengages the keys 8 from the keyways 12 and projects the locking arm 42 into the notch 48 in the throttle gear 30, thereby locking the throttle gear 30 and shift gear 32 in neutral position. Rotation of the shaft 4 throttles the engine. The spring 20 urges the friction plate 24 into frictional engagement with the throttle actuating member 26 to prevent throttle creep. When the shaft 4 is rotated to the neutral position, the keys 8 automatically engage the keyways 12 and the locking arm 42 automatically disengages the notch 48 in the throttle gear 32 by means of axial loading created by the spring 20. The end 46 of the spring 20 connected to the locking arm 42 facilitates removal of the arm 42 from the notch 48 in the throttle gear 30 and supports the arm 42. When the throttle gear 30 is rotated from neutral alignment, the notch 48 in the throttle gear 30 is moved from alignment with the opening 44 in the housing 6. The locking arm 42 prevents axial translation of the shaft 4. A detent 50 is mounted in the housing 6 adjacent the throttle gear 30. The detent has a spring 52 which continuously urges a roller 54 against the side of the throttle gear 30. The gear 30 is provided with spaced notches 56, 58 and 60 configured to receive the roller 54. The central notch 58 is positioned to receive the roller 54 when the throttle gear 30 is in neutral alignment. The side notches 56 and 60 are positioned to receive the roller 54 when the reverse curved portion 34 of the shift gears 32 is first rotated into contact with the curved portion 36 of the throttle gear 30. Engagement of the roller 54 with the notches 56, 58 and 60 tends to lock the throttle gear 30 against rotation. The operator of the control unit 1 is thereby given indications that the engine is in neutral or forward or reverse gear. Additionally, the side notches 56 and 60 are positioned to engage the roller 54 when the control unit 1, operating in sequential mode, completes the shifting operation and begins the throttling operation. A friction pad 61 is connected to the end of a screw 62 threadedly mounted in the housing 6. As best shown in Figure 8, the pad 61 is positioned to abut a specially profiled surface 64 of the throttle gear 30. The surface 64 has a portion 66 recessed from the friction pad 60; the arc length of the portion 66 corresponding to the amount of angular displacement of the throttle gear 30 during which the throttle gear 30 rotates the shifting gear 32. When the control unit 1 operates in the shifting mode, the friction pad 61 offers relatively little frictional resistance to the rotation of the throttle gear 30 since the friction pad 61 is aligned with the recessed portion 66 of the throttle gear 30. In the throttling mode, however, the friction pad 61 is aligned with the portion 67 of the profiled surface 64 of the gear 30 closely adjacent the inward surface of the housing 6, thereby offering a relatively large frictional resistance to the rotation of the throttle gear 30. The amount of frictional resistance offered by the pad 61 to the rotation of the gear 30 can be adjusted by the screw 62. It is appreciated that the control unit 1 is readily adaptable for use with power boat engines. Consequently, sleeve bearings 68, 69 and 71 are provided to seal the unit 1 and to prevent damage to the components of the unit 1 due to the environment. Referring now also-to Figures 2, 3 and 4 an interlock collar 70 and a collar retainer 72 are connected to the control unit 1 prior to mounting the control unit 1 on the mounting surface 2. A neutral interlock hand lever 74 is connected to the end of the shaft 4 projecting through an opening 76 in the mounting board 2. The lower end of a hand lever cap 78 surrounds a portion of the interlock collar 70 and is provided with means to lock the hand lever 74 against further rotation when the hand lever 74 is moved to a neutral position. As shown most clearly in Figure 5, the hand lever 74 has a block 80 slidably mounted within the cap 78. The block 80 is connected to a release button 82 by an arm 84 slidably mounted within the shaft 86 of the hand lever 74. A spring 88 connected to the arm 84 and the shaft 86 urges the block 80 toward the centre of the cap 78. A screw 90 projects through a slot in the arm 84 and is received within a sliding block 92 formed inside the shaft 86 to keep the arm 84 in proper alignment. Moving the button 82 in the direction indicated by the arrow 94 slides 'the block 80 toward the side of the cap 78. When the button 82 is released the spring 88 causes the block 80 to automatically move toward the centre of the cap 78. The cap 78 is positioned on the collar 70 in a manner which enables the radially inward surface of the block 80 to abut the radially outward surface of the upper axial portion 102 of the collar 70 (Figures 3 and 4). The cap 78 is connected to the shaft 4 and rotates with the shaft 4. Rotation of the shaft 4 causes the block 80 to move along the surface 102 of the collar 70. A notch 100 provided in the upper axial portion 102 of the collar 70 is shaped to receive the block 80 when the block 80 is aligned with the notch. Preferably, the notch 100 is positioned to engage the block 80 when the hand lever 74 and shaft 4-are rotated to a neutral position. Engagement of a block 80 and notch 100 prevents further rotation of the hand lever 74 and shaft 4. Moving the button 82 in the direction indicated by arrow 94 moves the block 80 toward the side of the cap 78, thereby disengaging the block 80 and the notch 100. The hand lever 74 and shaft 4 can then be rotated from the neutral position. When the hand lever 74 and shaft 4 are returned to the neutral position, the spring 88 causes the block 80 automatically to engage the notch 100 thereby automatically preventing further rotation of the hand lever 74 and shaft 4. The collar 70 is held against the housing 6 by the retainer 72 which overlies an annular flange 104 on the lower axial portion 106 of the collar 70. The retainer 72 is provided with serrations 108 shaped to engage serrations 110 on the lower axial portion 106 of the collar 70 adjacent the flange 104. The serrations 108 and 110 prevent rotation of the collar 70 when engaged. Prior to mounting the control unit 1 on the mounting plate 2, the collar 70 is orientated in the retainer 72 in any desired position. Preferably, the collar 70 is orientated in a manner which positions the interlock notch 100 to engage the block 80 when the hand lever 74 is in an appropriate neutral orientation. Cap 78 is provided with an annular shoulder 112 which abuts the outward surface of the mounting board 2 when the keys 8 on the shaft 4 engage the keyways 12 in the hubt 14. When the shaft 4 is moved axially to disengage the keys 8 and keyways 12, the shoulder 112 is spaced from the surface of the mounting board 2 thereby providing an indication to the operator that the control unit 1 is in the neutral throttle mode of operation. In an alternative embodiment, the cap 78 is positioned on the collar 70 in a manner which enables the axially inward surface of the block 80 to abut the axially outward end of the upper axial portion 102 of the collar 70 when the hand lever 74 is rotated from the neutral position while the control unit 1 is in the neutral throttle mode of operation. When the hand lever 74 is rotated to the neutral position, the block 80 engages the-notch 100, therby permitting axial movement of the shaft 4 and engagement of the keys 8 with the keyways 12 under loading from the spring 20. The hand lever 74 is rotated from the neutral position in the manner previously described.";Claims: 1. Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus in which the control unit includes a housing (6) rotatably supporting a shaft (4), characterised by a collar (70) located in the housing (6) and through which collar (70) the shaft (4) passes, the collar having a notch (100), engaging means (80), associated with the shaft (4) and rotatable therewith and shaped to engage the notch (100) when the shaft (4) is rotated to a selected interlock position, and retaining means (72) connectable to a mounting member (2) and to the collar (70) to secure the collar (70) in a selected rotational position to permit engagement of the notch (100) by the engaging moans (80) when the shaft (4) is rotated to the interlock position. 2. Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 in which the retaining means (72) further secure the collar (70) against axial movement. 3.. Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 or Claim 2 in which the collar (70) is provided on.an exterior lateral surface with annular serrations (110) and the retaining means (72) is provided with an opening having corresponding mating serrations (108). 4. Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus as claimed in Claim 3 in which the retainer means (72) is a plate. 5. Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus as claimed in either Claim 3 or Claim 4, in which the collar (70) is provided with a flange (104) having a diameter which is sufficiently large to abut the retaining means (72) when an axial portion (102) on one side of the flange (104) projects into the opening in the retaining means (72). 6. Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus as claimed in Claim 5 in which the collar (70) has an axially projecting portion (106) extending on the other side of the flange (104) and arranged to engage the housing (6) with the flange (104) abutting the housing (6). 7. Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim in which the shaft (4) is axially movable relative to the housing (6) and the collar (70) and further characterised by the engaging means having an axially inward surface abutting the axially outward surface of the collar (70) for preventing axial movement of the shaft (4) towards the housing (6) when the shaft (4) is rotated from a selected interlock position, the engaging means (80) being shaped to engage the notch (100) when the shaft (4) is rotated to the selected interlock position thereby permitting axial movement of the shaft (4) towards the housing (6). 8. Control unit adjustable interlock apparatus as claimed in any preceding claim in which release means (82, 84) are connected to the engaging means (80) for disengaging it from the notch (100) when the shaft (4) is in the interlock position.;CANTLEY, GEORGE, OLSEN, ROGER F.;INCOM INTERNATIONAL INC.;1978
+EP-0012143-B1;19811125.0;19781219;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186032.0;F02M35;F23L1;F02M35;F02M  35/14;AIR EXPANSION CHAMBER;An expansion chamber (1) for an air filter assembly or an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine comprises an air inlet (7) to the chamber, and an air outlet (10) in one wall (2) of the chamber, the outlet (10) being positioned asymmetrically with respect to surrounding walls of the chamber and including a cow (9) defining an outlet orifice (10) which is inclined to the plane of the said one wall (2), thus reducing noise emitted by the chamber when used in combination with the engine.;"SPECIFICATION TITLE AIR EXPANSION CHAMBER The present invention relates to air expansion chambers for air filter assemblies or exhaust systems of internal combustion engines0 Air filter assemblies for internal combustion engines comprise one or more expansion chambers through which air passes before entering the combustion chambers of the engine, an air filter being mounted in the, or one of the, chambers. For example, in one conventional single-chamber air filter assembly, the expansion chamber comprises a supporting surface on which a removable annular air filter may be positioned, an annular wall surrounding the supporting surface and a closure. The air filter is usually held centrally within the chamber between the supporting surface and the closure, and air is drawn through the filter from an air inlet in the annular wall to an air outlet positioned centrally in the supporting surface. The shape and relative positions of the inlet and outlet to the exapnsion chamber must be so positioned that the air filter assembly does not interfere with the surrounding components of the engine on which it is mounted, for this reason, we have found it desirable to mount the outlet to the expansion chamber asymmetrically with respect to the surrounding walls of the chamber0 Where the outlet is in the form of a simple aperture in one wall of the chamber however, the chamber generates undesirably high noise levesl within certain operating frequencies of the engine. Similarly, asymmetrical outlet orifices in expansion chambers of exhaust systems can generate high noise levels. In accordance with the present invention, we have found that the noise levels can be substantially reduced by froming the outlet orifice in a cowl within the chamber so that the outlet orifice is inclined to the plane of the wall in which it is mounted. The present invention therefore specifically provides an expansion chamber for an air filter assembly or an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine comprising an air inlet to the chamber, and an air outlet in one wall of the chamber, the air outlet being positioned asymmetrically with respect to surrounding walls of the chamber and including a cowl defining an outlet orifice which is inclined to the plane of the said one wall. In one embodiment of the invention, the expansion chamber is constructed to accommodate an air filter element which is positioned on the said one wall around the outlet, and a wall opposite the said one wall comprises a removable closure allowing access to the extension chamber for installation and removal of the filter element. With such a chamber, the outlet orifice is preferably so inclined that its plane intersects the wall opposite the said one wall. In general the outlet orifice ay be inclined to the supporting surface at any angle up to 90 . Preferably the angle of inclination is from 10 to 600, desirably from 150to 300. Usually the outlet orifice will be oriented to face across the largest dimension of the said one wall. In order to improve air flow through the outlet, the orifice is preferably defined by an outwardly flared lip on the cowl. The holder may be manufactured from any suitable material, for example pressed steel or a moulded plastics material. Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a vertical crossection through a first embodiment of an air filter assembly incorporating an expansion chamber in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a transverse cross-section of the assembly of Figure 1 on a reduced scale with its filter and closure removed; Figure 3 is a plan view of an expansion chamber of similar construction to that of Figures 1 and 2 but not in accordance with the invention; Figure 4 is a vertical corss-section of part of an alternative chamber in accordance with the inventionl; Figure 5 is a graph indicating the sound characteristics of various air filter assemblies; ; Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the air filter assembly comprises an expansion chamber 1 which is composed of a supporting wall 2 and an integral annular wall 3. In the embodiment illustrated, the annular wall 3 is circular in plan, but other shapes may be used. A closure 5 is mounted on top of the wall 3 by a conventional releasable fastener (not shown) and forms an airtight seal with the wall 3. An annular filter cartridge 6 is positioned between the closure 5 and the supporting wall 2 and is held in sealing engagement therewith. The wall 3 defines an air inlet orifice 7 in which an air feed tube 8 is mounted. The supporting wall 2 carried a cowl 9 which defines a circular outlet orifice 10. The cowl 9 is offset from the centre 11 of the supporting wall and so shaped that the orifice 10 lies in a plane which is inclindd at an angle A to the plane of the supporting wall 3. In the embodiment illustrated the angle A is 45 2 and the plane of the orifice 10 passes through the closure 5, as indicated by the broken line B in Figure 1. As best seen from Figure 2, the orifice 10 faces across the largest dimension of the chamber 1, generally towards the inlet orifice 7. The precise angle of inclined tion A of the orifice 10 and its orientation with respect to the inlet orifice 7 will vary according to the exact construction of the holder and is determined by simple experiment. In use, the chamber 1 is mounted on an internal combustion engine so that the cowl 9 communicates with the carburettor of the engine. The fact that the cowl 9 is off-set from the centre of the supporting wall 3 facilitates accommodation of the assembly adjacent bulky engine components, and the inclination of the orifice 10 reduces the level of noise which would otherwise be generated in the chamber 1. Although we do not wish to be limited by any theoretical explanation of the operation of the expansion chamber we believe that the inclination of the orifice 10 reduces the possibility of reverberation in the chamber 1. Figure 3 illustrates a chamber of similar shape and size to that of Figures 1 and 2 but in which the outlet orifice lies in the plane of the supporting wall 2. We believe that, in the chamber of Figure 3, sound waves emitted from the orifice, indicated by broken lines 14, meet opposite sides of the annular wall 3 at different times, and interfere with the sound waves reflected from the walls 3 indicated by the broken lines 15. At certain frequencies, this interference will be additive, thus causing the chamber to generate a loud note. By contrast, in the chamber of the present invention, the sound waves generated at the orifice 10 (see Figure 2) all meet the wall 3 substantially simultaneously. Reflected waves from the walls do not therefore interfere additively with the original waves. In this respect, the wave forms within the chamber are similar to those of conventional expansion chambers in which the outlet is located centrally in the supporting wall. The levels of noise generated by such chambers are usually completely acceptable. The audible characteristics of a number of chambers are illustrated in Figure 5. Curve 1 was obtained using a conventional air filter assembly having a chamber of similar shape to that of Figure 1, except that the outlet orifice was located centrally in the supporting wall. The chamber was connected to a loudspeaker system c apable of emitting signals in the frequency range 30-1000 Hz, and the sound emitted from the chamber was detected and its frequency analysed using conventional sound analysis equipment. Figure 5 illustrates the variation in intensity of the sound emitted by the chamber over the frequency range 400 to 900 Hz, which is the range in which greatest variation in intensities is observed with the chambers tested. The intensity is recorded on the ordinate in decibels, and the frequency is recorded on the abscissa in Hertz. As can be seen from Figure 5, the frequency curve exhibits there maxima in the region of 450 650 and 850 Hz. The noise emitted by the chamber when fitted to a vehicle was acceptable. The audible characteristics of a number of chambers are illustrated in Figure 5. Curve 1 was obtained using a conventional air filter assembly having a chamber of similar shape to that of Figure 1, except that the outlet orifice was located eentrally in the supporting wall. The chamber was connected to a loudspeaker system capable of emitting signals in the frequency range 30 - 1000 Hz, and the sound emitted from the chamber was detected and its frequency analysed using conventional sound analysis equipment. Figure 5 illustrates the variation in intensity of the sound emitted by the chamber over the frequency range 400 to 900 Hz, which is the range in which greatest variation in intensities is observed with the chambers tested. he intensity is recorded on the ordinate in decibels, and the frequency is recorded on the abscissa in Hertz. As can be seen from Figure 5, the frequency curve exhibits three maxima in the region of 450, 650 and 850 Hz. The noise emitted by the chamber when fitted to a vehicle was acceptable. Curve 2 was obtained using a chamber similar to that illustrated in Figure 3. The noise level emitted by the chamber was generally much higher than that of the first chamber. The curve also exhibits three maxima at approximately the same frequencies as curve 1. However the level of sound emitted at frequencies above 650 Hz is much higher, indicating the general increase in noise which produced unacceptable noise levels when fitted to a vehicle. Curve 3 was obtained using a chamber similar to that of Figure 1, except that the cowl 9 is curved through 900 (i.e. the angle A is equal to iO ). The noise emitted by the chamber was less than that emitted by the second chamber and would have been acceptable for commercial use. The level was however greater than that emitted by the first chamber. The curve also exhibits the three maxima at about 430, 650 and 850 Hz. In contrast to curve 2 however, the sound levels at frequencies between 650 and 850 Hz are greatly reduced. Curve 4 was obtained using a chamber similar to that of Figure 1 in hhich the angle A of the cowl was 200. The noise emitted by this chamber was less than that of either the second or third chamber. Thus, the audible frequency distribution curve exhibits the same three maxima as curves 1 to 3, but the maximum at about 850 Hz is no greater than that for curve 1, and the levels for frequencies in the range 750 to 800 Hz are uubstantially less than those of curves 2 and 3. Figure 4 illustrates an alternative construction for the cowl of a chamber in accordance with the invention. The orifice of the cowl 9 is in the form of an outwardly flared lip 19 which smooths the passage of air through the cowl and thereby reduces the restriction on the air flow which is produced by sharp-edged orifices. Both embodiments of the invention may be manufactured cheaply and easily as plastics mouldings or, alternatively, as metal pressings. Although the embodiments of the invention described above are expansion chambers for air filter assemblies of internal combustion engines; the invention is equally applicable to expansion chambers of engine exhaust systems.";CLAIMS 1. An expansion chamber for an air filter assembly or an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine comprising an air inlet to the chamber, and an air outlet in one wall of the chamber, the air outlet being positoned asymmetrically with respect to surrounding walls of the chamber and including a cowl defining an outlet orifice which is inclined to the plane of the said one wall. 2. A chamber according to claim 1 wherein a removable filter element may be positioned on the said one wall around the outlet, and a wall opposite the said one wall includes a removable closure allowing access to the expansion chamber for installation and replacement of filter elements. 3. A chamber according to claim 2 wherein the outlet orifice is so inclined that its plane intersects the wall opposite the said one wall. 4. A chamber according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the outlet orifice is oriented to face across the largest dimension of the said one wall. 5. A chamber according to any one of claims 1 to 4 wherein the outlet orifice is inclined at an angle of from 15 to 600 to the plane of the said one wall. 6. A chamber according to any one of claims 1 to 5 wherein the outlet orifice is defined by an outwardly flared lip of the cowl. 7. A chamber for an air filter assembly of an internal combustion engine susbtantially as described with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings, or with reference to Figures 1 and 2 of the drawings as modified by Figure 4. 8. An air filter assembly for an internal combustion engine comprising an expansion chamber according to any one of claims 1 to 7 and an air filter.;CLIFTON, COLIN RALPH;FORD FRANCE SOCIETE ANONYME, FORD MOTOR COMPANY LIMITED, FORD-WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT;1978
+EP-0012144-B1;19820203.0;19781206;EP;B1;FR;20100220.0;new;8186046.0;B67D5;;B67D7;B67D   5/01C;APPARATUS FOR FILLING CISTERNS;1. A tank-filling equipment including a framework (2) overhanging a track for circulation (11) of the tanks (1) one after another, and a carriage (4) for support of a pipe (3) capable of entering an orifice (12) in the tank (1) by vertical displacement along its axis (30), the said supporting carriage (4) being movable along the framework (2) with respect to the track for circulation (11) along a longitudinal direction and a transverse direction for positioning of the pipe (3) above the orifice (12) in the tank (1) which is to be filled, the pipe (3) being mounted to be able to rotate about at least one journal (6) having its axis (60) substantially parallel with the longitudinal direction of movement, characterized by the fact that the carriage (4) is equipped with a means (7) of control of rotation of the pipe (3) about the said axis (60) of the journals (6) to determine an inclination of the said pipe (3) with respect to the vertical, simultaneously with and proportional to the transverse positioning motion of the carriage (4), for the alignment of the longitudinal axis of the pipe (3) with the axis of the orifice (12).;Installation de remplissage de citerne L'invention a pour objet une installation de remplissage de citernes places sur des wagons ferroviaires ou des véhicules routiers, utilisable notamment dans les raffineries d'hydrocarbures. Les installations de remplissage automatique de citerres utilisées dans les raffineries comportent normalement une charpente surplombant une voie de circulation des citernes l'une derrière l'autre et sur laquelle est montée une conduite, généralement télescopique, susceptible de péne- trer par déplacement vertical le long de son axe, dans un orifice de la citerne place au-dessous d'elle. Comme il n'est pas facile de positionner avec précision la citerne sous l'installation, la conduite de remplissage est souvent montée sur un chariot déplac,able sur la charpente selon la direction longitudinale de la voie de circulation de fanon à positionner la conduite au-dessus de l'orifice. Cette possibilité de positionnement longitudinal peut être insuffisante car il arrive que l'orifice ne soit pas exactement dans l'axe de la citerne. En effet, à la longue celle-ci peut se trouver désaxée par suite de défauts de fixation sur le châssis ou d'affaissement de la suspension par exemple. Pour éviter cet inconvénient, on surveille la tenue des citernes et on élimine celles dont le désaxement dépasse une certaine limite pour les faire réparer. Bien entendu, cette operation est coûteuse et il est intéressant d'augmenter le seuil de tolérance de désaxement pour utiliser les citernes plus longtemps avant réparation. On a déjà proposé, pour remédier au désaxement des orifices, de donner au chariot de support de la conduite une possibilité de déplacement non seulement longitudinal mais également transversal. Il est ainsi possible d'amener la conduite exactement au-dessus du centre de l'orifice. Cependant, on a constaté que le désaxement de la citerne se traduisait le plus souvent par une inclinaison de celle-ci de telle sorte que de de l'orifice n'est plus vertical, C'est pourquoi il peut ne pas être suffisant de déplacer transversalement la conduite pour l'amener au-dessus de l'orifice. En effet, du fait de l'inclinaison de l'axe par rapport à sa verticale, la section horizontale de ltorifice est-diminuée dans le sens transversal, d'autant plus que le dôme d'entrée du wagon comporte une paroi latérale d'une hauteur non négligeable. De ce fait, s'il n'existe pas un jeu important entre la conduite et les parois latérales de l'orif i- ce, la conduite ne peut pénétrer dans l'orifice morne si elle a été déportée transversalement. On est donc amené à diminuer encore la tolérance sur le désaxement des orifices et, lorsque ctest en descendant la conduite dans l'orifice que l'on s'aperçoit qu'elle ne peut y pénétrer, on est obligé de détacher le wagon pour le retirer de la rame, ce qui impose évidement une gêne considérable et une perte de temps onéreuse. L'invention a pour objet des perfectionnements permettant de remédier à ces inconvénients. Conformément à l'invention, la conduite est montée rotative, par l'in- termédiaire de tourillons, sur le chariot de support autour d'un axe sensiblement parallèle à la direction longitudinale de déplacement et le chariot de support est muni d'un moyen de commande d'une rotation de la conduite autour desdits tourillons déterminant une inclinaison de ladite conduite par rapport à la verticale simultanée et proportionnelle au déplacement transversal de positionnement du chariot pour l'alignement de l'axe longitudinal de la conduite avec l'axe de l'orifice. Dans un mode de réalisation préférentiel de l'invention, le moyen de commande de l'inclinaison de la conduite comprend un levier calé sur l'un des tourillons, parallèle à l'axe longitudinal de la conduite et dont l'ex- trémité se trouve au contact d'une came ménagée sur la charpente parallèlement à la direction transversale de déplacement du chariot, ladite came se composant, de part et d'autre d'une position centrale pour laquelle la conduite et le levier sont verticaux, de deux rampes d'appui de l'extrémi- té du levier déterminant l'inclinaison du levier et de la conduite lorsque le chariot s'écarte transversalement de ladite position centrale. L'invention va maintenant être décrite, en se référant à un mode de réalisation particulier, donné à titre exemple et représenté sur les dessins annexés. La figure 1 est une vue schématique en perspective d'une installation de remplissage selon l'invention. La figure 2 est une vue schématique, en élévation de l'invention, en coupe transversale par rapport à l'axe de la voie. La figure 3 est une vue partielle en coupe longitudinale, selon 111-111, figure 2. La figure 4 est une vue d'une conduite en position inclinée dans un mode de réalisation plus perfectionné. La figure 5 est une vue de détail du levier d'inclinaison dans le mode de réalisation perfectionné de la figure 4. Sur la figure 1, on a représenté schématiquement et en perspective une installation de chargement de citerne 1 susceptibles de circuler l'une derrière l'autre sur une voie de circulation 11. L'installation est montée sur une charpente 2 composée par exemple de-portiques 20 surplombant la voie de circulation Il et reliée par des poutres longitudinales 21 le long desquelles peut se déplacer la conduite de remplissage 3. Comme on l'a indiqué plus haut, celle-ci peut se déplacer par rapport à la charpente dans la direction longitudinale de la voie 11 et dans la direction transversale de façon à pouvoir être positionnée avec précision, par un opérateur, au-dessus de l'orifice de chargement 12 de la citerne 1. A cet effet, la conduite 3 est portée par un chariot 4 qui peut se déplacer le long d'une poutre transversale 5 supportée elle-même à ses extrémités par des sommiers 50 déplaçables longitudinalement le long de chemins de roulement ménagés sur les poutres 21. Le déplacement du chariot 4 sur la poutre 5 et de cette dernière sur les poutres 21 s'effectue au moyen d'organes de support à galets 40 tout à fait classiques qui n'ont pas été représentés en détail. Selon la caractéristique essentielle de l'invention, la conduite 3 est montée pivotante sur le chariot 4 autour de tourillons 6.- qui déterminent un axe de pivotement 60 parallèle à l'axe longitudinal de la voie 11. Les tourillons 6 s'appuient eux-m'emes, par l'intermédiaire de paliers, sur des chaises de support 41 ménagées sur le chariot 4. La canduite 3 peut être de tout type connu permettant de la faire descendre à l'intérieur de la citerne 1 par coulissement le long de son axe 30. D'autre part, elle doit-évidemment être reliée à une canalisation 31 d'alimentation en fluide de remplissage de la citerne. Cependant, dans l'invention, il est avantageux d'utiliser un type de conduite connu se composant d'un ou plusieurs tubes montés coulissants de façon télescopique à l'intérieur d'un tube fixe par l'intermédiaire duquel l'ensemble est supporté par le chariot. C'est pourquoi, sur la figure 1, on a représenté le tube fixe 3 sur lequel sont fixés les tourillons de support 6 et le tube mobile 32 susceptible d'entre descendu verticalement par tout moyen tel qu'un treuil ou un verin et qui peut d'ailleurs être constitué de plusieurs éléments télescopiques. Comme l'installation est déplaçable, la canalisation 31 d'alimenta tion en fluide doit pouvoir suivre les déplacements de la conduite. Ceci peut être obtenu par des moyens classiques. Cependant, selon l'invention, il est particulièrement avantageux que l'un des tourillons soit creux et constitue une tubulure d'entrée du fluide à l'intérieur de la conduite 3, cette tubulure étant reliée à la canalisation 31 d'alimentation en fluide de la conduite par un joint tournant 33 qui constitue le palier de rotation du tourillon. L'ensemble est représenté plus en détails sur les figures 2 et 3. Sur la figure 2, on a représenté schématiquement la citerne 1 montée sur un châssis 10 roulant sur la voie 11. Comme on l'a indiqué, il est possible que, à la longue, l'orifice supérieur 12 de la citerne soit désaxé. Ceci provient généralement d'un affaissement de la suspension du châssis 10 ou d'un déplacement de la citerne sur son châssis et, en pratique, on peut assimiler ce déplacement à une rotation d'un angle A autour d'un centre que l'on peut situer approximativementà la hauteur de l'axe de l'essieu 13 du wagon-citerne. Selon l'invention, on commande une rotation de la conduite autour de l'axe des tourillons 60 pour lui donner une inclinaison proportionnelle à son déplacement transversal de telle sorte que l'axe 30 de la conduite s'incline suivant la direction 300 passant par le centre 0 de désaxement de la citerne et coïncide ainsi avec l'axe de ltorifice 12, ce qui garantit la bonne pénétration de la conduite dans la citerne. De préférence, les tourillons 6 seront placés de telle sorte que la conduite soit équilibrée par rapport à l'axe 60 des tourillons si bien quTil suffit d'un effort assez peu important pour commander l'inclinaison de la conduite et la maintenir dans cette position. Cet équilibrage n'est pas très difficile à obtenir étant donné que la partie supérieure du tube 3 supporte souvent une installation de commande de la descente de la conduite telle qu'un vérin qui est assez lourde et qui peut équilibrer le poids des conduites télescopiques 32 si la position de l'appui 60 est bien choisie. Dans le mode de réalisation représenté sur les figures, l'inclinai- son de la conduite est commandée par un levier 7 qui est calé sur l'un des tourillons 61 de la conduite et qui s'étend vers le bas parallèlement à l'axe 30. L'extrémité du levier 7 est au contact d'une came 70 fixée sur la poutre transversale 5 et qui se compose de deux rampes s'étendant parallèlement à la direction transversale de déplacement de part et d'autre de la position centrale pour laquelle la conduite est verticale. De préférence, un galet 71 est placé à l'extrémité du levier 7 pour rouler sur les rampes 70. L'inclinaison de celles-ci peut être calculée assez facilement de façon que, comme on l'a représenté sur la figure, l'axe 30 parallèle au levier 7 passe par le point 0 lorsque l'axe 60 des tourillons est déplacé de part et d'autre de la position centrale. Sur la figure 3, on a représenté la poutre transversale 5 et le chariot 4 muni des deux chaises 41 de support des tourillons. L'un des tourillons, 61, s'appuie sur la chaise 41 correspondante par l'intermédiaire d'un palier 62. En revanche, l'autre tourillon 63, est un cylindre creux qui constitue une tubulure d'arrivée du fluide à l'intérieur de la conduite 3 raccordéeà la canalisation 31 par un joint tournant 33 qui constitue le palier d'appui sur la chaise correspondante 41. Bien entendu, c'est par une étude statistique des désaxements transversaux des citernes que l'on pourra déterminer la position du pointO. Stil s'avèrait que, selon le désaxement, l'axe de l'orifice 12 ne passe pas par un pointunique, il serait possible, par une étude statistique, de déterminer l'inclinaison A de l'axe de l'orifice en fonction de l'importance du décalage transversal et de donner empiriquement à la came 70 la forme voulue pour que le déplacement transversal du chariot détermine au moyen du levier, l'inclinaison recherchée de la conduite. Bien entendu, d'autres moyens équivalents pourraient être utilisés pour incliner la conduite en fonction de son déplacement transversal. C'est ainsi que l'inclinaison de la conduite pourrait être commandée par un vérin rotatif, en pratique un simple moteur hydraulique, asservi au déplacement transversal de l'axe des tourillons suivant une loi choisie de façon que le déplacement transversal mesuré détermine l'inclinaison voulue. Cependant, malgré les précautions prises, il est possible que l'on ne donne pas immédiatement à la conduite l'inclinaison voulue pour qutelle pénètre sans difficulté dans l'orifice. Ce peut être d'ailleurs le cas si l'opérateur qui commande le positionnement de la conduite ntapprécie pas suffisamment bien le déplacement transversal qutil doit donner au chariot. C'est pourquoi, dans un mode de réalisation plus perfectionné, l'instal¯ lation comprend un dispositif de compensation automatique des erreurs dtin- clinaison qui permet, après un premier essai où on a constaté que l'extré- mité de la conduite ne pénétrait pas directement dans l'orifice, de détecter l'effort latéral provoqué par l'appui de l'extrémité de la conduite sur le bord de l'orifice et par un système d'asservissement, de transformer cet effort d'appui en un déplacement transversal supplémentaire du chariot modifiant l'inclinaison de la conduite jusqu'à suppression de l'ef- fort d'appui de celle-ci sur le bord de l'orifice. Un tel dispositif est représenté schématiquementsur les figures 4 et 5. On suppose que l'opérateur, ayant tout d'abord voulu descendre la conduite verticalement, a constaté quelle ne pénétrait pas dans l'orifi- ce et a commandé un déplacement transversal du chariot déterminant une inclinaison de la conduite de façon à l'amener dans l'axe de l'orifice. La conduite se trouve alors dans la position inclinée représentée sur la figure 4, son axe étant dirigé suivant la direction 300 et on constate que son extrémité heurte le bord de l'orifice 12. Généralement la conduite est munie à son extrémité d'une crépine de diffusion du fluide 34 qui peut avoir la forme d'une pointe de telle sorte que l'appui de la crépine sur le bord de l'orifice 12 se traduit par un effort latéral F sur l'ex- trémité de la conduite. Cet effort a tendance à faire tourner la conduite autour des tourillons d'un angle B, son axe prenant la direction 301. Etant donné que le levier 7 est bloqué, cette rotation de l'axe ne peut se produire que s'il existe une possibilité de glissement angulaire entre la conduite et le levier. Cette possibilité est donnée par un mode de montage plus perfectionné du levier 7 sur le tourillon 61 (représenté sur la figure 5). En effet, le levier 7 est relié au tourillon 61 par une liaison élastique constituée par exemple d'un anneau de caoutchouc 71 dont la face interne est fixée sur le tourillon 61 et dont la face externe est fixée sur la paroi d'un alésage ménagé sur le levier pour le passage du tourillon 61. D'autre part, le levier est centré sur le tourillon de telle sorte que l'anneau 71 peut autoriser un léger glissement angulaire du levier par rapport à la conduite sans désaxement du levier. Toutefois, les caractéristiques de l'anneau 71 sont prévues de façon que ce glissement angulaire ne se produise qu'à partir d'un certain seuil du couple appliqué par le levier sur le tourillon qui est supérieur au couple nécessaire pour incliner la conduite. On a vue que la conduite pouvait être tien équilibrée autour de son axe de tourillon de façon que l'effort d'inclinaison soit assez faible. Il est donc possible d'utiliser un joint élastique qui permette au levier de commander la rotation de la conduite sans glissement angulaire lorsque la conduite est libre. En revanche, si l'extrémité de la conduite prend appui sur l'orifice 12, l'effort latéral qui intervient permet, compte tenu du bras de levier égal à la distance entre l'orifice et l'axe des tourillons, de déformer la liaison élastique 71. Ce glissement anglaire peut être mesuré par un capteur comportant un corps 72 placé dans un alésage axial du tourillon 61 et calé par rapport à celui-ci et dont le dispositif de mesure est entraîné par un axe 73 rendu solidaire en rotation du levier 7 par une pièce de liaison 74. Ainsi, lorsque l'appui de la crépine 33 sur le bord de l'orifice 12 produit un effort latéral qui commande le glissement angulaire de la conduite, l'angle de rotation B de l'axe de la conduite par rapport à l'axe du levier 7 est mesuré par le capteur 72 qui peut émettre un signal correspondant en grandeur et en signe à la valeur et au sens de l'angle B. Ce signal est interprété par un système de régulation 43 d'un type clas sique qui, par des moyens électroniques ou hydrauliques peut déclencher automatiquement le moteur 44 de commande du déplacement du chariot 4 pour commander le déplacement du chariot et par conséquent de l'axe des tourillons dans le sens de l'effort appliqué sur la conduite de façon à annuler cet effort. Ainsi, tant qu'un effort F s'exerce sur l'extrémité 33 de la conduite, le mouvement du chariot 4 déplace l'axe des tourillons dans le sens de cet effort jusqu'à ce que la crépine ne stappuie plus sur l'ori- fice 12. Ce déplacement de l'axe des tourillons de la position 600 à la position 602 provoque une inclinaison supplémentaire de la conduite de la direction 300 à la direction 302 pour laquelle la pénétration peut se faire sans appui sur l'orifice 12. La commande du déplacement du chariot peut se faire de toute manière connue, par des moyens électroniques ou hydrauliques. Elle peut s'effectuer soit en mode pas à pas, les déplacements étant alors réalisés par unités successives, soit, en mode proportionnel correspondant à la valeur de l'angle d'écart B. Il est en effet possible d'établir une loi empirique de correlation entre l'angle B dontest écarté l'axe 300 de la conduite inclinée par l'appui sur l'orifice 12 et l'angle C entre l'axe 300 et sa direction théorique 302 en fonction des caractéristiques de la conduite et notamment de la liaison élastique entre le levier et le tourillon. Bien entendu, l'invention ne se limite pas aux détails du mode de réalisation qui vient d'être décrit, Elle en englobe au contraire toutes les variantes et notamment celles qui n'en diffèreraient que par l'emploi de moyens équivalents.;Revendications 1.- Installation de remplissage de citernes comportant une charpente surplombant une voie de circulation des citernes l'une après l'autre et un chariot de support d'une conduite susceptible de pénétrer dans un orifice de la citerne par déplacement vertical le long de son axe, ledit chariot de support étant déplaçable sur la charpente par rapport à la voie de circulation selon une direction longitudinale et une direction transversale pour le positionnement de la conduite au-dessus de ltorifice de la citerne à remplir, la conduite étant montée rotative autour d'au moins un tourillon d'axe sensiblement parallèle à la direction longitudinale de déplacement, caractérisée par le fait que le chariot est muni d'un moyen 7 de commande d'une rotation de la conduite 3 autour dudit axe 60 des tourillons 6 déterminant une inclinaison de ladite conduite 3 par rapport à la verticale, simultanée et proportionnelle au déplacement transversal de positionnemeat du chariot 4, pour l'alignement de l'axe longitudinal de la conduite 3 avec l'axe de ltorifice 12. 2.- Installation de remplissage selon la revendication I, caractérisée par le fait que le moyen de commande de l'inclinaison de la conduite comprend un levier 7 calé sur l'un des tourillons 61, parallèle à l'axe longitudinal de la conduite et dont ltextrémité se trouve au contact d'une came 70 ménagée sur la charpente 5 parallèlement à la direction transversale de déplacement du chariot 4, ladite came se composant, de part et d'autre d'une position centrale pour laquelle la conduite 3 et le levier 7 sont verticaux, de deux rampes 70 d'appui de l'extrémité du levier 7 déterminant l'inclinaison du levier 7 et de la conduite 3 lorsque le chariot 4 s'écarte transversalement de ladite position centrale. 3.- Installation de remplissage selon l'une des revendications 1 et 2, caractérisée par le fait que l'un des tourillons 63 est creux et constitue une tubulure latérale d'entrée de fluide à l'intérieur de la conduite, ladite tubulure étant reliée à un circuit d'alimentation en fluide de la conduite par un joint tournant 33, constitué de façon à former le palier dudit tourillon creux 63. 4.- Installation de remplissage selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisée par le fait qu'elle comprend un dispositif de compensation automatique des erreurs d'inclinaison constitué d'un moyen de détection 72,73 d'un effort latéral d'appui de l'extrémité de la conduite 3 sur le bord de l'orifice 12 et d'un moyen 44 de commande d'un déplacement transversal du chariot dans le sens de effort appliqué sur la conduite jusqu'à suppression dudit effort latéral, ledit moyen de commande 44 étant asservi audit moyen de détection 72, 73. 5.- Installation de remplissage selon les revendications 2 et 4, caractérisée par le fait que le moyen de détection de l'effort latéral comprend un moyen de liaison élastique 71 entre le levier et le tourillon 61 de la conduite 3 susceptible de permettre une rotation du levier 7 par rapport au tourillon 61 à partir d'un seuil du couple de rotation appliqué sur le tourillon 61 et un moyen de mesure 72, 73 du décalage angulaire entre la conduite 3 et le levier 7 sous l'action dudit effort latéral. 6.- Installation de remplissage selon la revendication 1, caractérisée par le fait que le moyen de liaison élastique est un anneau de caoutchouc 71 enfilé sur le tourillon 61, dont la face interne est solidaire du tourillon 61 et dont la face externe est solidaire du levier 7. 7.- Installation de remplissage selon la revendication 3, caractérisée par le fait que le moyen de commande du déplacement transversal est asservi au moyen de détection de effort latéral par l'intermédiaire d'un système de régulation 43 qui reçoit une information représentative du décalage angulaire. mesuré et transmet au moyen de commande 44 un ordre de déplacement dans le sens de l'annulation du décalage angulaire.;BOSSER, STEPHANE, HEITZ, PIERRE, Bosser, Stéphane;COMPAGNIE D'ETUDES ET DE REALISATION DE CYBERNETIQUE INDUSTRIELLE;1978
+EP-0012145-B1;19821222.0;19781218;EP;B1;FR;20100220.0;new;8186047.0;B60P1;;B60P1;B60P   1/64C5;DEVICE WITH ARTICULATED ARMS FOR MANOEUVRING A TRUCK CONTAINER;"1. Manoeuvring device articulated on a truck chassis (1) to enable the operation of manoeuvring a container, comprising a lower arm (2) hinged at its rear end on the rear end of the truck, a lifting arm (3) hinged at its rear end on the forward section of the lower arm, a hooking arm (11) provided with a prehension hook (12) at a free end and hinged at its lower end on the lifting arm so as to forme an angle profile with a variable vertex with this lifting arm, locking means (4, 5, 6) adapted to enable the locking as a single unit of lower arm (2) and lifting arm (3) in approximate alignment or the unlocking of these two arms so as to allow the lifting arm to pivot with respect to the lower arm, and at least one driving jack (14, 15) hinged on the forward section of the chassis, the said manoeuvring device comprising at least one rod (7) hinged, on the one hand, at its forward end on the rear end of the hooking arm (11) at a vertically offset point (13) with respect to the hinge (10) of the lifting arm on the said hooking arm, on the other hand, at its rear end on the lower arm (2) at a vertically offset point (8) with respect to the hinge of the lifting arm on the said lower arm, the hinges (9, 10; 8, 13) of the lifting arm (3) and the rod (7) respectively on the hooking arm (11) and the lower arm (2) presenting mutually inverted positions in the rest position of the manoeuvring device, so that, in this configuration, the lifting arm (3) and the rod (7) are crossing, the driving jack (s) (14, 15) being located to operate on an intermediate area (17) of the lifting arm (3) so that its (or their) operation provokes, after unlocking of the locking means (4, 5, 6) a pivoting of the lifting arm with respect to the lower arm, with at first a decrease of the angle (alpha) formed between lifting arm and hooking arm and then an increase of the said angle starting from the position where the lifting arm and the rod are uncrossing.";"DISPOSITIF A BRAS ARTICULES POUR LA MANOEUVRE DUNE BENNE DE CAMION L'invention concerne un dispositif de manoeuvre articulé sur un châssis de camion pour permettre de manoeuvrer une benne. Les dispositifs à bras articulés équipant les camions pour manoeuvrer une benne, visent à mouvoir celleci, d'une part, pour la mettre en place sur le camion à partir du sol, d'autre part, pour la déposer sur le sol à partir du camion, enfin, lorsque la benne est pleine, pour la soulever et l'incliner fortement afin de décharger son contenu. Cette dernière opération dénommée ""bennage implique une forte inclinaison de la benne pour la vider complètement, tandis que, au contraire, les opérations de mise en place ou de dépose exigent une faible inclinaison pour éviter de déverser une partie du contenu de la benne. Pour résoudre cette difficulté on a proposé d'utiliser deux bras articulés l'un sur l'autre pour former un profil angulaire d'angle au sommet variable. Une solution consiste à mouvoir un des bras au moyen d'un vérin et à accrocher la benne à l'extrémité de l'autre bras, lequel, à partir d'un certain soulèvement, peut pivoter librement de façon à pendre et à rabaisser le point d'accrochage de la benne ; en général un système de butée est prévu pour asservir la position de ce bras lorsque la benne parvient à la fin du mouvement de mise en place sur le camion. Cette solution est par exemple proposée dans le certificat d'addition français n"" 75.19135 publié sous le n"" 2.294.064. Toutefois cette solution présente un inconvénient grave : le bras où est accrochée la benne étant libre sur une grande partie de sa course, le dispositif manque de stabilité et la benne est soumise durant les manoeuvres, à des mouvements de balancement permanents extrêmement génants ; ces mouvements suscitent des déplacements de la charge à l'intérieur de la benne, qui accentuent encore ce balancement. Une autre solution proposée dans le brevet français n"" 72.43909 publié sous le nO 2.169.810 consiste à asservir le bras où se trouve accrochée la benne, de sorte que celui-ci possède deux mouvements successifs : dans une première phase, ce bras pivote vers l'arrière et fait un angle décroissant avec l'autre bras qui demeure fixe, le point d'accrochage subissant un recul vers l'arrière ; dans une seconde phase, le bras se bloque par rapport à l'autre (avec un angle faible par rapport à celui-ci) dans la position atteinte en fin de première phase et l'ensemble ainsi indéformable pivote vers l'arrière jusqu'en fin de mouvement. Le point d'accrochage de la benne décrit donc d'abord un mouvement de recul à peu près horizontal, puis un mouvement circulaire dont le point haut se trouve rabaissé par rapport à ce qu'il serait avec un bras d'accrochage constamment solidaire de l'autre bras. Toutefois cette solution présente des inconvénients. D'une part sa cinématique à deux phases successives conduit à des dispositifs complexes comprenant un grand nombre de pièces parfois compliquées et à des réglages et mises au point délicats. En outre, une telle solution ne peut s'appliquer qu'à des bennes spéciales qui comportent des logements d'accrochage sous leur fond ; ce dernier inconvénient est grave en pratique car il existe de nombreuses marques de bennes et l'universalité d'un dispositif de manoeuvre est un avantage très recherché. La présente invention vise un dispositif de manoeuvre du type comprenant deux bras articulés l'un sur l'autre, dits bras de levage et bras d'accrochage, agencés pour former un profil angulaire d'angle au sommet variable. Elle se propose de fournir une solution nouvelle, éliminant notamment les défauts ci-dessus évoqués des solutions connues. Un objectif de l'invention est en particulier de fournir un dispositif de manoeuvre, de structure très simplifiée, permettant une inclinaison importante de la benne lors des manoeuvres de bennage, et autorisant la mise en place ou la dépose de celle-ci avec de très faibles inclinaisons. Un autre objectif est de fournir un dispositif stable non soumis à des mouvements de balancement. Un autre objectif est de fournir un dispositif universel pouvant être utilisé pour toutes les bennes courantes sans adaptation particulière. Pour faciliter la compréhension de la description qui suit, les organes du dispositif sont décrits, sauf indication contraire, en supposant le dispositif à l'état de repos, c'est-à-dire en place sur le camion, la benne étant dans la position de transport ; de plus, on désignera par ""avant"" la portion des organes située vers l'avant du camion (toujours en supposant le dispositif à l'état de repos) et par !arrière"" la portion située vers l'arrière. Le dispositif visé par l'invention comprend: un bras inférieur articulé par son extrémité arrière à l'ar rière du camion, un bras de levage articulé par son extrémité arrière vers l'avant du bras inférieur, un bras d'accrochage pourvu à une extrémité libre d'un crochet de préhension et articulé en partie basse sur le bras de levage de façon à former avec ce bras de levage un profil angulaire d'angle au sommet variable, des moyens de verrouillage adaptés pour permettre soit de solidariser d'un bloc le bras inférieur et le bras de levage approximativement dans l'alignement l'un de l'autre, soit de libérer ces deux bras pour autoriser un pivotement du bras de levage par rapport au bras inférieur, et au moins un vérin d'entrainement articulé à l'avant du châssis ; conformément à la présente invention, le dispositifcomprend au moins une bielle articulée, d'une part, par son extrémité avant en partie basse du bras d'accrochage en un point décalé verticalement par rapport à l'articulation du bras de levage sur ledit bras d'accrochage, d'autre part, par son extrémité arrière, sur le bras inférieur en un point décalé verticalement par rapport à l'articulation du bras de levage sur ledit bras inférieur, les articulations des bras de levage et bielle respectivement sur les bras d'accrochage et bras inférieur ayant,pour l'état de repos du dispositif de manoeuvre,des positions inversées l'une par rapport à l'autre de sorte que, dans cet état, les bras de levage et bielle se croisent, le vérin ou les vérins d'entraînement étant agencés pour agir sur une zone intermédiaire du bras de levage de sorte que son ou leur action provoque, lorsque les moyens de verrouillage sont débloqués, un pivotement du bras de levage par rapport au bras inférieur, s'accompagnant, d'abord, d'une décroissance de l'angle entre bras de levage et bras d'accrochage, puis, à partir de la position où le bras de levage et la bielle se décroisent, une croissance dudit angle. Le ou les vérins peuvent agir directement sur le bras de levage et être attelés en un point intermédiaire de celui-ci ; le cas échéant ils peuvent agir indirectement par tout système de transmission approprié, attelé sur ledit bras de levage. Ainsi, comme on le comprendra mieux plus loin, la cinématique nouvelle du dispositif de l'invention engendre un mouvement continu du crochet de préhension suivant une trajectoire de type elliptique très aplatie, d'abord grâce à une diminution de l'angle entre le bras d'accrochage et le bras de levage, qui permet d'abaisser considérablement le point haut du mouvement, puis grâce à une croissance de cet angle, qui permet au crochet de s'écarter suffisamment au delà de la partie arrière du camion pour saisir une benne sur le sol. Cette cinématique est obtenue au moyen d'un dispositif très simple puisque, dans sa version la plus simple, il comprend, outre les trois bras usuels, uniquement un vérin de puissance ou un jeu de vérins synchrones parallèles et une bielle ou un jeu de bielles parallèles, dont l'agencement original conditionne les mouvements ci-dessus évoqués c'est d'ailleurs un des mérites essentiels de l'invention que de pallier les inconvénients des solutions connues tout en parvenant à une simplification structurelle par rapport à celles-ci. Selon un mode de réalisation préféré, la bielle sus-évoquée est unique et disposée selon l'axe longitudinal du châssis, cependant que le bras de levage est formé par deux membrures situées symétriquement de part et d'autre de ladite bielle, deux vérins d'entraînement synchrones et parallèles étant prévus et attelés chacun à une membrure. D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention se dégageront de la description qui suit, en rérérence aux dessins annexés, lesquels sont donnés à titre d'exemple non limitatif ; sur ces dessins qui font partie intégrante de la description - la figure 1 est une vue simplifiée en élévation de profil d'un dispositif conforme à l'invention, - la figure 2 en est une vue de dessus, - la figure 3 en est une vue en perspective montrant le dispositif à moitié replié, - la figure 4 en est une vue de détail en perspective arrachée, - les figures 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 et 10 sont des vues schématiques illustrant le fonctionnement cinématique du dispositif. Le mode de réalisation illustré aux figures est monté sur un camion doté d'un châssis qui supporte un faux-châssis (on assimilera par la suite ce faux-châssis au châssis proprement dit, l'ensemble étant désigné par le terme châssis et visé par la référence 1). A l'arrière du châssis 1 est articulé en 18 un bras inférieur 2 qui repose sur ce châssis dans l'état de repos du dispositif ou pendant les manoeuvres de mise en place et de dépose de la benne. De façon classique ce bras inférieur est formé de membrures latérales 2a, entretoisées par des plaques 2b ; en outre il porte une chape d'articulation 2c qui le surmonte. Vers l'avant du bras inférieur 2 est articulé en 9 un bras de levage 3 formé par deux membrures 3a et 3b et pourvu de chape' d' articulation latérales3c. Notons que l'expression ""vers l'avant du bras inférieur"" ne doit pas être prise dans un sens strict, mais simplement comme indi quant que l'articulation du bras de levage est située dans la partie avant de ce bras inférieur. Ce dernier comporte en effet un prolongement avant qui porte des moyens de verrouillage constitués par un couple de crochets 4. Lorsque le bras inférieur 2 et le bras de levage 3 sont au repos sur le châssis, dans l'alignement l'un de l'autre, ces crochets 4 peuvent coopérer avec un axe d'accrochage 5 porté par le bras de levage, afin de solidariser d'un bloc ces deux bras. Un vérin 6 de faible puissance est prévu pour manoeuvrer les crochets 4; ce vérin est situé axialement entre les membrures latérales du bras inférieur, qui sont découvertes à son niveau. Notons qu'il serait possible d'inverser la position des crochets 4 et axe d'accrochage 5, les premiers étant portés par le bras de levage 3 et le second par le bras inférieur 2 ; toutefois la première solution est meilleure en pratique car elle permet de placer le vérin 6 dans le bras inférieur qui ne pivote que dans les manoeuvres de bennage. En outre, sur la chape 2c du bras inférieur est articulée une bielle axiale 7 par une articulation 8 décalée vers le haut-par rapport à celle 9 du bras de levage. A l'extrémité avant du bras de levage est articulé en 10 un bras d'accrochage Il pourvu à son extrémité supérieure d'un crochet de préhension classique 12. La bielle 7 est elle-même articulée sur ce bras d'accrochage Il en un point 13 décalé vers le bas par rapport au point d'articulation 10 du bras de levage 3 ; ainsi, au repos la bielle 7 et le bras de levage 3 se croisent puisque leurs articulations respectives sur le bras inférieur 2 et sur le bras d'accrochage 11 sont inversées. La longueur relative de la bielle 7 (par rapport à celle du bras de levage 3) est telle que, dans l'état de repos, le bras d'accrochage 11 soit à peu près vertical. Comme le montre la figure 1, les articulations 9, 8 et 10, 13 du bras de levage 3 et de la bielle 7, respectivement sur le bras inférieur 2 et sur le bras d'accrochage Il sont approximativement situées aux quatre sommets d'un trapèze isocèle, les deux articulations 9 et 10 du bras de levage étant sur une diagonale et les deux articulations 8 et 13 de la bielle sur l'autre diagonale. Cette disposition permet de réaliser un dispositif dans lequel la position où la bielle 7 et le bras de levage 3 se décroisent lorsque ce dernier pivote, correspond approximativement à è position haute du crochet du bras d'accrochage ; on comprendra mieux plus loin l'intérêt de cette dispositon. Par ailleurs, deux vérins de puissance 14 et 15 synchrones et constamment parallèles entre eux sont articulés, d'une part, en 16 à l'avant du châssis, d'autre part, en un point intermédiaire 17 du bras de levage 3. L'articulation 17 sur le bras de levage présente une position surélevée par rapport à l'articulation opposée 16 sur le châssis. On facilite ainsi l'amorçage du mouvement de pivotement aussi bien autour de l'articulation 18 au cours des manoeuvres de bennage, qu'autour de l'articulation 9 au cours des manoeuvres de mise en place ou de dépose de la benne. On conçoit la simplicité de structure du dispositif de manoeuvre décrit dont le fonctionnement cinématique va être expliqué en référence aux figures 5, 6, 7, 8 9 et 10. La figure 5 montre le dispositif à l'état de repos ; la benne symbolisée en 19 est enlace en position de transport. Les bras de levage 3 et bielle 7 se croisent ; le bras de levage 3 est porté par le châssis dans l'alignement du bras inférieur 2. Le bras d'accrochage forme avec le bras de levage un profil angulaire d'angle au sommet < égal à en- viron 9oxo. Les crochets 4 étant reployés (non accrochés à l'axe 5), l'action synchrone des vérins de puissance 14 et 15 amène le bras de levage 3 à pivoter autour de l'articulation 9 ; les mouvements combinés du bras de levage et de la bielle 7 croisée avec celui-ci engendrent un pivotement vers le bas et vers l'arrière du bras d'accrochage 11 avec une décroissance de l'angle X (fig. 6). Lorsque, dans la position représentée à la figure 7, les articulations 9, 8 et 10 parviennent dans l'alignement, l'angle o( passe par sa valeur minimum (d'environ 45"" en l'exemple) et le bras de levage 3 et la bielle 7 sont sur le point de se décroiser. Pour abaisser au maximum le point de passage haut du crochet de préhension 12, il est avantageux que l'apparition de la valeur minimum de l'angle i survienne sensiblement au point de passage haut du crochet 12 et c'est ce que permet l'agencement en trapèze isocèle déjà évoqué des articulations 9, 8, 10 et 13. On parvient ainsi à aplatir très fortement la trajectoire du crochet 12, et donc, à réduire notablement par rapport aux dispositifs connus, l'inclinaison de la benne en cours de pose ou de dépose. Un pivotement supplémentaire (fig. 8) engendre une action inverse sur le bras d'accrochage 11 qui s'écar te du bras de levage 3, l'angle < devenant croissant. En fin de pivotement (fig. 9) l'angle b( a repris une valeur de l'ordre de 90"" et le crochet de préhension 12 du bras d'accrochage peut ainsi passer derrière ltex- trémité arrière du camion avec un espace suffisant pour être accroché à une benne posée à terre et pour la soulever audessus dru châssis de camion, et ce, malgré le fait que l'articulation 9 soit située très en avant sur le châssis du camion. Notons que le mouvement du bras d'accrochage peut se poursuivre, le cas échéant, pour réaliser l'accrochage d'une benne située dans une fosse. On a représenté à la figure 9 la trajectoire C1 du crochet de préhension 12 ; celle-ci est considérablement aplatie par rapport à la trajectoire circulaire C2 obtenue avec un bras d'accrochage fixé à l'équerre par rapport au bras de levage. A titre indicatif on a également représenté la trajectoire C3 (mouvement de recul puis mouvement circulaire) d'un crochet manoeuvré par un dispositif du type de celui visé dans le préambule à la page 2. I1 est à noter que dans ce type de dispositif, pour atteindre la même position avant de transport, et la même position arrière d'accrochage d'une benne au sol, le point de rotation O du bras de levage doit être situé notablement plus à l'arrière que le point de rotation similaire 9 du dispositif de l'invention, le bras inférieur étant très court dans ce dispositif connu et le bras de levage étant au contraire beaucoup plus long. Par ailleurs, la figure montre une manoeu vre de bennage ; l'action du vérin 6 de faible puissance engendre l'accrochage des crochets 4 et la solidarisation des bras inférieur 2 et bras de levage 3. Les bras inférieur 2, bras de levage 3, bielle 7, bras d'accrochage 11 forment alors un ensemble indéformable et la benne peut être très fortement inclinée.";REVENDICATIONS 1/ - Dispositif de manoeuvre articulé sur un châssis de camion pour permettre de manoeuvrer une benne, comprenant un bras inférieur articulé par son extrémité arrière à l'arrière du camion, un bras de levage articulé par son extrémité arrière vers l'avant du bras inférieur, un bras d'accrochage pourvu à une extrémité libre d'un crochet de préhension et articulé en partie basse sur le bras de levage de façon à former avec ce bras de levage un profil angulaire d'angle au sommet variable, des moyens de verrouillage adaptés pour permettre soit de solidariser d'un bloc le bras inférieur et le bras de levage approximativement dans l'alignement l'un de l'autre, soit de libérer ces deux bras pour autoriser un pivotement du bras de levage par rapport au bras inférieur 'au moins un vérin d'entrainement articulé à l'avant du châssis, ledit dispositif de manoeuvre étant ca ractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins une bielle articulée d'une part, par son extrémité avant en partie basse du bras d'accrochage en un point décalé verticalement par rapport à l'articulation du bras de levage sur ledit bras d'accrochage, d'autre part, pr son extrémité arrière, sur le bras inférieur en un point décalé verticalement par rapport à l'articulation du bras de levage sur ledit bras inférieur, les articulations des bras de levage et bielle respectivement sur les bras d'accrochage et bras inférieur ayant, pour l'état de repos du dispositif de manoeuvre, des positions inversées l'une par rapport à l'autre, de sorte que, dans cet état, les bras de levage et bielle se croisent, le vérin ou les vérins d'entrainement étant agencés pour agir sur une zone intermédiaire du bras de levage de sorte que son ou leur action provoque, lorsque les moyens de verrouillage sont débloqués, un pivotement du bras de levage par rapport au bras inférieur, s'accompagnant, d'abord, d'une décroissance de l'angle entre bras de levage et bras d'accrochage, puis, à partir de la position où le bras de levage et la bielle se décroisent, une croissance dudit angle. 2/ - Dispositif de manoeuvre selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que, dans son état de repos, les articulations du bras de levage et de la bielle, respectivement, sur le bras inférieur et sur le bras d'accrochage sont approximativement situées aux quatre sommets d'un trapèze isocèle, les deux articulations du bras de levage étant sur une diagonale et les deux articulations de la bielle sur l'autre diagonale, la position où la bielle et le bras de levage se décroisent lorsque ce dernier pivote, correspondant approximativement à la position haute du crochet du bras d'accrochage. 3/ - Dispositif de manoeuvre seon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que, pour la position de repos du dispositif, l'articulation de la bielle sur le bras d'accrochage est décalée vers le bas par rapport à l'articulation du bras de levage sur ledit bras d'accrochage, cependant que, inversement, l'articulation de la bielle sur le bras inférieur est décalée vers le haut par rapport à l'articulation du bras de levage sur ledit bras inférieur. 4/ - Dispositif de manoeuvre selon l'une des revendications 1, 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que le vérin ou les vérins sont articulés sur le bras de levage par une articulation de position surélevée par rapport à la position de l'articulation opposée dudit vérin sur le châssis. 5/ - Dispositif de manoeuvre selon l'une des revendications 1, 2, 3 ou 4, caractérisé en ce que les moyens de verrouillage comprennent au moins un crochet articulé sur l'un des bras, bras inférieur ou bras de levage, et un axe d'accrochage solidaire de l'autre bras, bras de levage ou bras inférieur, ce crochet étant associé à un vérin de manoeuvre de faible puissance et agencé pour pouvoir coopérer avec l'axe d'accrochage lorsque les bras inférieur et bras de levage sont dans l'alignement. 6/ - Dispositif de manoeuvre selon l'une des revendications 1, 2, 3, 4 ou 5, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une bielle unique disposée selon l'axe longitudinal du châssis, deux membrures situées symétriquement de part et d'autre de ladite bielle et formant le bras de levage et deux vérins d'entrainement synchrones attelés chacun à une membrure.;GRUELLES, MAURICE;GRUELLES, MAURICE;1978
+EP-0012775-B1;19840516.0;19781220;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8185949.0;D21C3;A23K1, D21C1, C05F7, D21H3;A23K1, D21C3, C05F7, D21H17;D21C   3/22B, C05F   7/02, D21H  17/23, D21C   3/16, A23K   1/12;PROCESS FOR PULPING LIGNO-CELLULOSIC MATERIAL;"A process for making defibered pulp material compris­ ing the steps of treating fibrous ligno-cellulosic material with aqueous nitric acid (10,17) having an HNO₃ concentration of about 0.15 to 9.0 wt.% and containing aluminium sulphate in an amount of about 0.8 to 1.3 parts per each 10 parts by weight of HNO₃, or to alternatively use for grassy fibrous materials nitrate salts such as NaNO₃ or KNO₃ or NH₄NO₃, so as to nitrate ligneous component of said material; and thereafter defibering directly, (15,21) or treating the nitrated ligno-cellulosic material with alkali to separate the ligneous component from the cellulosic pulp, and, optionally, recom­ bining a part or all of the ligneous component with the cel­ lulosic pulp.";"Accelerated Pulping Process This invention relates to an improved process of making fibre in a form ranging from a moderately digested product fit for animal feed to pulps that can be utilized as conventional semi-chemical, chemical types for packaging papers or fully delignified pulps for bleaching from fibrous, ligno-cellulosic raw material, More particularly, it relates to a nitration pulping process using nitric acid or nitrate salts in which the time required for nitration and the second step extraction of the nitrated ligneous components in the fibrous raw material is substantially shortened due to the inclusion in the nitric acid of a small amount of aluminium sulphate (paper maker's alum), and by use of the inherent flexibility of the process time, temperature and chemical concentration , the utilization of controlled delignification to produce animal feed, building board, packaging boards and paper. So far as I am aware, nitric acid pulping processes, of which many have been proposed, have never been carercially successful for various reasons, chief among which is the relatively long chemical treatment time that they required far exceeding the present day conventional methods. Shortened times were possible if strong nitric acid was used, or if pressurized vessels and high temperatuns were employed, but those conditions create other problems such as excessive and explosive emission of toxic nitrogen oxide fumes and damage to the cellulosic fibre structure. Moreover, recovery of the acid has not been possible, and the use of relatively concentrated nitric acid, e.g. 15 to 42 t.by wt.HNO3, becomes therefore prohibitively expensive. In short, the nitric acid pulping processes heretofore proposed have offered no advantages and many disadvantages over present day conventional systems. As recently as 1960 a published comprehensive review on nitric acid pulping by Crown Zellerbach Corporation stated that while nitric acid was specific for the reaction with lignin, the use of acid reagent was excessive and uneconomicland pollution problems remained unsolved. The process of this invention uses only 0.15 - 9.0% nitric acid in relation to fibre yield which, together with the alkali used for delignification, is no more than with conventio- nal methods of pulping without chemical recovering systems while eliminating the complex requirements of recovery and/ or manufacture of the cooking liquors. Furthermore, since the process is a two step one, the nitrating solution can, except for that absorbed in the fibre structure, be recovered virtually intact and recycled. More importantly, unlike previous attempts with nitric acid, this new process does not dissolve the lignin content of fibrous structures in the acid stage. Conventional pulp mills require high investment due to the high temperatures and pressure involved, and if water and air pollution is controlled and chemical recovery is practiced costs are substantially higher. The process of this invention uses simple chemicals available in crystall:ne or dissolved form, does not require superatmospheric pressure, or temperatures over 100 C, offers minimal problems of air and water pollution, and offers economic usability of the products normally wasted by burning or dumping. I have now discovered that in a chemical pulping process involving impregation of particulate, fibrous, lignocellulosic raw material with nitric acid which may be or not be followed by alkaline extraction from the material of the resulting nitrated lignin, leaving softened, partially defibered cellulosic structures which can be completely defibered by mechanical pulping means, the total time required for the nitration and extraction steps can be shortened considerably by including a small amount of aluminium sulphate (paper maker's alum) in the nitric acid. While the precise time required for the nitration-extraction operation is dependent upon the variables of particle thickness, temperature and reagent concentration, it can be said for the process of the present invention that it generally enables one to perform the nitration-extraction operation somewhere in the range from about 20 minutes minimum for high yield wood chemical pulps for packaging papers and boards, to a maximum time of 50 minutes for easily bleached pulps without using pressure and with temperatures not exceeding 1000C. Those times are to be compared to the conventional sulphite process times of 6.25 hours and 7.50 hours and the sulphate process times of 2.5 and 5.0 hours,respectively,at high pressures and temperatures, as set forth in the following table I: Table I Pulping Processes Compared Liquor Total Temperature, Pressure, Fibre Total Concentration, Cooking C P.S.I.G. Species Yield, % Wt.% Time 1. Casey, ""Pulp and Paper"" Vol. 1, p. 169 Sulphite-Bleach Grade Calcium Base 6.0 6.25 hrs. 140 80 Western Conifer 45.4 Ammonia Base 6.0 7.50 hrs. 146 80 Western Conifer 45.0 2. Casey, pp. 230-264 Sulphate - High Yield 18.5 2.50 hrs. (1) 170 140 U.S. So. Pine 60.0 Sulphate - Bleachable 22.0 5.00 hrs. (1) 160 100 U.S. So. Pine 43.0 (1) includes time to bring to temperature 3. TAPPI CA Report, 52 pp. 17-19 Bagasse - Soda Process 6.5 26.50 min. (2) 170 114 Bagasse 56.0 (2) includes cooking time in blow tank 4. TAPPI CA Report, 52, pp. 26-27 Bamboo - Kraft Process 17-19 1.25 hrs. 150 85 Bamboo 56.0 5. Accelerated Pulping Examples (Invention) HNO3 NaOH High Yield Grade 5.5 / 0.3 30 min. 85-100 None U.S. So. Pine 56.0 Bleachable Grade (1 st sequence) 3.0 / 0.3 30 min. 85-100 None Norway Spruce 45.0 (2 nd sequence) 1.5 / 0.1 20 min. 85-100 None Bagasse 0.8 / 0.2 30 min. 85-100 None Bagasse 52.0 Bambo 3.0 / 0.2 30 min. 85-100 None Bamboo 44.0 Although the invention is described below mainly referring to the embodiment involving an alkaline extraction of ni trated lignin after the nitration step, it is recognized that, though preferable, an alkaline extraction is not absolutely necessary for the production of paper pulps. However, the addition of alkali is necessary for the pro duction of animal feeds and would be normally used in the production of semi-chemical pulp where maximum defibetiza tion for minimum chemical treatment is desired. The ability of the present process to be conducted under atmospheric pressure eliminates the need of explosive re lease of pressure that is used in conventional chemical pulp systems to defibre the fibrous structures within chips or chopped materials. The basic preservation of the fi brous structure permits easy recycling of the fibrous structure through an additional gentle cooking cycle, if required, and easy drainage of cooking liquor and washing out of the residual black liquor leaving the fibrous struc ture substantially intact. Defiberization is then accompli shed mechanically with gentleness and rapidity, with minimum loss of fibre length and degradation of basic fibre structure. Additionally, the defiberization can be closely controlled to preserve long thin fibre bundles from fibrous structures made up of very short (under 0.5mm) fibres such as straw thus improving strength and drainage characteristics. All forms of ligno-cellulosic materials can be subjected to the pulping process of the present invention. That in cludes, without limitation, woody materials such as U.S. Southern pine, spruce, beech and bamboo, as well as grassy materials which find minor usage such as straws, bagasse and kenaf. In addition to these normally used sources of paper making fibre, other, now wasted, fibrous plants as rape seed straw and rice husks which resist conventional pulping methods can easily be reduced to potentially useful fibre by this process. High yield shrub growth such as coppice willow found extensively in Ireland and presently unused produces, including its bark, an acceptable, clean and economic paper making fibre. Besides such virgin materials, the process of the present invention can be used to delignify and further defibre paper wastes, such as waste corrugated boxes containing semi-chemical board. Finally, it becomes practical to economically pulp small accumulations of wood slab waste and sawdust which are most often burned. The raw material should be in particulate form before being submitted to the nitration step. Virgin plant material, for example, should be chopped, crushed, chipped or flaked. Paper wastes should be mechanically pulped in water to the defibered state, for example to obtain a slurry containing about 7 to 9 wt.% cellulose. When it is wood that is to be pulped, the required nitration extraction time will be shorter and the pulp more uniform if the wood particles are thinner. It has been found expecially advantageous to use wood flakes, i.e. particles about 0.3 to 0.8 mm thick obtained by cutting the log tangentially to the circumference. Flaking is the cutting process used in manufacturing particleboard. At the present time the paper manufacturing industry uses wood chips almost exclusively, the thickness of which is usually in the range of about 6 to 10mum. Horsepower consumption for the flaking of logs is roughly equivalent to that for chipping, as are production levels and flexibility in handling short or long or different diameter logs. The use of flakes does require higher cubic handling and cooking capacities than does chips, but flaking is nonetheless economically acceptable in the pulping process of this invention because high pressure pressurized cooking vessels with restricted volumes are not required. Use of wood flakes, rather than the thicker chips, speeds nitric acid impregnation and also shortens the time required for outward diffusion of dissolved lignin in the subsequent alkaline extraction step. Additionally, flaking is accomplished by cutting around the circwmferencz of the log, much as veneers are made, whereas chipping is performed by cutting at the end of the log, the fibre length is essentially preserved in flakes and the fibre ends are not crushed. Chipping, on the other hand, fractures the fibres and crushes their ends. The more intact fibre structures and greater exposed surface of the flakes are more easily penetrated by the chemicals used in the nitration and extraction steps of the present process. The fibres produced from flakes are marginally shorter than those of conventional chips. Where a pulp is required for rough papers, i.e. brown or packaging papers and boards, conventional chips can be used after subjecting them to conventional crushing which reduces them to rough splinters 1.5 - 3.0mm thick, 4.0 8.0mm side and 25mm long. The nitration (cooking) of the ligno-cellulosic raw material is accomplished by submerging or wetting with recycled acid the material in a sufficient amount of aqueous nitric acid at elevated temperature, preferably 85 to 1000C to penetrate the fibrous structure and react with the lignin. In order to permit the use of an open vessel for the nitration step, without the emission of harmful nitrogen oxide vapors, it is preferred to use very dilute nitric acid, say having an HN03 concentration of about 0.15 to 9.0 weight percent, e.g. 0.15 to 5.5 weight percent, preferably less than 5.5 weight percent and most preferred less than 5 weight percent. It can be preferred to subject the lignocellulosic raw material to an impregnation step before the cooking-nitration step. The impregnation is done with a dilute concentration of the cooking liquor at low tem peratures (e.g. 700C or below, e.g. 500C or below) and serves three purposes: a) Utilization of drained concentrated liquor after the cooking process together with the dilute cooking liquor from the washing process, b) conservation of heat by recycling liquor, and c) even moisture distribution throughout the fibrous structure before cooking. Whereas the cooking step is not necessarily preceeded by an impregnation step, an impregnation step is always followed by a cooking step. The preferred acid strength in the cooking-nitration step depends upon the nature of the ligno-cellulosic raw material being pulped. For U.S. Southern pine, for example, which is relatively high in lignin content (over 30 wt.%), and contains a high percentage of resins and waxes it is preferred to use an HN03 concentration of at least 4.5 or 5.5 wt.%. Wheat straw, on the other hand, is low in lignin content (about 15 wt.%) and is preferably cooked and nitrated with nitric acid having an HN03 concentration of only about 0.8 to 1.5 wt.% for production of chemical pulp. These concentrations are based on a normal nitration period of 15 minutes and production of chemical type pulp. Where impregnation periods and longer time is used the acid concentration can be drastically reduced. For example, spruce flakes-impregnation 30 minutes at 0.5% concentration plus cooking and nitration, respectively, 45 minutes at 1.75%. Where a pulp of lower purity (i.e. less delignification) is required the said concentration can be reduced, as in animal feed or semi-chemical pulp. As a practical matter it will usually be woody plant material that is twice subjected to the cookingnitration/lignin-extraction sequence, since grassy plant materials and paper wastes can have their ligneous components nitrated and almost completely extracted in one sequence using relatively stror.- ger, but still dilute, nitric acid, and obtain pulp of adequate cellulosic purity and easy bleachability. Even with woody raw materials, a single nitration-eYtraction sequence is all that is required where the pulp product is to be used to make linerboard and lower brightness pa- pers and not to make high purity cellulose or ih brightness paper. In the process of the present invention the nitric acid impregnation lic¯.cr is augmented with a nitration accelerating amount of aluminum sulphate, preferably about 0.8 to 1.3 parts thereof per each 10 parts b. weigh. of l J03. As stated above, the presence of the aluminum sulphate te in the nitric acid serves to shorten dramatically ehe time required to dissolve the nitrated lignin in the subsequent alkaline extraction step. Normal usage is 1.0 part of the aluminum sulphate per each 10 parts by weight of . 3. fas ). The amount of nitric acid used in the nitration step should be sufficient to completely react by submergence or contact by recirculation the particulate ligno-cellulosic material and adequate on a stoichiometric basis to nitrate all of the lignin content of the raw materials. This ii usually mean formation of a mixture of 5 parts of liquid acid to 1.0 part of dry wood to 10 parts of liquid ac c for 1.0 part of dry grass fibre (straw). Where the acid liquor can be circulated and heated indirectly lower ratios can be used. Additionally the acid can be sprayed or foamed in low concentration on grassy fibres to form an intimate mixture to a composite moisture content of 35 to 50% and then subjected to heat for reaction at once or at later date - six months or more without degredation. The temperature at which the nitric acid cooking step, is performed should be adequate to effect nitration of the lignin, but is preferable not so high as to cause degradation of the cellulosic fibres. Temperatures within the range of about 85 to 1000C, in particular about 85 to 950C, are preferred. Since the nitration-extraction portion of the process of the present invention can be performed in such a short period of time, it is possible to conduct both of those steps under atmospheric pressure conditions, although superatmospheric pressures, e.g. from 10 to 35 p.s.i.g.,can be used if it is desired to shorten the nitration time slightly but chiefly to provide ease of processing on a continuous basis. The improvement provided by the present invention is independent of whether the process is conducted under atmospheric pressure or at elevated pressures. The introduction of a non pressure system is designed specifically for use in new and relatively small pulping installations (10 - 50 tons per day) throughout the world. However, it is recognized that the requirement for larger production units can be met and that in many instances existing pulp mill equipment could be utilized to reduce investment costs in preventing present pollution problems. All present systems use high pressures and temperatures coupled with long cooking periods for fully defibered or chemical pulps from either wood or grasses. It has been found that by cooking with light pressures (15-35psig) while holding temperatures at 11 00C or below, preferably below 1 000C (most preferably 95 C) the nitration period can be shortened to 5 - 7 minutes for wood flakes, straw, etc. Conventional sized wood chips can also be readily pulped although the cooking time period is extended to one hour requiring two nitration steps with a preliminary defibering step between. Alternatively, the chips can be crushed previous to filling the digester and the nitration step limited to one step which additionally avoids the possibility of over and under reacted fibrous structures. These methods of using light pressures with either wood flakes or chips makes practical, for example, the conversion of existing sulphite pulp mills to this process. Other pulping systems such as the ""Kamyr"" or ""Pandia""-s stem, which are continuous, oera- ting at high pressure,150 - 175 psig, are also adaptable for processing wood chips in one stage producing a semichemical type after normal mechanical defibering or full chemical pulp. Thus, in a special embodiment of the inventive process the nitration step is operated at a pressure of about 100 to 150 psig when using as starting material crushed wood chips as used in conventional processes today. See Table IIa ""Comparative Hun03 Pressure Nitration Cycles . Normal Chemical or Delignified pulp. Additionally it has been found that the use of pressure permits full defibering of the fibrous structure in the nitration stage without production of black liquor thus avoiding the lignin alkali extraction phase. This is accomplished by raising the N03 liquor concentration by 2.5 - 3.5% over that required for the nitration-alkali delignification sequence and extending the time of reaction slightly, 3-5 minutes. Thus, without using pressure, i.e. conducting the process under approximately atrnospherc pressure conditions, the HNO liquor concentration is preferably at most 5.5 weight percent, in particular at most 5 weight percent. When employing pressure, the HN03 concentration can go up to 9.0 weight percent and preferably it is no more than 7.5 or 7.0 weight percent. Of course, the lower concentrations as stated for the pressurized nitration step can be advantageously used. The process without delignification produces a fibre for different and limited end use papers than that of the Table IIa Comparative HNO3 Pressurized Nitration Cycles, Normal Chemical or Deliquified Pulp with Alkali Stage A. Non Pressure Syste - Wood Flakes or Equivalent Pine Spruce Beech Straw Cooking Time Minutes 15 15 15 15 Temperature C 85 85 85 85 Liquor Concentration % 5.5 5.0 4.0 1.0 B. Pressure 15 - 35 p.s.i.g. - Wood Flakes or Equivalent Pine Beech Straw Bamboo Cooking Time Minutes 7 7 5 7 Temperature C 110 110 110 110 Liquor Concentration % 5.5 3.5 0.5 2.5 C. Pressure 15 - 35 p.s.i.g. - Wood Chips Spruce Beech Cooking Time Minutes 45 45 Temperature C 110 110 Liquor Concentration % 4.5 3.5 Defiberization x x Time - Non Pressure Minutes 15 15 Temperature C 85 85 Liquor Concentration % 2.5 2.0 D. Pressure 100 - 150 p.s.i.g. - Wood Chips Beech Spruce Beech Semi-Chemical Cooking Time Minutes 45 45 10 Temperature C 110 110 110 Liquor Concentration % 4.5 3.5 3.0 Deberization - - x delignified type fiber. It is of very light colour, high yield and can be easily bleached to high brightness levels, but not by normal alkaline bleaching. The reduced handling of the fibrous structure greatly improves its drainage properties and facilitates washing which is a major problem today in bleaching short fibre structures such as straw. In all theses uses of pressure it is not necessary to vent any gases; in fact it is economic that with the gases be contained and retain to create a false pressure and keeping operating temperatures below 1000C thus avoiding cellulose degradation. The degree of fals pressure created is dependent on acid concentration. See following Table IIb ""Comparative HNO, Pressure Witra- tion Cycles . No Delignification Stage. Where additional pressure is needed as in the'amyr""-process to facilitate operation it can be obtained with air injections. The ability to conduct the nitration step at atmospheric pressure means that substantially open vessels can be employed providing substantial savings in equipment cost compared to conventional superatmospheric pulping processes. Although an open vessel can be employed for the nitration step, it is preferred to maintain closure with recycling of vapors to prevent possible troublesome emission of nitrogen oxide vapors. Present environmental laws in the U.S.A. permit a maximum nitrogen oxide emission level of only 185ppm. The precise temperature at which nitrogen oxide will be released from the slurry in the nitration step will depend upon the concentration of the nitric acid, since the higher the acid concentration, the lower will be the temperature at which nitrogen oxide vapor emissions will occur. By way of further explanation, nitric acid decomposes at Table IIb Comparative HNO3 Pressurized Nitration Cycles, Alkali Delignification Stage Eliminated A. Pressure 15 - 35 p.s.i.g. - Wood Flakes or Equivalent - Chemical Pulp Pine Beech Straw Bamboo Cooking Time Minutes 10 10 6 10 Temperature C 110 110 110 110 Liquor Concentration % 9.0 5.5 2.5 5.0 B. Pressure 100 - 150 p.s.i.g. - Wood Chips Chemical Pulp Spruce - Beech Cooking Time Minutes 45 45 Temperature C 110 110 Liquor Concentration % 8.0 5.5 C. Pressure 35 - 150 p.s.i.g. - Wood Chips - Semi-Chemical Pulp Mixed Hardwoods Beech Cooking Time Minutes 10 Temperature C 100 Liquor Concentration % 4.0 about 860C into water and nitrogen oxide gas, which is potentially lethal and can be explosive. The nitrogen cas is somewhat soluble in water, however : about 130cc wil dissolve in a litre of cold water, about 660cc wll dis - solve in a litre of hot water. If nitric acid having an HNO3 concentration greater than about 3.0 wt.% is heate in the presence of cellulose to above about 65 C then a exothermic reaction with the cellulose will result. for this reason, where an ipregnation step becomes preferabl to economize on nitric acid consumption through recycling of partly spent or diluted acid it is cesiaD o ain- tain low temceratres, e.g. 50 C or below. Temperat@res over 850C will produce nitrogen oxide gas which cepending on the acid concentration will be more thin the water can hold in solution and will have to be contained. when an open vessel is being used to conduct the nitration stop in the process of the present invention, it will usuall be preferred to employ a ternperature nc higher than about 900C or 950C. However, as stated herein before, when operating the nitration step under pressure a t..H of up to 110 C. preferably up to 100 C, can be employed. It is an outstanding advantage of the process of the pre sent invention that it can be performed in non-pressure vessels in short time periods, without causing air po1,u- tion problems. The nitration step, and indeed the entire process of the, present invention, can be carried out continuously, sei continuously, or batchwise, whichever is desired Selection of equipment will of course depend upon that choice. It is generally more economical to conduct the process continuously in which event the nitration step can advantageous- ly be conducted in some type of screw conveyor unit. Batchwise nitrations can be carried out quite well in 2 hydrapulper making possible the economic operation of very small mills. The nitric acid impregnation and cooking steps are conducted for a time sufficient to produce the required residual level of the ligneous component of the ligno-cellulosic raw material after extraction of the lignin. If the nitration-extraction sequence is performed twice, each nitration step can be conducted for a shorter period than if it were performed 1u5t once. The time required to effec the desired degree of nitration is dependent, of course, on the strength of the nitric acid used, as well as the temperature employed, since higher acid strengths and higher temperatures promote the nitration reaction. . - Additional considerations are the type and particle size of the ligno-cellulosic material being processed. In general, with the process of the present invention the total nitration time, whether performed in one step or broken down into two nitration-extraction sequences, can be as short as 5 minutes or extended to 45 minutes. For straw or bagasse which will go into dry storage before ligrification a simple spray or foam application at lower levels of acid -concentration at room temperatures is all that is necessary. Following the nitration step the ligno-cellulosic material is separated from the nitric acid solution and preferably washed with water to remove surface acid. The wash water is preferably hotoe.g. at a temperature of about 85 to 1000C and is used in minimal amounts. One efficient method of separating and washing the nitrated ligno-cellulosic material is by spindraining the slurry in a rotary dryer, foliow:4by water washing the solids in the same vessel. Another method, if a continuous system is used, is draining followedby reverse flow washing. Alternatively, draining, followed by flooding with wash water and a second raining can be used. The separated nitric acid is advantageously recycled to the nitration step to be used again, as is the acidic wash water. Both solutions will be relatively clear, but ray be slightly coloured due to the presence of small amounts dissolved material. The recycled nitric acid stream will be fortified with concentrated nitric acid and with fresh aluminum sulphate so as to restore the concentratios of those reagents to the desired levels. The nitrated fibrous structures remain intact and appear to be essentially the same as when those particles were introduced to the nitric acid submersion step, except fcr some softening and a slightly darker colour. The nitrated fibrous structures can be held in storage for months it- out either deteriorating or causing problems in the lignin extraction and defibering steps which follow. This storability feature can be of special advantage in the case where straw, bagasse or similar grassy plants are to De pulped. Grassy plants are usually harvested during ala- tively short seasons, causing temporary, seasonal surges in supply of that raw material to the pulp mills. Since the demand for the finished pulp is relatively constant, however, it becomes necessary to periodically store largo quantities of the excess ligno-cellulosic raw material. This presents a problem because grassy plants are particularly susceptible to bacterial or fungi attack during storage. By the process of the present invention the excess raw material can be nitrated without delay, by spraying or foaming a dilute solution of acid to obtain intimate, cn;erall contact with the fibre to a total moisture content of 30 to 50%, anot held in storage in that form without being degraded by bacteria. :- tended periods of storage have zeend experienced up to one year in contact with the acid at a moisture level of 30-502 permitting usage a very low percentage of acid to dry fibre, i.e. 1-3%. The nitrated lignocellulosic material is next submerged in an al1 line, aqueous extraction solution, e.g. a solution of sodium, potassium, and/or ammonium hydroxide, so as to dissolve most of the nitrated lignin out of the fibrous structure. The lignin nitrate is substantially insoluble in acidic aqueous media, but is readily dissolved in basic aqueous media, for example having a pH of about 12. The alkaline concentration of the extraction solution must be sufficient that the solution will leach out by dissolving most of the nitrated ligneous material in the fibrous structure. Usually it is preferred to use an alkaline strength (NaOH, KOH, or NH4OH) of preferably about 0.1 to 0.5 wt.%. If the nitration-extraction sequence is performed twice on the ligno-cellulosic material, then the alkaline strength used in the second extraction step need not be as high as that employed for the first extraction. Often the concentration of the alkaline solution used in the second nitration-extraction sequence will be about one-fifth to one-half that which is used in the initial sequence. The alkaline consumption is basical ly one of bringing the starting pH to about 12Jand is therefore somewhat dependent on the concentration of residual acid remaining. The amount of the alkaline extraction solution used should be adequate to completely submerge the ligno-cellulosic material and dissolve most of the nitrated ligneous components. Usually the amount of alkaline extraction solution used will provide a slurry containing about 5 to 8 wt. of the cellulosic fibre. The temperature at which the alkaline extraction step is conducted should be sufficiently high to effect dissolution of most of the nitrated ligneous material. Preferably a temperature of about 75 to 1ODOC is used. Temperatures as low as 150C can be used which will extend the time necessary for delignification. These low temperatures are particularly important in producing animal feed or partially ci0;cr & pulp from agria1t'Za residucs. ere straw as an example for an agricultural residue has been sprayed with nitric acid and held in storage, delignification with alkali under 500C will produce a fully defibered pulp. The alkaline extraction step is best performed under atmospheric pressure conditions, thereby permitting the use of an open vessel and avoidance of expensive high pressure equipment. If desired, however, for example to further shorten the extraction time or utilize existing pressurized euuiprnent, high temperatures and superatmospheric pressures, e.g. up to 10 or 15 p.s.i.g., can be used for the extraction. Increased time and temperatures using alkaline solutions will result normally in some degradation of the cellulose. As discussed above with regard to the nitration step, the nitration extraction sequence can be conducted just once, or it can be repeated, in which event each extraction step can be performed for a shorter period of time than if it were performed just once. It will be recognized that the time required to effect the desired degree of extra2- tion is dependent on the particle size and type of the ligno-cellulosic material, and the temperature at which the extraction is conducted. In general, however, the total time required for the ligninextraction, whether performed in one step or broken down into two extractions, will be no more than about 20 minutes, often being within the range of about 5 to 15 minutes If an open vessel is used for the extraction step, it can advantageously be a hydrapulper. If a closed vessel is used, a screw conveyor may be preferred. After treatment with the alkaline extraction solution, the fibrous, cellulosic material is separated from the lignin-containing solution, preferably in a high density press. If, however, the fibre bundles are to be subjected to a second nitration-extraction sequence, then it will suffice to just drain off the extraction liquor. After the extraction step, the alkaline solution contains dissolved ligneous components and is reddish brown in colour. It is usually referred to as ""black liquor"". During start-up of the process all of the separated black liquor, together with the alkaline wash water, can be returned to the extraction vessel for reuse. As the process is continued, however, the content of dissolved solids in the black liquor will grow to a maximum tolerable concentration,e.g., somewhere in the range of about 10 to 25 wt.%, depending upon the quality of product desired. At that point an appropriate portion of the black liquor should be regularly removed and replaced with make up clear alkali liquor in order to prevent further increase in the concentration of the dissolved solids. The black liquor purge stream could be disposed of by various means such as by dumping as waste, or by concentrating and burning. Alternatively, the black liquor purge stream can be combined with the completely defibered pulp to supply ligneous binder for fiber web products prepared from the pulp, especially paperboard. When the alkali lignin extraction process is complete the pH of the black liquor will be almost neutral, about 7.5 to 8.5 which is far lower than that of conventional alkaline processes the pH of which is usually in the range of 12-14. This factor of almost neutral pH makes the black liquor substantially more amenable to being handled in subsequent chemical processing. Sulphite acid systems produce black liquor in a pH range of 1.0 - 2.0. Additionally, the black liquor has a very low range of BOD5 (Biological Oxygen Demand - 5 day) and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) which together with its chemical make up permits its discharge in controlled amounts, up to 30%, in the normal urban effluent stream. Typical comparative pollution data are as follows: Values in mg/litre Accelerated Waste Paper Sulphite Pulping Mill Mill Black Black Liquor Effluent Liquor (From Spruce) 5 day biological oxygen demand 1500 8010 High Chemical oxygen demand 5685 16700 230,000 Permanganate number 11215 - 400,000 The BOD5 value when related to recently recorded (North America) BOD discharges per ton of pulp produced shows 5 the following values; sulphite mill 109 kg; integrated sulphate pulp and paper mills 15 kg; waste paper mill 10 kg; and the accelerated pulping process:30 kg. The low figure of the sulphate mill is reached only by burning all the black liquor solids produced to recover the major portion of the chemicals used in the process and the strict control of pollutants. Although the black liquor could be discharged in a controlled manner into normal drainage facilities, it can be utilized uniquely and economically in a variety of ways as a binder, water repellent or size, extender for fortified rosin size, stiffening agent in paper board, fertilizer, hygroscopic additive to soil, extender for resins such as phenolics, and retention agent in papermaking. The solids in the black liquor are referred to as ligneous component. Although there are other chemical components than lignin and lignin nitrate, respectively, such as gums, waxes, etc. the lignin is the major component. Moreover, when precipitating the lignin, some of the said further components precipitate with the lignin. This is to be recognized when speaking of ligneous component. The useful ligneous component can be precipitated from its mother black liquor by acidifying, preferably to a pH of 5.5 with any acid, but of particular usefulness are ordinary papermaker's alum (aluminum sulphate), recycled nitric acid from the process, and phosphoric acid. For normal papermaking the black liquor precipitant (ligeous component) resulting from acidification, e.g./with nitric acid or alum, can be added to the cellulosic pulp slurry, foamed (either in precipitated form or in form of the extraction liquor itself) and added at the wet presses or size press,or can be added in its neutral pH form (black liquor) and acidified or not at the size press or wet presses. Unlike kraft liquor the black liquor under any normal treatment either in solution or precipitated exhibits the minimum and non-troublesome amount of foaming. The foaming of the black liquor, either itself or in concentrated form (precipitated ligneous component) can be done by using a commercial surfactant or non-surfactant foaming chemical to foam water with air and then add as required the black liquor. This kind of application is known to the expert per se. However, not with the ligneous component. Addition of the precipitated black liquor (ligneous component) to the pulp slurry immediately lowers the stock freeness, i.e. drainage rate as it holds or retains the fine suspended particles usually lost through drainage on the paper machine wire. Addition of the black liquor to paperxfibres in normal amounts up to 15% based on the solids and calculated on the dry weight of the fibre will increase the strength properties, i.e. burst strength and stiffness,in an approximate ratio of improvement of 1:1 to 2:1 for equal weight of cellulose fibre depending on the degree of openness of the fiber web making up the paper. When combined with the starch solution and added at high temperature (65 C or above) at the size press, a satisfactory sizing of the board (COBB 50) will be obtained, and the effectiveness of the starch on improving paper quality is greatly improved permitting reduced starch usage. A percentage of 0.4 to 0.6% of black liquor solids on the dry fibre content is sufficient. Addition in its neutral form (up to 60% solids) to a solution of 20% neutralized urea and 20% fortified rosin size will obtain sizing properties essentially equal to that of the rosin size when used alone. This combination can be precipitated on fibre suspensions in the conventional manner with alum. The neutral form of the black liquor precipitate is hygroscopic when dried and can be used when combined with fast draining materials such as sandy soils to retain moisture and chemicals. When the fibre cooking process and subsequent precipitation is formulated with all or part of those three chemicals essential to plant life, nitrogen (nitric acid), potassium ( potassium hydroxide) phosphorus (phosphoric acid), the black liquor becomes a complete fertilizer in itself in addition to its retention properties. This can be readily achieved by using pc- tassium hydroxide in the alkaline extraction step and by precipitating the ligneous component out of the extraction liquor by using phosphoric acid. Official government tests show normal germination and growth rates for barley and oats when this liquor is added to an inert clay. For easy handling, it can be combined with diatomaceous earth to inhibit hygroscopic properties. The acidified form of the black liquor, i.e. precipitant, can add its binding properties to such resins as melamine or phenolics permitting extension of these relatively expensive products. The neutral black liquor can be used in the preparation of resins since its nitrated form is com patible chemically with that of many other resins. The acidified black liquor precipitant may be resolubilized by changing the pH to 7.5 with alkali and then again precipitated with acid at pH 5.5 making possible the concentration of the ligneous component through precipitant and then resolubilizing for further use in a neutral fcr During the alkaline extraction step most of the lignin trate dissolves in the alkaline solution, leaving the fibrous structure softened and partially defiberized. At this point the concentrated black liquor should be drained off for recycling or purging from the system as required. Sine little mechanical and/or explosive force has been exerted the point of fibre liberation will not have been reached under normal pulping conditions. Some of the ligneous com,- ponent remains partially around the fibres, holding them together, but defibering can be readily accomplished by appropriate mechanical means, for example, by subjecting the softened structure to the action of a double disc defibrator or a deflaking unit, machines which will physically break apart the soft fibre bundles without causing substantial injury to the fibres themselves. It is preferable after mechanical defibering except for animal feed and semi-chemical type pulps to wash the fibres with water to remove surface alkali and black liquor. Washing is preferably accomplished with a minimal amount of hot water e.g. at a temperature of about 85 to 100 C. The washing can be performed in any suitable manner. Following mechanical defibering and wasin the cellulosic pulp can be subjected to a second nitration-extraction sequence, as discussed above, or it can be used in any of the conventional ways to make cellulosic fibre webs. For pulps other than those intended for semi-chemical board or animal feed it Lji Mill be necessary to screen the pulp, to remove any fibre bundles that withstood the pulping process, which bundles can then be returned to the nitration step or further defibering action. Most commonly, the screened pulp will be supplied to the headbox of a paper machine, alone or in admixture with other types of fibres and there used to make paper products. In the previous text, substantial reference has been made to the processing of agricultural fibre residues, straw, bagasse into paper making fibres, using nitric acid as a nitrating agent, and aluminum sulphate (alum). It is a feature of this invention which sets it apart from all previous experimentation with nitric acid, that in the case of fibrous structures,such as straw, that both nitration and delignification can be accomplished in one step using a solution of neutral nitrate salts such as NaN03, NH4N-03 or KN03 alkalized to a pH of about 11 to 12, e.g. 12, with NaOH, KOH, NH40H or other suitable alkali. The ease of nitration in this case is dictated by the open structure of these fibrous materials, particularly so after shredding, coupled with the relative thin form of grassy fibrous structures compared to even 0.5mm thin wood flakes, their low lignin content of 10-15% vs, 25-358 for wood, and their low percentage of extraneous materials such as waxes and resins and other hydrophilic materials. As previously stated, previous art using nitric acid, a highly aggressive agent, has employed high usage and concentrations and lengthy time of treatment particularly for wood. The use of alum as an accelerator permits low consumption, low concentration and minimum processing time for woody fibrous structures in particular and grassy fibrous structures. The use of nitrate salts with their milder actions as opposed to the use of nitric acid plus alum is not practical for wood pulping and would not be economic for processing agricultural fibre residues, except for the possibility of combining the features of the process of this invention in providing controlled delignification, and the potential utilization of the black liquor as fertilizer, binder, sizing agent or resin extender. The process of deligniFication serves to dissociate the fibres making up the natural fibre structure freeing the lignin and providing fibres which can be formed into a web for production of paper or board. On a modified or reduced scale of delignification in a relatively dry state ( 50% moisture) the lignin can be released in situ to act as a binder for the production of building board in which the fibrous structure remains essentially intact. Delignification will also increase the digestibility of fibrous structures by herbivores, cows and sheep etc. Animal feed is being produced commercially today from straw by addition of circa 5% NaOH to the dry weight of straw in a process which makes cubes or pellets with additional food additives. Additionally, work has been done with NH40H, liquid or gaseous NH3, but this has not proven practical. Utilization of feed produced with NaOH is limited because the improvement in digestibility (food value) is low and the alkali content is high. An improvement to some 300% would be required to meet the food value of corn silage. Levels of improvement presently obtained processing straw are less than one tenth of this, and maximum utilitzation in the animals diet has not exceeded 15%. This invention provides a controlled method of delignification which increases digestibility to the point that the processed straw can comprise a minimum of 50% of the animals total diet. Mixed during processing with other food supplements, molasses, dried milk, etc a complete food can be formulated. Of equal importance is the potential of this process to be economic in small installations which further makes possible a joint production facility producing alternatively as required, animal feed and paper making fibre, providing flexibility to meet market demands local and long distance. It is characteristic of agricultural residues that they are bulky making it impossible to meet minimum weight requirements of shipping carriers resulting in high freight costs. Processing under this invention makes viable the production of a compact finished or semi-finished product of high density which greatly reduces freight and handling cost. The alternative provided by this invention in accomplishing nitration and subsequent delignification of agricultural residues extend to choices of acidic (nitric acid) or a variety of neutral nitrate salts in nitration, various levels of chemical concentration varying time and temperature for both nitration and delignification steps and a choice of alkaline chemicals (KOH, NaOH, NH4OH) to accomplish the pH level necessary for solution of the nitrated lignin Consequently a variety of inexpensive mechanical installations for processing widely varied from present conventional pulping systems becomes not only possible but preferable. Schematic diagrams of two such possibilities are submitted as part of this invention. Figure 18, an ultra simple process involving a modified hydrapulper for the production of pulp for paper which would provide an economic and viable unit for production levels as low as 10 tons per day. Figure 19 shows a completely flexible unit for the production of animal feed and for paper pulp uti lizing hot air (which could be derived from burning agricultural residues) to achieve rapidly sufficient nitration temperatures (100 C) and the drying of the end product to a specific moisture level, as necessary. The choice between the use of nitrate salts vs nitric acid would be dictated by economics: (1) Twice as much salt would be necessary to achieve the same level of delignification as with nitric acid. (2) The reduced capital investment cost using salts since stainless steel would not be required for processing equipment. (3) The desired chemical content of the black liquor is provided, e.g. sodium ion built up in the soils if used for fertilizer would not be acceptable. (4) Differences in acceptability and digestibility by various animals digestive system or the chemical requirements required for further processing -of the residual black liquor into sizing, binders or resin extenders. The ability to spray or foam the nitrating liquid on dry agricultural residues makes possible a process that is essentially dry and permits the leaching out of the nitrated lignin after the alkaline liquor is added by spray or foam (an action that can follow immediately after the acid nitrating stage), when the moist mass (35-50% moisture) is subjected to heat and pressure. Enough lignin is released to provide a hardened binding material base sufficient to bind the shredded straw when subjected to an appropriate hardening agent such as alum and the usual pressures and temperatures used in the manufacture of flake board from wood residues. In this way an inexpensive building board, water resistant and stiff can be made from straw by generating its own binding materials eliminating the use of expensive resins such as phenolics. The following examples are given as illustrations of the present invention; although it is not intended that they limit its scope in any way a wide variety of conditions and changes in variables is shown to illustrate the flexibility of the system. Example 1 Southern pine wood flakes, cut tangentially to the log circumference to a thickness of about O.6mm, are continuously fed into a screw conveyor 10, as shown in Figure 1 attached hereto. The wood has a lignin content of about 35 wt.%. The flakes are submerged and cooked in about six times their weight of a solution of 5 wt.% nitric acid to which has been added aluminum sulphate in the ratio of 1 part aluminum sulphate to 10 parts H for a period of about 15 minutes at a temperature of about 950C. The slurry of flakes in acid is then fed into a spin 11 where the flakes are drained of the acid and then washed with a minimal amount of hot water. The drained excess acid and wash water are combined, fortified with alum and concentrated nitric acid as needed, and recycled for use in the initial nitration step. The flakes are then conducted to a storage vessel 12, from which they are fed into a screw conveyor 13 containing about six times their weight of a solution of about 1.5 wt.% sodium hydroxide at a temperature of about 950C. There they are cooked for about 15 minutes. The flakes, partially defibered, are drained of the alkaline solution (in which the ligning-nitrate has dissolved) for its recycling or purging by a spin dryer 14; then are put through a defibrator 15 in order to separate the fibres partially, following which they are washed in a rotary washer 16 with a minimal amount of hot water. The dilute black liquor that is drained off in the spin dryer 14 is recycled to the first extraction step. In order to obtain a product with a higher degree of cellulose purity,i.e., bleachable pulp, not necessary for linerboard grade pulp, the nitration and digestion stem can be repeated. To do so, the semi-pulped flakes are fed into a screw conveyor 17 which contains about six times their weight of a solution of about 1.5 wt.% nitric acid to which aluminium sulphate has been added in the ratio of about I part to 10 parts HNO There the semi-pulped flakes are cooked for a period of about 15 minutes at a temperature of about 950C. The semi-pulp is then drained of excess acid and washed with a minimal amount of hot water in a spin dryer 18. The drain acid and wash water are combined and recycled to the second nitration step. The semi-pulp is then fed into a screw conveyor 19 which contains about six times its weight of a solution of about 0.8 wt.% sodium hydroxide. The semi-pulp is there cooked for about 10 minutes at a temperature of about 950C. The semi-pulp is then drained of the excess alkaline solution (black liquor) in a high density press 20, after which it is fed into a defibrator 21 for additional defibering and finally washed in a rotary washer 22 with a minimal amount of hot water. The black liquor removed from the press 20 is partially recycled to the screw conveyor 19 for reuse, with the remaining portion being sent to waste disposal. The alkaline wash water from rotary washer 22 is also recycled to the second extraction step. The pulp leaving the rotary washer 22 has been almost completely delignified and defiberized. It is then screened by conventional screening equipment 23 to remove oversized particles which have not been defiberized, which are returned to the nitration step for reprocessing. Examples 2 - 7 The process of Example 1 is repeated, using different ligno-cellulosic raw materials, as indicated in the following Table III. In each example the nitric acid contains 1 part alminum sulphate for each 10 parts of i{t'3. The same applies for examples 8 through 14. In examples 4 through 7 the ligno-cellulosic material is subjected to only one nitration-extraction sequence. Example 8 This example simulates the use of a sulphite digester producing bleachable pulp (Kappa No. 8) using pressure under conditions as follows: WOOD SPRUCE FORM FLAKES 0.5-0.6mm thick CHARGE 1.3kg (DRAY) DIGESTER STATIONARY CIRCULATING IMPREGNATION TIME 15 MINUTES IMPREGNATION TEMPERATURE 700C IMPREGNATION CHEMICAL CON CENTRATION 5% HNO COOKING TIME 15 MINUTES TIME TO COOKING TEMPERATURE 2 MINUTES COOKING TEMPERATURE 85-950C COOKING CHEMICAL 7.5% HUN03 RATIO LIQUOR TO DRY WOOD 4:1 PRESSURE 7-22 P.S.I.G. GAS OFF NONE DELIGNIFICATION STAGE 20 MINUTES DELIGNIFICATION TEMPERATURE 95-1 000C DELIGNIFICATION CHEMICAL 0.25% NaOH DELIGNIFICATION PH 10.0 - 8.0 Test results on the paper produced were as follows: Table III EMI32.1 Example <tb> Ligno- <SEP> Cellulosic <tb> Fibrous <SEP> Material <tb> Lignin <SEP> in <SEP> Fibrous <SEP> HNO3 <SEP> Stjrength, <SEP> Wt. <SEP> ratio, <SEP> Acid <SEP> NaOH <SEP> Strength, <SEP> Wt. <SEP> Ratio, <SEP> Base <SEP> HNO3 <SEP> Strength, <SEP> Wt. <SEP> Ratio, <SEP> Acid <SEP> NaOH <SEP> Strength, <SEP> Wt. <SEP> Ratio, <SEP> Base <SEP> Nitric <SEP> Acid <SEP> Alkali <tb> Material, <SEP> Wt.% <SEP> Wt.% <SEP> to <SEP> Fibrous <SEP> Material <SEP> Wt.% <SEP> to <SEP> Fibrous <SEP> Material <SEP> Wt.% <SEP> to <SEP> Fibrous <SEP> Material <SEP> wt.% <SEP> to <SEP> Fibrous <SEP> Material <tb> First <SEP> Sequence <SEP> Second <SEP> Sequence <SEP> Approximate <SEP> Total <tb> Nitric <SEP> Acid <SEP> Sodium <SEP> Hydroxide <SEP> Natric <SEP> Acid <SEP> Sodium <SEP> Hydroxide <SEP> Chemical <SEP> Usage, <tb> <SEP> Wt.% <SEP> of <SEP> Fibre <SEP> Used <tb> 2 <SEP> Spruce <SEP> (Norway) <SEP> 33 <SEP> 4,4 <SEP> 4:1 <SEP> 0.3 <SEP> 5:1 <SEP> 1.5 <SEP> 8:1 <SEP> 0.1 <SEP> 20:1 <SEP> 5.0 <SEP> 2.0 <tb> (0.5 <SEP> mm <SEP> flakes) <tb> 3 <SEP> Beech <SEP> 23 <SEP> 3.2 <SEP> 4:1 <SEP> 0.3 <SEP> 5:1 <SEP> 1.1 <SEP> 8:1 <SEP> 0.1 <SEP> 20: :1 <SEP> 4.5 <SEP> 2.0 <tb> (0.8mm <SEP> flakes) <tb> 4 <SEP> Bagasse <SEP> 19 <SEP> 1.5 <SEP> 7:1 <SEP> 0.2 <SEP> 20:1 <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> 4.0 <SEP> 1.8 <tb> (screened) <tb> 5 <SEP> Straw <SEP> 16 <SEP> 1.5 <SEP> 10:1 <SEP> 0.1 <SEP> 20:1 <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> 4.0 <SEP> 1.8 <tb> (shredded) <tb> 6 <SEP> Newsprint <SEP> waste <SEP> 25 <SEP> 1.0 <SEP> 15:1 <SEP> 0.2 <SEP> 20:1 <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> 8.0 <SEP> 3.0 <tb> (pulped) <tb> 7 <SEP> Bamboo <SEP> 24 <SEP> 3.0 <SEP> 5:1 <SEP> 0.2 <SEP> 20: :1 <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> - <SEP> 4.0 <SEP> 1.8 <tb> (flaked) <tb> REFINING-MINUTES 0 5 7 10 13 TEST FREENESS, OSR 21 27 39 46 52 BASIS WEIGHT, GR/M2 81.7 80.9 78.5 80.0 80.9 CALIPER, MM 0.115 0.100 0.094 0.089 0.089 APPARENT DENSITY, KG/MM3 0.710 0.809 0.835 0.899 0.909 ELONGATION, % 1.9 2.9 2.8 2.7 3.2 TENSILE STRENGTH, MTR 6660 7400 7360 7480 8240 MULLEN ABS, KPG 258 360 324 312 380 MULLEN INDEX}KPA 316 444 412 390 470 TEAR-BRECHT IMSET, MN 1118 1187 942 922 1109 Example 9 A non-pressure process using low concentration circulated chemical and longer times producing linerboard pulp, Kappa No. 37 used the following conditions: WOOD SPRUCE FLAKES, 0.5-0.6mm CHARGE 1.3 KG.DRY IMPREGNATION TIME 30 MINUTES IMPREGNATION TEMPERATURE 500C IMPREGNATION CHEMICAL 0.5% HNO SOLUTION COOKING TIME 45 MINUTES COOKING TEMPERATURE 950C COOKING CHEMICAL 1.8% HNO SOLUTION DELIGNIFICATION NaOH,pH 12,950C Example 10 A non-pressure process using a hydrapulper producing a bleachable straw pulp Kappa No. 16. WHEAT STRAW MECHANICALLY SHREDDED CHARGE 1.2 KEG., DRY IMPREGNATION TIME 15 MINUTES IMPREGNATION TEMPERATURE 500C IMPREGNATION CHEMICAL 0.5% HNO3 SOLUTION COOKING TIME 15 MINUTES COOKING TEMPERATURE 950C COOKING CHEMICAL 1.5% HNO3 SOLUTION DELIGNIFICATION NaOH, pH 12,95 C Example 11 A non-pressure process using a hydrapulper producing an animal feed grade of straw: WHEAT STRAW MECHANICALLY SHREDDED CHARGE 1.2KG.,DRY IMPREGNATION TIME 15 MINUTES IMPREGNATION TEMPERATURE 500C IMPREGNATION CHEMICAL 0.05% HNO3 SOLUTION COOKING TIME 15 MINUTES COOKING TEMPERATURE 950C COOKING CHEMICAL 0.15% HNO3 SOLUTION DELIGNIFICATION NaOH1 pH 12, 950C Example 12 A spray storage system for straw to produce pulp for packaging papers: : WHEAT STRAW MECHANICALLY SHREDDED STARTING MOISTURE 12% (BEFORE SPRAYING) FINISHING MOISTURE 35% CHEMICAL SPRAYED 3% e (100%)OF DRY FIBRE TAa HEAT APPLIED NONE STORAGE PERIOD SIX MONTHS DELIGNIFICATION NaOH, pH 12 DELIGNIFICATION TIME 10 MINUTES DELIGNIFICATION TEMPERATURE 500C Example 13 A non-pressure process using an open hydrapulper producing a semi-chemical type pulp for use as corrugating medium combined with waste fibre and straw black liquor (lignin) solids. WHEAT STRAW MECHANICALLY SHREDDED CHARGE 1. 2 KG ATRO IMPREGNATION TIME 15 MINUTES IMPREGNATION CHEMICAL 0.05% HNO3 CONC. IMPREGNATION TEMPERATURE 500C COOKING TIME 30 MINUTES COOKING CHEMICAL 0.15% HNO3 CONC. COOKING TEMPERATURE 950C DELIGNIFICATION 15 MINUTES, NaOH to pH 12-950C Board Composition DEFIBERED UNSCREENED PULP 42 MIXED WASTE FIBER 33 UNMODIFIED LIGNIN SOLIDS 25 Test Results - Produced on Paper Machine BASIS WEIGHT, GR/M2 105 MULLEN INDEX, KPA 233 ELMENDORF TEAR, MD/CD-MN 677/716 CONCORA, KG P 158 Example 14 A non-pressure process using an open hydrapulper producing a bleachable straw pulp. WHEAT STRAW MECHANICALLY SHREDDED CHARGE 1.2 KG ATRO IMPREGNATION TIME 15 MINUTES IMPREGNATION CHEMICAL 0.5% HNO3 CONC. IMPREGNATION TEMPERATURE 500C COOKING TIME 15 MINUTES COOKING CHEMICAL 1.5% HNO3 CONC. COOKING TEMPERATURE 950C DELIGNIFICATION 15 MINUTES, NaOH to pH 12 95 0C Test Results - Produced on Paper Machine BASIS WEIGHT, GR/M2 180 MULLEN INDEX, KPA 495 ELMENDORF TEAR,MD/CD- 739/848 SCHOPPER RIEGLER, DEGREES 50 KAPPA, NO. 16 Example 15 A non-pressure neutral pH-cooking process using an open hydrapulper producing a packaging paper pulp. BAGASSE SCREENED - DEPITHED COOKING TIME 15 MINUTES COOKING CHEMICAL NaNO3 - 3% SOLUTION COOKING TEMPERATURE 95 - 1000C DELIGNIFICATION 15 MINUTES, NaOH to pH 12, 9D C Electron micrographs of illustrative cellulosic fibres produced by the process of the present invention are shown in Figures 2 through 17. In each instance sodium hydroxide was used as the alkaline extraction agent and both the nitration step and the extraction step were conducted at temperatures within the range of about 95 to 1000C at atmospheric pressure. Final defibering was performed by two minutes in a blender; then the pulp was submitted to rough screening. The excellent length and structure of the fibres are apparent from the micrographs. r. Figures 2 and 3 are electron micrographs of fibres from U.S. Southern pine which had been subjected to a total nitration-extraction time (total for both steps) of 25 minutes, while Figures 4 and 5 show such pine fibres after only a 20 minute nitration-extraction time. Figures 6 and 7 are micrographs of fibres of spruce which had been subjected to a nitration-extraction time of 25 minutes. Figures 10 and 11 show wheat straw fibres after a nitrationextraction time of 25 minutes. Figures 12 and 13 are micrographs of beech fibres obtained from the present process using a combined nitration-extraction time of 27.5 minutes. Figures 14 and 15 are micrographs of bamboo fibres which had been subjected to a nitration-extraction time of 30 minutes. Figure 16 is a micrograph of fibres obtained from waste newspapers which had been subjected to a nitration-extraction time of 15 minutes. Figure 17 shows fibres from did U.S. corrugated paperboard which had been subjected to a nitration-extraction time of 15 minutes.";"Claims 1. A process for treating fibrous ligno-cellulosic material to form defibered pulp material comprising the steps of submerging in or spraying of the fibrous ligno-cellulosic material with aqueous nitric acid having an HNO, concentration of about 0.15 to 9.0 wt.% and containing aluminum sulphate in an amount of about 0.8 to 1.3 parts per each 10 parts by wight of HNO3,or to alternatively use for grassy fibrous materials nitrate salts such as NaNO3 or KNO3 or NH4NO3, so as to.nitrate ligneous component of said material draining the nitrated ligno-cellulosic material from said nitric acid and thereafter defibering directly by mechanical means to obtain said pulp material, or treating the said nitrated ligno-cellulosic material with an alkaline extraction liquor so as to dissolve ligneous component out of t.he material and separating the resultant cellulosic puir from the lignin containing extraction liquor as well as Op+'ionally, recombining a part or all of the ligneous cDm- ponent of the lignin containing extraction liquor with the cellulosic pulp. 2. The process of claim 1 wherein the fibrous ligno-cellulosic material is submerged in or treated by recycling in nitrating solution at a temperature of about 85 to 1100C, preferably 85 to 1000C; in particular wherein both the submersion step and the cooking step are conducted under approximately atmospheric pressure conditions and the HNO3 concentration in the nitrating step is about 0.3 to 5.5 percent by weight; in particular wherein the fibrous lignocellulosic material is submerged or subjected to treatment by recycling in the nitrating solution for about 5 to 30 minutes; in particular wherein the ligno-cellulosic material is woody material, grassy material, or waste paper containing mechanical pulp or semi-chemical fibres; in particular wherein the submersion step and the cooking step are conducted under atmospheric pressure conditions and the fibrous ligno-cellulosic material is submerged in or treated by the nitrating solution for about 10 to 20 minutes; in particular wherein pressures of 15 to 35 p.s.i.q. are used in the nitrating process holding temperatures from 85 to 1100C, preferably 85 to 100 C; in particular wherein pressures of 100 to 150 p.s.i.g. are used in the nitrating process holding temperatures between 85 and 11 00C, preferably 85 and 1000C. 3. The process of claim 1 or 2, wherein the alkaline extraction liquor is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroi- de, potassium hydroxide, or ammonium hydroxide containing about 0.1 to 0.5 wt.% NaOH, KOH or NH40H; in particular wherein the alkaline extraction liquor is an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide containing about 0.1 to 0.5 wt. NaOH, the fibrous ligno-cellulosic material is submerged in the nitrating solution at a temperature of about 90 to 950C and the nitrated ligno-cellulosic material has its binding material removed; in particular wherein the alkali ne extraction liquor is an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide, the lignin containing extraction liquor is mixed with phosphoric acid to precipitate the ligneous component out of the solution and the ligneous componenr is separated from its acidic mother liquor to obtain a flocculated concentrated ligneous material; in particular wherein the nitrated ligno-cellulosic material is treated in the alkaline extraction liquor at a temperature of about 75 to 1000C for grassy and woody fibrous structures; in particular wherein the nitrated ligno-cellulosic material is treated in the alkaline extraction liquor of about 40 to 500C for grassy fibrous structures. 4. The process of any of the preceeding claims wherein the ligneous component is obtained by mixing the lignin containing extraction liquor with acidic reagent to cause ligneous component to precipitate out of solution, following which said precipitated ligneous component is separated from its acidic mother liquor; in particular wherein the acidic reagent is nitric acid, phosporic acid or aluminum sulphate; in particular wherein the acidic reagent is nitric acid and the acidic mother liquor is used as a source of nitric acid for the precipitation step; in particular wherein the precipitated Ligneous component prior to be mixed with the cellulosic pulp, is redissolved in water with sufficient alkaline reagent to render the ligneous component soluble in water; in particular wherein the alkaline reagent is sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide; in particular wherein the flocculated concentrated ligneous material, optionally in combination with a deliquescence inhibiting amount of diatomaceous earth is added to quick draining soils to promote chemical retention and hygroscopic properties. 5. The process of any of the preceeding claims wherein the lignin containing extraction liquor or the redissolved ligneous component is combined with neutralized urea and fortified rosin size to extend rosin size; in particular wherein the lignin-containing extraction liquor or the precipitated ligneous component or the redissolved ligneous component is combined with starch to produce water repelie-.- cy or sizing; in particular wherein the lignin-conianning extraction liquor or the redissolved ligneous component is mixed with resins such as melamine resin or phenolic resin to act as an extender; in particular wherein the nitrated lignin can be solubilized with an alkaline solution at low temperatures of 15 to 500C. 6. The process of any of the preceeding claims wherein the separated ligneous component is combined in precipitated (concentrated) or non-precipitated form with paper:ak fibre. 7. The process of any of the preceeding claims wherein the recombination of the ligneous component with said cellulosic pulp is performed by applying a foam of the precipitated or non-precipitated ligneous component onto a web of the cellulosic pulp at the size press or wet presses; in particular wherein the recombination of the ligneous component with said cellulosic pulp is performed by adding the lignin-containing extraction liquor to the slurry of the cellulosic pulp and precipitating the ligneous component by acidification. 8. The process of any of the preceeding claims wherein the nitrating solution can be sprayed on air dry grassy agricultural residues and nitrates the said residue lignin components duriri storage without use of heat permitting delignification and defibering at a later date; in parti cular wherein the nitrating solution can be sprayed or foamed on air dry agricultural residues and followed immediately with sprayed or foamed alkaline liquor which releases a ligneous binder ""in situ"" when the moist mass is subjected to heat and pressure. 9.The process of any of the preceeding claims wherein the digestibility of agricultural residues for animals is improved. 10. A fertilizer composition comprising the ligneous material of claim 4 in a mixture with a deliquescence inhibiting amount of diatomaceous earth.";PRIOR, ERIC S.;PRIOR, ERIC S.;1978
+EP-0012779-B1;19820804.0;19781221;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185979.0;B65C9;;B65C9;B65C   9/06C;DEVICE FOR POSITIONING CONTAINERS;The positioning system for a can which has been filled and sealed has a frame (1) with a vertical part above the can, which first locates the seam down the can (R). At the top of this part is a pneumatic cylinder (31) with its piston rod (30) connected to a lower shaft (28) which engages a block (33) carrying the seam sensing arm (39). An extension (34) below this, with a spring around it, carries a plate (35) to hold the can in position. Alongside this part is a pair of vertical pillars (2, 3) with arms (5, 6) extending horizontally, with a second pneumatic piston (17) between them, with a toothed rack (15) mountes on its piston rod (16) to operate the rotary positioning mechanism. This in incorporated in the first vertical part.;"Vorrichtung für das Positionieren von Behältern. Die vorliegende Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Vorrichtung für das Positionieren von Behältern und zwar insbesondere auf eine Positioniervorrichtung für Büchsen u. dgl., deren Aufga- be es ist die Behälter in eine bestimmte gleiche Stellung zu bringen um die aufeinanderfolgenden Behälter immer an derselben Stelle mit einem Etikett, einer gedruckten Anzeige usw. zu versehen. Mehrere Positionierverfahren der vorgenannten Art sind bereits bekannt. Ein erstes bekanntes Positionierverfahren der betreffenden Art gründet sich auf dem Prinzip der magnetischen Induktion, wobei die Behälter magnetisch abgetastet werden und der auf die grössere Masse des Bördelrandes oder der Lötnaht an der Oberdeckungsstelle ausgeübte Induktionseffekt zum Versetzen des Behälters in die richtige Stellung benutzt wird. Gemäss einem anderen bekannten Verfahren wird eine mit einem im voraus auf dem Behälter angeordneten Zeichen zusammenwirkende Photozelle benutzt. Gemäss einem weiteren bekannten Verfahren wird ein elektrischer Kontakt mittels eines unbedrukcten Teiles des Metallbehälters erzeugt. Gemäss einem letzteren bekannten Verfahren wird der Behälter mechanisch abgetastet um die Bördelnaht oder Längsnaht zu suchen und den Behälter auf Grund der derart in bezug auf den Bördelrand erhaltenen Information mittels des betreffenden mechanischen Abtastmittels durch Drehen in die richtige Stellung zu bringen, wobei gemäss einer Sonderausführungs weise das Abtasten der Längsnaht mittels eines an einer geeigneterweise drehenden Schraubenspindel befestigten oOFo¯o tionierorgans stattfindet, so dass das Abtast- und po9t nierorgan die Längsnaht findet und darauf den Behälter in die richtige Stellung dreht, wobei, auf die Schraubenspindel einwirkende Mittel für das Bestimmen der richtigen Stellung vorgesehen sind. Die drei erstgenannten Verfahren weisen aber den gemein schaftlichen Nachteil auf, dass ie nur ganz schwierig explo- sionsfrei durchzuführen sind und zwar auf Grund der Tatsache dass die betreffenden Positioniervorrichtungen sich ihres Natur nach kaum für eine explosionsfreie Ausführung eignen. Das vorgenannte Verfahren wobei die Längs naht des Behälters abgetastet wird und dieser auf Grund der derart erhaltenen Information durch Drehren in die richtige Stellung gebracht wird, bietet den Nachteil, dass der Drehsinn des abtasturg stets der Nahtrichtung entsprechen muss. Falls das Abtasten der Längsnaht mittels eines auf einer Schraubenspindel ang±- ordneten Positioniermittels stattfindet, ist bei jeder An derung der Büchsennahtrichtung die Schraubenspindel zu wecl- seln, was aber sehr zeitaufwendig ist. Der vorliegenden Erfindung ist nun die Aufgabe gestellt eine sämtliche Nachteile der bekannten Vorrichtungen ausschlies- sende und sich durch die folgenden Vorteile auszeichnende Positioniervorrichtung für Behälter zu schaffen - vollmechanisch-pneumatischer Antrieb; - vollkommen explosionsfrei; - beliebige Anwendung bei Links- oder Rechtsrichtung der Längsnaht ohne Teilwechsel. Die Kennzeichen und Vorteile des erfindungsgemässen Systems werden durch die nachstehende eingehende Beschreibung eines Vorzugsdurchführungsbeispiels erläutert. Diese ohne irgendeine einschränkende Absicht gegebene Beschreibung findet an Eland der beiliegenden Zeichnungen statt, wo die Abbildung 1 eine Seitenansicht der Vorrichtung gemäss der vorliegenden Durchführungsweise der Er findung wiedergibt; die Abbildung 2 eine Ansicht der durch die Abbildung 1 erläuterten Vorrichtung gemäss dem Pfeil F2 dersel ben mit Teilschnitt wiedergibt; die Abbildung 3 einen gemäss der Linie III-III der Abbildung 1 gemachten Schnitt der betreffenden Vor richtung schematischerweise wiedergibt; und die Abbildung 4 eine Abart des Antriebsmechanismus der betreffenden Positioniervorrichtung schemati scherweise wiedergibt. Wie aus den beiliegenden Abbildungen ersichtlich ist, besteht die erfindungsgemässe Vorrichtung im wesentlichen aus einem höhenverstellbaren, durch auf einem geeigneten Rahmen 4 montierte Führungen 2 und 3 getragenen Schlitten 1. Dieser Schlitten besteht hauptsächlich aus zwei Stützen 5 und 6, die geeigneterweise mittels eines überdies als Distanzelement fungierenden Bolzens l o.dgl. miteinander verbunden sind, wobei als zweites Distanzelement eine Büchse 8 vorgesehen ist, die an jedem Ende mit einem Teil kleineren Durchmessers, respektive 9 und 10, versehen ist, der in ein zu diesem Zweck in der entsprechenden Stütze oder Platte 5 bzw. 6 vorgesehenes Loch passt. In der vorgenannten Büchse 8 ist mittels Kugellager 11 und 12 ein Zahnrad 13 gelagert, wobei diese Büchse an der einen Seite eine Offnung 14 aufweist, dies alles im Hinblick auf die Zusammenwirkung dieses Zahnrads 13 mit einer an der Kolbenstange 16 eines Druckluftzylinders 17 befestigten Zahnleiste 15. Dieser Druckluftzylinder 17 ist mittels einer Stütze 18 auf der vorgenannten Platte 6 des Schlittens 1 befestigt. Die vorgenannte Zahnleiste 15 wird vorzugsweise dauernd mit dem vorgenannten Zahnrad 13 mittels eines geeigneten zu diesem Zweck freidrehend auf einer Welle 20 mit exzentrischier Wellenzapfen 21 und 22 montierten Andrückrädchens 19 im Eingriff gehalten. Diese Wellenzapfen sind in Zusätzlichen Stützen 23 und 24 zwecks Befestigung der Welle in der geeig neten Stellung in bezug auf diese Stützen mittels geeigneter Muttern 25 und 26 angeordnet. Diese Stützen sind mit Bolzen oder anderen geeigneten Mitteln 27 am vorgenannten Schlitten 1 befestigt. Selbstverständlich können die vorgenannten Stützen 23 und 24 zu einem Ganzen mit den Platten 5 und 6 vereinigt sein. Im vorgenannten Zahnrad 13 ist eine Stange 28 mittels eines Keiles 29 rotationsfrei angeordnet, wobei dieser Keil 29 aber derart gedacht ist, dass diese Stange 28 sich achsial im betreffenden Zahnrad 13 verschieben kann. Diese Stange 28 ist oben geeigneterweise mit der Kolbenstange 30 eines pneu tischen Zylinders 31 verbunden, der seinerseits mittels einer Stütze 31 auf der Platte 5 des Schlittens 1 befestigt ist. Unten ist die Stange 28 mit dem eigentlichen Mitnehmer 32 versehen, der im wesentlichen aus einer geeigneterweise am unteren Ende der Stange 28 befestigten Büchse 33 besteht. In dieser Büchse 33 ist eine achsial verschiebbare Achse 34 angeordnet, die unten eine Platte 35 trägt, deren Aufgabe es ist einen unter der Vorrichtung befindlichen Behälter R zweckmässigerweise zu zentrieren, wobei zu diesem Zweck zwischen der Büchse 33 und der Scheibe 35 eine Feder 36 vorgesehen ist. Uberdies ist auf der Büchse 33 ein Hebel 37 angeordnet, woran eine den eigentlichen Mitnehmer 39 tragende Stange 38 befestigt ist. Die Vorrichtung 32 ist an und für sich bekannt und wird daher hier nicht eingehend beschrieben. Es ist ohne weiteres deutlich, dass es sich auf diese Weise eine besonders einfache und zweckmässige Vorrichtung für Positionieren von Behältern ergibt, wobei ein Mitnehmer @@@ zwar im vorliegenden Fall der Finger 39, auf die Läng@nab. des Behälters R einwirkt und das Positionieren einfacher@eis durch Druckbeaufschlagung des Druckluftzylinders 31 stat@@i@ det, demzufolge die Stange 38 so weit nach unten gee@@ob@@ w his die Zentrierplatte 35 den Behälter R erreicht, uoa-auf dor die vorgenannte Zahnleiste 15 verschiebend Druck- ) zylinder 17 beaufschlagt wird zwecks Drehung des Zahnrad des 13 und somit der Stange 28 mit der Büchse 33 und schli@ss lich des Mitnehmers 39 bis dieser die Längsnaht eines Behäl- ters R erreicht um denselben durch Drehung um seine Achse in die richtige Stellung zu bringen. Um Behälter R mit links- bzw. rechtsgerichteter Längsna@@ zu positionieren genügt eine zweckmässige Wahl der Anfange stellung der vorngenannten Zahnleiste 15 mit einer mit einem geeigneten Umschaltventil eingezogenen oder ausg@fin- renen Kolbenstange. Die Zahnleiste 15 lässt sich auch durch eine einfache Leisue ersetzen, woran eine mit einem das Zahnrad 13 ersetzenden Kettenrad zusammenwirkende Kette befestigt ist, oder es statt des Zahnrads 13 ein Kettenrad 40 und beispielsweise statt des Elementes 7 beispielsweise eine Kettenrad 41 vorgesehen, wobei diese Räder mittels einer durch den Zylin der 17 angetriebenen Kette 42 miteinander verbunden led t:att des Andrückrädchens 19 kann auch ein Blöckchen ii o.dgl. benutzt werden. Schliesslich ist zu bemerken, dass der in der vorliegender Besc@reibung angewandte Ausdruck ""Längsnaht"" sich nicht @ur auf eine eigentliche Längsnaht im beschränkten Sinne, des Wortes, sondern ganz allgemein auf sämtliche geeignete Vor- sprüngen oder Eindrücke auf oder in der Wand des behälters bezieht. Die vorliegende Erfindung beschränkt sich natürlich keines Wegs auf die obenbeschriebene, durch die beiliegenden Ab bildungen erläuterte Ausführungsweise, sondern eignet sich für die verschiedenartigsten Abänderungen, Ergängzungen und Anpassungen derselben in bezug auf Form und Grösse, vorausgesetzt natürlich, dass der Erfindungsrahmen nicht überschritten wird.";"Patentansprüche. 1.- Vorrichtung für das Positionieren von Behältern der Art wobei diese nacheinander bei einem Mechanismus gebracht werden, dessen Aufgabe es ist sie weiter zu behandeln, und die Vorrichtung einerseits mit Mitteln für die gegenseitige Ilerannäherung eines Behälters und eines mit der Längsnaht o.dgl. desselben zusammenwirkenden Positionierelementes und anderseits mit Mitteln für das Drehen des betreffenden Positionierelementes bzw. des betreffenden Behälters versehen ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mittel für die gegenseitige Herannährung des Positionierelementes (39) und des Behälters (R) hauptsächlich aus einer unten das vorgenannte Positionierelement (39) eines Mitnehmers (32) tragenden Vertikal stange (28) bestehen, welche achsial verschiebbar in einem Zahnrad (13) oder Kettenrad (40) angeordnet ist, das seinerseits freidrehend im Rahmen (8) eines auf der Maschine befestigten verstellbaren Schlittens (1) gelagert ist und oben mit einem ebenfalls auf diesem Schlitten (1) montierten Druckluftzylinder (17) verbunden ist. 2.- Vorrichtung gemäss dem Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mittel für das Drehen des vorgenannten Positioniermittels aus einer mit dem vorgenannten Zahnrad (13) zusammenwirkenden und durch einen auf dem vorgenannten Schlitten (1) montierten Druckluftzylinder (17) angetriebenen Zahnleiste (15) bestehen. 3.- Vorrichtung gemäss dem Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Mittel für das Drehen des vorgenannten Positionierelementes (39) aus einer Leiste bestehen, an der eine mit dem vorgenannten Kettenrad (13) zusammenwirkende Kette befestigt ist und deren Antrieb mittels eines auf dem vorgenannten Schlitten (1) montierten Druckluftzylinders (17) stattfindet. 4.- Vorrichtung gemäss dem Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass die Mittel für das Drehen des vorgenannten Positionierelementes (39) aus einer einerseits mit dem vorge- nannten Kettenrad (13) und anderseits mit einem zweiten Kettenrad (41) zusammenwirkenden endlosen Kette (42) besteht en, deren Antrieb mittels eines auf dem vorgenannten Schli; ten (1) montierten Druckluftzylinders (17) stattfindet. 5.- Vorrichtung gemäss irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Anspr che, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die vorgenannte Stange (28) achsial verschiebbar aber radial unverdrehbar am vorge-- nannten Zahnrad (13) oder Kettenrad (40) befestigt ist, das sich dauernd mit der vorgenannten Zahnleiste (15), Kettenleiste oder Kette (42) im Eingriff befindet, und dieses Zahnrad (13) oder Kettenrad (40) freidrehend in einer am vorgenannten Schlitten (1) befestigten Büchse (8) montiert ist, in deren Wand eine Offnung (14) für die vorgenannte Zahnleiste (15), Kettenleiste oder Kette (42) vorgesehen ist. 6.- Vorrichtung gemäss irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an Ort und Stelle der vorgenannten Büchse (8) die vorgenannte Zahnleiste (15) oder Kettenleiste mittels eines Andrückrädchens (19) dauernd in Berührung mit dem vorgenannten Zahnrad (13) oder Kettenrad gehalten wird. 7.- Vorrichtung gemäss irgendeinem der vorhergehenden AnspEü- che 1-5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass an Ort und Stelle der vorgenannten Büchse (8) die vorgenannte Zahnleiste (15) oder Kettenleiste mittels eines Andrückblöckchens dauernd in Berührung mit dem vorgenannten Zahnrad (13) oder Kettenrad gehalten wird. 8.- Vorrichtung gemäss dem Anspruch 6 oder 7, dadurch geknn- zeichnet, dass das vorgenannte Andrückrädchen (19) oder Böckchen auf einer mit exzentrischen Wellenzapfen (21,22) verstellbar mit dem vorgenannten Schlitten (1) verbundenen Welle (20) befestigt ist. 9.- Vorrichtung gemäss dem Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeich net, , dass die vorgenannte Welle (20) nach Einstell@ dem vorgenannten Schlitten (1) durch Zusammenwirkung @nre@ beiden Gewindezapfen mit Muttern (25,26) verbunden @er@en kann 10.- Vorrichtung gemäss irgendeinem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der vorgenannte Schlitten (1) höhenverstellbar auf Führungen (2,3) montiert ist.";KOOYMAN, KAMIEL J.M.;J. DE VREE & CO., NAAMLOZE VENNOOTSCHAP;1978
+EP-0012781-B1;19840208.0;19781229;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186033.0;F16H21;F01B1;F01B1, F16H21;F16H  21/30, F01B   1/08;EXPANSIBLE CHAMBER APPARATUS WITH PAIRS OF CYLINDRICAL ROLLERS;Expansible-chamber apparatus with pairs of cylindrical rollers (16,18) each having an exterior surface in continuous rolling engagement with the surface of the other roller of the pair, the rollers (16,18) being rotatable along parallel axes (26), and two parallel side walls (20,22), with each one of the rollers (16,18) also being in continuous rolling engagement with one of the side walls (20,22). A third wall (12,14) is opposite the rollers (16,18) and joins the two side walls (20,22) wherein the chamber is defined between these walls and the pair of rollers (16,18), and is enclosed.;"BACKGROUND OF THE INV2NTiON Alternately expanding and contractinf chambers are well known in the art, which devices employ various forces or rings or sliding surface to achieve sealing between adjacent parts. Commonly known is the piston-type combustion engine @@@@@@ employing a closed cylinder, in which a piston ###### ## a crankshaft and connecting rod, provides an alternately expanding and contracting chamber. Similarly, the well-known Wanker engine utilizes scraping edge seals between the rotating piston and chamber inner surfaces by which the gases are compressed and expanded. Obviously, such apparatus result in substantial friction between the contacting components thereby causing wear. In an attempt to avoid these continually aaring seals or rings between moving parts, rotary engines have been proposed in U.S. Patents 1,349,882 and 2,097,881. The earlier patent employs four elliptical pistons between which the narrow spaces are sealed by spring-actuated rollers In the latter patent, four elliptical rollers are in contact to define' a combustion chamfer therebetween. The problem wlt the aforesaid designs is their limitation because of the number of pistons or rollers as well as their shapes. Precise synchronization is required between the rotating and non-cylindrical rotors or pistons which is a signiricant disadvantage in apparatus design, as well as limiting the compression ratio of the chamber. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The apparatus c the present invention utilizes at least one pair of rotating cj c,¯ ical members or rollers which aremaintaned in co@@i rolling contact with one another and with two opposite side walls, and which walls are preferably adjustable so as to maintain contact with the respective rollers and force them to make contact wit each other, thereby compensating for any wear. This contact between the rollers and the side walls, which is continuous and held firmly, and preferably substantially along the entire roller lengths, obviates the necessity of seals and at the same time minimizes frictional wear, thus, greatly increasing the longevity of the apparatus and reducing the incidence of repairs. The apparatus provides at least one alternately expanding and contracting chamber sealed and defined between the rollers and the housing means. The cavity may be used for treating gases; liquids or slurries. Thus, use of such apparatus may be for engines, pumps, motors, compressors, valves and other power transfer devices and the like. The apparatus is not only a significant improvement because of its relative simplicity of design and reduction in operating costs and repairs but is economically manufactured because of the small number of parts as compared to the devices that require rings, seals, valves, and attendant operating components. The apparatus of the invention -also achieves improved economy of performance and maIntenance because the rolling action of the rollers themselves which seal the thamber require no lubrication of the roller wall or the major portion of the cavity surfaces. Further, because of the reduction of individual parts in the apparatus, and because the chamber itself is defined between the end and side walls, and the rollers, substantial reduction in weight can be achieved. These as well as other advantages will be evident from the following detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DkA-wIN'GS Fig. 1 is a perspective view, with an end plate and wall partially removed, illustrating the roller apparatus of the invention; Figs. 2-5 are top plan views showing different positions of the the rollers shown in Fig. 1 and chamber expansion and contraction resulting from rotating the rollers successively 90 ; Fig 6 is a top plan view of two pairs of cylindrical rollers combined to form multiple expanding and contr2cting chambers; Fig. 7 illustrates another embodiment utilizing two pairs of rollers; Fig. 8 illustrates nother embodiment utilizing a plurality of pairs of rollers and having a plurality of expanding and contracting chambers; ; Fig. 9 is a top plan view of cylindrical rollers illustrating srill another er.ociment having multiple@rollers disposed between two opposed walls and in continuous roller engagement with an adjacent roller and two end walls to form a pair of chambers; Fig. 10 illustrates an embodiment utilizing cylindrical roller segments, and a means for driving the rollers: Fig. II illustrates an embodiment utilizing two pairs of rollers and another rorm or crime means; and Fig. 12 is a partial sectional elevation sho--ing roller sealing means. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referringto Fig. 1, a pair of cylindrical rollers 16 and 18 are disposed in a jacket 10 having side walls 20 and 22 and end walls or panels 12 and 14. The two cylinders are maintained in rolling engagement along their surfaces as well as with the inner side wall surfaces. Preferably, the side walls are adjustable to compensate for wear of the cylindrical surfaces. Because of the continuous rolling engagement between the two cylinder surfaces, as well as between the cylinder surfaces and the respective interior side wall surfaces, there is formed a seal between those meeting surfaces which is maintained regardless of the position or location of the cylinders within the jacket. Observing also Figs. 2-5, as the rollers are driven within the hollow jacket cavity, the two chambers formed on each side of,the cylinders are alternately and oppositely compressed and expanded. Thus, ill Fig. 2, with the cylinders at their closest position relative to end wall 14, chamber 34 is at its smallest volume, although volume of chamber of 36 is greatest. In Fig. 3, the rollers have progressed by rolling in the direction of end wall 12 from opposite wall '14. Accordingly, as the volume of cbamber 36 is decreased, the volume of chamber 3L on the opposite side of the rollers is increased. Moreover, because of the continuous rolling seal between both of the cylinders, as well as between each cylinder and its adjacent side wall, the volume of gas or other composition n chamber 36 becomes compressed, while the comotion in chamber 34 is expanded. In Fig. 4, the cylinders have arrived at the nearest position relative to end wall 12, exactly opposite of their position illustrated in Fig. 2. Accordingly, the volume in chamber 36 has been reduced to minimum while that of 34 is at its maximum. Fig. 5 illustrates the cylinders at approximately their midpoint in return to the extreme position s.own in Fig. 2. Thus, the volumes of the two chambers in Figs. 3 and 5 are substantially identical, with the cylinders being at this same position in both Figs. In the examples illustrated in Figs. 2-5, the different crank arm positions have been rotated successively 900. 'L'reover, the direction of the cylinders is reversed as they travel between the two extreme positions showy in Figs. 2 and 4. Thus, in the examples illustrated, roller 18 will rotate counter clockwise as viewer while roller 16 rotates clockwise, the two rollers travelling at identical or substantially i(?rntical rates. This direction of rotation is indicated in Fig. 3 by the directional arrows on each cylinder. Once the position of the cylinders shown in Fig. 4 is reached, i.e., where they are nearest to end wall 12, the rotational direction is immediately reversed, and ylinder 18 rotates clockwise and cylinder 16 counterclockwise as indicated in Fig. 5. In the apparatus, in ormer for the cylinders to maintain continuous rolling contact with the sides, the side interior surfaces must be parallel, and each cylinder having a uniform Åaiameter along its entire cylindrical length. The cylinders are also preferably of the same length so that the seal between the cylinders runs the full length of each cylinder. Moreover, the center of each cylindrical roller, i.e., the axis about which each roller rotates, lies along a plane which is perpendicular or normal to the plane of the parallel side walls 20 and 22. In order to provide a complete seal of the chambers in the apparatus, it is necessary that a top and bottom panel be provided, illustrated as panels 24 and 29 in Fig. 1. These panels are secured to the respective side and end walls, and any seams or joints are filled to provide a complete seal of the chambers interiorly thereof. In addition, these top and bottom plates must be in sealing engagement with the ends of the cylindrical rollers so that as the rollers travel therealong, the seal will be maintained between the two chambers. Further, any means of sealing the top and bottom plates with the roller ends may be used to achieve that purpose. As previously mentioned, the side walls 20 and 22, which are maintained in continuous contact with the rollers, are preferably adjustable so as to maintain this contact, as well as to urge the rollers together in order to maintain contact between their rolling surfaces. Such an adjustment may be made from time to time, with the side walls having means for such adjustments, or, the walls instead may be permanently biased inwardly against the rollers so that such adjustment is continuous. Any suitable means for biasing or adjusting the walls to meet those requirements may be used, and such means are known to those skilled in the art. Illustrated in Fig. 1 is a crank means for driving or rotating the cylinders or which are driven by the cylinders where an expansive force occurs in the chambers. Only a portion of the crank apparatus is illustrated in which a crank arm 28 is journaled into a crank arm eccentric mounting 30 supported by bearing means, not sho't;n, and free to revolve within each cylinder. The crank arm eccentric mounting and cylinder share cormon axes of rotation or centers. Rotation of crankshaft 26 -causes crank arm 28 to turn within the prank arm eccentric mountlng and force the mounting to rotate within the cylinder. Each cylinder moves until it reaches the end of the crank means throw at-which time its motion is reversed. This drive results in continuous reciprocating movement in which the two cylindrical rollers, In firm rolling contact with each other and with the interior. side walls, cooperate in forming a cavity of reGularly In- creasing and d""m4n4shing size on at least one side of the apparatus. Syncronization of the crank shafts is accomplished by gear means external to the housing or jacket. It will be noted that each of the rollers includes a crank means, and the crankshafts extend through the housing to appropriate power and drive assemblies. Moreover, the crank drive means may be present on one or both sides of each of the cylinders, as desired. The top plate or cover 24 will be provided with an opening through which the crankshaft or a crankshaft extension will p project, and with appropriate sealing means associated with the roller ends. The plate may incorporate suitable bearings to reduce friction with the rotating crankshaft as well as to maintain the shaft firmly in position for rotation. Where other means of driving the rollers are used such as eccentric drive means exteriorly of the housing or jacket, slots through which the roller axles will extend may also be provided in the top wall for reciprocating travel of the respective axles. Moreover, any of the housing walls or plates will also be provided with parts fo valve means, not shown, to allow injection of gases or fluids into the chambers at desired volumes. Further, when the apparatus is used for igniting combustible and gaseous or fuel mixtures, the forces of expansion will cause the cylinders to roll along their respective pats thus transfurring motion through the crank arm eccentric mounting, crank arm, crankshaft, and gear means. Such a device, when properly assembled for use as a internal combustion engine including spark ignition means and the like, may be used for conventional fuel or other power drive means. The apparatus may be used instead as a pupping or compressor device, where power is applied to rotate the crank shafts, and valving means will be incorporated to allow gas or liquids to enter the chambers at max'mum volume become compressed, and exit at minimum volume through port 17 in wall 14. Although the apparatus in Figs. 1-5 has been referred to as being oriented with plates 24 and 29 being top and bottom plates of the jacket or housing, respectively, the apparatus is not to be so limited. For example, the rollers may rotate along horizontal axes rather than vertical, if desired, or any other angle. Thus, the views of Figs. 25 may be side elevational vIews, with the concept and operation of the apparatus being substantially identical, regardless of how the cylindrical rollers or the jacket or housing are oriented. This same orientation applies to the remaining embodiments and apparatus described herein and within the purview of the Invention. Fig. 6 illustrates another embodiment at which two pairs of rollers are utilized. In the apparatus schematically shown, a first pair of rollers 42 and 44, end a second pair of rollers 46 and 48 are positioned in a housing or jacket 2d, which jacket is entirely enclosed on all sis sides, with sides 31 and 33 being parallel, and preferably adjustable in order to compensate for any roller wear. Moreover, as previously explained, these sides are in continuous engagement with the adjacent rollers. The sides also are seaiingly secured to end &commat;5-.es 41 znd 43, with the top and bottom plates, which are also parallel, required to form sealed chambers 45 and 47. The first pair of rollers comprising rollers 42 and 44 will reciprocate toward and from end wall 43 thereby causing alternate compression and expansion of chamber 47. Similarily, a second pair of rollers comprising rollers 46 and 48 will reciprocate in the direction of and away from si - id wall 41 to alternately cause compression and expansion of chamber 45. The crank drIve means previously explained regarding Fig. 1 may be incorporated into the respective pairs of rollers in this embodiment, or other drive means may be used for driving or recovering driving force from the rollers. Where the crank means for driving or recovering roller energy as previously explained, utilizing the journaled crank arm and crank arm eccentric mounting are used, each pair of cylinders may be driven in the same direction simul tateously,in which chamber 45 will become compressed or reduced as chamber 47 is being expanded. The rollers may be driven to precisely syncronize these movementsso that each pair of rollers reaches the end of their respective travel in the same direction at precisely the same instant. On the other hand, it may be desirable to achieve some other volume relationship between the two chambers so that some other syncronized or even a different chamber volume relationship may be achieved as desired It will be Iundeustood that where the roller movement is such that the pairs of rollers are syncronized for movement in- the same direction, the overall length of the jacket in which the chamber is located is not so critical, because there will be no chance that the rollers of different pairs will meet. On the other hand, the apparatus may be used and designed so that each pair of rollers will move in opposite directions at the same time, whereby roller pair (42 and 44) will be moving toward a center of the jacket at the same time and at the same rate as roller pair (46 and 48). In such a design, with the rollers properly syncronized by suitable gearing means cooperating with the rrank means, chambers 45 and 47 will expand and contract at the same rate, having precisely the same volumes at the same instant. Such an embodiment may be preferred where double compression and expansion capacities are desired. Moreover, utilizing this same embodiment, a third chamber 35 may be utilized which also is alternately expanded and contracted by reciprocating roller movement, It will be evident that in the opposite roller movement just described; as the chambers 45 and 47 are expanding, chamber 35 will be compressing and visa-versa Thus, this latter embodiment may be used to take advantage of the third chamber. Such an embodiment will require that the jacket in which the roller pairs operate be a sufficient length so that as opposing rollers of the respective p-airs are at their closes position near the center of the third chamber 35, they do not make contact, although they may approach one another very closely Again to take advantage of the full utilization of the third alternately expanding and contracting chamber 35, roller synchronization must be precise as previously ex plained. Fig. 7 ilIus-trates a two roller pair embodiment similar to that illustrated in Fig. 6r except t*;t the pairs of rollers are driven reciprocally in the same direction, and; at the same rate For thig purpose, crankshaft t9 and ecc@ntric crank arm 47 thereon drive pivotally attached drive rods 5,1 and 53,. each one being pivotally secured to a different roller Preferably these drive rods are secured to roller axles, so that as the crakshaft and arm rotate, the. drive rods 51. and 5.3 alternately p and push the roilars- causing reciprocal movement of rollers 52 and 58 of the different pairs. A sir,ilar arrangenent causes reciprocal motion in the same direction and at the precise same time of rollers 54 and 56. In other words, the crankshaft ad arm for both the upper and lower rollers shown will be synchronized so that the axes of the pair of rollers 52 and 54 will lie along a single plane perpandicular with parallel side walls 55 and 57. The same synchronized movement will also be realized with rollers 56 and 58. Accordingly, such movement result in substantially identical eension and contraction of chambers 60 and 62 at the same time. In the drive means illustrated for the apparatus of Fig. 7 the axles around which each cylindrical roller rotates, and which axles are parallel, will extend through elongated slots formed in top and bottom covers or end plates, and in sealing and bearing engagement therein. In this figure, such a plate through which the axles or each roller will extend has been removed for viewin & the apparatus as illustrated, but slots formed herein will accommodate the axles for the rollers whIch are driven by drive rods 51 and 53, as well as those for rollers 54 and 56 as described and shown. Fig. 8 shows another alternative embodiment of the apparatus incorporating the inventive concept previously described. In the apparatus shown, four pairs of rollers are assembled, each pair of rollers rotating on or about axles which, when aligned for the respective roller pairs extend normal to or 900 with respect to parallel side wails 61 and 63. The different pairs of rollers may be syn & ro- nized in different manners, but prererably may utilize or take advantage of five cnambers 86, 82, 84, 80 and 88. Chamber 86 may be alternately expanded and contracted as may opposing chamber 82 as roller pairs 62 and 64 reciprocate. Full advantage of such an assembly may be achieved with the pair of rollers 62 and 64 moving ar the same rate but cppositel of roller pairs 66 and 68 so that chamber 82 will be fully expanded and contracted by such opposite roller pair movement. Similarly, roller pair 76 and 78 may move at the same rate but precisely oppositely from roller pair 72 and 74 whereby @ chamber 80 is alternately expanded and contracted. Further, with proper roller pair reciprocal synchronization, chamber 84 may be fully utilized, so that roller pair 72 and 74 will move precisely opposite from roller pair 66 and o'. As this occurs, chambers 88 and 86 will be expanded and contracted at the same time and at the same rate and as chambers 86, 88, and 84 are fully expanded, chambers 80 and 82 are fully compressed, and vice versa. It will be evident from this example, that in addition to one and two pairs of rollers, as previously described, any multiples thereof may be used within the purview of the invention to achieve the desired number of expanding and contracting chambers, in any single or multiple apparatus, and the invention is not limited to the specific numbers of pairs of cylindrical rollers and chambers shown. Fig. 9 illustrates a different emboÅaiment utilizing pars of rollers, in this instance the pairs being stacked or alIgned so that each roller rotates adopt an axis along a single common plane, and which plane is perpendicular to the end plates along which the end rollers are maintained in rolling engagement. Thus, in the embodIment shown rol ] ers 94, 96, 98, and 100 are aligned ith all of their axes being aligned along a single plane, which extends perpendicular to side walls or plates 77 and 75. End plates 79 and 81 co operate with the side wails to enclose chambers 90 and 92, which are alternately expanded and contracted cs tre four rollers reciprocate together alternately toward and away from one of the end walls, 79 or 81. Moreover, end roller 94 is in continuous rolling engagement with end wall 77 along the entire roller length, while end roller 100 is similarly in continuous rolling engagement or contact with end wall 75. Each or the rollers is also in continuo 15 rolling contact along its entire length with the adjacent roller or rollers, assuming all of the cylindrical rollers are of the same length, as they are in the preferred embodiment. This rolling contact between the rollers and end rollers with the side walls forms a continuous seal to take ad vantage of the contracting and expanding char-ers. The direction of the different roller rotation is illustrated by the arrows shown on the roller peripheral surfaces for roller directional movement illustrated by the arrows in the center of the rollers. It will be evident that adjacent and of an entire circumferentIal surface, a segmented roller 106 may be used, which will further reduce the overall weIght or mass of the roller and apparatus. Roller 103 is hollow and slotted to accomodate arm 104. The roller surface thus is provided with a slot 113, indicated by the dotted line, the length of the slot being sufficient to avoid roller inner ference with the arm during operation. Thus, the rollers need not be solid, but ray be hollow, so long as sufficient structure is present tQnct Interfere with, or detract from the efficiency of the apparatus operation. Another feature of the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 10 is that only a single chamber is utilized, thereby requiring only a single end wall opposite the rollers for defining and closing the chamber, rather than the pair of walls defining' and closing a pair of opposed chambers as previously described. In the embodiment shown, end wall 112 is sealed and secured to parallel side walls 103 and 105, which side walls are preferably adjustable so as to maintain contact against the adjacent roller surfaces and to maintain roller contact. A single alternately expanding and contractng chamber 110 is sealed between the two roller segments, the side walls and end wall, the top and bottom end plates not being illustrated but being understood. The means for driving the pair of roller segments 1C6 and 108 is a crankshaft 102 having a drive shaft 107 eccentrically and pivotally secured thereon, so that. rotation of the crank 102 causes reciprocal movement of the drive shaft. The opposite drive shaft end is pivot'ally secured to a connecting arm 104, which is secured to the axles of the different cylinder segments. Thus, rotation of drive plate 102 causes -reciprocal movement of the roller segments toward and away from end wall 112. If the apparatus illustrated is used, the cylinder segments are driven where a gas is expanded within chamEe 110, the resulting work for driving crankshaft 102 nay be utilized. The crankshaft, connecting arms and rods ilistrte: may be housed within the apparatus housing, or it ay be exteriorly mounted. Agaiji, the roller segment embocment ray be used for modificatIon of any of the previously described cylindrical roller assemblies, here weight reduction is desired. Y.--oreover, the previously described roller pair apparatus of Figs. 1-5 may utilize only a single chamber embodiment where opposing sealed chambers are not required or desired. Fig. 11 shows still another embodiment of the roller pair apparatus in which a rigid structural s@pport 125 is secured to each of the roller axles. With such a device, the rollers all move in the same direction at precisely the. same time, resulting in chamber 127 being contracted while chamber 129 is being expanded, and vice versa. Again, according to the requirements of the invention, each roller of each pair is in rolling and sealing contact with the other roller of that pair, and in rolling and sealing contact with one of the parallel side walls. Thus, rollers 122 and 128 are in rolling contact with side wall 120, while roller 124 and 126 are in sealing and rolling contact with side wall 118, which side wall is parallel with side wall 120. The sealed housing structure is completed with walls 114 and 118, and end walls, not shown, covering the roller ends and in sealing engagement therewith. Such end walls are provided with slots for movement of the roller axles or ex tensions which are attached to the support 125. Fig. 12 illustrates a means for sealing the roller ends with the end panels or plates as previously noted. In the example illustrated, the roller 130 is hollow, and has a recessed eccentric mounting member 133, rotatably secured and with bearing means not shown, into which crank arm 134 is journaled. At the cylinder end is secured a sealing ring 131, which ring engages the exposed interior surface of end plate 132, thereby sealing off the cavity. As the roller is rotated, the sealing ring continuously engages the polished interior end plate surface as the roller moves reciprocally as previously described. Crank shaft 135 is journaled into and extends beyond end wall 132. The material of the rollers may be rigid including metal or rigid plastics, or may be more flexible such as flexible and compressible plastics or elastomers. The specific material comprising the rollers will depend on the use of the apparatus, tha material requirements being only such that the rollers will function properly an adequately to maintain the rolling seals, with the specific material being selected to meet the necessary functional apparatus rcqurents including friction reduction and ear resistance, since the seals will be in continuous sliding engagement with the interior end plate surface. The apparatus may be provided with passageways or ports in the walls whereby fluids flay be introduced into and removed from the chamber. These ports may be positioned for exposure to the caber in desired roller positions, especially utilizing the eccentric or reciprocal rollers for alternately opening or closing the ports as the rollers cover and uncover the ports with respect to the chamber. Accordingly, such ports may be advantageously positioned whether the apparatus is to be used in a four or two cycle combustion chamber process, or whether other fluids are simply introduced and expanded or compressed by the apparatus. The orientation of the rollers in the apparatus is not particularly critical, unless specific use requ're- ments dictate such orientation. Thus, for example, the rollers nay rotate along horizontal or vertical axes, or any other angle. Accordingly, the views shown may be side elevational views or top plan views, with the concept of and operation of the apparatus otherwise being substantially identical, regardless of how the cylindrical rollers or the housing or end plates are oriented. Although the drawings show substantially similar roller diameters, such a limitation is not critical. Instead, the rollers in an apparatus may be or different diameters, so long as each roller has z uniform diameter. The advantages of the apparatus of the invention, as previously explained, include the obviation of lubrication of wall surfaces surrounding the expanding and contact ing chambers because of the rolling action of the rollers which produce minimum friction. Moreover, combustion charter sizes are easily adjusted to create desired power output, and the components are readily interchangeable. Engine torque may be decerminec by the location and dimension of a single part, i.e., the eccentric power output sr,at, and forces of combustion are distributed over a large and changing area of cylinder walls and through a multiplicity of shafts and connecting arm bearings, rather than trough one piston, one wrist pin bearing and a single crankshaft bearing. Moreover, rotating parts which form the working chamber in an internal combustion or heat engine embodiment are exposed to a cooling medium over most of the cylinder wall surfaces during each revolution. Thus, only a portion of the cylinder or roller walls are exposed to the heat and forces continually throughout the entire cycle since the heated roller areas are continually proceeding to a cooling medium. As use results in engine wear, adjustment of the parallel side --alls will maintain seal integrity without disassembly of major engine components. Moreover, continued operation may cause the common roller surfaces to machine themselves to a progressXa more corpatible fit. Because of the lightweight and low mechanical mass of reciprocating parts (rollers), higher rotational speeds are possible. Further, the chamber sizes may be adjusted by simply varying dimensions of the eccentric roller crank or by the insertion or deletion of volume reducing members which occupy unused chamber volume. Additional advantages include the possibility of large chambers creared with only a small movement of a crank means, a r-nrum number of moving parts, and whereby cooling or lubricating means is easily introduced into the cylinder interior throug crankshafts. Such apparatus within the invention -escr herein is inexpensive to manufacture, is adjustable for wear by external means even while the apparatus is ir. operation, and is easily arranged in multiple ambers for concerted operation and balanced movement. These as well as other advantages and equivalent embodiments within the purview the invention as described herein will be evident to these skilled in the art.";"Claim 1. An apparatus having an alternately cxpanding and contracting chamber comprising: at least one pair of cylindrical rollers each having an exterior surface in continuous rolling engagement with the surface of the other roller of said pair, said rollers being rotatable along parallel axes, said chamber being defined between first and second parallel side walls, at least one end wall spaced from said rollers and top and bottom plates; said rollers being in continuous rolling contact with said side walls, and in end sealing relationship with said top and bottom plates. Claim 2. An apparatus having an alternately expanding and contracting chamber comprising a plurality of four or more even numbered cylindrical rollers rotatable about an axis, each having an exterior surface in rolling engagement with the surface of an adjacent roller, said rollers being aligned whereby the respective roller axes lie along a single plane, first and second parallel side walls, a roller at each end of said plurality of rollers being in rolling contact with said side walls, and an end wall spaced from said rollers, whereby said chamber is defined between said rollers said walls and top and bottom plates, said top and bottom plates sealingly engaging respective ends at said rollers. Claim 3. An apparatus having an alternately expanding and contracting chamber comprising a pair of cylindrical rollers each having an exterior surface in continuous rolling engagement with the surface of the other roller of said pair, said rollers being rotatable along parallel axes, said rollers being disposed in a chamber housing defined internally between first and second parallel side walls, wherein one roller of said pair of rollers is in rolling engagement with said first side wall and the other roller of said pair is in rolling engagement with said second side wall, a third-wall joining said first and second side walls, said third wall being spaced from said rollers, a pair of opposed end plates for enclosing said chamber and in seating engagement with said first, second and third walls and said rollers, and means for coupling said rollers to the exterior of said chamber whereby rotational movement of said rollers is coupled to the exterior of said chamber. Claim 4. An apparatus having an alternately expanding and contracting chamber comprising a plurality of four or more even numbered cylindrical rollers rotatable about an axis, each having an exterior surface in rolling engagement with the surface of an adjacent roller, said rollers being aligned whereby the respective roller axes lie along a single plane, first and second parallel side walls, a roller at each end of said plurality of rollers being in rolling engagement with a different one of said side walls, a third wall joining said first and second side walls, said third wall being spaced irom said rollers, a pair of opposed end rJacs for enclosing said chamber and sealingly engaging said third wall, said f@rst and second side walls and said rollers, whereby said cflainber.is defined internally between said rollers, said walls and said end plates, and means for causing said plurality-of rollers to rotatably move simultaneously toward or away from said third wall. Claim 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein different rollers of said pair of rollers are in rolling contact with opposite side walls, respectively. Claim 6. The apparatus of claim 1 comprising one pair of rollers and wherein one roller of said pair is in rowing contact with said first side wal ] and the other roller is in rolling contact With said second side wall. Claim 7. The apparatus of claim 1 including a second end wall spaced from said rollers, whereby a first chamber is defined between said rollers and said one end wall, and a second chamber is defined between said rollers and said second end wall. Claim 8. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said rollers are elongated, have substantially equal lengths, and are in rolling contact with each other substantially along @@eir entire respective, m@@@@@ Claim 9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said rollers have substantially equal diameters Claim 10. The apparatus of claim 1, 2, 3 or wi including crank means cooperating with said rollers for imparting rotation thereto. Claim 11. The apparatus of claim 6 including a crank arm eccentric mounting rotatably secured in one end of each of said rollers, a crank arm journaled into said mounting, and a crankshaft for driving said crank arm. Claim 12. The apparatus of claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 comprising two pairs of said rollers, each pair having a first rol'er in rolling contact with the first side wall and a second roller in rolling contact with the second side wall. Claim 13. The apparatus of claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 including a second end wall spaced from said rollers; a first chamber being defined between one pair of rollers and said first end wall, and a second chamber is defined between the other pair of rollers and said second end wall. Claim 14. The apparatus of claim 13 including means for rotating said pairs of rollers simultaneously in the same direction. @@@ The apparatus of claim 13 including means @iing said pairs of rollers simultaneously in opposite h@@ alternately expanding and @ing chamber is defined between said pairs of rollers. Claim 16. The apparatus of claim 13 including crank means cooperating with said rollers for imparting @o@@tion thereof. Claim 17. The apparatus of claim 16 herein said crank means comprises a pair of cranks, a pair of connecting ro---s driven by each crank, each rod pivotally connected to a diffefrent one of said rollers. Claim 18. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein said crank means comprises a crankshaft, crank, and a pair of connecting arms each secured to one of said rollers. Claim 19. The apparatus of claim 2 including drive means for rotating said rollers. Claim 20. The apparatus of claim 5 including a fourth all joining said first and second side walls, said fourth wall being spaced 8rom said rollers whereby a first chamber is defined between said third wall, said pair of rollers, said side @lle @@@ said and @@@ and a second chamber is defined between said fourth wall, said pair of rollers, said side walls and said end plates. Claim 21. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein at least one of said rollers is hollow and includes end seals in sealing contact with a respective end plate, crank means journaled through at least one of said end plates, extending through one of said seals and coupled to said roller for transmittin rotational movement between said roller and the exterior of said chambers. Claim 22. The apparatus of claim 20 including two pairs of rollers and crank means cooperating with the cwo pairs of rollers for imparting rotation thereto, wherein said crank means includes at least one çrankshaft journaled into at least one of said chamber walls, and wherein said crankshaft and at least one roller of each said pair of rollers are connected by crank arm and connecting link means. Claim 23. The apparatus in accordance with claim 21 wherein said end seals comprise rings engaging the end of said rollers and at least one of said rings encircles said crank means to provide sealing at said crank from said chamber in addition to sealing said rollers with respect to said chamber. Claim 24. The apparatus of claim 1, 2, 3, or 4 including at least one opening communicating with the interior said chamber @@. permitting @@tr@uce @r exit of substances fl@ids to or from said chamber. Claim 25. The apparetus of claim 4 including a fourth 11 joining said first and second side walls, said fourth wall benin spaced from said rollers whereby a first chamber is defined between said third wall, said rollers, said-side walls a2d said end plates, and second chamber is defined between said fourth wall. said @ollers. said side walls and said end plates. Claim 26. The combination in accordance with claim 4 including means coupling said plurality of four or mo even numbered cylindrical rollers for simultaneous longitudinal movement toward or away frorr, said third and fourth walls. Claim 27. The apparatus of claim 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein at least one of said rollers comprises an elongated cylindrical segment with a discontinuous exterior surface of equal radius wherein one roller of said pair of rollers is in rolling engagement with said first side wall, and the other roller of said pair is in rolling engagement with said second side wall, and wherein said rollers are in rolling engagement with each other. Claim 28, The epp@ratus of claim 4 wterein at least one roller of said plurality of rollers comprises an elongated cylindrical segment with a discontinuous exterior surface of equal radius wherein said roller is in rolling engagement with at least one other roller of said plurality of rollers, and inrolling engagement tith t second roller of said plurality Of rollers or a respective side wall.";HOPKINS, WALTER M.;HOPKINS, WALTER M.;1978
+EP-0012782-B1;19830601.0;19781221;EP;B1;FR;20100220.0;new;8186048.0;F28D1;F28F21;F28B1;F28B   1/06;COOLING TOWER;"1. An atmospheric cooler comprising at least a heat exchanger exchanging heat between at least a fluid, for example water, and a gas, for example the air of the atmosphere, comprising a battery of flexible exchanger tubes substantially parallel to one another and each fixed at each end in a tube plate of a device for distributing and/or collecting said fluid, the latter circulating in the exchanger tubes while the gas passes through the battery transversely relative to said tubes, characterised in that said exchanger tubes (10; 210) are supported only at their two ends and have a length exceeding the distance between said tube plates (11, 15; 115) and said tube plates (11, 15; 115) are so oriented that said exchanger tubes (10; 210) freely hang between said ends, under the effect of their own weight, and have, in a vertical plane, a contour substantially in the shape of a part of a catenary curve.";"Echangeur de chaleur et réfrigérant atmosphérique en comportant application L'invention concerne un échangeur de chaleur entre au moins ur fluide, par exemple de l'eau, et un gaz, par exemple l'air atmosphérique, du type comprenant une batterie de tubes échangeurs flexibles sensiblement parallèles entre eux fixés à chacune de leurs extrémités dans une plaque tubulaire d'un dispositif distributeur et/ou collecteur dudit fluide, ce dernier -circulant dans les @ tubes échangeurs tandis vue le gaz traverse la batterie transver- salement par rapport auxdits tubes. L'invention concerne également 1' application de cei échangeur de chaleur à dcs réfrigérants atmosphériques du type sec "" dans lesquels le fluide à refroidir est mis en contact indi rectement aiec l'air atmosphérique par l'intermédiaire de la paroi des tubes de l'échangeur,ta des réfrigérants atmosphériques du type mixte "" qui comportent à la fois au moins un échangeur du type precité et au moins un corps d'échange humide dans lequel un liquide, qui peut ou non être le fluide circulant dans les tubes de l'échangeur, est mis en contact direct avec l'air atmosphérique, et à des réfrigérants atmosphériques de type "" hybride "" dans les quels les tubes de l'échangeur du type précité sont mouillés exte- rieurement par uil liquide, qui peut ou non être le fluide circulant dans les tubes de l'échangeur. La mise en mouvement de l'air dans ces réfrigérants est assurée soit par tirage naturel, assiste ou non de ventilateurs, soit uniquement par des ventilateurs soufflants ou aspirants. Il existe un certain nombre de documents qui décrivent l'utilisation de tubes flexibles,par exemple en matière plastique,pour la réalisation d'échangeurs de chaleur. Le brevet français N 73 10 009 décrit un écnan- geur de chaleur constitué de tubes flexibles en matière plastique mettant à profil la possibilité d'utiliser des tubes de très grande dimension, nàis qui C3t encore conçu comme une batterie classique de tubes métalliques ailetés,c'est-à-dire comme un ensemble rigide parallèlépipédique. Le b3'c'et français N01 455 991 décrit également un échangeur constitué de tubes en matière plastique. Cependant, l'échangeur est rectiligne et de section circulaire du type des échangeur eau-eau et non des échangeurs fluide-gaz tels que ceux utiiisés dans les réfrigérants atmosphériques. La flexibilité des tubes n'est exploitée qu'aux extrémités de l'échangeur pour les regrouper de façon compacte pour le raccordement hydraulique. L'échangeur est droit et même contenu rigidement dans une gaine métallique. La demande de brevet français N 76 25 059 décrit des échangeurs à tubes flexibles en matière plastique de grandes longueurs disposés horizontalement et pouvant épouser divers contours de réfrigérants, voire leur périphérie. Dans ces échangeurs, les tubes sont tendus aux niveaux de leurs entretoises où ils sont éventuellement contraints de se plier et de former un angle.Ainsi,les contours curvilignes de réfrigérants peuvent être approchés par des contours polygonaux des échangeurs.La flexi bilité des tubes est ici mise à profit pour conformer la forme de l'échangeur à celle du réfrigérant,contrairement à ce qui est prévu dans les deux premiers brevets mentionnés ci-dessus.Cependant, <RTI ID=2.20> l@ tube grande longueur des tubes et le fort coefficient de dilatation de la matière plastique dont ils sont constitués font que ces tubes subisseiit di's variations importantes de longueur qu'il est nces- saire d'absorber.Il en résulte donc une complication de la réalisation des échangeurs. Ce problème de la dilatation des tubes en ma- tière plastique de grande longueur a été résolu dans la demande de brevet français N 77 30 221 grâce à un agencement suivant lequel la batterie de tubes est suspendue sur au moins une partie de sa longueur à une structure de support par des suspentes auxquelles sont accrochés des dispositifs d'entretoisement qui,le long de la batterie, réunissent de distance en distance les tubes, les suspentes étant inclinées de manière à mettre les tubes en tension. Bien que très efficace,cet agencement est surtout prévu pour des échangeurs dont les tubes sont horizontaux et nécessite en outre la présence d'un équipement de support et de suspension. Le but de l'invention est de réaliser uii échan- geur de chaleur qui soit d'une construction plus simple que les échangeurs à tubes flexibles connus tout en perlnettant d'utiliser la propriété de flexibilité des tubes pour réaliser des échangeurs de configuration très variées, L'inventioii telle qu'elle est caractérisée dans les revendications,permet d'atteindre ces buts grâce au fait que les tubes échangeurs sont uniquement fixés à leurs deux ex.trémi- tés et pendent par conséquent librement entre ces deux points en prenant d'eux-mêmes leur position sous l'effet de leur propre poids et grâce à leur flexibilité. Cet agencement a pour avantages d'être d'une très grande simplicité de construction par rapport à ceux des échangeurs connus, de permettre de réaliser des configurations d'échangeurs très variées et, en outre,de résoudre de par sa conception,sans appel à des moyens extérieurs,le problème de la dilatation thermique des tubes qui,comme indiqué précédemment, est particulièrement crucial lorsqu'on utilise,comme c'est de préférence. je cas dans la présente invention,des tubes en matière synthétique. D'autres caractéristiques ct avantages de l'invention ressortiront de la description qui va suivre de différents modes d'exécution donnés uniquement à titre d'exemples et illustrés par les dessins annexés sur lesquels - la Fig. 1 est une vue en élévation latérale et en coupe d'un réfrigérant atmosphérique "" sec '2 à tirage mécanique équipé d'échangeurs de chaleur suivant l'invention ; - la Fig 2 est une vue de dessus, avec arrachement partiel,du réfrigérant de la Fig. 1 - la Fig. 3 est une vue en élévation avant du réfrigérant de la Fig. 1 ; ; - la Fig. 4 est une vue de détail en perspective d'un dispositif d'entretoisement des tubes des échangeurs du réfrigérant des Fig. 1 à 3 - la Fig. 5 est uiie vue analogue à la Fig. 1 d'un réfrigérant atmosphérique "" sec "" équipé d'un échangeur suivant une variante de réalisation - la Fig. 6 est une vue analogue à la Fig. 1 d'un réfrigérant atmosphérique "" mixte "" équipe d'échangeurs semblableus a ceux cie la Fig. l - la Fig.7 est une vue de dessus,avec arrachement partiel, du réfrigérant de la Fig.6 ; ; - la Fig. 8 est une vue en coupe de quelques tubes de l'échangeur des Fig.6 et 7 montrant une variante de dispositif d'@@tre@oisement ; - a Fig ig 9 est une vue analogue à la Fig. G montrant un autre type de réfrigérant atmosphérique mixte équipé d'échan geui s suivant 1' invention; - la Fig. 10 est une vue de dessus de l'échangeur de la Fig. 9 - la Fig. 11 est une vue en éévation d'un réfrigérant atmosphérique "" sec "" à tirage naturel équipé d'un échangeur suivant l'invention - la Fig. 12 est une vue en coupe suivant la ligne 1212 de la Fig. 11 ; et - la Fig. 13 est une vue analogue à la Fig. 11 montrant une variante de réalisation. En se référant aux Fig. 1 à 4, on voit un réfrigérant atmosphérique "" sec "" à tirage mécanique de iornle rectangulaire comprenant une c!;ambre 1 délimitée par deux parois latérales 2 supportées par une charpente métallique 3 sur deux des côtés du réfrigérant, et par deux faces ouvertes 4 constituant des entrées d'air sur les deux autres côtés du réfrigérant. La chambre 1 est surmontée par une toiture 5 en forme de tronc de pyramide qui se termine par une virole circulaire 6 dans laquelle est monté un ventilateur 7 entraîné par un moteur qui n'a pas été représenté pour la clarté du dessin A l'intérieur de la chambre 1 sont disposés deux échangeurs de chaleur S suivant l'invention. Chaque échangeur 8 comprend une batterie 9 dc tubes flexibles 10 en une matière synthétique parallèles entre eux qui soiit raccordés de façon étanche à leur partit inférieure dans les plaques tubulaires opposées 11 d'une bofte à cau distributrice 12 d'alimentation en eau ou autre liquide à refroidir qui présente la forrne <RTI ID=5.20> d'uii parallélépi pède rectangle et qui s'étend sur toute la longueur du réfrigérant à égale distance des deux faces ouvertes 4 d'entrée d'air et à une certaine distance au-dessus du sol 14,une conduite 13 de distribution de liquide aboutissant à la boîte-à-eau 12. Les tubes 10 de chaque batterie 9 s'étendent vers le haut à partir de la boîte-à-eau 12 et sont raccordés de façon étanche à leur partie supérieure dans une plaque tubulaire 15 d'une boîte à eau respective 16 collectricc du liquide refroidi ,lequel est évacué des boites-à-eau 16 par des conduites d'évacuation 17.Les boîtes-à-eau collectrices 1 s'étendent parallèlement à la boîte-à-eau distributrice 12 à la partie supérieure de la chambre 1 où elles délimitent le bord su- périeur des entrées d air 4, et elles sont supportées comme la boîte-à-eau distributrice 12 par la charpente métallique 3 qui n'a été représentée que schématiquement pour la clarté du dessin. Les tubes 10 (Fig. 4) des échangeurs 8 sont réalises en une matière synthétique à la fois souple, ou flexible, résistant aux températures relativement élevées de fonctionnement, notamment en ce qui concerne le fluage, et transmettant relativement bien la chaleur, telle que certains polymères organiques, par exemple le polybutène ou le polyéthylène réticulé. Le diamètre des tubes est de préférence relativement petit pour permettre un bon échange thermique,par exemple de 5 à 20 mm, et ils sont disposés, en considérant les échangeurs 8 dans un plan vertical transversal comme à la Fig. 1, en une série de nappes parallèles dont le nombre peut-être. par exemple, dc 8 à 40. Les tubes 10 sont fixés de façon étanche dans les plaques tubulaires 11 et 15 par des dispositifs de fixation étanche appropriés, de tels dispositifs étant notamment décrits dans les demandes de brevent français n 76 03 581 et 77 04 168 el dans le berevet français n 1 425 666. Comme on peut le constater à la Fig.1, les tubes1 pendent librement entre leurs points de fixation dans les plaques tubulaires 11 et 15 et,pour éviter qu'ils se touchent,ils sont graupés en un certain nombre de faisceaux 18 dont les tubes son: réunis de distance en distance par des dispositifs d'entret@@ise@@@@ 19 dont un exernple de réalisation est représenté plus en dé@a@@ à la Fig. 4. Ce dispositif d'entretoisement 19 est constitué un certain nombre de réglettes 20 maintenues serrées les une co@- tre les autres au moyen d'un cadre 21 et qui sont pourvues d'en- coches délimitant deux à deux des passages pour ]es tubes 10. If ce qui concerne ce type de dispositif d'entretoisement,on pourra notamment se reporter à la demande de brevet français n 76 25 059 qui en donne une description détaillée. D'autres exemples de dispositifc d'entretoisement analogues sont également décrits dans les brevets français n 73 10 009, 75 39 240, 75 07 727 - dans les brevets US n 3,422,884 et 4,036,289.Grâce à ces dispositifs d'entretoisement,des passages d'air réguliers sont m@n gés entre les tubes qui, de préférence, sont disposés en quincon- ce au moyen d'un décalage des nappes adjacentes les uncs par rapport aux autres,afin que ces passages obligent l'air à suivre un parcours sinueux entre les tubes. Les tubes 10 ont une longueur supérieure cl distance séparant les plaques tubulaires 11 et 15 de@nanière a présenter un profil incurvé dans un plan vertical comme repre senté à la Fig. 1. Toutefois, cetle Figure est schématique prétend pas reproduire de façon exacte la courbure réelle des tubes,celle-ci dépendant principalement de leur longueur.On constatera également que les palques tubulaires 1 et 15 doivent @@r- orieniées de façon que,dans la position normale des tubes,les ex trémités de ceux-ci soient orientées sensiblement perpendiculairement aux palques tubulaires des bo@@es-à-eau inférieure et supérieures,lesquelles sont décalees horizontalement par rapport à l'autre. Le fonctionnement du réfrigérant des Fig. 1 à 4 est tout à @@it classique et ne sera donc pas décrit en détail. On @@@@ simplement que le liquide à refroidir,par exemple de l'eau,est amené par des moyens de pompage (non représentés) à la boît@- eau distributrice 12 par la conduite d'alimentation 13.Dans la boîte-à-eau 12,le liquide est réparti dans les tubes 10 des deux échangeurs 8 et s'écoule vers les boîtes-à-eau collectrices 16. Au cours de son passage dans les tubes,le liquide est refroidi par l'air atmosphérique qui pénètre dans le réfrigérant par lies entrées d'air 4 et traverse les batteries 9 suivant les directions indiquées par les flèches F à la Fig. 1 L'air réchauffé et aspiré par le ventilateur 7 est ensuite rejeté dans l'atmosphère à travers la vIrole 6. On remarquera que dans l'exemple représenté les parois latérales 2 s'arrêtent à une certaine distance au-dessus du sol 14, et plus précisément à la hauteur de la boîte-à-eau distributrice 12, ce qui ménage deux entrées d'air latérales permettant d'améliorer la pénétration de l'air atmosphérique dans le réfrigérant. Toutefois, en variante; les parois latérales 2 peuvent s étendre jusqu'au sol 14. Le mode de réalisation de la Fig. 5, sur laquelle les mêmes numéros de référence qu'aux Fig. 1 à 3 mais au?iientér du nombre 100 ont été utilisés pour désigner les parties simi laires,di diffère de celui. des Fig. F à 3 par le fait qu'il comporte un seul échangeur 108,la boîte-à-eau inférieure étant supprimée et les tubes de l'échangeur 108 s'étendant de l'une. des boiter -à- eau supérieure 116a,qui constitue une boîte-à-eau distributrice alimentée par une conduite d'alimentation 117a, à l'autre boîteà-eau 116b,qui consiste une boîte-à-eau collectrice comme dans l'exemple précédent et est placée à la même hauteur que la boîte-à-eau 116a. Les tubes de l'échangeur 108 ont une longueur sensiblement double de celle des échangeurs 8 et pendent librement entre les boîtes-à-eau 116a et 116b en présentant un profil en forme de chaînette. Par rapport à 1' l'exemple des Fig. 1 à 3, celui de la Fig. 5 a l'avantage de permettre l'économie importante d'une boîte-à-eau.mais il accroit par contre les risques de bouchage des tubes par des dépôts stagnants en leurs points inféricurs, risques qu'une bonne qualité du fluide à refroidir ainsi qu une vitesse de circulation relativement élevée de ce fluide permet de réduire voirp d'éviter. Les Fig. 6 et 7 représentent un réfrigérant mixte qui diffère essentiellement du réfrigérant des Fig. 3 à 3 par le fait qu'il comporte deux corps d'échange "" humides "" à courantscroisés 222 montés chacun devant un échangeur "" sec "" 208 respectif de sorte que chaque flux d'air atmosphérique tra-erse en série le corps d'échange huniide 222 et l'échangeur 20S. Les bei tes-à-eau collectrices 216 comportent plusieurs conduits d'éva- cuation 217a au lieu d'un seul dans le cas du réfrigérant des Fig. I a 3, 3, et ces conduits 217a fonctionnent comme des trop- pleins qui déversent le liquide ayant traversé les échangeurs 208 dans deux bacs 223 adjacents respectivement aux deux boîtes-à- eau 216. Les bacs 223 sont pourvus dans leur fond d'ajutages disperseurs à travers lesquels le liquide partiellement refroidi dans les échangeurs 20S est déversé au-dessus du corps d'échange associé 222. Les corps d'échange humide peuvent être, soit du type dans lequel le liquide s'écoule sous forme de pellicules s minces comme décrit par exemple dans les brevets français n 1 140 551 et 2. 183 704,soit du type à éclaboussement comme décrit dans le brevet US n 3,751,017. Sous chaque corps d'échange 222 est disposé un bassin 224 destiné à recueillir le liquide refroidi qui s'écoule du corps d'échange et qui est ensuite évacué de chaque bassin par une conduite d'évacuation 225. Entre chaque corps d'échange humide 222 et l'échangeur sec associé 208 est disposé un séparateur de gouttes 226. De tels séparateurs de gouttes sont parfaiternent classiqucs et des exemples en sont notamment donnés dans les brevets G. B. n 1 347 648,US 3.925.523, U. S. n 3,804,389, U.S.n 4, 052,491 Français n 2 316 570, Français n 2 331 762 et dans la demande de brevet DE-OS 2 t;02 485. Ces séparateurs de gouttes sont nécessaires non seulement pour réduire les entraînements vésiculaires du réfrigérant, mais encore pour assurcr une bonne efficacité aux échangeurs secs dès les premières nappes de tubes, qui peuvent dès. lors échauffer l'air à humidité absolue crEnstante, donc à humidité relative décroissante, effet utile recherché par l'échangeur sec dans les réfrigérants mixtes dans le but de réduire le panache, ces pre mières nappes ne devant donc pas servir à évaporer l'eau liquide des entraînements vésiculaires en permettant seulement aux nappes suivantes d'abaisser la tension de vapeur de l'eau. Parailleurs,dans ce réfrigérant, les parois latérales 204 s'étendent jusqu'au sol en raison de la pré sence des corps d'échange humide dans lesquels l'air atmosphérique doit circuler à courants croisés par rapport au liquide. Comme représenté plus en détail à la Fig. 8,le dispo sitif d'entretoisement des tubes des échangeurs 208 est différent de celui des échangeurs 8. Ce dispositii est constitué d'anneaux ou dis qucs fendus 227, par exemple en niati--'re plastique, qui sont montés sur les tubes 210 et dont la largeur radiale détermine l'espacement entre les tubes. En outre,]es tubes 210 peuvent être solidarisés par fais ceaux au moyen de liens quelconques appropriés (non représentés). D'une manière générale,tout type de dispositif d'entretoisement approprié autre que ceux représenté s aux Fig. 4 et 8, par exeiple des protuberances sur les tubes,peut être utilisé pour maintenir l'écarte@ entre les tubes de l'échangeur suivant l'invention. Le fonctionnement du réfrigérant des Fig. 6 et 7 est le fonctionnement classique d'un réfrigérant mixte à circulation série du liquide à refroidir et de l'air atmosphérique et, comrne il résulte par ailleurs clairement de la description qui précède, il ne sera pas décrit plus en détail Les Fig. 9 et 10 représentent un autre type de réfirgérant""mixte""dans lequel le liquide à refroidir circule égale- ment en série dans l'échangeur ""sec"" et dans l'échangeur ""humide"" mais où les deux échangeurs sont parcourus par des flux d'air parallè- les qui ne se mélangent qu'après avoir traversé les deux échangeurs. Sur ces figures on a utilisé les mêmes numéros de références que sur les figures précédentes pour désigner les parties analogues mais en les affectant du chiffre des centaines 3 au lieu du chiffre des centaines 2 et du chiffre des centaines 1 dans les exemples des Fig. 6 et 7 d'une part, et de la Fig. 5 d'autre part. L'alimentation en liquide des échangeurs 308 est effectuée par le haut au moyen des conduites 317 qui sont raccordées aux bofles-à-eau supérieures 316 par une série de conduites en parallèles 317'. Le liquide partiellement refroidi dans chacun des deux échangeurs 308, qui sont disposés de chaque côté du refrigérant au-dessus de l'échangeur sec 322, est recueilli dans les boites-à-eau inférieures 312 qui le distribuent à des bacs d'ali- mentation respectifs 323 alimentant eux-mêmes le réseau de distribution 328 du corps d'échange humide à contre-courants 322. Lc fonctionnement du réfrigérant des Fig. 9 et 1U est semblable à celui des réfrigérants mixtes à flux d'air parallèles, On notera simpleni-ent que, en variante, la circulation du liquide dans les échangeurs secs 308 et humide 322 pourrait se faire en parallèle au lieu de se produire en série et qui, par ail- leurs,le réfrigérant,au lieu d'être de forme rectangulaire,pourrait être de forme circulaire.La Fig.9 reste dans ce cas valable mais est supposée représenter une seule boîte-à-eau supérieure 316 de forme circulaire et une seule boîte-à-eau inférieure 312 également de forme circulaire Les Fig. li et 12 représentent l'application IL uile Dur de réfrigération de type hyperbolique à tirage naturei dc l'échan- geur à tubes pendants suivant l'invention.La tour comprend une coqu@ 429 en voile mince de béton et un réseau 430 de poutres en forme de cr@isillon supportant la coque par l'intermédiaire d'une poutrelinteau circulaire 431 pour définir une entrée d'air périphérique 404. Au nivt.aJ circulaire 431 se trouve la boîte-à-eau supérieure d'alimentation 461,qui est continue ou CO!1S- titubée d'une succession de courts éléments rectilignes alignes circulaire ment,alimentant la batterie 409 de tubes plastiques souples dont les extrémités inférieures sont reliées à la boîte-à-eau circulaire inférieure 412,don@ le diamètre d'ensemble est inférieur à celui de la boîte-à-eau 416. Cette différence entre ces diamètres entraîne une différence entre les écartements des tubes : à la boite-à-eau inferieure,l'écartement dans la direction tangentielle est plus petit. Ceci peut éventuellement être compensé, eu égard au passage de l'air,par un accroissement de l'écartement dans la direction radiale, sire par le dédoublement de nappes. de tubes en une disposition en quinconce, De touie façon,les diamètres des tours actuels au niveau des linteaux étant très grands,de l'ordre de 100 à 200 m, la différence des diamètres d'ensemble des boîtes-à-eau inférieure et supérieure (accentué au dessin,pour plus de clarté) est relati @@@@@r@ faible,de l'ordre de quelques mêtres à une vingtaine de mêtres au maximum,et ne pose pas de problèmes ardus relatifs à la variation d'écartement des tubes. @Enfin,la Fig.13 représente également une tour de réfrigération de type hyperbolique à tirage nalurel, mais où la batterie 509 de tubes plastiques prend une direction centrifuge à partir du linteau 531, du fait que la boiNte-à-eau inférieure 512 a un diamètre supérieur à celui du bord inférieur de l'ouverture d'entrée d'air 504. Au niveau de la boîte-à-eau 512,l'écartement légèrement plus grand des tubes par rapport à celui existant à la boîte-à-eau supérieure 516 peut être mis à profit pour compenser la tendance à la diminution du débit d'air entre le linteau et le sol puisque, en effet,les pertes de charge de l'air à la traversée de l'échangeur croissent de haut en bas si le pas radial de l'échangeur est constant. Dans l'exemple des Fig. 11 et 12 comme dans celui de la Fig. 13,la batterie 409 ou 509 est constituée de plusieurs nappes de tubes définissant chacune une surface de révolu- tion de profil curviligne. Bien entendu, de nombreuses modifications peuvent être apportées aux modes de réalisation décrits ci-dessus sans sortir du cadre de l'invention C'est ainsi que,par exemple, le fluide interne des échangeurs secs des réfrigérants mixtes humides-secs,tels que ceux représentés aux Fig. 6 à 10,pourrait être différent de celui des échangeurs humides De façon avanta- geuse pour la réduction du panache de la section humide, il pourrait être un fluide à température substantiellement plus haute. Les circuits d'alimentation en fluide (fluide pour l'échangeur sec eau ou solution aqucuse pour l'échangeur humidc) seraient alors entièrement distincts. La mise en mouvement de l'air des réfrigérants concernés leur avoir lieu soit par ventilateurs, aspirant ou souffiant 1: air au travers les échangaurs, soit par une cheminée de tirage naturel, assistée ou non de ventilateurs. Les corps d'échange humides peuvent être de tous les types connus,particulièrement à contre-courant, ou a courants croisés, du type à écoulement pelliculaire ou à éclaboussement, ou combiné Les échangeurs humides et secs peuvent être montés en parallèle ou en série dans le flux d'air et,poui ce dernier cas,l'échangeur sec peut etre on amont ou en aval de l'échangeur humide dans ce flux d'air. L'échangeur suivant l'invention pourrait également être conçu, non plus uniquement comme un échangeur sec, mais comme un échangeur hydribde tel que décrit dans la demande de brevet européen n078 400 144. 8. Des modifications pourraient encore être apportées au niveau des boîtes-à-eau, En effet, le sens d'alimentation,de bas en haut ou de haut en bas suivant le cas,pourrait être inver- sé par rapport à ce qui a été décrit ou représenté dans les dif férents exemples de réalisation. Une autre modification consiste- rait à réaliser des batteries à passes multiples en cloisonnant les boîtes-à-eau longitudinalement ou transversalement. Si le nombre de passes est pair,la même boîte-à-eau peut alors servir de dispositif distributeur et de dispositif collecteur de liquide, De telles boîtes-à-eau à passes multiples sont notamment décrites dans le brevet US 2 143 157, tandis que le modèle d'utilité DE 70 08 998 décrit une boîte-à-eau en matière plastique. Il est à noter que d'autres matériaux que la matière plastique peuvent être utilisés pour la réalisation des boîtes-à-eau.";"REVENDICATIONS I - Echangeur de chaleur entre au moins uii fluide, par exemple de l'eau, et un gaz,par exemple l'air atmos- phérique, romprenant une batterie de tubes échangeurs flexibles sensiblement parallèles entre eux fixés à chacune de leurs extrémités dans une plaque tubulaire d'un dispositif distributeur et/ou collecteur dudit fluide, ce dernier circulant dans les tubes échangeurs tandis que le gaz traverse la batterie transversalement par rapport audits tubes, caractérisé en ce que lesdits tubes échangeurs (10 ; 210) ne sont supportés qu'à leurs deux extrémités et ont une longueur supérieure à la distance séparant lesdites plaques tubulaires (11,15 ; 115) de rnanière à pendre librement entre lesdites extrémités sous l'effet de leur propre poids et Åa préser- ter un profil incurvé dans un plan vertical. 2 - Echangeur suivant la revendication 1, caracté- risé en ce que, comme connu en soi,lesdits dispositifs distributeur et/ou collecteur (12,16 ; 116a, 116b ; 212,216 ; 312, 316) ont une forme rectiligne et en ce que ladite batterie (8 ; ; 108 ; 208 ; 308) est constituée de plusieurs nappes parallèles de tubes. 3 - Echangeur suivant la revendication 2,caractérisé en ce que les deux dispositifs distributeur et/ou collecteur (12,1 : 212,216 ; 312,316) entre lesquels s'étendent les tubes échangeurs sont disposés à des hauteurs différentes et sont décalés horizonta- lement l'un par rapport à l'autre. 4 - Echangeur suivant la revendication 2,caractérisé en ce que les deux dispositifs distributeur el/ou collecteur (116a 116b) entre lesquels s'étendent les tubes échangeurs sont disposés à la même hauteur et les tubes de la batterie (108) s'étendent sui- vant une courbe en forme de chaînette entre lesdits dispositifs. 5 - Echangeur suivant la revendication 1,caractérisé en ce que lesdits dispositifs distributeur et/ou collecteur (412,416 ; 512,516) entre lesquels s'étendent les tubes échangeurs ont une forme circulaire et ont un diamètre différent. 6 - Echangeur suivant la revendication 5,caractérisé en ce que la batterie (409 ; 500) est constituée de plusieurs nappes de tubes définissant chacune une surface de révolution de profil curviligne. 7 - Echangeur suivant l'une quelconque des re vendications 1 à 6,caractérisé en ce que lesdites plaques tubulaires sont orientées sensiblement perpendiculairement aux extrémités adjacentes des tubes échangeurs. 8 - Echangeur suivant lune quelconque des reven- dications 1 à 7,caractérisé en ce que les tubes échangeurs sont maintenus espacés les uns des autres par des dispositifs d'entre @oisement prévus de distance en distance le l@ng desdits tubes 9 - R réfrigérant at mosphérique, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un échangeur de @ haleur suivant l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 8. 10 - Réfrigérant suivant la- revendication 9 lorsqu'elle dépend de la revendication 3,caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte deux échangeurs de chaleur (8 ; 208) comprenant un dispositif distributeur inférieur commun (12 ;212) @@étendant au milieu du réfrigérant et dont les tubes divergent à partir dudit dispositif distributeur commun vers deux dispositifs collecteurs supérieurs (16 ; 216) respectifs. 11 - Réfrigérant suivant la revendication 10,caractérisé en ce que,comme connu en soi,il comprend deux corps d'échange de chaleur de type "" humide "" (232) disposés chacun en amont d'un échangeur de chaleur respectif par rapport au sens d'écoulement de l'air atmosphérique dans le réfrigérant. 12 - Réfrigérant atmosphérique suivant la revendication 9 lorsqu'elle dépend de la revendication 5,ledit réfrigérant étant du type comprenant une tour de tirage naturel de section circulaire pourvue à sa base d'une entrée d'air périphé- rique, caractérisé en ce que l'un des dispositifs distributeur et ou collecteur (416 ; 516) de l'échangeur de chaleur s'étend le long du bord supérieur de l'ouverture d'entrée d'air (404 ; 504) du réfrigérant et l'autre dispositif distributeur et/ou collecteur (412 ; 512) est décalé radialement par rapport au bord inférieur deladite ouverLure d'entrée d'air.";LANGEROCK, LUC FELIX MARIE-LOUIS GHISLAIN, Langerock, Luc Félix Marie-Louis Ghislain;HAMON-SOBELCO S.A. SOCIETE DITE:;1978
+EP-0014722-B1;19830427.0;19781121;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186017.0;C02F3;C02F1;C02F3;C02F   3/12C;PROCESS FOR TREATING ORGANIC WASTE;An evaporator, used as an alternative means of disposing of biological wastes or wastes containing biological matter from, for example, oil flush toilets or minimum flush toilets or in any biological waste treatment system. The evaporator includes a storage tank (2) containing the waste with aeration means (7,8) employed to expose large surface areas of the waste to free air and a heat source (5) to supply sufficient heat energy to equal the heat of vaporization required for evapora­ tion of the water into the air, and maintain a temperature at which evaporation and biological activity take place. Satu­ rated air at an elevated temperature leaves the tank through a vent (3). As waste is introduced, heat and air are added to promote evaporation and, thermophilic aerobic biological activity. The air supply is provided at a rate commensurate with the supply of waste material, and the temperature is adjusted (for example to 58°C but below 100°C) to accommo­ date a particular strain of thermophilic bacteria, ambient air conditions, percent of organic substances or other criteria that may be established as a function of design criteria.;"PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING ORGANIC TASTE The present invention relates to waste disposal systems for digesting and evaporating human or other organic wastes. These wastes may for example come from oil flush toilets, foam flush toilets, low flush toilets or conventional toilets or from combined domestic wastes. The present invention is more particularly directed toward a thermophilic evaporatordigestor system in which the wastes are subjected to aeration at low temperatures, with the result that they are digested and evaporated. The evaporator with thermophilic digestor of the present invention was developed as an alternative method for the disposal of human wastes. These wastes may come from any number of sources such as combined municipal sewerage, mixed domestic wastes, or the segregated wastes from conventional toilets. However, since this device requires sufficient heat to evaporate the water therein contained, it is most efficiently applied to the elimination of wastes containing the minimum admixture of water for flushing. One example of such a toilet is the oil flush toilet, as taught by Claunch, in U.S. Patent 3,673,614 and 3,974,528, entitled ""Sewage System with Reusable Flush Medium"". Another toilet system with which the present device has been tested is the ""foam-flush toilet"" as taught by Masami Miya in U.S. Patent No. 3,585,649. Various other low-flush toilets can be used with this device, for example the low-flush toilet as taught by Burton in Japanese Patent Application No. 27927/75. In this latter case, the thermophilic evaporator-digestor would take the place of the redwood filter device as taught by Burton in Japanese patent application No. 831225. This invention uses the phenomena of evaporating water at elevated temperature and supporting aerobic high-temperature bacterial activity both dependent upon aeration of the wastes at slid elevated temperatures. In a literature search for an-elevated temperature which would inactivate the more common pathogenic bacteria, it was determined that certain strains of non-pathogenic, high-temperature compatible micro-organisms have been isolated. It was further discovered that the thermophilic micro-organisms exhibit beneficial characteristics enabling them to metabolize organic substances at elevated temperatures, for example above 50 C. It was, therefore theorized in the present invention that a combination of elevated temperature and airflow could be employed in such a manner that the thermophilic bacteria would be maintained in the aerobic state, organic waste substances would be metabolized, pathogenic microorganisms would be deactivated, and the water in the wastes would be evaporated. Undiluted human waste contains approximately 95% water. The remaining 5% consists primarily of a mixture of organic compounds and inorganic salts. It was theroized that, by aerating these waste mixtures at elevated temperatures, it would be possible to metabolize the organic compounds to carbondioxide, water, nitrates, nitrites, volatile oxides of nitrogen, and sulphites and sulphates. Under the condition of aeration, all of the volatile products of metabolism, including the water, could be swept out of the mixture. Claunch teaches the use of an incinerator to dispose of the wastes from an oil flush toilet. However, the energy required to incinerate mixed human wastes is excessive and the substances are quite corrosive and result in a very intractable situation for materials selection. On the other hand, since the present invention employs digestion and evaporation at temperatures well below the boiling point of water, numerous sources of heat can be employed, and the material selection problem is greatly simplified. The residue (brine) which remains after digestion and evaporation is a nearly inert mixture of inorganic salts, water, and non-pathogenic organisms, and is devoid of offensive odors. The residual brine may be infrequently disposed of without difficulty. As a source of heat, the present invention functions effectively with various sources of waste heat, such as the heat from internal combustion engines, the residual heat in the steam condensate, and numerous other sources of heat which are not far enough above ambient temperature to be beneficial in most circumstances. Also, solar heat from a simple collector can be employed in this technique. However, even when commercial heat sources such as electricity, natural gas, liquified petroleum gas (LPG), or fuel oil are employed, the costs for the disposals of the waste are substantially lower than are found with incineration. It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a simple, low cost, energy efficient means for disposing of human wastes from oil flush, foam flush, air flush, vacuum flush or other low flush toilet3. A further objective is to dispose of other organic sludges or concentrated wastes such as animal fecal matter, slaughter house wastes, and a wide variety of animal and vegetable wastes from food processing activities. The present invention provides apparatus for disposing of organic waste by evaporating water therefrom and digesting the organic content to water and COz by action of thermophilic aerobic bacteria characterized by: a. a waste matter treatment vessel, said vessel being provided with a vent outlet and waste material inlet means for introducing waste material in said vessel; b. gaseous contact means in association with said vessel for bringing air into contact with the waste material to achieve saturation of the air to remove water from the said vessel at a rate greater than or equal to the rate of introduction of water or the creation of water from aerobic digestion of the waste solids; and c. controlled heat transfer means associated with said vessel for introducing heat into said vessel and controlling the temperature of the waste material contained within said vessel, the combination of the controlled heat and aeration causing the water to be evaporated and the solid waste matter to be digested by thermophilic action. The treatment vessel is preferably insulated against thermal losses. The invention also provides a process for disposing of organic waste which comprises the steps of (a) introducing the waste into the treatment vessel of apparatus as defined above,(baerating said waste material within said vessel, to achieve evaporation of water therefrom;and(c)heating the waste material within said vessel to a temperature which will facilitate this saturation of air and the removal of water and which sustains thermophilic bacteriological action. It should be understood that the term ""aeration"" applies to the intermixing of air (or other oxygen-containing carrier gas) with a liquid such as human waste sewerage or other organic wastes. A process of aeration causes oxygen to dissolve in the liquid, thereby supporting the metabolism of aerobic micro-organisms contained in the mixture. This process differs from other aerobic digestors in that the heat source is required tc maintain the mixture at a temperature at which thermophilic biological activity takes place. This heat source also supplies sufficient heat energy to satisfy the latent heat of vaporization of the water contained within the mixture. The evaporation of water at a rate at least equal to the input of waste is of prime importance. The high temperature is primarily for the increase in water vapor evaporated per kilogram of air, for example: Temperature % Water in Air by Weight 210C 1.6% 600C 15.2% 710C 29.6% The methods currently in use employ the pressurization of an air stream with devices such as a piston pump, a vane pump, diaphragm pump or vane axel fan, or a combination of these devices, and then releasing that air into the waste at or near the bottom of the enclosed vessel. With respect to transferring oxygen into the mixture, finely divided air bubbles are among the more efficient manners for bringing about the oxygen transfer into the liquid. For satisfying the evaporation requirements of the mixture, a lesser intensity of contact is sufficient. The exposure of waste to the air may also be accomplished by such known devices as biodisc or absorbent belts such as are used in room humidifiers. In such cases, it is possible to satisfy the evaporation and oxygen transfer requirements of the mixture at much lower air stream pressures, since the air need not be pressurized to a level at which it can be bubbled under the surface of the liquid. The heat energy requirements may be introduced into the mixture by any of the known methods for transferring heat into water, conductive, radiative or convective. When direct electrical heat is employed, it is necessary to use low watt density heating elements with a density of 5 watts per sq. centimeter or less. If high watt density heaters are employed, the high temperatures generated in the immediate area of the heating element can destroy the thermophilic micro-organisms, resulting in a breakdown in the digestor phase of this process. In addition, there is a tendency for sludge to form on the high watt density heating elements, creating a serious service problem. Heat may also be introduced by circulating hot water around or through the vessel in such a way that heat will be transferred from the circulating stream into the organic wastes. The heated water stream may c#-# from a gas, LPG or fuel oil burning device, from a solar collector, from the cooling line of an internal combustion engine, a steam condensat return, or other source. It is also possible to employ a heat transfer liquid such as one of the stable organic heat transfer media, instead of water. The vessel may also be heated by direct firing or by exposure to engine exhaust vaprrs, provided that they can be introduced in such a way that high surface temperatures can be avoided. Generally speaking, when employing direct firing or engine exhaust gases, it has been found safer to employ the ""double boiler"" technique in which the waste liquid is protected from spot over-heating by the interposition of a layer of plain water or other heat transfer medium. As the waste is introduced into the evaporatordigestor vessel, it is quickly raised to the temperature of the vessel, causing the facultative thermophilic bacteria to become aerobic, or obligating the aerobic thermophilic bacteria to become active. The strictly anerobic bacteria are quickly attenuated and die. In the preferred environment of the thermophilic evaporatordigestor vessel, the wastes are contained therein and held at elevated temperatures for more than 24 hours, with the result that the common pathogenic mesophilic bacteria are destoryed. The active biomass is, therefore, made up of thermophilic bacteria which may have been dormant in the human digestive tract. Or, it is possible to culture selective series in the laboratory and introduce them into the evaporator-digestor vessel. Since the biomass is made up of aerobic thermophilic bacteria, and since the waste is supplied with excess of oxygen, on introduction of the organic wastes or other nutrient material, the organisms metabolize these wastes, converting them to carbon dioxide, water, and a brine containing relatively inert bioskeletons. As the air is passed through the evaporatordigestor vessel, it is heated to the temperature of the process and becomes saturated with water at the temperature of the vessel. Heat must therefore be supplied to the vessel at such a rate as to make up for the heat loss as liquid water is converted to vapor. The saturated air at the elevated temperature then leaves the tank through a vent, carrying away with it a substantial amount of the water contained in the original waste. Reference to a psychometric chart will show the potential water increase at saturation over the temperature range employed. For example, at 210C, for each kilogram of dry air the maximum content of water is 16 grams. At 570r saturated air contains approximately 130 grams of water per kilogram of dry air. Therefore, if ambient air at 213C and 100% relative humidity were to be introduced into the evaporator-digestor vessel and maintained at 570C each kilogram of air would be capable of removing 114 grams of water As waste is introduced, heat and air are added to promote evaporation and sustain thermohilic aerobic biological activity. The air supply should be provided at a rate commensurate with the supply of waste material. The temperature may be adjusted to accommodate a particular strain of bacteria, ambient air conditions, percent of volatile solids or other criteria that may be established as a function of design criteria. A temperature of 580C has been calculated as an optimum average temperature to balance the oxygen requirements with the evaporation requirements. The process tank will, therefore, receive waste at such a rate that the tank level remains nearly constant and the solids build up is very slow because of the biological reduction of solids. These solids which will not be biodegraded are salts and inorganic materials. At some time in the process, these materials will reach such a level as to require that they be removed and disposed of such as is required with ash from an incinerator. Thus, in summary, the present invention involves the evaporation of water through the saturation of air, and the use of aerobic thermophilic microorganisms to metabolize organic substances in the waste treatment system, thereby reducing said organic substances to water and carbon dioxide, said evaporation and reduction taking place at elevated temperatures below 1000C. The present invention obtains, inter alia, the following results: a) By elevatinG the temperature of the waste and passing an air stream through or over the waste so that the air stream becomes saturated with moisture at that temperature, a slgnificant amount of water may be removed. b) By maintaining elevated temperatures in the evaporator over a period of many hours, the pathogenic organisms and viruses are destroyed rendering a pathogenically sterile sludge; c) by creating aerobic thermophilic biological digestion, a greater reduction in organic substances may be effected than by standard mesophillic anerobic waste digestion; and d) the disposal of concentrated waste forms such as waste collected in an oil flush or minimum flush toilet may be done more economically and with greater safety. Preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein: Figure 1 shows schematically a preferred embodiment of the invention principally employing electrical heat and thermostats to control heat, air flow and liquid level; Figure 2; shows a second embodiment principally employing heat transfer fluid conveyed through a coil, Figure 3 shows a further embodiment using small continuous duty air pump for maintaining aerobic conditions and an intermittent duty centrifugal blower, vane axial fan, or other lower pressure source for evaporation of water; and Figure 4 shows the electrical control system of Figure 1. A preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, designated generally by the numeral 40 in Figure 1, is comprised generally of a fluid tight vessel 2 provided with a waste material inlet 1 and a vent outlet 3. Air can be introduced to the inside portion of the tank through an air diffuser 8 which receives air through pipe 7 from air pump 9. Tank 2 can be provided with insulative material 4 to minimize the loss of heat from within tank 2. Tank 2 is provided with heat source 5 which can be, for example, a peripheral coil which allows heat to be transferred as necessary to the inner portion of tank 2 and thus elevate and control the temperature of any material contained therein. Heat source 5 provides necessary heat energy to elevate the temperature of waste material 11 to a temperature range as desired. Thermostat 10 on outer surface of the tank can be provided to Sense the temperature within the waste material Ii, and dictate the amount of heat energy which will then be input into waste material 11. Thus, waste macerzal 11 will be maintained in a desired temperature span, as will be more fully discussed hereinafter notwichstanding the fact that air will be input through diffuser 8 in varying temperatures, and additionally, waste materials of lower temperatures (generally) will be constantly or intermittently introduced to tank 2 through inlet 1 If waste level drops below heater 5, thermostat 13 on exterior of the heat belt turns air and heat off at a temperature 200C higher than that maintained when waste is covering heater area of tank 2. Thermostat 13 resets at a temperature slightly below operating temperature. Manually reset thermostat 14 shuts system down should heat belt become destructively overheated. Figure 4 describes the electrical circuit of Figure 1 as condensation of moisture from the hot saturated air couldbeaproblem in colder climates, vent 3 can be insulated to reduce cooling of the air in the vent. In installations where excessive vent length or other factors cause condensation to persist, a trap can be placed in the vent and the condensate drained off as a clear waste liquid for disposal. Air is supplied by means of air pump 9 and is conveyed through pipe 7 to air diffuser 8. Air diffuser 8 can be any type of sparger which will provide a maximum number of air bubbles in the smallest size possible, thus maximizing the air surface contact with waste material 11. Such a maximum air contact with waste material 11 is desirable as will be discussed more fully hereinafter. Drain valve 6 is provided for periodic draining of the tank when salts and bioskeletons build up. Operation Waste material 11 is continuously or intermittently supplied (depending upon use conditions) to tank 2 through inlet 1. Waste material 11 will generally assume the lowermost portion of tank 2 as is best-illustrated in Figure 1, maintaining a desired level therein. The waste material 11 is normally within the preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention and undiluted human waste from, for example, an oil flush toilet or minimum flush toilet or like biological waste treatment system. The waste material within tank 2 is maintained at a substantially high temperature which is adjusted to accommodate a particular evaporation rate or a desired particular strain of bacteria. In the preferred embodiment, tank 2 will be maintained at a high temperature which will support thermophilic bacteria but be fatal to pathogenic strains. In addition to the temperature controls placed on waste material 11 within tank 2, a certain amount of air contact is provided to waste material 11 through diffusers 8 in order to evaporate the moisture and maintain an aerobic biological situation. When the air from diffuser 8 passes through the heated waste material 8, it reaches near moisture saturation at the temperature of the process itself. Thus the air leaving the tank through vent 3 contains more vapor than when it entered the tank since air can hold a greatly increased amount of water vapor as its temperature rises. The air is thus effectively removing water from the liquid waste 11. The air will also normally contain a sufficient amount of oxygen so as to support the aerobic mirco-organisms contained within liquid waste 11 and therefore maintain an aerobic situation. To regulate the rate of evaporation of water from the waste material 11 contained within tank 2, either the temperature of waste material 11 or the rate of air flow through diffuser 8 can be adjusted. A bypass valve 15 may be used in combination with a constant volume output air pump 9. If desirable, a variable pressure air flow pump 9 can be utilized with a throttling value as an alternative of embodiment of air pump 9. Multiple air pumps could provide an even greater range of evaporation rates. Air should always be supplied so that aerobic digestion can be maintained. The temperature should also be maintained over a narrow range on an-hour to hour basis to insure optimum biological activity. The increase or decrease of temperature, however, may vary over a wider range as long as these precautions are observed. When the system has not been added to for an extended time, the waste in the tank will drop to below the heating belt which is wrapped around the exterior of the tank. Without the liquid waste removing heat from the belt, the belt will become hotter and at 990C turn off idle thermostat 13. This thermostat turns off the air source and the electricity to the heat belt until the heat belt coils to the thermostat reset temperature or, in this case, 540C. The heat and air then slowly cycle until enough waste is added to again fill the area of the tank covered by the heat belt. During this period of intermittent heat and air, enough air is supplied to maintain an aerobic condition and enough heat is supplied to hold the temperature in the thermophilic range but very little evaporation occurs. The purpose of this control is to conserve energy, while reducing the chances of the biosystem drying out during times of reduced waste addition. The tank can therefore idle for prolonged periods of time while using a greatly reduced energy amount. There should be access to the tank for periodic draining or clear-out. Drain valve 6 allows for drainage. On large systems, a manhole (not shown) is also included. Description of Second Preferred Embodiment: A second preferred embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention, designated energy by the numeral 41 in Figure 2, is comprises of a similar fluid tight vessel 2, provided with a waste material inlet 1 and a vent outlet 3. Air can be introduced into the inside portion of the tank through an air diffuser 8 which receives air through pipe 7 from air pump 9. Tank 2 can be provided with insulative material 4 to minimize the loss of heat from within tank 2. Tank 2 is provided with heat source 5A which can be, for example, a peripheral coil which allows heat to be transferred as necessary to the inner portion of tank 2 and thus elevate and control the temperature of any material contained therein. The heat transfer medium conducted through this peripheral coil may be water or other heat transfer fluid. It may receive its heat from an outside combustion source such as gas, LPG or fuel oil. Or it may be the cooling liquid from an internal combustion or other engine; available as waste heat at a controlled temperature appropriate for this process (60 to 850C). Or it may be heated by passing a stream of exhaust from an internal combustion engine. Or it may be heated in a solar collector. Or it may be heated in the heating portion of a heat pump cycle, as hereinafter set forth in more particular. The heating medium may be conveyed into the peripheral coil by an external pump, or it may be propelled by simple convection. The temperature of waste material 11 may be sensed by temperature sensor 10A, and controlled by controller 12. When waste heat is available at a rate well in excess of the requirements for the apparatus, the liquid level control system shown on the left side of Figure 2 may be employed. In this sub-system, condensate from vent 3 is allowed to collect in vapor trap 18. Excess condensate may pass over wier 17 and be discharged through drain 16. When a low level of waste 11 is sensed by float valve 19, condensate is allowed by the valve 19 to run into the tank via conduit 20. In cases in which waste heat is not available, a more conservative means of controlling liquid level can be provided by liquid level controller 21, which may be selected from any of the suitable techniques obvious to those skilled in the art. Said controller would cut off or modulate the heat flux and/or air flow. Other features of the apparatus described by Figure 2 are similar to those shown in Figure 1, and bear the same designations. FIRST WORKING EXAMPLE A device of Figure 1 was constructed to satisfy the requirements of a single family residence with six full time residents. It has been estimated that the average human discharge per toilet use is 0.23 liters, and that the average number of usages per day is seven, making a maximum daily discharge of 1.6 liters per day per#fu1l time resident or 9.6 liters per day for a family of six. It was therefore determined that a tank 2 with a capacity of 37 liters should be sufficient thereby providing a 48 hours residence time and a 50% ulage or void volume to provide for occasional overload conditions. Other characteristics of this working example were as follows: 1. Heat source 5 was supplied by a silicone rubber heater containing an embedded nichrome heating element with a resistence of approximately 28 ohms. 2. Air was supplied from compressor 9 through a controlling and measuring system including pressure gauges and a rotometer. The air supply rate was 55 standard liters per minute (SLM) and the pressure entering the rotometer was controlled to 1.6 Rg/cm2. 3. Temperature monitors were placed so as to measure room temperature (supply air temperature), the temperature of waste 11, the temperature of the exhaust vapors in vent 3, the temperature of the shell outside insulation 4 and the temperature of heat source 5. 4. A watt hour meter was placed in the electrical circuit, as was an ampere meter and a volt meter. During the first stage of the test, the voltage was set at 99 to 100 volts. The observed current was 3.47 to 3.57 amperes. The resultant power input was therefore approximately 340 to 360 watts. During a steady state period of 12 hours, the following observations were made: 1. Room temperature, 17 to 22 0C 2. Waste temperature, 44 to 46 0C 3. Vapor exhaust temperature, 42 to 440C 4. Tank exterior temperature, 20 to 26 0C 5. Heat sourse temperature, 70 to 710C 6. Kilowatt hours consumed, 4.4 per 12 hours or 0.367/hr. 7. Waste evaporated, 2.9 liters per 12 hours or 0.24 liters per hour (5.8 liters/day). 8. Power consumption per liter of waste evaporated, 1.54 KwHr/liter, which is equivalent to 64 watts per liter on a continuous,24 hour cycle. Contrary to expectations, the level of efficiency for the first test was considerable below the theoretical heat imput required for evaporating one liter of water while a lower evaporation rate was expected due to the lower water capacity of the air at this temperature, there appears to be some high threshold temperature for efficient evaporation of water under the conditions of the present device. To elevate the temperature, the voltage was therefore increased to 115 volts, and the following observations were made during a steady state period of 14 hours: 1. Room temperature, 17 to 240C 2. Waste temperature, 57 to 580C 3. Vapor exhaust temperature, 54 to 56 0C 4. Tank exterior temperature, 20 to 260C 5. Heat source temperature, 92 to 930C 6. Kilowatt hours consumed, 5.9 per 14 hours or 0.42 per hour 7. Waste evaporated, 6.6 liters per 1t hours or 0.47 liters per hour (11.3 liters/day) 8. Power consumption per liter of waste evaporated, 0.89 KwHr/liter, which is equivalent to 37 watts per liter on a continuous, 24 hour cycle. It is thus seen that the evaporation efficiency is considerably greater at an operating temperature of 57 to 580C than it was at 44 to 46 C. Further the capacity of 11.3 liters/day satisfies, the 9.6 liters/ day requirements of a family of six. To illustrate the theoretical maximum efficiency, the following data are presented: Heat of vaporization of water, at 500C, 568.5 KCal/kg or 0.659KwHrKg or 27.5 watts/kg, cont. duty at 60 C, 563.2 KCal/kg or 0.653KwHrKg or 27.2 watts/kg., cont. duty Density of water at 50 0C = 0.988 Density of water at 60 0C = 0.983 Power consumption, continuous duty, corrected for the density of water: : 27.2 watts/liter continuous duty at 500C 26.7 watts/liter continuous duty at 600C A portion of the heat input from the above working example was required to heat the incoming 55 SLM or 7.92 x 10 3 liters per day of air. The specific heat of air is 0.2414 KCal/K#/0C. The density of air is 1.213 x 10 3 Kg/liter. Weight of air is 9.5 Kg/day. 9.5 Kg/day x 0.2414 KCal/Kg/OC 300C - 68.8 KCal/day. Converting KCal to KwHrs., we find 0.0798 KwHrs or 3.3 watts continuous duty. In stage two of the first working example, power consumption was 5.9 KwHr/14 hrs. or 10.1 KwHr/ day. The rate of evaporation of 6.6 liters per 14 hours or 11.3 liters per day. It is thus seen that the heat required for heating the air (3.3 watts cont. duty) is small compared to that required for the evaporation of the waste (11.2 liters per day x 37 = 418 watts continuous duty). It follows that there would be a very small efficiency penalty if an excess of air were to be supplied, and that, if that air would not be as efficiently saturated there would not be a significant decrease in the operating temperature within the liquid phase of the device. This characteristic becomes important in a subsequent embodiment of this invention. SECOND WORKING EXAMPLE A second working example was constructed from a tank with a 285 liter capacity. It was fitted with a heating coil such as shown in Figure 2. It was placed in service aboard a floating barge. This barge had a crew of 30 men, six serving as full time residents and the balance as shift workers. The waste source was a toilet of the oil flush type, with manual intermittent transfer of waste from the coalescing tank. This coalescing tank was so equipped as to shut down the system when the level of undiluted human waste reached 57 liters, at which time the waste was pumped into tank 2 through waste material inlet 1. On the average, the waste was transferred every three days over the period of a year during which time 6,900 liters of waste were consumed, with only an occasional removal of brine. A concern existed as to what would happen if the device were to be taken out of service and allowed to sit at room temperature under anaerobic conditions for a period of time. A four liter aliquot of the brine was removed from the second working example and stored at ambient temperature in a closed container for two months, after which time it was taken to the laboratory and examined for micro-biological activity. A portion of the alquot was aerated and heated to 580C. An organic waste substance was then introduced and digestion proceeded for 8 hours, after which a portion of the residual brine was subjected to a 5 day BOD test. The BOD test indicated that the organic waste had been metabolized. It was therefore determined that it would be possible to stop and restart the evaporator if an intermittent duty cycle, or intermittent heat source should so dictate. 8A Evaporation and Digestion of Wastes from Foam Flush Toilets. The working example described above (Fig.l) has been tested with the waste from the foam flush toilet taught by Miya. This toilet system seemed particularly suitable for the device of the present invention, since it uses a maximum of 115 millii s of water to produce the foam employed in each flush and is not limited by the numerous complexities attendant upon the oil flush toilet. It was known that the foaming agent was highly biodegradible and it was anticipated that the high rate of metabolism of the thermophilic aerobic bacteria would maintain a concentration of foaming agent low enough so that foaming problems would not occur. However, in practice excessive foam occurred intermittently. While the excess foam can be controlled with conventional methods, e.g. anti-foaming agents, pH control, etc., it was considered desirable to make design adjustments which would overcome the intermittent foaming problem without the use of these artificial expedients. As hereinbefore set forth, the air flow is used for two separate purposes, to evaporate the water and to maintain aerobic biological activity. The requirements for evaporation are straight forward and are directly related to the saturation pressure of water in air at elevated temperatures. The requirements for air for the aerobic bacterial activity are not as straight forward, and various literature sources yield widely different results. In order to estimate the requirements, however, reference is made to ""A Study of Sludge Handling and Disposal"", U.S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Control Administration. This reference suggests that sludge digestion air requirements are 15 to 20 cubic feet per minute of air per 1,000 fit 3 of waste volume in the digestor (15 to 20 liters air per minute per 1,000 liters of waste). The wastes in this report are, however, highly dilute since they include high volumes of flushing water plus an admixture of other domestic waste waters. Assuming that the wastes from the foam flush toilet are 30 to 40 times as concentrated, the air requirements would be 450 to 800 liters per minute per 1,000 liters of waste. In the above working example the normal working capacity of the sludge tank 2 is 18 liters. Therefore, based upon the Department of Interior data, an air flow rate of 5 to 14 liters per minute should be sufficient to maintain aerobic biological activity. In order to overcome the intermittent foaming problem mentioned above, an alternate design of tank 2 was tested in which the air flow through diffuser 8 was reduced to 8 liters per minute. This flow is provided by use of a simple and trouble free aquarium pump 24, or other low volume, low pressure pump operated continuously to maintain aerobic activity. Figure 3 shows an isometric drawing of this device. In order to supply the additional air required to effect evaporation, a centrifugal blower 22 intermittently provides the balance of the air through tangential orifices 27 in air inlet 23. The air is then permitted to circulate spirally, become saturated with moisture and to escape through vent outlet 3, centrally located in the top of the tank. A density gradiant is generated, thereby improving the efficiency of evaporation. This density gradiant is dependent upon two phenomena; low temperature, low water content air is introduced at the periphery of the tank by the tangential air inlet 23; then, as the air passes toward the axis of the tank, its temperature and water content both increase. Each of these phenomena decrease the density of the vapors thereby increasing the propensity for the warm, saturated air to escape from the vent 3, rather than the cooler, lower water content air. The device of Figure 3 requires less maintenance because the centrifugal blower 22 is much simpler and trouble free than the air pump 9. While the effluent air is not as near saturation, or has a higher temperature differential from the waste than shown in the above ""working example"", the heat loss is low due to the low heat capacity of air, as shown in a previous section. In order to improve the thermal efficiency of the device of the present invention, for applications in which waste heat sources are unavailable, numerous avenues were investigated to recover some of the heat consumed in the process of evaporation. While multistage evaporation, vapor recompression and similar techniques could in theory, be adapted to this application, the increased complexity would not be justified. However, it is relatively simple to recover heat from a saturated gas stream at elevated temperatures by causing the water to condense at a lower temperature and thereby release the latent heat of condensation. This process shown in Figure 3 can be accomplished by passing the exhaust gases from vent outlet 3 through heat exchanger 25 (such as a plate coil), and thence to exhaust fan 26 (chemical fume exhaust blower or other blower designed to be inert to air with entrained water). The heat exchanger 25 can be used to preheat incoming city water for use in a domestic water heater, or the heat may be rejected to a swimming pool or ""Spa"". It may be coupled for single pass operations or it may reject its heat into an intermediate preheating tank; it may be convection fed or the heat transfer fluid may be pumped. Efficiences can likewise be effected in the heating cycle of the device of Figure 2. For example, peripheral coil 5A can be the condensor coil of a heat pump system. The heat pump evaporator can then be employed for air conditioning, refrigeration or other chilling applications with the waste evaporator 41 serving as an efficient, relatively low temperature heat sink for the chilling cycle. Combining the abovementioned techniques for reducing heat input and recovering thermal discharge, it is possible to operate the system with little net energy consumption. This is not to say that the device alters the rules of thermodynamics, but merely that otherwise required beneficial effects are achieved with the resultant sources of heating and cooling. Further, under the conditions of digestion of the present invention, the heat generated by the metabolism of the organic substances liberates an amount of heat roughly proportional to the concentration of said organic substances, usually iD the range of 5% cf the total mass of the waste, In the conservative system just above described, this small increment of heat beconies a significant factor in the economics of operation. While certain of these economies would not be practical in very small installations, systems aesiane for larger facilities such as hotels, apartment houses, spas, restaurants, office buildings and factories can apply te chilling and pre-neating to beneficial usages else- where within the total system. In single family facilities, it has been found possible to reduce the costs of operating the embo@@ment of Figure 1 substantially by operating the electrical heaters only during those late night hours when electrical power charges are reduced. In some cases the charges between 11.00PM and 6.00AM for example, are only one third of those riarged during the balance of the day.";"CLAIMS: 1 Apparatus for disposing of organic waste by svaporating water therefrom and digesting the organic content to water and COz by action of thermophilic aerobic bacteria characterised by: a. a waste matter treatment vessel (2), said vessel being provided with a vent outlet (3) and waste material inlet means (1) for introducing waste material in said vessel; b. gaseous contact means (7,8) in association with said vessel for bringing air into contact with the waste material-to achieve saturation of the air to remove water from the said vessel at a rate greater than or equal to the rate of introduction of water or the creation of water from aerobic digestion of the waste solids; and c. controlled heat transfer means (5,5A) associated with said vessel for introducing heat into said vessel and controlling the temperature of the waste material contained within said vessel, the combination of the controlled heat and aeration causing the water to be evaporated and the solid waste matter to be digested by thermophilic action. 2. Apparatus according to claim 1 characterized in that said heat transfer means is a heating element (5A) positioned so as to be in thermal contact with salH waste material. 3. Apparatus according to claim 2 characterized in that said heat transfer means further comprises thermostat means (10,10A) positioned so as to be in thermal contact with the waste material contained within said vessel for controlling the amount of heat energy output of said heating element. 4. Apparatus according to any preceding c'aim characterized in that said heat transfer means is such as to maintain the temperature of the waste materlal within said vessel at a level which will cause the evaporation of water through saturation of air, and will sustain a living culture of thenophilic bacteria in said waste material. 5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein Sal heat transfer means is such as to maintain the temperature of said waste material within said vessel at a level which will kill pathogenic organisms. 6. Apparatus according to any pra#edincj ci;1m wherein the heat transfer means IS such as to maintain the waste material contained within said vessel at a temperature of at least 580 but below 1000C. Apparatus according to any preceding claim cm-aracterized in that said gaseous contact means includes a low pressure stlm? or blower (22) arranged to blow air through a duct (23) to a plurality of tangential orifices (24) adjacent a side wall of the treatment vessel (1), to circulate air in the vessel. A Amethod of disposing of organic waste, character razzed by the following steps: a. introducing said waste into an evaporator and thermophilic digestor comprising: i. a treatment vessel (2) into which the waste is introduced said vessel being provided with a vent outlet (3) and an inlet (1) for introducing waste materials into said vessel; ii. gaseous contact means (7,8) in association with said vessel for bringing air into contact with said waste material contained within said vessel; and iii. controlled heat transfer means (5,5A) associated with said vessel for introducing heat into said vessel and controlling the temperature of the water material contained within said vessel; b. aerating said waste material within said vessel, to achieve evaporation of water therefrom; and c. heating the waste material within said vessel to a temperature which will facilitate this saturation of air and the removal of water and which sustains thermophilic bacteriological action. 9. A method according to claim 8 characterized by the steps of discharging the excess gases from the vessel and removing the water contained with the discharged gases. 10. A method according to claim 7 or claim 8 characterized in that said vessel is heated to a temperature of at least fifty eight (580) degrees centi- grade, but below one hundred (1000) degrees cer.tiqrade 11. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 10 characterized in that exhaust gases from the vent out Let (3) are coated and/or condensed by heat exchange means 25) and the heat thus recoverd is recycled.";CLAUNCH, ROBERT W., CONNELLY, ROBERT FREDERICK, DEANE, THOMAS N., ROGAN, PATRICK D.M.;CLAUNCH, ROBERT W., CONNELLY, ROBERT FREDERICK, DEANE, THOMAS N., ROGAN, PATRICK D.M.;1978
+EP-0014723-B1;19860402.0;19781201;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;8186022.0;F04B29;F16J10;F04B3, F04B27;F04B   3/00B, F04B  29/00;COMPRESSOR WITH PISTON AND CYLINDER PISTON, BOTH PERFORMING ORBITAL MOVEMENTS;A compressor comprises a housing (51) having at least two axially spaced walls and rotatable in relation to the hous­ ing (51) piston (300) and cylinder-piston (250) journaled on eccentric portions (165, 185) of two oppositely rotatable shafts. The piston (300) and cylinder-piston (250) form move­ able (306, 271) walls, and axially spaced walls of the housing (51) form stationary walls of at least two compression cham­ bers (450). Circulated fluid is drawn into the compression chambers through intake ports (133) or intake valves and is discharged through discharge valves (129).;"ROTARY COMPRESSOR This invention relates particularly to a rotary compressor capable of compressing air and a variety of gases, mixtures, vapors and refrigerants. The rotary compressor of this invention has a stationary housing and piston and cylinder-piston elements rotatable in relation to the housing and journaled on eccentric portions of two oppositely rotatable shafts. The piston and cylinder-piston elements form moveable walls and axially spaced stationary walls of the housing form stationary walls of at least one compression chamber. Fluid can be drawn into the compression chamber through intake ports or intake valves, and is discharged through discharge valves. Reciprocating piston compressors are well known in the art. They possess, however, inherent disadvantages of having reciprocating motion of a piston causing high stresses in certain components, vibration, noise, and limiting their speeds. Due to speed limitations, the reciprocating compressors are relatively bulky and heavy machines. Further, they must be equipped with suction valves complicating their design, lowering efficiency and causing other numerous disadvantages. Various types of rotary compressors have been proposed to replace the reciprocating piston compressor in order to overcome some of its disadvantages, and to realize new advantages. However, such efforts have not been fully successful and the reciprocating piston compressor continues to be in widespread use today. Summary of the Invention The rotary compressor of this invention comprises generally an outer housing within which one or more rotatable piston and cylinder-piston elements are re received The housing comprises at least two axially spaced walls, and the piston and cylinder-piston are operatively positioned between and adjacent to them. The piston and cylinder-piston are journaled on eccentric portions of two shafts. The shafts can be journaled in axially spaced walls of the housing and are interconnected by gearing means to transmit power from a drive shaft to a driven shaft and to coordinate their movements in such a way so the shafts rotate in coordinated rotations in opposite directions and with equal rotational speeds. The piston and cylinder-piston follow coordinated planetary movements in opposite directions with and about the eccentric portions of their shafts and form moveable walls of at least one compression chamber, whereas the stationary walls of the compression chamber are formed by the axially spaced walls of the housing. - Intake charge of fluid compressed by one version of the compressor of this invention can be drawn into the compression chamber or chambers through suitable intake port or ports sequentially opened and closed by the cylinder-piston and piston elements. In another version, the intake charge can be drawn into compression chamber or chambers through suitable intake valve or valves. The compressed fluid is discharged from the compression chamber through suitable discharge valve or valves. Internal leakage between the piston and cylinderpiston, and between the piston and cylinder-piston and adjacent space walls of the housing can be controlled through use of a sealing system comprising sealing elements received within grooves of the piston and cylinder-piston and sealingly engaged with co-working surfaces of the cylinder-piston and axially spaced walls of the housing, or can be controlled through hydrodynamic sealing between co-working elements without use of any sealing elements, but as a result of suitable running clearances between co-working elements, suitable surface finish and use of lubricant of suitable viscosity as a sealing medium. The same lubricant can be used to lubricate bearings and gear transmission. Statement of the Invention The rotary compressor of this invention comprises generally: a cylinder-piston comprising a body and spaced walls with opposing parallel surfaces extending from one end of the body and forming a U-shaped opening; the cylinder-piston further having two side faces; a piston positioned within the U-shaped opening of the cylinder-piston and having spaced faces adjoining the opposing parallel surfaces of the spaced walls; the piston further having two spaced side faces; two axially spaced housing walls adjoining side faces of the cylinder-piston and spaced side faces of the piston; a rotatable cylinder-piston shaft comprising an eccentric portion journaled in the body of the cylinderpiston; a rotatable piston shaft comprising an eccentric portion journaled in the piston; ; gearing means interconnecting the cylinder-piston shaft and the piston shaft so both shafts follow coordinated rotations in opposite directions and the cylinder-piston and the piston follow coordinated planetary movements in opposite directions with and around the eccentric portions of the shafts; the cylinder-piston and the piston forming moveable walls, and the axially spaced walls of the housing forming stationary walls of a variable volume compression chamber; intake means leading to the compression chamber; and discharge means leading from the compression chamber. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a longitudinal partial sectional view through a rotary compressor of this invention having one compression chamber and intake system with intake ports, taken along lines 1-1 in Figs. 2 and 3; Fig. 2 is a transverse partial sectional view taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1 and showing a piston and cylinder-piston journaled on eccentric portions of their shafts; Fig. 3 is a vertical sectional view taken along line 3-3 of Fig. 1 and showing a compression chamber with intake and discharge systems; Fig. 4 is a perspective view of two shafts with gears and balancing elements; Fig. 5 is a perspective view of the cylinderpiston with its bearing and elements sealing the compression chamber and intake port assembled; Fig. 6 is a perspective fragmentary view of the elements sealing the intake port exploded; ; Fig. 7 is a perspective view of the piston with its bearing exploded and with elements sealing the compression chamber assembled; Figs. 8 through 12 show several suitable shapes of the intake ports; Fig. 13 is a tical sectional view taken along line corresponding to 3-3 of Fig. 1 showing the compression chamber of a compressor having intake and discharge valves; Fig. 14 is a perspective view of the cylinderpiston without a system for sealing intake ports; Fig. 15 is a longitudinal partial sectional view through a rotary compressor of this invention having two compression chambers; Figs. 16 and 17 are vertical sectional views taken along lines 16-16 and 17-17 of Fig. 15 and showing two compression chambers with intake systems having intake ports; ; Fig. 18 is a perspective view of the cylinderpiston of two compression chambers compressor having a system for sealing of the intake ports; Fig. 19 is a perspective view of the piston of two compression chambers compressor; Figs. 20 and 21 are vertical sectional views taken along lines corresponding to 16-16 and 17-17 of Fig. 15, showing two compression chambers of a compressor with intake systems having intake valves; Fig. 22 is a perspective view of the cylinderpiston of a two compression chambers compressor without systems for sealing intake ports; Figs. 23 through 28 are transverse partial sectional views taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1 showing the compressor having one compression chamber and intake system with intake ports undergoing one full cycle of operation; ; Figs. 29 thorough'32 are transverse partial sectional views taken along line 2-2 of Fig. 1 and showing one compression chamber compressor having intake valves undergoing the full cycle of operation; Figs. 33 through 40 are transverse partial sectional views taken along line 33-33 of Fig. 15 and showing two compression chambers compressor with intake ports undergoing full cycle of operation; and Figs. 41 through 44 are transverse partial sectional iews taken along line 33-33 of Fig. 15 and showing two compression chambers compressor with intake valves --ndergoing full cycle of operation. Detailed Description of the Invention Referring first to Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of the drawings, a rotary compressor of this invention having one compression chamber and intake ports is indicated by numeral 50. Compressor 50 comprises housing 51 within which piston 300 and cylinder-piston 250 forming moveable walls of compression chamber 450 are journaled on eccentric portions 165 and 185 of rotatable shafts 160 and 180. Housing 51 comprises axially spaced housing walls 75 and 125 having surfaces 76 and 126 interconnected by peripheral wall 150 with inside surface 151 to forum cavity 52. Spaced walls 75 and 125 form stationary walls of compression chamber 450 and portions of surfaces 76 and 126 of spaced walls 75 and 125 define stationary surfaces of compression chamber 450, while other portions of surfaces 76 and 126 and surface 151 of peripheral wall 150 define stationary surfaces of chamber 454 located around cylinder-piston 250 and piston 300 and within cavity 52. Gear transmission cover 55 forms with surface 77 of spaced wall 5 gear cavity 54, and counterbalance cover 57 forms with surface 127 of spaced wall 125 counterbalance cavity 56. Elements 55, 75,- 150, 125 and 57 are fastened by suitable fastening means, as for example bolts 59. In the embodiment illustrated spaced walls 75 and 125 are spaced axially along axes Xl-Xl and X2-X2 of shafts 160 and 180 by peripheral wall ;50 positioned between and secured to spaced walls 75 and 125. However, any suitable spacing means, different from those described, can be used to axially space walls 75 and 125 as required for operation of cylinderpiston 250 and piston 300. Internal structures of spaced walls 75 and 125 are best shown in Figs. 1 and 3. Wall 75 has intake channel 78 communicating with compression chamber 450 through suitable intake port 79, and discharge channel 82 connected with compression chamber 450 by suitable discharge valve or valves 83. Wall 125 has intake channel 132 communicating with compression chamber 450 through suitable intake port 133, and discharge channel 128 connected with compression chamber 450 by suitable discharge valve or valves 129. Intake port 133 and discharge valves 129 are also shown in Fig. 2. In the embodiment illustrated, the intake and discharge systems are shown in both axially spaced housing walls 75 and 125. However, any suitable combination of the intake and discharge systems in one or both spaced walls can be used. Spaced walls 75 and 125 may have cooling chambers or passageways 90 and 140 to circulate suitable coolant. Chambers or passageways 90 and 140 may have cooling ribs on their internal surfaces to increase heat exchange surface area. Cylinder-piston 250 with its elements sealing compression chamber 450 and intake port 133 and bearing 264 assembled is best shown in view of Fig. 5. The term ""cylinder-piston"" refers to an element operating as both a cylinder and a piston, although the configuration of this element is not at all geometrically cylindrical. Cylinder-piston 250 comprises body 253 and spaced walls 254 and 255 extending from one end of body 253. Spaced walls 254 and 255 have opposing parallel surfaces 256 and 257 and form a U-shaped opening for a piston. Bearing 264 is mounted in passageway 261 of body 253. At the end of cylinder-piston 250 body 253 remote from spaced walls 254 and 255 balancing elements 270 may be received in passageways 263. The purpose of balancing elements 270 is to balance the mases of spaced walls 254 and 255 to make the center of gravity of cylinder-piston 250 located on for close to axisY1-Y1 common for bearing 264 and eccentric portion 165 of shaft 160. However, balancing of cylinder-piston 250 can be realized without use of separate balancing elements 270 when a sufficiently large portion of body 253 remote from spaced walls 254 and 255 acts as balancing element two balance cylinder-piston 250. Body 253 at the end adjacent to spaced walls 254 and 255 has surface 271 connecting two side faces 251 and 252, and further connecting opposing parallel surfaces 256 and 257 of spaced walls 254 and 255. Surfaces 256, 257 and 271 form three of four moveable surfaces of compression chamber 450. Figure 7 shows piston 300 with its sealing elements assembled and bearing 309 exploded Piston 300 has spaced side faces 303 and 304 interconnected by passageway 307 in which bearing 309 is mounted after assembly. Piston 300 has also pair of spaced faces 301 and 302 and pair of end faces 305 and 306. End face 306 connects spaced side faces 303 and 304 and spaced faces 301 and 302 and forms fourth moveable surface of compression chamber 450, changing the volume of compression chamber 450 during the operation of the compressor. Due to its symmetrical shape piston 300 can be readily balanced to have its center of gravity located on or close to the axis Y2-Y2 which is common-for bearing 309 and eccentric portion 185 ofshaft 180. Fig. 4 shows from the backside of the compressor shafts 160 and 180 assembled with their gears and balancing elements. Gears 161 and 181 and balancing elements 164 and 184 can be secured to shafts 16-0 and 180 by means such as suitable keys, splines, or any other suitable means. Gear 161 may have some material removed at 162; opposite portion 163 of gear 161 may be heavier and together with balancing element 164 may balance eccentric portion 165 and cylinder-piston 250 journaled thereon. Similarly, gear 181 may have suitable amount of material removed at 182; opposite portion 183 of gear 181 may balance, with balancing element 184 eccentric portion 185 and piston 300 j ournaled thereon. Different balancing systems than above described can be used, however, to balance shafts 160 and 180. For example, a balancing system not utilizing gears but only balancing elements similar to balances 164 and 184 and suitably secured to shafts 160 and 180 can be used to balance one or both of shafts 160 and 180. Balanced shafts 160 and 180 have their centers of gravity located on or close to axes Xl-Xl and X2-X2, as required for balanced operation of a rotary compressor of this invention. Eccentric portions 165 and 185 can be cranks when shafts 160 and 180 are crankshafts, or they can be eccentrics when shafts 160 and 180 are eccentric shafts. Eccentric portions 165 and 175 have axes Y1-Y1 and Y2-Y2 eccentric from and parallel to axes Xl-Xl and X2-X2 of shafts 160 and 180. Assembled rotary compressor of the embodiment illustrated is best seen in Figs. 1 through 3. Cylinder-piston 250 is journaled on eccentric portion 165 of shaft 160; piston 300 is journaled on eccentric portion 185 of shaft 180 and is slidably positioned between spaced walls 254 and 255 of cylinderpiston 250, forming the U-shaped opening for piston 300. Shafts 160 and 180 are journaled in bearings 88, 89, 138 and 139 supported in their housings 86, 87, 136 and 137 in axially spaced housing walls 75 and 125. Bearings 85 and 138 journal shaft 160, and bearings 89 and 139 journal shaft 180. Shafts 160 and 180 are spaced as-required for meshing of gears 161 and 181 and operation of cylinder-piston 250 and piston 300 and are -;otating around axes Xl-Xl and X2-X2. This is best seen in views of Figs. 1 and 3. Shafts 160 and 18.0 may be additionally journaled in bearings 62 and 63 supported in their housings 60 and 61 in gear transmission cover 55, Also, any suitable journaling system for journaling of shafts 160 and 180 and different from above described can be used. For example, shafts 160 and 180 can be journaled in bearings suitably located in gear transmission cover 55 and in counterbalance -cover 57 without being journaled in spaced walls 75 and 125, or any other suitable combination of bearings in elements 55, 75, 125 and 57, or in elements similar to covers 55 and 57 and suitalbe for supporting required bearings can be used. Elements journaling shafts 160 and 180 should be aligned by suitable means, as for example suitable dowel pins. Bearing- 309 of piston 300 is best seen exploded in view of Fig. 7. For-assembly around eccentric portion 185 and between arms 186 and 187 of shaft 180 (when shaft 180 is a crankshaft) and within passageway 307 of piston 300, bearing 309 is split in to halves 310 and 311 having flanges 312 and 313. Flanges 312 and 313 may operatively position halves 310 and 311 against step 308 im passageway 307. Any other suitable means to position halves 310 and 311, different from above described, can be used instead of flanges 312 and 313. Halves 310 and 311 should be secured to piston 300 by suitable securing means, not shown. Bearing 264 of cylinder-piston 250, split in halves 265 and 267 having flange portions 266 and 268 (best visible in view of Fig. 14), can be mounted in passageway 261 in body 253 and around eccentric portion 165 of shaft 160 and between arms 166 and 167 of shaft 160 in a similar manner. When shafts 160 and 180 are eccentric shafts having eccentrics 165 and 185 then suitable one-piece bearings can be used to journal cylinder-piston 250 and piston 300 on eccentrics 165 and 185. Shafts 160 and 180 are interconnected by gears 161 and 181 to transmit power from a drive shaft to a driven shaft and to coordinate their rotations and rotate in coordinated rotations in opposite directions with equal speeds. Cylinder-piston 250 and piston 300 follow coordinated planetary movements in opposite directions with and around eccentric portions 165 and 185 of shafts 160 and 180. Spaced faces 301 and 302 of piston 300 are disposed adjacent to opposing parallel surfaces 256 and 257 of spaced walls 254 and 255 of cylinder-piston 250. Side face 251 of cylinder-piston 250 and spaced side face 304 of piston 300 are adjacent to surface 76 of wall 75. Likewise, side face 252 of cylinder-piston 250 and spaced side face 303 of piston 300 are disposed adjacent to surface 126 of wall 125. Surfaces 256, 257 and 271 of cylinder-piston 250 and end face 306 of piston 300 form moveable surfaces of compression chamber 450. Movement of surface 306 of piston 300 with respect to surfaces 256, 257 and 271 of cylinder-piston 250 changes the volume of variable volume compression chamber 450. Stationary surfaces of compression chamber. 450 are formed by surfaces 76 and 126 of axially spaced housing walls 75 and 125. For efficient operation of the rotary compressor embodying this invention, its compression chamber should be sealed. One solution is to introduce suitable sealing elements between co-working surfaces defining compression chamber 450. Such sealing system can comprise cylinder-piston sealing elements 298 located with their springs 299 in suitable grooves in side faces 251 and 252 and along edges of surfaces 271, 256 and 257 of cylinder-piston 250, and forming a part of compression chamber 450 sealing system. This is best shown in view of Fig. .5; springs 299 are shown in Figs. 1 and 3. Another portion of compression chamber 450 sealing system is formed by sealing elements 348 located with their springs-349 in suitable grooves in piston 300 around edges of end face 306 and in corners between spaced side faces 303 and 304 and spaced faces 301 and 302. This is best seen in Fig. 7; springs 349 are shown in Figs. 1 and 2. When fully assembled, sealing elements 298 are forced away from the bottom of the grooves in side faces 251 and 252 of cylind-y-piston 250 by springs 299 into sealing engagement with surfaces 76 and 126 of spaced housing walls 75 and 125, and piston 300 sealing elements 348 are forced by springs 349 away from the bottom of their gooves into sealing engagement with surfaces 256 and 257 of walls 254 and 255 of cylinder-piston 250 and with- surfaces 76 and 126 of spaced housing walls 75 and 125 to form a closed sealing path around compression chamber 450. Another way to seal compression chamber 450 is to sealingly engage all moveable and stationary elements forming compression chamber 450 without any sealing elements. Such sealing engagement between spaced sides 301 and 302 of piston 300 disposed adjacent to opposing parallel surfaces 256 and 257 of walls 254 and 255 of cylinder-piston 250; between side face 251 of cylinder-piston 250 and spaced side face 304 of piston 300 adjacent to surface 76 of wall 75, and between side face 252 of cylinder-piston 250 and spaced side face 303 of piston 300 adjacent to surface 126 of spaced wall 125 can result from a combination of suitable clearances between these elements, suitable finish of their coacting surfaces, use of lubricant of suitable viscosity and suitable rotational speed of the compressor. However, any suitable sealing system different from systems above described can be used to seal compression chamber 450 without departing from the spirit of this invention. Also, a combination of a sealing system comprising sealing elements between some of coacting surfaces with the system without sealing elements between other coacting surfaces forming compression chamber 450 can be used to seal compression chamber 450. In some instances, housing 51 can be made as a pressure tight vessel, and an interior of housing 51 can be pressurized to a certain pressure to minimize leakage from compression chamber 450 into cavity 52 regardless of the type of sealing system used to seal the compression chamber. Intake ports 79 and 133 can be sealed by suitable sealing plates 290 and 282 located in flanges 291 and 276 of wall 255 of cylinder-piston 250. Plate 282 can be forced by springs 280 and 281, located in grooves 278 and 279 of flange 276 from its seat 277 against surface 126 of wall 125 to seal port 133 periodically during the operation of the compressor. Plate 282 with its springs exploded is best seen in Fig. 6; assembled plate 282 is best seen in Fig. 5. Second plate 290 sealing intake port 79 and located in flange 291 of cylinu-er.-piston 250 is best seen in Fig. 3. However, the compressor of this invention can operate without sealing of intake ports 79 and 133 in certain applications, and in some applications intake channels 78 and 132 can be connected with cavity 52 in any desired way. It should be understood that sealing elements are located in their grooves with suitable clearances and tightness to prevent undesirable leakage between sealing elements and grooves in cylinder-piston 250 and piston 300. Intake ports may be of any shape suitable for desired operating characteristics of the compressor. Several possible port configurations are described in connection with intake port 133 of compression chamber 450. Positioning of any version of port 133 inwall 125 is such that axis Z-Z lies in one plane with surface 257 of spaced wall 255 of cylinder-piston 250 when compression chamber 450 is at its minimum or maximum volume. The description is equally applicable to any intake port of any compressor according to the invention. The intake port of the shape as illustrated in Fig. 8 opens when compression chamber 450 starts to increase its volume, and closes when the chamber reaches its maximum volume. In the port having the shape as illustrated in Fig. 9, portion 141 of axially spaced wall 125 extending into port 133 allows for delayed opening of the port. This allows, when required, for decompression of the remaining compressed fluid in the compression chamber and for port opening after pressure equalization between the intake channel and compression chamber. For example, Fig. 24 shows intake port 133 of compression chamber 450 partially open, while the intake port featuring the shape as seen in Fig. 9 would still be closed. The intake port as seen in Fig. 10 allows for opening of the port at the same time as illustrated in Fig. 8, but for delayed port closing. Portions of 142 of port 133 extending into spaced wall 125 deeper than in the port of Fig. 8 and enlarging the throughflow area of the port remain open after compression chamber 450 has reached its maximum volume. This allows for prolonged opening during which an additional amount of incoming charge may be forced into the compression chamber at the expense of the kinetic energy of the intake fluid flowing through the port at certain velocities. Thus, higher volumetric efficiencies could be realized than those possible with intake port as shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 11 shows the intake port 133 which is a combination of shapes illustrated in Figs. 9 and 10. This allows for delay in both opening and closing of the port, thus improving the timing of the intake of the compressor. Fig. 12 shows the intake port having two separate port openings 143 and 144, divided by a bridge section 145. Operation of this type of intake port is similar to operation of the port as illustrated in Fig. 11, but the opening time is still further delayed. Also, the presence of bridge 145 may be beneficial in guiding sealing elements of the compression chamber passing over the port during the operation of the compressor. The compressor having one compression chamber with intake valves instead of intake ports is best illustrated in Fig. 13. In this version intake of fresh charge of compressible fluid takes place through intake channel 80 connected with compression chamber 450 by intake valves 81. Compressed fluid is discharged through discharge valves 129 into channel 128, as in the compressor having intake ports and shown in view of Fig. 3. Fig. 14 shows cylinder-piston 250 with its bearing 264 exploded. Cylinder-piston 250 of Fig. 14 is shown without systems sealing intake ports, and can be used in compressors having intake valves, or in compressors having intake ports, but wherein the sealing of such intake ports is not required. The two compression chamber compressors according to the invention are shown in Figs. 15 through 22. The two compression chamber compressor having intake system with intake ports is best shown in Figs. 15, 16 and 17. In addition to features described in connection with the one chamber compressor (as shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3), housing 51 of the two compression chamber compressor comprises additional intake and discharge systems located in walls 75 and 125 and serving second compression chamber 451. This is best shown in Figs. 15 and 17. Intake channel 86 is connected with compression chamber 451 by port 87 and is located in wall 75, and intake channel 132 with intake port 135 is located in wall 125. Discharge system of chamber 451 comprises discharge valves 85 and discharge channel 84 located in housing wall 75, and discharge valves 131 with discharge channel 130 located in spaced housing wall 125. Cylinder-piston 250 of the two compression chamber compressor is best seen in Fig. 18. Cylinder-piston 250 of Fig. 18 comprises body 253 and spaced walls 254 and 255 extending from one end of body 253 and connected at their ends remote from body 253 by connecting wall 258. Spaced walls 254 and 255 have opposing parallel surfaces 256 and 257; body 253 has surface 271, and connecting wall 258 has surface 259 opposing surface 271 of body 253. Surfaces 256, 257, 259 and 271 define an opening in cylinder-piston 250 in which piston 300 operates adjacent to surfaces 256 and 257 and between surfaces 259 and 271. Cylinder-piston 250 of Fig. 18 comprises also systems for sealing intake ports. System of wall 255 of cylinder-piston 250 of Fig. 5 is identical with sealing system of wall 255 of Fig. 18, of such system applies here. System of sealing intake ports 87 and 135 of compression chamber 451 consists of plates 287 and 288, located with their springs in flanges 285 and 286 of wall 254 of cylinder-piston 250. This is best seen in Figs. 17 and 18. Balancing of cylinder-piston 250 of Fig. 18 is similar to balancing of cylinder-piston 250 of Fig. 5, and spaced walls 254 and 255 with connecting wall 258 are balanced by suitable balances 270 or sufficiently heavy balancing portion of body 253 remote from spaced walls 254 and 255. Piston 300 as shown in Fig. 19, is similar to the piston of Fig. 7, and the description of piston 300 of Fig. 7 and its balancing applies here. Assembled two compression chamber compressor having intake system with intake ports is best seen in Figs. 15, 16 and 17 and in Figs. 33 through 40. The description of the assembled one compression chamber compressor applies here with the following additions. Piston 300 of Fig. 19 is slidably positioned between spaced walls 254 and 255 of cylinder-piston 250 of Fig. 18. Spaced faces 301 and 302 of piston 300 are disposed adjacent to opposing parallel surfaces 256 and 257 of spaced walls 254 and 255 of cylinderpiston 250. Side face 251 of cylinder-piston 250 and spaced side face 304 of piston 300 are adjacent to surface 76 of wall 75, and side face 252 of cylinderpiston 250 and spaced side face 303 of piston 300 are adjacent to surface 126 of spaced wall 125. Surfaces 256, 257 and 271 of cylinder-piston 250, and end face 306 of piston 300 form moveable surfaces of compression chamber 450, while surface 259 of connecting wall 258, and surfaces 256 and 257 of spaced walls 254 and 255 of cylinder-piston 250, together with end face 305 of piston 300 form moveable surfaces of second compression chamber 451. Stationary surfaces of compression chambers 450 and 451 are formed by surfaces 76 and 126 of axially spaced housing walls 75 and 125. Movement of surface 306 of piston 300 with respect to surfaces 256, 257 and 271 of cylinder-piston 250 changes volume of compression chamber 450, while movement of surface 305 of piston 300 with respect to surfaces 256, 257 and 259 of cylinderpiston 250 changes volume of compression chamber 451. This is best illustrated in Figs. 33 through 40. The two compression chamber compressor having intake valves is best seen in Figs. 20 and 21, showing both compression chambers 450 and 451 with their intake and discharge systems. Compression chamber 450 has intake valves 81 connected with intake channel 80, and discharge valves 129 leading into discharge channel 128. Compression chamber 451 has intake valves 89 connected with intake channel 88, and discharge valves 131 leading to discharge channel 130. The intake and discharge valves of any version of the compressor of this invention can be any suitable intake or discharge valves, preferably compressor-type intake or discharge valves, and are not described here in more detail because their design and operation is well¯known to those skilled in the art Cylinder-piston 250 shown in Fig. 22 is identical with cylinder-piston shown in Fig 18, but it does not have systems for sealing intake ports, and can be used in two compression chamber compressors having intake valves or intake ports but wherein the sealing of such intake ports is not required. Sealing of compression chambers 450 and 451 of two compression chamber compressors can be accomplished by the hydrodynamic sealing, as described previously, or by use of suitable sealing elements. When sealing elements are used, system sealing chamber 450 can be identical with system sealing chamber 451. This is best visible in Fig. 18, wherein systems of sealing elements sealing chambers 450 and 451 are identical with system sealing chamber 450 of one compression chamber compressor version. Sealing elements, sealing chambers 450 and 451 and located in piston300 are best seen in Fig. 19. Sealing elements 348 located around edges of end face 305 are similar to elements located around edges of end face 306, as described in one compression chamber compressor version. However, both sealing paths, located close to end faces 305 and 306 in two compression chambers compressor version are connected by corner seals 316, 317, 318 and 319, sealing corners of compression chambers 450 and 451. Corner seals 316, 317, 318 and 319 are best seen in Fig. 19. A compressor of this invention having any desired number of compression chambers can be build by assembling desired number of cylinder-piston assemblies along suitable shafts having desired number of eccentric portions. More than two axially spaced stationary walls must then be used; such walls may have suitable bearings for journaling shafts between their eccentric portions, and any desired combination of the intake and discharge systems can be incorporated in the design of such axially spaced housing walls. It is understood that intake channels of the compressor of this invention can be connected to an appropriate source of compressible fluid, and discharge channels can be connected to an appropriate receiver of compressed fluid. Flow of the intake charge is illustrated in Figs. 3, 13, 16, 17, 20 and 21 by clear arrows, and the discharge flow is illustrated in these figures by dotted arrows. Bearings of the rotary compressor of this invention can be lubricated by any suitable lubricant which can be delivered to the bearings by suitable delivery lines located in stationary elements or in rotating shafts in accordance with the recognized parctice. The lubricant can be the same as lubricating gears 161 and 181 and coacting surfaces of cylinder-piston 250 and piston 300 with their seals and surfaces 76 and 126 of axially spaced housing walls 75 and 125. Lubricant from a suitable reservoir (not shown) can be distributed to lubricate bearings and other coacting surfaces by any suitable splash, gravity or pump-feed lubricating system. This compressor can also be built as an unlubricated or so-called oil-less machine by using suitable selflubricating materials for bearings and coacting surfaces. The rotary compressor of this invention can be constructed of any suitable materials dependent upon the particular use desired, and can be powered by any suitable prime mover. The Operation of the Invention During the operation of the rotary compressor of this invention, cylinder-piston 250.and piston 300 follow coordinated planetary movements in opposite directions with and around eccentric portions 165 and 185 of shafts 160 and 180. Movement of piston 300 in relation to cylinder-piston 250 results in changing volumes of compression chambers 450 and 451. Intake ports are opened and closed by cylinder-piston 250, and intake and discharge valves are opened and closed as required for intake and discharge of fluid circulated through the compressor. The operation of four versions of the compressor ofthis invention is now described in view of the drawings showing several representative positions of the piston and cylinder-piston elements: 1. The operation of the compressor having one compression chamber with intake ports and discharge valves: Fig. 23 shows compression chamber 450 at its minimum volume - it represents the end of the discharge and the beginning of the intake stroke; Fig. 24 shows the intake in progress; intake port 133 is partially open; Fig. 25 shows the intake in progress with intake port 133 fully open; Fig. 26 shows the intake still in progress but with intake port 133 partially closed; Fig. 27 shows intake port 133 fully closed - it represents the end of the intake and the beginning of the compression stroke; Fig. 28 shows compression in progress in compression chamber 450 - discharge will take place through discharge valves 129 and 83 when pressure in compression chamber 450 will reach desired level and when discharge valves open. Full cycle of operation will be completed when cylinder-piston 250 and piston 300 will again reach positions as illustrated in Fig. 23. 2. The operation of the compressor having one compression chamber and intake and discharge valves: Fig. 29 shows compression chamber 450 at its minimum volume - it represents the end of the discharge and the beginning of the intake stroke when valve 79 opens; Fig. 30 shows the intake stroke in progress; Fig. 31 shows compression chamber 450 at its maximum volume - it represents the end of the intake and the beginning of the compression stroke; Fig. 32 shows theg compression stroke in progress in compression chamber 450 - discharge will begin when the pressure in chamber 450 will reach desired level and when discharge valves 129 will open. The operation of the two compression chamber version of the compressor of this invention is described in shorter form, and some of the details of the operation of one compression chamber compressor may be applied here by the reader: 3. The operation of compressor having two compression chambers with intake ports and discharge valves; Fig. 3.3 shows compression chamber 450 at the end of the discharge and the beginning of the intake stroke and compression chamber 451 at the end of the intake and the beginning of the compression stroke; Fig. 34: chamber 450 - intake in progress through intake ports, chamber 451 - compression in progress; Fig. 35: chamber 450 - intake in progress, chamber 451 - compression in progress; Fig. 36 chamber 450 - intake in progress, chamber 451 - compression in progress with the discharge taking place when pressure in chamber 451 reaches desired level; Fig. 37: chamber 450 - the end of the intake stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke, chamber 451 the end of the discharge and the beginning of the intake stroke; Fig. 38 chamber 450 - compression in progress, chamber 451 - intake in progress through intake ports; Fig. 39: chamber 450 - compression in progress with discharge taking place after the pressure in compression chamber 450 reaches desired level, chamber 451 - intake in progress 4. The operation of the compressor of this invention having two compression chambers and intake and discharge valves: Fig. 41: chamber 450 - end of compression and discharge and the beginning of the intake stroke, chamber 451 - the end of the intake and the beginning of the compression stroke; Fig. 42: chamber. 450 - the intake in progress, chamber 451 - the compression in progress;. Fig. 43: chamber 450 - the end of the intake and the beginning of the compression stroke, chamber 451 the end of the compression and discharge and the beginning of the intake stroke; and Fig. 44: chamber 450 - the compression (and discharge after pressure in chamber 450 reaches desired level) in progress, chamber 451 - the intake stroke in progress. While in the foregoing specification this invention has been described in relation to certain preferred embodiments thereof, and many details have been set forth for purpose of illustration, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the invention is susceptible to additional embodiments and that certain of the details described herein can be varied considerably without departing from the basic principles of the invention. S OS A Tt";"I CLAIM: 1. A rotary compressor comprising: a cylinder piston (250) comprising a body (253) and spaced walls (254, 255) with opposing parallel surfaces (256, 257), said spaced walls (254, 255) extending from one end of said body (253) and forming a U-shaped opening; said cylinder-piston (250) further having two side-faces (251, 252); a piston (300) positioned within said U-shaped opening of said cylinder-piston (250) and having spaced faces (301, 302) adjoining said opposing parallel surfaces (256, 257) of said spaced walls (254, 255) of said cylinder-piston (250); said piston (300) further having two spaced side faces (303, 304); two spaced housing walls (75, 125) adjoining said side faces (251, 252) of said cylinder-piston (250) and said spaced side faces (303, 304) of said piston (300); ; a rotatable cylinder-piston shaft (160-) comprising an eccentric portion (165) journaled in said body (253) of said cylinder-piston (250); a rotatable piston shaft (180) comprising an eccentric portion (185) journaled in said piston (300); gearing means (161, 181) interconnecting said cylinder-piston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180) so said shafts (160, 180) follow coordinated rotations in opposite directions and said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300) follow coordinated- planetary movements in opposite directions with and around said eccentric portions (165, 185) of said shafts (16Q, 180); ; said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300) forming moveable surfaces (256, 257, 271, 306)-, and said spaced housing walls (75, 125) forming stationary surfaces (76, 126) of a compression chamber (450) located between said body (253) of said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300) and varying in volume upon said coordinated planetary movements in opposite directions of said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300); intake means leading to saie compression chamber (450); and discharge means leading from said compression chamber (450). 2. The compressor of Claim 1 wherein said cylinder-piston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180) are journaled in bearings (88, 89, 138, 139) located in said spaced housing walls (75, 125). 3. The compressor of Claim 1 wherein said gearing means comprise gears (161, 181) having equal number of teeth so said cylinder-piston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180) interconnected by said gears (161, 181) rotate with equal rotational speeds in opposite directions. 4. The compressor of Claim 1 wherein said eccentric portion (165j of said cylinder-piston shaft (160) is journaled in bearing (264) located in said body (253) of said cylinder-piston (250), and wherein said eccentric portion (185) of said piston shaft (180) is journaled in bearing (309) located in said piston (300). 5. The compressor of Claim 4 wherein said cylinder-piston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180) are crankshafts and wherein said eccentric portions (165, 185) of said cylinder-piston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180) are cranks, and wherein said bearings (264, 309) located in said body (253) of said cylinder-piston (250) and in said piston (300) are split in halve-s (256, 267, 310, 311) to allow for assembly in said body (253) of said cylinder-piston (250) and in said piston (300) and around said cranks of said crankshafts. 6. The compressor of Claim 4 wherein said cylinderpiston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180) are eccentric shafts and wherein said eccentric portions (165, 185) of said cylinder-piston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180) are eccentrics, and wherein said bearings (264, 309) located in said body (253) of said cylinder-piston (250) and in said piston (300) are one piece bearings, 7. The oompressor of Claim 1 which further comprises a balancing means, wherein said balancing means comprise cylinder-piston (250) balancing means comprising said cylinder-piston (250) balancing portion located in a part of said body (253) of said cylinder-piston (250) remote from said spaced walls (254, 255), said balancing portion making the center of gravity of said cylinderpiston (250) located on or close to the axis (Y1-Y1) of said bearing (264) mounted in said body-(253) of said cylinder-piston (250); and wherein said balancing means comprise piston (300) balancing means, said piston (300) balancing means being such design of said piston (300) so said piston (300) has its center of gravity located on or close to the axis (Y2-Y2) of said bearing (309) mounted in said piston (3C0); and wherein said balancing means further comprise cylinder-piston shaft (160) and piston shaft (180) balancing means, said last mentioned means comprising balancing elements (164, 184) secured to said shafts (160, 180) and making the centers of gravity of said shafts (160, 180) assembled wit said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (3to) located on or close to the axes (X1 -X1, X2-X2) of said cylinderpiston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180). 8. The compressor of Claim 1 wherein said cylinder-piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125) are sealingly engaged in forming said compression chamber (450). 9. The compressor of Claim 8 wherein said sealing engagement between said cylinder-piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125) results from use of sealing means comprising sealing elements (298, 348) located with springs (299, 349) in grooves in said cylinder-piston (250) and in said pistbn (300) and forming sealing path around said compression chamber (450). 10. The compressor of Claim 8 wherein said sealing engagement between said cylinder-piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125) results from a combination of suitable running clearances between said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300) and between said cylinder-piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125), suitable finish of coacting surfaces (251, 252, 256, 257) of said cylinder-piston (250), coacting surfaces (301, 302, 303, 304) of said piston (300) and coacting surfaces (76, 126) of said spaced housing walls (75, 125), and use of lubricant of suitable viscosity to lubricate said coacting surfaces (251, 252, 256, 257, 301, 302, 303, 304, 76, 126) of said cylinder-piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125). 11. The compressor of Claim 1 wherein said intake means leading to said 'compression chamber (450) comprise at least one intake port (79 or 133) located in one said spaced housing walls (75, 125), said intake port (79 or 133) being sequentially opened and closed by said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300) to allow for required flow of incoming charge into said compression chamber (450). 12. The compressor of Claim 11 wherein said intake port (79 or 133) is opened by said cylinderpiston (250) and said piston (300) when said compression chamber (450) is at about its minimum volume, and wherein said intake port (79 or 133) is closed by said cylinder-piston (250) when said compression chamber (450) is at about its maximum volume. 13. The compressor of Claim 11 wherein said intake port (79 or 133) comprises a portion (141) of said spaced housing wall (75 or 125) extending into a midportion of said intake port (79 or 133), and wherein said portion (141) of said spaced housing wall (75 or 125) extending into said mid-portion of said intake port (79 or 133) delays the opening of said port (79 or 133) by said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300). 14. The compressor of Claim 11 wherein said intake port (79 or 133) has portions (142) extending from said port (79 or 133) into said spaced housing walls (75, 125) and delaying the closing of said port (79 or 133) by said cylinder-piston (250). 15. The compressor of Claim 1 wherein said intake means leading to said compression chamber (450) comprise at least one intake valve (81) located in at least one (75) of said spaced housing walls (75, 125). 16. The compressor of Claim 1 wherein said discharge means leading from said compression chamber (450) comprise at least one discharge valve (83 or 129) located in at least one of said spaced housing walls (75, 125). 17. The compressor of Claim 1 which further comprises lubricating means, said lubricating means comprising a lubricant reservoir containing suitable lubricant lubricating said coacting surfaces (251, 252, 256, 257, 301, 302, 303, 304, 76, 126) of said cylinderpiston (250), said piston (300), said spaced housing walls (75, 125), further lubricating said gears (161, 181) interconnecting said cylinder-piston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180), and said bearings (88, 264, 138, 89, 309, 139) of said cylinder-piston shaft (160) and said piston shaft (180). 18. The compressor of Claim 1 which further comprises a cooling means, said cooling means comprising a plurality of passageways (90, 140) located in said spaced housing walls (75, 125) in which suitable coolant is circulated. - 19. The compressor of Claim 1 wherein said cylinder-piston (250) further comprises a connecting wall (258) connecting said spaced walls (254, 255) of said cylinder-piston (250) at their ends remote from said body (253) of said cylinder-piston (250), and wherein said spaced walls (254, 255) and said connecting wall (258) of said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300) form moveable surfaces (256, 257, 259, 305), and said spaced housing walls (75, 125) form stationary surfaces (76, 126) of a second compression chamber (451) located between said piston (300) and said connecting wall (258) of said cylinder-piston (250) and varying in volume upon said coordinated planetary movements in opposite directions of -said cylinder-piston (2503 and said piston (300), and wherein said second compression chamber (451) has intake means leading to, and discharge means leading from said second compression chamber (451) 20. The compressor of Claim 19 wherein-saId cylinder-piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125) are sealingly engaged in forming said second compression chamber (451). 21. The compressor of Claim 20 wherein said- sealing engagement between said cylinder-piston (250), saidpiston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125) forming said second compression chamber (451) results from use of sealing means comprising sealing elements (298, 316, 317, 318, 319, 348) located with springs (299, 349) in grooves in said cylinder-piston (250) and in said piston (300) and forming sealing path around said second compression chamber (451). 22. The compressor of Claim 20 wherein said sealing engagement between said cylinder-piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125) forming said second compression chamber (451) results from a combination of suitable running clearances between said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300) and between said cylinder-piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125), suitable finish of coacting surf-aces (251, 252, 256, 257) of said cylinder-piston (250), coacting surfaces (301, 30-2, 303., 304) of said piston (300) and coacting surfaces (76,) 12-6) of said spaced housing walls (75, 125), and use 6f lubricant of suitable viscosity to lubricate said coacting surfaces (251, 252, 256, 257, 301, 302, 303, 304, 76, 126) of said cylinde; ;- piston (250), said piston (300) and said spaced housing walls (75, 125). 23. The compressor of Claim 19 wherein said intake means leading to said second compression chamber (451) comprise at least one intake port (87 or 135) located in at least one of said spaced housing walls (75, 125), said intake port (87 or 135) being sequentially opened and closed by said cylinder-piston (250) and said piston (300) to allow for required flow of incoming charge into said second compression chamber (451). 24. The compressor of Claim 19 wherein said intake means leading to said second compression chamber (451) comprise at least one intake valve (89) located in at least one (75) of said spaced housing walls (75, 125). 25. The compressor of Claim 19 wherein said discharge means leading from said second compression chamber (451) comprise at least one discharge valve (131) located in at least one (125) of said spaced housing walls (75,125)";LASSOTA, MAREK JAN;LASSOTA, MAREK JAN;1978
+EP-0015298-B1;19840125.0;19780926;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;20332363.0;B63B21;B60D1, F16F1, F16G13;F16G13, B60D1, B63B21, F16F1;B63B  21/20, F16F   1/46, R16F236:06, B60D   1/18B, F16G  13/00;TENSION SPRING DEVICE;A device (13) for taking up tensile stresses under resilient conditions includes a body as a spring element (1), made of an elastic material, preferably rubber, a draw element and connecting devices (3). Said draw element is shaped from a firm material as a metal chain, a cable wire, a chain etc. and extends inside said spring element and is fixedly connected with said spring element, i.e. the rubber body and arranged in said manner by the manufac­ turing method, for example by vulcanizing. End portions of said draw element are arranged as connecting devices. When the draw element consists of a metal chain the end links or a portion of the end links of the chain constitutes said connecting devices, whereby the links are arranged to project from the spring element. Said connecting devi­ ces could be equipped with an additional link or a ring (9) as a connecting element for the devices which are to be connected, i.e. for example a hauling or a drawing rope, a bridge, a bouy, a grounding stone for a buoy, machine ele­ ments, mechanical components, automobiles etc. for tow­ ing, mooring, anchorage, clamping etc.;Title of invention: Tension spring device This invention relates to an arrangement for taking up stresses under resilient conditions and in that connection when for example bodies are connected to each other, as when towing, mooring, anchorage, damping etc. and comprising a spring element of an elastic material, preferably rubber, and further comprising at least one draw element and connecting devices. When for example a connection between bodies is desirable one uses holding or drawing ropes, chains or the like and it is often necessary and in most cases desirable to provide such holding or drawing ropes or the like with a spring element for taking up the tensile stesses which occur. Thus, one wants to avoid strong pulse in the rope or the like. Often, one tries to attain that the rope or the - like can be maintained in a substantially constant tension, when the rope is subjected to tension load. This is of great importance for example when the rope, chain or the like is to be used for the mooring of boats or towing of all kinds of things. There are arrangements known for taking up stresses under resilient conditions and for example helical springs shaped of a metal wire, which have been used for the mooring of boats, whereby the spring has been arranged at the mooring-place for mooring of the boat by means of a mooring rope. Such conventional helical springs made of metal have also been included in holding ropes, drawing ropes or chains as a resilient element, whereby the ropes or chains have been split up in two pieces, which afterwards have been connected to each of the ends of the spring. However, there are inconveniences when using such known helical springs of metal by the fact that when the rope or chain is connected to the spring one obtains a holding rope or a drawing rope or a chain with less strength than the strength of the rope or the chain. Further, it has been stated that springs made of metal can cause damages on boats, when such a spring is included in the mooring. For many reasons it is preferable to use a spring element consisting of rubber, inter alia because of the fact that the spring motion is soundless and that no scraping of for example a boat takes place. Hereby, one has made use of a bar-shaped body of rubber as a spring element and to avoid the relatively great problems in consideration of the relatively low tensile strength and tearing strength of the rubber when the spring has only been made of rubber, one has arranged the holding rope or the drawing rope or the like around the bar-shaped spring in a helical curve. Such a spring presents a spring strength which often is too small. When for example using said spring for mooring of buoy it has occured that it exists a need of a suitable tension spring device, whereby one has suggested that the portion of the length of the drawing rope is vulcanized into a bar-shaped body of rubber, whereby the rope in its vulcanized condition extends in a helical screw path. Thus, a portion of the rope has been provided with a spring element, whereby when tensile stresses occur in the rope, there will be a resilient effect by means of the resilient resistance of the rubber against a stretching of the rope. In spite of the arrangements suggested, and in which the spring element consists of a bar-shaped body of rubber, it has not been possible to use the elastic properties of rubber in a satisfactory way for taking up the resilient movement. The arrangement in accordance with the invention fulfils the demands made on a tension spring device of said kind and at the same time said disadvantages are set aside. One object with the arrangement according to the invention is to produce an improved tension spring device of such a kind, where rubber is utilized as a spring element. There is one improvement in addition to use the resilient properties of the rubber of the spring element, namely that the spring element itself is shaped as a springy or resili ent element and in consideration of said shaping the spring ele ment could only be made of a rubber body showing the specific shaping. Such a rubber body is furnished with connecting devices for connecting of holding ropes or drawing ropes or chains or the like but to secure a continued connection between these bodies or elements which are connected by the holding rope or drawing rope or the chain or the like the spring element is provided with at least one draw element of such a kind and strength that when the spring element is broken the draw element continues connecting these bodies or elements which are to be connected. The arrangement according to the invention is characterized in that the connecting devices are arranged at a distance from each other and in that the spring element is shaped to reach between the connecting devices or the connecting elements of the connecting devices and further in that the spring element is arranged to surround or essentially surround the draw element or the draw element together with the connecting devices or the connecting elements of the connecting de vices and in that the spring element shows such a shape that the spring element diverges from a running along a straight line between at least two connecting devices. Another object for the arrangement according to the invention is that the arrangements include a draw element, which extends through said spring element in its extension between end portions of said spring element or corresponding portions of the spring element. A further object for the arrangement according to the invention is that said draw element extends inside said spring element and has a length exceeding the length of the spring element. By this the draw element, preferably both said end portions, could be used as connecting devices for holding ropes or drawing ropes or chains or the like or by the fact that the arrangement can bemadefastto a body or an element as a bridge, buoy, a grounding stone for the buoy, machine elements, mechanical components etc. By the shape the arrangement according to the invention has obtained the arrangement will take up tensile stresses as a combination of tensile stress, bending stress and some compressive stress on the elastic spring element. It is further possible in an easy manner to change the characterization of the tension spring device by changing the shape and/or changing the dimensions of the spring element. Further characteristics and advantageous features for the arrangement according to the invention will be evident from examples in the following description of the invention, whereby a contemprary reference will be made to the enclosed schematic drawings, wherein fig. 1 shows in perspective one embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention, fig. 2 shows in plane and partly in cross-section a second embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention, fig. 3 shows in perspective a third embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention and fig. 3a - 3e shows in plane further embodiments of the arrangement according to the invention. The same details shown in the figures have the same reference indication and thus the reference indication 1 indicates a spring element of elastic material, preferably rubber. Further is shown by reference indications 2 and 3 a draw element and connecting devices respectively. The spring element 1 according to the arrangement in the figures consists of a body, which end portions or corresponding portions show connecting devices 3, which are fixed connected to the rubber body and show such a shape, that connections with the arrangement are possible. The connecting devices 3 are arranged at a distance from each other, whereby the spring element 1 or the elastic material is arranged to reach between said connecting devices. The spring element 1 shows hereby such a shape that the spring element diverges from a running along a straight line between at least two connecting devices, i.e. when the spring element 1 shows for example two connecting devices 3 the spring element can not be shaped to reach in a straight line between the connecting devices. In fig. 1 is shown an arrangement 11 according to the invention, which shows in the main a shape of a V. The end portions of the spring element are in their length performed with connecting devices 3. The connecting devices are hereby formed by a draw element arranged inside the spring element, i.e. the arrangement has such a dimension and such a shape that the end portions of said draw element would project from the spring element and said projecting portions of said draw element are the connecting devices 3 of the arrangement. The connecting devices as said draw element can be a portion of a holding rope or a drawing rope or a chain or the like. According to the example, the draw element shows a length exceeding the length of the spring element 1. Said draw element extends inside said spring element in its extension between the end portions of the spring element. The example according to fig. 2 shows an arrangement 12 according to the invention, whereby the above mentioned extension of the draw element inside the spring element is shown, whereby the draw element is indicated with reference indication 2. A draw element can be or is preferably shaped or made by a no-stretching material, for example consisting of metal or formed by a material showing an elasticity, which essentially is less than the elasticity of the elastic or resilient material of the spring element 1. An example of such a material can be a plastic material. But said draw element must consist of a device, which is strong or firm against tensile stresses, for example a metal chain, a cable, a wire or a rope or a chain as shown in the example. Hereby, the chain is shaped and arranged in such a way that a link of the chain extends in the wrist portion 4 of the arrangement, while two links of the chain extend in each leg 5 of the arrangement. Because the draw element 2 will have a connection, preferably a fixed connection to the connecting devices of the arrangement, the connecting device 3 consists of a portion of a connecting element of the draw element, whereby the connecting device and the connecting element form a link of the chain, see right part of fig. 2. To avoid or to reduce damages from the arrangement on adjacent arrangements, the connecting device 3 of the arrangement can be encircled of a soft or against blow damping material 6-, i.e. according to this example the rubber material,which will form the elastic material of the spring element 1. According to the example holding ropes or the like can lie close to the connecting device without any scraping or damaging on the rubber material 6. The rubber material can at the same time surround the connecting device 3. According to the arrangement 13 shown in fig. 3, the spring element 1 shows in the main a shape of a U or a combination of a shape of a U and a V. The wrist 7 of the spring element has been shaped with a stronger dimension concerning the elastic material of the spring element. The grounds to this shape of the spring element are that there exist great stresses in that portion and the portions crossing to the legs. Further, the spring element 1 has been formed with rounded crossings of the different extensions. One can also see a holding rope or a drawing rope 8, which is united with the connecting device 3. This can constitute an example concerning that fact that the connecting device 3, as the draw element extending into the spring element 1 forms by a lengthened portion of a connection portion between the holding rope or the drawing rope 8 or a connecting portion between said ropes or the like, whereby the holding rope or the drawing rope can show the same dimension and nature through its whole length, i.e. including the connecting device and the connecting element. It is also possible to arrange a ring 9 or another connection to the connecting device, whereby said ring or said connection is joined with the connecting device to make a suitable connection to a second device or a second element. Several examples of an arrangement 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 respectively according to the invention are shown in fig. 3a - 3e, whereby the arrangement 14 according to fig. 3a shows a spring element 1, which in the main forms a shape of V. The spring element or the elastic material, which is included in the spring element, is arranged to surround the connecting devices 3 and also the draw element. The connecting devices 3 are by this included into the configuration of the V-shaped rubber body. Fig. 3b - 3c show an arrangement or a spring element 1, which is formed by a body which in the main is shaped as a S and a semicircle respectively. From the figures and as an example is shown that the connecting devices 3 constitute of a different device, which construction and shape differs from the arranged draw element 2 according to fig. 1 - 3. Thus, the connecting device 3 according to the example of fig. 3b is made up of a ring or the like 10, which is united with the spring element 1 by means of a connection element 20. In this case the connecting device 3 is united with the spring element 1 through the connection element 20, whereby the connection element is arranged into the spring element by a fixed connection with the elastic material and besides the connection element can be united with the draw element arranged into the spring element. The spring element 1 is shaped to reach at least between said connection elements 20. Thus, the examples according to the embodiments of fig. 3a - 3c show that the draw element or the draw element together with the connecting devices or the connecting elements of the connecting devices extend through the spring element in its extension between end portions of said spring element or corresponding portions of the spring element. The connecting device 3 according to the embodiment in fig. 3c is composed of one from the spring element 1 projecting connecting portion 10, which with its inside the spring element located portion is united or arranged with the draw element 2, which in this example consists of a wire or another line. The embodiment according to fig. 3d will show that the spring element can be composed of a body, which forms a circular, an oval or another endless body, for example a body showing three or more edges. The figure shows an arrangement 17 according to the invention, which shows a circular form with a draw element 2 and connecting devices 3. The draw element 2 shows an endless draw element, which can have two or more, for example four or six connecting devices 3, whereby the connecting devices 3 are arranged projected from the spring element 1. The example according to fig. 3e shows an arrangement 18 according to the invention, whereby the spring element 1 consists of an element with a shaping, which is more or less like a plate with a shape of a square or a rectangle with one or more notches 19, whereby the notches are made in the elastic material and arranged between two connecting devices 3 of the extension of the spring element. It is evident from the examples above that the arrangement or preferably the spring element is formed as a body showing symmetrical in rotation, whereby the axis of rotation extends through two corresponding connecting devices 3 or extends in line with the intended directions when the arrangement is subjected to tensile stresses. According to one specific embodiment, which is evident from that shape the spring element must show according to the invention, the spring element is shaped with an extension, which in the main is located on one side of the axis of rotation or on two sides of the axis of rotation or both sides of the axis of rotation, whereby the spring element shows corresponding shapings and extensions on both sides of the axis of rotation. Thus, there is a great freedom inside the scoop of the concept of the invention to shape the arrangement or especially the spring element with a suitable form, shape and dimension, which in turn involves that the arrangement is applicable to a multiplicity of different uses, as the free shaping and dimensioning can be adjusted after the different uses and fields of application. There are pos sibilities to make use in full of said advantages irrespective of which form or shape the arrangement is given. A straight or an upright body or a body with a shape of a bar is an exception from the freedom to shape the arrangement and the spring element in a suitable way and in consideration of the use and purpose for the device, as mentioned above. Without exceeding the scoop of the concept of the invention, modifications may be made to the arrangements shown and described in the examples. Thus, the spring element can be shaped with one or more cavities, which gives special properties when tensile stresses are taken up by the arrangement. Further, said cavities can be arranged for taking up an elastic material, which preferably shows a power of elasticity, which differs from the remaining material of the spring element. In certain connections it can be suitable to shape the arrangement or the spring element as a more uniform body, i.e. for example a body with a shape where the straight line between two connecting devices forms an axis of symmetry and according to further embodiments of the arrangement according to the invention, the spring element is shaped as a polygon body, for example a body of a pyramid or a body of an ashlar. Further embodiments of such an arrangement can be that the spring element shows a spherical surface and for example is shaped as a globe, a sphere, a cylinder or the like. As presented in former embodiments of the arrangement according to the invention the draw element is arranged into the spring element of the arrangement and as an example one can refer to the embodiment according to fig. 3d, where the spring element shaped as a ring and including the draw element and connecting devices is provided with for example a covering shaped as a sphere or the like, which lies close to the periphery of the spring element. This embodiment is also suitable for a damping function. Of course, the position of the draw element into the spring element can be different and as an example one can refer to the embodiment shown in fig. 3, where a link of chain is arranged in the wrist portion of the spring element and therewith with a parallel extension in consideration of the connecting devices extension. Further, the links arranged on both sides of said link in the wrist portion can be located into the rounded passings between the wrist portion of the spring element and its legs, while a nu#ber of the following links could be arranged in a line with each other, for example in a line with four links. Next link can for example be located in the passing between the legs of the spring element and the end portions of the legs, which are angled to the legs, while the last link in both ends of the draw element partly is included in the draw element and with a portion projects from the spring element as connecting devices. The devices of the arrangement, which are located in the spring element or the elastic material - draw element, connecting devices, connecting elements etc. - are united or fixed with the spring element by vulcanization. The arrangement can also be included into a towing line or a mooring line, i.e. the line is divided and afterwards connected by the arrangement according to the invention, whereby the towing line or mooring line is provided with a tension spring device. Thus, the connecting line between a buoy and a grounding stone for a buoy can be performed in said manner or as mentioned before that the arrangement is arranged more direct to the buoy and/or the grounding stone for the buoy and also that the connecting line or rope extends between two devices or arrangements according to the invention. The connecting devices 3 of the spring element 1 can be united with one or more into the spring element arranged draw elements, which in turn can form an unbroken continuation of the holding lines or drawing lines, metal chains, chains, cables or the like. Therefore, the invention is not limited to the embodiment shown and described, but only by the following patent claims.;PATENT CLAIMS tensile/ 1. Arrangement for taking up/stresses under resilient conditions and in that connection for example when connecting bodies, as when towing, mooring, anchorage, damping etc. and comprising a spring element of an elastic material, preferably rubber, at least one draw element and connecting devices, which are arranged at a distance from each other and united to the draw element or united to the draw element by means of connecting elements, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said spring element is arranged to surround or essentially surround said draw element or said draw element together with said connecting devices or said connecting elements of the connecting devices and in that said spring element shows such a shape, that the spring element divergesfrom a running along a straight line between at least two connecting devices. 2. Arrangement accordingto claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said connecting devices or said connecting elements of the connecting devices are arranged into the spring element and therewith in fixed attachment with the elastic material. 3. Arrangement according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said draw element or said draw element together with said connecting devices or said connecting elements of the connecting devices extend through said spring element in its extension between end portions of said spring element or corresponding portions of the spring element. 4. Arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r act e r i z e d in that said draw element extends inside said spring element and shows a length exceeding the length of the spring element. 5. Arrangement according to any one of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said draw element is shaped from a non-elastic material. or a material showing an elasticity, which essentially is less than the elasticity of the elastic material of the spring element and consists of a chain, a metal chain or a cable or another against tensile stresses resistance body. 6. Arrangement according to claim 5, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said draw element shows at least two bodies of material, for exemple composed of the end links of a chain, metal chain or cable, which are arranged to project from the spring element with a portion, whereby said projected portions represent said connecting devices. 7. Arrangement according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the spring element is composed of a body, which in the main forms a shape of a S-, U-, V- or semicircle or a body showing another angled or curved extension. 8. Arrangement according to claim 7, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the spring element is composed of a body, which forms shape of a U or V, whereby the free ends of the legs are arranged at an angle to the legs of said body. 9. Arrangement according to claim 1 or 8, whereby said draw element consists of a chain, a metal chain, a cable or an equivalent element, which is arranged in the spring element, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that each side of an angle, leg, wrist or a corresponding portion of said spring element comprising one or more links of the chain or the like. 10. Arrangement according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the spring element shows one or more cavities. 11. Arrangement according to claim 10, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the cavities are taking up an elastic. material, which preferably shows a power of elasticity, which differs from the remaining material of the spring element. 12. Arrangement according to claim 10, c h a r a c t e r i z ed in that the spring element is shaped as a polygon body, for example a body of a pyramid or a body of an ashlar. 13. Arrangement according to claim 10, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the spring element shows a spherical surface and for example is shaped as a globe, a sphere, a cylinder or the like. 14. Arrangeme#nt according to claim 1, 5 or 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the spring element forms a circular, an oval or another endless body, for example a body showing three or more edges. 15. Arrangement according to claim 1, 7 or 8, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the spring element is shaped as a body showing symmetrical in rotation, whereby the axis of rotation extends through two corresponding connecting devices. 16. Arrangement according to claim 15, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the spring element is shaped with an extension which in the main is located on one side of the axis of rotation.;JOHANSSON, RUNE;HORDA GUMMIFABRIK AKTIEBOLAG;1978
+EP-0016234-B1;19830720.0;19781129;EP;B1;DE;20100220.0;new;8185942.0;G03B27;;G03C5;G03C   5/02;METHOD FOR VISUALLY TESTING THE REPRODUCTION QUALITY OF PRINTED MATTER OBTAINED BY CATHODE RAY TUBE COMPOSITION;1. Method for visual inspection of the reproduction quality of printed matter produced by means of electron beam photo-composition, characterised in that negative, normal and positive elements are combined into symbols or words within an inspection area, in such manner that an unacceptable processing section is detectable immediately by the observer.;"Vorrishtung und Verfahren zur visuellen Kontrolle der aieder#abeoualität von Zeichnungselementen, welche mittels einer Kathodenstrahlröhre auf lichtempfindliches Foto material belichtet werden können Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung und ein Verfaìren zur visuellen Kontrolle der Wiedergabequalität von Zeichnungselementen, welche mittels einer Kathodenstrahl- röhre auf lichtempfindliches Fotomaterial belichtet w; ;#er- können De Verwendung einer Kathodenstrahiröhre für die Herstellung von Druckvorlagen findet man heute auf zwei )#- öiet#n, nämlich bei der Herstellung von Filmsatz und - bei der Faksimile-Fernübertragung von Druckvorlagen, z.B. Zeitungsseiten über Telefonleitungen. In naher Zukunft dürfte auch die Ganzseitenbelichtung von Zeitungssatz auf Fotopapier oder gar direkt auf Druckplatten ein weiteres Anwendungsgebiet der Kathodenstrahlröhre werden. Die vorliegende Patentbeschreibung entstand aufgrund der praktischen Verwirklichung des Kontrollverfahrens bei der Herstellung von Schriftsatz auf Fotopapier. Die Herstellung von Schriftsatz auf fotografischem Wege findet in der grafischen Branche eine immer grössere Verbreitung und Bedeutung. Es darf heute angenommen werden, dass der Blei satz sukzessive durch den Filmsatz abgelöst werden wird. Neben den wirtschaftlichen und technologischen Vorteilen des Filmsatzes ist dieser jedoch mit dem Problem der Qualitätssicherung behaftet. Beim xathodenstrahlfotosazz wird heute mit den folgenden Elementen gearbeitet: - Schriftspeicher auf Nagnetkern- oder Halblelterbasls zum Abspeichern der Bildinformation. - Lichtquelle in Form einer Kathodenstrahlröhre mit extrem feiner Auflösungsdichte. - Optisches Element, weiches das auf der Kathodenstrahlröhre projizierte Zeichen auf das Fotomaterial abbildet. - Einer oder zwei Kassetten zur Aufnahme von Film oder Fotopapier. Unter den qualitätsbestimmenden Merkmalen der Schriftwiedergabe findet man zwei Gruppen von Mängeln: eine Gruppe beinhaltet Fehler in der mechanischen Justierung und Positionierung von einzelnen Buchstaben und ganzen Zeilen. Eine zweite Gruppe umfasst Fehler bei der optischen Uebertragung, also bei der Belichtung und Entwicklung der Text spalten. Zu dieser Gruppe zählen hauptsächlich die Schwärzung oder Dichte, die Strichstärkenänderung und die Schriftschärfe. Eine Strichstärkenänderung äussert sich darin, dass einzelne Zeilen oder ganze Textgruppen fetter oder magerer erscheinen als der umliegende Text. Dies wird von grafischen Fachleuten und auch von Nichtfachleuten als unschön empfunden, da dadurch das Gesamtbild einer Drucksache unruhig und ungepflegt wirkt. Ausserdem wird die Lesbarkeit eines solchen Textes herabgesetzt, da der Leser beim Auffinden einer fetteren Zeile im ersten Moment glaubt, eine beabsichtigte Hervorhebung des Textes vorzufinden. Die Schwärzung oder Dichte auf Fotosatzpapier sollte so hoch sein, dass zwischen den Zeichnungselementen und dem Papierweiss ein so hoher Kontrast entsteht, dass damit eine fotografische Aufnahme auf einen grafischen Film ermöglicht wird. Strichstärkenänderung und Dichte sind zwei Merkmale die weitgehend parallel verlaufen, was bedeutet, dass bei einer Veränderung der Strichstärke auch eine Veränderung der Dichte erwartet werden kann. Für die Kontrolle der genannten Merkmale sind bisher drei Methoden bekannt: 1. Die messmikroskopische Methode für die Kontrolle der Strichstärkenänderung. 2. Die densitometrische Methode für die Kontrolle der Dichte und der Strichstärkenänderung. 3. Die mikrodensitometrische Methode für die Kontrolle der Dichte und der Strichstärkenänderung. Bei der messmikroskopischen Methode wird ein Mikroskop verwendet, welches mit einem Okular-Schrambenmikrometer ausgerüstet ist. Nach Auffinden einer geeigneten Messstelle kann die Strichstärke auf der Skalaeinteilung im Okular abgelesen werden. Da aber Anfang und Ende des zu messenden Strichs auf der Papierspalte durch die mangelnde Randschärfe nicht genau eruiert werden können, unterliegt diese Methode einer gewissen Unsicherheit beim Festlegen der effektiven Strichstärke. Bei der densitczetrischen Methode wird für die Kontrolle der Strichstärkenänderung der #lächenbedeckungsgrad eines auf der Fotosetzmaschine belichteten Rasterfeldes gemessen. Verbreitern sich die einzelnen Punkte oder Linien des Rasterfeldes, so erhöht sich der Flächenbedeckungsgrad, as Feld erscheint optisch dunkler und es kann mit dem rensitometer ein h#herer Messwert ermittelt werde. Bei der mikrodensitometrischen Methode wird die Dichte übE die ganze Breite des zu messenden Strichs suit einer Nessspaltöffnung von 0,5 bis 5 kontinuierlich abgetastet und n Funktion der Ortskoordinate auf einem hierfür angeschlossenen Schreibgerät aufgezeichnet. Die 9 stärke und die Dicht lassen sich dann am aufgezeichneten Dichterrofil abmessen bzw. ablesen. Alle der drei beschriebenen Methoden haben den Vorteil dass exakte Messwerte vorliegen, die nicht der Subjektivität des menschlichen Auges unterworfen sind. Für die Kontrolle sind jedoch teure und kompliziert zu handhabende Messge- räte erforderlich, für deren fachgerechte Bedienung das grafische Personal nicht ausgebildet ist. Ein weiterer :¯##chteil, insbesondere bei der erst- und letztgenannten Methode ist der enorme Zeitaufwand, der für den Messvcr- ang benötigt wird stellt man sich die zukünftige technische und personelle Organisation in einer Zeitungssetzerei vor, wo die Satzspalten nicht mehr ausschliesslich von typografisch geschulten Fachleuten produziert werden und wo in einer Minute mehrere Textspalten belichtet und entwickelt werden können, so drängt sich ein Kontrollverfahren auf, welches durch folgende Merkmale gekennzeichnet ist: 1. Für die Kontrolle werden keine Meesgeräte benötigt. 2. Das Kontrollergebnis kann auf einen einzigen Blick, ohne jegliche Kenntnisse von Vorschriften, welche das Kontroll system betreffen und ohne jegliche fachlichen Kenntnisse festgestellt werden. 3. Das Feststellen des Kontrollergebnisses bedarf keiner weiteren Hilfsmittel wie Fadenzähler oder Lupe, sondern kann aus normalem Betrachtungsabstand und -winkel erfolgen. Das umrissene Ziel wird mit der nachstehend-umschriebenen Erfindung erreicht. Diese ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Fotosetzmaschine eine Vorrichtung eingebaut wird, welche aus 3 verschiedenen Rasterpunkten besteht und dass ein Verfahren zur geeigneten Kombination der 3 Rasterpunkte angewendet wird und erlaubt, ein Kontrollfeld zu belichten und zu entwickeln. Das Kontrollfeld wird wie der normale Text am Anfang oder am Ende einer Textspalte mitbelichtet. Treten während dem Belichtungs- oder Entwicklungsvorgang Bedingungen ein, die eine Dichte- und Strichstärkenänderung zur Folge haben, so können im Kontrollfeld die Begriffe ""Ueberbelichtet"" oder ""Unterbelichtet"" erkannt, bzw. gelesen werden, je nachdem ob es sich um eine Erhöhung der Dichteund Strichstärkenwerte oder um eine Verringerung derselben handelt. Tritt keine Dichte- und Strichstärkenveränderung ein, so erscheint das Kontrollfeld als neutral graue Fläche, was wiederum sehr einfach und von blossem Auge festgestellt werden kann. Die nachfolgende Beschreibung soll die Funktionsweise der Kontrollvorrichtung erläutern. Es ist aus der Silbersalzfotografie bekannt, dass ein sichtbares Silberbild nur durch die Kombination der beiden Prozesse Belichtung und Entwicklung entstehen kann, wobei beide Prozesse in ihrer Intensität aufeinander und auf das Fotomaterial abgestimmt sein müssen und jede Intensitätsveränderung einer der beiden Prozesse ein verändertes Resultat hervorbringt. Vor allem unterschiedliche Belichtur.gs- intensitäten verursachen beim Fotosatz Dichte- und Strichstärkenänderungen, das heisst, die Buchstaben erscheinen fetter und dunkler bei erhöhter Intensität und werden grau und magerer bei geringerer Belichtullgsintensität. Es gibt daher für die Herstellung der Fotosatz-Textspalten einen Verarbeitungsbereich, in welchem ein Optimum an Schriftqualität erreicht werden kann. Dieser Bereich sei im folgenden Normalbereich genannt. Im weiteren gibt es einen Bereich, in welchem eine Strichverbreiterung stattfindet und einen Bereich in welchem eine Strichverschmäle- rung stattfindet. Diese Bereiche seien im folgenden Positivbereich und Negativbereich genannt. Die Kontrollvorrichtung ist erfindungsgemäss gekennzeichnet durch die Schaffung von 3 Flächenelementen, sogs Rasterpunkten, die sich in Ihrer Reaktion auf veränderte Verarbeitsbedingungen unterscheiden. Für jeden der 3 Verarbeitungsbereiche wurde ein Flächenelement konstruiert welches sich die speziellen Gegebenheiten des betreffenden Bereichs zunutze macht. Diese Verhaltensweise ist dadurch zu erreichen, indem beim Positivelement latente Verstärkungen und beim Negativeiement latente Schwachstellen eingebaut werden. Diese Stellen können deshalb als latent be zeichnet werden, weil deren Wirksamkeit im Normalbereich ausbleibt. Das Normalelement verändert sich innerhalb des ganzen Verarbeitungsbereichs nur geringfügig (Figur 1). Das Positivelement verändert sich im Negativbereich sehr ähnlich wie das Normalelement, zeigt jedoch im Positivbereich eine eindeutige Tendenz zur Vergrösserung seiner Fläche (Figur 2). Das Negativelement verändert sich im Positivbereich ebenfalls sehr ähnlich wie das Normalelement, zeigt aber im Negativbereich eine eindeutige Tendenz zur Verkleinerung seiner Fläche (Figur 3). Figur 4 zeigt das Tonwertverhalten der 3 Elemente zueinander innerhalb eines grossen Verarbeitungsbereichs. Im ;.ormalbereich besitzen alle 3 Elemente die gleiche Flache und eisen daher den selben Tonwert auf, wodurch Die vvisuell nicht voneinander zu unterscheiden sind (Figur : > )erciernun entweder yosltivelemente oder Negativelemente mit Normalelementen gemischt und erfolgt die Igiischung in dieser Weise, dass die sich stärker ver ändernden Elemente innerhalb der sich schwach verändernden Elemente (Normalelement) die Form eines speziellen Zeichens, einer Figur, eines Buchstabens oder eines ganzen Textes einnehmen, so kann damit sehr einfach geprüft werden, in welchem Verarbeitungsbereich die betreffende Textspalte proauziert wurde, bzw. ob eine Dichte- und Strichstärken änderung stattgefunden hat. In Figur 6 wurde ein Kontrollfeld realisiert, welches die Begriffe +++UEBERBELICHTET+++ und ---UNTERBELICHTET--- erkennen lässt, Je nachdem ob die Textspalte mit zu hoher oder mit zu geringer Intensität belichtet wurde. Entspricht die Belichtung hingegen den üblichen und vom Fotosatzhersteller als richtig bezeichneten Werten, so erscheint das Kontrollfeld als neutral graue Fläche.";Patentansprüche: 1 richtung zur visuellen Kontrolle der Wiedergabequalität ,:ichnungselementen, welche mittels einer sathosenstraniroror auf lichtempfindliches Fotomaterial belichtet werden können gekennzeichnet durch das Vorhandensein von mindestens 3 zur schiedenen Fiächenelementen, die sich in ihrer Reaktion auf veränderte Verarbeitungsbedingungen unterscheiden. Verfahren zum Betrieb der Vorrichtung nach Patentanspruch i, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die 3 Flächenelemente in dieser isise miteinander kombiniert werden, dass ein Kontroilfeld entsteht, welches bei abweichenden Verarbeitungsbedingungen. -gürliche oder verbale Ausdrucksformen annimmt Vorrichtung nach Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, eass das Normalelement Form und Gestalt eines Rasterpunktes im herkömmlichen Sinne besitzt. Vorrichtung nach Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Positivelement latent vorhandene Verstärkungen aufweist. 5. Vorrichtung nach Patentanspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Negativelement latent vorhandene Schwachstellen aufweist.;KEHL, CHRISTOF;DR.-ING. RUDOLF HELL GMBH;1978
+EP-0023242-B1;19830907.0;19781013;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;27423163.0;B29D23;F16L9;B29C53, F16L11;B29C  53/78, F16L  11/16;PROFILED STRIPS AND METHOD OF FORMING TUBULAR ARTICLES WITH THESE STRIPS;An elongated strip (1) which has on it a series of longitudinally positioned upstanding ribs (2) to form between them a series of longitudinally positioned channels (6) and including connecting means (4, 5) on the strip spaced apart transversely on the strip whereby the strip can be wound helically to form an elongated object with the connecting means interengaged along a helical line to lock the strip in object form, in which at least some of the ribs have a flange (3) adjacent its free edge.;FORMATION OF TUBULAR ARTICLES Field of the Invention The invention relates to the formation and strengthening of tubular objects such as pipes. Description of the Prior Art It is known to use plastic pipes for conveying water and other fluidsfflhkh when buried, particularly in large diameters, have by necessity, because of earth loading or pressure test requirements, needed to have wall thicknesses of substantial dimensions thus making such pipes expensive. Another problem with tubular objects is the bulk they present during transport and it has been proposed heretofore to form such tubular objects from strip and to wind the strip helically and to join the contiguous edges to form the tubular object, such a system being described in the specification of United States Letters Patent No 3 938 558 which deals with a longitudinally corrugated metal strip which has edges which can be contiguously joined. It is also known to form a flexible hose from strip which has shaped longitudinal edges so arranged that when the strip is helically wound the one edge engages in the configuration of the other edge to seal the hose and form a flexible member which has an upstanding helical configuration on it but the strip is of relatively narrow width. A further known method is-to use a strip of somewhat wider form, formed of a synthetic material which again has the longitudinal edges shaped so that the one edge can engage into a socket in the other edge when the edges are contiguously positioned, this being disclosed in the specification of United States Letters Patent No 3 606 -670. The specification also discloses a machine for rolling the strip to helical form and pressure joining the edges. The object of the present invention is to provide an improved form of strip and method of use which will have certain advantages over the known art and which avoids the need to have heavy sections and which can be used to form a tubular object such as a pipe or can be associated with a preformed pipe to stiffen and reinforce the pipe.'' A further object of the invention is to provide a strip which can be wound onto a plastic pipe and can protect the pipe and if necessary can substantially reinforce the pipe. A still further object is to provide a strip which can be wound into the form of a pipe and which has a configuration such that there will be adequate strength in such a pipe because of a helical configuration of reinforcements used on the strip. A still further object is to provide a compound pipe consisting of an inner core and a surround which is locked to the pipe to provide a channel construction around the pipe to increase the strength and rigidity of the pipe which can also be used for secondary purposes such as secondary conveyor channels as part of the pipe. A still further object is to provide a form of strip which can be used in such a way that it forms a series of channels around the tubular object by using the strip in different ways and by, for instance, winding one strip on another as well as helically winding the two strips. These and other objects will be appreciated from a description of the invention which follows. Summary of the Invention In accordance with the invention an elongated strip for forming articles by helically winding the said strip which has a series of upstanding ribs spaced apart across the width of the strip on at least one side thereof to form therebetween a series of open longitudinally extending side-by-side channels and connecting means on the said strip formed by a joining rib and a complementary engaging rib spaced apart transversely of the said strip and adapted to interengage and be connected together when one edge portion is placed over at least the other edge portion of the strip when helically winding the strip whereby to hold the said strip in its helical configuration is characterised in that each of at least some of said ribs have a flange adjacent its free-end portion to strengthen such ribs, each of said flanges being separated from the flange of any adjacent rib. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is an end elevation of a strip formed according to this invention, Figure 2 is a somewhat enlarged view showing how the two edges of contiguous parts of the strip interengage when wound together in a helical manner, Figure 3 is a perspective view of a tubular article manufactured from such a strip, the end of the article being shown partly unformed to clearly show the strip, Figure 4'is a view corresponding to Figure 1 but showing how the strip can be reversed to provide a smooth outer surface and if required to be wound around an inner tube whereby to have a series of longitudinal channels on the strip which may be sealed to form secondary conduits, Figure 5 is a perspective view corresponding to Figure 3 showing a pipe with such a helically wound strip thereon, Figure 6 shows how added members can be used to lock together the joins between two edges of such a strip, Figure 7 shows another form of edge using a reinforcing as well as a locking member, Figure 8 shows how the form of the invention shown in Figures 1 to 3 can be filled in to further reinforce the strip, Figure 9 shows a modified form of strip in which the ribs are relatively closely spaced and the strip itself is apertured between the ribs to provide a device which can for instance be used as a sand screen when such a strip is arranged in helical configuration, Figure 10 shows a further embodiment of such a device, Figure 11 shows a modified form of strip which is arranged to form a series of closed channels longitudinally when a series of these strips are joined and formed into the helical orientated tubular object, Figure 12 is a somewhat enlarged fragmentary view showing how such a strip joins to form the closed channels, and Figure 13 shows very schematically how a strip of the invention may be drawn off from a supporting reel and formed into a tubular article. Description of the Preferred Embodiments Referring first to Figures 1, 2 and 3, it will be seen that the strip 1 has on it a series of upstanding ribs 2 which ribs are strengthened at their outer ends by small flanges 3, the rib 2a at the one edge of the strip, referred to as a joining rib, having a series of barbs 4 on it, the rib 2b near the other edge of the strip, referred to as an engaging rib, being shaped to form a barbed socket 5 and arranged so that the rib 2a can engage the socket of the rib 2b, the strip having the rib 2b shaped so that it presses against an adjacent rib 2 when the two edges are'joined as shown more particularly in Figure 2 where it will be-noted that the edge of the rib 2c engages beneath the flange 3 on the rib 2. This forms a series of channels 6. In Figure 3 is shown how a tubular object such as a pipe is formed when a strip is helically wound and the edges interengage by forcing the rib 2a into the socket 5 of the rib 2b. In Figures 4 and 5 is again shown a strip siMilar to that shown in Figure 1 but in this case the strip 11 has the ribsl2 inwardly positioned when the tubular object is formed by helically winding such a strip, the strip again having a barbed joining rib 12a at one end and a socket 15 in the engaging rib 12b but in Figure 4 this strip is shown wound onto a liner 17 which may be a pipe which is required to be reinforced, and when such a strip is tightly wound onto the liner 17 with the barbed rib 12a engaged in the socket 15 of the rib 12b a series of channels 16 result which can be sealed if required by cementing or otherwise joining the flanges 13 to the liner 17. It will be obvious however that the strip of Figure 1 can similarly be used in this inverted manner without winding it onto a liner, and whether the configuration of Figure 3 or Figure 5 is used depends on whether a smooth outside surface is required or whether the ribs are merely for the purpose of stiffening and protecting and particularly whether the secondary channels are required. In Figure 6 is shown how a strip 21 can be helically wound with the ribs 22 again being upstanding from the body of the strip itself but the joint between the joining rib 22a and the engaging rib 22b which forms the socket is reinforced by placing over it an extrusion 28 which fits over the join between the two edges of the strip and further locks the assembly together, the extrusion preferably being made of rigid polyvinyl-chloride so that not only does it lock the joint but it also provides adequate reinforcing along the marginal edges of the strip. In Figure 7 a similar configuration is shown with the strip 31 again having ribs 32 upstanding from it and including a barbed forming rib 32a as well as an engaging rib 32b with socket into which it fits but the edge of the strip in this case is held down by a foam packing 38 which helps to secure the lock, and also a wire 39 is shown which has the effect of providing reinforcing at the join. In Figure 8 a similar configuration is again used in that the strip 41 has upstanding ribs 42 but in this case the longitudinal channels 46 between the ribs are filled by a material such as concrete to form a helical filler 49. The concrete can be poured into the channels 46 and in that case the strip 41 forms a liner for the filler 49. In Figure .te strip 51 again has ribs 52 but these are spaced closer together than in the previous embodiment and have shaped flanges 53 at the outer ends which form narrow openings between them, and the strip 51 itself is apertured at 58 between the ribs 51 and the device can then be used as a bore screen or the like where water is to permeate into the hollow of the screen but sand is prevented from entering the defined space. Figure 10 shows a similar configuration to Figure 9 but in this case the strip 61 has larger ribs 62 at spaced intervals with smaller ribs 62a between the larger ribs 62 and here also the outside edges of the ribs 62 and 62d are provided with flanges 63 which can then form between them narrow slots so far as the smaller ribs 62a are concerned but the extending ribs 62 serve to prevent large materials from reaching and blocking the gaps between the ribs 62a, holes or slots 68 again being used through the strip to allow flow of liquid so that the device again acts as a bore screen or the like. In the form shown in Figures 11 and 12.the strip 71 is shaped in such a manner that closed channels 76 are provided between the upstanding ribs 72, the strip 71 in this case extending from an outer joining rib 72a, which is provided on its outer face with barbs 74, to an intermediate rib 72e, which forms the engaging rib, which again has barbs 74, but on both faces, and the opposite end of the continued strip has a further, but downformed, rib 72f on it with again barbs 74 at the outer face. One part of the strip has ribs 72 extending in the same direction as the rib 72a, but the other part of the strip has sockets 78 spaced similarly to the ribs 72 but downformed. Here no one part of such strip is placed on the other part of the strip but the ribs 72 of the one strip can engage the sockets 78 of the other as shown more particularly in Figure 12. It is to be noted that the two ribs 72a and 72f face in the opposite direction, and by displacing one strip half the width of the other strip during the helical winding a double walled structure results, the rib 72a of one part of the strip engaging the rib 72e of the other part of the strip. The wound strip as generally described in this specification can have a further strip wound over it, preferably in the opposite direction for further reinforcement, or it can be sprayed or can otherwise have applied to it when formed into a tubular object a bonding material to lock the sections of the strip firmly together. Figure 13 shows the strip 91 being fed from a reel 94, which contains a coil of strip 95, to between a pair of forming rollers 96 which force the joining rib into the socket of the engaging rib when the rollers 96 are driven to feed the strip 91 from the coil 95 onto itself at this point to form the tubular article 97, the article 97 resting on roller supports 98 which allow the article 97 to rotate as the further length of strip 91 from the coil 95 is joined onto it.;"CLAIMS: 1. An elongated strip for forming articles by helically winding the said strip which taxs a series of upstanding ribs (2) spaced apart across the width of the strip on at least one side thereof to form therebetween a series of open longitudinally extending side-by-side channels (6) and connecting means (2a, 2b) on the said strip formed by a joining rib (2a) and a complementary engaging rib (2b) spaced apart transversely of the said strip and adapted to interengage and be connected together when one edge portion is placed over at least the other edge portion of the strip when helically winding the strip whereby to hold the said strip in its helical configuration, characterised in that each of at least some of said ribs have a flange (3) adjacent its free-end portion to strengthen such ribs, each of said flanges (3) being separated from the flange of any adjacent rib. 2. An elongated strip according to claim 1 wherein the said joining rib is a barbed rib (4) on one side of the strip and the said engaging rib is on the same side of the strip and has a barbed socket (5) formed therein from the opposite side of the said strip. 3. An elongated strip according to claim 2 wherein the said strip has an extension laterally past the said engaging rib but displaced in plane approximately equal to the ribs (72) of the said strip and has a series of longitudinal sockets (78) formed on such extension spaced and located to engage the outer edges of the said upstanding ribs (72) when such a strip iswound helically. 4. An elongated strip according to claim 2 wherein the said ribs (2) other than the said joining rib are ""T"" shaped. 5. An elongated strip according to claim 4 wherein the said upstanding ribs (52) are relatively closely spaced and the flanges form slits opening fr(,lf the said channels formed between tie ribs and aper ture (58) extend through the said strip opening to the said channels. 6. An elongated strip according to claim 5 characterised by spaced ribs (63) upstanding further than the remaining ribs (62a). 7. An elongated strip according to claim 1 wherein the said strip has at one edge an upstanding barbed rib (72a) and at the other edge a downformed barbed rib (72f) and at an intermediate part a further barbed rib (72e), said intermediate rib (72e) joining a first part of the strip to a second part of the strip with the two parts displaced in plane by the said intermediate rib, a series of upstanding spaced ribs (72) on the said first part, and a series of downformed sockets (78) on the second part of the strip positioned to engage the edges o! said upstanding ribs (72) when the said strip is helically wound to position the said sockets (78) over the said ribs (72). 8. A method of forming an article by winding an elongated strip as claimed in any one of claims 1-4 into a helical form and joining said connecting means by interengaging or cementing said means to hold the strip in a helical configuration, wherein the channels between the said ribs are filled with a solid material (49) during or after helically winding the said strip. 9. A method of forming an article by winding an elongated strip as claimed in any one of claims 1-4 into a helical form and joining said connecting means by interengaging or cementing said means to hold the strip in a helical configuration, wherein the said strip is wound onto a tubular article (17) to reinforce said article. 10. A method of forming an article by winding an elongated strip as claimed in any of claims 1-4 into a helical form and joining said connecting means by interengaging or cementing said means to hold the strip in a helical configuration, wherein the said joining and engaging ribs are secured together by winding a reinforcing strip (28) over the said joining ribs. 11. A method of forming an article by winding an elongated strip as claimed in claim 2, 3 or 4 into a helical form and joining said connecting means by interengaging or cementing said means to hold the strip in a helical configuration, wherein a reinforcing wire (39).is positioned in the said barbed socket prior or during winding of the said strip into helical form. 12. A method of forming an article by winding an elongated strip as claimed in any one of claims 1-4 into a helical form and joining said connecting means by interengaging or cementing said means to hold the strip in a helical configuration, wherein a further strip is wound over the said strip with the helix being formed in the opposite direction whereby to reinforce the said strip.";MENZEL, JULIAN MAXWELL;RIB LOC HONG KONG LIMITED;1978
+EP-0032115-B1;19840208.0;19780602;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;25642163.0;B65D17;;B65D17, B21D51;B65D  17/16B, L65D205:00, B21D  51/38B;IMPROVED PRESSURE RELEASE CLOSURE;An improved pressure release for use in containers for pressurised liquid in which the closure is formed partly within a pouring closure and partly outside the pouring closure whereby the pressure releasing closure is permanently opened by the opening of said pouring closure to create an air vent or liquid draining opening outside the pouring closure.;"IMPROVED PRESSURE RELEASE CLOSURE This invention relates to improvements in pushin easy opening closures, particularly, but not exclusively, pressure releasing vent closures, and to container members incorporating such closures. In our Application No.78300012.8, from which the present application is divided, we disclose several different closure arrangements as applied to can ends for containers for highly carbonated beverages. The problems of the prior art and the solutions provided by the invention described and claimed in this application are discussed in detail in the specification of our earlier application and the disclosure of this specification is hereby incorporated into the present application by cross-reference. In certain circumstances it may be desirable for resealable closures of the general type described in the above specification to be permanently opened when a pouring or drinking closure associated with the pressure releasing closure has been opened so that the pressure releasing closure acts to vent air into the container during pouring or drinking. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved pushkin closure arrangement in which the pressure releasing closure is permanently opened by the opening of the pouring or drinking closure, hereinafter called the ""pouring"" closure. The invention therefore provides a container member for use in a container for pressurized liquid, said container member including a push-in easy opening pouring closure defined by at least a weakening line, and a smaller pressure releasing closure defined by at least a weakening line and capable of being opened by a push-in force, characterised by said pressure releasing closure being formed partly within said pouring closure and partly outside said pouring closure, said pressure releasing closure being arranged so as to be permanently opened by the opening of said pouring closure to create an air venting passageway to assist in the venting of the contents of the container during pouring or drinking therefrom. In another aspect, the invention provides a container end for use in a container for pressurized liquid, said container end including a push-in easy opening pouring closure defined by at least a weakening line, and a smaller pressure releasing closure defined by at least a weakening line and capable of being opened by a pushin force, said pressure releasing closure being formed partly within said pouring closure and partly outside said pouring closure, said pressure releasing closure being arranged so as to be permanently opened when said pouring closure is opened, said closures being integrally connected to said container end at a position adjacent the periphery of the end whereby said permanently opened pressure releasing closure creates a liquid draining opening which facilitates substantially complete draining of the contents of a liquid filled container having said container end. In order that the invention may be more readily understood, several preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 is a plan view of one embodiment of the invention; Figure 2 is an enlarged sectional elevation along the line 18-18 in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a view similar to Figure 2 showing the closures in the open position; and Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 are plan views of modifications of the embodiment of Figure 1. Referring firstly to Figures 1 to 3 of the drawings, a first embodiment of the closure is shown formed within a depressed region of a can end, the general method of formation thereof being substantially as described in the earlier application referred to above. The embodiment of Figures 1 to 3 includes a fully sheared closure member or tab 80 which overlaps with and underlies the metal surrounding a generally circular pouring/venting opening and is hinged to the end at 81. A pressure releasing closure or tab 82, of the same type as tab 55 in Figures 9 and 10 of the earlier application referred to above, is formed partly within the tab 80 and is connected to the end at 83, which connection is located outside the tab 80 and about which the tab 82 flexes in the manner described in the earlier embodiments. As shown in Figure 2, the tab 82 overlaps and underlies the surrounding sheet metal of tab 80. In this embodiment, overlap of the tabs 80 and 82 is increased by coining the periphery of the tabs and the sheet metal adjacent the opening closed by tab 80. The dimensions of tab 82 are selected in accordance with the earlier application to prevent permanent opening thereof by a digitally applied force. In use, the tab 82 is opened to relieve the pressure within the can. In most cases, the force digitally applied to the tab 82 will also open the tab 80, once the pressure is relieved. However, because the tab 82 is located near the hinge line of tab 80, this tab will tend to open controllably rather than suddenly to avoid accidental injury to the digit from the sides of the opening. When the closure 80 is opened as shown in Figure 3, the closure 82 is forced to open about its connection 83 and because of the separation between the hinge 81 and the connection 83, the neck of metal joining the tab 82 and the connection 83 will be displaced below the surrounding metal of tab 80 and the can end to create a passageway 84 which acts as an air vent during the pouring or drinking operations. This improves the pouring and drinking characteristics of the end, especially the drinking characteristics in the event that the user's mouth substantially covers the pouring opening. A modification of the embodiment of Figures 1 to 3 is shown in Figure 4. In this embodiment the pouring and pressure releasing tabs 80' and 82' are identical in construction to the tabs 80 and 82 but the position of tab 82 is inverted so that the main operating portion thereof lies outside the pouring tab 80' and the tab 82' is connected to the tab 80' at 83'. The main advantages of this embodiment over the preceding embodiment are that the pouring tab 80' cannot be accidently opened when the pressure releasing tab 82' is opened and a larger air venting passageway is formed when the large tab is opened because the main operating portion of the tab 82' is removed from its opening when tab 80' is opened to the position shown in Figure 3. The same pouring/drinking characteristics may be achieved without the use of a resealable #ressure release tab of the type described in the earlier application referred to above. However, the use of this type of tab is preferred for the reasons expressed in our earlier application. Referring now to Figure 5, the can end is formed with a fully sheared closure member or tab 90 which overlaps with and underlies the metal surrounding the opening in the same manner as tab 80. The tab 90 is hinged to the end about 91 and a small non-resealable pressure releasing closure tab 92 is formed over the hinge line with part of the tab 92 projecting into the tab 90. The tab 92 is formed in basically the same manner as tab 82 only it is hinged to end about 93 in such a manner that the metal defining the connection permanently deforms when the tab 92 is opened to release the pressure within the can. When the pouring tab 90 is opened, the tab 92 is still further opened as in the preceding embodiment to create a permanent venting passage for the pouring/drinking operations. The embodiment of Figure 5 may also be modified similarly to the embodiment of Figure 3 by inverting the tab 92. It will be appreciated that in each of the preceding embodiments, the shape of each of the tabs may be varied at the designer's choice. For example, as shown in Figure 6, the embodiment of Figure 1 is modified so that the tab 80'' is oblate and the tab 82'' is formed with a circular operating portion having a straight sided neck extending therefrom to the connection 83''. Similarly the tab 80 or the tab 82'' may be pear-shaped as in Figure 9 of our earlier application. The tabs 90 and 92 in Figure 4 may be similarly modified. A still further modification is shown in Figure 7. In this embodiment, the tab 100 is pear-shaped and its hinge 101 is located adjacent the couhtersink of the can end. The pressure releasing tab 102 is similar to the tab 82 and has its connection 103 to the end located outside the tab 100 and spaced from the hinge 101. The two tabs have the same basic construction as the preceding embodiments. The above embodiment opens similarly to the closure shown in Figures 1 to 3 but the tab 102 does not act as a vent during pouring and drinking. Instead the opening created by the tab 102 when the tab 100 opened facilitates additional draining of the contents of the can thereby overcoming one of the problems inherent in positioning the hinge 101 near the countersink. It may be desirable, where the hinges of tabs 80, 90 and 80'' and tabs 82, 92 and 82'' are located near the centre of the can end, to restrict the extent to which the tabs can be bent about their hinges. This can be achieved by forming an indent or otherwise suitably shaping the undersides of tabs 80, 90 and 80"" so that the forward edges of the tabs 82, 92 and 82'' are engaged within the indent or shaping whereby the tabs 82, 92 and 82'' act as a strut to prevent further bending movement of the tabs 80, 90 and 80'' respectively. In some cases this function may be achieved sufficiently by the frictional contact between the two tabs or by the sealant applied to the tabs. Such an arrangement reduces the likelihood that the hinge metals connecting the tabs to their ends will fracture. This is not a problem with the Figure 7 embodiment since the can wall prevents bending beyond about 900 The embodiments of Figures 1, 4 and 5 have some similarity with the can end described in Werth et al U.S.Patent No. 3,741,432 in that the pressure releasing tabs are located partly within the pouring tabs. However, in the present invention the pressure releasing tab is partly located outside the pouring tab and its hinge or connection is not coincident with the hinging connection of the pouring tab to the end. This provides the quite distinct advantage that a separate air venting passageway, outside the confines of the opening closed by the pouring tab, is formed when the pouring tab is opened, whether or not the pressure releasing tab has been opened previously. While the Werth et al patent describes the release vent tab 21 as remaining open when the tab 15 is opened to create an air admission opening, this opening is unlikely to contribute significantly to the venting of the contents during normal pouring or drinking from the can since sufficient air will be admitted through the can opening. However, if the can is tilted so that the main opening is immersed in liquid, the opening created by the tab 21 will also be immersed thereby preventing the admission of air to the can. In the embodiments described above, the separate air venting passageway will remain open even when the pouring opening is full of liquid since the venting tab extends outside the pouring opening. Furthermore, the air vent passageways created in the present embodiments are less likely to be covered during the drinking operation, even if the whole of the pouring opening is covered by the mouth of the user. The closures of the present invention can be used in can ends or in other container members, and can be formed of any suitable sheet metal material, including aluminium and steel, and can be of any suitable shape, depending upon the shape of the can body to which the can end or other container member is to be secured. It is also envisaged that the closures may be made in plastics materials by suitable moulding techniques. There is no criticality in the absolute size of the pouring closure, although normally the pouring closure will be of such size as to prevent complete insertion of a user's finger, yet large enough to permit adequate outflow of liquid container contents. Likewise, the absolute size of the pressure releasing/venting aperture or opening is not critical, but normally the opening will be of a size as to prevent complete insertion of a user's finger, yet large enough to permit adequate outflow of internal container pressure upon pressure releasing, and to permit adequate inflow of air upon venting. The sealant which is used for fully severed closures can be any suitable means or material, such as a sealing compound, plastic tape, aadhesive foil, hot melt material, a combination thereof, etc. A particularly suitable sealing compound is a plastisol-grade polyvinylchloride combined with a conventional plastisizer and compounding ingredients. Such plastisol should be heat curable to form a non-tacky, somewhat yieldable solid material that aids in retaining the closure in place and maintains a hermetic seal under pressures of the magnitudes which normally occur in cans of carbonated and malt beverages. The sealant must be sufficiently frangible to be ruptured upon the application of digitally applied push-in force on the respective closures. The maximum angular displacements of the closure mentioned above apply only to the indicated grade of aluminium, and to the indicated thickness thereof. Changes of these and other variables in the closure construction will change the maximum permissible angle of displacement.";1. A container member for use in a container for pressurized liquid, said container member including a push-in easy opening pouring closure defined by at least a weakening line, and a smaller pressure releasing closure defined by at least a weakening line and capable of being opened by a push-in force, characterised by said pressure releasing closure being formed partly within said pouring closure and partly outside said pouring closure, said pressure releasing closure being arranged so as to be permanently opened by the opening of said pouring closure to create an air venting passageway to assist in the venting of the contents of the container during pouring or drinking therefrom. 2. The container member of claim 1, wherein said pressure releasing closure is integrally connected to said container member or to said pouring closure, said pressure releasing closure flexing about said connection during the opening operation, said pressure releasing closure being contructed to return substantially to its closed position in the absence of said push-in force. 3. The container member of claim 2, wherein said pressure releasing closure is constructed to prevent deflection of said closure by a digitally applied push-in force beyond the angle at which the elastic limit of the metal at said connection is exceeded. 4. The container member of claim 3, wherein said pressure releasing closure is sufficiently spaced from its connection to said container member to prevent deflection of said connection beyond said angle. 5. The container member of claim 1, wherein said pressure releasing closure is integrally connected to said container member and about which connection said pressure releasing closure hinges during the opening operation, said pressure releasing closure being construc ed to permanently deform said connection on opening thereof. 6. The container member of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said container member is formed from sheet metal, said pouring closure and said pressure releasing closure being fully sheared from said sheet metal except for a portion connecting each of said closures to said container member, said pouring closure and said pressure releasing closure overlapping and underlying the sheet metal surrounding the opening closed by said closures. 7. A container end for use in a container for pressurized liquid, said container end including a pushin easy opening pouring closure defined by at least a weakening line, and a smaller pressure releasing closure defined by at least a weakening line and capable of being opened by a push-in force, said pressure releasing closure being formed partly within said pouring closure and partly outside said pouring closure, said pressure releasing closure being arranged so as to be permanently opened when said pouring closure is opened, said closures being integrally connected to said container end at a position adjacent the periphery of the end whereby said permanently opened pressure releasing closure creates a liquid draining opening which facilitates substantially complete draining of the contents of a liquid filled container having said container end.;DALLI, ALLAN GEORGE, DEBENHAM, MICHAEL, REVILL, PETER LEWIS;THE BROKEN HILL PROPRIETARY COMPANY LIMITED;1978
+EP-0081862-B1;19870624.0;19781228;EP;B1;EN;20100220.0;new;27127881.0;H05B41;;H05B41;H04B  41/392V, H05B  41/38, H05B  41/28, H05B  41/04B2C, H05B  41/288K;CONTROL APPARATUS FOR OPERATING A GAS DISCHARGE LAMP;In a gas discharge lamp, when the current through the inductor (17) has increased to a point where the voltage drop across the resistor (15) exceeds the voltage of the reference source (23, 101) the comparator amplifier (29) triggers the monostable multivibrator (18) causing the solid state switching device (14) to be turned off. This acts to collapse the magnetic field in the inductor (17) thereby causing a large flyback voltage to appear across the lamp (35) sufficient to light the lamp. At the end of the predetermined time period of the low output state of the monostable multivibrator (18), its output turns the solid state switching device (14) on, allowing current to flow from the power supply (53) through the inductor (17) and the lamp (35), thereby maintaining the lamp in the lit state and increasing the magnetic field in the inductor (17). The current flow through the lamp, when the solid state switching device (14) is on, is in the opposite direction from the current flowing through the lamp when the solid state switching device is off. By connecting the voltage divider (101, 23) directly to the rectified AC power supply (53) which has a low frequency compared with the frequency of operation of the multivibrator (18) the lamp current follows the unsmoothed fluctuations in the rectified AC voltage, whereby the power factor of the circuit approaches unity.;"CONTROL APPARATUS FOR OPERATING A GAS DISCHARGE LAMP Background and Summary of the Invention Field of the Invention This invention relates to apparatus for operating a gas discharge lamp, such as a fluorescent, a mercury vapor lamp, a sodium lamp, or a metal halide lamp. 1. Prior Art Background Control circuits for gas discharge lamps are known which obviate the need for the usual heavy and expensive series ballast devices. In such circuits, switching elements are provided to periodically switch the direction of current through the lamp to reduce the deterioration or erosion of electrodes, and to ensure a high enough frequency of switching to reduce the requirement for the size of the ballast. Such circuits generally require two switching elements for each direction of the current. Attempts have been made to fabricate the same type of circuit using only a single switching element to cause current reversal on the lamp. For example, the U.S.A.Patent No.3,906,302 is directed to such an arrangement and incorporates an inductor in parallel with the lamp, which lamp is in series with a switching device. Such a switching device is generally operated at relatively high frequencies, such as 20 kHz. A significant disadvantage of this prior art device is that its control circuitry does not provide for varying the intensity of the lamp. The prior art lamp control circuits typically operate from a DC source, either from batteries or from a rectified and filtered AC source. In the latter instance, the filtering required results in a poor power factor, making the circuits unacceptable in certain applications. 2. Invention Summary This invention resides in a circuit having electromagnetic means for storing magnetic energy connected in parallel combination with the electrodes of the gas discharge lamp, switch means for connecting a rectified alternating current power supply to the parallel combination and control means responsive to the current flowing through the parallel combination for controlling the switch means, the frequency of the alternating current power supply being low compared with the frequency with which the switch means is switched on and off by the control means, characterised in that the control means are constructed to actuate the switch means to interrupt the connection of the power supply to the parallel combination for a predetermined length of time whenever the current flowing from the power supply to the parallel combination has increased to a predetermined value, and in that the control means are further constructed to vary the predetermined value of current to the parallel combination, at which the switch means is actuated, in accordance with the instantaneous voltage of said rectified alternating current power supply The electromagnetic means may be an inductor or choke coil and the switch means may be a transistor. One side of the inductor is connected to the rectified AC power source and the other side is connected to the collector of the transistor. The emitter of the transistor is connected to one end of a resistor which forms part of the control means, and the other end of the resistor is connected to ground. The base of the transistor is connected to the output of a monostable or one-shot multivibrator, also forming part of the control means. The input to the one-shot multivibrator is connected to the output of a comparator amplifier. The multivibrator operates In such a way that, when the input to the multivibrator is high, the multivibrator is triggered and its output goes low for a predetermined amount of time, after which its output returns te the high state. The two inputs to the comparator amplifier are connected in such a way that one input is connected to the emitter of the transistor and the other input is connected to a selectively variable reference voltage source derived from the instantaneous voltage of the rectified AC power supply. The circuit components and the time delay of the multivibrator are chosen in such a way as to provide a relatively high rate of switching on the base of the transistor, approximately 20 to 40 kHz. The current of the lamp is thereby varied precisely in relation to the AC line voltage, so that the power factor of the circuit is high. A secondary winding can be provided on the inductor for charging a capacitor through a diode. This capacitor is connected to the rectified AC power line by a further diode. When the AC power voltage crosses zero volts, that is, when the rectified AC voltage is near its null point, the further diode becomes forward biased, and the charge on the capacitor prohibits the voltage on the power line from nulling. Because a gas discharge lamp increases in resistance at a power voltage null, the capacitor used to prohibit nulling avoids this high resistance load characteristic, and thus protects the solid state switching device. The alternating current flowing through the gas discharge lamp has no direct current component. As a result, the useful life of the lamp is increased by maximizing the life of the electrodes since a direct current component of lamp current causes excessive cathodic heating of one of the two electrodes and reduces the life of that electrode. A significant advantage of this invention is that the intensity of the lamp may be varied by varying the reference voltage at the input of the comparator amplifier. In one embodiment, this function is provided by ? potentiometer connected between the reference voltage and the input to the comparator amplifier. In another embodiment, a photo-conductive resistor is used in the voltage dividing input circuit to the comparator amplifier to automatically vary the intensity of the gas discharge lamp in response to the ambient light intensity. U.S.A.Patent No.3486070 discloses a control circuit for varying the intensity of the light of a vapor discharge lamp. A switch, a current measuring resistor, an inductor and the vapor discharge lamp are connected in series and a reverse directed diode is connected across the series combination of the lamp and the inductor. The lamp and the inductor receive current from a source when the switch is closed and the lamp receives current from the conductor via the diode when the switch is open. The switch is opened for a predetermined length of time when the current in the resistor reaches a predetermined maximum value. By this means, the power to the lamp can be kept substantially constant. But, because the lamp is in series with the inductor, the current through the lamp is always in the one direction, thereby leading to unequal electrode wear and shortened lamp life. A Zener diode, metal oxide varistor, or similar device can be connected across the transistor collector and ground. This varistor protects the transistor from transient surges in electrical power in the circuit by shorting out any transient voltages which exceed the magnitude of the breakdown voltage of the varistor. A low voltage power supply suitable for powering the one shot multivibrator and the comparator amplifier can be supplied by a step-down transformer having as its primary winding the choke coil or inductor connected in parallel with the gas discharge lamp. A diode is connected between the secondary winding and a capacitor. The low side of the secondary winding and the other side of the capacitor are connected to ground. The polarity of this diode is such that the voltage supplied to the capacitor is independent of the transient voltage which occurs in the inductor during periods when the transistor is turned off. The electrodes of the gas discharge tube can be preheated prior to ignition, thereby extending the useful life of the gas discharge tube. This can be accomplished by connecting one of the lamp electrodes across a minor portion of the high side of the choke winding. The other electrode is connected across a minor portion of the low side of the choke winding. This will ensure that a small current flows through both electrodes just before the lamp is ignited, allowing the electrodes to warm up to a temperature closer to the temperature achieved after ignition of the lamp. Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: Figure 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a control circuit for a gas discharge lamp shown in simplified form for facilitating an understanding of the overall function of the control apparatus; Figure 2 shows four waveform plots labelled 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D which are characteristic of the control circuit illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 2A is a plot of the current through the gas discharge lamp as a function of time, Figure 2B is a plot of the current through the choke or inductor as a function of time, Figure 2C is a plot of the collector current of the transistor as a function of time, and Figure 2D is a plot of the voltage across the gas discharge lamp as a function of time. In all of these plots, time is plotted on the horizontal axis and the voltage or current is plotted on the vertical axis; Figure 3 illustrates a modified form of the circuit of Figure 1, in which the choke or inductor windings are used as the primary windings of a stepdown transformer which supplies power for the one-shot multivibrator and the comparator amplifier as well as the reference voltage to the input of the comparator amplifier. Figure 3 also illustrates the use of the primary coil as an auto transformer to supply current to the electrodes of the gas discharge lamp as a source of preheating current prior to ignition of the lamp; Figure 4 illustrates a detailed circuit schematic including provision for (a) a step-down voltage supply to the lamp for matching the line voltage to the optimal lamps operating voltage and (b) a thermistor connected between the two inputs to the differential amplifier for sensing the temperature of the varistor device and protecting the varistor and transistor from destructive effects of transient power surges in the circuit; Figure 5 illustrates one embodiment of the invention in which the reference voltage for the comparator circuit is derived directly from the output of a bridge which supplies the circuit with rectified AC power; ; Figure 6 shows two waveform plots labelled 6A and 6B, which are characteristic of the control circuit illustrated in Figure 5. Figure 6A is a plot of the current drawn by the lamp circuit from the full-wave rectifier showing both the instantaneous current levels and the average current level. Figure 6B is a plot of the current, both instantaneous and average, drawn by the full-wave rectifier from the power line; Figure 7 illustrates a modified form of the circuit of Figure 5 in which a capacitor is charged by a secondary winding on the lamp ballast and is utilized to prohibit the output of the rectifying bridge from reaching a null so that the lamp will not exhibit high resistance characteristics; Figure 8 is a detailed circuit diagram, similar to the circuit of Figure 4, but implementing in that circuit the additional features illustrated in the schematic circuit of Figure 7; and Figure 9 shows three waveform plots labelled 9A, 9B and 9C, which are characteristic of the control circuit illustrated in Figure 8. Figure 9A is a plot of the line voltage supplied to that circuit. Figure 9B is a plot of the voltage at the output of the rectifying bridge and Figure 9C is a plot of the current drawn from the power lines by the circuit of Figure 8. Figures 1 to 4 and their description correspond to Figures 1, 3, 5 and 6 of the parent application No. WO 79/00449 (79 900 097.1). Figures 1 to 4 and their description are included to facilitate the understanding of the embodiments of the invention illustrated in Figures 5, 7 and 8. Referring to the circuit illustrated in Figure 1, a gas discharge lamp 11, typically a low-pressure mercury vapor fluorescent lamp, having two electrodes 12 and 13, has its electrode 13 connected to an electronic switch shown as an NPN transistor 14, the collector of which is connected to electrode 13, and the emitter of which is connected to a resistor 15. The other end of the resistor 15 is connected to ground. The other electrode 12 of the gas discharge lamp 11 is connected to a DC power supply. In practising the present invention, this supply will be a rectified AC source but is shown for simplicity in Figure 1 as a battery 16 whose positive terminal is connected through on-off switch 19 to electrode 12 and whose negative terminal is connected to ground. A choke or inductor 17 is connected in parallel with the electrodes 12 and 13 of the gas discharge lamp 11. The base of the NPN transistor switch 14 is connected to the output of a one-shot multivibrator 18. The monostable multivibrator operates in such a way that,when the input to the multivibrator is loiJ,its output is high amd,iT.7hen its input is high, the monostable multivi.brator is triggered such that its output goes into the low state for a predetermined finite length of time, after which the output of the multivibrator returns to the high, state. The input of the multivibrator is connected to the output of a comparator amplifier 20. The positive input of the comparator amplifier is connected through a conductor 21 to the emitter of the NPN transistor 14, and the negative input of the comparator amplifier is connected through a conductor 22 to a potentiometer 23. Potentiometer 23 is connected to the positive end of a DC power source 24, and the negative end of the DC power source 24 is connected to ground. The operation of the circuit of Figure 1 is as follows When the switch 19 is first closed, the current passes through the .switch 19 and through the inductor 17. No current passes through the gas discharge lamp 11 because, until it is ignited by high voltage, the lamp remains nonconductive. The current through the inductor passes through the NPN transistor switch 14 and .through the resistor 15 to ground. The current through the inductor 17 rises as a function of time until it reaches a level at which the voltage drop across the resistor 15 exceeds the voltage on the conductor 22. The voltage on the conductor 22 is determined by the potentiometer 23. When the voltage drop across the resistor 15 exceeds the voltage on the conductor 22, the comparator amplifier 20 senses a positive difference between its inputs and the output of the comparator amplifier 20 changes from the low to the high state. In response to the high output of the comparator amplifier 20, the one-shot multivibrator 18, is triggered and provides a low output for a short predetermined length of time Thus, the transistor switch 14 will be turned off for the short period of time during which the base of the transistor receives a low level signal from the multivibrator 18. The magnetic field in the choke 17 then collapses, resulting in a voltage potential across the electrodes 12 and 13 of the gas discharge lamp 11. This potential' is sufficient .to ignite the lamp and the lamp begins to conduct current. After the abov2-mentioned short predetermined length of time, the one-shot multivibrator output returns to its normally high level state, thereby turning the transistor switch 14 back on. At this instant in tine, current begins to flow from the source 16 through the electrodes 12 and 13 of the gas discharge lamp 11 in the opposite direction to tne current supplied before by the choke 17. The magnetic field in the choke 17 also begins to build up again as does the current through the choke 17. This results in a rise in the collector current of the transistor 14 and an equal rise in current through the resistor 15. This rise in current will cause the voltage drop across resistor 15 to rise until the conductor 21 again exceeds the voltage on conductor 22. Again, the comparator amplifier 20 will give a high output when this condition is reached, causing the output of the multivibraLor 18 to go into the low state for the finite period of time thereby turning off the collector current of the transistor 14 The magnetic field in the choke 17 will collapse at this tirne, thereby causing a current to flow between the electrodes 12 and 13 of the gas discharge lamp 11 in a direction opposite to the direction traveled by the current when the transistor 14 was or.. This condition will continue until the multivibrator output returns automatically to the high state. As may be seen from-this description, this process will continue to repeat itself as the transistor 14 continuously is switched on and off until 'steady state conditions are achieved. One or more cycles of operation may be required to ionize the lamp and cause it to ignite. A varistor or high voltage zener diode 27 is connected between the collector of the NPN transistor and ground, and serves to protect the transistor 14 from destructive breakdown in the event of lamp failure causing an open circuit between its terminals, or inadvertent unplugging of the lamp when the power switch 19 is closed. When the lamp itself is defective and causes an open circuit or when the lamp is removed, the voltage rise at the collector of transistor 14 produced by collapse of the magnetic field'in the inductor 17 will be limited to the breakdown voltage of the varistor, a value selected to be within the safe limits of the collector-- base junction of the transistor switch 14. A significant feature of this circuit is that the varistor 27 serves the additional function of preventing ignition of the lamp until the lamp electrodes have been warmed up over a time period which is long compared to the operating period of the control circuit. Thus, the control circuit, without the varistor, would typically supply on the order of 1000 volts across the lamp in the fly back mode. Such high voltage applied to the lamp filaments when they are cold would be extremely deleterious since the electrOdes would undergo a very high rate of change of temperature. The varistor is selected such that it breaks down for voltages exceeding 500 to 600 volts. At these lower voltages, the lamp 11 will not ignite until after the cathodes have been heated. Typically, a time delay of 3/4 second to one second is the amount of time needed to heat up the cathodes sufficiently for the lamp to ignite when supplied with 500 to 600 volts. Figures 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D are plots of the steady state response characteristics of the circuit for two different levels of input power to the gas discharge lamp. Figure 2A. is a plot of a single cycle of current through the gas discharge lamp as a function of time. The current is plotted on the vertical axis and the time is plotted on the horizontal axis. It sÇill be understood that the current alternates through the lamp in a repetitive cycle. In the region of Figure 2A denoted ""A"", the transistor switch 14 is in the off state and the collapsing field in the- inductor 17 is forcing a current through the gas discharge lamp. The region A covers a period of time between time To and time TA. This time period is equal to the unstable period of l1tftbrtor 18. In the region in Figure 2A denoted ""B""the transistor switch 14 is on. The region B lies between the time TA and the time TB, after which the cycle repeats itself. In Figure 2A, the magnitude of the lamp current in region A is shown' to be roughly equal to the magnitude of the curren-t in region B. Since, for reasons described above, there is no net DC current through the lamp, the respective areas under the curves in regions A and B are equal. Thus, in the circuit operating mode illustrated by Figure 2A, the duration of the time periods A and B are roughly equal. The operational mode' shown in Figure 2A having approximately equal current flows in regions A and B is advantageous since it maximizes the efficiency of the lamp and also minimizes the current handling requirements for the switch transistor 14. This operating mode is achieved for a fairly narrow range of DC voltage output of the power source 16 for a given lamp. The circuit of Figure 4 described below provides a means for matching a given DC voltage to various lamps having different optimum voltages. Figure 2B is a plot of the current through the choke or inductor 17 as a function of time. The current through the choke is plotted on the verXica' axis, while time is plotted on the horizontal axis. In the region of Figure 2B denoted ""A"", at time To the transistor has been turned off and the current through the choke is decaying as a function of time until time TA. At tine TA, the transistor is turned on. The current through the choke in the region of Figure 2B denoted ""B"" increases until time TB at which time the transistor is turned back off, and the cycle repeats itself. The behavior of the. .circuit thus alternates between the behavior plotted in region A and the behavior plotted in region B. Figure 2C is the plot of the collector current of the transistor plotted as a function of time. The collector current amplitude is plotted on the vertical axis and time is plotted on the horizontal axis. In the region denoted A,of Figure 2C, the transistor is off and therefore the collector current remains zero, from time To to the end of region A at time TA. In the region deonted B in Figure 2C, at time TA the transistor is turned on and remains on until time TB, which defines the end of region B. During this time, the collector current continually increases. At time TB the transistor is again turned off and process repeats itself. Thus, the collector current is periodic in time. The current level indicated by the plot is equal to the voltage on the conductor 22 of Figure 1 divided by te resistance of the resistor 15 in Figure 1. Figure 2D is a plot of the voltage across the gas discharge lamp as a function of time. It is identical in shape to the lamp current shown in Figure 2A at the operating frequency of the circuit, i.e. the frequency at which,the transistor switch 14 is switched on and off. This frequency is chosen so that its period is short-compared 'to the ionization time of the lamp. A representative operating range is from between 20 to 40 keys. At this high frequency, the lamp appears electrically to be a resistor. Since the current through a resistor is linearly proportioned to the voltage across it, the lamp voltage and current wave forms are identical in shape. This high frequency operation has the significant advantage that the weight of the choke, shown in Figure 1 as 17, may be considerably reduced below the weight of the typical chokes found in the usual fluorescent lamp circuits using 60 Hz AC sources. By way of specific example, a choke suitable for use at 20 kHz will weigh on the order of 4 or 5 ounces whereas the corresponding choke lor use at 60 Hz will weigh 4 or 5 pounds. A significant feature of the control device is the selectively variable control over lamp intensity which potentiometer 23 provides. The power input to the lamp ( and the resultan--,light intensity) are approximately proportional to the average magnitude of the lamp current, which is plotted in Figure 2A. This plot shows the current reversal during periods when the transistor is turned off, which occurs, for example, at time TB Assume that a particular setting ""X"" of the potentiometer 23 in Figure 1, the voltage on conductor 22 in Figure 1 is lower than the voltage on the conductor at another setting ""v"" of the potentiometer 23. The corresponding changes in the waveforms in Figures 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D between the two settings of the variable resistor for effecting different levels of the light intensity are illustrated in these figures. In each figure, the waveform on the left is denoted ""setting X""' and the waveform on the right in each figure is denoted ""setting 'Y'"". The manner in which this control is achieved with potentiometer 23 is as follows: The peak lamp current always occurs whenever the transistor is turned off, corresponding to times To and TB. This occurs whenever the sum of the choke current and lamp current passing through the resistor, denoted 15 in Figure 1, causes a voltage drop across this resistor equal to the voltage on the conductor, denoted 22 in Figure 1. As states above, this occurrence causes the comparator amplifier, 20 in Figure.l,.to give a positive output to the multivibrator, which in turn causes the multivibrator to turn the transistor off. The current passing through the resistor, 15 in Figure 1, is the collector current of the transistor. This current is plotted in Figure 2C, as the sum of the lamp current and choke current in region B. The peak collector current level is equal to the voltage on the conductor 22 in Figure 1 divided by the resistance of the resistor, 15 in Figure 1. When the voltage on the conductor 22 is increased or decreased, the collector current peak level will increase or decrease, respectively. Because the decay time of the current between time To and time TA is. always the same, the minimum value of the collector current will also increase or decrease, respectively. Thus, the entire waveform of the collector current will be shifted either up or dorm, respectively, of which two exemplary waveforms are plotted for the two different potentiometer settings ""X"" and ""Y1,. Tile waveforitis of the choke current and the lamp current will also be shifted up or down, respectively, as shown This effect is the result of the fact that the collector current through the transistor is the sum of the choke current and lamp current, and the fact tat the lamp current is proportional to the choke current. Thus, it may be seen that the' light intensity. which is proportional to lamp current, is proportional to the voltage on the conductor 22. By changing the resistance of the potentiometer 23 in Figure 1, the current supplied to the lamp 11 will change. The useful life of the gas discharge lamp is increased in this invention since the net DC component of current through the lamp during 'continued operation is approximately zero This is achieved by virtue of the parallel inductance which has the property of maintaining a zero DC voltage drop across its terminals. Since this zero DC voltages also maintained across the lamps the DC current through the lamp will also be zero. Although the circuit is particularly suited for use with low intensity, low pressure mercury vapor fluorescent lamps, it can equally well be used to control various other types of gas discharge lamps, such as high pressure mercury vapor, high or low pressure sodium, and metal Halide lamps. Figure 3 illustrates a modified embodiment in which a gas discharge lamp 35, typically a low pressure mercury vapor fluorescent lamp of approximately 22 watts, is provided. The electrodes 38 and 40 are of the heated type. Power is derived from a DC voltage source 16. An inductor 37 is connected in series with the transistor 14 and resistor 15 across the power supply 36. The electrodes 38 and 40 of lamp 35 are tapped into sections 41 and 42 of the winding of inductor 37 to preheat such electrodes prior to ignition of the lamp. The inductor 37 also acts as the primary winding of a transformer and has an iron core 39 and a stepdown secondary winding 43 associated therewith. The winding t3 is connected in circuit with a diode 44 across a capacitor 45. The diode 44 is also connected through line 46 to the power input terminals of the comparator ampliLier 20 and multivibrator 18. It is also used to supply the reference voltage to the potentiometer 23. The sections 41 and 42 of the winding of inductor 37 enable the electrodes 38 and 40 to become heated before the lamp is ignited. This arrangement maximizes electrode life and prevents damage to the electrodes 38 and 40 due to the otherwise excessive rise of temperature at the start of a lamp operation. The polarity of the winding 43 is preferably such that the capacitor 45 is charged only when the transistor 14 is conducting. This arrangement ensures that the particular voltage on capacitor 45 is independent of the variable flyback voltage developed by the inductor 37, when the transistor 14 is cut off. Figure 4 illustrates a detailed circuit schematic showinq a number of circuit elements which were omitted from the simplified circuits described above to facilitate understanding of the overall operation of the invention. In addition, this figure illustrates several significant additional features'of the invention. The circuit of Figure 4 is deigned to operate from a standard 120 volt AC line connected to terminals 50 and 51. These terminals respectively connect to on-off switch 19 and current limiting resistor 52 to a full wave diode bridge rectifier 53 comprising diodes 54, 55, 56, and 57. The DC output of this rectifier is connected across a wave smoothing capacitor 58. The negative bridge terminal is connected to ground and the positive bridge terminal is connected to one end of an autotransformer winding 59 having a magnetic core 60, and secondary winding 61. In the illustration, winding 59 functions as a voltage reducing auto-transformer with one of the lamp electrodes connected to respective mid taps 65 and 66 and the other lamp electrode connected to taps 67 and 68 located at the end of the winding. The purpose of the auto transformer is to match the DC power supply with the optimum voltage characteristic of the 1as. For example, the output of the diode bridge 53 is approximately 168 volts DC with 120 volt AC input. The optimum voltage for a 22 watt fluorescent lamp is, however, typically only 55 volts. Accordingly, the autotransformer winding is selected so that the step down turns ratio is 168 divided by 55. It will be understood that if the optimum lamp operating voltage is larger than the DC power source voltage, a step up auto transformer would advantageously be used to supply the stepped up voltage in the same 'nanner. The collector of NPN switch transistor 14 is connected to the end terminal 68 of the autotransformer winding 59. Its emitter is connected through a pair of diodes 69 and 70 and resistor 15 to ground. A capacitor' 71 parallels the series connected diodes 69 and 70. Capacitor 71 is charged during steady state operation such that the combination of the capacitor 71 and diodes 69 and 70 back bias the transistor emitter. Integrated circuit 75,-diode 76, resistor 77 and capacitor 78 comprise one shot multivibrator 18. The power supply for this one shot multivibrator is provided by the secondary winding 61,.diode 44 and capacitor' 45 as described above with reference to the circuit of Figure 3. The base of transistor switch 14 is connected to the output of the one shot multivibrator 18 through parallel connected resistor 80 and diode 81. Resistor 80 serves as a base current.limiting resistor and shunting diode 81 serves to short out this resistor and provide a low impedance path for the charge stored in transistor 14 when the transistor is turned off. She base is also connected to ground through diode 82. Comparator amplifier 2b comprises transistor 85 whose emitter is connected to the junction of diode -70 and resistor 15 through an RC filter comprising resistor 86 and capacitor 87. Its base is connected to potentiometer 23 and its collector is connected to the input of one-shot multivibrator 18 through resistor 88. B8gentiometer 23 is connected in series circuit with the resistor 90 and diodes 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95. Resistor 90 reduces the sensitivity of potentiometer 23. Diodes 91 to 94 protect the circuit against transients when the on-off switch 19 is initially closed and diode 95 compensates for the base-emitter drop of comparator transistor 20. As in the embodiment of Figure 3, the reference voltage for potentiometer 23 is provided by the output of secondary winding 61. The RC filter comprising resistor 86 and capacitor 87 serves to prevent a voltage or current transient from affecting comparator transistor 20 and inadvertently triggering the one-shot multivibrator 18. A resistive path directly connecting the positive terminal of the diode bridge 53 to the power supply provided by secondary winding 61 is provided by resistor 100. This resistor serves as a current bleeder resistor to provide start up power when the on-off switch 19 is initially closed. Capacitor 105 and resistor 106 function in parallel with varistor 27 as a snubber protective circuit for protecting the transistor 14 from the inductive auto-transformer load when the transistor is being turned off. Another significant feature of the circuit of Figure 4 is the inclusion of thermistor 110 electrically connected between the input of one shot multivibrator 18 and the positive side of the power supply capacitor 45. The thermistor is mechanically and thermally attached to the varistor 27 as indicated by the dotted line. The varistor has a negative temperature coefficient selected such that when a transient surge in the circuit causes the varistor to begin to overheat, the thermistor will become highly conductive and act to hold the input of the one shot multivibrator high, thereby maintaining the transistor 14 in the off state. Thus, the circuit illustrated in Figure 4 will remain effectively shut down until such time as the varistor 27 has a chance to cool. Accordingly, it will be seen that thermistor 48 prevents overheating of the varistor 27. An exemplary circuit for operation of a 22 watt fluorescent lamp from 120 volt AC power constructed in accordance with Figure 4 included the following circuit components: Transistor 14-------------MJE 13004 (Motorola) Resistor 15--------------------2.2 ohm Potentiometer 23---------------200 ohm Varistor 27--------------------V27S 20 (General Electric) Resistor 52--------------------1.5 ohm Diodes 54-57-------------------IN 4003 Capacitor 58-------------------100 Micro farad Winding 59---------------------263 + 6 + 150 + 6 turns Core 60------------------------Ferroxcube 376U250 -3c8 and 376B250-3c8 g-,----e¯-r-=-----------41 Turns Diodes 69, 70, 76, 81, 82, 91-95 In4148 Capacitor 73---^ ------1Q Micro farad Integrated Circit 75-----------NE @@@@ Resistor 77----- - 10R ohm Capacitor 78-----------. 0033 Micro farad Resistor 80---- -----------20C ohm Transistor 85-------2N 3904 Resistor 86------------22 ohm Capacitor 87-- -----.1 Micro farad Resistor 90- -- -- - -----1. 3K ohm Resistor 100--------------20K OK ohm Capacitor 105--------------560 pico farad Resistor 106--------------220 ohm Thermistor 110------------4C5002 (Western Thermistor) The circuit of Figure 4 may be used in those circumstances wherein the power factor of the entire lamp circuit is not critical. Thus, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the wave smoothing capacitor 58, connected across the full-wave rectifier bridge 53, while being used to provide essentially a DC signal level to the circuit, nevertheless.reduces the power factor of the circuit substantially. This is a result of the phase difference between the current and voltage at the terminals 50, 51 caused by the impedance of capacitor 58 Such a power factor reduction is not permissible under certain circumstances. This invention, an embodiment of which is illustrated in Figure 5, provides a solution to this power factor problem. The circuit still, operates from a 60-cycle alternating current source, but in this invention, the power factor is near unity. This is provides the reference signal level for the c,omparator 20 through a resistor 101 to tht rectified AC x;21tag- from the diode bridge 53. Thus, the circuit of Figure 5 is similar in operation to that of Figure 4, except that the reference voltage for the comparator/amplifier 5 20 is derived through the potentiometer 23 from a varying AC voltage rather than a fixed DC level, as was the case in Figure 4. This varying reference level provides, in accordance with the waveforms of Figure 2, a varying transistor switch current (Figure .2C) which is programmed,-or fluctuates, in accordance .with the 60 Hz input AC signal level. This fluctuation is shown in Figure 6A and the resulting line current drawn at the bridge 53 is as shown in Figure 6B, that is, the unrectified equivalent of Figure 6A. It will be seen from Figures 6A and 6B that the comparator 20 has been provided with a fluctuating threshold voltage which forces the current level through the resistor 15 to cyclically vary in a cycle which is precisely in phase with the applied voltage from the 60-cycle source. In each of Figures 6A and 6B, the average current 13 and I5, respectively, is shown for the resistor 15 and the input power terminals 50 and 51. This average current I3, 15 is precisely in phase with the applied voltage, since the individual 20-40 kiloHertz peaks I7 and I9, respectively, of Figures 6A and 6B, have been prograr±ned to be proportional to the applied voltage. Since the average current I5 is in phase with the applied voltage, the power factor of the circuit of Figure 5 is essentially unity. Thus, it has been found that, by using the circuit of Figure 5) the large wave smoothing capacitor 5,S of Figure 4 may be eliminated from the circuit and the threshold voltage of the comparator 20 my be made to follow t e 60-cycle AC line voltage b connecting the potentiometer 23 through a resistor 101 to the input rectified line source. The arrangement described improves the power factor of this lamp circuit so that it may be applied in most circumstances to standard AC line sources. It does, however, produce an additional problem not present in the circuit of Figure 4. Specifically, it has been found that the resistance of the lamp 35 becomes very high each time that the applied AC line voltage at terminals 50,51 crosses zero volts. The relatively high resistance of the lamp 35 which is experienced at each zero crossing of the line voltage may be explained as follows., A gas discharge lamp 35 may be characterized as a resistor for frequencies whose. period is small compared to the ionization time constant of the lamp. This is true for the ballast oscillation frequency of 20 to 40 kHz but not for the power line frequency 60 Hz. Thus, the ionization time constant of a 22-watt Circline fluorescent lamp, for example, is 0.4 milliseconds. Consequently, the effective resistance of the lamp will vary during the 60-Hz line cycle. This resistance is greatest right after a zero axis crossing and decreases as the cycle progresses, reaching a minimum value approximately 60 electrical degrees before the next zero axis crossing. This high resistance of the lamp 35 causes the frequency of oscillation of the ballast circuit to decrease. Thus, while the normal frequency of oscillation is chosen to be above the audible range, the frequency may periodicaXly drop down into the audible range after each line voltage zero axis crossing, which may prove annoying to persons near the lamp. In addition, and of more importance, is the fact tilt, after each zero axis crossing of the AC line voltage, an e.xtreraely high voltage will appear at tulle collector of the transistor 14, when the transistor 14 turns off. As was explained previously, if the lamp 35 is, removed from the circuit, the collector of the transistor 14 is subjected to the extremely high fly back voltage of the ballast 17. This same effect occurs after each zero crossing of the applied line voltage, since the effective resistance of the lamp 35 is very high. The repetitively applied high voltage at the collector of the transistor 14 may damage the transistor 14. Even if a protective clamping device is employed, this device may itself overheat. The simplified circuit of Figure 7 provides a solution to this resistance problem without substantially degrading the circuit's power factor. The circuit of Figure 'is similar in operation to that of Figure 4, except that it incorporates the 60 Hz input to the comparator/amplifier 20 described in reference to Figure 5. In addition, a secondary winding 107 has been added to the inductor 17, this winding being connected to a series combination of a diode 109 and capacitor 111. In addition, the junction between the diode 109 and the capacitor Ill is connected by a diode 113 to the output line 115 from the bridge 53. In addition, a filter circuit in the form of a series inductance 117 and shunt capacitor 119 is added between the line input terminals 50,51 of the full-wave rectifying bridge 53. The capacitor 111 is relatively large, having enough capacity to maintain the lamp voltage during zero axis crossing of the AC power line voltage at terminals 50,51. The turns ratio defined by t secondary winding 107 is preferably less theirs ore so that the voltage of t.e capacitor 111 is maintained at a lower value than the peak value of time line voltage on line 115. This circuit operates as follows. The secondary winding 107, capacitor 111, and the diode 109 form a positive DC power supply, charged periodically by the rectified voltage on line 115. This DC power supply is only connected to supply power to the winding 59 when the AC line voltage on line 115 drops below the voltage to which the capacitor 111 is charged. At this time, the capacitor 111 supplies current through the diode 113 to the-lamp 35 and inductor 17. The diode bridge 53, during this same time period, disconnects the lamp 35 and inductor 17 from the AC power lines, since the diodes within the bridge 53 are reversed biased. Thus, the line current drops to zero.' The capacitor 111 continues to supply the ballast current until that point in the next half cycle when the line voltage on line 115 reaches the voltage level of the capacitor 111. At this time, the diode 113 becomes reversed biased, and the AC power line 115 supplies power to the lamp 35 and inductor 17. The inductor 117 and capacitor 119 may be selected to filter out the 20 to 40 kHz variations of Figure 6B without substantially affecting the 60-Hz power factor. Figure 8 is'a detailed schematic diagram of a circuit similar to that of Figure 7, and including the circuit elements of Figure 4. Waveforms for the circuit of Figure 7 are shown in Figures 9A, 9B and 9C, wherein Figure 9A is the applied AC line voltage at terminals 50 and 51, showing the location of the zero crossing point, Figure 9B is the voltage-at line 115 of Figure 8 showing that the voltage is the rectified equivalenL - of, the voltage of Figure 9A,, except that the voltage is held up or supported t a level 121 by the capacitor 111 at each zero crossing location. This, of course, prohibits a nulling at the lamp 35 so that the effective resistance of the lamp 35 never increases to a level which would generate excessive voltages at the transistor 14. Likewise, the voltage is maintained at a level which prohibits the lamp resistance 35 from lowering the frequency of the ballast circuit into the audible range. Figure 9C' shows the line current drawn by the entire circuit at the AC line junctions 50 and 51, This current is filtered by the inductor 117 and capacitor 119 so that only the low frequency components remain. From Figure 9C, it can be seen that no current is drawn during those periods o.f time when the capacitor 111 supports the ballast current. In addition, Figure 9C shows small current pulses 123 which occur at the peaks of the AC line voltage and reflect the additional current utilized in charging the capacitor 111 at this time when the output of the transformer 107 exceeds the voltage of the capacitor 111. While it can be seen that the current waveform of Figure 9C is not a perfect sinusoid, it nevertheless is in phase with the voltage waveform of Figure 9A and is sufficiently smooth and uniform so that the power factor is still near unity. The circuit of Figure 8 thus provides a high power factor lamp circuit which utilizes a small ballast and provides for a prograned current level for the lamp wherein each current peak at the 20 to 40 kHz rate is programmed to reach a level which is in a predetermined proportion of the line voltage determined by the potentiometer . At that s° m time, excessive voltages on the 2sw.itcIling transistor 14 and reductions in the frequency of the entire circuit are eliminated through the use of the capacitor 111 which supports the line voltage level to prohibit a nulling of the rectified voltage.";"CLAIMS 1. A circuit for energising a gas discir lamp having electromagnetic means (17) for storing magnetic energy connected in parallel combination with the electrodes of the gas discharge lamp (35), switch means (14) for connecting a rectified alternating current power supply (53) to the parallel combination (35,17) and control means (15,18,20) responsive to the current flowing through the parallel combination (35,17) for controlling the switch means (14), the frequency of the alternating current power supply (50,51) being low compared with the frequency with which the switch means (14) is switched on and off by the control means (15,20,18), characterised in that the control means (15,20,18) are constructed to actuate the switch means (14) to interrupt the connection of the power supply (53) to the parallel combination (35,17) for a predetermined length of time (TA - To) whenever the current (Fig.2C) flowing from the power supply (53) to the parallel combination (35,17) has increased to a predetermined value, and in that the control means (15,20,18) are further constructed to vary the predetermined value (I3) of current to the parallel combination (17,35), at which the switch means (14) is actuated, in accordance with the instantaneous voltage of said rectified alternating current power supply (53). 2. A circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said control means comprises a resistor (15) connected in series with said switching means (14), a one-shot multivibrator (18) having a first fixed time output state and a second variable time output state, the output of said multivibrator (18) being connected to said switching means (14) to close said switching means during said fixed time output state and to open said switching means during said variable time outputv sate; and voltage responsive means (20) f triggerini id multivibrator (18) to said second state responsively to a rise in voltage across said resistor (15). 3. A circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein said voltage responsive means (20) is responsive not only to a rise in voltage across aid resistor (15) but also to the output of said rectified AC power supply (53) for triggering said multivibrator (18) to said variable time output state. 4. A circuit as claimed in claim 3, wherein said voltage responsive means (20) is arranged to compare said rise in voltage and said rectified AC power supply output and to trigger said one-shot multivibrator (18) to said' fixed time output state when said rise in voltage reaches a predetermined fraction of said rectified AC power supply output. 5. A circuit as claimed in claim 4, additionally comprising energy storing means (111,113) for prohibiting the rectified AC voltage in said circuit from reaching a null. 6. A circuit as claimed in claim 5, wherein said energy storing means comprises a capacitor (111) connected to feed current to said lamp (35) when the voltage of said capacitor exceeds the voltage of said rectified AC power supply (53), and means (107) for charging said capacitor from said AC power supply (53). 7. A circuit as claimed in any preceding claim, further comprising protective means (27) for protecting said switch means (14) against excessive voltages if said lamp (35) is removed or fails and becomes an open circuit. 8. A circuit as claimed in claim 7, further comprising a temperature sensing means (110) for sensing the temperature of said protective means (27) and operatively coupled to said control means (18,20) to maintain said switch means (14) tDpen when said protective means (27) exceeds a predetermined temper- ature (Fig.8). 9. A circuit as claimed in any of claims 1 to 8, in which the electromagnetic means comprises an autotransformer (59) which provides a step-up or step-down voltage to said lamp (35). 10. A circuit as claimed in any of claims 1 to 9, wherein said electromagnetic means comprises a transformer (37,39) whose secondary winding (43) supplies power to said control means (18,20) (Fig.8).";FELPER, GERALD ALLEN, GERHARD, FRANCIS HENRY;DATAPOWER, INC.;1978
+WO-1978000001-A1;19781019.0;19780601;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;27125127.0;C03B19;C03C3, C03C11;B01D17, B01D39, B01J20, B01J35, B01J37, C02F1, C03B19, C03B37, C03C3, C03C11, C03C13, C03C23, C08J5, C12H1, G21F9;B01D  13/04H, B01D  17/02B, B01D  39/20B, B01J  20/28, B01J  35/06B, B01J  37/02C, C02F   1/68C, C03B  19/12, C03B  37/016, C03C  11/00, C03C  13/04, C03C  23/00S, C03C   3/00, C08J   5/22, C12H   1/04B, G21F   9/12;LOW TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF VITREOUS BODIES AND THEIR INTERMEDIATES;"A method of making glass of high purity and in virtually unlimited shapes via solution deposition on a porous self-supporting body by reaction between a first solution and a second solution; an a product made thereby. The rust solution containing at least one basic glass forming solute is confined within a porous container, the walls of which are substantially impermeable to the basic solute. The second solution containing at least one acidic solute is diffused into the porous container through its walls which are substantially permeable to the said acidic solute. The reaction between the rust solution and the second solution takes place within the porous container leading to the deposition of a self-supporting porous body on the inside walls of the container. The porous body which is crystalline, vitreous or intermediate between the two, is purified by leaching and/or washing, dried and thermally consolidated, to a transparent non-porous glass.";"LOW TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF VITREOUS BODIES AND THEIR INTERMEDIATES FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a novel method for making a vitreous body and its intermediates. More particularly, the method relates to a low temperature production of a vitreous body via synthesis of a self-supporting body by solution deposition. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART In recent years, the most commonly employed commercial process for the manufacture of glass is the direct melting process. This process is somewhat tedious and has not been very successful in the melting of easily devitrifiable and high refrac¬ tory glass. Many of the latest technological advances demand glass to be in a state of high purity which is seldom met in a direct process. Operational cost of the direct process is energy-sensitive and recurring energy crises continue to have significant impact on glass making operations. Consequently, a method for preparing glass at low cost, in a state of high purity and in relatively unlimited composition is needed. A number of indirect processes, namely, anodization, shockwave treatment, and neutron bombardment, have been proposed, but their use has never been realized on a large scale. These processes severely limit the operational flexibility and in most cases, the production cost is higher than for the direct process. In U.S. Patents 2,480,672, 2,106,744 and 3,785,793, for example, a process is disclosed wherein the silica content of an easily meltable alkali-borosilicate glass is enriched by phase separation and leaching. The porous glass which is obtained as an intermediate product is thermally consolidated at elevated tempera¬ ture. Although the process is comparatively inexpensive, it suffers from the limitation with respect to choice and regulation of glass-forming compounds. Choice and regulation of modifying compounds can, however, be achieved via a doping operation in the pores of porous glass. Physical doping operations are dis¬ closed, for example, in U.S. Patents 2,336,227, 3,232,782, 3,938,974 and in the Ph.D. Thesis of M. Samanta, ""Molecular Engineering of Silica-Rich Glasses Produced by Phase Separation,"" Catholic University of America, 1975. A chemical doping process is disclosed in a pending U.S. patent application, Serial No. 832,230 filed September 12, 1977 by M. Samanta. High purity glass has been prepared by a vapor deposi- tion process as described, for example, in U.S. Patents 2, 326,059, 3,884,550 and 4,062,665 among many others. In such a process vitreous silica is deposited in the form of a self-supporting porous body singly or in combination with a dopant. This process is expensive and the shape of bodies obtainable from such a process is limited. Polymerization processes have been tried for glass making with limited success. Two distinct lines of approach have been attempted. First is the concentration of a colloidal solu¬ tion under controlled conditions as described, for example in U.S. Patents 2,886,404 and 3,535,890. Second is the interaction in solution between a silicon compound and a polymerizing agent therefor, as described, for example in U.S. Patents 3,678,144, 3,827,893, and 4,059,658. The main difficulty in both lines of approach is the large shrinkage accompanying the process which makes the glass susceptible to breakage and which presents a poten¬ tial problem in the design of molds. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In the process of the present invention, first and second solutions separated by a permeable barrier are provided. The first solution contains at least one basic or alkaline glass forming solute and the second solution contains at least one acidic solute with the permeable barrier being substantially permeable to the acidic solute but substantially impermeable to the basic solute. When the first solution and the second solution are originally at suitable concentrations, passage of the second solution through the barrier occurs and a chemical combination takes place resulting in the deposition of a porous self-supporting body on the side of the barrier in contact with the first solution. The porous body can be purified, dried and thermally consolidated to a non-porous glass. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention facilitates an economical mass production of vitreous bodies in a state of high purity and in virtually unlimited shapes. According to this invention, a porous self-supporting body deposits on a substrate, when a first solu- tion containing a suitable concentration of at least one basic glass forming solute is allowed to react, on the substrate with a second solution containing a suitable concentration of at least one acidic solute. When the concentration of the acidic solute in the second solution falls outside of the range of suitable concentrations, amorphous or crystalline particles result with no interconnectivity. The broadness of the range of appropriate con¬ centrations depends on the particular type of reaction and can be determined experimentally by trial and error. The first solution and the second solution are separated by a permeable barrier the walls of which act as a substrate for deposition of a porous self-supporting body. The second solution is diffused through the through the barrier which is substantially permeable to the acidic solute but substantially impermeable to the basic glass forming solute. This assures a reaction between the first solution and the second solution on the barrier to deposit a porous self supporting body. The nature and composition of the solutions which are useful for glass formation are shown in Table 1 (first solution) and Table 2 (second solution) . The solutions may be binary (containing one solute) or multicomponent (containing more than one solute) . The solvents useful for the purpose of making a solution may be water, hydrocarbons such as benzene, alcohols such as methanol, ketones such as acetone, ethers such as diethyl ether, carboxylic acids such as acetic acid and mixtures thereof. TABLE 1 First Solution All solutions contain moderately high to very high concentrations of the basic glass forming solute. The solutions may be true solutions or colloidal solutions. The solutes exemplified in the above table may be simple solutes or complex solutes. Simple solutes are those which are combinations of two different oxides; complex solutes are those which are combinations of more than two oxides. An example of the simple solute is the silicate Na 2 O,x Si0 2 where x= 2 to 4 available in commercial water glass solution. An example of the complex solute is the silicate or borate, K 2 O. 2B 2 O 3 . 3SiO 2 which can be made synthetically. A convenient method for making an aqueous solution of a simple solute or comp¬ lex solute is to mix suitable raw materials in desired proportion, fuse the mixture at high temperature and finally treat the fused mass with hot water with or without the use of pressure. Other methods include dissolving amorphous oxide in hot aqueous alkali. In many cases the aqueous solutions of the simple solutes or complex solutes are turbid, presumably due to the homogeneous distribution of some undissolved solute in colloidal dimension. In cases where more than one basic glass forming solute is used complications might arise due to the interaction of two solutes leading to the formation of a gel. As an example, the inter¬ action of sodium silicate and sodium aluminate in aqueous solu¬ tion leads to the formation of a gel. The problem can be avoided by using a low concentration of one solute so that gel is formed in small amounts which can be dispersed throughout the solution in colloidal dimension. The prefered concentration range of the basic glass forming solute in the first solution should be such that it will be able to provide from 0.10 mole to 40 moles of glass forming oxide from 1 liter of solution. Stronger or weaker concentra¬ tions may also be used to tailor the process to the product desired. In case more than one basic glass forming solute is present or in case the basic glass forming solute is a complex one, the first solution should be able to provide from 0.10 moles to 40 moles of at least one glass forming oxide. TABLE 2 Second Solution Most solutions should contain very low to moderately high concentrations of the acidic solute; very high concentrations have been found to be useful in special circumstances. The con¬ centration range of the acidic solute in the second solution depends on the concentration of the first solution and can be ascertained by trial and error. The solution must be a true solution. Table 2 continued - is a rapid initial movement of the second solution into the first solution because of large differences in osmotic pressures between the two solutions. With the progress of reaction, this difference decrease because some of the impermeable component deposits out of the solution. The reaction at any stage can be controlled by using external pressure either on the first solution or on the second solution. Various additives may be added to the first solution and/or the second solution to have the desired effects. Suitable additives include peptizing agents, protective colloids, coagulating agents, structure modifiers and composition modifiers. Additives may be present in the first solution as dissolved solute or in homogeneous suspension. They increase the viscosity of the solution and offer resistance to the movement of the basic solute which is desirable for producing a self-supporting structure. The additives may co-deposit in the porous body to increase the porosity and pore-size. Additives for the second solution must be present as dissolved solute. They may increase the pH buffering capacity and/or the osmotic pressure of the second solution which is desirable. The porosity and pore-size of the porous self-supporting body are found to be directly proportional to the concentration of the second solution and inversely proportional to the concentration of. the first solution. Thus, an asymmetric distribution of pore- sizes in the deposited porous body can be achieved merely by pro¬ per manipulation of the concentrations of the solutions at various instants of the process. It has been found that washing the depo¬ sited porous body with water increased the pore diameter and the porosity to a small extent due to the slight dissolution of the porous skeleton by a solution of unreacted basic solute. The thickness of the deposited porous structure is a function of duration of combination. The duration of combination also determines a composition profile within the porous body. A portion of the porous body near the walls of the porous container has more complete deposition than a portion far from the walls. This profile in composition can be destroyed- by leaching with an acid. It has already been pointed out that depending on the concentration of the first solution, a range of concentrations of the second solution can be used to form a self-supporting porous body. When the actual concentration is high in the range of concentrations, the deposited porous body is predominantly crystalline. When the actual concentration of the second solution is low in the range of concentrations the deposited porous body is predominantly vitreous. It is possible to develop in the porous body two or more layers having different compositions merely by replacing the first solution and/or second solution with a different composition. This is an example of discontinuous variation of composition in the porous body. A continuous variation of composition in the porous body can be achieved by varying the composition of the first solution and/or the second solution continuously. In making compositionally inhomogeneous porous body, the importance of both first solution and second solution has to be considered since in the deposition process, the glass forming oxide corresponding to the basic glass forming solute is deposited either singly or in combination with an oxide derived from the acidic solute. The physically bound impurities in the porous self- supporting body can be removed by washing with water at room temperature. The composition profile in the porous body due to non-uniform deposition can be eliminated by leaching. Leaching is done with N/1000 to 3N dilute mineral acid at temperatures varying from 25°C to 100°C. The porous structure can be doped physically or chemically with a modifier. Physical doping processes are described, for example in U.S. Patents 2,336,227, 2,232,782, and 3,938,974 and in the Ph.D. Thesis of M. Samanta, ""Molecular Engineering of Silica-Rich Glasses Produced by Phase Separation"", Catholic University of America, 1975. In this process, the porous body is impregnated with a solution of dopant, dried at room temperature to remove most of the solvent, heated to decompose the dopant into an oxide and finally consolidated at high tempera¬ ture to incorporate the oxide. A chemical doping process is disclosed in pending U.S. patent application, Serial No. 832,230 filed September 12, 1977 by M. Samanta. This chemical doping process involves exchange of protons in the porous body with cations in a weak basic medium. Most of the physically bound water in the undoped or doped porous body can be removed by room temperature drying. Rapid drying introduces tension, particularly at the cut edges of the porous body which then tends to crack. This can be prevented by coating the cut edge with a thin film of polyethylene glycol as described in U.S. Patent 2,861, 351. For a porous structure containing pores of 200 A or lower, controlled drying under a relative humidity of 60-90% is preferable. Capillary forces in this case ar-e very high and too rapid drying causes breakage of the structure. Chemically bound water in the form of surface hydroxyl groups cannot be removed by room temperature drying. These can be removed by vacuum drying at temperatures below the consolidation temperature of the porous body as described in U.S. Patent 2,505,001 or by chemical methods as described in U.S. Patents 2,982,053, 3,459,522 and 3,535,890 wherein replace¬ ment of hydroxyl groups in the porous body is done by halogen. An efficient chemical method ϊs> disclosed in U.S. patent application Serial No. 832,231 filed September 12, 1977 by M. Samanta. In this method, the combination of two non-bridging hydroxyl groups in the porous body to form a single bridging oxide group is sought to be achieved in the presence of an acid anhydride. The doped or undoped porous structure, after removal of most of the physically bound water by room temperature drying for 2 days is heated at the rate of 100°C per hour. It is then kept at about 600° for 2 hours and chemically bound water is removed by appropriate treatment. The temperature is raised again at the rate of 100°C per hour until the porous body is consolidated to a non-porous vitreous body. For a crystalline porous body, the consolidation temperature is close to the liquidus temperature of the consolidated glass (liquidus temperature is the maximum temperature at which glass coexists with crystal) . For a vitreous porous body the consolidation temperature is close to. the glass transition temperature of the consolidated glass (glass transition temperature is the temperature corresponding to the breakpoint of the specific heat versus temperature curve of a glass) . For a mixed phase porous body, the consolidation temperature lies between the glass transition temperature and the liquidus temperature. It is found that glass prepared by the process of this invention is extremely pure. Thus, in the deposition of a germania and silica porous body, impurities like Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr preferentially migrate into solution. Glass made from such a porous body is highly transparent to ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation. In order to indicate more fully the nature and utility of my invention, the following specific examples are set forth. In all examples, tubular cellulose dialyzer membranes having an average pore diameter of 4.8 nm are used. All concentrations expressed in percentage are gms per 100 ml of solution except where otherwise differently stated. All chemicals are laboratory reagent grade chemicals except for sodium silicate and cesium nitrate. EXAMPLE 1 In each of the following experiments, a dialyzer tube 4"" in length and 0.5"" in diameter is closed at one end and then filled with 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution (first solution). 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution has a composition of 6.5% Na 2 O, 25% SiO 2 and 68.5% H 2 0, all percentages being expressed in gms per 100 gms of the solution. The tube is then closed at the other end. The closed tube which has a length of 2.5"" is almost filled with silicate solution and contains very little space filled with air. The tube is completely immersed in a horizontal position in 3000 ml aqueous ammonium chloride solution (second solution) for 24 hours. .Because of the molecular sizes, only ammonium chloride molecules and no sodium silicate molecules can diffuse through the membrane. The results of various experiments are shown in Table 3. The average room temperature recorded during the experiments is 24°C. TABLE 3 Table 3 continued - Table 3 shows that against a concentration of 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution (first solution) concentrations of aqueous ammonium chloride solution (second solution) corres¬ ponding to Experiment Numbers 4, 5, 6, and 7 are suitable for the formation of a porous self-supporting body. Thus, against a concentration of 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution (first solution) the range of suitable concentrations is from 0.5% to 5% for aqueous ammonium chloride solution (second solution) . Table 3 also shows that when the actual concen- tration of aqueous ammonium chloride solution is high in the range of concentrations, the deposited porous self-supporting body is predominantly crystalline; when the actual concentra¬ tion of aqueous ammonium chloride solution is low in the range of concentrations, the deposited porous self-supporting body is predominantly vitreous. The concentrations of the reactants useful for deposition of a porous self-supporting body, as demonstrated above, may not be suitable under a set of different conditions. Use of a membrane of different pore size, use of different temperature and use of pressure on either solution can alter the concentration of either solute available for reaction on the membrane substrate. Four deposited porous self-supporting bodies are separated from the membranes and their diameters appear to be larger than the diameter of the original dialyzer tube. This is due to the fact that in the initial stage, there is rapid absorption of ammonium chloride solution within the tube due to the large difference in osmotic pressure between the ammonium chloride solution and the sodium silicate solu- tion. Consequently, within the tube there is a development of pressure which is partially relieved by expansion of the tube both in diameter and length. The porous bodies after washing with water 2 times, are leached with .01N H 2 SO 4 at 21°C for 10 hours to remove sodium ions and then washed with water to remove the acid.. The porous bodies after washing are dried at 21°C for 48 hours to remove most of the physically bound water. They are heated under vacuum at the rate of 100°C per hour. They are then held at 600°C for 2 hours. The temperature is raised again at the rate of 100°C per hour until the porous bodies are consolidated to a non-porous glass. Table 3 shows that consolidation temperature for a crystalline porous body is higher than that for a vitreous porous body. Theoretically, a crystalline porous body should have a consolidation tempera- ture close to the liquidus temperature of the consolidated glass, whereas a vitreous porous body should have a consolidation temperature close to the glass transition tempera¬ ture of the consolidated glass. All four consolidated glasses are analyzed for silica, sodium and iron concentration. The average sodium concentration is 50 ppm, the average iron concentration is 15 ppb, and the average silica concentration is 99.99%. Thus, it is found that very pure silica glass can be prepared by this invention. The concentration of sodium which deteriorates the refractoriness and the concentration of iron which deteriorates the optical quality can be further decreased by using raw materials of high purity and/or using a more severe leaching condition. EXAMPLE 2 In each of the following experiments, a dialyzer tube 4"" in length arid 0.5"" in diameter is closed at one end and then filled with 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate solution. The tube is closed at the other end. The closed tube which has a length of 2.5"" is almost filled with silicate solution and contains very little air space. The tube is completely immersed in a horizontal position in 3000 ml 50% aqueous aluminum sulfate solution for the desired time. The deposited porous vitreous body is separated from the dialyzer tube and washed with water. The wall thickness of the washed product is measured. The results of various experiments are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4 Average temperature of the experiments = 24°C. This example verifies that wall thickness of the deposited porous body is directly proportional to the duration of combination of the two solutions. In the above experiments, changes in length and in diameter of the dailyzer tubes are practically zero, presumably because the osmotic pressures of the two solutions are very close. It has to be noted that reaction between aqueous aluminum sulfate solution and aqueous sodium silicate solution is very slow. Other reactions like the reaction between aqueous ammonium chloride solution and aqueous sodium silicate solution are very fast and a consider¬ able amount of wall thickness of porous body can be built up in a very short time. EXAMPLE 3 In the experiments of Example 1, it is found that the shape and size of the deposited porous body were slightly different from the original shape and size of the membrane. This is due to the rapid osmotic absorption of the second "" solution within the tube towards the beginning of the experi¬ ment. This leads to a development of pressure and makes the membrane dimensionally unstable. In the following experi¬ ment (Experiment No. 12) the system is buffered with respect to change in pressure. A dialyzer tube 0.5"" in diameter and 20"" in length is closed at one end and is partially filled with 75 ml 40 Be aqueous sodium silicate solution. The open end of the dialyzer tube is fastened to a support and the tube is suspended vertically in 5000 ml 0.5% aqueous ammonium chlo- ride solution so that 75% of the solution within the dialyzer tube is immersed in ammonium chloride solution. The part of the dialyzer tube which is not filled with silicate solution remains more or less collapsed. The initial rapid diffusion - of the second solution into the tube is thus prevented by a counter acting hydrostatic pressure. Further, solution diffused into the dialyzer tube is accommodated by the inflation of the collapsed portion of the dialyzer tube and this prevents any dimensional instability of the immersed portion of the dialyzer tube. The deposited porous glass tube is found to be perfectly cylindrical conforming to the shape and size of the dialyzer tube. The average room temperature recorded during the experiment is 24°C. It is found that non-uniformity in deposition can be caused by variation in pressure from point to point in a porous container. This gives rise to a problem when the portion of the porous container directly involved in the deposition process had a large vertical length. This problem can be minimized or eliminated by positioning the porous container in the second solution to occupy the shortest vertical distance, and providing the porous container with a flexible non-porous closure which can expend to relieve the pressure developed in course of the process. It is preferable to have the porous container as rigid as possible and to have solutions of very close osmotic pressure. An alternative method for relieving the pressure is to provide the opening of the porous container with a solution-tight piston which can yield to pressure by moving away from the container across a path enclosed by a non-porous structure. In another alternative method a hollow needle may be used to bleed off excess pressure. EXAMPLE 4 138 gms potassium carbonate, 248 gms boric acid and 314 gms germania are intimately mixed together and the mixture is vitrified by melting in the ceramic crucible at 1300°C. While hot, the molten mass is poured into 1000 ml of water at room temperature whereby the glass is broken into numerous fragile particles. The mixture is filtered and both the resi- due and filtrate are further treated. The residue is ground to powder which is then added back to the filtrate and the combina¬ tion is heated at 100°C for one hour to dissolve as much solute as possible. The volume of the solution is adjusted to 1000 ml. The potassium borogermanate solution thus obtained contains one mole of K 2 O, two moles of B 2 O 3 and 3 moles of GeO 2 . The solu¬ tion appears turbid, presumably due to the homogeneous suspen¬ sion of some undissolved solute in colloidal dimension. 15,000 ml of pH 5.00 acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solurion is prepared as follows. 10,000 ml sodium hydroxide solution and 10,000 ml acetic acid solution, each of approximately 0.5N concentration are made. The actual concentrations of acetic acid solution and sodium hydroxide solution are determined by titration and are found to be 0.500N and 0.426N respectively. Using these values, a 15,000 ml pH 5.00 acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer is prepared by adding 6420 ml of sodium acetate to 8580 ml of acetic acid. In each of the following experiments, a dialyzer tube 0.5"" in diameter and 20"" in length is closed at one end and is partially filled with 75 ml aqueous potassium borogermanate solution. The open end of the dialyzer tube is fastened to a support and the tube is suspended vertically in 5000 ml acetic acid-sodium acetate buffer solution so that 75% of the solution within the dialyzer tube is immersed in buffer solution and the other 25% of the solution stays above the buffer solution. After the desired length of time, the deposited porous glass body is taken out and is separated from the dialyzer tube. The porous glass tube is washed with water five times and dried at room temperature for two days. The samples from several locations inside glass tubes are analyzed for potassium oxide concentration. The results of various experiments are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5 This example demonstrates the use of a complex solute (consisting of more than two oxides) in the first solution and the use of a buffered second solution containing an organic acid. Further, this example demonsrates the existance of a composition profile which is a function of time. EXAMPLE 5 To 1000 ml vigorously boiling distilled water is added drop by drop, a freshly prepared solution made by dissolving 5gms of ferric chloride in 5 cc of water. As each drop falls into the boiling water, ferric chloride suffers hydrolysis, forming a beautiful deep red ferric oxide sol. The sol obtained is rapidly dialyzed in a cellphane bag against warm water to free it from the hydrochloric acid and undecomposed ferric chloride. The purified sol is then concentrated to a volume of 10 ml by slow evaporation. In the following experiment (Experiment No. 16) 75 ml red colloidal solution is prepared by uniformly mixing 70 ml of 40°Be aqueous sodium silicate and 5 ml of ferric oxide sol. A dialyzer tube 0.5"" in diameter and 20"" in length is closed at one end and is partially filled with 75 ml red colloidal solution. The open end of the dialyzer tube is fastened to a support and the tube is suspended vertically in 5000 ml 0.75% aqueous ammonium nitrate solution So that 75% of the solution within the dialyzer tube is immersed in ammonium nitrate solution and the other 25% of the solution stays above the ammonium nitrate solution. After 30 hours, the deposited red porous body is taken out and is separated from the dialyzer tube. The deposited porous body on analysis shows the presence of ferric oxide. The average room temperature recorded during the experiment was 24°C. This example demonstrates the use of an additive in the first solution to incorporate a modifying compound in the deposited porous hody. EXAMPLE 6 In the following experiment (Experiment No. 17), a dialyzer tube 0.5"" in diameter and 20"" in length is closed at one end and partially filled with 75 ml of 40° aqueous sodium silicate solution. The open end of the dialyzer tube is fastened to a support and the tube is suspended vertically in 5000 ml 0.5% aqueous ammonium chloride solution so that 75% of the solution within the dialyzer tube is immersed in ammonium chloride solution and the other 25% of the solution stays above the ammonium chloride solution. After 25 hours of reaction, the solution within the dialyzer tube is replaced by 70 ml of of aqueous potassium borogermante solution as prepared in Example 4; other conditions of the experiment remain unchanged. The reaction is allowed to continue for another 25 hours. The deposited composite porous glass is taken out and is separated from the dialyzer tube. The average temperature recorded during the experiment is 27°C. The porous body, after washing with water two times, is leached with 0.005N H 2 SO 4 at 27°C for 10 hours to remove sodium ions and potassium ions and then washed with water to remove acids. The porous body after washing is dried at 21°C for 48 hours to remove most of the physically bound water. It is heated under vacuum at the rate of 100°C per hour up to 600°C. The vacuum is then taken off and the porous glass is treated with SO 3 vapor for 2 hours at 600°C. This process removes the chemically bound water. The porous glass is subjected to vacuum again and the temperature is raised again at the rate of 100°C per hour until the porous body is consolidated at 1450°C to a transparent non-porous glass tube. The tube is a composite with the outer wall substantially made of silica and the inner wall substantially made of germania. EXAMPLE 7 In the following experiment (Experiment No. 18) doping with cesium salt is performed using the porous silica glass made in Example 3. For good optical quality, both the cesium salt and the porous glass need to be purified. The purification of porous glass is done by leaching with 0.005N H 2 SO 4 at 27°C for 10 hours. A more severe leaching condition is next adopted by leaching the porous glass with 2N H 2 SO 4 at 95°C for 24 hours. The tube is washed with water to remove acids and is ready for the doping operation. Commercial grade CsNO 3 contains 3 - 5 ppm of iron which is detrimental to the optical quality of glass. It is found that a solution of CsNO 3 saturated at 100°C has a pH of 6, at which some iron must precipitate in order to maintain the solubility product of Fe(OH), at its extremely low value. 250 ml of solution of CsNO 3 saturated at 100°C is vigorously boiled under reflux for 6 hours. The solution turns reddish due to precipitation of Fe(OH) 3 and the filtered solution is cooled to crystalization at 23°C. The crystals are separated by filtration and the filtrate which is a saturated solution of CsNO 3 in water at 23°C is used in the doping process. To 100 ml of CsNO 3 solution is added 200 ml of liquid NH,. The purified porous glass tube is dipped into the above solution. In this process, the protons from the porous glass are replaced by the cesium ions. The ion exchange is complete in three days. The tube which looks white is washed with water to remove CsN0 3 and NH 3 . The tube is dried at 23°C for 48 hours to remove most of the physically bound water. It is heated under vacuum at the rate of 100°C per hour up to 600°C. It is held at that temperature for 2 hours. The temperature is raised again at the rate of 100°C per hour until the porous body is consolidated at 1450°C to a trans¬ parent non-porous glass tube. It is found that the first solution and the second solution used in the above examples would form a gel when combined without the use of a porous container. The use of a porous container densifies the gel structure which is intra- connected so as to form a self-supporting porous structure. Thus, although the discussion and the example mainly concern themselves with the formation of certain inorganic oxide porous bodies by acid-base type reactions within a porous container, any reaction in which the reactants fulfill the requirement of gel formation and the requirements of permeability for one and impermeability for the other will be suitable for formation of a porous self-supporting body. Thus manufacture of metallic glasses, organic glasses and other inorganic glasses is possible by the process of this invention. In the method thus generalized for low temperature synthesis of a porous self-supporting body a first solution containing at least one first solute and a second solution containing at least one second solute are provided, wherein the first solution is capable of reacting with the second solution to form a gel. The first solution is confined within a porous container the walls of which are sub¬ stantially impermeable to the first solute and the second solution is diffused into the porous container the walls of which are substantially permeable to the second solute. Within the porous container the reaction between the first solution and the second solution takes place to deposit a porous self-supporting body on the walls. The selection of the concen- tation of the first solution and of the concentration of the second solution are done by trial and error. The first solution and/or the second solution may contain additives to have desired effects. The additives are, for example, peptizing agents, coagulating agents, protective colloids, structure modifiers and composition modifiers as known in the art. Additives offer resistance to the movement of the first solute and this may cause an otherwise permeable (through the walls of the porous container) first solute to become an apparently impermeable one. A weakly gel forming reaction can be converted into a strongly gel forming one by use of certain additives. The porous self-supporting body can be purified, dried and consolidated to a non-porous body. The following table summarizes different types of reactions which can be used to synthesize a porous self-supporting body. TABLE 6 By using the process of this invention vitreous bodies and their intermediates can be made at a much lower cost,with much higher purity, in virtually unlimited compositions and in virtually unlimited shapes. It has a great deal of operational flexibility which is a contrast to the tedious conventional process. The simplicity of the process allows it to be prac¬ ticed in a light chemical facility provided with a minimal number of process accessories. Most of the raw materials useful for the process are cheap, easily available and pose very little danger to the environment. Many of the raw materials can be made indigenously. Atmospheric pollution due to emission of harmful gases is totally absent in many cases and this is a big plus over direct melting processes where pollution is caused by oxides of nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, carbon and sulfur. The porous self-supporting body prepared by this invention has many desirable physical and chemical properties. These are high refractoriness, chemical inertness, large surface area, controlled porosity and exceptional purity. The main uses of the porous body are as a filtering medium, as a carrier, as an absorbent and as an ion-exchange medium. Dispersed solids can be separated from liquids and gases by means of the porous body. The separation is based on the molecular size and the porous body can be used for purifi- cation of toxic gases and polluted air and for separation of suspended impurities from waste water. Dissolved solute on the other hand, can be separated from the solvent by hyperfiltration using a membrane made from the porous body of this invention. For this purpose the porous body is considered to be superior to the organic membrane com¬ monly used. Use of an asymmetric membrane will contribute to more efficiency. The separation is based on reverse osmosis and can be used for desalination of saline water, purification of waste water and separation of mixtures of fluids from one another. Dissolved solutes can be separated from one another by ultrafiltration using a membrane made from the porous body of this invention. As in the case of hyperfiltration, an asymmetric membrane will be found more useful in this case. The separation is based on molecular sizes and can be used in laboratory and industrial dialysis. When coated with non- thrombogenic material, the membrane can be used in an artificial kidney. Other potential uses of ultrafiltration or hyper- filtration using a membrane made from a porous body of this invention are in the dairy industry, in food processing, in pulp and paper manufacture and in electroplating waste treatment. The membrane useful for ultrafiltration and hyper- filtration can be in the form of flat membranes, tubes or hollow fibers which are easy to fabricate by following the process of this invention. The porous body can be used for chromatographic applications and as a carrier for biologically active materials such as antigens, antibodies and enzymes. As a catalytic support, the porous body will find applications in chemical process industries like petroleum refineries and in the cata¬ lytic converters of internal combustion engines. The porous body of this invention is a strong absorbent for certain types of molecules which may be solids, liquids or gases. As an absorbent, it can purify liquids and gases like purification of air in an enclosed space and puri¬ fication of beer and wine. It can be used as a drying agent to remove moisture from a system. It can be used to separate a mixture of gases and mixture of liquids which are not readily separable by any other means. An example is the separation of n-hexane and n-octane. The porous body of this invention is a very good medium for ion exchange. The exchange is conveniently done by following the procedure disclosed in U.S. patent application Serial No. 832,230, filed September 12, 1977, by M. Samanta. A prospective use will be purification of nuclear waste liquid containing radiocesium Cs 137 . When a porous body immersed in waste liquid is treated with NH 3 , Cs 137 will be absorbed in the porous body and other radioactive impurities like radio- strontium will be precipitated. The precipitate and porous body will be separated from the liquid which will thus be free from the radioactive material. The precipitate can be properly sealed in a suitable container and the porous body can be consolidated before disposal of the concentrated waste. An alternate procedure will be to exchange the protons in the porous body with Li + , Na + or K + and then treat the nuclear waste liquid with the exchanged porous body whereby all the radioactive cations will be absorbed within the porous body. A porous body exchanged with an alkali metal cation can be used for water softening, absorbing Ca ++ and Mg ++ during the process. The porous body prepared by this invention is hydro- philic and it has a strong affinity for water. A mambrane made from the body is readily wetted by water. The membrane will allow the water to pass through, but no air or gas entrained in the liquid will be able to pass. This property makes the membrane useful for intravenous injection devices where the passage of air into the veins has to be prevented by all means. The porous body prepared by this invention can be made hydrophobic by coating the hydrophilic surface with a hydrophobic material or by deactivating the surface hydroxyl groups. A membrane made from a body so treated will not be wetted by water. The membrane will allow air to pass through, but no water entrained in the air will be able to pass. Typical use of the membrane will be in the design of vents. The hydrophobic porous body has a strong affinity for gasoline and oil. So, it can be used for removal of water from gasoline and for removal of oil slicks from sea water. The porous body can be used as a filler and reinforce¬ ment for polymeric material and as a thermal insulator for home and industry. It can be used as an intermediate in processes for making foam glasses. Other uses of the porous body made by this invention are as an electrolytic separator in an electrochemical cell, as a microorganism-impervious cover for medical containers, as a matrix for a composite super conductive body and as a carrier for dynamically produced reverse osmosis membranes. The consolidated glass having a composition profile will have two basic uses. One will be glass strengthening, wherein glass will have a compressive skin because of the composition profile. Typical uses may be in high strength radar domes, and in chemical strengthening of laboratory and commer- cial glassware. The second basic use will be in fiberoptics. Because of the very high purity and the composition profile, glass will be used in making step-index and graded index optical fibers for optical communication and medical endoscopy. The proposed uses of consolidated glass without any profile potentially are many. This invention permits the making of glass within such wide limits of composition that virtually any desired mechanical, chemical, optical and dielectric property can be obtained by selecting a suitable composition. Important uses of consolidated glass should in¬ clude the uses related to household glassware, general labora¬ tory equipment, packaging for electrical components, mirror blanks for astronomical telescopes, acoustic delay lines, wind¬ shields for supersonic vehicles, accessories for thermonuclear reactors, and nose cones for intercontinental ballistic missiles. Of course, many variations and modifications of the subject invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.";"I CLAIM; 1. A method for the synthesis of a porous self-supporting body, comprising the steps of: providing a first solution containing at least one basic glass forming solute; providing a second solution containing at least one acidic solute; providing in contact with and separating said solutions a permeable barrier substantially impermeable to said at least one basic solute and substan¬ tially permeable to said at least one acidic solute; and permitting said second solution to pass through said barrier to react with said first solution to deposit on the side of said barrier in contact with said first solution a porous self-supporting body. 2. The method of Claim 1 wherein said permeable barrier is a dialyzer membrane. 3. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one basic solute is selected from the group consisting of borates, aluminates, silicates, germanates, stannates, plumbates, phosphates, arsenates, antimonates, bismuthates, selenates, tellurates, zirconates, titanates, tungstates, vanadates and molybdates. 4. The method of Claim 1 wherein said first solution is a true solution. 5. The method of Claim 1 wherein said first solu¬ tion is a colloidal solution. 6. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the time during which said solutions are in contact with said barrier so as to obtain a certain thickness for said deposited self-supporting body. 7. The method of Claim 1 wherein said deposited self-supporting body is crystalline. 8. The method of Claim 1 wherein said deposited self-supporting body is partially vitreous and partially crystalline. 9. The method of Claim 1 wherein said deposited self-supporting body is vitreous. 10. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of heating said porous body to consolidate it into a non- porous vitreous body. 11. The method of Claim 1 and including the steps of: leaching said porous body with acid: washing said porous body with water: drying, said porous body; and heating said porous body to consolidate it into a non-porous vitreous body. 12. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of doping said porous body. 13. A product made by the process of Claim 1. 14. A product made by the process of Claim 10. 15. The method of Claim 1 wherein said first solution contains an additive. 16. The method of Claim 1 wherein said second solution contains an additive. 17. The method of Claim 1 wherein said first and second solutions contain additives. 18. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the rate of deposition of said self-supporting body. 19. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the rate of reaction by varying the concentrations of said solutions. 20. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the rate of reaction by varying the temperature of said solutions. 21. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the rate of reaction by varying the relative pressures of said solutions. 22. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the porosity and pore size of said self-supporting body by varying the concentrations of said first and second solutions. 23. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the porosity and pore size of said self-supporting body by varying the concentration of said first solution. 24. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the porosity and pore size of said self-supporting body by varying the concentration of said second solution. 25. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one acidic solute is seleced from the group consisting of acids and salts of strong acids and weak bases. 26. The method of Claim 1 wherein the concentration of said first solution is such that one liter of said first solution contains from 0.10 moles to 40 moles of at least one glass forming oxide. 27. The method of Claim 1 wherein the solvents for said- first and second solutions are selected from the group consisting of water, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, ethers, carboxylic acids and mixtures thereof. 28. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one basic solute is a simple solute consisting of two oxides. 29. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one basic solute is a complex solute consisting of more than two oxides 30. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one acidic solute is a salt of a strong acid and a weak base. 31. The method of Claim 1 wherein said at least one basic solute is selected from the group consisting of silicates and germanates. 32. The method of Claim 1 wherein said barrier is in the form of a container with said first solution on the inside of said container and said second solution on the outside of said container. 33. The method of Claim 1 wherein said barrier is in the form of a shaped article whereby said porous self- supporting body conforms to the shape of said barrier. 34. A pro duct made by the process of Claim 33. 35. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of changing the compositions of said first solution and said second solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said body, layers of different composition. 36. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of changing the composition .of said first solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said body, layers of different composition. 37. The method of Slaim 1 and including the step of changing the composition of said second solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said body, layers of different composition. 38. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of continuously varying the composition of said first solution and said second solution during deposition of said self- supporting body to develop in said body a continuous variation in composition. 39. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of continuously varying the composition of said first solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said body a continuous variation in composition. 40. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of continouously varying the composition of said second solution during deposition of said self-supporting body to develop in said Body a continuous variation in composition. 41. The method of Claim 1 and including the step of varying the time during which said solutions are in contact with said barrier so as to develop a certain composition profile for said porous self-supporting body. 42. A method for the synthesis of a porous self- supporting body, comprising the steps of: providing a first solution containing at least one gel forming solute: providing a second solution containing at least one solute which will form a gel with the said first solution: providing in contact with and separating said solutions a permeable barrier substantially impermeable to said at least one first solution solute and substantially permeable to said at least one second solution solute: and permitting said second solution to pass through said barrier to react with the said first solution to deposit on the side of said barrier in contact with said first solution a porous self-supporting body. 43. The method of Claim 30 wherein said salt of a strong acid and a weak base is an ammonium salt, 44. A product made by the process of Claim 41. 45. A product made by the process of Claim 40.";SAMANTA M;SAMANTA M;1978
+WO-1978000004-A1;19781207.0;19780601;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10194750.0;F16L13;F16L23, F16L47, B23P11;B23P11, F16L13, F16L23, F16L47;B23P  11/02B, F16L  13/00C, F16L  23/024, F16L  47/22;PIPES AND COUPLINGS AND METHOD OF COUPLING PIPES;A method of securely joining a pipe (1) to a pipe fitting (3) without the need for rotating either element. The fitting (3) or in some cases the pipe (1), is expanded by heating whereby the other element may be inserted in it and the elements are secured together upon cooling by the interengagement of matching grooves (4) and ribs (14) which are provided on the circumferential surfaces of the elements.;"Pipes and couplings and method of coupling pipes Field of Application The invention relates to a method of joining pipes to couplings or other fittings, and pipes and couplings or fittings for joining by the method. Disclosure of invention Various methods of joining pipes have been known in the prior art but some of these, including the screwing of one element into the other, whilst producing a secure joint, have been impractical in the assembly of complex pipework systems, and the present invention offers the advantage, among others, of ease of installation without loss of security. According to one aspect of the invention there is provided a method of joining members comprising first and second pipe elements of which one member is of thermally expansible material and has an internal cylindrical surface of diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical external surface of the other member, wherein one of said surfaces has at least one circumferential groove therein and the other of said surfaces at least one matching circumferential rib projecting outwardly therefrom, the method comprising expanding the said one member to an extent dependent on the outward extension of said rib or ribs by heating below its melting point to enable one of said membe to enter the other beyond the rib or ribs, assembling the members one within the other, with the or each rib in regis with a corresponding groove, and allowing the expansible member to contract by cooling on to the other member so that the or each rib engages in a corresponding groove. Preferably the said one member is expanded to such an exten that the other member can enter it only by elastic de- formation of the said rob or ribs Preferably there is a plurality of spaced grooves and matching ribs, and the grooves and ribs are of ratchet-like configuration. A sealing and/or sliding agent may be appl to at least one of said surfaces. According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a combination of members comprising first and second elements characterized in that one member has an internal cylindrical surface of diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical external surface of the other member when both members are at the same temperature, one of said surfaces has at least one circumferential groove therein and the other of said surfaces has at least one matching circumferential rib projecting outwardly therefrom, and the said one member is made of material having such a co-efficient of thermal expansion that it can be expanded by heating below its melting point to such an extent that the one of said member is to enter the other beyond the rib or ribs so that on contraction of said one member the or each rib can engage in a corresponding groove. Prefereably there is a plurality of spaced grooves and matching ribs, and the grooves and ribs are of ratchet-like configuration. According to yet a further aspect of the invention there is provided a pipe element for combination with a further pipe element as aforesaid. Description of Figures Figures 1 to 4 show sections through combinations of pipes and fittings according to the invention. Description of Invention Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the drawings. The combination shown in Fig. 1 comprises a pipe 1 having a free end 2 and a flanged coupling 3. The pipe 1 is of polypropylene, but inother embodiments may be of other plastics material such as polyethylene, or of metal or other suitable material. The flanged coupling 3 is also of polypropylene, any substitute for which, in other embodiments, will be expansible by heating below its melting point to an extent indicated below. The pipe 1 has an external diameter <3, and at its free end 2 is machined or otherwise formed with circumferential grooves 4. Each groove is defined by a wall 5 substantially perpendicular to the axis of the pipe and an inwardly inclined wall 6, the perpendicular wall being nearer the open end of the pipe. The length of the grooves in the direction of the axis of the tube is 9.5mm. The coupling comprises a flange portion 7 provided with holes 8 for mounting the coupling. Extending from the flange portion is a tubular portion 9 having an internal annular flange 10 which provides an annular shoulder 11 for abutment with end face 12 of the pipe 1 when assembled as will be described below. Between the flange 10 and the open end 13 of the tubular portion 9 of the coupling 3, the internal surface is formed with what may be regarded as a series of circumferential ribs 14 extending outwardly (that is to say towards the axis of the tube) from a theo- retical cylindrical surface of diameter d_. The ribs 14 have faces which are respectively substantially perpendicula to the axis of the tube and inclined at the same angle as the walls 6 of the grooves 4 of the pipe 1. The length and the outward projection of the ribs 14 also correspond to the length and depth of the grooves 4. Between the innermost rib and the shoulder 11 the internal surface of the tube 9 is tapered at 15 at an angle corresponding to the taper 16 at the end 12 of the pipe 1. Typically, the diameter d_ is 50mm and the depth of the groov 4, equal to the projection of the ribs 14, is 2mm. As shown in the drawings that projection of the ribs 14 prevent the insertion of the end 2 of the pipe 1 into the coupling 3 without the distortion of one or other of the components. However, the material of construction of the coupling 3 is such that on heating to a temperature below its melting point, it expands by an amount at least equal to twice the projection of the ribs 14 in a length d_ of the material. Such an expansion will enable the end 2 of the pipe 1 to be inserted into the couplings; a slightly smaller expansion will permit the insertion only by a slight distortion of one or both of the components such as might be effected in a thermal plastics material under an applied load without exceeding the elastic limit. In practice of the method of the invention the coupling 3 is heated in a uniform manner by means for example of hot air, hot oil or by the fluid bed technique. The temperature rise is controlled so that the component does not reach the softening point of the material but sufficiently to ensure that the internal diameter between the peaks of the ribs 14 is only so slightly less than d_ that the end 2 of the pipe 1 can be inserted in the coupling with a snap action by imparting a sharp tap on the coupling in the direction of the axis of the pipe. The end face 12 of the pipe 1 engages the shoulder 11 and thus ensures that the ribs 14 and grooves 4 are in register with one another and, in the absence of a similar force acting in the opposite direction, the pipe 1 will not snap out again. With the source of heat removed, the coupling 3 will cool and return to its original dimensions; in the fully cooled state the components will fit tightly with one another with each rib engaged in a corresponding groove. A certain amount of tolerence can be provided by adjustment of the diameter of the pipe and coupling and of the dimensions of the ribs relative to the grooves, and improved sealing may be afforded by providing a sealing compound in the grooves or between the ribs before assembly of the components. if polytetrafluoroethylene paste is used as the sealing compound, it will also aid the slipping of one component relative to the other. Because of the ratchet-like shape of the ribs and grooves, couplings so assembled will be substantially permanent unless a means can be found of re-heating the coupling without at the same time expanding the pipe. It is envisaged that a range of fittings, such as the coupling 3, will be provided to correspond with pipes having a range of external diameters, The pipes, when cut to the required length, will be cut with external grooves in a similar manner to that in which pipes are sometimes threaded. However, the provision of grooves will be somewhat simpler than the provision of threads and the assembly of the components will be far simpler than screwing of components. Figs. 2 and 3 of the accompanying drawings show respectively an elbow and a T-joint, whilst Figure 4 shows an alternative form of flange fitting. in the fittings shown in Figures 2 to 4, the pipe elements in the form of components respectively designated 20, 21 and 22, are cut with grooves 4 on the outer cylindrical surfaces similar to the end 2 of pipe 1 in Figure 1. These components are joined to pipes, such as pipe 23, in Figure 4, by means of further pipe elements in the form of coupling sleeves 24. Each of the sleeves 24 has an internal annular shoulder 25, and between ""the shoulder and each open end has a series of ribs 26 formed similarly to ribs 14 on the internal surface of the tubular portion 9of flanged coupling 3. In order to join the pipe to the component the coupling sleeve, which is of thermally expansible material, is heated and snap-fitted to the other elements. It will be understood that the coupling sleeve may be moved relative to a stationary pipe or component, may be moved relative to a stationary coupling sleeve, or there may be movement of both in the snap-fitting operation depending on the requirements of the installation. Two pipes may similarly be joined by the use of a coupling sleeve as described above. Reverting to Figure 1, it will be clear that if the coupling 3 is not used as described above, the end face 13 is available for butt jointing to a pipe of internal diameter d_, and to this extent a coupling or other fitting according to the invention may be regarded as a dual-purpose article. In an alternative embodiment, which may not be quite so advantageous, the end of a pipe may be formed with circumferential grooves at its internal cylindrical surface and a corresponding coupling or other fitting formed with matching ribs at its outer surface. In these circumstances the end of the pipe will have to be expanded by heat to enable the elements to be inserted one within the other. It will also be understood that each of the pipe elements of a combination may comprise a pipe and thus two pipes may be joined one inside the other by the method without the use of a coupling, provided that the outer pipes is thermally expandable.";Claims 1. A method of joining members comprising first and second pipe elements of which one member is of thermally expansible material and has an internal cylindrical surface of diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical external surface of the other member, wherein one of said surfaces has at least one circumferential groove therein and the other of said surfaces at least one matching circumferential rib projecting outwardly therefrom, the method comprising expanding the said one member to an extent dependent on the outward extension of said rib or ribs by heating below its melting point to enable one of said members to enter the other beyond the rib or ribs, assembling the members one within the other, with the or each rib in register with a corresponding groove, and allowing the expansible member to contract by cooling on to the other member so that the or each rib engages in a corresponding groove. 2. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein there is a plurality of spaced grooves and matching ribs. 3. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the grooves and ribs are of ratchet-like configura ion. 4. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein a sealing and/or sliding agent is applied to at least one of said surfaces 5. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1, 2, 3 or 4 wherein the said one member is expanded to such an extent that the other member can enter it only by elastic deformation of the said rib or ribs. 6. A pipe element (9) having an internal cylindrical surface of a predetermined diameter, for combination with a further pipe element (2) having a cylindrical external surface of corresponding diameter which external surface has at least one circumferential groove (4) therein or at least one circumferential rib projecting outwardly therefrom, characterised in that said pipe element is provided εt its internal surface with a circumferential rib (14) or groove matching the or each groove or rib, respectively, of the said further pipe element (2) and that said pipe element (9) is made of material having such a coefficient of thermal expansion that it can be expanded by heating below its melting point to such an extent that said further pipe element (2) is able to enter it beyond the rib or ribs (14) so that on contraction the or each rib (14) can engage in a corresponding groove (4) . 7. A pipe element as claimed in Claim 6 having a plurality of spaced grooves or ribs. 8. A pipe element as claimed in Claim 6 or Claim 7 wherein the cr each groove or rib is of ratchet-like configuration. 9. A combination of members comprising first and second pipe elements characterised in that one member has an internal cylindrical surface of diameter generally corresponding to the diameter of the cylindrical external surface of the other member when both members are at the same temperature, one of said surfaces has at least one circumferential groove therein and the other of said surfaces has at least one matching circumferential rib projecting outwardly there¬ from, and the said one member is made of material having such a co-efficient of thermal expansion that it can be expanded by heating below its melting point to such an extent that the one of said members is able to enter the other beyond the rib or ribs so that on contraction of said one member the or each rib can engage in a corresponding groove.;ARMITAGE ARTHUR;ADVANCED CHEM EQUIP LTD, ADVANCED CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT LTD;1978
+WO-1978000007-A1;19781207.0;19780601;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25185689.0;F02D11;;F02M47, F02M63;F02M  47/02D, F02M  63/02C, R02B 275/14;DIRECT INJECTION FUEL SYSTEM;Injection pressure generated by a suitable flow source (16) and a pressure-flow regulator (28) is carried by a common rail or manifold (20) to each injector valve of an engine. The valves (22) are of the closed differential needle, hydraulic-operated type, opening and closing for the injection period by virtue of hydraulic pressure imbalance and balance exerted on the effective piston areas of the valve needle. Balance conditions are controlled by fuel flow through ports and orifices (72, 74, 78, 102) of electric solenoid-operated sliding spool valves (52) by an engine-driven timer device (38, 40) which controls the start and end of the injection period. Controlled by-pass flow from the spool valves (52) may be collected by a low pressure manifold for return to the reservoir along with the overflow from a high pressure manifold (20).;"DIRECT FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM Technical Field This invention relates to control of fuel injection in internal combustion engines, especially diesel. More particularly, it relates to a common-rail, closed dif¬ ferential needle, hydraulically operated injection valve system for fuel flow control. Background Art U.S.- Patent No. 3.537,547, which I will refer to hereinafter as the AMBAC system, employs a common rail for operation of a diesel engine. Two pumps are required, one a high pressure pump for operating a type of hydraul¬ ic ram which acts on fuel supplied by the other, a low- pressure pump. Fluid from the high pressure pump is not injected into the engine. In the AMBAC system, the fuel is delivered to the injection valves at an injection pres¬ sure equal to the pressure in the common rail. The fuel delivery from the low pressure pump to the ram is init¬ ially mechanically timed from the engine, and initially metered by adjustment of the low pressure pump. Final metering of fuel into the engine is determined by con¬ trolling the length of the injection period, this being accomplished by the high pressure as it varies the en¬ gine speed. As speed and pressure increase; injection duration decreases the so-called torque control. These timing and metering adjustments are critical and high¬ ly complicated. They require use of an expensive pump test stand which can be handled only by special tech¬ nicians. The prior art AMBAC solenoid is single wound and acts electrically in only one direction, return action being by spring. It can be used only on signal to be¬ gin an injection period, apparently playing no part in the duration. The single-wound solenoid operates through a diaphragm and push rod to open or unseat a ball-type check valve. The prior art AMBAC system also employs an hydraul¬ ic imbalance-operated valve, the imbalance being created by the solenoid-operated check on the valves. It is used to control high pressure from a high pressure common rail system to operate a hydraulic ram which forces fuel from the fuel source system into the injection valve for injection into the engine. This valve in itself Is non-adjustable, and in itself cannot control final me¬ tering or duration, this function being performed by the pressure variations in the high pressure system. Therefore, in view of the Inadequacies of the prior art AMBAC system as set out in aforesaid U.S. Patent No. 3,587,547, development of a simple, uncomplicated sys¬ tem for injecting diesel fuel to an engine at the right time and In the right quantity to obtain peak power without an undue amount of pollution represents a high¬ ly desirable result. Furthermore, there is a need for such an improved fuel injection system which does not require the expensive percussion-built injection pumps now in use and one which will permit manufacture and use of economic diesel passenger cars at substantial saving of fuel and improved pollution control. Disclosure of the Invention After extended investigation I have developed just such an improved fuel injection system, particular¬ ly useful for diesel engines. In its broader aspects my invention involves a single-pump fuel injection system In which the pump is of the positive displacement type capable of pro¬ viding sufficient cooling flow against the required rel¬ atively high pressure suitable for proper Injection. The pump of my system may be driven by an associated engine or by other means. According to my invention, a common rail manifold connected to the pump discharge is also joined to a plurality of injection valve assemblies and pressur¬ ized to injection pressure by a pressure-regulating relief valve located at the manifold end opposite the inlet. Overflow from this valve may be piped back to a reservoir. Equal pressure is employed at each valve inlet, with minimum injection lag resulting. The injection valves of the system of the invention are of the closed, differential needle, hydraulic-op¬ erated type, modified according to the invention so that they may be both opened and closed by hydraulic pres¬ sure. This modification makes the spring chamber func¬ tion as a pressure chamber. The injection valve spring helps close the valve at the end of injection. Adjust¬ ments may be made to obtain the proper rate of inject¬ ion and valve balance for best efficiency. An important feature of my invention comprises electrically operated sliding spool valves which cause the mechanical motion of the injection valve needle by controlling the hydraulic pressure balance conditions exerted on the valve needle. Each of the spool valves of the invention consists of two sections, the spool having three lands and two undercut sections. One sec¬ tion controls a by-pass flow from the spring chamber of the injection valve by opening or closing a port leading to a by-pass manifold. The other section re¬ ceives injection pressure from the high pressure system and passes it through a combination port-orifice into the injection valve spring chamber. In the non-inject position, the by-pass port of the first section remains open, permitting flow from the spring chamber, and the port-orifice is in the orifice condition by means of the spool land forming a restriction. Flow through this orifice causes a pressure drop in the spring chamber and allows injection pressure on the valve needle to open the valve for injection. One advantage of my invention is the possibility of using a common low pressure by-pass manifold to re¬ ceive fuel by-passed by the spool valve and connect with the overflow return line from the high-pressure mani¬ fold. Double-wound solenoids may be employed to actuate the spool valve spools in both directions. Solenoid plungers may be used as extensions of the valve spools and equipped so as to hold the spools In their shifted positions. Also, by means of a travel adjustment, spool travel may be set, acting as an orifice size adjustment and rate of injection adjustment. The two oppositely wound solenoid coils may be terminated at three exter¬ ior connectors in such a way as to provide positive bi¬ directional valve spool motions as each coil may be commonly connected to one of three terminals, and this terminal connected by wiring to a suitable electric power source through an on-off control switch. The other two ends of the two coils may be separately connected to the other two terminals, and these terminals connect¬ ed by wiring to proper respective terminals on a timer. According to my invention the preferred timer de¬ vice is mechanically driven by and timed to the engine of my injection system and includes two sets of contacts mounted on suitable bases, with one set to control start of injection and the other to control the end of injection. Each set contains a separate contact for each Injection valve of the engine, and these contacts are connected by wiring to corresponding terminals on the aforesaid solenoids. Included may be a rotating con¬ tact or brush for use in energizing the solenoids in se¬ quence. One set of contacts amy be made variable in relation to the other set so that the length of the injection period may be varied, thereby achieving control of me¬ tering and engine speed. Normal shutdown may be accomplished by an on/off switch. Emergency shutdown may be accomplished by a manual control on a pressure relief valve to dump off the in¬ jection pressure in the high pressure manifold. According to my invention I prefer to use a var¬ iable speed type governor to throttle the engine. This governor employs a fulcrum lever to articulate a mov¬ able contact disc in a timer. The governor is thus en¬ abled to read the engine speed and automatically set the fuel delivery for the particular engine speed read. This, especially when combined with my system of meter¬ ing, which is accomplished by electrical control of duration of injection, permits the air-fuel ratio to be strictly and easily adjusted on the engine inframe at any and all engine RPM points by matching the fuel delivery curve to a volumetric efficiency curve, there¬ by insuring peak torque with a minimum of pollutants and substantially no smoke. signal source 118 Includes as basic components there¬ of a rotatable contact plate 120, for injection dura¬ tion control, a grounding bush rotor 122 and a stat¬ ionery contact plate 124 timed to the engine. In the timer-governor of Fig 5 the setting of throttle 108 controls the operation of the governor. The brushes complete the circuit to open the coil in the solenoids such as the one depicted in Figs 2 and 3. One set of double windings (64 of Figs 2 and 3) is to pull the valve into position. The stationary contact plate 124, which is timed to the engine via the cam¬ shaft gives a constant beginning of injection by pull¬ ing the valve to open the port or a constant ending by pushing the valve to close the port. The other plate 120, rotatable, lags behind. When the amount of fuel needed by the engine is injected as dictated by the gov¬ ernor throttle, a second brush contacts the other plate and de-energizes the opposing set of windings, causing the solenoid to go in the other direction. Contact plates 120 and 124 are adjustable at the initial timing. It can be readily seen from the foregoing descrip¬ tion that my fuel injection system, by providing control of pressure by a spool valve-solenoid arrangement, elim¬ inates a leak-off chamber and permits improved fuel in¬ jection or delivery and obtains optimum efficiency by better control of fuel-air ratio. Constant high pressure rail and manifold system such as depicted in Fig 1 which employs a single high pressure pump for both pressure and fuel delivery. The spool valve-solenoid arrangement such as shown in Fig 4 controls the pressure so that the high pressure source is tapped off, with the spool valve, which is electrically controlled by the solenoid, going down as pressure comes in via lower lines 98 and 78 and then back through by-pass inlet port 76 and line 96 into chamber 86 as by-pass outlet port 74 connected to by¬ pass manifold 32 of Fig 1 is closed. By-pass outlet port 74 is opened when the orifice formed near 80 becomes o- pen as the spool valves turn and go up, thus providing an exit for pressure in the injection valve, as In Fig 4, thereby dropping the pressure therein so that the constant high pressure opens the valve and injects fuel to the engine exactly as needed in a controlled manner as the needle valve 94 moves. Following are several features or advantages of the fuel injection system of the invention. 1. A single high pressure pump or fuel to be in¬ jected and an injection pressure which is set and con¬ trolled by a compound pressure-regulating valve where¬ by excess may be spilled back to a tank. No adjustment of the pump is necessary, the injection pressure being adjustable by the regulatory valves. 2. An impulse source to begin and end injections, the duration being variable by a movable set of contacts. Beginning and ending of injection may be either constant- variable or vice-versa. 3. Hail pressure is dictated by setting a compound pressure relief valve. 4. A double wound solenoid enables positive elec¬ trical action in either of both directions upon sig¬ nals for a definite beginning and ending of the injec¬ tion period. It is mechanically connected to and op¬ erates an associated spool valve. 5. An electrically operated solenoid valve with two sections or chambers. One section starts or stops fuel flow into a by-pass manifold, and the second sec¬ tion restricts or opens an orifice, creating a pressure drop or pressure balance on an Injection valve needle, thereby opening and closing it for injection. Because the valve spool travel is adjustable, it regulates the size of the orifice, the rate of pressure drop, the valve opening and the rate of injection. 6. Capability of obtaining an optimum fuel air ratio (20:1 running) for a maximum 90% volume efficiency. Since conventional intake manifolds have no butterfly controls, the amount of air in the engine cuts back as the RPM increases. Since the fuel curve increases as the air curve increases, on accelerating, the engine fuel delivery must be cut back to between the torque peak and the hp peak. This can be done according to my invention by use of the nozzle valve being operated di¬ rectly hydraulically. While the invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, the claims appended hereto are intended to encompass all embodiments which fall with¬ in the spirit of the invention.";Having thus described my invention and certain pre¬ ferred embodiments thereof, I claim: 1. In a fuel injection system an electrically operated spool valve device comprising in cooperative association a spool valve, a double-wound solenoid adapted to oper¬ ate said valve, an orifice adapted to be opened when the spool valve turns and moves upward, a by-pass port a- dapted to be opened when the spool valve turns and moves up, and entering and exiting channels adapted to be con¬ nected to an injection valve. 2. The spool valve device of Claim 1 in cooperative as¬ sociation with at least one additional spool valve de¬ vice of the same structure in common manifold alignment. 3. The spool valve device of Claim 2 in cooperative as¬ sociation with a governor, timer, pressure pump and in¬ jection valve. 4. In a fuel injection system an Injection valve com¬ prising a high pressure inlet, a high-low pressure cham¬ ber, a nozzle body, a wall, an injection pressure cham¬ ber, a needle valve positioned at the end of said in¬ jection valve opposite said high pressure inlet, and lines adapted for releasing pressure from said inject¬ ion valve and returning pressure thereto. 5. The injection valve of Claim 4 in cooperative as¬ sociation with a solenoid-operated spool valve where¬ by the pressure In said injection valve may be controlled. 6. The injection valve of Claim 5 wherein the solenoid- operated spool valve comprises the spool valve device of Claim 1. 7. The injection valve of Claim 4 in cooperative assoc¬ iation with a governor, timer, pressure pump, common rail manifold and solenoid-operated spool valves and fuel source. 8. A direct injection fuel system comprising in cooper¬ ative association a governor-timer, a single high pres¬ sure pump adapted to supply and distribute fuel at a controlled pressure and amount to an engine, and a com¬ mon rail manifold in association with a plurality of injection valves connected to corresponding solenoid- operated spool valves adapted to regulate the pressure in said injection valves. 9. The system of Claim 8 wherein the governor-timer comprises a governor comprising a throttle, fulcrum lever, peak fuel adjuster, air-fuel ratio adjuster, an RPM reader, and, in association with said governor, a timer comprising a rotatable contact plate for injection duration control, a grounding brush rotor and a sta¬ tionary contact plate adapted to be timed to an engine. 10. A process for controlling fuel-air ratio and pressure injection of fuel into an internal combustion engine which comprises generating injection pressure by a high pressure pump and a pressure-flow regulator valve, carry¬ ing same along with fuel by a common rail manifold to a plurality of needle valves in hydraulically operated in¬ jection valves, controlling fuel flow in said valves through pressure ports and orifices to and from a corres¬ ponding plurality of solenoid-operated sliding spool valves and employing a governor-timer to control, a- long with said spool valves, the starting and ending of the injection of fuel into said internal combustion en¬ gine. Having thus described my invention and certain preferred embodiments thereof, I claim: 1. In a fuel injection system an electrically operated spool valve device comprising in cooperative association a reciprocating action spool valve operated by a double-wound solenoid and an Injection valve having two matching passages therebetween, apressure differential orifice created when, in operation, the spool moves from a non-inject to an inject position, said orifice adapted to be created when the spool valve moves upward, a by-pass port adapted to be opened when the spool valve moves upward, and entering and exiting channels. 2. The spool valve device of Claim 1 in cooperative as¬ sociation with at least one additional spool valve device of the same structure in common manifold alignment. 3. The spool valve device of Claim 2 in in cooperative as¬ sociation with a governor, timer, pressure pump and injection valve. 4. In a fuel injection system an injection valve com¬ prising a high pressure inlet, a high-low pressure chamber, a nozzle body, a wall, an injection pressure chamber, a needle valve positioned at the end of said injection valve opposite said high pressure inlet, and interconnecting passages be¬ tween said injection valve and a reciprocating action spool valve operated by a double-wound solenoid, said passages adapted for releasing pressure from said injection valve and returning pressure thereto. 5. The injection valve of Clain 4 in cooperative as¬ sociation with a solenoid-operated spool valve whereby the pressure in said injection valve may be controlled. 6. The injection valve of Claim 5 wherein the solenoid- operated spool valve comprises the spool valve device of Claim 1. 7. The injection valve of Claim 4 in cooperative as¬ sociation with a governor, timer, pressure pump, common rail manifold and solenoid-operated spool valves and fuel .source. 8. A direct injection fuel system comprising in cooper¬ ative association a speed governor which comprises a throttle and a fuel adjuster, a timer-made up of a rotatable contact plate for injection duration control, a grounding brush rotor and a stationary contact plate adapted to be timed to an engine, a single high pressure pump, adapted to supply and distribute fuel at a controlled pressure and amount to an engine, and a common rail manifold in association with a plurality of in¬ jection valves connected to corresponding solenoid-operated spool valves adapted to regulate the pressure in said injection valves. 10. A process for controlling fuel-air ratio and pres¬ sure injection of fuel into an internal-combustion engine which comprises generating injection pressure by a high pres¬ sure pump and a pressure-flow regulator valve, carrying same along with a fuel by a common rail manifold to a plurality of needle valves in hydraulically operated injection valves, con¬ trolling fuel flow in said valves by means of a plurality of solenoid-operated sliding spool valves having pressure dif¬ ferential orifices created when the spools move from a non- inject to an inject position and employing a governor-timer to control, along with said spool valves, the starting and ending of the injection of fuel into said Internal combustion engine . STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19 STATEMENT EXPLAINING THE AMENDMENT AND DRAWING ATTENTION TO THE DIFFERENNCE BETWEEN THE REPLACED SHEETS AND THE REPLACEMENT SHEETS Claim 1 of replacement sheet 12 has been amended to make clear that (1) Applicant's spool valve is a reciprocating-action valve 24 operated by a double-wound solenoid 26, (2) The two principal parts (of which there may be a series) of Applicant's feed value system are the spool valve 24 and the injection valve 22, which have two matching pas¬ sages 76, 96 and 78, 98 between them, as depicted in Fig. 4 in detail, and (3) The orifice near 80 Is a pressure-differential ori¬ fice created when the spool moves from a non-inject to an inject position (sheet 10, lines 1-15) In Claim 4 of replacement sheet 12 it is now specified, as with respect to Claim 1, that Applicant's valve 24 is a double-wound solenoid 26 and that there are interconnecting passages 76, 96 and 78,98 between the spool valve 24 and the injection valve 22 (sheet 10, lines 1-15). On replacement sheet 13 Claim 9 has been combined with Claim 8 to specify that Applicant's speed governor 106 (sheet 8, fourth to last line) is made up basically of a throttle 108 and a fuel adjuster 114 and that his timer 118 comprises a rotatable contact plate 120 for injection duration control (line 2, sheet 9), a grounding brush rotor 122 (line 3, sheet 9) and stationary contact plate 124 (line 4, sheet 9) adapted to be timed to an engine. Claim 10 bridging sheets 13 and 14 has been amended on replacements sheets 13 and 14 to specify how Applicant's solenoid-operated sliding spool valves have a pressure dif¬ ferential orifice created, as. explained hereinabove and in Applicant's specification, when the spool moves from a non- inject to an inject position (lines 1-15 - sheet 10). Please note in this respect Applicant's remarks hereinabove in con¬ nection with the changes made in Claim 1 on replacement sheet 12.;PFEIFFER W M;PFEIFFER W M;1978
+WO-1978000009-A1;19781207.0;19780605;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25185496.0;E03D9;B01D23, B63B29, E03D11, C02C1;E03D11;E03D  11/11;NON-POLLUTING TOILET SYSTEM;A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a reversible, motor-driven pump (56) and a two-position valve (58) operable, on the one hand, for taking water into the system for flushing effluent from the bowl (10) into a treating chamber (12) and, on the other hand, to empty the treating chamber and discharge the effluent from the system so that both the pump and the valve are self-purging. There is a two-position switch (S3) for reversing the motor-driven pump and a valve rod (80, 82) for moving the two-position valve from one position to the other. A motor-driven macerator (54) in the treating chamber provides for effecting maceration of the effluent flushed into the treating chamber. A bacteriacide may be employed to render the effluent innocuous. The macerator is operable independently of the motor-driven pump so that the system can be purged without simultaneous operation of the macerator.;"Non-Polluting Toilet System There is need for a non-polluting toilet system for marine use, recreational vehicles, mobile homes, vacation homes, construction sites, trains, planes and the like, regardless of whether or not sewer facilities are available. Chemical and incinerator-type toilet systems have been developed to meet the aforesaid means. However, such systems as have been developed have in common been unable to meet the good health and sanitary requirements and/or the federal standards with respect to decontamination and/or reduction in particle size or have not been sufficiently non- polluting as far as disease-causing bacteria are con¬ cerned; and have required extensive plumbing, holding tanks, pumps, valves and the like which are difficult to keep sufficiently clean to eliminate odor and which form a harbor for the development of bacteria. The objective sought herein was to design a system which would reduce the bacteria to zero or virtually zero coliform bacteria count and to reduce the solid content to microparticle size below any presently available system. Also, a system so designed as to simplify the plumbing, provide pump and valve components which are self-purging so as to eliminate the last vestige of odor and bacterial contamination, and the unpleasant duty of having to disassemble pumps, valves and the like in the system for cleaning. SUMMARY OF IN ENTION As herein illustrated, the toilet system comprises a bowl, a reversible motor-driven pump operable in one direction to supply flush water to the bowl to flush the same, a single treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl, means for supplying a bacteriacide to the treating chamber and a macerator in the treating chamber for reducing the solid content to microparticle size. The macera- tion is effected in isolation from any other fluid. Valve means operable in one position to cause the' pump to effect flushing of the effluent from the bowl into the treating chamber and in the other position to discharge the treated effluent from the chamber provides for purging the system. There is a control circuit including switch means for reversing the motor-driven pump, switch means for initiating operation of the macerator motor, a timer for terminating operation of the macerator motor and manually or electrically- operable means for shifting the position of the valve. The treating chamber is of a predetermined capacity such as to receive a predetermined volume of effluent for treatment and the pump is designed to discharge the entire amount of the treated effluent from the treating chamber and terminate the macerating cycle. Alternatively, the system may be provided with two motor-driven pumps, one for delivering water to the bowl to effect flushing and the other to withdraw the treated effluent from the treating tank and discharging it, When a two-pump system is employed, a filtering assembly may be included so that the system becomes a closed loop wherein a predetermined quantity of water may be used repeatedly, thus to economize on the use of water. The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a plan view of the toilet structure; FIG. 2 is an elevation taken from the left- hand side of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is an elevation taken at the rear side of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a vertical section taken on the line 4-4 of FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a fragmentary section taken on the line 5-5 of FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is a plan view partly in section of the motor-driven pump and valve assembly; FIG. 7 is a section taken on the line 7-7 of FIG. 6; FIG. 8 is a section of a modified form of the valve assembly; FIG. 9 is a wiring diagram of the control for operating the system; and FIG. 10 is a block diagram of the control for operating the system. FIG. 11 is an elevation of an alternative toilet structure wherein two motor-driven pumps are used; FIG. 12 is a plan view of the two motor- driven pumps; FIG. 13 is a block diagram of the control when using two pumps; FIG. 14 is an elevation of a filtering unit for use in connecting the system to a closed circuit; and FIG. 15 is a view similar to FIG. 6 showing an alternative valve assembly; FIG. 16 is an elevation partly in section of one of the valve components of the valve assembly shown in FIG. 15; and FIG. 17 is a section taken on the line 17-17 of FIG. 16. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 4, the toilet as herein illustrated comprises essentially a bowl 10,. a treating chamber 12 containing a macerator 14 and a combination pump and valve assembly 16, FIGS. 6 and 7, connected by suitable plumbing to the bowl and to the treating chamber in such a way as to enable delivering flush water to the bowl for flushing the effluent therefrom into the treating chamber and, after macera¬ tion has been accomplished, discharging the effluent from the system. The bowl 10 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 4 is of generally oval cross section and is provided at its rear end with an integral extension 18 and an upwardly inclined control panel 20 upon which are mounted switch means and indicators which enable conveniently initia¬ ting the flushing operation and/or the cleaning opera¬ tion and of determining at any time the condition of the apparatus. The upper or rim of the bowl 10 is provided with a downturned skirt 22 which extends all the way around and along the opposite sides of the extension and the panel to afford an attractive appear¬ ance. A seat 24 is mounted atop the bowl in conven¬ tional fashion and is provided for this purpose at its rear end with transversely spaced holes 26-26 for receiving hinge means for pivotally connecting the seat to the bowl. The lower end of the bowl, FIG. 4, has a centrally located opening 25 defined by an annular 26.1 flange 2-6 which seats against a cover plate 30 at the top of the treating chamber 12. The plate 30 contains an opening 32 through which the effluent can be flushed into the treating chamber. A combination gasket and splash guard 27 is provided between the bowl and the treating chamber to provide a watertight joint and to prevent splash of the effluent during maceration up¬ wardly into the bowl. The treating chamber.12 is of generally cylindrical cross section at the lower part, having a side wall 34, FIG. 4, which is generally perpendicular to the bottom, except for one side, the forward side, which has an upwardly and forwardly divergent wall 36. The bottom wall 38 is of annular configuration and has at its center a step bearing 40. Near the bottom, at the side substantially opposite the forwardly divergent wall 36, there is a discharge port 42, FIGS. 4 and 5. The annular, hemitoroidal shape at the bottom is like United States that in application/Serial No. 610,097, filed September 4, 1975, for ""HYDRAULIC ATTRITION UNIT FOR MARINE now United States Patent 4,054,519 TOILETS""/and provides in conjunction with the macerator blade an especially effective means for beating paper stock into its constituent fibers. The macerator 14 is mounted within the treat- ing chamber 12 in a housing 44, FIG. 4, provided .with a flange 46 at its top by means of which it is attached to the cover plate 30 within an opening 47. The housing 44 is of sufficient size to receive the macerator motor Ml and is provided in its lower part with a horizontal bottom part 48 to which the motor housing can be bolted. The lower part also contains a central bearing 50 for rotatably and sealably receiving the motor shaft 52, to the lower end of which is fixed the macerator blade 54. Desirably, the shaft 52 extends beyond the blade for en¬ gagement with the step bearing 40. The macerator blade 54 is of the kind disclosed United States Patent 4,054,519 in the aforesaid peHding-applieatien and as described herein is designed to effect maceration by causing impact of the particles of the effluent with each other rather than a shearing action such as is commonly used by others for effecting the communition of solid material. The specific reason for using a macerator of this kind rather than a shearing type of cutter is that the effluent con¬ tains a large proportion of paper which a shearing blade will not cut through and which requires repeated pounding and recirculation to break it down into its constituent fibers. A cutting blade merely collects the fibers and becomes choked with the fibers so that its efficiency and effectiveness is reduced to uselessness in a very short period of time. The combination pump and control valve assembly 16, FIGS. 6 and 7, comprises, as shown, a motor-driven pump 56 and a selector valve 58. The motor-driven pump is mounted at the rear side of the treating chamber 12 and comprises a pump block 60 bolted to the supporting plate or foot plate of the toilet and a motor M2 superimposed upon the block and bolted thereto with its drive shaft 62 extending perpendicularly downwardly therefrom through suitable bearings into a pump chamber 64 in the block 60. An impeller 66 is keyed to the shaft 62 in the pump chamber 64. The pump chamber 64 contains two ports 68 and 70. The motor M2 is reversible so that by effecting rota¬ tion of the pump in one direction, the port 68 will be an intake port and the port 70 will be a discharge port and by effecting rotation of the pump in the opposite direc¬ tion, the port 68 will be a discharge port and the port 70 an intake port. The selector valve 58, FIG. 7, comprises a valve housing 72 containing a vertically arranged valve chamber 74 in which there is slidably mounted a valve spool 76, the upper end of which is connected to the lower end of a spindle 77 which extends through suitable packing 78. The protruding end of the spindle 77 is connected to the lower end of a plunger rod 80 which extends upwardly from the 18 valve assembly through the horizontal extension 17 of the bowl so as to be located forwardly of the panel 20. A 82 knob'2-Θ at the upper end of the rod provides means which may be grasped to move it upwardly and downwardly. The valve spool contains ports 84 and 96. When the port 84 is brought into alignment with.the port 70 and the pump is rotated in the proper direction, the water will be drawn into the system through the port 68 and delivered through a coupling 88 and conductor 90 into the bowl for flushing the latter. The valve housing 72 is provided with a port 92 which is connected by a pipe 94 to the port 42 in the treating chamber so that when the valve spool is moved to align the port 96 with the port 92 and the pump is reversed the effluent will be withdrawn from the treating chamber and discharged. The selector valve 58 may, as stated above, be manually actuated by lifting and depressing the rod 80. However, as shown in FIG. 8, it may be automatically actuated by means of a solenoid SOL connected to the upper end of the spindle 77. The system is controlled partly through manually operable switches and partly automatically as follows, FIGS. 9 and 10: Referring to FIGS. 1, 9 and 10, there is mounted on the panel 18 a two-position switch S3 which, in one position, effects flushing and, in the other position, discharge. Power is supplied to the system through a cir¬ cuit breaker 102 and when the power is on, this fact is indicated by a white light W adjacent the circuit breaker. It is within the scope of the invention to automate the . entire cycle of operation. It is not only necessary to macerate the effluent, but also to effect decontamination and deodori- zation and, of course, the greater the amount of macera¬ tion and, hence, reduction in particle size, the greater is the effectiveness of the decontaminant and/or deodor¬ izer. A combination decontaminant and/or deodorizer is introduced into the system in suitable form, for example, the form of a tablet directly into the bowl and, for this 4 purpose, there is provided, as shown in FIG. 1, at the rear end of the toilet seat, a slot 106 through which the tablet may be dropped. At the underside of the seat adjacent the opening 106, FIG. 4, there is a recess 108 within which there is mounted a switch assembly SI provided at its forward end with an actuator finger 112 which extends into the opening 106 and, when deflected, by dropping the table through the slot 106, will complete a circuit through the switch to start the motor Ml of the macerator. Desirably, the switch-actuating finger 112 is set so that a predetermined force is required to effect its displacement and the tablets are made strong enough to effect such displacement so that a tablet not specifi¬ cally made for this purpose will not actuate the switch and, hence, will not start the macerator. Instead of the switch SI, a sensing device of well-known kind such as a magnetic switch, photocells, proximity switch, microswitch, reed switch or the like may be used operable by, or in response to, the size, shape, hardness, color or embossment of the bacteriacide. The bacteriacide itself may be a tablet, cartridge, capsule, powder or liquid. It is within the scope of the invention to in¬ troduce the bacteriacide into the effluent prior to or after its maceration, for example, it may, as described above, be deposited in the bowl and flushed together with the effluent into the treating chamber, or it may be in¬ jected directly into the treating chamber, for example, by squirting a charge of bacteriacide directly into the treating chamber each time the bowl is flushed or the macerator is started. It is foreseen that a multiplicity of toilet systems such as described may be used in apart¬ ment-type dwelling units, might be connected by suitable plumbing to a common holding tank or discharge tank so that the macerated effluent from the entire building could be temporarily held where, for example, there is not an available sewage system, and where, for example, it is not desirable to have individual holding tanks for each unit. Such a system would eliminate the responsibility of the individual to introduce the bacteriacide into the toilet, shifting the obligation to the building manager or some other responsible person, thus making it a more foolproof system of disposal without accidental contamination through the carelessness of individual users. The effluent so collected may be recoverable as a liquid or solid, for example, by evaporation of the liquid for fertilization purposes. A large proportion, of the effluent, of course, is paper which is not valuable as a fertilizer and, fur- theimore, tends to clog plumbing. Hence, it is desirable to remove this bulk paper fiber from the treated effluent. This can be done by inserting a filter unit between the discharge side of the toilet system and the waste pipe leading to the holding tank or to the sewer system. Desirably, such a unit should be designed to be expendable so that when it becomes filled, it can be removed and replaced by a new filter. The macerator is allowed to run for a predeter¬ mined length of time as determined by a timer T to effect complete decontamination and reduction of the effluent to a particle size which is acceptable and to a bacteria count which is acceptable, whereupon the switch S3 is changed over to the discharge position and, in this posi¬ tion, will start the motor M2 of the pump to rotate the pump in a direction to discharge the macerated effluent from the system. After having run the system through a cycle for the purpose of macerating the effluent and dis¬ charging it, the system can be cleaned of any residual effluent without reintroducing a chemical and without operation of the macerator by simply flipping the switch S3 first to the flush position and then to the discharge position to circulate fresh water through the system. This may be done two or three times so that the entire system is thoroughly cleaned and will contain no residual fluids which could result in a deposit when standing in the system and become a source of bacterial growth or unpleasant odor. Prior to depositing the chemical tablet, it is, of course, necessary to shift the selector valve 58 either mechanically or electronically to a depressed position to provide for taking water into the system and prior to discharge, that is, after the macerator has completed its function, the valve must be shifted by pulling the rod upwardly. At the right-hand side of the 20 panel i8, FIG. 1, there is a white light W which in¬ dicates the power is on. At the left-hand side of the 20 .panel 18, FIG. 1, there are two lights, an amber light A in the control circuit indicating that the system is in use and a red light R indicating the treating chamber is filled and should be emptied. The selector valve 58 as described above is mechanically or electrically operated. There may be substituted for this selector valve a check valve assembly 150, FIG. 15, containing passages 152 and 154. Passage 152 is connected to the passage 68 of the rever¬ sible motor-driven pump and the passage 154 is connected to the passage 70 of the reversible motor-driven pump. The passage 154 is, in turn, connected by a check valve 156 to the conductor 88 which leads to the bowl and by a check valve 158 to the conductor 94 which leads to the treating tank. The check valves 156 and 158 are so arranged that when the pump is rotating in a direction to draw water into the passage 152 and force it through the passage 154, it will flow through the check valve 156 to the bov/l, but will be prevented from entering the conductor 94. When the pump is driven in the opposite direction, the check valve 158 will permit the treated effluent to be withdrawn from the treating tank and dis- charged by way of the passage 154 and the passage 152 while the check valve 156 will prevent entry of the 88 effluent into the conductor 188 to the bowl. Since urine is sterile and contains no solid matter, operation of the macerator is not required nor is it necessary to introduce a bacteriacide. The system may be flushed and discharged simply by flipping the switch S3 first to the flush and then to the discharge. If the toggle switch were flipped to the flush position for flushing solid effluent without also starting the macerator motor, the system would instantly become in¬ operative since the conductor pipes and ports of the pump and valve are so small in diameter that they would not pass the effluent, hence, no harm can come of actuating the toggle switch to effect discharge in the event the macerator has not been operated or has become inoperative. The conductor pipes and parts are, for this purpose, approximately 7/16 inches in diameter. The system is made ready for use by closing a master switch S as shown in FIGS. 9 and.10. Closing the switch S energizes the white light W to indicate that the power is on. In order to flush the toilet, the toggle switch S3 is moved to a position to start the pump motor M2 and held in this position until the bowl is completely flushed into the treating chamber, whereupon it is moved back to its neutral, position and-the pump motor M2 stopped. After flushing, a tablet is forced through the slot 106 and, as it passes through, it actuates the switch SI which starts the macerator motor Ml. A timer T in the macerator circuit is adapted, to be set to continue operation of the macerator for a pre¬ determined time and then to stop the macerator motor. When the macerator motor Ml stops, the amber, light A goes on. Following maceration, the toggle switch S3 is moved to a position to start the pump motor. M2 in the opposite direction and held in this position -until the treating chamber is empty, whereupon it is released and the motor M2 will stop. The circuit as thus arranged enables purging the system without operating the macerator by the simple expedient of holding the toggle switch in. the first position to charge flush water into, the treat¬ ing tank and then holding it in said second position to cause the water to be pumped out of the treating chamber. The valve 76 has to be moved in cons.onance with the pump motor to position it in a first position to admit flush water to the bowl for flushing and thereafter to a posi¬ tion to permit the effluent to be pumped out of the treating chamber when the switch is moved to the position to discharge the treating chamber. This may be effected 80 by means of the push-pull rod ,82 or by a solenoid 96, FIG. 8. Desirably, both the push-pull rod and solenoid are included in the system, the push-pull rod serving as a backup in the event that, for some reason, the solenoid fails to operate. There is a red light R on the panel which goes on when the treating chamber is filled to indicate to the user that the chamber should be emptied before reuse. A float-operated switch S2 serves to close the circuit to the red light when the effluent in the treating chamber reaches a predetermined level. The system as described above is essentially of great simplicity as compared with most systems designed for the same purpose and is particularly attractive for the reason that its design frees the system from residual accumulations which may become the source of deposits within the system. This is provided by the reversible pump which is thus self-cleaning in operation and by employing a single selector valve through which the flush water reversibly flows. Efficiency in operation is achieved by disabling the macerator during the purging of the system. Further, as previously indicated, the macerator itself is especially effective in breaking up the solid material to a fineness to promote maximum decontamination and deodorization and the fact that the configuration of the macerating chamber and its isola¬ tion from the pump provides both ideal and maximum exposure of the effluent to the macerator. An alternative toilet system is shown in FIGS. 11 and 12 wherein two motor-driven pumps 160 and 162 are used provided with motors M3 and M4. The motor-driven pump 160 as shown in FIG. 12 is provided with a fitting 166 for taking water into the system and a fitting 168 for receiving one end of a conductor 170, the other end of which is connected to the bowl 10. The pump 162 is provided with a fitting 172 which is connected by a conductor not shown to the treating tank 12 and a fitting 176 for connection to a discharge line not shown. The control circuit for the two-pump system is illustrated in FIG. 13 wherein there is a combination on/off circuit breaker switch S4 which, when placed in an on position, connects the circuit to a source of power comprising a battery so labeled. When the switch S4 is placed in the on position, a white light W1 is turned on to indicate that the power is on. A switch S5 in the circuit provides for, in one position, starting the motor M3 and its associated pump 160 to take water into the system and deliver it to the bowl for flushing. As in the previously described system, when the effluent has been flushed into the treating tank, the macerator therein is started by forcing a tablet through the slot provided for this purpose, whereupon the macerator runs for a predetermined period so as to effect complete maceration of the solid matter. During operation of the macerator, a red light R1 in the circuit is turned on to show that the macerator is running. When the macerator motor stops, the red light is extinguished, whereupon the switch S5 is moved in the other direction to the discharge position so as to start the motor M4 of the discharge pump 162 and thus discharge the treated effluent from the treating chamber to the discharge line. There are situations where there are restric- tions on the amount of water that is available and restrictions as to discharge and, for this reason, the system may be provided with a filtering unit as shown in FIG. 14 and the system closed. The filtering unit comprises a tank 180 divided by a partition 182 into two chambers 184 and 186. The chambers 184 and 186 are closed at the top by a cover 188 and are interconnected at the top by a conductor 190. The chamber 184 is filled with a plurality of particles . 192 which may be generally spherical in shape and which may be all of the same size or of different sizes. The particles 192 are buoyant and so will float on liquid delivered into the. chamber 184. These particles may be made of plastic and, desirably, have a somewhat roughened surface. A conductor 194 19-2- is mounted to the cover 188 with a portion extending into the chamber 184 to a position close to the bottom. 196 194 The upper projecting end/of the conductor 196 is connected to the discharge side of the pump 164 so that the macerated effluent withdrawn from the treating chamber is delivered into the chamber 184 near the bottom. As the effluent rises in the chamber 184, the solid matter is entrained by the particulate material so that the liquid at the top is substantially free of any solid matter. The filtering particles are sufficiently effec- tive so that the water is substantially clear at the top of the chamber 184 and this clear water flows by way of the conductor 190 into the chamber 186. A conductor 198 is mounted to the cover 188 with a portion extending down to near the bottom of the chamber 186 for withdraw- ing the clear water from the filter tank and returning .200 it to the system for flushing. The upper end/of the conductor 198 is connected to the intake side of the pump 160. Thus, there is provided a closed system wherein a predetermined quantity of water is circulated by the pump through the filter tank where the solid matter macerated by the macerator is trapped. The filter tank may be periodally cleaned either by removing the cover 188 and dumping out the filtering particles and replacing them or a drain valve may be provided at the bottom of the chamber 184 so that fresh water may be flushed through the bed of particulate material from the top to the bottom to clean the particulate material. As described hereinbefore, the flush water has been drawn into the system for flushing the bowl by a motor-driven pump and, for marine purposes, where the clean water which is to be used for the system is sea water, a pump is essential. It is very possible and contemplated within the scope of the invention to use the system in areas where the local water pressure is sufficient to supply water to the system without having to pump it and, accordingly, it is contemplated that the motor-driven intake pump may be dispensed with the con¬ ductor 172 connected directly to a domestic water pipe with a suitable valve such as normally used in any flush water and float control for shutting it off when a suffi¬ cient amount of water has been delivered to effect flush¬ ing. It should be understood that the present dis- closure is for the purpose of illustration only and in¬ cludes all modofications or improvements which fall within the scope of the appended claims.";1. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a reversible, motor-driven pump operable in one direction to supply flush water to the bowl to flush the same, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof in isolation from any other fluid and a two-position valve operable in one position to cause the pump to effect flushing of . the bowl and in the other position to effect dis¬ charge of the treated effluent. 2. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solidmatter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a reversible, motor-driven pump, a treating chamber, valve means operable when the pump is rotated in one direction to take water into the system through a port and deliver it to the bowl to flush the latter and when the pump is rotated in the opposite direction to withdraw the effluent from the treating chamber and discharge it through the same port, macerator means in the treating chamber for macerating the effluent when flushed into the treating chamber and means for supplying a bacteriacide to the treating chamber. 3. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a reversible, motor-driven pump, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl thereinto, a macerator in the treating chamber operable to effect maceration of the effluent therein, means for supplying a bac¬ teriacide to the treating chamber so as to be present therein during the period of operation of the macerator, valve means movable to a position to con¬ nect the pump to the bowl for supplying flush water to the bowl to flush the effluent into the treating chamber and to another position to connect the pump to the treating chamber for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber and means for effecting rotation of the motor-driven pump in a direction to take water into the system when the valve is in the one position and in a direction to discharge the treated effluent from the system when the valve is in the other position. 4. A toilet system according to claim 3 wherein there is a switch for reversing the motor-driven pump and means for shifting the valve. 5. A toilet system according to claim 3 wherein a bac¬ teriacide is used to render the effluent innocuous during the maceration thereof and there is means operable by deposit of the bacteriacide in the bowl to automatically start the macerator. 6. A toilet system according to claim 5 wherein, the treating chamber is of a predetermined capacity such as to receive a predetermined volume of effluent for maceration in isolation and wherein the motor-driven pump is designed to discharge the entire amount of the treated effluent from the treating chamber. 7. A toilet system according to claim 6 wherein there is means for terminating the treating cycle within a predetermined time. 8. A toilet system according to claim 3 wherein there is a double-acting switch operable in one position to effect rotation of the motor-driven pump in the direction to take in flush water for cleaning the bowl and in the other position to discharge the cleaning water from the treating chamber without concurrent operation of the macerator. ' 9. A toilet system according to claim 3 wherein there is a slot for receiving and guiding a tablet into the bowl and a switch for initiating operation of the macerator provided with an actuating arm located in a position such that a tablet passing through the slot .will actuate the switch and thus initiate opera¬ tion of the macerator. 10. A toilet system comprising a bowl, a treating chamber to which the bowl is connected for receiving effluent from the bowl, a macerator in the treating chamber, a reversible, motor-driven pump, a two- position selector valve movable to one position to cause the pump in one direction of rotation to take water into the system and deliver it to the bowl to effect flushing and in the other position to cause the pump in the other direction of rotation to empty the treating chamber and discharge the effluent from the system, switch means for controlling the direc¬ tion of rotation of the motor-driven pump and means for changing the position of the two-position valve. 11. A toilet system according to* claim 10 wherein the bowl is connected to the top of the treating chamber by way of a splash guard, and the treating chamber is emptied through a port at the bottom thereof. 12. A toilet system according to claim 10 wherein the treating chamber is designed to contain the effluent in isolation during maceration and to be completely emptied following maceration. 13. A toilet system according to claim 10 wherein the bottom of the treating chamber is toroidal in vertical and diametral section. 14. A toilet system according to claim 10 wherein-the macerator is motor-driven, there is means for receiving a tablet and conducting it into the bowl and a switch operable by receipt of the tablet to start the macerator motor. 15. A toilet system comprising a bowl, treating chamber to which the bowl is connected for receiving effluent from the bowl, a motor-driven macerator in the treating chamber, a reversible motor-driven pump, a two-position selector valve movable to one position to cause the pump in one direction of rotation to take water into the system and deliver it to the bowl to effect flushing and in the other* position to cause the motor in the other direction of rotation to empty the treating chamber and discharge the effluent from the system, and a control circuit including a toggle switch operable in one position to actuate the pump motor to rotate in one direction and in the other in the. opposite direction, a solenoid connected to the two position valve operable by actuation of the toggle switch to move it to the - appropriate position for the direction of rotation of the pump motor, a switch actuatable upon entry of a bacteriacide into the treating chamber to start the macerator pump and a timer for. terminating opera¬ tion of the macerator pump following a predetermined interval. 16. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein there is an ON-OFF switch for supplying power to the control circuit. 17. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein there is an indicator light which becomes illuminated when the ON-OFF switch is on, indicating that the power is on. 18. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein there is an IN-USE light operable when the macerator pump is in operation to indicate that the system is in use. 19. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein there is a FULL light operable when the level of the effluent in the treating chamber reaches a pre¬ determined level. 20. A toilet system according to claim 15 wherein the pump is ported with 7/16 inch intake and discharge ports such as to completely block passages of any unmacerated solid matter. 21. A toilet system capable of rendering effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to a microparticle size comprising a bowl, a treating tank for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the content thereof, means for in¬ troducing water to the bowl to effect flushing and for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber and a two-position switch operable in one position to effect initiation of water to the bowl and in the other position to effect dis¬ charge of the treated effluent from the treating chamber. 22. A toilet system capable of rendering effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter to micro¬ particle size comprising a bowl, a treating chamber for receiving the effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the content thereof, motor-driven . pump means for supplying fresh water to the bowl to effect flushing and for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber following macera- tion and a two-position switch operable in one position to effect flushing and in the other position to effect discharge. 23. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof, first means for introducing water into the bowl, second means for discharging the treated effluent from the treating tank and filter means interposed between said first and second means such as to provide a closed circuit for repeated circulation of a predetermined quantity of liquid in the system. 24. A toilet system.according to claim 23 wherein the filter comprises a tank containing a plurality of buoyant particles which float upon the disseminated effluent and wherein the first means delivers the disseminated effluent to the bottom of the tank and the second means removes the filtered water from the top of the tank. 25. A toilet system according to claim 23 wherein the filter means comprises a tank divided into two chambers, one of which contains a mass of buoyant particles, conductor means connected to the first means for delivering the macerated effluent to said one chamber, a conductor connecting the top of the one chamber to the other chamber, and a conductor connecting the bottom of the other chamber to the second means. 26. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid material .therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, .a treating tank for receiving effluent flushed f om the bowl . for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof, a valve and conductor connecting the bowl to a source of water pressure operable to effect flushing of he bowl, a motor connected to the treating chamber for effect- ing discharge thereof and a two-position switch operable in one position to open the valve to effect flushing of the bowl and in the other position to energize the pump to effect discharge of the treating chamber. 27. A toilet system capable of rendering the effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof, a motor-driven pump for supplying flush water to the bowl to effect flushing and for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber following maceration and a valve comprising a flow passage and two checks, one of which connects the flow passage to the bowl and the other of which connects the flow passage to the treating tank. 28. A toilet system capable of rendering effluent innocuous and reducing the solid matter therein to microparticle size comprising a bowl, a treating chamber for receiving effluent flushed from the bowl for treatment, a macerator in the treating chamber for macerating the contents thereof, a motor-driven pump for supplying flush water to the bowl to effect flushing and for discharging the treated effluent from the treating chamber following maceration and a valve containing two one-way gates, one of which is opened by operation of the pump in a direction to supply water to the bowl and the other of which is closed and the other of which is opened by operation of the pump in a direction to discharge the effluent from the treating chamber and the one is closed.;ALBERTASSI J H, HEINZE W O;INT WATER SAVING SYST INC, INTERNATIONAL WATER SAVING SYSTEMS INC;1978
+WO-1978000014-A1;19781221.0;19780608;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25189784.0;C02B9;E02B15;B63B35, E02B15;E02B  15/04C3;METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR OIL SKIMMING;Method and apparatus for removing oil from water surfaces including a self-propellable vessel having a catamaran type hull (10, 12) defining an oil collection channel (16) therebetween through which is advanced a series of loosely supported, parallel flexible rope belts (38) of floating oil collecting material which are moved countercurrent to the direction of vessel advance at substantially zero differential velocity relative to the water surface to pick up the oil on the surface. The rope belts (38) float freely on the water surface and are free to move vertically and longitudinally under the action of the water. Lateral deflection of the ropes under the action of debris or other obstruction is also possible. The free floating nature of the flexible belts (38) prevents adverse headwaves from being formed at their initial contact with the water surface and allows relatively high vessel speeds.;"Method and Apparatus for.Oil Skimming Background of the Invention 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a method and apparatus for remov¬ ing oil from a water surface and particularly to an improved method and apparatus for effecting the continuous removal and recovery of large quantities of oil from extended area water surfaces. 2. General Background and Prior Art. Pollution of natural waterways and defining marginal land masses, such as harbors, rivers, lakes and defining shore lines and even open seas by oil floating on the water surface is of primary environmental significance. Recent years have witnessed ever increasing quantities of oil spillage from tanker or barge damage, drilling accidents, tank cleaning or other sources with attendant environmental damage to both land and water. Such has been accompanied by an ever increasing public concern both with the problem and with the apparent inability of current technology to ameliorate, much less to solve, the problem of large volume oil spillage. Although many expedients have been proposed for effecting the removal and collection of oil floating on water prior to adjacent land mass contamination, such as dispersion, skimming, absorbtion, burning and the like, such efforts have been gener¬ ally ineffective, at least insofar as oil spills of any large quantity and consequent areal size are concerned or where water surface turbulence of anything over minimal character is in¬ volved. Prior attempts at the design of skimmers, crafts which move throughout an oil slick and collect the oil therefrom, have pro¬ ved to have very limited effectiveness. An inherent problem with these devices is that they all present a rigid structure, usually in the form of a belt assembly with a rigid support, to the on¬ coming oil. When such a moving rigid structure is presented to an oil slick a ""headwave"" is formed in the oil near the structure. At very low relative velocities of the headwave becomes hydro- dynamically unstable. Studies have shown that at relative speeds in excess of approximately 1.25 knots the headwave breaks up, a entrained droplets of oil are swept past the oncoming structure Studies have also shown that this phenomenon occurs even the structure is provided with a continuously moving belt of o collecting material. Thus, a serious limitation of "" prior skimm designs has been that they can only operate at speeds of t order of 1 knot if they are to have any significant collecti efficiency at all. A further complication that has materially militated again prompt resolution of oil spill problems is the totally unpredic able nature of the causes thereof and the widespread geograph areas within which which such spills may occur. As a practic matter, the necessary time that passes between the initiation- an oil spill and the physical availablity of any collection mea at the locus thereof usually permits the spread of the spill oil over an area that far exceeds the ability of any present d techniques for collecting or otherwise handling the same. As corollary to the above, all problems attendant oil removal a markedly accelerated as the gallonage of the spill increase both with respect to the geograpic ' areas involved and wi respect to disposition of the collected oil itself. Prior patents of possible interest are cited below: PRIOR ART PATENTS U.S. Patent No. Patentee(s) Issue Date 3,643,804 D. E. Sharpton 2/22/72 3,668,118 H. M. Rhodes 6/6/72 3,670,896 F. E. Hale, Jr. 6/20/72 3,744,257 W. F. Spanner 7/10/73 3,968,041 E. A. De Voss 7/6/76 4,061,569 J.A. Bennett, ETAL 12/6/77 General Discussion of the Invention This invention may be briefly described as an improved me¬ thod and apparatus for removing oil from a water surface and which, in its preferred embodiment, includes a modularly asse b- lable, self-propellable catamaran type vessel defining a longi¬ tudinal oil collection channel of inverted U-shape. Large surface areas of oil collecting material for example, polypropylene, in the form of elongate endless belts or ropes are freely and loosely supported on the water surface to move therewith and are abvanced through the inverted U-shaped channel countercurrent to the direction of vessel advance and preferrably at a zero differential velocity relative to the water surface to maximixe oil collection. The preferred oil collecting material is polypro¬ pylene, formed in thin strips and radially disposed about a core belt or rope. Although oil collecting material in continuous flat wide belt or sheet form is possible and contemplated in the present invention, a series of independent rope belts is greatly preferred because it allows further freedom of movement in the lateral direction between the individual belts due to the presence of debris or other obstacles. Associated therewith and disposed upon a deck structure bridging the catamaran hulls are means for advancing the oil collecting material concurrently with the movement of the catama¬ ran vessel through the water and for removing the collected oil prior to the reintroduction of the material into the oil collec¬ tion channel. In its narrower aspects, the subject invention includes the conjoint usage of the catamaran hulls or sections thereof to temporarily store the oil removed from the water sur¬ faces. Among other advantages of the subject invention is the pro¬ vision of a self-propellable oil collection vessel that serves to maximize the collection of oil and the separation efficiency of the oil collecting material employed with respect to the quantity of oil exposed to collection and the time of explosable contact therebetween. Further advantages accrue in oil collection and efficiency when the multiple strip poypropylene ropes used. Still further advantages include provision of a collect method and apparatus that is effectively operative independent sea conditions both with respect to surface turbulence and to presence of floating debirs thereon. Still other advanta include the provision of increased oil storage facilities with detrimental diminution of oil collection efficiency and provision of a readilly assemblable modular structure that easily transportable for rapid assembly at the locus of intended use thereof^ An object of this invention is the provision of impro method and apparatus for effecting the collection of oil from surface of water in calm waters as well as in relativ turbulent waters when needed and at relattively high speeds. Other objects and advantages of the subject invention w become apparent from the following specification and from appended drawings which illustrate, in accord with the mandate the patent statutes, a certain presently preferred embodiment oil collection apparatus embodying the principles of this inv tion. Brief Description of Drawings For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like parts are given like reference numerals and wherein: Figure 1 is a schematic plan view of an improved oil collec¬ tion apparatus incorporating the principles of this invention. Figure 2 is a schematic side elevation of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 1; and Figure 3 is a vertical section as taken on the line 3-3 of Figure 1. Detailed Description of the Preferred Embodiment Referring to the drawings there is provided a catamaran t vessel formed of a pair of elongate spaced hull sectio.ns 10, spanned by a deck section 14 suitably constituted, at least part, of metal grating or the like and supported by a plural of cross beams removably securable to the hull sections 10, The transversely spaced hull sections 10 and 12 and the overly deck assembly generally define an inverted generally U-shaped collection channel 16 running the full length of the vessel w the surface of the water disposed intermediate the hull sectio The hull section 10, 12 and overlying decking may be pref ricated in easily assemblable modular sections of, for examp readily transportable 20 foot lengths, and detachably joined at 18 to form an assembled structure. Further, the hull secti 10, 12 are of multi-co partmented construction. Some of th compartments may be filled with buoyant foam material wh others may be utilized for storage of collected oil. As will hereinafter become apparent, and is clear from F ure 2, the oil collecting material herein employed is slack loose when the vessel is at rest and thus floats loosely upon water surface and allows substantial ""give"" or movement of t material under water action; hence particular depth of catamar hull section immersion is not a critical or determinati operative parameter and additionally this looseness allows oper tion of the vessel at higher speeds as discussed more ful below. Mounted in the stern portion of each of the catamaran hu sections 10, 12 in an inboard motor 20 controllable both as speed and helm response from an operating console 22 mounted the deck section 14. Although having the vessel being sel propellable is preferred, it is of course possible to utili some of the basic principles of the present invention in a tow type or other type movable vessel. Peripherally disposed abo the deck section 14 is a guard rail assembly 24. The oil collecting material employed in the practice of the herein described invention may be any of a number of types of materials. For example, sponge may be used, in a sheet or other continuous belt configuration, for collection by absorbtion. However, the material preferred for use in the present invention is polypropylene, formed into the structure disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,668,118. Such structure is essentially comprised of an elongate core strand having a multiplicity of thin guage narrow polypropylene strips extending generally radially there¬ from and constituting a relatively loose mass of individually discrete strands or strips that compositely provide a markedly extensive or expanded surface area for the oleophilic attraction and adherence of oil. As is apparent from the disclosure of such patent, the composite structure is both easy to handle and effective in removing the olepohilically adherent- oil from the oleophilic material prior to its reexposure to oil . Such material will hereinafter be termed an ""elongate oleophilic rope element"" or ""elongate oleophlic rope material."" Mounted on the fore portions of the deck section 14 are a pair of oleophlic rope element driving and oil separation assem¬ blies, generally designated 30 and 32 respectively. As best shown in Figure 2, each of these assemblies includes a pair of compres- sively engaged drive rollers 34, 36, adapted to advance an assem¬ blage of a plurality of elongate oleophilic rope elements, for example, three endless belt type oil ropes 38a, 38b, and 38c in the direction indicated by the directional arrows 40. Associated therewith are a plurality of guide rollers 44 and 46 to direct the path of travel of the elongate oleophlic rope elements from the drive rollers 34, 36 downwardly into loose, floating disposi¬ tion on the water surface intermediate the catamaran hull sections 10 and 12 adjacent to the bow of the vessel. As can be seen in Figure 2, the lowermost bow guide roller 46 is located substantially above the water line ""W.L."" (for example three feet above in an exemplary vessel of forty feet in length) with the ropes having several extra feet of slack which allows the slack oil collecting material 38 to contact and ride onto the init contacted water surface freely or loosely with substantial "" permitting it (note 38') to be easily moved longitudinal vertically in response to wave or other water action, as we laterally. Additionally preferably no further guide roll other longitudinal or vertical movement restriction mean provided along the length of the oil collection material 38 it is in the water or close thereto. The rope elements 38 float freely on the wate surface without being taut or ri presented or under any substantial tension or restraint ad to the water surface contact and its contemplated movement. Suitable spacing means, such as vertically disposed ba mounted at each end to a housing 54, are desirably includ maintain the elongate oleophilic rope elements,* for example 38b and 38c, in a desired laterally spaced relation .during travel through the drive asemblies 30 and 32. Mounted on the rear of the deck section 14 and prefe well above the water level ""W.L."" is a guide roll assemb adapted to elevate the oil saturated oleophilic rope ele from engagement with the water surface and to direct them an elongate catch pan 52 on which they are supported during advance as effected by the drive rollers 34, 36. Suitable such as radially extending plates or flanges are included i guide rolls assembly 50 to maintain the oil rope belt laterally spaced relation. The catch pan 52 drains towar driving and separation assemblies 30, 32. Each of the oleopo rope element driving and oil separation assemblies 30 includes a housing 54 and an oil sump from which collected o transferred via schematically illustrated conduit 58 and pu are also utilized to transfer collected oil from the compart 62 to other storage vessels. In using the described unit, the separated modular co ents thereof are adapted to be shipped via air or other means of transportation to the locus of their intended us there assembled. By way of example, the main modular compo thereof may comprise the illustrated two catamaran hull sections, the deck gratings, the oleophilic rope clement driving and oil sepoaration assemblies, the control console assemblies and the like, or may include further sub-assemblies thereof. At "" or near the locus of use, the readily transportable modules are readily assembled to form the structure depicted in the drawings. The assembled structure is then towed to or drive under its own power to the locus of spillage. In operation, the illustrated vessel is adapted to be ad¬ vanced through the oil spill at a predetermined speed. For the purposes of explanation, such rate of advance may be considered as the water moving from the bow to the stern at a rate of Vw knots. Concurrently therewith, the oleophilic rope element driv¬ ing and oil separation assemblies 30 and 32 are adjusted to ef¬ fect a displacement of those portions of the endless belt elong- gate oleophilic rope elements floating upon the water and dis¬ posed within the oil collection channel intermediate the cata¬ maran hull sections 10 and 12 in the bow to stern direction at a predetermined speed, for example, at a rate of V knots. As best shown in Figure 1, each of the oleophilic rope element driving and oil separation assemblies serves a plurality of separate and discrete endless belt type elongate oleophlic rope elements and whose composite transverse extend substantially fills the trans¬ verse space between the hull sections 10 and 12. As will now be apparent, if the speed of displacement V of the elongate oleophilic rope elements is substantially equal to or slightly in excess of that of V of the elongate oleophilic rope elements is substantially equal to or slightly in excess of that of V , optimum conditions will be established with respect to dwell time for oleophlic pick up of the oil on the strands of the oleophlic rope material. Thus, if the transverse extent of the channel formed between the hull sections is substantially filled with the floating oleophilic mop material and the differential speed relation between such material and the water surface is main¬ tained at a minimal or zero value as described above, essentially optimum conditions, effectively, independent of water surface condition or the presence of ' floating debris, can be established and maintained for enhanced oil pick up on a quantitative basis. As is also now apparent, each set of the elongate oleophilic rope elements, for example, 3aa, 38b, 28c, will sclective- ely and preferentially entrain oil from the water surface an they pass upwardly and over the guide roll assembly 50 effe vely separate appreciable quantities of the oil from the w surface. The guide roll assembly 50 directs the elongage o philic rope elements 38 on to the surface of the catch pan 5 support the same as it is advanced into the bite of the pressively engaged drive rollers 34 and 36. The drive roller and 36, which preferably have a surface of elastically deform material, serve both to advance the endless belts of elon oleophilic rope material in the manner described and to pressively squeeze or otherwise displace most of the entra oil from the surfaces of the elongate oleophilic rope materia it advances therepast. Such separated oil is collected in sumps from which it is removed and stored in the tank section of the catamaran hull sections 10 and 12. As will no apparent, the depth of immersion of the catamaran hull sect 10 and 12 is not critical since all collection activity t place on the water surface within the channel marginally def by such hull sections. The loose floatation of the oil collec materials, such as the elongate oleophilic rope elements 38, only maintains the same contact with the floating oil but renders the unit effectively impervious to floating debris or in the water, and within limits, to the degree of turbulenc the water surface since the free floating oleophilic mate will travel over and around any debris and will generally con to the water surface contour. The permitted control of the differentiated velocity bet the floating elongate oleophilic rope elements and the ve velocity permits high efficiency utilization of the oleoph capabilities of the rope elements and consequent high volume high efficiency oil separation from the water surface in a mobility vehicle under widely varying conditions of operation Exemplary dimensions for a vessel as illustrated and actually buit, tested and successfully used are a forty (12.2m) aluminum catamaran vessel for inland waters use. Such a vessel can be disassembled and the total vessel stored in two eight-foot-by-eight-foot-by-twenty-foot standard containers. The vessel was powered by two diesel engine driven outdrives and was designed for recovery rates of up to one hundred and seventy-five gp (662 1/m) . Each hull had its own plant and oil recovery system and was capable of operating independently of each other. The vessel had an on-board storage capability of two thousand gallons (7,570 1) and its own discharge pumps for unloading purposes. Further specfications and exemplary details are outlined below: -DIMENSION SPECIFICATIONS- LOA 39'- 8"" ( 12 .1 m) Beam 13' - 2"" ( 4.01 m) Draft (empty) 1' - 0"" ( .305m) Endurance Time 16 hours Radius Operation 125 N.M. (231 km) Engines ( 2) GM 3-53 N Fuel 200 gal. (750L) Oil Recovery Rate 175 gpm (662 1/m) - -OIL RECOVERY SYSTEM- (2) ""Oil Mop"" Mark 11-9 recovery systems (6) Continuous loop ""Oil Mop"" 10"" (254 mm) ropes 35' (10.7m) long ea. (2) 135 GPM (511 1/m) independent sump/discharge pumps (6) Independent oil tanks (2000 gal. [7,570.1] total) (2) Manifolds for -fill and discharge (6) Manholes (one into each tank). A vessel at least generally identical to the foregoing was successfully tested for effective oil recovery at speeds up to five kts. The foregoing details and examples are merely exemplary, and subject to great variation within the scope of the present invention. Thus the vessel land its oil collecting materials can be of various sizes and configurations from for example a single hull with the oil collecting materials hung off its side to the preferred multi-hull configurations with centrally defined chan¬ nels. Thus, while the fundamental novel features of -invention been shown and described, it should be undrstood that var substitutions, modifications and variations may be made wit departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Accordin all such modifications and variations are included in the sop the invention as defined by the following claims.";"What is Claimed is: 1. A vessel suitable for removing and collecting oil float¬ ing oh the surface of water comprising: (a) an elongate hull defining at least in part an oil coll¬ ection area and having means for advancing the hull through the water; and (b) support means associated with said hull supporting at least one oveable belt or pliant, water floatable oil collecting material to float loosely upon the water surface in the oil collecting area to collect oil floating upon the water surface with the material's initial water surface contact area being free to move vertically and longitudinally under the action of the water. 2. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein there is further included drive means associated with said hull for moving the oil collecting material longitudinally through the oil collecting area and wherein said drive means includes control means for controlling the speed* of advance of the oil colleting material through the oil collection channel. 3. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 2 wherein said drive means also serves as separating means for separating the oil > from the oil collecting material after the oil collecting material is removed from the surface of the water and wherein the drive means and the separating means comprise at least one pair of compress- ively engaged rollers. 4. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 including stronger means associated with said hull for storing the separated oil on the water. 5. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said oil collecting material comprises multiplicities of thin strips of oleophilic material suitably arranged on said belt to present- a fibrous mass to said oil covered water surface. 6. Apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said belt endless and comprises a continuous rope-like formation of s oil collecting material. 7. The appartatus as set forth in Claim 6 "" wherein s rope-like formation of oil collecting material comprises m plicities of thin strips of oleophilic material generally ra ally disposed about a central rope-like belt. 8. The apparatus as set forth in Claims 5 or 7 wherein s oleophilic material comprises polypropylene. 9. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 6 wherein said s port means includes means for supporting a series of said be disposed in parallel, side-by-side disposition in the oil co ecting area. 10. A vessel for removing and collecting oil floating the surface of water comprising: a. a pair of laterally spaced elongate hull sections fining a longitudinally disposed oil channel therebetween; b. deck means bridging said laterally spaced hull secti and overyling said oil collection channel; c. means for advancing said vessel at a predetermined sp through water having oil on the surface thereof; d. a series of parallel, side-by-side endless belts pliant water floatable oleophilic material each having a port thereof disposed within said oil collection channel substantia parallel to the longitudinal axis thereof, the oleophilic ma rial of each belt being adapted to float loosely and freely u the water surface within the oil collection channel and to c lect oil floating upon said water surface by holding such oil it at adherent interfacial relation therewith; e. a guide roll assembly disposed at the stern.of the v sel; c. controlling said speed of hull section advance and collecting material to render the differential therebetween s stantially zero; 11. 45. The method of Claim 9 further comprising the steps of: a-. introducing said oil collecting material to the water surface at a generally forward location in said collection chan¬ nel; * b. removing said oil collecting material from the water surface at a generally rearward location in said collection chan- ne1; and c. removing the collected oil from said oil collecting ma¬ terial. , , 12. 44. The method of Claim 1-5- wherein said belt is endless and there is further included the steps of: 1) advancing said belt as it slackly floats on the water said surface in s-as-i-B water collection section as said vessel moves across the water in a direction countercurrent to the direction of the vessel movement; and ii) controlling the relative longitudinal speeds of said vessel and of the floating belt portion to render the difference therebetween substantially zero. 11 13. t . The invention claimed in Claims 1, 5, 9 or i5 wherein oil the portion of said belt in said et collection section or channel extends longitudinally along the water surface in contact there¬ with a substantial distance of the order of some feet. AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 20 November 1978 (20.11.78) What is Claimed is: 1. A marine vessel suitable for removing and collec ing oil floating on the surface of water comprising: (a) an elongate hull defining at least in part extended oil collection area and having means associat with the vessel for advancing the hull through the wate and (b) support means associated with said hull for su porting at least one moveable belt of pliant, water floa able oil collecting material to float at least in pa loosely and slackly upon the water surface in the o collecting area to collect oil floating upon the water ^ su face with the material's initial water surface contact ar being free to move by itself vertically and longitudinal under the action of the water. 2. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the is further included drive means associated with said hu for moving the oil collecting material longitudinal through the oil collecting area and wherein said drive mea includes control means for controlling the speed of advan of the oil collecting material through the oil collecti area. 3. The apparatus of Claim 2 including separating mea associated with said hull for separating the oil from t oil collecting material after the oil collecting material removed from the surface of the water by said drive means. 4. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 3 wherein said drive means also serves as said separating means, and wherein the drive means and the separating means comprise at least one pair of compressively engaged rollers. 5. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 3 including storage means associated with said hull for storing the separated oil on the vessel. 6. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 including said belt(s) being freely supported on said support means from the initial contact area and back therefrom a substan¬ tial distance. 7. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 6 wherein said belt(s) of oil collecting material comprise(s) multiplici¬ ties of thin strips of oleophilic material suitably arranged on said belt to present a fibrous mass to the water surface. 8. Apparatus as set forth in Claim 6 wherein said belt(s) comprise(s) endless belt(s). 9. Apparatus as set forth in Claim 8 wherein said belt(s) comprise(s) a continuous, rope-like formation of said oil collecting material. 10. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 9 wherein said rope-like formation of oil collecting material com¬ prises mutiplicities of thin strips of oleophilic material at least generally radially disposed about a central rope-like belt. 11. The apparatus as set forth in Claims 7 or 1 wherein said oleophilic material comprises polypropylene. 12. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 1 wherein sai support means includes means for supporting a series of sai belts disposed in parallel, side-by-side disposition in th extended oil collecting area. 13. A marine vessel for removing and collecting oi floating on the surface of water comprising: a. a pair of laterally spaced elongate hull section defining a longitudinally disposed, extended oil collectio channel therebetween; b. deck means associated with said hull sections an overlying said oil collection channel for bridging an connecting together said laterally spaced hull sections; c. propulsion means associated with said hull section for advancing said hull sections through water having oil o the surface thereof; d. support means associated with said hull sections for supporting movable belts and a set of parallel, side-by-side endless belts of pliant, water floatable oi collecting material mounted on and supported by said suppor means with each belt having a portion thereof dispose within said extended oil collection channel substantiall parallel to the longitudinal axis thereof, the oil col lecting material of each belt being supported by sai support means to float loosely, slackly and freely upon th water surface within said oil collection channel with th material's initial water contact area being free to move b itself vertically and longitudinally under the action of the water and being adapted to collect oil floating upon the water surface by holding the oil on it in adherent inter- facial relation therewith; e. guide assemblies associated with said hull sec¬ tions and disposed aft of the initial water contact area and of said drive means; f. drive means associated with said hull sections for advancing the endless belts of oil collecting material through said oil collection channel in a direction such that the portions of the endless belts of oil collecting material disposed within said oil collection channel are advanced countercurrent to the direction of vessel advance through the water and for further advancing the endless belts of oil collecting material over the guide assemblies elevating the oil collecting material from engagement with the water surface; and g. separating means associated with said hull sections for separating the oil from the oil collecting material prior to the reintroduction of the oil collecting material back into the oil collection channel. 14. The apparatus as set forth in Claim. 13 wherein the drive means includes control means for controlling the speed of advance of the oil collecting material through said oil collecting channel. 15. The apparatus as set ' forth in Claim 13 wherein th drive means and separating means are at least in par combined and comprise at least one pair of compressivel engaged rollers. 16. The apparatus as set forth in Claim 13 furthe comprising catch pan means associated with said deck mean and disposed under said oil collecting material in it return path from said guide assemblies for supporting sai oil collecting material and catching oil falling therefro as it is advanced from said guide assemblies to said driv means. 17. The apparatus of Claim 13 wherein said oi collecting material is oleophilic material. 18. The apparatus of Claim 17 wherein said oleophli material presents a fibrous mass to the water surface. 19. The apparatus of Claim 18 wherein said fibrou mass comprises a rope-like formation having multiplicitie of thin strips of oleophilic material at least generall radially disposed about a central rope-like belt. 20. In the emoval of oil from a water surface method comprising the steps of: (a) advancing a marine vessel having a longitudinall disposed, extended oil collection area through the oi covered water; (b) supporting and concurrently advancing at least o elongate, pliant belt of oil collecting material counter current to the direction of vessel advance through the water while slackly and flexibly suspending it on the water -surface in..said oil collection area and while allowing "" the oil collecting material in at least the initial portion of said area to freely move by itself vertically and longi¬ tudinally under the action of the water; and (c) removing the oil collecting material from the water surface to separate the collected oil from the material. 21. The method of Claim 20 further comprising the steps of: (a) introducing said oil collecting material to the water surface at a generally forward location in said collection area and allowing it to remain in contact with the water over an extended distance of some feet; (b) removing said oil collecting material from the water surface at a generally rearward location from said collection area; and (c) removing the collected oil from said oil collec¬ ting material on the vessel and returning the material to the water in said air collection area for further oil collecting. 22. The method of removing oil floating on a water surface comprising the steps of: (a) providing a vessel defining at least one side of a longitudinally disposed, extended oil collection area having at least one floatable, pliant belt of pliant, water floatable oil collecting material adapted to float slack and flexibly upon the water in said area; (b) moving the vessel in the longitudinal directi across the water while supporting said material of sa belt(s) in said area to float loosely and slackly upon t water surface with its initial water/oil contact porti being free to move vertically and longitudinally by itse in said oil collection area under the action of the water said oil collection area as the vessel moves across t water; and (c) retrieving said belt(s) from the water at generally rearward location from said collection area. 23. The method of Claim 22 wherein said belt(s) endless and there is further included the steps of: (i) advancing said belt(s) as it slackly floats on t water surface in said water collection area .as said vess moves across the water in a direction countercurrent to t direction of vessel movement; and ii) controlling the relative longitudinal speeds said vessel and of the floating belt portion in sa collection area to render the difference therebetween su stantially zero. 24. The invention claimed in Claims 1, 13, 20 or wherein the portion of said belt(s) in said oil collecti STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19 Enclosed are substitute claim pages (pages 13-20 ) for the originally filed pages 13-15 for the above-identifie patent application. ""New"" claims 1-24 are very similar to the originally filed claims 1-17 in substantitve content and scope, but are rewritten versions of the original claims to put them in better form and to more clearly define applicant's inventive concept. The ""new"", substitute claims do not include any new matter not found in the original specification and claims as filed. area or channel extends longitudinally along the wate surface in contact therewith a substantial distance, of th order of-some feet.";MCLELLAN C;MCLELLAN C, OIL MOP INTERNATIONAL INC, OIL MOP INC;1978
+WO-1978000019-A1;19781221.0;19780612;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25192733.0;F24J3;;F24J2;F24J   2/13, F24J   2/18;ENERGY CONCENTRATOR SYSTEM;A radiant energy concentrator system (10) for maximizing the amount of radiation flux (18) impinging and being absorbed in a particular area. The concentrator system (10) includes a stationary spherical reflector (12) which is fixedly secured to a base surface (16) or ground element. A receiver (14) having an extended length in a particular direction extends partially internal to the concave spherical envelope of the reflector (12) and is adapted to be maintained in a direction substantially parallel to the incident radiation (18) impinging and being reflected from the spherical reflector (12). The receiver (14) is displaced in a manner maintaining the extended length of the receiver (14) in a parallel direction to the incident radiation (18) responsive to directional ray variations of the incident radiation (18) impinging on the spherical reflector (12). Secondary radiation concentration devices (90) are mounted on the receiver (14) for reflecting radiation initially reflected from the reflector (12) back onto the reflector (12) and then back to the receiver (14) for absorption.;"ENERGY CONCENTRATOR SYSTEM BACKGROUND OP THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to energy conservation systems In particular, this invention relates to an energy con¬ centrator system for maximizing the input of energy flux into a particular area. Still further, this invention relates to a radiant energy concentrator system utilizing a stationary reflector and a movably actuated receiver system where incident energy is reflected from the re¬ flector to the receiver. More in particular, this in¬ vention pertains to a radiant energy concentrator system whereby the receiver is movable in a two axis rotation for maintenance of the extended length of the receiver in a parallel direction to incident radiation being applied from an external source to the spherical reflec¬ tor. Still further, this invention relates to a radiant energy concentrator system where reflected radiant energy is applied along a line of focus of the spheri¬ cal reflector to be intercepted by the receiver. Addi¬ tionally, this invention pertains to a radiant energy concentrator system utilizing a secondary concentration device mounted on the receiver for re-reflecting radiant energy initially reflected from the receiver mechanism back to an outer wall of the receiver for absorption of such energy. PRIOR ART Energy concentrating systems are well-known in the art. However, in some prior systems, the reflector portion of the system was movable responsive to the directional variations of the incident radiation from an external source. In such prior systems, in order to achieve significant amounts of radianύ energy from an external source such as the sun, large surface areas of the reflectors were necessary. Thus, extre¬ mely sturdy support members had to be utilized for movement support of the reflectors of such prior art systems. This increased ' the cost of such systems which had the disadvantage of making then uneconomical. Additionally, in prior art systems, where the re¬ flector was movable, wind forces had to be taken into account. This further increased the necessity for high load bearing structural members and reduced the accuracy of the focusing of the reflected radiant energy. In other prior art systems of energy concentration, the overall concept was to concentrate the energy to a point focus. In general, the concentration in this concept is through use of paraboloid reflector. In order to achieve focus to a point when utilizing a paraboloid of revolution, the incident radiation should be directed substantially parallel to the axis of the paraboloid. In such systems, when the incident radia¬ tion is to be maintained parallel to the axis of the paraboloid, the reflector must be displaced or a helio- stat must be utilized which redirects the light or radiant energy to the paraboloid of revolution. In either case, it was found that the heliostat or the ■ paraboloid of revolution must be displaced and mecha¬ nisms having large surface areas had to be moved. Thus, such prior systems had increased cost and a corresponding decrease in accuracy. Additionally in some prior art systems, the rays being reflected to a receiver area, once having inter¬ cepted the receiver area were dissipated by reflection to the external environment. In some of these prior * systems, there were no secondary concentrating devices in order to utilize the reflections from the- receiver units. Thus, additional energy was wasted in the overall concentrating -systems. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A radiant energy concentrator system which includes a reflector fixedly secured to a base surface for re¬ flecting incident radiation impinging thereon from an energy source. A receiver having an extended length in a predetermined direction is maintained in a direc¬ tion substantially parallel with the incident radiation, A secondary radiation concentration device is mounted on the receiver for further concentrating the reflected radiation to the receiver. The concentrator system ' includes a receiver displacement mechanism secured to the receiver for maintaining the extended length of the receiver in the parallel direction responsive to directional variations of the incident radiation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an elevational partially cut-away view of the energy concentrator system; FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the receiver displace¬ ment mechanism taken along the section line 2-2 of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a graphical schematic diagram showing the incident ' and first reflected radiant energy rays impin¬ ging and reflecting from the spherical reflector; FIG. 4 is an elevational view of the receiver showing a plurality of compound parabolic concentrators mounted thereon; FIG. 5 is a frontal view of-the spherical reflector having a geodesic type concave contour; FIG. 6 is an elevational partially cut-away view of an embodiment of the receiver showing a secondary concentrating device mounted to the receiver outer wall; FIG. 7 is an elevational partially cut away view of an embodiment of the receiver mechanism showing a plurality of secondary concentrating cup elements mounted to the receiver outer walls; PIG. 8 is a sectional view of the cup elements shown in FIG. 7 taken along the section line 8-8 of FIG. 7; and, FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the cup elements shown in FIG. 8 taken along the section line 9-9 of FIG. 8. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 3, there is shown energy concentrator system 10 for reflecting incident radiation represented by substantially parallel rays 18 emitted from an energy source such as the sun, from reflector 12 to receiver 14. Additionally, and as will be shown in following paragraphs, secondary radiation concentra¬ ting mechanisms are mounted on receiver 14 for addi¬ tionally capturing and concentrating reflected radiation rays 20 for further impingement on receiver 14. In overall concept, reflector 12 is maintained in fixed securement or positional orientation to ground or some other base surface lβ while receiver 14 is displaced in a manner such that the extended length of receiver 14 is maintained parallel to incident energy rays 18 as a function of the variational changes of the energy source as a further function of time. As will be shown in following paragraphs, reflected energy rays 20 intercept receiver 14 substantially along a line defined by principal axis 22 of reflector 12. Principal axis 22 for purposes of this description is defined as being parallel to incident rays 18 and pass¬ ing through center of curvature 26. In this manner, fluid or other material maintained within receiver 14 is provided with a maximization of energy for purposes to be described and are well-known in the art. Spherical mirrors in general, have been used to deflect or deviate a beam or ray of incident radiation 18. The center of curvature 26 of reflector 12 may be reflector defined as the center of the envelope of inner surface 24. In general, many spherical mirrors which are used for optical purposes are relatively flat, thus the dimensions of the .mirror or reflector are small in comparison with the radius of the surface and such mirrors are defined as having small apertures. In such prior cases, incident energy rays 18 which are parallel to principal axis 22 converge through a common point, referred to as the principal focus of the mirror after reflection. If the mirror is concave, the prin¬ cipal focus of the mirror on receiver 14 has a dis¬ tance which is located on principal axis 22 approximately halfway between the center of curvature 26 and the inner surface 24 of reflector 12. reflector In reflectors 12, which include inner sur¬ faces 24 having a relatively large aperture or in reflectors 12 where incident rays 18 have a relatively large inclination to principal axis 22, the images formed are somewhat imperfect and do not wholly focus at a point. Thus, incident rays 18 issuing from an energy source provide for a series of reflected energy rays 20 which cross or intercept principal axis 22 nearer or closer to inner surface 24 than those which are reflected from a center portion as is clearly seen in the schematic ray diagram of FIG. 3. The imperfection is generally referred to as spherical aberration. As can be seen in FIG. 3. there does exist a concentration of reflected energy rays 20 in the area 30 along principal axis 22 and such is referred to as a first order focus area. First order focus area 30 lies approximately halfway between the center of curvature 26 and the receiver inner surface 24 contour as is shown, and lies in a line which passes through center of curvature 26 and is parallel to incident radiation rays 18. Addition¬ ally, it will be noted from FIG. 3 that a great or large proportion of reflected energy rays 20 intercept principal axis 22 in the region between first order focus 30 and reflector midpoint 28. Thus, by providing receiver 14, which is displaceable in a manner such that it may be maintained in a positional location parallel to incident energy rays 18, and close enough to inner surface 24 in order to intercept reflected rays 20, in an area between points 28 and. first order focus 30 s --ka - a large percentage of incident energy rays.20 after reflection may be intercepted from spherical inner surface 24. Additionally, reflected rays 20 from reflector 12 subsequent to impingement on receiver 14, only provide for a portion of the radiant energy- to be absorbed by receiver 14. Thus, the ray diagram shown in FIG. 3 only provides for a first impingement schematic diagram, of receiver 14 ray impingement. Dependent upon the optical as well as other thermo-physical properties of receiver 14, there is a large amount of impinging rays 20 which are in themselves reflected away from receiver 14. By including secondary ray concentrating devices mounted on receiver 14, to essentially capture and re¬ direct reflected rays 20 back to receiver 14, there has been found a substantial increase in the energy efficiency of energy concentrator system 10. Such se¬ condary concentrating devices are generally mounted on receiver 14 for further concentrating and capturing reflected radiation rays 20 for re-impingement on receiver 14. Such secondary concentrating devices will be described and defined in following paragraphs. Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown reflector 12 which is fixedly secured to ground or base surface 16. Reflector 12 is utilized for reflecting incident radiation 18 impinging on inner surface 24 from some external source such as the sun. Reflector 12 may be secured to reflector housing 32 which in turn may be fixedly mounted on base surface 16, or reflector 12 may be secured or otherwise fastened directly to ground 16 in-a manner not important to the inventive concept as is herein described. In general, where the sun is the main external energy source, reflector 12 is generally mounted in either a North/South or East/West orientation. Reflector 12 includes receiver inner surface 24 which is generally curvilinearly contoured and adapted to reflect incident energy rays 18 onto a line defining principal axis 22 as is shown in FIG. 3. In order to provide convergent reflected rays 20, inner surface 24 is concave in con¬ tour and directed toward the external energy source as is shown in FIG. 1. For overall maximization of the incoming energy reflection utilization and for uniform energy distribution, reflector 12 is formed into a substantially spherical contour. Inner surface 24 may be formed of sheet metal polished to a high degree of reflectivity and may be formed of aluminum or some like material and possibly have a coating to protect oxidization aspects of any metal used thereon. Further, it will be noted that reflector 12 may include a spherical frame 32 upon which vacuum deposited metal may be adhered to provide inner surface 24, or in another mode, frame 32 may be mated to a reflective sheet material such as aluminized Mylar or like material, to provide the appropriate re¬ flection properties. As shown in FIG. 5 . reflector 12 may be formed in a geodesic dome type configuration having a plurality of reflective elements 34 of predetermined contour. Each of reflective elements 3 contiguously interface with a next successive reflective element 34 and includes a reflective surface facing the interior of the geo¬ desic dome configuration in the manner clearly shown in FIG. 1. Reflective elements 3 1 * may be planar in contour and consist of mirror tiles or some like reflective element, Additionally, the overall contour of elements 3 to form a geodesic dome type configuration may be in the form of equilateral triangles as shown in FIG. 5 or such may be in the contour of hexagons or pentagons in order to form the geodesic dome type configuration. Where receiver 12 is formed of such reflective elements 34, the cost of producing such reflectors 12 are re¬ duced in that elements 34 may be formed separate and distinct from any base frame 32 and may be inserted on-site of energy concentrator system 10. This leads to a pre-fabricated type system which is important in that the transportation costs as well as the labels costs for producing reflector 12 may be minimized to a substantial degree. Receiver 14, as shown in FIG. 1, includes an extended length in a predetermined direction-generally, but not necessarily defining a tubular member. As is important to energy concentrator system 10 of the instant inven¬ tion, the extended length of receiver 14 is maintained In a direction substantially parallel to incident radia¬ tion 18 from the external source. Receiver 14 is posi- tionally maintained coincident with a focal line defined by reflected radiant energy 20 as is provided by sche¬ matic diagram shown in FIG. 3- Receiver 14 provides for a collector tube having internal chamber 3 within which material or fluid may be passed therethrough in order to heat such responsive to the interception of reflected rays 20 through a first reflection or through subsequent reflections by utilization of secondary concentrating devices mounted to receiver 14. In any event, the reflected rays 20 finally impinge on an outer wall of receiver or collec¬ tor tube 14 and resulting in a high percentage of energy absorption. Fluid may be inserted through chamber 36 by incorporation of ingress conduit 38 and removed by egress conduit 40 through maintenance of a predeter¬ mined pressure head through external systems not impor¬ tant to the inventive concept as is herein defined. Thus, where fluid is passed through chamber 36, the fluid is heated by impingement and absorption of re¬ flected rays 20 on collector tube 14 and then removed for utilization purposes. Receiver 14 as is shown in FIG. 1, is directed to a simple passage type collector tube. Thus, fluid is inserted through conduit 38, heated within receiver 14 and removed for utilization through conduit 40. How¬ ever, tube 14 may include a circulating fluid type collector having a plurality of fluid passages exten¬ ding along an axis thereof for continued heating and heat exchange type transfers throughout the length of portions thereof of collector tube 14. Thus, receiver 14 may include an internal tubular member concentric with the overall contour of receiver 14. As an example, fluid may pass through the centrally disposed tube element in a direction of predetermined orientation. At the end of the centrally disposed concentric tube contour, the fluid passes to the outer annularly shaped tube section where it travels in an opposing direction and absorbs heat directly from the external wall of receiver 14. In order to maintain the extended length of receiver ' 14 parallel with incident radiation rays 18, receiver displacement mechanism 42 is secured to receiver 14. This allows receiver 14 to be maintained in a parallel direction to rays 18 responsive to directional varia¬ tions of incident radiation 18 from the external source. As will be seen in following paragraphs, receiver dis¬ placement mechanism 14 includes mechanisms for rotating receiver 14 about a pair of mutually perpendicular axes. For purposes of reducing the power and strengths of material in displacing receiver 14, displacement mecha¬ nism 42 may be mounted to receiver 14 near or around the center of curvature 26 of reflector 12. This mounting may be made through lug elements 44 and 46 through bolting or other like securement mechanisms mounted directly to the external surface of receiver 14. This type of connection allows for a lower moment of force to be applied for displacement of receiver or collector tube 14. Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, rotation of receiver or collector tube 14 about mutually perpendicular axes is accomplished by first motor displacement mechanism 48 and second motor displacement mechanism 50. Each of such mechanisms 48 and 50 respectively control motion of receiver 14 about axis line 52 and second axis line 54. First motor displacement mechanism 48 is mounted to vertically extending structural elements 56 which is secured to base surface 16 through bolting or some like mechanism. A pair of structurally main¬ taining arm sections 8 are pivoted-to vertical frame member 56 at pivot point 60 as is shown. Inclined arm member 62 is supported on vertical fraπ-ie member 56 through bolt or screw member 65 which main¬ tains inclined arm member 62 in a positionally fixed location. Additionally, inclined arm member 62 is bolted in a pivotal manner to arm sections 58 through first axis line 52 as is shown in FIG. 1. Thus, in¬ clined positioning of arm sections 58 may be provided through incorporation of both members 64 within one of adjustable openings 66 formed through arm member 62. First motor displacement mechanism 48 includes first motor 68 which may be of a DC type well-known in the art and may be bolted to one of arm sections . 58 as is shown in FIG. 2. First drive gear 70 is mounted and secured to rotational shaft 72 extending from first motor 68. First drive gear 70 which may be a spur gear matingly engages first driven gear 74. Thus, first driven gear 74 is rotationally activated respon¬ sive to rotation of rotational shaft 72 acting through first drive gear 70. As can be seen, first driven gear 7^ is a spur gear formed into a semi-circle for purposes to be described in following paragraphs. Additionally, irst driven gear 7 is rotationally mounted on first axis shaft 72 passing between and through opposing arm sections 58 to permit rotation of gear 74 about first axis line 52. Shaft 76 may be mounted to opposing arm sections 58 through threaded bolt securement or some like tech¬ nique not important to the inventive concept as is herein described. Thus, from the foregoing description, actuation of first motor 68 has a resultant effect of causing rotational receiver 14 about first axis line 52. Second motor displacement mechanism 50 includes second motor 78 which is secured through bolting or some like mechanism to first driven gear 74 on upper flattened surface 80. Second motor 78 is fixedly secured to first driven gear 7 in the manner shown in FIG. 1. Second drive gear 82 is fixedly mounted on rotational shaft 84 which is in turn secured to second motor 78. Second drive gear 82 may be a spur gear of appropriate tooth dimensions adapted to drive second driven gear 86 which is an internal spur gear. Thus, second driven gear 86 mati'ngly engages second drive gear 82 respon¬ sive to rotation of shaft 84 extending from second motor 78. Inclined shaft 88 is mounted to second axis line as is shown in FIG. 1. Receiver 14 is secured to second driven gear 86 through lug members 44 and 46 and thus receiver 14 is rotationally movable responsive to rotational displacement of gear 86 about second axis line 54. "" In.this manner, receiver 14 is mutually rotatable about perpendicular axis lines 52 and 4 to provide a mechanism whereby tube or receiver 14 may be positioned parallel to incident radiation ray directions 18 respon¬ sive to the energy source location. In operation, receiver 14 is displaced into parallel relation along its extended length with incident radiation energy 18 impinging on spherical reflector 12. Reflected radiant energy -20 is reflected from reflector 12 to tubu¬ lar receiver 14 for interception of rays 20 by receiver 14 along a focus line as provided and shown in FIG. 3. Referring now to FIG. 3 S there is shown a graphical schematic diagram of incident energy rays 18 initially impinging on and showing a first energy ray 20 reflec¬ tion from inner surface 24 of reflector 12. For pur¬ poses of discussion, it is assumed that collector tube or receiver 14 is positionally located along principal axis 22. Reflected rays 20 which are reflected in an intercepting path with receiver 14 after a first re¬ flection from surface 24 are shown in FIG. 3. A portion of inner surface 24 may be divided into reflection segments 102 and 104. First reflection rays 20 reflected from segment 102 intercept receiver 14 in collector tube segment 106. Similarly, reflection rays 20 reflected from segment 104 Intercept tube or re¬ ceiver 14 may be positioned parallel to incident ra¬ diation ray directions 18 responsive to the energy source location. In operation, receiver 14 is displaced into parallel relation along ts extended length with Incident radia¬ tion energy 18 impinging on spherical reflector 12. Reflected radiant energy 20 is reflected from reflec¬ tor 12 to tubular receiver 14 for interception of rays 20 by receiver 14 along a focus line as provided and shown in FIG. 3- Referring now to FIG. 3 S there is shown a graphical schematic diagram of incident energy rays 18 initially impinging on and showing a first energy ray 20 reflec¬ tion from inner surface 24 of reflector 12. For purposes of discussion, it is assumed that collector tube or receiver 14 is positionally located along principal axis 22. Reflected rays 20 which are reflected in an intercepting path with receiver 14 after a first reflec¬ tion from surface 24 are shown in FIG. 3. A portion of inner surface 24 may be divided into reflection segments 102 and 104. First reflection rays 20 reflected from segment 102 intercept receiver 14. in collector tube segment 106. Similarly, reflection rays 20 reflected from segment 104 intercept receiver 14 in tube segment 108. Calculations show that appro¬ ximately 58$ of incident radiation energy is initially reflected into an intercepting path to segment 106, with approximately 42$ being initially reflected into segment 108. Further, and of significant importance, is the fact that incident angle 110 of rays 20 inter¬ cepting segment 108 have a low angular value through¬ out a major portion of segment 104. After initial impingement and reflected from segment 108, radiant energy would be generally dissipated into the external environmen . In order to increase the efficiency of energy con¬ centrator system 10, it has been found that addition of secondary concentration devices may be utilized to capture the initial ray reflections from receiver 14 and rereflect those rays back to receiver 14 for further concentrating effects. FIGS. 1 and 6 show one type of secondary concentrating device 112 mounted to receiver 14. Device 112 may take the form of cup element 11 mounted in secured fashion to an outer peripheral wall of collector tube 14. Additionally, cup 114 is a contour of revolution having an axis sub¬ stantially coincident with the axis of tube 14. Cup element 11 . 4 may be a compound parabolic concentrator type shape having substantially parabolically shaped walls. Cup element 114 have mirror-like inner reflec¬ ting surfaces for reflecting rays 20 back onto tube 14 in order to maximize the total radiant energy impingement on tube 14. As can be seen, cup element 114 is secured to tube 14 in the neighborhood of first order focus area 30. The largest diameter of secondary device 112 is generally formed sufficient in length to accept an initial reflected ray 20 from reflector 12. Cup member 114 may be in¬ creased in size to accept, substantially any incident angle 110, as shown in FIG. 3-, dependent on the physi¬ cal conditions and size limitations of energy concen¬ trator system 10. Device 112 may be mounted to tube 14 through bolts, screws, or other fixed securement mechanisms not im¬ portant to the inventive concept as is herein described. It will be further noted that a plurality of cup elements 114 may be mounted to tube 14 along and substantially coincident with the axis of receiver 14. Such cup elements 112 may be varying sizes in order to maximize the final radiant energy flux impinging on tube 14. Referring now to FIG. 4, there is shown another type of secondary radiation concentration mechanism 90 applied to the outer boundary wall of receiver 14 for concentra¬ ting reflected energy impinging on receiver 14. As can be seen, secondary concentration mechanism 90 is formed of at least a pair of parabolic- reflecting surfaces 92 and 94 which extend in a generally outward direction from collector tube 14 for capturing reflected radiant energy 20 between surfaces 92 and -S . Elements 92 and S are generally at least segments of parabolic surfaces of revolution and channel radia¬ tion impinging and being reflected thereon into region 96 which is a region of concentrated electro-magnetic radiation. Regions 96 passing around collector tube 14 may be mounted to solar cells or other like devices for utilizing the increased radiation energy Impinging thereon. Such secondary concentration devices 90 may be referred to as compound parabolic concentrators. In specific, the basic theory of compound parabolic concen¬ trators have been illustrated in detail in the magazine entitled ""SOLAR ENERGY"", Volume 18, Pages 93-111. How¬ ever, it is not believed that the utilization of such secondary concentrator systems 90 have been adapted to provide structural elements mounted in combination with the energy concentrator system 10 shown and described in the foregoing paragraphs. Each of compound parabolic concentrators 90 are mounted to a peripheral wall of collector tube 14. Radiation collection devices 90 have a radiation receiv¬ ing opening 134 and an opposed radiation collecting surface 136. Radiation receiving opening 134 and ra¬ diation collecting surface 136 are joined by at least the sidewalls 92 and 9 having substantially parabolic profiles. Further illustrated in FIG. 4, it is seen that radiation collection devices 0 include pre¬ determined lateral dimensions 130 and 132. For optimi¬ zation, a lateral dimension ratio of radiation collecting surface 132 to radiation receiving opening 130 is sub¬ stantially equal to the sine of a half field of view of compound parabolic concentrator 90. For each compound parabolic concentrator 90, there exists exis line 138 which is substantially equidistant from each of sidewalls 92 and 94. In particular construction, devices 90 are formed such that each of parabolic wall profile 92 and 94 include a focus 140 at a position on the opposing sidewall at collecting surface 136. In this manner of construction, there is provided a highly efficient type of solar radiation collection device. Additionally, and still further, concentrating system 90 may include a lens 142 secured to sidewalls 92 and 94 and positionally located within radiation receiving opening 134. Such lens 142 may be of the Fresnel type and further provides for concentration of reflected radiation 20 for passing and capturing within each of compound parabolic concentrators 90. As can be seen in FIG. 3, at any particular location on tube 14 along axis line 22, there is generally a fairly high degree of parallel rays 20 entering radiation receiving opening 134. Utilization of lens 142 positional within opening 134 having a focal point at or substantiall .near collec¬ ting surface 136 allows further concentration of rays 20 within concentrators 90 to increase the overall efficiency of system 10. Additionally, and in further regard to FIG. 4, there is shown cut-away views of receiver tube 14. Each of secondary concentrating devices 90 in the form of compound parabolic concentrators may be angled in a particular fashion dependent upon the physical location of compound parabolic concentrators 90 on tube 14. Where the secondary concentrating devices 90 is in the area 108 of tube 14, devices ' 90 may be inclined at a 90° angle to the extended length of tube 14 in order to accept a maximum amount of reflected rays 20. In opposition, as shown by the device 90 on the right side of tube 14 in FIG. 4, where such device 90 is located in area 106 of receiver 14, it is seen that secondary concentrating device 90 may include an oblique angle 144 in order to accept a maximization of reflected rays 20. Still further, as is clearly seen in FIG. 6, compound parabolic concentrator cup members 114 may be placed in combination with secondary reflection devices 90 pre¬ viously described. Such combinations may be mounted in secured manner to an outer wall of tube 14 as has been previously detailed. Another embodiment of energy concentrator system 10 is shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 where another type of secondary concentrating mechanism 116 is employed. Mechanism 116 includes a plurality of secondary cup elements 118 mounted in an interfacing manner each to the other around re¬ ceiver 14 as is shown. Each of secondary cup elements 118 may have an open end 120 directed toward or facing incoming radiant energy 20. Each open end 120 may simi¬ larly include a lens for further concentrating any energy internal to mechanism 116. In this manner, re¬ flected rays 20 from segment 104 of reflector inner surface 24 may be captured within an internal volume of secondary cups 118 and eventually be directed to the outer wall of receiver 14. Outer walls 124 may include a contour approximating a compound parabolic concentrator contour for optimization of re-reflected rays being directed to receiver 14. Ele- ents 118 may be secured to -receiver 14 through bolting, or other like mechanisms not important to the inventive concept as is herein described. Thus, there has been shown a method of concentrating reflected radiant energy into a predetermined area by initially establishing stationary spherical reflector 12 on a base surface 16. In general, when incident radiation is initiated at an external source such as the sun, and base surface is ground, reflector 12 may have a generally North/South or East/West orientation. Movable receiver 14 having an extended length in a predetermined direction is provided for receiving reflected rays 20 from receiver in a- surface 24. Movable receiver 14 is established having a substantially linearly direc¬ ted contour in Its extended length direction. Linearly directed receiver 14 is provided having an extension at least within a line length defined between inner surface 24 and center of curvature 26 of spherical reflector 12. Receiver 14 is generally displaced coincident with a focus line for interception of reflected radiant energy 20 being reflected from surface 24. "" Receiver 14 may be tubular in contour and is adapted to contain material to be heated within internal chamber 36 through which the material is passed. Although this Invention has been described in connec¬ tion with specific forms and embodimentsthereo , it will be appreciated that various modifications other than those discussed above may be resorted to without depart¬ ing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, equivalent elements may be substituted for those specifically shown and described, certain features may be used independently of ther features, and in certain cases particular locations of elements may be reversed or interposed, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A radiant energy concentrator system, comprising: (a) reflector means fixedly secured to a base surface, said reflector means for reflecting incident radiation impinging thereon from an energy source; .(b) receiver means having an extended length in a predetermined direction, said extended length being maintained in a direction substantially parallel with said incident radiation; (c) secondary radiation concentration means mounted on said receiver means for further concentrating said reflected radiation to said receiver means; and, (d) receiver displacement means secured to said receiver means for maintaining said extended length of said receiver means in said parallel direction respon¬ sive to directional variations of said incident radiation. 2. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 1 where said receiver means includes collector tube means having an axis positionally located in a direction substantially parallel said incident radiation direction. 3. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 2 where said secondary radiation concen¬ tration means is secured to an outer, peripheral wall, of said collector ' tube means for intercepting said reflected radiant energy. 4. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 2 where said secondary radiation concen¬ tration means includes cup means mounted to a peripheral wall of said collector tube means for intercepting ra¬ diant energy being reflected from said reflector means. 5. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 2 where said secondary radiation concentration means includes cup means mounted to a peripheral wall of said collector tube means, said cup means being formed by a paraboloid of revolution contour having an axis of revolution substantially coincident with said collector tube means axis. 6. The radiant energy 'concentrator system as recited in claim 5 where said cup means is positionally mounted to said collector tube means approximately at a position¬ al location equal to one-half a radius of curvature of said reflector means. 7. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 2 where said secondary radiation concentration means includes radiation collection means mounted to a peripheral wall of said collector tube means, said radia¬ tion collection means having a radiation receiving open¬ ing and an opposed radiation collecting surface, said radiation receiving opening and said radiation collecting surface being joined by at least a pair of sidewalls having substantially parabolic profiles. 8. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 7 where said radiation collection means includes a lateral dimension ratio of said radiation collecting surface to said radiation receiving opening substantially equal to the sine of a half field of view of said radia¬ tion collection means. \ 9. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 8 where each of said sidewall parabolic profiles includes a focus at a position on the opposing sidewall at said collecting surface, each of said pro¬ files having an axis line substantially equidistant from each of said sidewalls. 10. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 9 where each of said sidewalls includes an inner reflecting surface. 11. The radiant energy concentrator system as re¬ cited in claim 7 including lens means secured to said sidewalls and positionally located within said radiation receiving opening. 12. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said reflector means includes a curvi- linearly contoured- reflective surface adapted to reflect said incident radiant energy. 13. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said reflector means includes a concave contour reflective surface directed toward said energy source. 14. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said reflector means is a spherical reflector adapted to reflect said radiant energy. 15. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said reflector means Includes a geo¬ desic dome configuration having a plurality of reflec¬ tive elements of predetermined contour, each of said reflective elements contiguously line interfacing with a next successive reflective element, each of said re¬ flective elements having a reflective surface facing interior said geodesic dome configuration. l6. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 15 where said reflective elements are planar and triangular in contc-ur. 17- The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 15 where said reflective elements are planar and hexagonal in contour. 18. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said receiver means is positionally main¬ tained coincident with a focal line defined by said reflected radiant energy. 19. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 18 where said receiver means includes collector tube means having an extended length and being position¬ ally displaced in a direction parallel to said incident radiation direction. 20. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 19 where fluid is passed through said collector tube means, said fluid being heated by said reflected radiant energy impinging said collector tube means. 21. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 1 where said receiver displacement means in¬ cludes means for rotating said receiver means about a pair of mutually perpendicular axes. 22. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 21 where said reflector means is spherical in contour, said receiver displacement means being se¬ cured to said receiver means approximately at a center of curvature of said reflector means spherical contour. 23. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 21 where said rotation means includes: (a) first motor displacement means rotationally mounted to said base surfa ' ce for rotating said receiver means about a first axis line; and, (b) second motor displacement means mounted to said first motor displacement means for rotating said receiver means about a second axis line normal about first axis line. 24. The radiant energy concentrator system as recited in claim 23 where said first motor displacement means includes: (a) first motor means; (b) first drive gear means secured to a rotation¬ al shaft extending from said first motor means; and, (c) first driven gear means matingly engaged to said first drive gear means responsive to rotation of said shaft. 25. A method for concentrating reflected radiant energy to a predetermined area, including the steps of: (a) establishing a stationary spherical reflector having a principal axis; (b) providing a movable receiver having an exten¬ ded length in a predetermined direction; (c) establishing a secondary radiation concentra¬ tor mounted on said receiver for further radiating said reflected radiation to said receiver; (d) displacing said receiver into parallel rela¬ tion along said extended length with an incident radiation energy direction impinging on said spherical reflector; and, (e) reflecting said incident radiant energy from said reflector to said receiver. 26. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 25 where-the step of provi¬ ding said movable receiver includes the step of estab¬ lishing a substantially linearly directed receiver in said extended length direction. 27- The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 26 where the step of estab¬ lishing said- linearly directed receiver includes the step of providing said extension at least within a line length defined between an inner surface and a center of curvature of said spherical reflector. 28. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 27 where said receiver ex¬ tended length is displaced coincident with a focus line for interception of said reflected radiant energy. 29. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited In claim 28 where said receiver is tubular in contour, said receiver adapted to contain material to be heated. 30. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 25 where said step of dis¬ placing includes the step of pivoting said receiver about a pivot point approximately coincident with said principal axis of said spherical reflector. 31. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 30 where the step of pivoting includes the step of rotationally moving said receiver in a two-axis rotational mode. 32. The method of concentrating reflected radiant energy as recited in claim 25 where-the step of estab¬ lishing a stationary spherical reflector includes the step of forming an inner reflecting surface in a geo¬ desic dome configuration, said inner surface having an envelope approximating a spherical surface.";BUNCH J;BUNCH J;1978
+WO-1979000015-A1;19790111.0;19780623;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25205434.0;B41J5;B41J23, G06C25;B41J23, H01H3;B41J  23/32, H01H   3/28;ATTACHMENT FOR REMOTE CONTROL OF A KEYBOARD;"An attachment for remote control of a keyboard comprising a series of selecting elements (40) mounted for movement in a first direction between inoperative and operative positions, each having a series of apertures (41, 42, 43, 44); a series of push-bars (61, 62, 63, 64) mounted for movement in a second direction, each having an elongated member oriented longitudinally in a third direction; a plurality of push-sticks (51, 52, 53, 54), each being rotatably linked at one of its ends to one of the elongated members of push-bars and slidably linked at its other end to an aperture of one of the selecting elements; devices for selectively moving the selecting elements and push-bars; a plurality of push-rods (21, 22, 23, 24) mounted for movement in the second direction, each having its lower tip surface bearing on top of the corresponding key, and its upper tip surface being acted upon by the corresponding push-stick in the direction that causes the corresponding key to move from inoperative position to operative position only when the selecting element linked to the push-stick was first moved to operative position and then the push-bar linked to the push-stick was next moved to operative position; whereby selectively moving the selecting elements and the push-bars selectively move the keys of the keyboard from inoperative position to operative position and actuates consequently the functions intended for the keys.";"ATTACHMENT FOR REMOTE CONTROL OF A KEYBOARD BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention releates to an attachment for remote control of the keyboard of one of the general classes of keyboard-operated devices characterized by electric typewriters, fluidic typewriters, manual typewriters, type-setting machines and calculators. The invention relates particularly to an attachment for remote control of a typewriter in which, the excursion of the keyboard buttons or keys. that trigger the printing mechanism is relatively short and actϋatable with a relatively light force such as found presently on electric typewriters. This attachment permits a quick and inexpensive adaptation of said typewriters for remote control via one of the standard sets of codes, such as the American Standard Codes for Interchange of Inform- ation, ASCII, with very little modification on the typewriters. Such remote control is desirable in computer output where the whole set of high-quality characters of upper and lower case of standard type¬ writers is needed, such as in word processing purpose. Using many high-quality typewriters already available in homes or offices, the invention provides, with substantial savings, high-quality computer hard-copy units for data- and word-processing systems suitable for home or office use. Along with these high-quality typewriters and electronic keyboards, the invention provides competitive heavy-duty input/output units for telecommunications where very high speed is not needed, between people and people, people and computers. Com¬ pared to popular units currently in use in communications, the mod¬ ular nature of the invention when attached to a typewriter and an electronic keyboard affords lower operational cost by allowing mod¬ ular interchange or replacement of parts. When attached to an inex- pensive electric typewriter, the invention provides readily a com¬ petitive light-duty printer for many users. Another typical application for said remote control is the housing of the printing mechanism, which is noisy in general, in an openable silencing enclosure, and activating the code generating by an electronic keyboard, which is quiet in general, outside of said enclosure for the purpose of reducing the disturbing noise pollution in many present offices. OMPI Such remote control can be used also for an invalid or a person who desires special typing comfort in which the printing unit rests on a stand somewhere around, and the keyboard for code generating, custom made if necessary, can be accommodated with fingers on said person's lap, or even with his feet if he cannot use his hands and if the keys of said keyboard are made specially large. The advantages of the invention consist in the relatively low cost in general applications and extreme ease in converting many types of ordinary typewriters for remote control with little • or no modifications on said typewriters, so that they can be easily maintained, serviced or replaced by many regular typewriter service centers, and so that they can be reverted back for use in their original functions, by quickly and simply removing said attachment from said typewriter. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In order to aid the understanding and simplify the disclosure the following description assumes the part of the keys of the key¬ board normally designed originally for finger manipulation to be horizontal, and the direction from inoperative to operative positi of said keys to be vertically downward. The invention will work as well in other orientations. The present invention is provided with means for positioning slidably on top of each key of the keyboard to be remotely control led a corresponding push-rαd, preferably of cylindrical shape, oriented preferably in the vertical direction longitudinally. ■ Acting with suitable vertical force downwards on top of each push-rod moves supposedly the key corresponding to said push-rod from inoperative position to operative position. Spring means for • returning the keys back to inoperative position when said force is removed, is assumed to be provided with said keys. Corresponding t each push-rod is an elongated, preferably cylindrical push-stick linked rotatably at its upper end to one of the push-bars and link slidably at its lower end to one of the apertures of one of the selecting elements. ^BUREA^ f _OMPI In the preferred embodiment, said selecting elements are mounted longitudinally for movement in one horizontal direction while the push-bars are mounted to move in a manner such that, in their movement, all the points linking said push-bars with said push- sticks follow essentially the corresponding verticals going through the axes of the corresponding push-rods. Each selecting element is mounted in a manner such that when moved to operative position, orients longitudinally all the push-sticks linked slidably thereto on the vertical coinciding with the axes of the corresponding push- rods. In the contrary, when each selecting element is in inoperative position, all the push-sticks linked slidably thereto are oriented in a direction going through a zone clearly beyond the surface of the upper tip of the corresponding push-rods. The invention is further provided with suitable means for selectively moving said selecting elements and said push-bars between inoperative and oper¬ ative positions, and means for limiting the movement of the push- rods within a suitable range. In the preferred embodiment, when the push-bars are in inoperative position, the lower tips of all the push-sticks are essentially a same suitable distance above the upper tips of all the push-rods, which have different lengths if necessary, so that their upper tips will be on the same horizontal level and at the same time their lower tips will be in constant contact with the tops of the corresponding keys. In operation of the preferred embodiment, decoded electric signals are used to first move a selecting element to operative position and then to move next a push-bar to operative position from the inoperative position. It can be. seen then, only the particular push-stick linked both to thus actuated selecting element and push- bar can have an effect on the corresponding push-rod. The effect is to move said push- od downward, and in turn, to move the corre¬ sponding key from inoperative position to operative position, and to actuate consequently the functions of said key. The principal object of the invention is to provide an attach¬ ment generally applicable for remote control of a keyboard in which the keys are arrangeable in a matrix fashion of a first series of suitably aligned groups of keys defined as columns; each group of one series crossing one group of the other series at an angle pre¬ ferably close to a right angle; and in which the direction of the lυ ~ REAir OMPI keys between inoperative and operative positions is preferably close to a direction orthogonal to the direction of alignement of said rows and said columns. Although the invention applies best to situations wherein the rows and columns of keys of the keyboard are straight, it can accommodate also situations wherein the rows or the columns of keys or both are not in straight lines parallel to each other in each series, but such that said selecting element and push-bars can be made to embrace the keys within strips not overlapping each other in their movement between inoperative and operative positions. A further object of the invention is to provide an attachment for remote control of the keyboard of a regular typewriter, prefer bly electric, having an arrangement of keys following one of the standards universally adopted in typewriter manufacturing. If the lines of characters on a page being typed on said typewriter in normal use are taken as parallel to the rows of keys of said key¬ board, the invention is seen to be applied here in a situation wherein the rows of keys are straight lines parallel to each other and the coYjmns of keys can be arranged so that the selecting elemen embrace the keys in strips parallel to each other and not overlap¬ ping each other in their movement between inoperative and operativ positions. Furthermore, in this prefered embodiment, the direction of rows and columns of keys are made orthogonal to each other, and in turn orthogonal to the direction of movement of the push-bars, chosen to be the same as that of said push-rods and keys of said keyboard. A further object of the invention is to provide means for decoding a set of standard information-interchange codes into dif¬ ferent signals for selectively moving said selecting elements and said push-bars and actuating some non-printing keys normally found on a typewriter. A still further object of the invention is to provide means for quick put-on and removal of said attachment as applied to a typewriter. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become better understood hereinafter from a consideration of the specific tion with reference to the accompanying drawings forming part ther OMPI of, and in which like numerals correspond to like parts throughout the several views of the invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows a partially sectional, right-side view of the attachment characterizing the invention as applied to a typewriter keyboard. FIG, 2 shows the locations of the apertures on a selecting element. FIG. 3 shows one way of implementing means for moving the push-bars. FIG. 4 shows different ways of implementing means for rotatably linking the push-sticks to the push-bars. FIG. 5 is a top view of said attachment as applied to a type¬ writer keyboard, with one of the selecting elements moved to oper¬ ative- position. FIG. 6 is a view of a preferred situation wherein a push-stick drives the corresponding key to operative position when the related selecting element and push-bar have been moved into operative posi¬ tion; and FIG. 7 is a view of a general, but still applicable situation wherein the directions of movement of the push-bars, push-rods and keys are not the same but still close enough to each other. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In the following description, the details of an attachment characterizing the invention as applied to an electric typewriter are described first, and then the operations will be generalized to the invention as applied to a whole class of keyboards. The typewriter on which the invention is to be attached is supposed to be secured onto a horizontal surface as if it were to be secured for use by a typist in a usual manner. It will be obvious, at the end of the description, that once the invention is attached onto said typewriter, the conbination of said attachment and type¬ writer can work properly in any orientation imaginable, in the oper- ations to be described, provided that said typewriter can tolerate such an orientation. Refering to the drawing of FIG. 1, the attachment character¬ izing this invention as applied to a typewriter keyboard comprises a plate 10 of adequate thickness, and of low-friction, low-wear material, having a plurality of cylindrical apertures 11, 12, 13 and 14 to be positioned directly above the keys of the keyboard of the typewriter to which the attachment is to be put on. There are as many of these apertures as the number of keys of the keyboard to be manipulated, said apertures accommodate slidably in a free manner a corresponding number of preferably cylindrical rods 21, 22, 23, and 24, defined as push-rods. It is to be noticed that 11, 12, 13, and 14 are to be repeated from ten to twelve times in an attach¬ ment to a normal typewriter, on four lines which are essentially rectilinear and parallel to the lines of characters appearing on the paper attached to the carriage of the typewriter in a normal typing session. For the intelligence of the description, these parallel lines of apertures and their corresponding lines of push- rods are referred to from now on as rows of apertures 11, 12, 13, and 14, and rows of push-rods 21, 22, 23, and 24. Owing to the standards generally adopted in typewriter manufacturing at the present time, the distances between the apertures and between push-rods in a row are essentially the same for each typewriter, and vary slightly around 3/4 of an inch. In one embodiment of this inven tion, the apertures 11, 12, 13, and 14 have the same diameter, which is slightly larger than the diameter adopted for all the push-rods 21, 22, 23, and 24 which have a nominal diameter of 3/16"". The lengt of the push- ods, however, is only the same for the same row, and varies from one row to another for the purpose of accommodating the staircase arrangement of the rows of keys of said keyboard, in a man ner such that, while each rod bears directly on its lower tip on each key of the typewriter, its upper tip is essentially at the same horizontal level as all the upper tips of the other push-rods. This horizontal level is at a suitable distance above the upper surface of plate 10, said distance being preferably 1/4"" for an attachment to an electric typewriter. Slidably moving back and forth in a direction orthogonal to rows of apertures 11, 12, 13, and 14, and parallel to plate 10 and posi¬ tioned about 5/8"" above plate 10 is a plurality of flat, rectangular strips 40 of about 1/16"" of thickness, made of firm, low-friction, low-wear material, each having essentially ircular apertures 41, 42, 43, and 44. These strips will be referred to as selecting elements. Under the influence of pull solenoid 45, spring 46, and guide 82, apertures 41, 42, 43, and 44 of each selecting element 40 can be made to move back and forth in a rectilinear translation in a direction orthogonal to the rows 11 > 12, 13, and 14 of apertures of plate 10. Thepattern of locations of apertures 41, 42, 43, and 44 on each se¬ lecting element 40 can be seen in FIG. 2. FIG. 5 shows twelve of these selecting elements 40, with their apertures 41, 42, 43 and 44 positioned above their corresponding push-rods and keys of the key¬ board of a typewriter of the American Electric Standard type. It can be seen in this FIG. 5 that one of these selecting elements 40 has only one of its apertures, aperture 41, correspond to one of the keys of the keyboard, and another selecting element next to said first one has three of its apertures, apertures 41, 42, and 43, correspond to three keys of the keyboard; while all the remaining selecting elements have each its four apertures correspond to four keys of the keyboard. The pattern of locations of apertures of all selecting elements follows that which would correspond to the keys of said key¬ board that would occupy the positions of the keys intended for the printing of characters ""6"", ""t"", ""g"", and ""v"" on said typewriter key- board. As can be seen in FIG. 1, the amplitude of the linear transla- tional movement of selecting elements 40 is limited by means for lim¬ iting stops 48 and 49. Washers 49 secured on the plunger of each sol¬ enoid 45, limit said movement of the selecting elements to the left; while L-shape channel 48 limits said movement to the right. Always referring to FIG. 1, the left limiting position of the selecting elements will be referred to as the operative position, and the right -fUREA OMPI ' limiting position of said selecting elements will be referred to a the inoperative position of said selecting elements. In the rest o this specification, the description of the operation of the invent is done as if each selecting element had all of its four apertures 41, 42, 43, and 44 correspond to four keys of the keyboard. It will obvious that such description would cover all other selecting ele¬ ments with lesser number of apertures involved in the operation. Slidable in reciprocal movements through apertures 41, 42, 43 and 44 of selecting element 40 are sticks 51, 52, 53, and 54, refe red to as push-sticks. Each push-stick, preferably, is formed with steel wire of about 16 gauge into a loop of inside diameter about 130 mils at one end, and into a straight line at the rest of the stick. Details of such an embodiment of push-sticks can be seen in [ •' FIG.4a. In the attachment for said electric typewriter, twelve pus sticks 51 are linked through their loops to the elongated, recti¬ linear part of about 1/8"" in diameter, of a bar 61, which is also referred to as push-bar 61, constructed as depicted in FIG. 3. Spacers 66, mounted between loops of said push-sticks, serve as means for maintaining the points of rotatable linkage between push sticks and push-bars well located and stabilized on each push-bar. Thus, referring to FIG. 1, and repeating push-sticks 51 twelve tim on push-bar 61, it can be seen that all the loops of push-sticks 5 rotate oh the same axis, are essentially parallel to themselves, a are orthogonal to that part of push-bar 61 going through them. Sim larly, eleven push-sticks 52 are rotatably linked to push-bar 62, eleven push-sticks 53 are rotatably linked to push-bar 63; and ten push-sticks 54 are rotatably linked to push-bar 64. To be understo is that each push-rod in rows 21, 22, 23, and 24 has one correspon ing push-sticks positioned above it as seen in FIG. 1. Push-bar 61 is designed and mounted to be moved on command wi proper strength and duration by an electrical pulse via solenoid 6 of a pull type, in a manner as to drive the axis of all the loops push-sticks 51 rotating around it through an arc which is of small circular angle; said arc being assimilable practically with a rect linear excursion of about 1/4"", in a direction- vertical and going through the axes of all the push-rods 21. In the preferred e bodi- ent, this latter direction can be seen as orthogonal to the direc¬ tion of movement of the selecting elements and to the direction of the elongated, rectilinear part of push-bar 61.. One way of imple¬ menting means for moving push-bar 61 in the described manner-is to use a solenoid 65 of the pull type, a spring, and simple linkages well known in the art, as shown in FIG. 3. Means for limiting the movement of the plunger of the solenoid 65, and consequently the movement of the push-bar 61, between two extreme positions, can be arranged as for the solenoids 45 and selecting elements 40. These two positions for push-bar 61, referring to FIG. 1, are: the high¬ est, referred to also as the inoperative position, and the lowest, referred to also as the inoperative position of push-bar 61. When push-bar 61 is moved from inoperative position to operative position, one of the push-sticks 51 would go down vertically and bear on the circular area of the upper tip of one of the push-rods 21 correspond¬ ing to that push-stick and push that push-rod down a distance of a- bout 3/16"", or else, would go through a zone beyond the area of the upper tip of said particular push-rod 21, and thus would have no effect on said push-rod 21. One of these situations, made mutually exclusive, would happen depending whether the particular selecting element 40 through aperture 41 thereof slides push-stick 51 was moved to operative position or not at that particular moment. If said par¬ ticular selecting element was moved to operative position, it would be pulled to the left in FIG. 1, and the translational action of aperture 41 would cause the straight stick of push-stick 51 to be in a direction practically vertical that would go through the center of the upper tip surface of said push-rod 21, and action on said push-rod would take place, and the corresponding key of said push-rod would be caused to move down about 3/16"" and held at that position long enough to cause the character corresponding to said key to be printed on the paper attached to the carriage of said typewriter. In the contrary, if said particular selecting element 40 was in the inoperative position at that particular moment, there would be no action on push-rod 21. Similar situations apply to push-rods 22, 23, and 24, corresponding push-sticks 52, 53, and 54, corresponding aper¬ tures 42, 43, and 44 of selecting elements, corresponding keys of the keyboard and push-bars 62, 63 and 64. In the operation of the invention, each time a character is to be printed, a code, e. g. one of the 128 possible 7-bit codes of ASCII, corresponding to that character is sent to the electronics o the attachment. This electronics decodes and translates this code uniquely into one electrical pulse of proper strength and duration for one and only one of the twelve solenoids 45, and another elec¬ trical pulse of proper strength, duration and delay with respect to the first pulse, for one and only one of the four solenoids 65. It can be seen then, one and only one character corresponding to the combined effects of one particular selecting element 40 and of one particular push-bar 61, 62, 63 or 64, would be printed. The elec¬ tronics of the attachment also issues an electrical pulse of proper strength, duration and a proper time ahead of the aforementioned pulses to cause the typewriter to shift up, shift down, stay up or stay dawn by means of proper solenoids and linkages, in order to take care of the dual-character keys of the keyboard. As an extra part of this invention is the actuation of the class of keys characterized by ""Shift"", ""Space"", ""Tab"", ""Carriage Return"", and ""Back Space"", which can be done more efficiently with solenoids dedicated to these functions, along with simple levers, linkages, and push-rods positioned correspondingly on the keys re¬ lated to those functions. In this invention, as applied to a standard electric typewrite eighty-eight characters can be manipulated remotely with only eight¬ een relatively small solenoids and their driving circuits. (Two sole¬ noids are used in tandem for the shift-up and shift-down function to simplify the driving circuits). This amount of hardware is relativel small compared to that required by the brute-force, one solenoid-per key, approach that would utilized forty-six solenoids of the same size as in this invention, with their forty-six driving circuits. This economy in hardware, and in cost, is realized whenever the in¬ vention is applicable to a keyboard of great number of keys. The greater the number of keys, the greater the economy realized, com- pared to said brute-force approach. The electronics can be made as OMPI Λ ϋ sophisticated as necessary for parallel or serial communications with a remote station sending the codes, and can be implemented with state- of-the-art electronic components. • Each aperture of the selecting elements is such that it is large enough as to allow a large push-stick to slide in and out thereof but small enough as to ensure the suitable rigidity and durability of each selecting element and at the same time such that the movement of each selecting element between inoperative and operative positions does not create by friction the same movement in any of the other se- lecting elements. Concavity which will enhance the reliability of the operation of the invention, and convexity for low-marring effect on keys of the keyboard can be machined into the upper and lower tips of the push- rods as shown in sectional view of FIG. 1. FIG. 4(a), 4(b), and 4(c) show three slightly varied forms of • implementing means for rotatably linking the push-sticks to the push- bars. In all these forms, said elongated part of a push-bar is cylin¬ drical and about 1/8"" in diameter. In FIG. 4(a), a push-stick is ' formed with steel wire of about 1/16"" in diameter into a loop of a- obout 130 mils of inside diameter at one end, and into a straight stick at the rest of the push-stick. In FIG. 4(b), a push-stick is composed of a piece of low-friction, low-wear material having an a- perture of inside diameter of about 130 mils and having attached thereto a straight stick of steel of about 1/16"" of diameter. In FIG. 4(c), a push-stick is formed in one piece, with a loop of inside diameter of about 130 mils at one end and a straight stick at the remainder. Such a push-stick can be made of low-friction, low-wear materials by many processes well known in the art. In all three said -.forms of implementing means for rotatably linking the push-sticks to ^the push-bars, spacing means, similar to spacers 66 in FIG. 3, is to be used to maintain the ponits of rotatable linkage between push- sticks and push-bars well located and stabilized on each push-bar. FIG. 4(e) and 4(g) show another form of implementing said ro¬ tatable linkage. In this form, the elongated part of each push-bar is made of a straight strip of firm material such as steel of proper -βU EACT OMPI A> WΪPΠ . . thickness. Secured parallely to this strip by any means is another strip of similar material and similar dimensions having such apertur and such forming as to constitute with the first strip properly lo- cated, elongated rotatable bearings for push-sticks depicted in FIG. 4(f); said push-sticks being made as L-shaped sticks of firm mate¬ rial, preferably steel, of circular section of about 1/16"". It is seen readily that spacing between push-sticks on the same push-bar inherently built in here. The four forms of rotatable linkage just described are equally good in situations where the invention is app ed to a keyboard in which the keys are readily groupable in rows an columns, one of said rows crossing one of said columns at an angle ninety degrees. These four forms of rotatable linkage, however, wil cause difficulties in the operation of the invention if said angle deviates appreciably from ninety degrees. In the most general cases this angle not only would deviate appreciably from ninety degrees, could vary from one crossing to another. The form of rotatable link age depicted in FIG. 4(d) would make the operation of the invention -possible in these most general cases. In this form, the elongated part of a push-bar is made similarly to the linkage depicted in FIG 4(e) and 4(g), in a manner as to form rotata ' ble ball-and-socket joints with the globules at one end of the push-sticks; each globul being of a diameter suitably greater than that of the rest of the push-stick, preferably made with a straight piece of steel wire of about 16 gauge. This last ball-and-socket form of rotatable linkage not only allows each push-stick in this case to rotate freely throu a suitable angle in a plane as a push-stick in one of the aforemen¬ tioned forms of linkage, it allows readily each push-stick to rotat freely through a suitable solid angle in space around the point of linkage. It can be seen also that spacing between push-sticks on th same push-bar is built "" in here, too. It can be thus appreciated tha this last form of rotatable linkage allows the invention to be appl cable to all the practical keyboards having a great number of keys arranged in any resonable manner. When applied specifically the the keyboard of a typewriter, th operation of the invention can be improved with some extra parts th contribute to the strengthening of the attachment which characterized the invention, and that allow the attachment to be quickly and easily put on, or removed from said typewriter. Such parts can be seen in FIG. 1 as a base 70 on which said typewriter is positioned and se- cured with fastening means that does not allow the removal of said typewriter therefrom unintentionally; two side walls 80 secured to plate 10 and supporting it a suitable distance from base 70, when said side walls are put to rest on said bas.e in their operational position; a square-section channel 84 secured at each of its ends to - one of said side walls; and finally limiters 83 secured on plate 10 along the rows of push-rods and protrusion 21a, as seen in FIG. 6, formed in the upper tips of all the push-rods, serving the purpose of limiting the movement of the push-rods between an upper position, also referred to as inoperative position, and a lower position, also referred to as operative position of the push-rods ' . Limiters 83 en¬ sure the reliable operation of the invention v/hen the combination attachment and typewriter is in such position as to orient the push- rods on a non upright and vertical direction, by preventing the push- rods from going in the direction from plate 10 to selecting elements 40 so far as to render the operation of the push-sticks difficult or impossible. Protrusion 21a on the upper tips of the push-rods prevents the push-rods from falling out of plate 10 when the attachment is re¬ moved from the typewriter. The attachment can further have a cover for protection from dust and for decoration purpose, and can be ana- ged to have room for the necessary electronics and power supplies. The whole attachment for a typewriter which is secured on a base in the manner described, can be put into the operational position on said typewriter by proper means for repeatably positioning the un¬ dersides of said side walls on the upper surface of said base, and fastening them thereto, in such a manner as to align the lower tips of all the push-rods on top of the corresponding keys of the keyboard. As the tops of said keys move along with the lower tips of the corre¬ sponding push-rods between two positions, the upper and lower posi¬ tions of the keys are also referred to as the inoperative and opera- tive positions of the keys, respectively, in the general assumption - U EAcT OMPI < 4 . WIPO y. that, on the keyboard of a standard typewriter, said lower position of the keys is the one that actuates the functions intended for said keys. The invention having been described, it is to be understood tha the different dimensions and forms of implementation set forth in th specification are for better visualization of the disclosure, are capable of further modification and variations, and should not be construed as to limit the scope of the invention, which is limited o ly by the appended claims. -gU EALT OMPI_";"What I claim is: 1. An attachment for remote control of a keyboard comprising: a. a series of selecting elements mounted for movement in a first direction between inoperative and operative positions b. each of said selecting elements having a series of apertures c. a series of push-bars mounted for movement in a second di ection d. each of said push-bars comprising an elongated member orient¬ ed longitudinally in a third direction e. a plurality of push-sticks f. each of said push-sticks having linkage at one of its ends rotatably connected to one of said elongated members of said push- bars and linkage at its other end slidably confined in one of said apertures of one of said selecting elements g. means for selectively moving said selecting elements and said push-bars h. a plurality of push-rods mounted for movement between inoper¬ ative and operative position in a fourth direction preferably parallel to said second direction i. each of said push-rods being positioned near a corresponding aperture of one of said selecting elements, a corresponding push-stick and a corresponding key of said keyboard j. each individual push-rod having means for linking a first one of its surfaces to a particular surface of said corresponding key and causing said key to move in a fifth direction preferably parallel to said fourth direction from inoperative position to operative position when said individual push-rod is moved from inoperative position to operative position respectively k. said individual push-rod having a second surface opposite to said first surface acted upon by said slidable end of said correspond¬ ing push-stick in the direction that causes in turn said corresponding key to move in the direction from inoperative position to operative position only when the selecting element slidably linked to said cor¬ responding push-stick was first selectively moved to operative posi- • tion and then the push-bar rotatably linked to said corresponding push-stick was next selectively moved to operative position ""BUREAU OMPI >__. WIPO _ »v, 1. whereby selectively moving said selecting elements and said push-bars selectively moves said keys of said keyboard from inopera tive position to operative position and actuate consequently the fu tions intended for said keys. 2. An attachment for remote control of a keyboard as defined i claim 1 wherein: a. in the operative position of a selecting element the center each aperture of said selecting element and the point of rotatable linkage of the corresponding push-stick with a push-bar lie essenti ly on a line parallel to said second direction and passing by the c ter of said particular surface of the corresponding key of said key board, b. said particular surface of the corresponding key of said ke board is the surface originally designed for finger manipulation of said key, and c. each aperture of said selecting elements is such that it is large enough as to allow a large push-stick to slide in and out the of but small enough as to ensure the suitable rigidity and durabili of each selecting element and at the same time such that the moveme of each selecting element between inoperative and operative positio does not create by friction.the same movement in any of the other s lecting elements. 3. An attachment for remote control of a keyboard as defined i claim 2 wherein: a. there exists a plate of such material and dimensions as to permit slidable mounting of said push-rods in said fourth directio mounting of said selecting elements in said first direction, mounti of means for moving said push-bars and said selecting elements and means for said attachment to be quickly put on or removed from said keyboard. 4. An attachment for remote control of a keyboard as defi ned i claim 3 wherei n : a . the l ength of sai d push-rods are such that sai d second sur- faces of push-rods are a same suitable distance from the plane that generally passes by the tips of said push-sticks near said slidable linkage of said push-sticks. 5. An attachment for remote control of a keyboard as defined in claim 4 wherein: a. said push-rods are of cylindrical shape, b. suitable concavity is formed in sai.d second surface of said push-rods, and c. suitable convexity is formed in said first surface of said push-rods. 6. An attachment for remote control of a keyboard as defined in claim 5 wherein: a. there exists means for limiting the movement of said push-rods between said inoperative and operative positions even when said attachment is positioned in different orientations or removed from said keyboard. 7. An attachment for remote control of a keyboard as defined in claim 6 wherein: a. there exists means for maintaining the points of rotatable linkage between push-sticks and push-bars well located and stabilized on each push-bar. 8. An attachment for remote control of the keyboard of a type¬ writer as defined in claim 7 wherein: a. said elongated part of said push-bars is rectilinear, b. said second direction follows the path of an arc of small circular angle, said arc being assimilable practically with a recti¬ linear direction preferably orthogonal to said first and third direc¬ tions, and c. said keys of said keyboard are the majority of keys of the keyboard of said typewriter. -BUR ALT OMPI 9. An attachment for remote control of the keyboard of a type writer as defined in claim 8 wherein: a. said first and third directions are made to be essentiall orthogonal to each other, b. all said selecting elements have the same pattern of loca¬ tions of apertures, and c. one of said selecting elements have its apertures correspo to the keys of said keyboard that would occupy the positions of th keys intended for the printing of characters ""6"", ""t"", ""g"", and ""v"" on a typewriter keyboard.- - 10. An attachment for remote control of the keyboard of a typ writer as defined in claim 9 wherein: a. said mounting means for said attachment to be quickly put or removed from said keyboard comprises a base thereon said typewri is positioned and secured with fastening means that does not allow removal of said typewriter therefrom unintentionally, two sidewalls secured to said plate and supporting it a suitable distance from s base when said side walls are removably secured in their operation position on said base and further means for securing said side wall in their intended positions on said attachment. 11. An attachment for remote control of the keyboard of a typ writer as defined in claim 10 wherein: a. means for selectively moving said selecting elements and sa push-bars comprises solenoid means, spring means, mechanical linkag means. 12. An attachment for remote control of the keyboard of a typ writer as defined in claim 10 wherein: a. there exists further means for actuating the extra keys no already included in said keyboard. 13. An attachment for remote control of the keyboard of a typ writer as defined in claim 12 wherein: a. each of said push-sticks is made of suitable material with iT J EA t OMPI _Δ. IPO circular aperture at one end and a straight stick"" of proper size at the remainder of said push-stick, and b. said elongated part of each of said push-bars comprises a cy¬ lindrical bar of proper material and of a diameter such as to allow said cylindrical bar to rotate freely in said circular aperture at one end of said push-sticks. 14. An attachment for remote control ""of the keyboard of a type¬ writer as defined in claim 12 wherein: a. each of said push-sticks is made of suitable material into an L-shaped stick of proper size, and b. said elongated part of each of said push-bars is made of a strip of suitable material and secured parallely by adequate means to another similar strip having such apertures and forming as to consti- tute with said first strip properly located elongated rotatable bear¬ ings for push-sticks essentially made as in part (a) of this claim. 15. An attachment for remote control of the keyboard of a type¬ writer as defined in claim 12 wherein: a. each of said push-sticks is made of suitable material into a globule of proper size at one end and a straight stick of proper size at the remainder of said push-stick, and b. said elongated part of each push-bar is made of a strip of suitable material and secured parallely by adequate means to another similar strip having such apertures and forming as to constitute with said first strip properly located rotatable sockets for ball-and-sock¬ et joints with said globules of push-sticks essentially made as -in part (a) of this claim.";RICCA T;RICCA T;1978
+WO-1979000018-A1;19790111.0;19780629;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25208083.0;G05D25;;F21S11, F24J2, G02B7;F21S  11/00, F24J   2/12, F24J   2/16, F24J   2/54C, G02B   7/182C2;RADIATION CONCENTRATING SYSTEM;A high efficiency radiation concentrating system for reflecting incident rays from a displaceable source (S) to a fixedly positioned focus (F) utilizing a simple universal displacement mechanism (22). The universal displacement mechanism (22) is coupled to a minor element (16) such that the minor element (16) is rotatably actuated about a first axis line (24) and a second axis line (28) in response to movement of an actuating arm (50) and is provided with a positioning mechanism (38) for maintaining the plane of the minor element (16) normal to a bisecting line (32) of an incident and a reflected angle of radiation impinging on and being reflected from the minor plane. The displacement mechanism (22) drives the mirror element (16) about the first axis line (24) extending in a direction from the displacement mechanism (22) to the focus (F) and further drives the minor element (16) about a second axis normal to the rust axis line (24). In this manner, the minor element (16) is maintained in a predetermined positional relation for reflection of the incident radiation to the fixed focus (F).;"RADIATION CONCENTRATING SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to radiation concentrating systems. In particular, this invention relates to ra¬ diation concentrating systems for reflecting radiant energy impinging on a reflecting mechanism to a fixed focus. Still further, this invention relates to a radiation concentrating system which reflects incident radiation rays from a movable source to a fixed focus. More in particular, this invention pertains to a radia¬ tion concentrating system which maintains a reflecting system in a plane normal to a bisecting line of an in¬ cident radiation ray to the reflecting mechanism and a reflected radiation ray from the reflecting system. PRIOR ART Radiation concentrating systems for reflecting in¬ cident radiation to a fixed focus is known in the art. However, in some prior art systems, the reflecting or mirror elements are fixed with relation to a base surface and thus only a small fraction of the total energy is reflected to the fixed focus point. This has the disad¬ vantage of providing a very low energy efficient system for reflecting the radiation. In other prior art systems, the reflecting surface for mirror elements are movable in a single plane. This has the effect of not accounting for a large amount of radiation which impinges on the reflecting surface and is reflected out of plane with the fixed focus point. Once again, such prior art systems do not provide for a high efficiency of the incident energy to the fixed focus point from the reflecting surface. In other prior art devices, a heliostat may be utilized for positioning each mirror element to maintain the reflected energy on the fixed focus point. However, such prior systems are generally complicated in hardware development and are extremely expensive to produce. Such prior systems do not generally provide for a simple linkage system wherein one axis is fixedly maintained in a directed position from the radiation concentrating system to the fixed focus point and further rotation about a second axis line normal or perpendicular to the first axis line. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Radiation concentration system for reflecting in¬ cident radiation from a displaceable source to a fixedly positioned focus. The radiation concentration system includes a reflection mechanism. A universal displace¬ ment mechanism is coupled to the reflection mechanism about a first axis line extending in a direction from the universal displacement mechanism to the fixed ocus. Additionally, the reflection mechanism is rotationally actuated about a second axis line normal to the first axis line wherein the reflection mechanism is maintained in a predetermined positional relation for reflection of the incident radiation to the fixed focus. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the positional relations of the source, the radiation concentration sys¬ tem, and the fixed focus; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the positional relationship of the source, the fixed focus, and the ra¬ diation concentration system having a non-planar reflection mechanism; FIG. 3 is an isometric view of the radiation concen¬ tration system; FIG. 4 is a, sectional elevation view of the radiation concentration system taken along the section line 4-4 of FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the radiation concen¬ tration system taken along the section line 5-5 of FIG. 4; FIG. 6 is an isometric view of an embodiment of the radiation concentration system; FIG. 7 is a section elevational view of the embodi¬ ment of the radiation concentration system taken along the section line 7-7 of FIG. 6; and, FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the embodiment of the radiation concentration system taken along the section line 8-8 of FIG. 7. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIGS. 1-7 . there is shown radia¬ tion concentrating system 10 for reflecting incident radiation rays 12 from displaceable source S to a fixedly positioned focus F. As can be seen in the schematic diagram of FIG. 1, incident radiation rays 12 impinge on reflection mechanism 16 forming incident complement angle 18. Incident radiation 12 is reflected from re¬ flection mechanism 16 at complement reflection angle 20 equal to the incident complement angle 18 and produces reflected radiation rays 14. For purposes of ease of description, reflecting mechanism 16 will hereinafter be discussed in terms of planar elements. However, it is to be understood that reflection mechanism 16 may include curvilinear reflect¬ ing surface 17 as shown in FIG. 2. In this type surface configuration, the average incident and reflected rays 12 and 14 appear to be optically reflected from virtual plane 19 degenerates to the surface contour plane when reflecting mechanism l6 is planar in contour. Universal displacement mechanism 22 is coupled to reflection mechanism 16 in a manner such that reflection mechanism l6 is driven in a predetermined contour for maintaining reflected radiation 14 in a directed path to fixed focus F responsive to the displacement of source S. As will be seen in following paragraphs, reflection mechanism l6 is rotationally actuated about first axis line 24 in a controlled rotation defined by directional rotational arrow 26. It will be noted that the mechanism defining first axis line 24 extends in a direction from universal displacement mechanism 22 pass¬ ing through second axis line 28 to focus F. First axis line 24 is maintained in this direction throughout the operation of radiation concentrating system 10 irrespec¬ tive of the displacement of source S. Additionally, universal displacement mechanism 22 rotationally ac¬ tuates reflection mechanism 16 about second axis line 28 shown in FIG. 2 as defined by directional rotational arrow 30. Second axis line 28 is normal to first axis line 24 and by cooperative displacement of the mechanisms to be detailed in following paragraphs maintains reflec¬ tion mechanism 16 in predetermined positional relation for reflection of incident radiation 12 to fixed focus F. Universal displacement mechanism 22 includes posi¬ tioning mechanism 38 for maintaining virtual plane 19 of reflection mechanism 16 normal to bisecting line 32 of incident angle 36 and reflection angle 34 of the radia¬ tion rays 12 and 14 incident to and reflected from re¬ flection mechanism 16. In overall concept, the function and purpose of radiation concentration system 10 is to bisect the incident and reflected angles 34 and 36 as a function of, and responsive to, the displacement of source S. In this manner, reflected radiation rays 14 are maintained in a predetermined linear path contour for impingement at all times on focus F which is fixed with respect to ground or some other base surface. As has hereinbefore been described, when reflecting mechanism 16 includes a planar reflecting element, victual plane 19 becomes the planar reflecting surface. Referring now to FIGS. 3-5- there is shown one embodiment for universal displacement mechanism 22. Positioning mechanism 38 includes first bevel gear 40 rotationally actuatable about second axis line 28 in a direction defined by rotational arrow 30. Intermediate bevel gear 42 matingly engages first bevel gear 40 and is rotationally actuatable about bisecting line 32. For ease of drawing description, it is seen that first bevel gear 40 and intermediate bevel gear 42 form a right angle drive train, however, the angle of engagement of gears 40 and 42 are not important to the inventive concept as is herein described. Third bevel gear 44 matingly engages intermediate gear 42 and is rotationally actuatable about second axis line 28 in direction 30. It will be understood that third bevel gear 44 is fixedly secured when taken with respect to any rotational dis¬ placement around second axis line 28. Thus, intermediate bevel gear 42 is rotationally engaged to first and third bevel gear members 40 and 44 respectively. Both first and third bevel gears 40 and 44, have the same gear radius and thus angles 3 and 36 may be bisected by bisecting line 32 responsive to displacement of source S in a planar manner. This bisection of in¬ cluded angles 3 and 3 in summation, permits maintenance of the path of reflected rays 14 onto fixed focus F during planar displacement of source S. Maintenance of reflection mechanism 16 in a plane normal to bisecting line 32 is provided by actuating arm 50 which is .rigidly secured to first bevel gear 40 for rotationally actuating first bevel gear 40 in order to drive intermediate bevel gear 42 in the rotational con¬ tour hereinbefore described. First bevel gear 40 is bolted or otherwise fixedly fastened to platform lug 48 extending from a top surface of gear 40. Extending at a right angle to platform lug 48 is actuating platform 46 which is rigidly secured to lug 48. Actuating arm 0 is secured to a lower surface of platform 46 and extends in a downwardly skewed manner shown in FIGS. 3-5. Ac¬ tuating arm 50 extends through extended length section 52 which is maintained in direction determined by source S. Section is extended and lies coincident with in¬ cident radiation rays 12 from source S at all times throughout the displacement of reflection mechanism 16. Section 52 may be driven by a heliostat mechanism or some other device, not part of the instant invention, which maintains section 2 pointed at all times to source S throughout the displacement. The schematic represen¬ tation of section 52 is shown in FIG. 1. Thus, movement of actuating arm 50 by appropriate displacement of section length 52 causes rotation of platform 46 and lug 48 which in turn is fixedly secured and rotationally drives first bevel gear 40. It is to be understood that although it has been stated that section 52 is directed toward source S at all times in the displacement operation, such criteria is provided for ease of mechanism fabrication. In reality, the only criteria is that there exist on section 52, a displacement point which is always maintained in a line passing through second axis line 28 and source S. It is to be understood that from an optimizing engineering consideration, the displacement point on section 52 may be advantageously in a colinear manner with the inter¬ section point of axes lines 28, 24 and source S. In order to achieve bisection of angles 3 and 36 when source S is displaced in a plurality of planes, universal displacement mechanism 22 includes journal mechanism 54 which is secured to third bevel gear 44 for rotation of third bevel gear 44 about first axis line 24. Third bevel gear 44 is secured to bevel shaft 56 extending from journal rotational member 58 to first bevel gear 40 as is shown in FIG. 4. Rotational member 58 is mounted to journal housing l6 on opposing ends through journal bearings 62 and 64. In this manner, universal displacement mechanism 22 is rotationally actuatable about first axis line 24 as is shown in FIG. 3. Thus, with both journal 54 and positioning mechanism 38 in operable movement, it is seen that universal dis¬ placement mechanism 22 is oveable about second axis line 28 and first axis line 24. By maintaining extended length section 52, or a point thereon, of actuating arm 50 in a linear coincident direction pointed toward source S through axis line 28, reflection mechanism 16 may be maintained in a plane normal to bisecting line 32 to permit maintenance of reflecting rays 14 being incident on focus F .as a function and responsive to the displace¬ ment of source S in a predetermined motion thereof. Thus, it is seen that actuating arm 50 and extended length section 5 provides a mechanism for displacing reflection mechanism 16 responsive to a linear displace¬ ment line maintained coincident and extending through universal mechanism- 22 and source S. As seen in FIGS. 3-5 . the linear displacement line is defined by the contour line of extended length section 52 which when extrapolated passes through second axis line 28 and displaceable source S. Actuating arm member 50 is rotationally mounted about second axis line 28 and may be contoured in a manner such that extension section 52 extends coincident with the now defined linear displacement line. In this manner, and importantly to the overall concept of system 10, there is provided a non-complex actuation of reflec¬ tion mechanism 16 for purposes of maintaining reflected rays positionally directed to fixed focus F. Reflection mechanism 16 may be a mirror element and may be formed in planar contour as is shown in FIGS. 3-5- It is to be understood that if reflection mechanism 16 were rigidly secured to intermediate bevel gear 42, that reflection mechanism or mirror element 16 would rotate about bisecting line 32 as actuating arm 0 were displaced in accordance with the predetermined path of source S. In order to maintain mirror element 16 from rotating about bisecting line 32, a number of mechanisms may be introduced, one of which is shown in FIGS. 3-5. In this embodiment, intermediate bevel gear 42 is rota¬ tionally mounted to reflection mechanism 16. As shown clearly in FIG. 4, bevel shaft member 66 extending in the direction determined by the extension of bisecting line 32, is secured on one end to intermediate bevel gear 42. Bevel shaft member 66 extends into housing 68 rigid¬ ly secured to a back surface of reflection mechanism 16. Additionally, bevel shaft member end 70 is maintained within housing 68 to form shaft bearing device 72 which is as seen secured to reflection mechanism 16. In this manner, bevel shaft member 66 is rotationally displaceable within shaft bearing device 72 and allows rotation of shaft member 66 while simultaneously maintaining mirror or reflection mechanism 16 in a relatively independently fixed position. Mirror weight 74 may be fixedly attached to a lower surface of reflection mechanism 16 as is shown in FIGS. 3-5 to additionally provide means whereby reflec¬ tion mechanism 16 will not rotate as a function of the rotation of right angle bevel gear 42 and the responsive rotation of bevel shaft member 66 . In order to maintain intermediate gear 42 in engaged relation with gears 40 and 44, slip ring housing member 81 may be rotationally secured to shaft 6 and housing 68. Other types of securing devices may be utilized, however, such is not important to the inventive concept as is herein described. In this manner, a plurality of heliostat units or one heliostat unit may be connected to a plurality of actuating arm extended length sections 52 to provide con¬ centrated reflected radiation to a fixed focus F responsive to source S displacement. Referring now to FIGS. 6-8, there is shown another embodiment of radiation concentrating system 10 for posi¬ tioning reflection mechanism 16 in a plane normal to bisecting line 32 of incident angle 18 and reflected angle 20 of impinging radiation 12 from source S. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, journal mechanism 54' is maintained in fixed position having an extended length in the direction of first axis line 24 as was the case in the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3-5. The method of rotating reflection mechanism 16 in a plane substantially normal to second axis line 28 is provided by positioning mechanism 38'. Positioning mechanism 38' includes actuating arm 50' which is displaceable responsive to the movement of source S. Additionally, actuating arm 50' is secured in fixed relation to actuating arm extended length section 52' which is maintained in a directed linear fashion along incident rays 12 and is maintained coincident with source S through axis line 28 throughout the displacement of reflection mechanism l6. Positioning mechanism 38' further includes gearing mechanism 76 which is secured to actuating arm member 50 and reflection mechanism l6. Gearing mechanism 76 includes spur gear 78 which is fixedly secured to actuating arm member 50' through gear bolt or nut member 80. Addition¬ ally, the radius of spur gear 78 is substantially equal to one-half the radius of internal spur gear 82 for bi¬ section of angles 34 and 36. Internal spur gear 82 is rotational about second axis line 28 responsive to ro¬ tation of actuating arm member 50'. Thus, rotation of actuating arm member 50' causes a rotation of spur gear 78 which drives internal spur gear 82 responsively. In¬ ternal spur gear 82 includes base section 84 serving as a lower continuous surface for gear 82. Bolt member 80 passes through base section 84 having a rivet like member 86 extending from a lower surface of base 84 and being rotational therewith. Thus, spur gear 78 is rotationally maintained in contact with internal spur gear 82. Additionally, journal mechanism 5 ' is rota¬ tionally secured to internal spur gear 82 through journal bearing member 88 passing through base section 84. Extending outward from internal spur gear 82 side- wall member 90 is bevel shaft member 66'. Bevel shaft member 66' includes an enlarged bevel shaft end member 70' inserted within housing 68' to form shaft bearing device 72'. Shaft 66' is free to rotate with respect to housing 68' or vice-versa in order to maintain mirror or reflecting mechanism 16 in a fixed rotational position independent of the rotation of radiation concentrating system 10 about first axis line 24. As was the case in the first embodiment discussed, reflecting mechanism 16 includes mirror weight 7 ' for aiding in the maintenance of the angular positioning of mirror 16. Journal mechanism 54' includes journal rotation member 58' which has an extended length in the direction of first axis line 24. Journal housing 60' is fixedly secured to a base or ground surface and journal rotation member 58' is rotationally coupled to journal housing 60' about first axis line 24. Journal rotation member 58' includes journal bearings 62' and 64' on opposing ends of the extended length and insertable within a recess formed in housing 60' to permit rotation of both journal rotation member 58' and positioning mechanism 38' around or about first axis line 24. In overall concept, radiation concentration system 10 for reflecting incident radiation from displaceable source S to focus F includes reflection mechanism '16 in combination with universal displacement mechanism 22. Mechanism 22 in all embodiments must be coupled to re¬ flection mechanism 22, however it is to be understood that universal displacement .mechanism 22 may be in some instances physically displaceable from reflection mechanism 16. Universal displacement mechanism 22 is displaceably actuated responsive to a first linear line extending from mechanism 22 to displaceable source S. Displacement of universal displacement mechanism 22 actuates bisecting line 3 between the first linear line and second linear line or first axis line 24 extending from universal displacement mechanism 22 to focus F. Universal dis¬ placement mechanism 22 is rotationally actuatable about second linear line or first axis line 24 and provides for displacing reflection mechanism 16 responsive to bisecting line 3 displacement. In this way, universal displacement mechanism 22 is rotatably actuatable about first axis line 24 and second axis line 28 lying normal to second linear line or first axis line 24. As can be seen, second axis line 28 extends normal to a plane defined by the first and second linear lines as has been hereinbefore described. As is to be understood, each radiation concentrating system 10 may be driven in an independent mode or in combination with a plurality or a multiplicity of other systems 10. Thus, it is to be ' taken within the scope of the inventive concept * that a multiplicity of reflec¬ tion mechanisms 16 may be driven by one or more univer¬ sal displacement mechanism 22 acting independent or through kinematic linkage mechanisms. Journal mechanism 54' includes journal rotation member 58' which has an extended length in the direction of first axis line 24. Journal housing 60' is fixedly secured to a base or ground surface and journal rotation member 58' is rotationally coupled to journal housing 60' about first axis line 24. Journal rotation member 8' includes journal bearings 62' and 64' on opposing ends of the extended length and insertable within a recess formed in housing 60' to permit rotation of both journal rotation member 58' and positioning mechanism 38' around or about first axis line 24. Although this invention has been described in connec¬ tion with specific forms and embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that various modifications other than those discussed above may be resorted to without depart¬ ing from the spirit or the scope of the invention. For example, equivalent elements may be substituted for those specifically shown and described, certain features may be used independently of other features, and in certain cases particular locations of elements may be reversed or interposed, all without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A radiation concentration system for reflecting incident radiation from a displaceable source S to a fixedly positioned focus, comprising: (a) reflection means; and, (b) universal displacement means coupled to said reflection means for (1) rotationally actuating said reflection means about a first axis line extending in a direction from said universal displacement means to said focus, and (2) rotationally actuating said reflection means about a second axis line normal said first axis line, said rotational actuations for maintaining said reflection means in predetermined positional relation for reflection of said incident radiation to said fixed focus. 2. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 1 where said universal displacement means includes means for positioning a virtual plane of said reflection means normal to a bisecting line of the sum of an incident and a reflected angle of radiation of said reflection means 3. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 1 where said universal displacement means includes means for displacing said reflection means responsive to a linear displacement line maintained coincident and extending between said universal displacement means and said displaceable source. 4. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 3 where said linear displacement line extends between said second axis line and said displaceable source, 5. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 4 where said universal displacement means includes an actuating arm member rotationally mounted about said second axis line at least a portion of said actuating arm member extending coincident with said linear displace¬ ment line. 6. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 3 where said means for positioning said reflection means includes : (a) a first bevel gear member rotationally actua¬ table about said second axis line; (b) an intermediate bevel gear member engaged to said first bevel gear member; and, (c) a third bevel gear member engaged to said intermediate bevel gear member having an axis line coinci¬ dent with said second axis line. 7. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 6 where said intermediate bevel gear is rotation¬ ally engaged to said first and third bevel gear members. 8. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 6 where said first bevel gear member is rigidly secured to an actuating arm member for rotationally actua¬ ting said first bevel gear member. 9. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 8 where said actuating arm member includes an extended length element positionally maintained in a direction coincident along a linear path to said source, 10. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 6 where said intermediate bevel gear is rotation¬ ally mounted to said reflection means. 11. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 10 including: (a) a bevel shaft member secured to said right angle bevel gear; and, (b) shaft bearing means secured to said reflec¬ tion means, said bevel shaft member being rotationally displaceable within said shaft bearing means. 12. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 11 including weight means secured to said reflec¬ tion means for fixedly positioning said reflection means independent of said rotating bevel shaft member. 13. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 6 where said universal displacement means in¬ cludes journal means secured to said third bevel gear member for roation of said third bevel gear member about said first axis line. 14. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 3 where said means for positioning said reflec¬ tion means includes: (a) an actuating arm member displaceable respon¬ sive to movement of. said source; and, (b) gear means secured to said actuating arm member and said reflection means. 15. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 14 where said gear means includes : (a) a spur gear member secured to said actuating arm member; and, (b) an internal spur gear member matingly en¬ gaged to said spur gear member, said internal spur gear member being rotational about said second axis line, said spur gear being rotationally mounted to said internal spur gear member. 16. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 15 including journal means rotationally secured to said internal spur gear member for rotation of said gear means about said first axis line. 17. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 16 where said journal means includes: (a) a journal rotation member having an exten¬ ded length in a direction of said first axis line; and, (b) a journal housing being fixedly secured to a base surface, said journal rotation member being rotationally coupled to said journal housing about said first axis line. l8. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 17 where said internal gear member is rotation¬ ally mounted to said reflection means. 19. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 18 including: (a) an internal gear shaft member secured to said internal gear; and, (b) shaft bearing means secured to said reflec¬ tion means, said shaft member being rotationally displace¬ able within said shaft bearing means. 20. A radiation concentration system for reflecting incident radiation from a displaceable source to a fixedly positioned focus, comprising: (a) reflection means; and, (b) universal displacement means coupled to said reflection means, said universal displacement means being displaceably actuated responsive to a first linear line extending from said universal displacement means to said displaceable source, said universal displacement means actuating a bisecting line between said first linear line and a second linear line extending from said universal dis¬ placement means to said focus, said universal displacement means including means for displacing said reflection means responsive to said bisecting line displacement, said universal displacement means being rotationally actuatable about said second linear line. 21. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 20 where said universal displacement means is rotationally actuatable about a second axis line normal said second linear line. 22. The radiation concentration system as recited in claim 21 where said second axis line extends normal to a plane defined by said first and second linear lines";BUNCH J;BUNCH J;1978
+WO-1979000021-A1;19790125.0;19780703;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25209095.0;B41J1;B41J3;B41J3, B44B5;B41J   3/38, B44B   5/00F, B44B   5/00Z, B44B   5/02C;ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED TOKEN ENGRAVING APPARATUS;An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus, wherein a slide (21) including a token-receiving aperture (33) moves blank tokens from a blank token receiving station (15) to an engraving station (17). At the engraving station (17), a typehead (19) comprising a plurality of radial type bars (135) is manually rotated by an operator until the desired character type is located above the upper peripheral edge of the token. Thereafter, actuation of a switch (S2) causes a toggle press (105) to press the end of the type bar (135) and, thus, the type downwardly against the token causing a character to be engraved therein. Just prior to a character being engraved, the token is indexed a predetermined distance. After a character is engraved, the typehead (19) is again manually rotated until the next desired character type is located. This sequence is repeated until all of the desired characters, up to a maximum number, are engraved. Subsequent to the last character being engraved or, when the maximum number of characters have been engraved, a further switch (S3 or 209) is actuated to eject the engraved token and to place another blank token in the engraving station (17). Digital logic systems (211, 203, 213) control movement of the slide (21), the toggle press (105) and the release of a hold down mechanism (83). Digital logic systems (205, 215) further control a counter (G13), which controls a suitable alphanumeric display (213, 233), an out-of-service indication, and machine shutdown to prevent operation of the token engraving apparatus if the mechanical mechanism thereof becomes jammed, or runs out of blank tokens.;"ELECTRONICALLY CONTROLLED TOKEN ENGRAVING APPARATUS TECHNICAL FIELD This invention is directed to token engraving apparatus and, more particularly, to token engraving apparatus suitable for engraving selected characters onto one surface of a blank token. As used herein, the term engraving is generic to the creation of characters in tokens by either depressing the character into the token or by depressing the material surrounding the characters so as to effectively ""raise"" the character. The latter technique is sometimes referred to as embossing. Thus, as will be better understood from the following description of the invention, while the mechanism of the invention preferably creates depressed characters because the pressure to be applied is less than that needed to create raised characters (and the image is usually clearer), it is to be understood that the mechanism can also be used to create raised (embossed) characters, if desired. BACKGROUND ART Various types of token engraving apparatus suitable for engraving characters into tokens have been proposed, and some are in use. For a variety of reasons, many of the older token engraving apparatus have not proven to be entirely satisfactory. Moreover, while recent advances have improved token engraving apparatus, the improved mechanisms have still not been entirely satisfactory. For example, while the invention described in United States Patent 3,960,257 entitled ""Apparatus for Conveying and Engraving Tokens"" by Cliff R. High and Morley Brotman was a substantial improvement over earlier prior art devices, the apparatus described in that patent is still not entirely satisfactory. For example, the apparatus described in United States Patent 3,960,257 is still substantially more mechanical than desirable. More specifically, the apparatus described in this patent depends upon the rather precise adjustment of cams and cam o owers, p us ot er mec an ca components, n or er to re a y o ta n clearly engraved tokens. Because of wear and other factors that affect mechanical mechanisms, the various components of this mechanism become misaligned after a period of time. As a result, clarity of engraving deteriorates. Also, the mechanical mechanism used to move tokens along a path of travel between a blank token receiving station, an engraving station, and an ejection station is more complex than desirable. Hence, while this prior art apparatus is an improvement over earlier apparatus, it is more complex than desirable and, thus more expensive to produce and maintain. Moreover, it is less reliable than desirable. Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a new and improved token engraving apparatus. It is a further object of this invention to provide an uncomplicated mechanical mechanism for use in a token engraving apparatus. It is another object of this invention to provide an electronic control system for controlling a token engraving apparatus, which reduces the mechanical complexity of the apparatus without eliminating any of its functions. It is a more comprehensive object of this invention to provide an _ electronically controlled token engraving apparatus that has minimum mechanical complexity. It is a still further object of this invention to provide an electronically controlled token engraving apparatus that is precisely controlled by an electronic subsystem such that clearly engraved tokens are reliably produced. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION In accordance with certain aspects of "" this invention, a token engraving apparatus including a slide having a single token receiving aperture formed therein is moved between a receiving station, an engraving station and an ejection station. Blank tokens are held in a vertical stack at the receiving station. When the aperture in the slide is moved to the receiving station, the bottom token in the stack drops into the aperture. When the aperture is located at the engraving station, the token is located beneath one region of the outer periphery of a typehead formed of a plurality of radially extending arms. Each arm has a character type located at the bottom of its outer end. A press is located above the engraving station and, when actuated, is adapted to press the end of a type bar located above the outer peripheral edge of the token into the upper outer peripheral edge of the token. In this manner characters are engraved in the upper outer periphery of a token. The typehead is manually movable and a mechanism is provided for locking the typehead in place during the period of time that a par cu ar c arac er ype s e ng presse n o e upper sur ace o e o en. n addition, a hold down mechanism is provided for pressing the token against an anvil located at the engraving station, during engraving. Further, a mechanism is provided for indexing the token just prior to each engraving step. In accordance with further aspects of this invention, an electronic control subsystem controls the operation of the mechanical mechanism of the token engraving apparatus. Preferably, the mechanism is coin operated. The insertion of a coin or coins into the machine by a customer actuates a first switch that enables the engraving of characters. Thereafter, the customer manually moves the typehead to a desired character position and, then, actuates a type switch. Actuation of the type switch first causes the token to be indexed and, then, the press to operate. Preferably, the typehead is locked in place during the engraving step. ' After a first character is engraved, the customer moves the typehead to the next character position and the type switch is again actuated. This sequence continues until all of the desired characters are engraved, or a maximum number of characters have been engraved. When engraving is complete, the customer actuates an eject switch. The eject switch causes the slide mechanism to move the engraved token to the ejection station where it is ejected. The slide then moves to the receiving station where it receives another blank coin. The slide continues to move until the new blank coin is positioned at the engraving station. At this point, the apparatus is deactivated and remains so until another customer inserts a coin or coins into the machine, and the engraving mechanism is again enabled. As an alternative to the customer actuating an ejection switch, the ejection sequence occurs automatically when a predetermined maximum number of characters have been engraved. In accordance with further aspects of this invention, a display mechanism is provided. The display mechanism includes a counter that counts up "" by one each time a character is engraved, whereby a display of the number of characters that have been engraved is continuously provided to the customer. Further, a timer is started at predetermined times in the operational cycle. If certain actions are not complete before the timer times out, related mechanical mechanisms are assumed to be jammed; and, the time causes an out of service indication and machine shutdown. Preferably the electronic control subsystem of the invention is formed of a plurality of digital logic circuits operable in sequence to control the mechanical mechanism of the invention. In this regard position sensors sense when the press and the slide are in idle or park positions. When a particular action is to take place, a related motor is activated. The motor causes the mechanism to go through a single cycle, which terminates when the mechanism returns to its idle or park position. In addition to controlling the engraving functions of the invention, the. OMPI ' electronic control subsystem also controls a chain dispense adapted to dispense a chain useful with an engraved token to form a keychain. Further, the control subsystem senses the absence of blank tokens and causes machine shutdown and an out of service indication when the machine runs out of blank tokens. It will be appreciated from the foregoing summary that the invention overcomes many of the disadvantages of prior art mechanisms, including the disadvantages of the invention described in United States Patent 3,960,257, referenced above. Specifically, the invention provides an uncomplicated, mechanical mechanism suitable for use in a token engraving apparatus. The invention also provides an electronic subsystem adapted to perform many of the mechanical functions of prior art token engraving apparatus. As will be readily understood by those skilled in the art, electronic systems are substantially more reliable than cam and cam follower systems, and the like. Further, electronic control subsystems normally operate over extended periods of time without requiring servicing or readjustment, particularly when compared to mechanical control subsystems. Hence, the invention provides a more reliable and less mechanically complex token engraving apparatus when compared to prior art apparatus. Because it is less mechanically complex, it is less expensive with respect both to initial cost and maintenance. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The foregoing objects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become more readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 is a top isometric view, partially in section, of a preferred embodiment of the mechanical mechanism of a token engraving apparatus formed in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a bottom isometric view of the mechanical mechanism illustrated in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a top plan view, partially broken away, of the mechanical mechanism illustrated in Figure 1; Figure - is a partial, side elevational view, partially in section, of the mechanical mechanism illustrated in Figure 1; Figure 5 is a detail view of the portion of the mechanism illustrated in Figure 1 that indexes a token during engraving; and, Figure 6 is a schematic, logic diagram of an electronic control subsystem of a token engraving apparatus formed in accordance with the invention and suitable for controlling the mechanical mechanism illustrated in Figures 1-5. BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION As will be better understood from the following description, this invention is directed to an electronically controlled token engraving apparatus. As such, the invention includes two main subsystems, a mechanical, mechanism and an electronic control subsystem. The mechanical mechanism is illustrated in Figures 1-5; and the electronic control subsystem is illustrated in Figure 6. The mechanical mechanism illustrated in Figures 1-5 generally com¬ prises: a support plate 11; a slide assembly 13; a token supply assembly 15; a press assembly 17; a typehead assembly 19; and, a token indexing assembly 20. The support plate 11 is mounted in a horizontal plane by a suitable supporting frame, shown in phantom in Figure 1. SLIDE ASSEMBLY The slide assembly 13 includes: an elongate, flat slide 21; a detent mechanism 23; a slide motor 25; a crank disc 27; a lever arm 29; and, a connecting link 31. The slide 21 lies atop the support plate 21, as best illustrated in Figure 1. The slide 21 includes a token aperture 33, positioned along the length of the slide such that as the slide is moved back and forth in the manner hereinafter described, the token aperture is moved between a token receiving station located beneath the token supply assembly 15, an engraving station located beneath the press assembly 17 and an ejection station located between the token supply assembly and the press assembly. As will be better understood from the following discussion, the token supply assembly is located above the slide generally near one edge of the support plate 11. The press assembly is located inwardly, with respect to the token supply assembly edge of the support plate, along the path of travel of the slide 21. The detent mechanism 23 is located on the side of the press assembly remote from the side on which the token supply assembly is located, also along the path of travel of the slide 21. Lateral slide movement is prevented by a series of rollers 24 located along the longitudinal edges of the slide 21. The detent mechanism 23 includes an arm 37 having one end rotatably attached to the support plate 11. The axis of rotation of the arm is vertical; and, the arm 37 points generally down the slide toward the token supply assembly 15. The outer end of the arm includes a roller 39 adapted to be swung into one or the other of two notches 41 and 43 located along the adjacent edge of the slide 21. Located on the side of the arm 37 remote from the slide 21 is a bracket 45. Located between the bracket 45 and the arm 37 is a coil spring 47. The coil spring is mounted such that it applies spring pressure against the arm 37 forcing the ree or outer end of the arm toward the slide 21. Thus, when one or the other of the - notches 41 or 43 is located adjacent to the roller 39, the roller is swung into that notch. When a suitable longitudinal slide movement force is applied, the roller moves out of the notch and the spring 47 compresses. As a result, the detect mechanism creates a force that tends to hold the slide against longitudinal movement at one or the other of its positions. However, the force created by the spring 47 is inadequate to prevent longitudinal movement of the slide when the slide movement mechanism applies a force to the slide in the manner hereinafter described. The notches 41 and 43 are located such that the token aperture 33 is located at the engraving station when the roller is located in one notch 43 and at the token supply station when the roller 39 is in the other notch 41. The slide movement mechanism includes the slide motor 25, the crank disc 27, the lever arm 29 and the connecting link 31. The slide motor 25 is mounted atop the support plate 11 adjacent to the token supply assembly 15 on the side of the slide opposite to. the press assembly 17. The motor is oriented such that its shaft rotates about a vertical axis. The shaft passes through the support plate 11; and, the crank disc 27 is mounted on the shaft of the slide motor 25, beneath the support plate, as best seen in Figure 2. One end of the lever arm 29 is pinned for vertical movement. The lever arm is pinned at a point located beneath an integral projection 49 projecting outwardly in the plane of, and forming part of, the support plate 11. The other end of the lever arm 29 includes an elongated slot 51. The longitudinal axis of the slot is coincident with the longitudinal axis of the lower arm 29. A pin 53 attached to, and projecting downwardly from, the adjacent outer end of the slide 21 lies in the slot 51. The connecting link 31 is vertically pinned at one end to the crank disc 27 and at the other end to the mid- region of the lever arm 29. The connecting link 31 is pinned to the crank disc 27 • near the outer periphery of the disc. When the slide is located such that the token aperture 33 is located adjacent the press assembly 17, i.e., at the engraving station, the connecting link 31 lies across the crank disc 27, as illustrated by the dashed lines in Figure 3. When the slide motor is energized, as hereinafter described, the crank disc is moved through a single revolution. The direction of crank rotation is clockwise, when viewed from above. As a result of the coupling arrangement, when the crank disc 27 is rotated by the motor, the connecting link first pushes the lever arm outwardly, whereby the slide is moved outwardly (toward the right as viewed in Figure 3). This action moves the token aperture from the engraving station to the token supply station. When the token aperture is at the token supply station, the detent mechanism 23 temporarily locks the slide; and, a blank token drops into the token aperture 33. As the crank continues to revolve, the connecting link pulls the lever arm inwardly, whereby the slide is moved inwardly (toward the left as viewed in Figure 3). Inward movement continues until the token aperture and, OM WIP thus, the blank token, is at the engraving station. It should be noted that the detent . and the slot/pin mechanisms eliminate the need for precisely forming the slide movement mechanism because they compensate for any slight misalignment of the components. Also connected to the slide movement mechanism is a token ejection control mechanism 55. The token ejection control mechanism includes a bracket 57 mounted beneath the support plate. 11. The bracket includes a central longitudinal aperture that houses a shaft 59. The shaft 59 lies along an axis lying generally parallel to the longitudinal axis of the slide 21. Affixed to one end of the shaft 59 and extending outwardly so as to lie beneath an ejection aperture 61 formed in the support plate 11 is an ejection arm 63. More specifically, one end of the ejection arm 63 is affixed to one end of the shaft 59. The other end of the ejection arm 63 includes a raised region that lies in the ejection aperture 61 when the shaft 59 is rotated clockwise (when viewed from its outer end). A lever arm 65 is affixed to and projects downwardly from the other end of the shaft 59. The lower end of the lever arm 65 is connected to the mid- region of the connecting link 31 by a chain-coil spring connecting link 67. This connecting link is taunt when the slide is moving a blank token from the token supply station to the engraving station. Thus, the raised region of the ejection arm 63 in the ejection aperture 61 during such movement. On the other hand, the chain-coil spring connecting link goes slack when the slide is moving an engraved token from the engraving station toward the token supply station. As a result, during such movement an engraved token is free to drop through the ejection aperture into a suitable receiving mechanism, such as a slide (not shown). In this manner, a single reciprocating slide moves blank tokens from the token supply station to the engraving station, without the tokens dropping through the ejection aperture and, thereafter, moves engraved tokens to the ejection station when they are ejected. TOKEN SUPPLY ASSEMBLY The token supply assembly, which is located at the token supply station, comprises an apertured plate 69 mounted above the slide 21. Projecting upwardly from the apertured plate 69, surrounding the aperture therein, are a plurality of cylindrical shafts 71. The cylindrical shafts 71 are positioned such that a vertical stack of blank tokens can be held above, and in line with, the aperture in the apertured plate 69. Due to gravity, the lower tokens in the stack will drop into an empty token aperture in the slide, each time the slide moves the token aperture to a point where it is aligned with the aperture in the apertured plate 69. Such alignment occurs when the slide 21 moves the token aperture 33 to the token supply station. Alignment is assurred by the roller 39 of the detent mechanism 23 0MP1 . PRESS ASSEMBLY The press assembly 17 includes a vertically oriented housing 73 affixed to the support plate. The housing 73 extends upwardly from the support plate 11, on the same side of the slide 21 as the detent mechanism 23. The housing 73 is located between the detent mechanism 23 and the token supply assembly 15. The housing 73 includes a pair of vertical sidewails 75 and 77 and a top wall 79 that extends outwardly so as to overlie the slide 21. The sidewails 75 and 77 lie in planes orthogonal to the slide 21. In addition, a block-like bracket 81 supported by, or integrally formed with, the sidewails 75 and 77 projects outwardly from the housing 73 so as to overlie the slide 21, below the slide overlying portion of the top wall 79. The bracket 81 is located slightly above the slide, as best illustrated in Figure 4. Also as best illustrated in Figure 4, the press assemably 17 includes a hold down mechanism 83. The hold down mechanism 83 includes a shaft 85 extending between the sidewails 75 and 77 of the housing 73. The shaft 85 lies above the block-like bracket 81 and is located near the edge of the sidewails 75 and 77 nearest to the slide 21. Rotatably mounted on the shaft 85, for movement in a vertical plane, is an arm 87. The inner end of the arm 87 overlies the bracket 81; and, includes a pin-shaped tip 89. The pin-shaped tip 89 lies in an eye 81 attached to the upper end of a vertical hold down shaft 93. The vertical hold down shaft 93 passes through a suitable aperture in the block-like bracket 81; and, includes a collar 95 affixed to its lower end. Located between the collar 95 and the block-like bracket 81 is a coil spring 97. The block-like bracket supports the shaft 93 such that it overlies the center of a token when a token is located at the engraving station. The other end of the arm 87 includes a hook-shaped tip 98. The hook-shaped tip is connected via a chain 99 to a hold down solenoid 101 affixed to the housing 17. In operation, the hold down solenoid 101 is de-energized when a token is at the engraving station. When the hold down solenoid is de-energized, the coil spring 97 presses the hold down sha t 93 downwardly against the top of a token. When the slide is to move, the hold down solenoid 101 is first energized, whereby the chain 99 is pulled downwardly. As a result, the arm 87 is rotated about the shaft 85 and the hold down shaft 93 is raised, against the force of the coil spring 97. Thereafter, the slide is moved in the manner heretofore described. The press assembly 17 also includes a press motor 103 mounted on the wall 75 of the housing 73 facing the detent mechanism 23. The press motor 103 is mounted such that its shaft is horizontal. The press motor 103 operates a toggle press 105. The toggle press 105 includes an adjustable rod 107 affixed to, and projecting downwardly from, the portion of the top wall 79 of the housing 73 that overlies the slide 21. A flange, formed in the lower end of the rod 107, is rotatably connected to one end of a first connecting link 109. The axis of rotation is horizontal. The other end of the first connecting link 109 is rotatably connected to one end of a second connecting link 111. The axis of rotation of this connection is also horizontal. The other end of the second connecting link 111 is rotatably connected (also about a horizontal axis) to the upper end of a press head 113 mounted in a vertical aperture in the block-like bracket 81 affixed to the housing 73. The press head 113 is mounted in the bracket so as to lie above the outer, upper periphery of a token held at the engraving station by the slide. The lower end of the press head 113 converges inwardly in a downward direction, in the form of a truncated cone. The joint between the first and second links 109 and 111 is connected to a horizontally arrayed yoke 115. The other end of the yoke 115 is connected, by an adjustable length connecting rod 117, to one end of a crank arm 119. The other end of the crank arm is affixed to the shaft of the press motor 103. The connection between the connecting rod 117 and the crank arm is rotatabie, about a horizontal axis. In the rest position, the shaft of the press motor is positioned such that the crank arm 119 points away from the housing 73. In this position, the connecting rod 117 and the yoke 115 pull the first and second links into a toggle position whereat they point in the direction of the press motor 103. As a result, the press head 113 is in a raised position. When the press motor is energized, its shaft goes through a single revolution cycle. As the motor shaft revolves, the crank arm 119 causes the connecting rod 117 and the yoke 115 to move the first and second links from the bent or toggle position to a straight line, vertical position and then back to a toggle position. This action causes the press head 113 to reciprocate downwardly and then upwardly. As will be better understood from the following description, this reciprocating movement causes the press head to press a character type into the upper sur ace of a blank token, at a predetermined point located along the outer peripheral edge thereof, whereby a character is formed in the token. In addition to the foregoing structure, the press assembly also includes a slide hold down. The slide hold down comprises an arm 121 affixed to the block¬ like bracket 81 on the side thereof facing the detent mechanism 23. Projecting vertically downwardly from the block 121 is a rod 123. The lower end -of the rod 123 is positioned slightly above the slide 21 whereby it prevents the slide from raising upwardly as it is reciprocated back and forth. As previously discussed lateral movement of the slide is prevented by a series of rollers 24 affixed to the support plate 11, on opposing sides of the slide 21. The typehead assembly 19 includes a vertically oriented typehead shaft 125. The vertical shaft 125 passes through a relatively large circular aperture 129 formed in the support plate 11. The relatively large aperture is located on the opposite side of the slide 21 from the press assembly, generally in line with the press head 113. The lower end of the typehead shaft is rotatably mounted in a bracket 127 that diametrically spans the relatively large circular aperture 129. The bracket 127 is affixed to and mounted beneath the support plate 11, as best seen in Figure 2. The typehead shaft 125 is also rotatably mounted in the outer end of the portion of the upper wall 79 of the housing 73 that extends outwardly and supports the adjustable rod 107 of the toggle press. Affixed to the vertical shaft 125 so as to lie in the relatively large aperture 129 is a cylindrical, typehead latch disc 131. The outer periphery of the typehead latch disc 131 is triangularly toothed. The thickness of the typehead latch disc is such that its upper surface lies slightly above the upper surface of the support plate 111, as best illustrated in Figure 4. Preferably, a suitable washer or brushing 133 is located between the supper surface of the bracket 127 and the lower surface of the typehead latch disc 131. Affixed to the upper surface of the typehead latch disc 131 are a plurality of radially extending type bars 135, preferably formed of spring steel. The number of type bars is at least equal to the number of characters available for engraving, , e.g., all of the letters of the alphabet, the numerals 0-9, a period (.), a comma (,) etc. The type bars extend beyond the outer periphery of the typehead latch disc 131. More specifically, the type bars extend radially outwardly to a point where the tip of a type bar will overlie the outer upper peripheral edge of a token located at the engraving station, beneath the type head 113, when appropriately positioned. Formed in or attached to the lower surface of the outer tips of the type bars 135 are raised type. As a result, when the press head 113 is moved downwardly (when the press motor 103 is activated, as previously described), the type of the type bar aligned beneath the press head is pressed into the top peripheral edge of the token, whereby a character is created therein. Affixed to the typehead shaft 125, above the type bars 135, is a cylindrical, protecion disc 139. The protection disc 139 is attached to the typehead latch disc by a pair of bolts 141. The outer peripheral edge of the protection disc is scalloped, i.e., it is formed by a plurality of adjacent circular curved reigons. The number of scallops is equal to the number of type bars. The protection disc is sized and positioned such that a type arm extends outwardly intermediate the peripheral projections defining each scallop. The diameter of the protection disc and the size of the scallops are such OMPI the press head 113, when the press head is reciprocated downwardly. Since the lower end of the press head is in the form of an inverted truncated cone, the press head tends to align a scallop and, thus, its related type head if they are slightly misaligned when the press head is moved downwardly during engraving. On the other hand, the ""teeth"" between scallops prevent downward typehead movement when a severe misalignment problem is present. In this manner the type bars are protected under severe misalignment conditions. Mounted on the typehead shaft 125, above the outwardly extending portion of the top wall 7$ of the housing 73, is a click disc 143. The click disc 143 also includes a scalloped outer peripheral edge. Again, the scallops are equal in number to the number of type arms 135. The scallops coact with a spring loaded ball detent mechanism* 145 affixed to the upper surface of the outwardly extending portion of the upper wall 79 of the housing 73, such that a ""click"" occurs each time the typehead shaft is moved one character position. The upper end of the typehead shaft 125 passes through an indicator 147. The indicator 147 may take the form of a disc, as illustrated, or it may be formed by an upper wall or cover of a housing within which the mechanism of the invention is mounted. The indicator 147 includes a plurality of character symbols 149 imprinted on or formed in its upper surface along a circular path. The character symbols are equal in number and related to the type located on the outer tips of the type bars. Affixed to the upper tip of the typehead shaft 125 is an indicator arrow 151. The indicator arrow 151 is positioned such that when it points to a particular character symbol 149, the type bar with similar type on its lower surface is in an engraving position above the upper, outer peripheral edge of a token located at the engraving station. As a result, if the type motor is thereafter energized, the particular character being pointed to is engraved in the upper, outer peripheral edge of the token. The typehead assembly 19 also includes a mechanism for locking the typehead in place during engraving. The print head locking mechanism includes a slide 153 having a triangular shaped end. This arrow shaped slide 153 is mounted in an undercut slot 155 formed in the upper surface of the support plate 111. The slot 155 is radially aligned with respect to the large circular aperture 129 formed in the support plate 111, and, the triangular shaped end of the slide points toward the large circular aperture. Thus, the triangular shaped end of the slide 153 is aligned with the triangularly shaped teeth in the outer periphery of the typehead latch disc 131. It is pointed out here that the number of triangular ""teeth"" in the outer periphery of the latch disc 131 is equal to the number of type bars; and, that these teeth are positioned such that a related type bar is in an engraving position above a token at the engraving station when a related triangular tooth is aligned -BO REA CT O-V.Pl ' with the triangular end of the sli e 153. The other end of the slide 153 rides against one end of a spring 161 that presses aganst the mid-portion of a lever arm 157. A plate 159 affixed to the top of the support plate 11 so as to overlie a portion of the slot 155 prevents the slide from rising out of the slot 155. The lever arm 157 is generally vertical and passes through an aperture ' 156 that intersects the outer end of the undercut slot 155. The upper end of the lever arm 157 is rotatably connected to the upper end of an upwardly extending bracket 163 located adjacent to the aperture 156. The axis of rotation is horizontal. The bracket 163 is affixed to the upper sur ace of the support port plate 111. The lower end of the lever arm 157 is connected by a spring chain assembly 165 to the movable element of a solenoid 167. A semi-resilient bumper 169 spans the aperture 156 on the side of the lever arm 157 remote from the side impinging on the coil spring 161. Located beneath the plate 159 alongside the undercut slot 155 is a contiguous undercut region 170. A pin 171 (Figure 3) affixed to the arrow shaped slide projects into the undercut region 170. Located between the pin 171 and the wall of the undercut region 170 opposite to the lever arm 157 is a coil spring 172. This pin/coil spring arrangement creates a return force that moves the arrow shaped slide out of contact with the typehead latch disc 131 in the absence of lever arm pressure. In operation, when the solenoid 167 is energized, it pulls the lever arm 157 toward the typehead latch disc 131, whereby the triangular shaped end of the slide 153 is moved into one of the triangular shaped apertures formed in the outer periphery of the typehead latch disc. This action partially compresses the coil spring 161 located between the slide and the lever arm. As a result, the typehead latch disc and, thus, the typehead is latched, whereby the application of force to the indicator arrow is prevented from rotating the typehead. Subsequent to locking the type head in place, in timed sequence, as hereinafter described, the press motor 103 is activated and a character is engraved into the upper surface of the token. After engraving is complete, the solenoid 167 is deenergized and the coil spring 171 located in the adjcaent undercut region 170 (which is compressed during latching) moves the slide and the lever arm 157 away from the typehead latch disc 131, whereby the typehead is free to rotate as an operator moves the indicator arrow!51 to the next character position. TOKEN INDEXING ASSEMBLY The token indexing assembly 20 is best seen in Figure 4 and includes an anvil 173 mounted in an anvil support 175 located beneath the token engraving station. The anvil 173 includes a cylindrical, disc-shaped upper section and a downwardly projecting, axially aligned, cylindrical projection 177. The cylindrical projection lies in a mating cylindrical aperture formed in the upper end of the anvil support 175. A retaining pin 179 threaded inwardly through the anvil support 175, projects into an undercut ring formed in the cylindrical projection 177 of the anvil 173. The anvil support 175 is also generally cylindrical. The lower region or leg of the anvil support is smaller in diameter than the upper or anvil supporting region and is mounted in bearings 182. The bearings are mounted in an anvil support housing 181 attached to the lower surface of the support plate 11. Affixed to the lower end of the anvil support 175, beyond the lower end of the anvil support housing 181 is a keeper disc 183. The outer periphery of the keeper disc 183 is scalloped and the scallops coact with a keeper 185 mounted in the anvil support housing 181. The keeper includes a vertical shaft, preferably formed of spring steel, having a roller 187 affixed to its lower end. The roller is aligned and coacts with the scallops 183 formed in the keeper disc 183. Affixed to the anvil support 182, beneath the keeper disc 183, is a ratchet disc 189. The ratchet disc coacts with a ratchet arm 191 mounted on a bracket 193 rotatably affixed to the anvil support 182, beneath the ratchet disc 189. More specifically, the bracket 193 is mounted on the anvil support 175 beneath the ratchet disc 189 so as to be rotatably "" movable with respect to the ratchet disc, about a vertical axis. The ratchet arm 191, which is preferably formed of spring steel has one end affixed to the bracket 193, by a pin, for example. The other end of the ratchet arm interacts with teeth of the ratchet disc in a manner such that when the bracket 193 is rotated in one direction, in the manner hereinafter described, the ratchet arm causes the ratchet disc and, thus, the anvil to rotate. -Rotation of the bracket 193 in the opposite direction is prevented from causing reverse rotation of the ratchet disc and the anvil by the keeper 185. In a conventional manner, during reverse movement, the ratchet arm is sprung outwardly. The outer end of the bracket 193 is connected by a connecting rod 195 to the lower end of the lever arm 157 that operates the arrow-shaped slide 153. . As a result, each time the solenoid 167 is activated, and the slide 153 is moved to engage the typehead latch disc 131, the ratchet disc is indexed. In this manner, the anvil and the token supported thereon are indexed. The degree of index movement, of course, is one character position. It will be appredated from the foregoing description that the invention provides both an uncomplicated mechanism for moving tokens through a token engraving apparatus and an uncomplicated engraving mechanism. Even though these mechanisms are uncomplicated, they operate in a manner that produces clear, accurately positioned characters in the upper outer peripheral surface of < gU EA tT OfΛPl blank tokens. The latter benefits are achieved as a result of locking the typehead in place (by the arrow shaped slide) during the engraving operation and as a result of locking the slide in place (by the detent mechanism), also during the engraving operation. Potentially destructive operation that might take place as a result of severe print head misalignment is prevented by the protection disc ELECTRONIC SUBSYSTEM The foregoing description has described a preferred embodiment of a mechanical mechanism formed in accordance with the invention. The following description describes an electronic subsystem, also formed in accordance with the invention, for controlling the mechanical mechanism. The electronic subsystem is illustrated in Figure 6 and includes: a power on reset circuit 199; credit logic 201; engrave logic 203; a counter and display 205; maximum character logic 207; eject logic 209; slide logic 211; hold down logic 213; a blank token sensor inverter 214; out-of-service logic 215; and, chain logic 217. Prior to describing the foregoing circuits in detail and their methods of operation, certain items are first pointed out, since an understanding of these items will assist in the understanding of the operation of the electronic subsystem. First, the invention is normally used in a coin operated machine. As a result, the electronic subsystem disables the machine until a predetermined amount of money, usually in the form of coins, is inserted into the machine. The insertion of coins is sensed by a credit switch, designated SI. Once the machine is enabled, the operator or customer manually rotates the indicator arrow until it points toward the first character to be engraved. Thereafter, the customer or operator actuates an engrave switch,. designated S2, whereby the press motor is energized and a character is engraved in the manner previously described. The customer then points the indicator arrow toward the next character to be engraved and then actuates the engrave switch again. This cycle is repeated until all of the desired characters are engraved (or a maximum number have been engraved). After the last character is engraved (assuming that this condition is reached before the maximum number is reached), the customer or operator actuates an eject switch, designated S3. Actuation of the eject switch energizes the slide motor 25, whereby the token is moved to the ejection station. After ejection, the slide moves to the token supply station where it receives a blank token. The slide, continues to move until the new blank token is moved to the engraving station, in the manner previously described. The actuation of the eject switch, S3, also causes a chain to be ejected. More specifically, actuation of S3 also energizes a motor that drives a chain dispenser. (A suitable chain dispenser is described in United States Patent 4,009,627 entitled ""Method and Device for Dispensing Portions of a Chain"" issued March 1, 1977. The ejected chain an an engrave token having a suitable aperture are adapted to form a keychain. Should the mechanical mechanism become jammed or run out of blank tokens, an out-of- service display is lit. The home or park position of all of the motor operated mechanical subsystems, e.g., press, slide and chain dispenser, are sensed by suitable position sensing devices, such as hall effect devices. In this regard, PS1 designates the output of a sensor that senses the home position of the press assembly; PS2 designates the output of a sensor that senses the home position of the slide; and, PS3 designates the output of a sensor that senses the home position of the chain dispenser. In operation, when one of the motors is energized, it starts from its home position. In addition, a sensor senses when the machine is out of blank tokens. PS4 designates the output of the blank token sensor. This sensor may be a pressure sensitive switch that is normally open, whereby PS4 is high when tokens are present and low when tokens are absent. Turning now to a more complete description of the electronic control system illustrated in Figure 6, the power on reset circuit 199 comprises: a capacitor designated Cl; a resistor designated Rl; and, an inverter designated II. Cl and Rl are connected in series, in that order, between a DC voltage source designated +V and ground. The junction between Cl and Rl is connected to the input of II. The output of 11 is a reset signal designated R. The power on reset circuit senses when power is applied to the electronic subsystem of the invention. When power is applied, the input of II starts high (e.g., at +V) and goes low (e.g., to ground) at a rate determined by the time constant of Cl/Rl. Since the input of II goes from high to low, the output of II, denoted R, goes from low to high. The initial low resets various portions of the logic circuits hereinafter described. The following high enables gates that allow reset actions to occur during the operative sequences of the invention hereinaf er described. Credit logic 201 comprises: a two-input AND gate designed Glj two two-input NAND gates designated G3 and G4; an inverter designed 12; a resistor designated R2; and an engrave indicator 221. The credit switch, SI, which is a momentary contact switch, is connected between ground and one input of G3. The same input of G3 is connected through R2 to +V. The output of G3 is connected through 12 to the input of the engrave indicator 221 and to one input of G4. The output of G4 is connected to the second input of G3. The output of the power on reset circuit, R, is connected to one input of Gl. The second input of Gl is obtained from the chain logic in the manner hereinafter described. The output of Gl ' is connected to the second input of G4. It will be appreciated from the foregoing description that G3/G4 form a NAND gate latch. The set or Q output 'of this latch is the output of G3 and the reset or Q output is the output of G4. The G3/G4 latch is reset when power is first applied and, thereafter, when the chain logic input to Gl goes low. The G3/G4 latch is set when SI is closed (due to the insertion of coins into the machine), since the closure of SI causes a high/low transition on the related input of G3. When the G3/G4 latch is set, the engrave indicator 221 is activated. Activation of the engrave indicator causes a light to be lit indicating to the customer that the machine is enabled to engrave characters. Engrave logic 203 comprises: two two-input OR gates designated G5 and G6; four two-input AND gates designated G7, G8, G9 and G10; two two-input NAND gates designated Gi l and G12; two inverters designated 13 and 14; five resistors designated R3, R4, R5, R6 and R7j and, three capacitors designated C2, C3 and C4. R3, R5 and C3 are connected in series, in that order, between +V and ground. The junction between R3 and R5 is connected through the engrave switch, S2, to ground. The same junction is connected to one side of C2. The other side of C2 is connected through R4 to +V; and, to one input of G5. The Q output of the G3/G4 latch of the credit logic 201 is connected to the second input of G5. The output of G5 is connected to one input of G6. The second input of G6 is connected to the set (Q) output of a latch forming a portion of the slide logic hereinafter described. The output of G6 is connected to one input of G7. PS1 which is the signal produced by the position sensor that senses the home or park position of the press, is applied through 13 to the second input of G7. PS1 is also applied through C4 to one input of G8. R6 and R7 are connected between +V and the opposite ends of C4. - The second input of G8 is connected to receive the R output of the power on reset circuit 199, previously described. The output of G7 is connected to one input of Gi l and the output of G8 is connected to one input of G12- The outputs of Gi l and G12 are cross coupled, whereby Gil and G12 form a NAND gate latch. The set or Q output of the G11/G12 latch is the output of Gi l and the reset of Q output is the output of G12. The output of Gi l is also connected to one input of G9. The second input of G9 is connected to the reset (Q) output of a slide logic latch hereinafter described. The output of G9 is connected to one input of G10. The second input of G10 is connected to the out-of-service logic 215 in the manner hereinafter described. This particular input goes low when the out-of-service logic determines that, for one reason or another, the machine is to be shut down. The output of G10 is connected to the input of 14 and the output of 14 is a signal adapted to control the application of power to the press motor 103, as signified by the TO PRESS MOTOR designation. This signal also controls the energization of the solenoid 167 that locks the typehead in place during engraving. In operation, when the credit logic latch (G3/G4) is set as a res e n , . output enables G5. Thereafter, each time the operator or customer actuates the engrave switch, S2, an engrave pulse occurs on the output of G5. (The R3, R4, C2, R5 and C3 network prevents contact bounce from causing more than one pulse on the related input of G5.) As . will be better understood from the following description, when the slide is in its park position, the set (Q) output of the slide logic latch is low, whereby G6 is enabled. As a result, each engrave pulse passes through G6 and is applied to the related input of G7. When the press is in its park position, PS1 is low, whereby the output of 13 is high. Consequently, assuming the press is in its park position when an engrave pulse occurs, the engrave pulse passes through G7 and sets the engrave logic latch formed by G11/G12. As a result, the Q output of this latch goes high. This high passes through G9 and G10 and triggers the press motor power circuit. The signal passes through G9 because the slide logic latch is normally reset when an engrave pulse occurs, whereby the Q output it applies to G9 is high. G10 is enabled as long as the out-of-service logic circuit does not detect a condition requiring machine shut down, such as a jam in the mechanical mechanism. If either of the opposite conditions exist (i.e., the slide logic latch is set or the out-of-service logic detects a condition requiring machine shut down), setting the G11/G12 latch does not trigger the press motor. As soon as the press motor is energized and its shaft starts to move, PS1 goes high, whereby G7 is immediately disabled. As a result any further actuation of the engrave switch by a customer or operator is ignored. The shifting of PS1 from low to high causes C4 to charge; however, this charge does not reset the G11/G12 latch, since a NAND gate latch is set and reset when its related input goes from a high to low, not low to high. Charging of C4, of course, causes the output of G8 to go from low to high. When the press completes its cycle of operation, and returns to its home or park position, PS1 goes from high to low. This shift discharges C4, whereby the output of G8 goes low and the G11/G12 latch is reset. Thereafter, the operator or customer moves the typehead to the next desired character position, actuates the engrave switch, and the cycle is repeated. During the period of time the press motor is operating the typehead lock solenoid 167 is also energized. As previously discussed this solenoid prevents the manual rotation of the typehead during engraving. In addition, it causes the token to be indexed just prior to engraving. The counter and display 205 comprises: a one's binary coded. decimal (BCD) counter 223; a ten's BCD counter 225; a one's decoder 227; a ten's decoder 229; a one's display 231; a ten's display 233; and, a two-input NAND gate designated G13. The set output of the engrave logic latch, i.e., the Q output of the G11/G12 latch, is connected to the count input of the one's BCD counter 223. The overflow output of the one's BCD counter is connected to the count input of e en s oun er . ence, e nex pu se a er e one coun er counts up to 9 causes the ten's BCD counter to increment by one. The binary outputs of the one's BCD counter and the binary outputs of the ten's BCD counter are connected to the inputs of the one's decoder 227 and the ten's decoder 229, respectively. The output(s) of the one's decoder is connected to the one's display 231 and the output(s) of the ten's decoder 229 is connected to the ten's display 233. One input of G 13 is connected to the R output of the power on reset circuit 199. The second input of G13 is connected to the reset (Q) output of the slide logic latch hereinafter described. The output of G13 is connected to the reset input of the ten's BCD counter 225, which, in turn, is connected to the reset input of the one's BCD counter 223. While the one's and ten's BCD counters may take on various forms, they each may be formed by one-half of a 4518B Dual BCD up counter, for example. Such counters are reset when their reset inputs go high. The operation of the counter and display 205 is relatively conventional. Each time the engrave logic latch G11/G12 is set, the one's BCD counter is incremented by one decimal value. The binary output of the one's BCD counter reflects the count value in binary coded decimal form. When the one's BCD counter reaches a 9 count, the next setting of the engrave logic latch causes the ten's BCD counter to increment by one; and the one's BCD counter to cycle to zero. The BCD outputs of the one's and ten's BCD counters are decoded by the one's and ten's decoders, respectively. These decoders, in turn, cause the appropriate one's or ten's display, which may be seven segments displays, for example, to display appropriate decimal characters. The one's and ten's BCD counters are reset when the output of G13 goes high. Such a high occurs when power is first applied and when the slide logic latch is set in the manner hereinafter described. The maximum character logic 207 comprises: two two-input AND gates designated G14 and G15; and, a two-input NAND gate designated G16. The maximum character logic forms a decoder connected to selected outputs of the one's and ten's BCD counters. When the count outputs of these counters reaches a predetermined level, determined by the selected outputs, the output of the maximum character logic shifts from high to low. In this regard, the inputs of G14 are connected to the LSB (least significant bit) and to the LSB +1 outputs of the ten's BCD counter 225. These outputs are high when the ten's BCD count is binary the equivalent of the decimal number three (3). Thus, the output of G14 shifts from low to high when the binary output of the ten's BCD counter is equal to the decimal number ""3, which indicates that at least 30 engrave pulses have been counted. The inputs of G15 are connected to the LSB +1 and the LSB +2 outputs of the one's BCD counter. These outputs are both high when the one's BCD count is the binary equivalent of the number six (6). Hence, the output of OΛ'. W1F s s rom ow o g eac t me t e ones coun er coun s up o e decimal number 6. Thus, this high occurs when 6, 16, 26, or 36 engrave pulses have been counted. The outputs of G14 and G15 are each connected to one input of G16. Since the only time both the G14 and G15 outputs are high is when 36 pulses have been counted, the output of G16 shifts from high to low when the one's and ten's BCD counter have counted 36 engrave pulses. Hence, the maximum character logic produces an output shift only after 36 characters have been engraved. Obviously, 36 is merely exemplary and any other desired number can be utilized, as desired. Of course, should a different number be chosen, the decoder (formed by the maximum character logic) may have to take a substantially different form, which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the digital logic art. The eject logic 209 comprises: a resistor designated R8; two inverters designated 15 and 16; two two-input OR gates designated G17 and G18; three two- input AND gates designated G19, G20 and G21; two two-input NAND gates designated G22 and G23; and, an eject indicator 235. One input of G17 is connected through the eject switch S3 to ground. The same input of G17 is connected through R8 to +V. The least significant bit (LSB) output of the one's BCD counter 223 is connected through 15 to one input of G22. The set (Q) output of. the G3/G latch of the credit logic 201 is connected to one input of G19. The reset (Q) output of the slide logic latch hereinafter described is connected to the second input of G19. The output of G19 is connected to one input of G23. The outputs of G22 and G23 are cross coupled, whereby G22 and G23 form a NAND gate eject logic latch. The set (Q) output of the set logic latch, is the output of G22 and is connected through 16 to the input of the eject indicator 235. The reset (Q) output of the G22/G23 latch is output of G23 and is connected to one input of G18. The second input of G18 is connected to the SI input of the credit logic latch G3/G4. The output of G 18 is connected to • one input of G21 and the output of G17 is connected to one input of G20. The output of G20 is connected to the second input of G21. The second input of G20 is connected to the output of G16 of the maximum character logic 207. Normally, when the customer or operator of the machine has caused the desired number of characters to be engraved, he actuates the eject switch S3 and causes the eject logic to activate the slide logic 211 to move the token to the ejection station. Alternatively, when 36 characters have been engraved, the eject log automatically activates the slide logic. In addition, the chain logic is activated, causing a chain to be dispensed. Turning now to a more detailed description of the operation of the eject logic 209; when the credit switch 51 is actuated, a pulse will occur on the output of G18 only if G18 is enabled. Normally, this pulse will not occur because the . enabled, because the G22/G23 latch is set (i.e., its Q output is high and its Q output is low) this pulse will occur. If the pulse occurs, the slide will cycle in the manner hereinafter described and cause the G22/G23 latch to be reset. As a result, initially, the G22/G23 latch is reset, whereby the eject indicator is unlit. As soon as the customer or operator causes the first character to be engraved, the LSB output of the one's BCD counter 223 goes high, causing a high- low shift on the output of 15. As a result, the G22/G23 latch is set and the eject indicator 235 is lit. The G22/G23 latch remains set until reset by the slide cycling in the manner herein described. Prior to the eject logic latch being set G17 was disabled. As a result any operation of the eject switch S3 was ignored, consequently, a customer could not cause an ejection. This situation changes after the first, character is engraved since the eject logic latch (G22/G23) is then set. The customer is advised of this fact by the eject indicator being lit, as previously described. When the customer or operator has engraved a total number of desired characters, as noted above, he actuates S3. Since G17 is now enabled, the pulse caused by the closure of S3 is applied to G20. This pulse creates a pulse on the output of G20. Since G20 is enabled as a result of the output of G16 being high. This pulse activates the chain logic 217 in the manner hereinafter described, causing a chain to be dispensed. The pulse to the output of G20 also causes a pulse to occur on the output of G21, since the output of G18 is high, as a result of its credit logic input being high. This pulse activates the slide logic 211, whereby an engraved token is moved to the ejection station and a blank token is picked up and moved to the engraving station. In a similar manner, the token is ejected and a chain dispensed, both automatically, when the maximum number of characters has been engraved. In - this situation, the output of G16 shifts low as previously described. This shift passes through G20, since G20 is enabled by the high output of G17 caused by the high on its R8 input. The high-low shift in the output of G20 causes a similar shift in the output of G21, whereby both the slide logic and the chain logic are actuated. The slide logic 211 comprises: two resistors designated R9 and RIO; a capacitor designated C5; two inverters designated 17 and 18; four two-input AND gates designated G24-G27; two two-input NAND gates designated G28 and G29; and, a monostable multivibrator 237. The output of G21 of the eject logic is connected to one input, of G24. PS2 is applied through 17 to the second input of G24 s. PS2 is also applied through C5 to one input of G25. The opposing terminals of C5 are each connected through one of R9 and RIO to +V. The R output of the power on reset circuit 199 is O.V.PI W WiiPp '' o applied to the second input of G25. The output of G24 is connected to one input of G28 and the output of G25 is connected to one input of G29. The outputs of G28 and G29 are cross coupled to the other inputs of the opposing gate. The output of G28, which is the set (Q) output of the G28/G29 (or slide logic) latch, is connected to one input of G26 and to one input of G6 of the engrave logic as previously discussed. The output of G29, which is the reset (Q) output of the G28/G29 latch, is connected to one input of G9 of the engrave logic, also as previously described. The output of G29 is also connected to the trigger input of the monostable multivibrator 237. The output of G12 of the engrave logic 203 is connected to the second input of G26 and the output of G26 is connected to one input of G27. The second input of G27 receives the output of the out-of-service logic 215, which, as hereinafter described, shifts from high to low when the out- of-service logic detects a failure in the mechanical mechanism, or that the machine has run out of blank tokens. The output of G27 is connected to the input of 18. The output of 18 is a control signal connected to control the application of power to the slide motor and is designated TO SLIDE MOTOR. The R output of the power on reset logic is connected to the reset input of the monostable multivibrator 237. Since the operation of the slide logic will be more readily understood if it is considered in conjunction with the operation of the hold down logic, a description of the nature of the hold down logic is first described. The hold down < logic comprises: a two-input OR gate designed G30; and, an inverter designated 19. One input of G30 is connected to the output of the monostable multivibrator. The second input of G30 is connected to the output of G27 of the slide logic. The output of G30 is connected to the input of 19 and the output of 19 is connected to control the hold down solenoid 101 (Figure 4) previously described, This output is' denoted TO HOLD DOWN SOLENOID in Figure 6. Turning now to a composite description of the operation of the slide logic and the hold down logic, when the output of G21 goes low either as a result of S3 being actuated (momentarily closed) or as a result of the output of G16 going low because the maximum number of characters that can be engraved have been engraved, the output of G24 goes low. (G24 is enabled because the slide is in its park position, whereby PS2 is low, forcing the output of 17 high.) When the output of G24 goes low, the slide logic latch, G28/G29, is set. When the slide logic latch is set, its Q output is high and its Q output is low. The low Q output disables AND gate G9 and the high Q output disables OR gate G6. As a result, any further actuation of the engrave switch, S2, is ignored. In addition, the low Q output of the slide logic latch resets the one's and ten's BCD counters via G13; and, resets the eject logic latch (G22/G23) via G19. When the slide logic latch, G28/G29 is set, the output of G26 shifts high, assuming that the press is in its park position whereby the reset output Q of the engrave latch (G11/G12) is high. Alternatively, if the slide logic latch is set prior to the press returning to a park position, the output of G26 goes high when the G11/G12 latch og the engrave logic is reset at the end of the engrave cycle. Regardless of the sequence of operation, when the output of G26 goes highj the output of G27 goes high, unless the out-of-service logic is producing a low output, which denotes the detection of a machine fault, or a lack of blank tokens. The shift of the output of G27 from low to high causes two actions to occur. First, the output of G30 is forced high. This high output is inverted by 19 and used to control the energization of the hold down solenoid. More specifically, when the output of 19, denoted TO HOLD DOWN SOLENOID in Figure 6, is high the hold down solenoid 101 (Figure 4) is de-energized, whereby the vertical hold down shaft presses against the top of a token. When the output of 19 goes low, the hold down solenoid is energized and raises the vertical shaft.. The hold down solenoid remains energized as long as the output of 19 is low. The high output of G27 via 18 also causes the slide motor to be energized. As a result, the slide moves the engraved token to the ejection station and, then, picks up and moves a blank token to the engraving station all in the manner previously described. When the slide logic latch reaches its park position, PS2 goes low, whereby the charge on C5, developed during the period of time PS2 was low, via G25, resets the slide logic latch. When the slide logic latch is reset its Q output goes high. This lowhigh shift triggers the monostable multivibrator 237, whereby its output shifts from low to high for its time-out period. During, this period of time the output of G30 is maintained high, whereby the hold down solenoid remains energized. As a result, the vertical shaft 93 is prevented from dropping for a short period of time, e.g., one second, after the slide motor is de-ener.gized. This period of time allows the slide to come to a complete stop prior to the vertical shaft being allowed to drop. It will be appreciated at this point that a control system for controlling the entire operation of the mechanical mechanism illustrated in Figures 1-5 has been described. The remaining logic circuits illustrated in Figure 6 are directed to two additional features. Specifically, the out-of-service logic is adapted to shut down the operation of the electronic control and, thus, the mechanical mechanism if the mechanical mechanism becomes jammed, or if the machine runs out of blank tokens. The chain logic is adapted to control a chain dispenser as briefly described above. The blank token sensor inverter 214 comprises a single inverter designated I9A. PS4, the output of the sensor adapted to sense the presence or absence of blank tokens at the token receiving station, is connected to the input OΛ.Pl W1PO of I9A. When blank tokens remain in the machine PS4 is high. In the absence of blank tokens PS4 goes low. Thus, the output of I9A goes from low to high when the machine runs out of blank tokens. The out-of-service logic 215 illustrated in Figure 6 comprises: three two-input OR gates designated G31, G31A and G32; two two-input AND gates designated G33 and G34; an inverter designated 110; and a monostable multivi¬ brator 239. The set (Q) output of the engrave logic latch (G11/G12) is connected to one input of G31. The second input of G31 is connected to the set (Q) output of a latch forming a part of the chain logic hereinafter described. The output of G31 is connected to one input of G31A. The output of 1 A is connected to the second input of G31A and the output of G31A is connected to one input of G32. The set (Q) output of the slide logic latch (G28/G29) is connected to the second input of G32. The output of G32 is connected to: the trigger input of the monostables multivibrator; one input of G33; and, one input of G34. The second input of G33 is connected to the R output of the power on reset circuit 199. The output of G33 is connected to the reset input of the monostable multivibrator 239. The output of the monostable multivibrator is connected to the second input of G34. The output of G34 is connected to the input of 110. The output of 110 is connected to the second input of G10 of the engrave logic 203 and to the second input of G27 of the slide logic, as previously described. The output of 110 . is also connected to control an out-of-service indicator, as denoted by the OUT OF SERVICE designation in Figure 6. In essence, the out-of-service logic is a timer that starts when a related latch is set, or when the output of I9A goes high to denote the absence of blank tokens. If the function started when the latch is set does not terminate and reset the latch be ore a predetermined time period, an out-of-service light is lit and the energy applied to the slide and press motors is terminated as a result of their related control signals going high. For example, when the engrave logic latch, G11/G12 is set, the output of G31 goes high. This high causes the output of G32 to go high and trigger the monostable multivibrator 239. In this case, the output of the monostable multivibrator drops low when triggered and remains low for its time-out period. When the monostable multivibrator times out, its output goes high. If the G11/G12 latch has not been reset prior to this time period elapsing, the inputs to G34 are both high. As a result, the output of G34 goes high whereby the output of 110 goes low. When the output of 110 goes low, G10 and G27 are disabled whereby the engraving motor and the slide motor are de-energized. (As will be better understood from the following description, the chain logic is disabled in a similar manner.) At the same time, the out-of-service indicator is lit. At the same time the output of 110 goes low, the output of a further inverter, connected to the output of 110 and designated U0A goes high. The output of I10A s des gnate . s ou pu con ro s a o ng re ay n e coin box. When the out-of-service indicator is lit, the COIN RETURN RELAY de- energizes the holding relay, whereby any coins thereafter inserted into the machine are returned. If the G1I/G12 latch resets prior to the monostable multivibrator timing out, which is the normal situation and means that the press has completed a cycle within the time-out period, the output of G32 goes low before the end of the time-out period. The shifting of the output of G32 from high to low resets the monostable multivibrator via G33. As long as the output of G32 remains low, the output of G33 remains low, whereby the monostable multivibrator is held in a reset state. The setting and resetting of the slide logic latch, G28/G29, and the chain logic latch causes the identical operation of the out-of-service logic. As a result, if either the slide or chain dispenser mechanism do not complete a cycle of operation prior to the end of the time-out period the machine is shut down. The chain logic 217 comprises: two resistors designated Rll and R12; a capacitor designated C6; two inverters designated 111 and 112; three two-input AND gates designated G35, G36, and G37; and, two two-input NAND gates designated G38 and G39. The output of G20 of the eject logic is connected to one input of G35. PS3, which denotes whether or not the chain dispenser is in its park position, is applied through 111 to the second input of G35. (PS3 is low when the chain dispenser is in a park position and high when it is in a non-park position.) PS3 is also applied through C6 to one input of G36. The opposite sides of C6 are "" connected through Rll and R12, respectively, to +V. The R output of the power on reset circuit 199 is connected to the second input of G36. The output of G35 is connected to one input of G38 and the output of G36. is connected to one input of G39. The outputs of G38 and G39 are cross-coupled to their other inputs. Thus, G38 and G39 form the chain logic latch previously referred to. The output of G38, which is the set (Q) output of the chain logic latch, is connected to the second input of G31 of the out-of-service logic 215, previously described, and to one input of G37. The second input of G37 is connected to the output of 110 of the out-of- service logic. The output of G37 is connected to the input of 112 and the output of 112 is a control signal, designated TO CHAIN MOTOR, that controls a motor adapted to operate the chain dispenser. The output of G39 is applied to the second input of Gl of the credit logic 201. In operation, when the output of G20 shifts from high to low either because S3 is closed or the maximum number of characters engraved, the output of G35 shifts from high to low whereby the chain logic latch (G38/G39) is set. Setting this latch results in the output of G38 going high, whereby the monostable multivibrator. 239 of the out-of-service logic starts timing out. At the same time, the output of G37 goes high and the output of 112 goes low. The low output of 112 causes e c a n spenser mo or o s ar . e c a n spenser cyc es roug one cycle of operation, during which PS3 is high. This high causes C6 to charge. At the end of the sequence, when the chain motor reaches a park postion, PS3 drops low, and the chain logic latch is reset, whereby the monostable multivibrator 239 is reset, unless the slide is still moving. In the latter case, the monostable multivibrator is reset when the slide reaches its park position. The output of G39, which is connected to Gl, as previously indicated, is adapted to reset the credit logic (G3/G4) latch when the chain dispenser completes its sequence of operation, as a result of the Q output of the chain logic latch going from high to low at the end of this sequence. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY It will be appreciated from the foregoing description that the invention not only includes a new and improved uncomplicated mechanical mechanism for use in token engraving, the invention also provides a reliable digital logic control system for controlling the operation of the mechanical mechanism. With respect to the control system, it should be recognized that the described logic circuits can be changed without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, this aspect of the invention should not be construed as limited to the specific logic circuits described. Similarly, various changes can be made to the mechanical mechanism without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Hence, the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.";"CLAIMS The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows: 1. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus compri¬ sing: (A) a mechanical mechanism for engraving tokens, said mechanical mechanism including: (1) token movement means for moving a token along a path of travel between a token receiving station, a token engraving station and a token ejection station; (2) token supply means located at said token supply station for supplying blank tokens to said token movement means; (3) token engraving means located at said engraving station for engraving characters at predetermined positions in a token located at said token engraving station; and, (4) token ejection means located at said token ejection station for controlling the ejection of tokens from said electronically controlled token engraving apparatus; and, (B) an electronic subsystem for controlling said mechanical mechan¬ ism, said electronic subsystem comprising: (1) token control means, connected to .said token movement means and to said token ejection means, for controlling said token movement means such that said token movement means moves tokens between said token receiving station, said token engraving station and said token ejection station in a predetermined manner and for controlling said token ejection means such that engraved tokens are ejected from said electronically controlled token engraving apparatus subsequent to said tokens being engraved by said engraving means; and, (2) token engraving control means connected to said token engraving means for controlling said token engraving means such that said token engraving means engraves characters at predetermined positions in said token. 2. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 1 wherein: (A) said path of travel of said token movement means between said token receiving station, sai'd token engraving station and said token ejection station is linear; and, (B) said token movement means includes: (1) a single aperture slide; (2) a slide motor; and, (3) coupling means for coupling said slide motor to said single aperture slide such that said single aperture slide is reciprocated once from said IJUR OM . Afm- i token engraving station, past said token eject on station to sai to en supply station and then back to said token engraving station or each revolution of the shaft of said slide motor. 3. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 2 wherein said token movement means also includes a detent mechanism for latching said slide in a first position when said slide is at said token supply station and in a second position when said slide is at said token engraving station. 4. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 3 including a support plate mounted in a horizontal plane, said single aperture slide mounted on said support plate for movement along said path of travel in a horizontal plane. 5. . An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 4 wherein said engraving means comprises: a typehead including a plurality of radial type bars, a character type being located on the lower peripheral surface of each type bar, said typehead mounted such that a selected type bar can be positioned above the upper peripheral surface of a token located at said token engraving station; and, a press located above a radial type bar when said radial type bar is positioned above a token located at said token engraving station such that actuation of said press moves the outer periphery of said so located type bar downwardly into engraving contact with the upper peripheral surface of said token whereby a character is engraved into the upper peripheral surface of said token. 6. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 5 including a typehead locking mechanism for locking said typehead in place when said press is actuated. 7. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 6 wherein said typehead locking mechanism comprises: a typehead latch disk affixed to said plurality of radial type arms, adjacent the lower surface thereof, the outer periphery of said typehead latch disk including a plurality of indentations, one indentation being related to each of said radial type bars; and, latching means including a slide positioned so as to be movable into and out of said indentations, said latching means coupled to said token engraving control means such that said slide is moved toward said indentations when said press is actuated to engrave a character into the upper peripheral surface of a token. 8. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 7 wherein said press includes a vertically movable presshead and wherein said typehead includes a protection disk affixed to said type bars, above , , scallops being equal in number to the number of type bars, said protection disk being mounted such that a type bar is centrally located in each scallop, said scallops being formed such that said presshead can pass through a scallop and impinge on a related type bar when said typehead is appropriately positioned. 9. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 8 wherein said press is a toggle press that includes: a pair of connected links movable between an aligned position and a toggle position, said pair of links being generally vertically arrayed, said presshead being affixed to the lower end of the lower one of said links, said pair of links and said presshead being mounted such that said presshead is raised and lowered, said presshead being lowered when said links are in said aligned position and raised when said links are in said toggle position; and, a press motor connected to said links so as to move said links from said toggle position, to said aligned position and back to said toggle position once for each revolution of the shaft of said press motor. 10. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 9 wherein said token supply means includes an apertured plate located above said slide and * a plurality of parallel vertical shafts mounted about said aperture in said apertured plate, said shafts positioned so as to hold -a stack of tokens in a vertical pile above said aperture in said apertured plate. 11. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 9 including an anvil located below a token located at said token engraving station for supporting said token; and, a hold down means positioned above said anvil and mounted so as to press said token against said anvil when a token is located at said token engraving station, said hold down means being raisable, said hold down means coupled to said token engraving control means such that said hold down means is raised when said single aperture slide is being moved. 12. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus . as claimed in Claim 11 - wherein said hold down means includes a solenoid and a vertically arrayed shaft, said vertically arrayed shaft being mounted for vertical movement above a token located at said token engraving station, said solenoid coupled to said vertically arrayed shaft such that the energization of said solenoid causes said vertically arrayed shaft to raise vertically away from a token located at said token engraving station. 13. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as claimed in Claim 12 including an indexing means coupled to said anvil, said indexing means adapted to index said anvil, and thus a token supported by said anvil, a character position each time said indexing means is actuated, said indexing means coupled to said slide of said typehead locking mechanism, such IJVTRE OMP that said indexing means is actuated each time said slide of said type ead locking mechanism is moved toward said-indentations in said typehead latch disk. 14. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 13 wherein said token ejection means indudes a dosable aperture formed in said support plate beneath said slide, an arm for dosing said aperture and movement means for moving said arm between a position whereat said aperture is dosed by said arm and a position whereat said aperture is open, said movement means connected to said coupling means of said slide movement mechanism such that said aperture is open when said slide aperture is moved past said dosable aperture as said slide is moved from said token engraving station to said token receiving station and dosed when said slide aperture passes above said dosable aperture as said slide aperture is moved from said token receiving station to said token engraving station. 15. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 14 wherein said token engraving control means of said dectronic subsystem indudes: an engrave switch; engrave logic induding a resettable engrave logic latch, said engrave logic latch connected to said engrave switch such that said engrave logic latch is set when said engrave switch is dosed, said engrave logic latch connected to said press motor such that said press motor is energizd when said resettable latch is set; and, a position sensor for sensing when the shaft of said press motor is in a park position, said position sensor connected to said engrave logic latch so as to reset said engrave logic latch after said press motor is energized when said position sensor senses that the shaft of said press motor has returned to its park position a ter going through a single revolution. 16. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 15 wherein said token control means of said electronic subsystem indudes: an eject switch; eject logic connected to said eject switch to sense when said eject switch is dosed slide logic connected to said eject logic, said slide logic induding a resettable slide logic latch connected to said eject logic such that said slide logic latch is set when said eject logic detects the dosure of said eject switch, said slide logic latch connected to said slide motor such that said slide motor is energized, when said slide logic latch is set; and, a position sensor for . sensing when the shaft of said slide motor is in a park position, said position sensor connected to said slide logic latch so as to reset said slide logic latch a ter said slide motor is energized when said position sensor senses that the shaft of said slide motor has returned to its park position after going through a single revolution. 17. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 16 induding a counter and display connected to said engrave logic latch such that said counter and display counts up by one count each time said engrave logic latch is set and displays the total number of counts counted, said counter and display connected to said eject logic such that said eject logic is prevented from sensing the operation of said eject switch until said engrave logic latch is set once and one count is made by said counter and display. 18. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 17 induding maximum character logic connected to said counter and display for providing a signal when said counter and display counts a maximum number of pulses, said maximum character logic connected to said eject logic such that said signal causes said eject logic to set said slide logic latch when said maximum character logic detects the existence of said maximum number of counts counted by said counter and display in the same manner said slide logic latch is set when an eject switch dosure is detected by said eject logic. 19. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 18 induding hold down logic connected to said slide logic and to said solenoid of said hold down means such that said solenoid is energized when said slide logic latch is set. 20. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 19 wherdn said slide logic indudes a monostable multivibrator connected so as to be triggered when said slide latch is reset, the output of said monostable multivibrator connected to said hold down logic such that said hold down logic continues to energize said solenoid of said hold down means for a predetermined period of time after said slide logic latch is reset. 21. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 20 induding out-of-service logic connected to sense when said engrave logic and said slide logic latches are set and enable the application of said set signals to said press and slide motors, said enablement terminating if said engrave and slide logic latches are not reset within a predetermined period of time. 22. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 21 wherein said out-of-service logic indudes a monostable multivibrator, said monostable multivibrator being triggered when one or the other, or both, of said engrave logic and slide logic latches are set, the output of said monostable multivibrator connected so as to enable the set outputs of said engrave logic and slide logic latches to said press and slide motors, respectively. 23. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 22, wherdn said token engraving control means indudes: a credit switch; and, credit logic connected to said credit switch, said credit logic induding a credit logic latch connected to said credit switch such that said credit logic latch is set when said credit switch is dosed, said credit logic latch connected to said engrave logic so as to prevent said engrave logic latch from being set when said credit logic latch is in a reset state. 24. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 1 induding a support plate mounted in a horizontal plane, said token movement means mounted on said support plate for movement along said path of travel in a horizontal plane. 25. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 24 wherdn said engraving means comprises: a typehead induding a plurality of radial type bars, a character type bdng located on the lower peripheral surface of each type bar, said typehead mounted such that a selected type bar can be positioned above the upper peripheral surface of a token located at said token engraving station; and, a press located above a radial type bar when said radial type bar is positioned above a token located at said token engraving station such that actuation of said press moves the outer periphery of said so located type bar downwardly into engraving contact with the upper peripheral surface of said token whereby a character is engraved into the upper peripheral surface of said token. 26. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 25 induding a typehead locking mechanism for locking said typehead in place when said press is actuated. 27. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 26 wherdn said typehead locking mechanism comprises: a typehead latch disk affixed to said plurality of radial type arms, adjacent the lower surface thereof, the outer periphery of said typehead latch disk induding a plurality of indentations, one indentation being related to each of said radial type bars; and, latching means induding a slide positioned so as to be movable into and out of said indentations, said latching means coupled to said token engraving control means such that said slide is moved toward said indentations when said press is actuated to engrave a character into the upper peripheral surface of a token. 28. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 27 wherein said press indudes a vertically movable presshead and wherdn said typehead indudes a protection dsk affixed to said type bars, above said type bars, said protecation disk induding a scalloped outer periphery, said scallops being equal in number to the number of type bars, said protection disk being mounted such that a type bar is centrally located in each scallop, said scallops bdng formed such that said presshead can pass through a scallop and impinge on a rdated type bar when said typehead is appropriately positioned. 29. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Claim 28 wherdn said press is a toggle press that indudes a pair of connected links movable between an digned position and a toggle position, said pair of links bdng generally vertically arrayed, said presshead bdng affixed to the lower end of the lower one of said links, said pair of links and said presshead being mounted such that said presshead is raised and lowered, said presshead being lowered when said links are in said aligned position and raised when said links are in said toggle position; and, a press motor connected to said links so as to move said links from said toggle position, to said aligned position and back to said toggle position once for each revolution of the shaft of said press motor. 30. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as dd ed in Cldm 1 wherein said token supply means indudes an apertured plate located above said slide and a plurdity of pardlel vertical shafts mounted about said aperture in said apertured plate, said shafts positioned so as to hold a stack of tokens in a verticd pile above said aperture in sdd apertured plate. 31. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as ddmed in Claim 1 induding an anvil located bdow a token located at said token engraving station for supporting said token; and, a hold down means positioned above said anvil and mounted so as to press said token against said anvil when a token is located at said token engraving station, said hold down means being raisable,.said hold down means coupled to said token engraving control means such that said hold down means is raised when said token movement means is moving a token is being moved. 32. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as ddmed in Claim 31 wherdn said hold down means indudes a solenoid and a vertically arrayed shaft, sdd vertically arrayed shaft being mounted for vertical movement above a token located at said token engraving stations, said solenoid coupled to said verticdly arrayed shaft such that the energization of said solenoid causes said verticdly arrayed shaft to raise vertically away from a token located at sdd token engraving station. 33. An electronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Cldm 32 indudng an indexing means coupled to said anvil, said indexing means adapted to index said anvil and, thus, a token supported by said anvil, a character position each time said indexing means is actuated. IjvJ EA OMPI , -/$_,__ WIPO . . . - daimed in Claim 24 wherdn said token ejection means indudes a dosable aperture. formed in said support plate beneath said token movement means, an arm for dosing said aperture and movement means for moving said arm between a position whereat said aperture is dosed by said arm and a position whereat said aperture is open. 35. An dectronically controlled token engraving apparatus as daimed in Cldm 1 wherdn said token engraving control means of sdd dectronic subsystem indudes: an engrave switch; engrave logic induding a resettable engrave logic latch, sdd engrave logic latch connected to said engrave switch such that said engrave logic latch is set when said engrave switch is closed, said engrave logic latch connected to sdd token engraving means such that sdd token engraving means is actuated when said resettable latch is set; and, a position sensor for sensing when said token engraving means is in a park position, said position sensor connected to said engrave logic latch so as to reset said engrave logic latch, after sdd token engraving means is actuated, when said position sensor senses that said token engraving means has returned to its park position. 36. An electrodcally controlled token engraving apparatus as ddmed in Cldm 35 wherein said token control means of said electronic subsystem indudes: an eject switch; eject logic connected to sdd eject switch to sense when said eject switch is dosed; movement logic connected to said eject logic, said movement logic induding a resettable movement logic latch connected to said eject logic such that sdd movement logic latch is set when said eject logic detects the dosure of said eject switch, said movement logic latch connected to sdd token movement means such that said token movement means is actuated when said movement logic latch is set; and, a position sensor for sensing when said token movement means is in a park position, said position sensor connected to said movement logic latch so as to reset sdd movement logic latch, after sdd token movement means is actuated, when sdd position sensor senses that said token movement means has returned to it park position. 37.' An dectronicdly controlled token engraving apparatus as ddmed in Cldm 36 indudng a counter and dsplay connected to sdd engrave logic latch such that sdd counter and display counts up by one count each time sa engrave og , sdd counter and dsplay connected to sdd eject logic such that sdd eject logic is prevented from sensing the operation of sdd eject switch until sdd engrave logic latch is set once and one count is made by sdd counter and dsplay. 38. An dectrodcdly controlled token engraving apparatus as ddmed in Cldm 37 indudng maximum character logic connected to sdd counter and dsplay for providng a signd when sdd counter and dsplay counts a maximum number of pdses, sdd maximum character logic connected to sdd eject logic such that sdd signd causes sdd eject logic to set sdd movement logic latch when sdd maximum character logic detects the existence of sdd maximum number of counts counted by sdd counter and dsplay in the same manner sdd movement logic latch is set when an eject switch dόsure is detected by sdd eject logic. ' 39. An dectrodcdly controlled token engraving apparatus as dd ed in Cldm 38 indudng out-of-service logic connected to sense when sdd engrave logic and sdd movement logic latches are set and enable the application of sdd set signds to sdd token engrave means and sdd token movement means, sdd enablement terminating if sdd engrave and slide logic latches are not reset within a predetermined period of time. 40. An dectrodcdly controlled token engraving apparatus as ddmed in Cldm 39 wherdn sdd out-of-service logic indudes a monostable mdtivibrator, sdd monostdale mdtivibrator being triggered when one or the other, or both, of sdd engrave logic and movement logic latches are set, the output of sdd monostable mdtivibrator connected so as to enable the set outputs of sdd engrave logic and movement logic latches to sdd token engrave means and sdd token movement means, respectively. 41. An electrodcdly controlled token engraving apparatus as ddmed in Cldm 40, wherein sdd token engraving control means indudes: a credt switch; and, credt logic connected to sdd credt switch, sdd credt logic induding a credt logic latch connected to sdd credt switch such that sdd credt logic latch is set when sdd credt switch is dosed, sdd credt logic latch connected to sdd engrave logic so as to prevent sdd engrave logic latch from being set when sdd credt logic latch is in a reset state. 42. An dectrodcdly controlled token engraving apparatus as ddmed in Cldm 35, wherein sdd token engraving control means indudes: a credt switch; and, credt logic connected to sdd credt switch, sdd credit logic indudng a. credt logic latch connected to sdd credt switch such that sdd credt logic latch is set when sdd credt switch is dosed, sdd credt logic latch connected to sdd engrave logic so as to prevent sdd engrave logic latch from being set when sdd ■ V E OMPI - m^ fa πPO credt logic latch is in a reset state.";FALASCHI K, HIGH C;BROTMAN MORLEY;1978
+WO-1979000027-A1;19790125.0;19780629;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25209628.0;B03B5;B03B13;B01D21, B03B5, E21C50;B03B   5/02;APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR ORDINARY AND SUBMARINE MINERAL BENEFICIATION;A closed-chamber type mineral separator capable of continuous operation is disclosed. The apparatus includes a fluid-tight housing (9) oscillated about a vertical axis, the housing (9) containing a central deflector (20) separating the housing (9) into an upper chamber (22a) and a lower chamber (22b). Baffles (30, 42) are provided in both chambers (22a, 22b), above and below the deflector (20). The upper baffle (30) directs the incoming slurry radially outwardly in a torical path, throwing the particulate material towards the periphery of the housing (9) in a first separation zone, the particulate material passing in a gravity induced flow, through the annular passageway (25) into the lower hopper (26b) where the relatively lighter and heavier constituents are then separated and separately discharged from the housing (9). A ring dam (45) formed in the second baffle (42) provides a recess (43) into which the lighter constituents overflow where they are reunited with the liquid flow path and thus discharged from the housing (9). The heavier constituents pass through the discharge port (18a).;"TO ALL WHOM IT MAY CONCERN: Be it known that I, GEORGE P. BAUMMER, .a citizen of the United States of America, residing at Baltimore, Maryland, have invented certain new and useful improvements in an APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR ORDINARY AND SUBMARINE MINERAL BENEFICIATION of which the following is a specification. 1. Fiel of the Invention: This invention relates to a mineral beneficiation device and process and is more particularly concerned with a method and apparatus for Ordinary and Submarine Mineral Beneficiation for the separating and concentration of particulate material from a fluid slurry: 2. Description of the Prior Art: To comply with the duty of disclosing known prior art under C.F.R. 1.56, the following United States patents are made of record herein: 1,456,563 2,484,203 2,442,522 3,537,581 3,595,385 Heretofore, particulate materials of diverse specific gravities carried in a fluidic medium were generall separated and concentrated through the use of sloping particle separators such as those dating back to the ancient riffle sluices to the more recent undercut sluice types including the spiral, the cone, the Lamflo concentrator and the undercut sluice tray. Such devices, which are exempli¬ fied by those disclosed in U. S. Patent Nos. 1,291,137; 1,986,179 and 2,989,184, were so constructed as to be open to ambient atmospheric pressure. When these devices were used in placer mining and beneficiation of milled ores thei operational efficiencies were limited, particularly in the separation and concentration of particulates of fine size, by the presence of surface turbulence and the necessity of maintaining a single flow rate through the entire separation circuit during processing. In these prior art devices this single flow rate had to be maintained at a velocity sufficient to transport all the particulate material being processed through the entire process circuit and therefore at such a flow velocity that there was a tendency to retain the very finest particles, * in suspension. Also, in these devices the fluid carrier transport flow rate was inseparable from the participates flow rate. Particulates flow rate determines exposure time of the particulates at the point of selective separation when passing through the process circuit, and these prior art devices had no means to adjust particulates flow rate, ie., exposure time, independently from the fluid carrier flow rate. Indeed, these prior art devices had no means to readily adjust the proportional division and discharge from the uppermost strata and from the lowermost strata of the particulates being processed. These devices operated with a substantially fixed enrichment ratio usually necessitating successive processing stages to achieve an acceptable concentration of the relatively heavier mineral from an ore feed. As a part of their operation, a middlings product was usually generated by these devices, the product requiring recycling and additional material handling. Also, with these prior art devices, the feed density, ie., the ratio of particulates to the fluid carrier, was a critical factor in the efficiency of the separating process and had to be maintained within close tolerances. For example, with some of these devices the feed density was recommended to be maintained within 5% limits. Furthermore, these prior art devices had no adjustable means to readily respond to a feedback signal to optimize process performance, nor were the general flow paths of the fluidic medium and the particulates separable. To eliminate some of these undersirable features, a closed-chamber type separator was recently developed as disclosed by U.S. Patent No. 3,537,581. Upon entering such a chamber through an inlet passage the flow rate of material was reduced and dissipated in a substantially larger space thereby creating a controllable factor capable of dictating the fallout pattern of the solid particulate material carried by the fluidic medium. Within the chamber, •gURE l ___ϊ_ - Accordingly, it is a general obj ect of the present invention to provide improved apparatus and process for separating and concentrating particulate materials which will overcome the disadvantages described above . More specifically , it is an obj ect of the present invention to provide an apparatus of the closed-chamber type for separating and concentrating particulate materials with improved operational performance for both ordinary and submarine applications . Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus of the type described which is capable of purging gases trapped within the closed chamber. Another object of the present invention is to provide apparatuses of the type described with automatic control means for controlling the delivery of material into the closed chamber and also discharge of material from the chamber as dictated by conditions within the chamber. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material, which is capable of operation under water and is thus suitable for use on an ocean bed. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material in which the surface turbulence of the particulate flow is eliminated, thereby preventing further disintegration of the particles which are to be separated. Another ob ect of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material which will eliminate the necessity of maintaining a constant flow rate through the entire process. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material which can operate in a plurality of stages, the material being fed from one stage to the next automatically. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material wherein particles, which are carried by a slurry when separated from the fluid thereof, are directed along separate paths from that of the fluid. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material in which the flow rate of the fluid and the flow rate of the particles separated from the fluid can be individually adjusted and controlled, as desired. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material wherein the time in which the particles are subjected to a separating force can be varied, as desired. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material wherein the operation of the apparatus and process is automatically controlled. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material in which the rate of input of the particles into the area of selective separation is controlled automatically by the rate of withdrawal of material from this area. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material in which the discharge of the separated particles can be intermittent or continuous, as desired. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material wherein a slurry containing the particulate material is subjected to a plurality of separating proce¬ dures and wherein the time in which the slurry is subjected to each operation can be varied, as desired. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material wherein the material may be separated at an intermediate stage in the process, if desired. Another object of the present, invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material in which the enrichment ratio of the resulting particulate material may be varied, as desired. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process with a means to readily adjust the proportional division and discharge from the uppermost strata and from the lower most strata of the particulates being processed. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material in which a middling product is eliminated. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material wherein the heavy constituents of a slurry may be effectively recovered, regardless of the feed density of the slurry. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material wherein the maximum capacity of the apparatus and i.process can be readily and easily determined. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material which, while utilizing a fluid, such as water, is incorporated into a closed system in which no appreciable additional- water ' is: required. Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and process for separating particulate material wherein the material may be readily and easily recycled, in the event more definite separation of the material is desired. Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like characters of reference designate the corresponding parts throughout the several views. RIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view, of a particulate material separating and concentrating apparatus embodying principles of the present invention; Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a bottom portion of the housing of the apparatus shown in Figure 1, and discharge conduit and skirt being removed for clarity; Figure 3 is a side elevational view of the exterior of the apparatus shown in Figure 1, the apparatus being supported by a frame structure for rocking or oscillatory movement; Figure 4 is a fragmentary plan view of a portion of the apparatus illustrated in Figure 3; Figure 5 is a vertical sectional view of an upper portion of the apparatus similar to the apparatus of Figure 1, and depicting a modified form of the apparatus; Figure 6 is a cross sectional view of that portion of the apparatus shown in Figure 5; Figure 7 is a schematic diagram showing the use of the apparatus of the present invention in a closed system; Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the present invention in a gravity operated mode; and Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the present invention illustrating a direct mechanical coupling to control solids input. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS .Referring now in more detail to the drawing, there is shown in Figs. 1-4 solids or particulate material separa¬ ting and concentrating apparatus comprising a fluid tight housing 9 having an upper housing portion or casing 10 detachably connected to a lower housing portion or casing 11 along a horizontal plane 12. The upper housing portion 10 includes a cylindrical side wall 14 closed at the upper end by a conical upwardly tapered top wall 15. A circumferential flange 16 is mounted radially along the lower end of side wall 14 and abuts a flange 17 mounted to the upper edge of a frusto-conical side wall 18 of lower housing portion 11. Unshown connecting means detachably hold the two flanges 16 and 17 together for detachably connecting the upper and lower portions of the housing 9. Housing 9 is generally symmetrical about its vertical axis α . In more detail, the lower casing 11 or portion, as seen best in Fig. 1, includes a conical bottom portion or wall 13 integrally joined along a common edge 19 to the upper side wall 18. The upper edge of the side- all:.18 carries the flange 17. The wall 18 tapers conically down¬ wardly and inwardly from flange 17 and the conical bottom wall 13 converges downwardly and inwardly at a less slope than the slope of wall 18. The lower apex of bottom portion terminates at axis in a particulate discharge port 18a. It is thus seen that the elements described above, namely side wall 14, top wall 15, side wall 18, bottom wall 13 and flanges 16 and 17 of housing 9 are concentric about the vertical axis α and there edges, namely edges 12 and 19, are disposed on radial horizontal planes parallel to each other. As best seen in Fig. 1, a hollow, upright, tubular frusto-conical deflector 20 is disposed concentrically within the interior of the housing 9. The upper end portion of deflector 20 includes a hollow, tubular cylindrical neck 21 which is open at both its upper end edge or lip 21a and its lower end of edge 21b and has a central vertical passageway 21d. The lower end 21b is integrally joined to the upper circular edge of the frusto-conical body or skirt 23 of deflector 20 to form a common edge. The skirt 23 flares or diverges downwardly and outwardly from the neck 21 and terminates at its lowermost portion in a circular peripheral edge 23a, disposed in a radial plane. Edge 23a terminates in spaced relationship to the inner downwardly converging wall 18 to define an annular passageway 25. It is now seen that the deflector 20 separates the chamber of the housing 9 into an upper chamber 22a with a particulates hopper 26a and a lower chamber 22b, with a particulates hopper 26b in communication with each other through the annular passageway 25 and through the central passageway 21d, defined by the hollow neck 21 and skirt 23 of the deflector 20. Lower hopper 26b is more specifically defined as being bound on the periphery by the lower portion of wall 18 to an elevation abutting annular passageway 25 and on the inner boundary by deflector 42 to the elevation of spillway lip 45. The upper boundary is the adjustable diagonal between annular passageway 25 and spillway lip 45. The lower boundary on the periphery is the junction of wall 18 and bottom wall 13 and on the inner boundary, bottom wall 13 at its junction with passageway 49. The function of upper chamber 22a is to separate the liquid carrier flow path from the particulate material flow path and also to provide an internal particulate material feed hopper 26a which is directly coupled through annular passageway 25 to second stage lower particulate material hopper 26b in lower chamber 22b. Separation of the liquid from the particulate material, and thus their flow paths, is accomplished through a combination of centrifugal action, dissipated flow rate and gravitational settling that separates the bulk of particulate material from the primary flow path of the liquid, causing the particulate material to fall from suspension and settle into the upper hopper 26a which is - U OM ^- > WI ^ !2 ] ?N generally defined by skirt 23 on the inner boundary, walls 14 and 18 on the periphery to an elevation of sensor 54 and having a lower boundary, passageway 25. Having dropped the bulk of particulate material that it carries into housing 9, the liquid flow path is directed through central passageway 21d since annular passageway 25 is blocked to liquid flow by an accumulation of particulate material. Liquid flow rate through this area can be adjusted to leave only microscopic particles or undesirable slime in suspension and thus carry these detriments directly through the process chamber to discharge. The second stage lower hopper 26b in chamber 22b forms a second separation zone in which separation of the heavy constituents from the lighter constituents of the particu¬ late material takes place. Passing through the second separation zone and isolated from the liquid flow path, particulate material is in a gravity induced flow path, having entered through annular passageway 25 from its temporary storage in upper hopper 26a. Through this second separation zone the flow rate of particulate material is adjusted independently from the liquid flow rate as it is also subjected to a stratification aeration in which the heaviest constituents can be withdrawn separately from the lighter constituents. The lighter constituents, after completing their pass through the second separation zone, second stage hopper 26b, are then reunited with the liquid flow path as they spill over into recess 46 and thus discharge from housing 9 separately from the heavier constituents. This will be explained more fully hereinafter. The deflector 20 is supported by a plurality of upstanding bolts 28 which are threadedly received through the bottom 13, these bolts 28 being circumferentially spaced around axis α in parallel relationship to each other. The bolts 28 have lower heads 28a which are externally of the housing 9. The upper ends of the bolts 28, however, terminate within the casing 11 in a common QfΛPI_ transverse or radial plane, the upper ends being respectively received in and journalled by circu ferentially spaced bearing blocks 29. The bearing blocks 29 are secured to the inner surfaces of the skirt 23, inwardly of and above the peripheral edge 23a. It is thus seen that, by manipulation of the screws 28, the deflector 20 may be incrementally raised and lowered changing its relative position or descent angle to spillway lip 45 and thus providing a course adjustment for the flow rate of particulate material through lower hopper 26b. Increasing or decreasing stimulation of gravity induced flow of particulate material by varying the oscillation or agitation applied to housing 9 provides a fine adjustment of the particulate material flow rate through lower hopper 26b. In the upper chamber 22a, along the axis α , is a radially disposed upper baffle or plate 30, the function of which is to direct the incoming slurry, consisting of fluid medium and suspended particulate material, radially outwardly within the first stage separation zone or chamber 22a. The upper baffle 30 is a flat, disc-shaped member concentrically disposed in casing 10, the baffle 30 being suspended from top wall 15 by circumferentially equally spaced bolts 34. In more detail, the bolts 34 pass through circum¬ ferentially spaced holes in the top wall 15 and through corresponding holes in baffle 30, the shanks of bolts 34 receiving, respectively, spacer sleeves 34a which rigidly position the baffle 30 in place. By replacement of the bolts 34 and sleeves 34a the vertical position of the baffle 30 can be varied up or down, as desired. At the upper central portion of baffle 30, along axis α , is an upstanding curved conical projection 31. This projection 31 is in axial alignment with the downwardly opening discharge mouth or exit opening 32 of an intake or feed conduit 33 which protrudes along axis α coaxially downwardly through and is carried by the central portion of top wall 15. The inner end of conduit 33, defining mouth 32, terminates within the upper chamber, or separation zone 22a and is provided with a radially disposed peripheral flange 33a spaced above and parallel to the upper surface of baffle 30. The outer end of conduit 33 terminates outwardly of the top wall 15 and receives thereon a flexible infeed hose 38, seen in Fig. 3. - The function of flexible hose- 38 is to feed the slurry into the housing 9, through conduit 33. The slurry is preferably fed under pressure and at a sufficient velocity that when the slurry is introduced axially downwardly into the upper casing 10, the slurry engages the upper baffle 30 and is directed radially outwardly in all directions, as shown by arrows in Fig. 1, into the upper chamber or separation zone 22a. If desired, the intake pipe or conduit 33 can be loosely retained by top wall 15 so that the housing 9, can be oscillated about axis α without disturbing the conduit 33. If, however, the conduit 33 is fixedly secured to wall 15, as illustrated, the flexibility of hose 38 is sufficient to permit oscillation about axis α Various control means, such as pump 310 in Figure 7 can be employed to control the volume and velocity of the feed slurry, and subsequently the liquid through its isolated flow path. Also in a gravity operated mode as shown in Figure 8 the rate of flow can be controlled by the discharge as described hereinafter. The baffle 30 is of substantially smaller diameter than the diameter of its concentric side wall 14 but is of larger diameter than the mouth 32. The baffle 30 is concentric to and spaced above the neck 21 in spaced relationship to the upper end of lip 21a to allow for adjust¬ ment of deflector 20. Hence, the return liquid flow can readily pass between lip 21a and the bottom surface of baffle 30 and, thence, into the axially disposed central passageway 21d of the neck 21 and skirt 23. The inside diameter of the central passageway 21d preferably is larger than the diameter of conduit 33 so that a free flow of liquid can be handled. _ The effluent (slurry discharge) of the system is withdrawn through an L-shaped eduction tube or discharge conduit 35, one leg of which extends axially or vertically along axis α and the other leg of which extends horizon¬ tally or radially and unattached through an upwardly open U-shaped recess 21c in the neck 21 and, thence, outwardly through the side wall 14 so that its outer end, outwardly of the side wall 14, receives a flexible discharge hose 35a, shown in Fig. 3. The axially disposed leg of the L-shaped conduit 35 is of smaller diameter than passageway 21d and extends downwardly from the inner end of its associated leg to terminate in a downwardly opening mouth or intake opening 36, below the lowermost edge of peripheral edge 23a of skirt 23 but well above the bottom surface 24 of bottom wall 13. Substantially all liquid and the lighter consti¬ tuents of the slurry are withdrawn through this eduction tube or discharge conduit 35, being discharged through flexible discharge hose 35a. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, by the introduction through conduit 33, into upper chamber or separation zone 22a of a slurry, in which particulate material is suspended, the particulate material having various specific gravities greater than the liquid in which it is entrained, a separa¬ tion of the liquid and the particulate material is caused to take place. This is because the slurry is caused to travel in a torical path radially outwardly and then inwardly in the large upper . chamber 22a. The effect of such,movement is twofold. First, due to ..centrifugal force, the particulate material is thrown- outwardly toward the side wall 14 and, Q secondly, the decrease in velocity causes the particulate material to be dropped out of suspension from the liquid flow path. Generally speaking, the size of the upper chamber or separation zone 22a and the velocity of the slurry, as well as the various specific gravities of the particulate material will determine the efficiency of this first stage separation. It is usually desirable to control the flow rate into chamber 22a so as to permit the liquid of the slurry to retain, in suspension, only microscopic particles or slimes, while flinging out and dropping out by gravity the bulk of particulate material. The bulk of particulate material thus .collects in upper hopper 26a along the walls 14 and 18 and against the skirt 23 of deflector 20, is thence directed by the down¬ wardly converging surfaces of the wall 18 and the skirt 23 toward the annular passageway 25. The microscopic particles or slime, however, remain in suspension and are carried up and over the lip or upper edge 21a and into passageway 21d. Within the lower chamber, or second separation zone 22b is a second or lower baffle or deflector block, denoted generally by numeral 42. This baffle 42 is concentrically located along axis and has a downwardly converging conical, bottom surface 42a and an upwardly converging frusto-conical, side wall 42b. The upper edge of the upwardly converging conical wall 42b terminates at an upper annular edge or lip 45 disposed in a horizontal radial plane normally spaced below the radial plane of peripheral ' edge 23a. Lip 45 is aligned in a common plane with edge 19. The upjper portion of lower baffle 42 has a central cup-like recess 46, defined by a flat planar radially disposed upper central surface 43 and a conical, upwardly diverging dam wall 44. Thus, walls 42b and 44 converge upwardly to define the arcuate, annular ring dam or -gϋ REA lr OMPI spillway having an upper lip or edge 45 in a radial plane and over which spill the..lighter constituents into recess 46 from lower hopper 26b upon oscillation of the housing and lower baffle 42.. Between the radially extending portion of discharge pipe 35 and the top of chamber 22a is an aspirator 39 including a venturi tube 39a disposed within the radial portion of pipe 35. The tube 39a has a funnel shaped mouth, disposed along the axis of conduit 35, the mouth diverging in the direction of flow. The body of the tube 39a is L-shaped and passes outwardly through the side of conduit 35 and then through top wall 15 to terminate outside the housing 9.. - The aspirator 39 also includes a flexible hose 39b leading from the protruding end of tube 39a to a stub tube 39c, the stub tube 39c passing through top wall 15 adjacent conduit 33. Upon the flow of fluid ie., liquid through conduit 35, a suction will be drawn by aspirator 39 so as to withdraw air from the uppermost part of chamber 22a and entrain the air in the effluent. Returning now to the lower baffle 42, it is understood that the upper surface 43 of the recess 46 is disposed immediately below the mouth 36 of the eduction tube or discharge conduit 35. Hence, the substantially isolated liquid flow path passes through passageway 21d in neck 21 and skirt 23 thence downwardly in a generally axial direction, into the recess 46 of baffle 42 then makes an abrupt 180° turn to enter, upwardly, into the mouth 36. Mouth 36 is positioned to pick-up and discharge through conduit 35 all particulate material that has entered into recess 46 past spillway lip or edge 45. Oscillation or agitation of the particulate material in the lower hopper 26b both stratifies the particulate material according to their relative weights and also stimulates the gravity induced flow of particulate material. through this area. The flow path of particulate material through the lower hopper 26b, begins with its entrance by way of passageway 25 which is a direct coupling between upper particulates hopper 26a in chamber 22a and the lower hopper 26b. The particulate material in a gravity induced flow moves to either of two exits, past spillway lip 45 into recess 46, which is a discharge means from the upper strata of particulate material, or through passageway 49 which is a discharge means from the lower strata of particulate material. The adjustable output from the lower strata by way of passageway 49, part 18a, and valve 40a provides a readily adjustable means for the proportional division and discharge from the upper stTata and from the lower strata of the particulate material being processed. Also, with the direct coupling, passageway 25, between the stacked first stage hopper 26a and the second stage hopper 26b, particulate material is transferred from the first stage hopper into the second stage hopper equal in amount and at a rate to correspond to the total particulates discharge from the second stage hopper. The diameter of the lower baffle or deflector block 42 is about one-half the diameter of bottom wall 18 and the lip or rim 45 terminates in about the same plane as edge 19. The baffle 42 is supported, in spaced relationship to the bottom surface 24, by a plurality of L-shaped bars which form circumferentially spaced riffles 60, best seen in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. In cross-section the riffles are rectangular. Thus, the opposed spaced conical surfaces 24 and 42a form a conical downwardly converging discharge passageway 49 for feeding the heavy particulate material toward port 18a. OMPI One arm 60a of each riffle 60 extends radially along surface 24, outwardly of passageway 49. The other arm 60b projects along the side wall 42b of baffle 42. Thus, the riffles 60 define, with surface 24, an array of circumferentially spaced, upwardly open, and downwardly and inwardly inclined, or sloping, inwardly converging channels 59, in an annular array around the passageway 49, each of which feeds the particulate material toward the » passageway 49, upon oscillation of the housing 9. Upstanding agitation rods, pegs or fingers 62 are provided in each sloping channel 59. Preferably these rods.62 are disposed in spaced radial alignment midway between riffles 60. These vertical rods 62 terminate in a common radial, horizontal plane above the plane of lip 45 and within skirt 23. The discharge port 18a communicates with an axially disposed discharge pipe or conduit 40 provided with a remotely controlled, incrementally opening, electro¬ mechanical valve, such as a solenoid gate valve .40a. The incremental opening and closing of valve 40a is remotely controlled through appropriate electrical controls 47 and cable 50a which, in turn, is connected to a sensor 48 via wires 50. Sensor 48 protrudes up through bottom wall 13 adjacent to wall 42b. It will be understood that the heavy metals, such as gold and lead, are unusually good electrical conductors. Therefore, as the density of the heavy constituents builds up, the electrical resistance between the electrodes of sensor 48 will progressively drop. The control 47 is set 40a to open and close valve-4--Θ- or vary the amount by which the valve 40a is opened or closed, in response to this detected resistance. The control 47 may be set to open valve 40a when the sensor detects a very low resistance so that the heavy constituents are subjected to a long exposure time or period of stratification (oscillation) whereby only the OM heaviest constituents are passed through valve 40a or the control 47 can be set for opening valve 40a at a higher resistance whereby less stratification will have taken place. Other known means of density sensing can also be used to perform this function. As seen in Fig. 1, the lower portion of wall 14 carries an upper limit sensor 54, and the middle portion of wall 18 carries a lower limit sensor 55. Each of sensors 48, 54 and 55 is identical in construction, having two, disc-shaped, aligned electrodes, such as electrodes 54a and 54b, spaced apart by a dielectric wafer 54c and carried on the end of a dielectric shank 54d. Electrical wires 56 and 57 lead from the electrodes of sensors 54 and 55 to an electrical control 47a. Cable 47b leads to the parti¬ culate material infeed solenoid valve 304. When the sensor 54 is submerged in the accumulated particulate material the valve 304 is electrically closed. The primary function of lower sensor 55, when not submerged in particulate material, is to signal a warning of insufficient accumulation of solids in upper hopper 26a for proper process operation. Particulate mater¬ ial feed rate into the process housing 9 is slightly greater than the capacity of the process circuit, thus the solids input regulated by sensors 54 and 55 provide a prescribed level of particulate material to be maintained in the first stage upper hopper 26a sufficient to block annular passageway 25 to liquid flow and at a level low enough so that the accumulated particulate material will not overflow into central liquid passageway 21d. As will be explained hereinafter, this prescribed level of particulate material can also be maintained through a direct mechanical coupling between a mechanical inlet valve much as inlet valve 404 and the housing 409 when the housing is mounted to have vertical compliance that will respond to the varying total weight of the housing 409 and its contents as illustrated in Figure 9. Referring now to Fig. 3, the gimble support for the housing is illustrated as including an inverted U-shaped primary frame 65 having spaced parallel upstanding standards or struts 65a and 65b. The upper ends of the standards 65a and 65b are joined by a horizontal, laterally extending, cross beam 65c. Below the cross beam 65c is a smaller inverted U-shaped bale or strap 67 having spaced, vertically, *. parallel arms 67a arid 67b (not shown on drawing) the upper ends of which are joined by a horizontal cross bar 67c which extends beneath the central portion of beam 65c, as seen in Fig. 4. A pivot shaft 68 along axis α connects the midportions of beam 65c and bar 67c. Trunions 69 which protrude from opposite sides of the housing 9, namely, ' casing 10, are received by the lower ends of arms 67a and 67b. Also, pins, such as pin 69a, and brackets, such as bracket 69b, secure the casing 10 to the arms 67a and 67b above the trunions 69. For oscillating the strap 67 about axis - , a , .is provided reciprocating rod 74/leaαιng from a suitable prime mover, such as a crank (not shown) of a motor (not shown) . The rod 74 is connected through a turn-buckle 73 and a self-aligning bearing 75 to a stub shaft 79 protruding from one arm 67a. Thus, when the rod 74 is reciprocated as indicated by arrow 77, the strap 67 will be rocked back and forth about pivot shaft 68 and vertical axis α The lower chamber 11 is supported for oscillation with chamber 10 by circumferentially spaced cylindrical rollers 71 carried by U-shaped brackets 76 on a support ring 70. Appropriate braces 77 extending from standards 65a, 65b support ring 70. The axes of rollers 71 are inclined to permit the outer surface of wall 18 to ride against the inner peripheries of the rollers 71. Strain gauges 78a and 78b on standards 65a and 65b, respectively, fμnction to weight the slurry within 'BUR OM the housing, and in lieu of sensors 54 and 55, can provide the control signal to regulate the particulates level in upper hopper 26a. In Figs. 5 and 6 a modified form of upper casing 210, for housing 209, is shown. This upper casing 210 forms an upper separation zone 222a and a portion of upper hopper 26a as defined by a cylindrical upper side wall 214 having flange 216 and a conical top wall 215 closed at its apex. A tube 239c passes through the apex of wall 215 so that the air is withdrawn via aspirator 239, and fed to discharge conduit 235. The deflector 220 is attached to lower housing portion of casing 11 as previously described and is disposed within wall 214 and comprises a frusto-conical skirt 223 and, at its upper end, a cylindrical neck 221, through which discharge conduit 235 passes unattached by way of upper end open U-shaped recess 221c. Neck 221 and wall 214 are concentric about vertical axis α . Flat circumferentially evenly spaced, radially disposed, vertical baffles or paddles 230, which are attached to deflector 220, extend to inner surface of wall ±4 to which they are unattached. A straight tubular intake conduit 233 extends tangentially through the upper peripheral portion of wall 214, adjacent its top wall £5 for discharging the slurry in a tangential horizontal direction along the inside periphery of wall 214. Conduit 233 has an inwardly beveled discharge mouth 232. The baffles 230 are disposed vertically below both the discharge mouth 232 and the upper lip or rim 221a. That portion of the system, not shown in Figs. 5 and 6 is identical to the system previously described. The discharge of slurry through pipe 233 and into the upper casing 210 of the housing 209, creates a whirlpool 215 flow spiraling inwardly to the opening between wall -1-5-and the lip or upper edge 221a, as indicated by arrows in Fig. 6. This flow in the uppermost unobstructed zone of casing 210 is, itself, essentially unobstructed and, hence, the particulate material is thrown outwardly by centrifugal force, toward wall ■ 3""i-4-, and to a gravitational fallout into the first stage upper hopper 26a. The radially extending vanes or baffles 230, which , are below the unobstructed zone, tend to arrest this swirling whirlpool motion below the baffles. Between the unobstructed zone and the upper edge of the baffles 230, some eddy currents are created which in themselves, create centrifugal forces tending to. separate the particulate material from suspension. Within the area of the baffles 230, and below, the liquid flow path is substantially eliminated and thus permits settling of the particulate material onto skirt 223 in a manner previously described into the upper particulates hopper 26a. In Fig. 7, a closed system is illustrated. In this system a closed liquid tank 300 carries a solids input spout or collar 301 to which solids (particulate material) are fed via gravity from solids or ore feeder 303 through valve 304. The lower open end 301a of collar 301 terminates within a funnel shaped mixing hopper 302 disposed below the normal liquid level L in the tank 300. The mixing hopper 302 feeds the slurry of solids (particulate material) and liquid, via pipe 308 and pump 310 to the intake conduit 338 of the housing 309. The effluent from the lower casing 11 is fed via pipe 313 to the top of a cyclone separator 315 where the solids are separated from the liquid and these solids are discharged, via pipe 318 and valve 319 as waste. The separator 315 is within tank 300, as illustrated, so that the liquid will spill over the rim or lip of separator 315 into tank 300. Make-up liquid is fed IJURE OMPI _ * WIPO to the tank 300, via pipe 305 to maintain the level L. Mixing, in the closed system of Fig. 7 is automatically accomplished due to the circulation of the liquid and its progressive entrainment of the solids as the liquid flows into mixing hopper 302. The flow rate of the circulating liquid and the feed rate of the solids will determine the makeup of the resulting slurry. In Fig. 8 a system is illustrated, a system similar to that shown in Fig. 7, but instead of pump 310 providing the force to transport the fluid and solids through the process circuit as shown in Fig. 7, in Fig. 8 gravity is used as the transporting force. The housing 309 is placed so that the fluid will flow by gravity from liquid tank 300 through the housing 309 and into a second liquid tank 300a, Many process units can be connected to common liquid tanks such as ten to fifty, or more units, all deriving their liquid from liquid tank 300 and then depositing their liquid into the second liquid tank 300a where a single pump, such as pump 360, recycles the liquid back into the first liquid tank 300. Valves 350 and 351 regulate liquid flow rate. In Fig. 9 a system is illustrated which is operated either as shown in Fig. 7 or Fig. 8 but having the process housing 409 mounted on a spring 472 in frame 473 so as to have vertical compliance which will respond to the varying total weight of the housing 409 and its contents with a direct mechanical coupling through lever 475 to the valve 404 of solids or ore feeder 403 to govern the solids input into the process circuit including tank 400, collar 401, mixing hopper 402, end 401a and pump 410, all similar to the corresponding elements of Figs. 7 and 8. OPERATION From the foregoing description, the operation of the present system should be apparent. In Fig. 1, it will be understood that the slurry of liquid or gas and finally divided particulate material, such as gold ore, is fed into conduit.33 and thence passes into the upper chamber 22a traveling in a torical path outwardly. The function of upper chamber 22a is to separate the bulk of particulate material carried into housing 9 from the liquid carrier and thus separate the particulate material flow path from the liquid flow path through the area of the process circuit where the relatively heavy and relatively light particulate constituents are separated to be discharged separately. Another function of upper chamber 22a is to provide a particulate material feed hopper 26a, which is directly coupled and coactive with a lower parti¬ culate material hopper 26b in lower chamber 22b. Lower hopper 26b is the major work area of the process circuit for the selective separation and discharge of the particu¬ late material. In this first stage upper chamber 22a, two forces coact for the removal of the particulate material from suspension iii the liquid flow path. First, the centrifugal action of the torical path causes the particulate material to be thrown out toward the wall 14 while the movement from a restricted path such as conduit 33 into a substantially larger area of the chamber 22a causes a reduction in the velocity of the slurry, thereby permitting the particulate material to settle out and collect in the first stage upper particulate material hopper 26a. With the use of sensors 54 and 55 located in the first stage hopper 26a portion of upper chamber 22a, or other means herein described, a prescribed level of particulate material is maintained in the upper particulate material hopper 26a. Sensor 55 monitors the lower level to insure sufficient accumulation to block annular passageway 25 to liquid flow while sensor 54 monitors the upper level to insure that no particulate material will overflow into -gUR central liquid passageway 21d. Should excessive particu¬ late material be collected in upper hopper 26a, and thus build up to sensor 54, sensor 54 will indicate a change in resistance .between elements 54a and 54b and thereby signal through an appropriate control 47a the operation of valve 304 so as to restrict the flow of particulate material into housing 9, until the level of particulate material has reached the sensor 55. The sensor 55 then signals through control 47a that valve 304 is to again open. With the conditions as described the entire liquid flow path through the process circuit can be traced as follows: The liquid enters the housing 9 through conduit 33 and thence passes into the upper chamber 22a traveling in a torical path outwardly and then inwardly, and having dropped the bulk of any particulate material it carries into housing 9, it is then directed to central passageway 21d, since annular passageway 25 is blocked to liquid flow. The liquid flow path is then directed down through the central liquid passageway 21d, of the neck 21 and skirt 23 of deflector 20, into recess 46, which is the area of reunion with the particulate material; it then makes an abrupt 180° turn to enter, upwardly, into the mouth 36 of conduit 35 and thus discharged to complete its flow path through housing. 9. The particulate material flow path through the process circuit is traced as follows: The particulate material is carried into housing 9 in a slurry by conduit 33 and thence passes into the upper chamber 22a, traveling in a torical path outwardly, and is caused to fall from suspension from the liquid carrier flow path as previously described, and thus begins the gravity directed portion of the particulate material flow path through the process circuit. It then settles out and collects in the first stage upper particulate material hopper 26a. The first stage upper particulate material hopper 26a is stacked above and is directly coupled by way of annular passageway 25 - υREAir OMPI to the lower particulate material hopper 26b in lower chamber 22b. Continuing its gravity directed portion of its flow path through the process circuit, which is isolated from the liquid flow path, the particulate material passes through annular passageway 25 into lower particulate material hopper 26b. It will be remembered that the housing, namely the upper casing 10 and the lower casing 11, are simul- , taneously rocked or oscillated back and forth about axis α and hence riffles 60a, located in the area of lower parti¬ culate material hopper 26b, are moved back and forth in an oscillatory action which causes the particulate material in this area to be stratified according to relative weight and also it is a controllable stimulation to the gravity induced flow rate of the particulate material through lower particulate material hopper 26b. The particulate material completes its flow path through the process circuit by way of either of two exits from the lower particulate material hopper 26b which are located on its inner boundary. A discharge means from the lowermost strata of particulate material from the lower hopper 26b, which would be the relatively heavier consti¬ tuents, is passageway 49 to particulates discharge port 18a with the output controlled by valve 40a. A discharge means from the upper most strata of particulate material from lower hopper 26b, which would be the relatively lighter constituents, is spillway lip 45 over which the lighter constituents overflow into recess 46 where they are then reunited with the liquid flow path and discharged through conduit 35. Isolated from the liquid flow path and thus unaffected by the liquid flow rate, the flow of particulate material through lower hopper 26b has both a coarse and fine adjustment. It will be remembered that deflector 20 can be raised or lowered by adjustment screws 28 and thus changing the descent angle between annular passageway 25 to spillway lip 45. This function provides a coarse adjustment for the particulate material flow rate oscillation or agitation has a leveling effect on the particu late material stimulating gravity induced flow and thus provides a fine adjustment of the particulate material flow rate through the lower hopper 26b as it moves from the relatively elevated annular passageway 25 to spillway lip 45. Through these combined functions exposure time of the transient particulate material through lower hopper 26b can be regulated to allow the solid particles of various specific densities to stratify causing the relatively lighter constituent to be directed to the uppermost strata discharge means, past spillway lip 45, and directing the relatively heavier constituents to lower strata discharge means through passageway 49. As particulate material passes through lower hopper 26b past overflow spillway lip 45, the uppermost strata discharge means, and through lowermost strata discharge means, passageway 49 through particulate material discharge port 18a and through controlled particulate material discharge valve 40a, regulating the amount of particulate material output by valve 40a will determine the proportional division and discharge from the uppermost strata and from the lowermost strata of the particulate material being processed. With the first stage particulate hopper 26a over the second stage particulate hopper 26b, the amount of particulate material transferred from the hopper 26a to the hopper 26b is automatically regulated. In other words, a fully filled second stage hopper 26b will block additional particulate material from the first stage hopper 26a from flowing into hopper 26b through the annular passageway 25. Hence, the amount of particulate material withdrawn through the valve 40a and discharged past spillway lip 45 has a direct relationship to the amount of material passing through the annular passageway 25. IUJREATΓ OMPI ^N A TθS Particulate material of various specific densities may be. transported in a fluidic medium into the apparatus for separation and concentration of the relatively heavier ' particulate material. This may be done with the water-tight apparatus submerged over a sea bed, in placer mining, upon land, or even upon extra-terrestial bodies. For example, gold or other heavy minerals may be recovered through its use by transporting heavy mineral bearing particulate material intermixed with gravel with a mixture of sea water and undissolved air into the apparatus with effective applica¬ tion of the process extending into a very fine particle size range substantially below a minus 200 mesh size which is a size range normally beyond commercial application of gravity mineral beneficiation devices. The -material may^ be forced through the fluid-tight housing by motor means (pump 310) either pushing the material through the intake conduit or motor means pulling the material through the outlet conduit or simply by force of gravity alone as illustrated in Fig. 8. The oscillation of the housing by the rod 74 is usually accomplished with the rod 74 travelling less than one inch. Fine -adjustment of the system is accomplished by increasing or decreasing the amount of agitation or oscillation of the housing 9. Fine adjustment is also accomplished by increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the liquid. Course adjustment is accomplished by manipula¬ tion of bolts 28. These fine adjustments can be automated to make corrections in response to a feedback signal derived from monitoring the outputs of the system and thereby obtain an ideal balance between process recovery efficiency and process capacity. Through the system thus described the objects of the present invention are achieved. For example, the mechanism of the present invention may be operated totally submerged in sea water with a pump picking up a mixture of sea water and bottom solids from an ocean floor and feeding this slurry through conduit 38 to the housing 9. The discharge from conduit 40 can be fed to a surface ship. The gases are continuously purged from the system by aspirator 39. The sensors 48, 54 and 55 control the operation of the system continuously by detecting the conditions within the system, or functions of sensors 54 and 55 can be substituted by stress gauges or by mounting the housing 9 to have vertical compliance with a direct mechanical coupling to particulate material input valve 304. The system is also free of any fixed enrichment ratio, so that it may be operated where the slurry has only a small percentage of heavy constituents or a very large percentage of heavy constituents. This is accomplished with the use of valve 40a which allows the relatively heavier constituents to reach a predetermined level of concentration before being discharged. The system separates the liquid flow path from the particulate material flow path through the process circuit and provides means to independently regulate the flow rates of the liquid and particulate material. With both coarse and fine adjustable means the flow rate of particulate material can be regulated to determine the exposure time of the particulate material as it passes through lower hopper 26b. By separating the liquid and particulate material flow paths the system also eliminates restriction to a single and combined flow rate and flow path for both the liquid and particulate material found in prior gravity type mineral beneficiation devices. The system also eliminates surface turbulence such as that generated in the open trough devices with their inseparable liquid and particulate material flow paths. Such surface turbulence is eliminated by isolating the particulate material flow path through lower hopper 26b from the liquid flow path, with another contributing factor, _OMPI W Ak÷, WWΪΪPPOO the closed chamber technique, providing smooth laminar flow conditions through the process circuit. With upper hopper 26a directly coupled by passage¬ way 25 to lower hopper 26b, which is the major area of particulates selective separation, particulate material transferred from the upper hopper into the lower hopper is automatic and contingent to exposure time of particulate material as it passes through lower hopper 26b. , Controlling the output from lower hopper 26b with valve 40a provides a readily adjustable means for the proportional division and discharge from the uppermost strata and from the lowermost strata of the particulate material being processed. The system eliminates any middlings product by having only two exits from lower hopper 26b so that the particulate material is worked and exposed to stratifica¬ tion operationuntil it is separated to be discharged as either valuable concentrate or waste product. The system also eliminates feed density as a factor in process efficiency. Unlike prior devices where the liquid and particulate material follow a common flow path past the area of selective separation in their process circuit, with feed density a critical factor in process efficiency, with the system herein described the work area lower hopper 26b is isolated from the liquid flow path by, and directly fed from, upper hopper 26a eliminating completing feed density as a factor in process efficiency. The system can be automated and set to automati¬ cally determine and maintain maximum capacity in response to feedback signals derived from the outputs of the system to regulate the liquid flow rate and particulate material exposure time (flow rate) to achieve the desired balance between process efficiency and process capacity. Ijlj E OMPI The system can also be operated with a centrifugal cyclone type of particulate material delivered into the upper hopper 26a. Compared to prior devices the system herein described provides a far more linear recovery response through a broader range of particle sizes by reducing or eliminating surface turbulence and restriction to a combined and single flow rate of the liquid and particulate material as found in these prior devices. The system herein described is also useful in coal preparation for the removal of the relatively heavier deleterious constituents normally found with coal such as pyrite, marcasite and other forms of extraneous or "" secondary ash. * $ URE TT OMPI";"CLAIMS 1. Process for. the recovery of heavy constituents from particulate material carried in a transporting fluid forming a slurry, comprising: (a) Passing said slurry along a prescribed path; (b) directing said slurry in a first zone from said prescribed path and thence back toward said path so as to subject the slurry to centrifugal force for progressively throwing certain particulate material out of the path of travel of said slurry; (c) collecting said particulate material which is thrown out of said slurry and directing the same along a second prescribed path while agitating said particulate material; and (d) collecting the heaviest portion of the agitated particulate material. 2. The process defined in Claim 1, wherein said slurry is passed in a torical path when it is directed away from and then back toward said prescribed path. 3. The process defined in Claim 1 wherein the velocity of said- slurry is reduced during the period in which it is directed out of said prescribed path and thence back toward said prescribed path. 4. The process defined in Claim 1 wherein said prescribed path is in a downward direction, and the path in which the slurry is subjected to centrifugal force is a torical path outwardly from said prescribed path. 5. The process defined in Claim 1 wherein the second prescribed path is a downwardly converging path in which said particulate material is agitated and wherein the heavier portion of the said particulate material accumulate at the apex of the downwardly converging path. 6. The process defined in Claim 1 wherein the transporting fluid of said slurry, after being directed back toward said prescribed path, is subjected in a second zone to further centrifugal force which removes additional particulate material therefrom. 7. The process defined in Claim 6 wherein a light portion of particulate material is entrained by said transporting fluid in said second zone, and both said transporting fluid and said light portion are discharged from said second zone. 8. The process defined in Claim 7 wherein the separated heavier portion of said particulate material is continuously directed along a discharge path. . 9. The process defined in Claim 1 wherein said second prescribed path is a downwardly converging path for causing the heaviest portion of the particulate material to accumulate at the apex of the converging path. 10. In a process for the recovery of heavy con¬ stituents from particulate material carried in a transpor¬ tation fluid for forming a slurry, the steps of: (a) moving said slurry along a prescribed path and separating the particulate material from its transporting fluid; (b) receiving said particulate material on a downwardly inclined surface; (c) disposing a block having a lip and a recess over said surface; (d) passing said transporting fluid over said block; and (e) moving said particulate material inwardly and downwardly on said surface for causing the heavy portion of said particulate material to be directed toward the lowermost portion of said surface and the lighter portion to flow over said lip and be entrained by said transportation fluid. 11. The process defined in Claim 10 wherein the step of moving said particulate material includes agitating said inclined surface to stratify said particulate material. 12. The process defined in Claim 11 wherein said inclined surface is a downwardly converging surface converging toward a vertical axis. 13. The process defined in Claim 12 wherein said lip is an upstanding ring concentrically surrounding said vertical axis, said block being spaced above said converging surface, and wherein the step of moving said surface includes rocking simultaneously both said block and said converging surface about said vertical axis. •14. The process defined in Claim 13 wherein the step of separating the particulate material from its transportation fluid includes the steps of subjecting said slurry to centrifugal force above said block and thereafter progressively depositing said particulate material in a ring around and spaced from said block. 15. The process defined in Claim 14 wherein the particulate material which is deposited in a ring is pro¬ gressively directed in said downwardly converging path while the lighter portions thereof pass over said lip progressively and thereafter are entrained and removed by the transporta¬ tion fluid. 16. The process defined in Claim 10 including supplying additional particulate material to said transportation fluid to form additional slurry and repeating the processing thereof. 17. The process defined in Claim 16 including the steps of monitoring the collection of said particulate material in said ring and regulating the volume of slurry being subjected to the process in response thereto. 18. The process defined in Claim 17 including the steps of monitoring the accumulation of the particulate material on said surface and regulating the rate of with¬ drawal of said heavy portion from a lowermost portion of the downwardly converging path in response thereto. 19. Process for the recovery of heavy constituents from particulate material carried in a fluid slurry, comprising: (a) Passing a flow of said slurry along a prescribed path; (b) separating the particulate material from the transportation fluid of said slurry in a first separation zone along said path; (c) accumulating said particulate material in a first accumulation zone; (d) measuring the accumulation of said particulate material in said first accumulation zone and regulating the flow of said slurry along said path in response thereto; (e) passing said particulate material along a second prescribed path; (f) stratifying said particulate material as it is moved along said second path; and (g) removing a light portion from said particulate material as it is moved along said second path. 20. The process defined in Claim 19 wherein said second path includes a downwardly converging path and the removing of the light portion is achieved at a position outwardly of the apex of the downwardly converging path. 21. The process defined in Claim 19 wherein said step of separating said particulate material from said slurry includes passing such slurry along a torical path and separating the particulate material by centrifugal force from said slurry. 22. The process defined in Claim 19 wherein said step of separating said particulate material from said slurry includes subjecting such slurry to centrifugal force and to a reduction in velocity so as to separate by centrifugal force and by sedimentation the particulate material from said slurry above said second prescribed path. 28. Apparatus in accordance with Claim 25 including means for imparting centrifugal force to the slurry introduced into said upper zone through said intake conduit. 29. Apparatus in accordance with Claim 25 including means for altering the position of said deflector in said housing for varying the relative position of said annular passageway. 30. Apparatus in accordance with Claim 25 including a baffle supported within said upper zone adjacent to the mouth of said intake conduit for diverting the path of slurry passing into said upper zone, said deflector having a central passageway through which slurry from said upper zone passes into said lower zone. 31. Apparatus in accordance with Claim 25 including means for rocking said housing and said recess defining member about a vertical axis. 32. Apparatus for separating the heavy constituents of particulate material carried in a fluid slurry comprising: (a) a housing defining a chamber; (b) a deflector disposed within said housing for separating said housing into an upper zone and a lower zone, said deflector defining a peripheral opening and a central opening; (c) an intake conduit for introducing said slurry into said upper zone; (d) means for imparting centrifugal force to the slurry introduced into said upper zone for diverting the particulate material toward said peripheral opening; (e) a discharge conduit having a mouth within said lower zone for removing the slurry from said lower zone; and (f) a recess defining member having a recess adjacent to said mouth of said discharge conduit in said lower zone. 33. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 wherein said means for imparting centrifugal force to said slurry includes a baffle disposed between the discharge end of said intake conduit and the central opening of said deflector. 34. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 wherein said discharge conduit is disposed centrally within said chamber with its mouth opening downwardly into the central portion of said recess and wherein said conduit passes outwardly through said housing.. 35. The apparatus defined in Claim 34 including means for vibrating said housing and said receptable defining member. 36. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 including means for recirculating said slurry from said discharge conduit to said intake conduit and for introducing additional particulate material into said slurry during the recirculation thereof. 37. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 including means for incrementally adjusting the position of said deflector. 38. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 including an aspirator connected between the upper portion of said upper zone and said discharge conduit, said aspirator removing the air from said upper zone and entraining there in the slurry being discharged through said discharge conduit. 39. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 wherein said housing is disposed along a vertical axis and said recess defining means is disposed along said vertical axis and including means for reciprocating said housing and said recess receiving means about said vertical axis. 40. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 wherein said deflector includes a conical upwardly converging skirt, the upper end portion is provided with said central opening and wherein said peripheral opening is defined by the lower edge of said skirt and the inner surface of said housing. , A 41. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 wherein said housing includes a downwardly converging bottom surface and including a plurality of radially extending riffles projecting along said sμrface between said recess defining means and said surface. 42. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 including means for detecting the accumulation of particulate material in the vicinity of said peripheral opening and for regulating the feed of slurry into said upper zone in accordance with the said accumulation.. 43. The apparatus defined in Claim 32 wherein said chamber has a cylindrical side wall and wherein said intake conduit projects through said side wall for introducing said slurry tangentially into said chamber. 44. The apparatus defined in Claim 43 including a plurality of baffles disposed in the central portion of said chamber for arresting the circular motion of said slurry. 45. The apparatus defined in Claim 44 wherein said baffles are secured by their inner end to said deflector and extend radially outwardly therefrom. 46. In an apparatus for separating the heavy particulate material from a fluid slurry: (a) a housing defining an essentially closed chamber having a generally cylindrical side wall; (b) intake means for introducing said fluid slurry tangentially into said chamber so that it moves in a circular path within the upper portion of said chamber to discharge said particulate material outward by centrifugal force; (c) baffles disposed within, said chamber inwardly of said wall for retarding the circular movement of said slurry to permit settling of said particulate material therefrom; IJUR TT _OMPI_ Sλ> WiPO * ϊfef? NA T\0^ (d) a fluid passageway inwardly of said baffles for removing the fluid of said slurry; (e) deflector means for directing the particulate material thrown out of said fluid by centrifugal force and settled out of said fluid into a common path; and (f) means for progressively removing said particulate material from said common path. 47. The apparatus defined in Claim 46 wherein said deflector means is a frusto conical skirt within said chamber and below said baffles.";BAUMMER G;BAUMMER G;1978
+WO-1979000031-A1;19790125.0;19780706;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;4340386.0;E01B3;E01B3;E01B3, E01B27;E01B  27/18, E01B   3/00, E01B   3/20, P01B 203/06A, P01B 203/06C;RAIL SUPPORT WITH PROVISION FOR BALLAST;A novel railroad crosstie (1) is disclosed comprising a cavity-reservoir (4) which serves as a container for small grade ballast or pea gravel which is automatically directed underneath the crosstie (1) in proportion to the settlement of the underlying ballast. New small grade ballast or pea gravel is automatically deposited as a result of the combined effects of gravity and the amplitude of vertical oscillation introduced by the wheel sets of passing trains.;"Rail Support With Provision For Ball ast Background of the Invention The invention presented herein applies to rail supports such as CROSSTIES and SLAB SECTIONS, the bottom faces of which transmit and distribute dynamic loads into the ballast layer placed between the rail support and the subgrade. The loads are applied to the rails by the wheel sets of moving trains. It is known that these repeated vibrating loads progressively compact the ballast and the subjacent subgrade, thus causing a progressive settlement of the railroad tracks. The amplitude of this settlement being variable locally, it is necessary, for reasons of safety, riding comfort, and the preservation of materials, to periodically reestablish the track elevation and to correct the vertical profile, raising the rail support by an amount proportional to the local settlement, and to consolidate the corrected vertical position by the elimination of the voids created under the raised rail support. This operation, called surfacing, is realized by different methods, one of which is the ""packing"" to which this invention is related. Packing consists in the introduction, with help of special shovels or injectors, of small grade ballast, or pea gravel, underneath the crossties being worked on, while the said crossties are kept in a raised position at the. desired elevation, by appropriate hoisting equipment such as lifting jacks for example. This method, called ""shovel packing"", was highly appreciated a few years ago, and it still is today, by various railroads, because the method maintains the equilibrated structure of the ballast moulds which slowly develop under each crosstie; it presents, however, the inconvenience to be time-consuming and expensive, for it cannot be totally mechanized. It is indeed necessary, after having raised the track, to remove the ballast at least on each side of the elevated tie head and at least down to the bottom of the tie, to allow for the introduction by the shovel or the injector of a measured quantity of pea gravel, sized according to the local settlement in such a manner, that after the passage of a certain number of trains, the pea gravel being compacted, the position of the rail support is consolidated at the desired elevation. In view of above mentioned inconvenience, though of purely economical nature, preference has been given to the development and application of the presently fully mechanized method of ""tamping"", which consists in the ""amplification"" of the ballast mould, squeezing it under each tie with help of vibrating tamping tools, armed with vertical plates, which are plunged into the space between ties, and closed toward the tie to be tamped. One of the side OMPI effects of tamping is that at each stroke, the equilibrated structure of the ballast mould around the crosstie is destroyed. The tamping operation must generally be completed by a vertical, vibratory compaction operation in order to rebuild a certain compaction and a certain stability of the ballast, at least in the area surrounding the crosstie, before the track is reopened to traffic. It has also been observed that the method of repeated tamping causes the edges of the ballast stones to be rapidly eroded, thus progressively reducing their interlocking quality. Summary of the Invention The invention aims at the application of the method of packing small grade ballast or pea gravel under the rail support in an economical and quasi automatic mode, in order to bring the undisputed technical advantages of this method back into general application. To obtain this objective, the present invention proposes a rail support characterized by the fact that it comprises at least one cavity-reser¬ voir serving as a container of small grade ballast or pea gravel to flow out of the reservoir and to be directed automatically underneath the rail support in proportion to the settlement of the underlaying ballast, under the combined effect of gravity and the amplitude of the vertical oscillations induced by the wheel sets of passing trains. The drawing at the appendix illustrates, as an example, one of the possible forms of the invention: Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is in plain view; figure 2 is the view in elevation of the section A-A through figure 1; figure 3 shows the section H-H of figure 1 in elevation; figure 4 shows the bottom face; figure 5 and 6 show the cross-sections B-B and C-C of fig. 2; figure 7 and 8 show the cross-sections D-D and E-E of fig. 3. Description of the Preferred Embodiments The rail support in this example is a concrete tie (1) with two rails (2) and (3), fastened by common means which are not illustrated. The structure of this concrete tie (1) includes two cavities (4) opening on the surface of said tie (1), placed as close to the rails (2) and (3) as possible without interfering with their means of fastening. The bottom (5) of these two cavities is inclined from the most distant face (6) toward the face closest (7) to the rail. To this face (7) are connected two lateral conduits (8) and (8') . the orientation of which is parallel to that of the longitudinal axis of the tie (1), and the faces of which are biased toward the bottom face (9) with the openings (10) and (10') clearly visible on figure 4. The openings (10) and (10') are centered under the rails (2) and (3) and spaced transversally in such a proportion that the distance between two openings corresponds approximatively to two times the distance which separates them from the lateral faces (11) and (12) of the tie (1). The dimensions of the tie (1) are of course established with regard to the continuity of mechanical resistance through the cavities (4) and their conduits (8) and (8'). In a like manner, the width of the bottom face (9) of the tie (1) is increased by the sum of the widths of the two openings (10) and (10') in order not to exceed the unit surface pressure admitted for a standard concrete tie. The ""packing"" operation of a railroad track built on crossties such as described above, is extremely simple. It is sufficient to fill the cavities (4) with small grade ballast or pea gravel. As soon as the track settlement becomes irregular, the packing process is initiated automatically by the oscillations induced by the wheel sets in motion, as mentioned before. In fact, as symbolized by the small arrows on figure 6, the particles of the small grade ballast or pea gravel contained in the cavity (4), by their weight have the tendency to flow underneath the bottom face (9) of the crosstie (1) onto the underlaying ballast. This outflow does not happen when the elasticity of the subgrade and ballast allows the latter to follow the vertical oscillations of the loaded rails or, as a matter of fact, as long as there is no permanent settlement, or as long as the settlement takes place over relatively important distances. But as soon as a certain local settlement under a tie is exceeding the one on neighboring ties, a void is created underneath after each passage of a loaded wheel-set, and at that moment, the particles of the small ballast or pea gravel, activated by the oscillations, start flowing and progressively fill the void under then bottom face (9) of the tie; or more to the point, the void is filled while it is created. The effect of automatic filling of the void produced under the rail support is even more profitable nowadays with the wide-spread use of continuous welded rail which is more resistant, elastic, and more homogenuous than before. The rail being less subject to deformation, it bridges the irregular settlement of the underlayin ballast, thus further increasing the amplitude of the vertical oscillations at locations, where the ballast mould has settled more than under neighboring crossties. In the form of realization given as an example, the outflow of small grade ballast or pea gravel is facilitated by the conical shape of the conduits (8) and (8') which, combined with the effect of the vertical oscillations of the tie, accelerates the outflow and hinders the backing or lock-up of the particles in the said conduits; but this particularity is not indispensable. Similarly the transverse symmetrical partitioning of the openings (10) and (10') on the bottom face (9) of the crosstie produces an equal distribution of the particles on either side of the opening if suc distribution is preferred; but this particularity is not indispensable either. The rail support, according to this invention, fully pervades the objective striven for, given the fact that it provides all advantages of the so-called ""packing"" method in an economical, automatic mode, eliminating all of the time-consuming, expensive operations of the method which have been described above, and does so by recurring to the very same phenomenon which causes the settlement, to automatically correct and compensate its effects. The replenishing of the cavities with small grade ballast or pea gravel is the only exterior intervention, and the replenishing lends iself easily to mechan- isation, because the cavities can be designed to be very accessible, such as in the example shown above. Design changes can be realized without altering the applicability of the invention. A single cavity-reservoir, for example, centered half-way between the two rails, can be connected with the bottom face of the tie underneath O P1 the rails, by an unspecified number of conduits, the openings of these conduits leading to the bottom of the rail support being of variable length or width, according to the desired effect and the required size of the bearing surface. In case of a railroad particularly subject to surface pollution, such as the ones operated with diεsel locomotives, for example, a removable cover can be installed to close each cavity. Alternatively, the openings can be placed in the upper part of the ends, or in the vertical faces of the crosstie sides. Finally, the concrete tie (1) given as an example of possible execution of the rail support, is not limitative, and the invention is applicable to all other types of crossties, as well as to large surface slab sections and pads, provided these various elements function as rail supports and transmit and distribute dynamic loads. It should be noted that in case of a hollow rail support, such as a steel crosstie for example, the cavity-reservoir may be attached to one or the other upper part of these crosssties. -BURfcA T OMPl C P TV '";CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A rail support comprising at least one cavity-reser¬ voir for small grade ballast or pea gravel, and at least one conduit means connecting the cavity-reservoir with the bottomface of said rail support in contact with underlying ballast, for allowing small grade ballast or pea gravel contained in said cavity-reservoir to flow out and distribute automatically underneath the rail support in proportion to the settlement of the subjacent ballast by the combined effects of gravity and the vertical oscillations induced by the passage of train wheel sets. 2. A rail support according to Claim 1 wherein the cavity-reservoir opens through an upper part of the vertical side faces of said rail support. 3. A rail support according to Claim 1, wherein the cavity-reservoir opens through an upper portion of the support's vertical end face. 4. A rail support according to Claim 1 wherein the cavity-reservoir is attached to an upper portion of the rail support. 5. A rail support according to Claim 1, wherein the cavity-reservoir is protected by a removable cover which seals out exterior pollutants. 6. A rail support according to Claim 1, wherein the conduit means connecting the cavity-reservoir with the bottomface of the rail support is conical. jUR E At OMPI;MOEHREN H;MOEHREN H;1978
+WO-1979000033-A1;19790125.0;19780707;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25212437.0;F16D3;F16D3;B32B3, F16D3;F16D   3/58;FLEXIBLE COUPLING;The flexible coupling includes outer member (14) and inner member (18) drivingly connected in a rotational sense through opposed pairs of flats (20, 24) separated by laminated elastomer-inelastic material (30) bonded to the flats. Four inner flats (24) are squarely arranged and are cylindrincally curved along their lengths about orthogonal axes of curvature (28, 29) intersecting at the axis of rotation of the inner member (26), and are flat across their widths. Four opposed outer flats (20), parallel to the inner flats (24), are flat across their lengths and widths and extend alongside the axis of rotation of the outer member (22). Inner layers (32) of laminated material extend parallel to the inner flats and the outer layers (34) of laminated material, bonded to the inner layers, extend parallel to the outer flats.;"FLEXIBLE COUPLING TECHNICAL FIELD This invention is in the field of flexible drive couplings, and more specifically constant velo¬ city universal joint drive couplings for transmitting torque between driving and driven rotary elements. BACKGROUND OF PRIOR ART Prior art flexible drive couplings use sliding and rolling surfaces between relatively moveable parts of the coupling elements. Load capacities and rotational speeds of such couplings are limited, and lubrication requirements critical, particularly in applications designed to accommodate misalignment of more than a fraction of a degree between the driving and the driven components. Constant velocity univer¬ sal joint couplings tend to be complex and costly mechanical elements, requiring rather superprecision manufacturing tolerances and complicated assembly procedures. So-called elastomeric flexible couplings trans¬ mitting torque through a laminated elastomeric-inelas- tic material, either in compression or shear, or a combination of the two are particularly limited in both torque and misalignment capacity. The prior art is also known to use elastomeric materials in univer¬ sal joints in lieu of sliding and rolling bearings at the surfaces transmitting the torque loads. The present invention is intended to overcome various problems associated with flexible drive IjUREAfT O PI couplingsin a unique manner which enables the attain¬ ment of a simple, rugged, non-lubricated constant velo¬ city flexible drive coupling capable of transmitting high loads at high rotational speeds while accommoda¬ ting extreme misalignment between the driving and driven coupling members. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a unique constant velo¬ city universal joint flexible coupling utilizing basically a foursided square drive between coaxial driving and driven members, with curved and flat laminated elastomeric-inelastic material disposed between the driving surfaces, called ""flats"", of the coupling, so that no surface sliding or rolling occurs when the driving and driven parts of the coupling move relative to each other. The surfaces of the flats, of the inner coupling member are cylindrically longitudinally curved about orthogonal axes of curvature intersecting at the longitudinal center line of the member, but are planar across their widths. The cooperating flats, of the outer member of the coupling extend parallel to the rotary axis of the outer member of the coupling, and are not curved at all. A laminated elastomeric-inelas¬ tic material is interposed between and bonded to the opposing flats of the inner and outer members of the coupling. The inner layers of laminated material extend parallel to the flats of the inner members; the outer layers of the laminated material extend parallel to the flats of the outer member. All the layers of laminated material are bonded to themselves and to the flats. Torque loads about the axis of the coupling are transmitted through the flats and through the laminated material in a compressional sense. The nature of the laminated material is such that it is virtually incom¬ pressible transversely of the laminations, while it is relatively soft in resisting shear or torsion loads acting parallel to the planes of the laminated layers. Therefore, relative longitudinal movement or axial misalignment between the inner and outer coupling « members is accommodated imply by the deformation of the laminated material in shear or torsion senses, with the specific layers undergoing elastic deforma¬ tion and the nature and degree of such deformation depending upon the instantaneous azimuthal location of the particular flats between which the laminate is situated during rotation of the coupling. Axial displacement between inner and outer coupling members is accommodated by the elastic deformation of the outer layers of laminated material between opposed flats. However, a rigid trunion joint is contemplated for use between inner and outer members to prevent relative axial displace¬ ment between the coupling members, while still leaving undisturbed all of the other ' characteristics of the basic coupling embodying the invention. The trunion joint is also provided with a laminated bearing arrangement so that this embodiment, like the basic embodiment, does not require sliding or rolling surfaces to accommodate relative motion between driving and driven parts. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS With reference to the drawings forming a part of the specification, FIGURE 1 is a vertical sectional view of a flex- ible coupling embodying the present invention; FIGURE 2 is a cross sectional view taken along line II-II of FIGURE 1; FIGURE 3 shows the coupling of FIGURE 1 with the elements misaligned; FIGURE 4 shows the coupling of FIGURE 1 with the elements axially displaced relative to each other; FIGURE 5 shows an alternate embodiment of the coupling embodying this invention, this embodiment in¬ corporating a trunion assembly; FIGURE 6 is a view taken along line VI-VI of FIGURE 5; FIGURE 7 shows a coupling of FIGURE 5 axially mis¬ aligned and FIGURE 8 shows a coupling used in pairs to trans¬ mit drive torque through offset, parallel shafts. DETAILED DESCRIPTION With reference to FIGURE I, the flexible coupling embodying the present invention includes, for example, a first and second shaft 10 and 12, either of which may be driven by the other. The first shaft 10 includes an outer member 14 provided with an internal cavity 16 in which is disposed an inner member 18, all as illustrated in FIGURES 1 and 2. The internal cavity 16 within outer member 14 is provided with flat wall portions 20 which define four outer flats that are symmetrically disposed about and face the longitudinal axis 22 of outer member 14. The inner member 18 is disposed centrally within the cavity 16 and includes four external surfaces sym¬ metrically located about the longitudinal axis 26 of shaft 12 and inner member 18. The four surfaces 24 de¬ fine inner flats that face the four outer flats defined by the flat wall portions 20 of outer member 14. The in¬ ner flats 24, as seen in FIGURES 1 and 2, are cylindrical- ly curved along their lengths (along the longitudinal axis 26) about orthogonal axes of curvature 28,29, but they are substantially planar across their widths in a circumferential sense about longitudinal axis 26, as best seen, in FIGURE 2. The inner flats 24 are located equidistant from and face the outer flats 20 as shown in FIGURE 2 to define spaces between opposed pairs of inner and outer flats. A bonded assembly of elastomer-inelastic layers 30 is disposed between and connected by bonding to each pair of opposed inner and outer flats 24-40. The bonded as¬ sembly extends over at least substantially the full width of the inner flats 24, as shown in FIGURE 2, and the as¬ sembly 30 includes a plurality of inner layers 32 adja¬ cent and extending parallel to the inner flats 24, and a plurality of outer layers 34 adjacent and extending par¬ allel to the outer flats. An intermediate layer 36 has dissimilar curved surfaces on its inner and outer sides, including an inner surface 38 extending parallel to inner flat 24 and an outer surface 40 extending parallel to outer flat 20. The bonded assembly 30 comprises, for example, alternate layers of elastomer and metal, or other inelastic material. The intermediate layer 36 may be either elastic or inelastic material. The charac¬ teristic of such a laminated assembly is well known; namely, it is rigid in compression (virtually incompres¬ sible) while it is relatively soft in shear, that is in a direction parallel to the layers. Thus, with reference now particularly to FIGURES 2 through 4, the laminated assembly 30 transmits rotational driving forces about axes 22,26 transmitted through the flats 20-24 and through the bonded assembly 30 acting directly in compression. It will be observed that there is virtually no lost motion between driving and driven elements, large forces can be transmitted through the flats; and there are no sliding or relatively rotating surfaces. The torque transmission is direct between the members. As seen in FIGURE 3, misalignment of the axes 22,26 is accomodated by the elastic deformation of the elastomeric layers of the inner layers 32 of the bonded assembly 30. Due to the cylindrical curvature of the inner flats 24 along the longitudinal axis 26, the upper and lower assemblies 30 shown in FIGURE 3 will deform as O ! ^ illustrated, while the other two flat planar laminated assemblies not shown (those to the left and right in FIGURE 2) will torsionally deform about the axis 28. Axes 28 and 29 intersect at axis 26. As seen in FIGURE 4, relative axial displacement of members 10, 12 is accomodated by the elastic deforma¬ tion of the elastomeric layers in the outer layers 34 of bonded assembly 30. It will readily be appreciated that a combination of angular misalignment such as shown in FIGURE 3 and relative axial displacement between the members as shown in FIGURE 4 will be accomodated by the elastic deformation of the elastomeric layers comprising the inner and outer layers 32, 34, respectively, of the bonded assembly 30. Rotatable members 10 and 12 are illustrated for exemplary purposes as drive shaft elements. However, it should be understood that the concept of the present in¬ vention is applicable to any arrangement of driving and driven elements. For example, the outer member could be a gear wheel or a fly wheel with the appropriate inter¬ nal cavity 16 being provided within the respective member. Also, the number of layers in the bonded assembly 30 could be varied to suit particular operating requirements. Obviously, more laminationswould permit a greater degree of misalignment between the driving and driven elements, as well as permit a greater degree of relative axial dis¬ placement between these members. Also, if it is desired to obtain a greater degree of freedom in terms of angular misalignment, a greater number of inner layers 32 can be provided as compared to the number of outer layers 34. Conversely, a greater or lesser number of outer layers 34 can be utilized to accomodate a greater or lesser de¬ gree of relative axial displacement between the rotary members. An alternate embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGURES 5, 6 and 7. In accordance with this embodiment, relative axial displacement between members 10 and 12 is prevented by using a trunion pivot assembly which will now be described. With reference to FIGURES 5 and 6, the outer mem¬ ber 14 is provided with apertures 46 which extend through each of the outer flats 20. The center line of each of the apertures 46 lies along the respective one of said orthogonal axes 28, 29 that extends through the outer flat 20 through which the aperture normally extends when axes 22 and 26 are aligned. Two opposed pairs of trunion pivots 48 extend through the apertures 46, the inner ends of the trunion pivots 48 being connected to one of the inelastic layers 50 among the intermediate layer 36 shown in FIGURES 1 and 2, with said intermediate layer 36 and said layer 50 being considered as an outer layer in the context of the present specification. That is to say, the inner ends of trunion pivots 48 can be connected to any of the non-elastic layers forming a part of the outer layers 34 of the bonded assembly, including the inter¬ mediate layers 36 or 50. The intermediate layers 36 or 50, because of their geometry and location, actually perform functions of both the inner and outer layers of the bonded assembly. Nevertheless, it should be under¬ stood that when the trunion pivot means is described as being rigidly connected to at least one of the inelastic outer layers of the bonded assembly 30, such layer may include the intermediate layer 36 or 50 or any of the rigid layers of outer layers 34. Between the outer periphery of the trunion pivots 48 and the inner surfaces of the apertures 46, there is provided another bonded assembly of laminated elastic- inelastic material 52 which in each instance is bonded on its either side to the periphery of the pivots 48 and the inner sidewall surface of the apertures 46. As illustrated in FIGURE 7, angular misalignment between longitudinal axes 22 and 26 of members 10 and 12, respectively, is accomodated by elastic deformation of layers 32 and the torsional elastic deformation of the layers 34. The trunion pivots 48 will prevent relative axial displacement between the members 10 and 12, with the pivots 48 rotating within apertures 46 and the elas¬ tomeric layers of the laminated assembly 50 undergoing torsional elastic deformation to accommodatethe relative pivotal motion between trunion pivots 48 and the side- walls of the apertures 46. The trunion pivots 48 resist forces tending to axially displace members 10 and 12 relative to each other by reacting the loads through the laminate assembly 30 in compression. FIGURE 8 exemplifies a specific application of the flexible coupling of this invention. In this example, shafts 54, 56 are offset from each other and connected through an intermediate connecting shaft 58. Shaft 58 includes outer members 60 at either end that correspond with outer member 14 in FIGURE 1. Internal members 62, 64 are provided with the internal flats of the present invention, while the outer members 60 are provided with internal cavities that include planar sidewall portions carrying the outer flats described previously in con¬ nection with FIGURES 1-7. It will be apparent that laminated members 66, 68 which correspond to laminate assembly 30 previously described will permit the trans¬ mission of torque between the shafts 54 and 56 due to the ability of the flexible coupling of the present in¬ vention to accomodate the misalignment and relative axial displacement between the rotating members that may occur. The embodiments described- in this specification and illustrated in the drawings are considered to be exemplary only, and depict a presently preferred mode - REA OΓΛPI ' ^R AT of carrying out the present invention. Such examples are not intended to limit the scope of the invention in any way, such invention being that which is defined in the claims set forth below.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS; 1. A flexible coupling comprising an outer member rotatable about a first longi¬ tudinal axis and having an internal cavity with flat wall portions defining four outer flats symmetrically disposed about and facing towards the first longitudinal axis; an inner member disposed at least in part centrally within the said cavity and having external surfaces symmetrically located about a second longitudi¬ nal axis, said surfaces defining four inner flats, said inner flats being cylindrically curved along their lengths along the second longitudinal axis about ortho¬ gonal axes of curvature that intersect at the second axis, said orthogonal axes lying in a common plane ex¬ tending normal to the second axis, and being flat across their respective widths in a circumferential sense about the second axis, said inner member being rotatable about the second axis, and said inner flats being oppositely spaced equidistant from and facing said outer flats to define spaces between opposed pairs of inner and outer flats; a bonded assembly of elastomer-inelastic layers disposed between and connected by bonding to each pair of opposed inner and outer flats and extend¬ ing over at least substantially the full width of the inner flats, said bonded assembly including a plurality of inner layers adjacent and extending parallel to the inner flats, and a plurality of outer layers adjacent and extending parallel to the outer flats. 2. The coupling according to Claim 1, wherein the portion of the inner member that includes the inner flats is substantially square in transverse cross sec¬ tion. 3. The coupling according to Claim 2, wherein the said cavity flat wall portions define substantially a square cavity. 4. The coupling according to Claim 1, wherein said first and second longitudinal axes are normally coextensive, and said inner and outer members are sec¬ tions of drive shafts extending along said axes. 5. The coupling according to Claim 1, wherein one of said outer layers in each bonded assembly has dissimi¬ lar curved surfaces, including an inner surface extend¬ ing parallel to the respective inner flat and an outer surface extending parallel to the respective outer flat. 6. The coupling according to Claim 5, including apertures in each of the outer flats, the center line of each aperture extending along the respective one of said orthogonal axes projected through the outer flat in which the aperture is provided when said first and sec-., ond longitudinal axes are aligned; and trunion pivot means centrally supported with¬ in each of the apertures, each trunion pivot means being rigidly connected to at least one of the inelastic outer layers of said bonded assembly of elastomer-inelastic layers adjacent the respective apertures. 7. The coupling according to Claim 6, wherein each trunion pivot means is rigidly connected to said layer having dissimilar curved surfaces, said layer having, dissimilar curved surfaces being an inelastic layer in said bonded assembly. "" ϋREAcT 8. The coupling according to Claim 6, wherein the apertures have inner surface areas; said trunion pivot means are pin members that are each centrally disposed within a respective aperture, each pin member being smaller in cross sectional area than the cross sectional area of the aperture to thereby leave a space between the pin member and the inner surface area of its respec¬ tive aperture; and a bonded assembly of laminated elas¬ tomer-inelastic material disposed between each pin and the inner surface of the respective aperture in which the pin is located, each of the last said bonded assem¬ blies being also bonded to the pin and the inner surface area of the aperture, the layers of each of the last said bonded assemblies being cylindrically curved about the center of each respective aperture.";GREENE J;GREENE J;1978
+WO-1979000038-A1;19790208.0;19780610;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25216070.0;A61C11;;A61C11, A61C19;A61C  11/02A, K61C  11/06;DENTAL ARTICULATOR;Styluses (25) defining a hinge axis (28) in a dental articulator are received in guide block pathways (68) defined by side walls (70, 72, 74, 76) and a curved upper wall (59). The blocks (48) are rotatably mounted to vary the slope of the upper wall (59). A supply of guide blocks is provided having a medial wall (80) with a rear curved portion which varies for different blocks based on average values. The user selects the blocks having the desired medial wall to provide the desired side shift. In one arrangement, the side walls are formed as a unit (64) and removeably mounted on the upper wall (59) and the user selects the side wall unit from a supply of units providing different degrees of side shift movement. In another form, the medial wall (97) is transversely adjustable.;"DENTAL ARTICULATCR Technical Field This invention relates to dental apparatus and more particularly to an improved system for simulating jaw movement. • • Background Art In U.S. Patent No. 3,452,439 - Lee, there is described a system of jaw movement simulation wherein dynamic movements of the patient's jaws are recorded, and from this information plastic ' blocks are formed having three-dimensional openings or pathways cut therein that may be used with a dental articulator to simulate or almost duplicate particular jaw movement. The apparatus and method employed is very precise and provides excellent results. However, the apparatus and method of operating it is relatively expensive such that the equipment is most practical for specialists, university research centers, and other such large facilities. in the above-referenced copending U.S. Patent, there is disclosed a simplified system for measuring jaw movements, with such information being useful in setting and operating dental articulators. It is further suggested in the patent that plastic guide blocks of the type disclosed in the earlier Lee patent be classified according to certain characteristics of jaw movements to provide a series of average value blocks from which the pair most closely fitting the measurements of a particular patient's jaw movements may be selected. such guide blocks have fixed curved walls which produce movement that closely simulates a patient's movement. In U.S. Patent No. 4,034,475 it is suggested that such guide blocks be mounted so that they can be rotated about the hinge axis, thus varying the slope of the superior or upper wall of the opening in the guide block. This further reduces the number of average value guide blocks needed in that variations of the slope of the 0MP1 Ah>_. WWIIPPOO . Λ_ >, superior wall are obtained by rotation rather than by selecting different blocks. It was also discovered through measuring and analyzing a large number of patients that the angle of the medial or inner guide wall does not vary much between patients. However, people have considerable variance in immediate condylar side shift, which is the first portion of the side shift from centric relation position. This immediate side shift portion is not purely horizontal but has some protrusive and vertical components. Thus, it was found that having the guide block rotatable and having a few different categories of immediate side shift provides the capability to simulate the jaw movement of the vast majority of patients with reasonable accuracy. That is, the dentist needs only select a pair of blocks having side shift which corresponds to the jaw measurements for that patient and then rotate the blocks about the hinge axis to provide the desired superior wall slope. Disclosure of Invention A further improvement has now been discovered wherein only a single set of guide blocks is employed but the medial wall of each guide block is either adjustable or replaceable to provide a range of average value medial wall positions that will provide a range of side shift movement. The portions of the medial side wall adjacent the rear wall is curved, as is the superior, wall of the guide block, so that smooth movement is obtained comparable to that obtained with the system disclosed in the above-mentioned Lee Patent 3,452,439. By having the guide block rotatably mounted, the orientation of the superior wall may be easily adjusted to the desired angle. While a curved superior.wall, a curved medial wall, and a rear wall will provide the necessary guidance for satisfactory jaw simulation in many operations, it is preferable that a lateral wall and a forward wall also OMPI *NΛτ be provided so that each stylus on the other frame of the articulator is confined within a five-walled guide block. The lateral walls are also preferably replaceably mounted on the guide blocks to provide a range of average values. In one convenient form of the invention, the rear, medial, forward, and lateral side walls are formed in a closed ' side wall loop as a separate unit that is removably mounted on the curved superior wall of the guide block. With this arrangement, the side wall unit may be easily replaced by a different unit so that a set or series of average value units may be employed. For example, a set of such units providing a range of five or six side shift measurements may be provided. Such a set of average value units will give a reasonably priced system that will provide sufficiently accurate jaw movement simulation to be practical for the average dentist. The units may be classified directly on the basis of the horizontal side shift or indirectly on the basis of change in the curvature of the beginning curved portion of the medial wall. In another form of the invention an average value medial wall is selected and mounted on a guide block to be transversely adjusted, which thereby varies side shift. It has further been found adequate for other than the critical curved side wall portion at the rear of the medial wall that straight side wall sections can be employed in the areas guiding the stylus, even though actual movements may not be completely straight in those areas. This provides considerable manufacturing convenience. It has also been found that the curved upper wall is sufficiently precise for the vast majority of people if the curved surface is a portion of a cylindrical surface. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a perspective view of a dental articulator utilizing the guide blocks of the invention; Figure 2 is a perspective view of one of the guide blocks showing the guide opening; 5 Figure 3 is a partial view of the articulator showing both guide blocks of the invention in a plan view; Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view on line 4-4 of Figure 3 showing the curvature of the superior wall of 10.the block; Figure 5 is an enlarged schematic view of one of the guide block openings; Figure 6 shows a guide block opening which permits a small amount of side shift superimposed on another 15 guide block opening which provides a larger amount of ' side shift; Figures 7A - 7E show a series of views illustrating different positions of the articulator styluses within a . set of guide blocks; 20 Figure 8 is a perspective view of an alternate form of the invention wherein a medial wall is mounted to be transversely adjusted; Figure 9 is a perspective view of a guide block wherein the five walls of the pathway are formed as an 25 integral unit; and Figure 10 is a cross-sectional view on lines 10-10 showing the pathway profile in broken lines. Best Mode For Carrying Out the Invention Referring to Figures 1 and 2, there is shown a 30 dental articulator having a lower frame or assembly 10 and an upper frame or assembly 12 which represent the lower and upper jaws of a human. In the position illustrated, the upper assembly 12 can be pivoted on the lower assembly 12 which is reversed to the human 35 mandible or lower jaw, which slides with respect to the maxilla or upper jaw; however, the relative motion between the two frames is the same. The lower assembly 10 includes a generally T-shaped base member 14 having a forward arm 15 supporting an incisal pin rest pad 16 on its forward end. A screw 18 5 extends through the arm 15 to secure the pad 16 to the base 14 and to also serve as one of three legs for the base. Formed integral with the rear of the base member 14 is a closed loop vertical frame member 20 having two posts 20a and 20b joined by a lateral truss 22. This 10 . truss has a raised center portion or bridge 24 having a centric position slot 27. A pair of spherical styluses 25a and 25b are supported on vertical arms 26. These styluses are supported a fixed distance apart and the centers of the 15 styluses define an axis 28 which simulates a horizontal or hinge axis of human jaw movement. The upper assembly 12 of the articulator includes an upper frame member 40 including a forward portion which overlays the arm 15 of the lower frame member. An 20 incisal rest pin 42 extends vertically through the forward end of the member 40 and its lower end is positioned within the pad 16. The rearward portion of .the member 40 includes vertically extending support surfaces 44 on each side, each having a transversely 25 extending opening in which is positioned a mounting pin 46 of a guide block 48. The guide blocks are rotatably mounted about their pins 46, and they may be held in a particular angular orientation by set screws 50. 30 A centric pin 54 extends through the central part of the upper member 40 to be received within the slot 27 in the bridge 24 of the lower member. This centric pin is used to center laterally the upper frame on the lower frame. The pin is retractable to permit lateral 35 ' or side movement of the upper frame with respect to the lower frame, and the pin may be held in either upper or lower position by a set screw 56. BUREAU DMP1 _ Referring now to Figure 2 as well as Figures 1 and 3, it may be seen that each guide block 48 includes a main body member 58 in which the mounting pin 46 is fixed. The central portion of the surface 59 of the main body member which faces downwardly as viewed in Figure 4, or upwardly as viewed in Figure 2, is curved, preferably on a circular axis approximately around the line 60 of the body member. Positioned on the curved surface 59 of the body member 48 is a guide wall unit 64 having a curved surface which mates with the curved surface 59 of the main body member 48. This guide wall unit 64 is fixed to the main body member by three threaded fasteners 66, or other suitable means. Within the guide wall unit, there is formed a guide pathway or opening 68 for receiving a stylus 25 of the lower frame member of the articulator. The axis 47 of the amounting pin 46 for the guide block extends through the rear portion of the opening 68 in the side wall unit. This may be more easily seen in the enlarged, schematic xView of the opening 68, shown in Figure 5, which is oriented as is the left guide block, as viewed in Figure 3. The pin axis 47 is coincident with the stylus axis 28 through the center of the styluses 25, when the upper frame is centrally positioned on the lower frame with the styluses engaging the rear wall 70 of the guide opening. This position is identified by the point 69 and is known in the art as the centric position or the centric relation position. This position which simulates the fully retruded or rearward irtbst position of a person's lower jaw is schematically shown in Figure 7a. In Figures 1, 3, and 4, the styluses are in the guide blocks in a forward and side shifted position from centric. The opening 68 within the side wall guide unit 64 further includes a medial wall 72, a- forward wall 74, and a lateral wall 76. The rear wall 70 has a generally straight central portion which smoothly blends into the - υRE * - OMPI ^* Λ rear corner portion 79 of the medial wall 72 which then extends forwardly fairly straight but at a shallow angle with respect to a line perpendicular to the rear wall 70 or the pin axis 47 of the guide block. This is shown for purposes of illustration by the angle ""a"" formed at line 73 perpendicular to the pin axis 47 and the straight portion of the broken line 80 which is parallel to the straight portion of the medial wall 72. The broken line 80 is the path of the center of a stylus as it is moved along the side walls of the guide unit 64. The line 73 is also parallel to the line 78 which represents the protrusive path of a stylus in a guide block pathway. The forward corner of the medial wall 72 curves smoothly towards the protrusive path 78 into the short, ' relatively straight, forward wall 74. The forward wall in turn curves smoothly into the lateral wall 76 which has a relatively straight section and then curves smoothly into the rear wall 70. The curves at the corners are preferably on a circular radius with the radius of curvature being approximately the same for each of the corners except the corner 79 of .the medial wall 72 joining the rear wall 70. The curve 79 has a radius somewhat larger than the radius for the other corners, and varies with guide pathways of different sizes. Operation In utilizing the teaching of the invention a dentist will normally employ a set of guide wall .units varying in the degree of immediate side shift that they will permit. Based on measurements of the patient's jaw movements the dentist will select the pair of guide wall units to best simulate the patient's jaw movements. The immediate side shift may be defined as that distance one stylus moves medially from centric position against the curved rear portion of the medial wall 72 to the point where the curved wall portion 79 joins the straight portion of the medial wall. During this movement, the stylus is also engaging the curved upper wall 59. Accordingly, it can be seen that the immediate side shift includes not only a side movement but also includes a protrusive or forward component, and a vertical component on the curved upper wall. A measure of this immediate side shift may be most conveniently expressed by simply referring to the one dimensional, medial or horizontal movement. Thus, referring to figure 5, the path of the center of the stylus during the side shift movement is indicated by the broken line 80 as it moves from the centric point 69 toward the medial wall 72 to the point where the rear curved portion of the broken line 80 joins the straight portion. The horizontal distance d illustrated in Figure 5 is a measure of the immediate side shift. It should be recognized that the distance d is the sum of a first short straight portion 70a of the rear wall 70 plus the horizontal component of the curved rear portion of the medial portion of the path 80. Since the curve is about a circular radius, it can also be said that the distance d is equal to the straight wall portion 70a of the rear wall 70 plus the radius of the • curved path of the center of the stylus as it is moved along the curved portion 79 of the medial wall. It has been found that the straight line portion 70a of the rear wall is approximately one-fourth of the distance d, with the radius of the curve providing the other three- fourths. While the number of different side shift measurements to be provided in a set of guide wall units is a matter of choice, it is preferred that the sizes available vary in approximately one-half millimeter increments from 0 side shift to 2.5 millimeter side shift. The difference -between .5 millimeter side shift and 2.5 millimeter side shift is illustrated in Figure 6 wherein a schematic view of the opening 68 in a guide unit 64 having .5 IJURE OMPI s fa WIPO millimeter side shift is superimposed on a unit having 2.5 millimeter side shift with the centric points 69 and the protrusive lines 78 coincident. The unit with the 2.5 millimeter side shift is numbered the same as the unit in Figure 5, while the unit with the .5 millimeter side shift is identified with the same numbers but with a prime indication for convenience of comparison. The side shift measurements .5 millimeter and 2.5 millimeters are marked directly on the diagram as a sidewise distance from the overlying centric position. As indicated above, the interrupted line 80 represents the center point of a stylus 25 as the articulator upper and lower members are moved through their border paths with the stylus engaging the walls of the side wall guide unit having the larger side shift. By contrast, the broken line 80' represents the border path in the unit providing the smaller side shift. As can be seen, when the stylus moves from centric position towards the medial wall 72, it moves along the curved portion 79 of the wall on a radius which is considerably larger than the radius of the curve 79' for the half millimeter side shift unit. However, beyond the curved portion, the central portions of the medial wall 72 and 72' are straight and parallel to each other, both extending at the same angle ""a"" of approximately six to seven degrees with respect to the protrusive path 78 perpendicular to the pin axis 47. As mentioned above, the radius of curvature of the other three corners of the guide unit are identical, and they are the same for the various units providing varying side shift. Thus, with the arrangement illustrated, the increase in side shift between the two units near the forward wall 74 is indicated by the forward portion of the medial wall 72 being shifted to the right as viewed , in Figure 6 from the forward portion of the medial wall 72'. The full protrusive-movement point 71 remains -BUREATT OMPI coincident with the two guide units, and the left corner adjacent the forward wall 74 is essentially coincident for the two units. However, from that area rearward, the lateral wall 76 for the larger unit diverges laterally, or to the left as viewed in Figure 6, to accommodate the increase in side shift illustrated near the rear wall 70. «. Many patients cannot actually move their mandible in a path that would correspond to movement along the lateral wall 76; but instead move the mandible rearwardly in more of a straight protrusive movement, and then move laterally. However, the dentist will frequently move the patient's mandible in the path corresponding to that along the lateral wall 76. Referring to Figure 1 , the various positions of a pair of styluses of one frame of the articulator are illustrated as they are moved within a pair of guide units having the 2.5 millimeter side shift. As mentioned above, Figure 7a shows the styluses in the centric position wherein both styluses engage the rear wall 70 and the upper frame of the articulator is transversely centered on the lower frame. This corresponds to the position of human jaws wherein the lower jaw in its full rearward or retruded position, and with the lower jaw laterally centered with respect to the upper. Figure 7b illustrates the immediate side shift in one direction. This side shift movement is guided by the stylus on the left moving along the rear wall towards the medial wall 72 and following the curved contour of the rear portion 79 of the medial wall. The horizontal component of this movement is represented on the drawing as the immediate side shift. During this side shift - movement, the stylus on the right in Figure 7b moves generally laterally along the rear wall 70 almost completely into the outer corner of the guide block. A slight space between the stylus on the right and the lateral wall 76 is shown in exaggerated form in the drawing to emphasize that it is the stylus on the left moving against the lateral wall 72 of the guide block on the left which guides the side shift movement. Figure 7c illustrates the immediate side shift of the styluses in the opposite direction. That is, the stylus on the right moves from centric position against its medial wall both horizontally and slightly protrusively, while the stylus on the left moves generally laterally engaging the rear wall 70. Figure 7d illustrates the styluses in the protrusive position. Note that the styluses are located in the corner between the forward wall and the lateral wall and no side shift is permitted while in protrusive position. Figure 7e shows the position of the styluses wherein the left stylus as viewed in the drawing is in a forward or protrusive position, but it is shifted transversely engaging the forward portion of the medial wall. The right stylus as viewed in the drawing engages the rear wall of the guide block and is shifted laterally from centric. The position of the styluses is again guided by the left stylus engaging its adjacent medial wall, due to the angle of this medial wall. The right stylus is shifted laterally a slight amount greater than the right stylus as viewed in Figure 7b. This position of the styluses simulates a twisting movement of the lower jaw-. The reverse position is not shown but can be readily visualized. It should be appreciated that in all of the movements of the articulator frames, the spherical surface of each of the styluses is moving on the curved surface of the main body member of the guide block 48 which forms the upper wall of the pathway in which the stylus is positioned. This curved surface coupled with the curved portion of the medial wall 72 provides movement IJTTREATΓ OMPl k v , wipo ^ NATtf? which is much more accurate and smooth than with simply straight wall articulators. Consequently, the movement is close to that of the individualized or custom made 5 blocks referred to in the above-identified Lee Patent 3,452,439, but the system is much less costly. If different side wall units are desired, it is only necessary to loosen the threaded fasteners and replace the unit with the desired one. In use, the 10. operator of the instrument has a supply of the guide units classified on the basis of side shift. The desired unit is selected based on measurements of the patient's jaw movements. It should be kept in mind that the purpose of the 15 articulator guide blocks in combination with the spherical styluses is to simulate human jaw movement. ' The physical structure of the temporomandibular joint is considerably different from the guide block and stylus employed in the articulator. However, the movement 20 provided by the articulator is similar to that provided by the human jaw. Likewise, it should be kept in mind that the wall surfaces employed in the articulator guide blocks are average values to provide average values of jaw movements. For example, the upper wall 59 of 25 the articulator guide block is described to be on a circulator radius which will provide a given movement. In actuality, this type of movement is not always on a fixed radius and the size of the radius will vary from person to person. Nevertheless, it has been found that 30 a circular radius of an average value will provide movements corresponding to the vast majority of people. Also, the circular radius provides manufacturing convenience in fabricating the guide blocks. Similarly, the configuration of the medial wall is 35 selected to provide average value movements. The rear curved portion of the medial wall is said to be on a fixed radius, which thus provides a circular sector. Again, the movement in this area is not always on a circular radius for each patient but it rather surprisingly produces jaw movements that represent a large majority of the people and again there are clear manufacturing conveniences. Also, the straight portion of the medial wall of course provides straight movement, whereas in actuality, a person's movement in this area is on a curved path with a radius approximately equal to the condylar distance of the person since this distance is quite large relative to the small amount of protrusive movement occurring, the path is essentially straight. Also, the portion of the rear wall of the guide block leading from centric position to the lateral wall is selected to provide average value movement. For many people, the rear wall actually curves slightly in this area, but a straight portion provides very satisfactory results and facilitates use of the articulator in centric position operations. While the guide units 64 having four walls are the most desirable arrangements, it should be appreciated that the medial wall 72 together with the rear wall 70 and the upper wall 59 are the most critical in that they can determine the immediate side shift even if there is no lateral wall. That is, referring to Figures 7b and 7c τ it can be seen that if the guide units shown did not have lateral walls 76, the medial walls 72, rear walls 70, and the top walls 59 would nevertheless determine the positioning of the styluses. Similarly, in the position such as that shown in 7e, the medial and upper walls of the unit on the left and the rear and upper walls of the right unit position the styluses. Also, it is the curvature of the medial wall which is the portion which changes from un i to unit and this.portion would be retained in a three wall guide box having only a rear wall, a medial wall and an upper wall. The curved portion of the medial wall is directly proportional to the immediate side shift. Because of this, a supply of units can be classified on the ' basis of the radius of curvatures of the initial portion 577 of the medial wall 72. Although it is the curved wall 79 adjoining the rear wall 50 and the medial wall 72 of a guide block which varies as the immediate side shift varies from person to person, a useful guide block is still obtained with an 0 average value curvature for the portion 79. In Figure 8, there is schematically illustrated a guide block 88 having a main body portion 89 which has a mounting pin 90 like the guide block in Figure 2 and has a curved upper surface 91 identical to the curved surface 59 shown in 5 Figure 2. A side wall guide unit 92 is adjustably mounted on the main body member 89 by suitable threaded fastener means 93 extending through transversely extending slots 94 in the guide unit 92. The guide unit 92 forms a rear wall 96 and a medial wall 97 joined by a smoothly curved QL corner 98. The curvature of the corner is based on an average value which will provide movement in that area which will simulate a large percentage of the population. With the arrangement illustrated in Figure 8, the guide unit 92 is transversely adjustable to provide a desired range of side .shift. This approach provides a very simple and useful adjustable guide block that includes the important side shift feature and provides the necessary control for the border paths in simulating 0 jaw movement. Also, while such movements are not as accurate as that provided by the closed side wall units,- the surfaces along which the styluses move are curved in three dimensions so that the movements obtained compare favorably with the custom made guide blocks and with the actual patient jaw movement. While the rear wall 96 is part of the adjustable side wall unit, the rear wall could be fixed and only the medial wall adjusted. Figures 9 and 10 show a guide block 100 as an integral unit, preferably made of plastic. The side walls of the pathway 102 are essentially like that of the 5 layout showin in Figure 5 in the areas that actually do the guiding of the stylus. However, the pathway has been made by machining the opening with a spherical •grinding tool so that connecting corner portions 104 between the upper wall 108 and the side walls 110, 112, 10114, and 116 are rounded. It is the flat central portions of the walls which guide the stylus rather than those connecting portions. As seen ' from Figure 10, the edges 118 are rounded on a radius rather than formed with the 90 degree edges 5 of the arrangement in Figure 2. In the area of the rear wall 114 it is helpful that the edge be rounded so that it does not interfere with the shank supporting the spherical stylus that moves in the pathway. Because the wall surfaces are either flat or curved 20 on a "" circular radius, the machining of the opening in the guide block is easily automatically programmed and it is practical to produce blocks in that manner. However, it is more practical to use molding techniques using a machined block as a pattern, if a large number of blocks 25 are to be made. In using an articulator it is often desirable to operate the frames with the styluses locked in the hinge axis position. For this purpose there is provided in each guide block a locking pin 120 extending through the 30 outer side of the block through a bore which opens into the lateral wall 116 of the pathway 102. The bore, and hence the pin 120, is concentrically aligned wi ' th the mounting pin 46, which of course has its axis 47 extending through the centric point in the pathway. The 35 in 120 is axially moveable and can be locked in the selected position by a suitable set screw (not shown) . The inner end is formed to smoothly mate with the UU E AIΓ OMPI ^ TV^ spherical surface of the stylus 25. With the locking pin 120 engaging the stylus, the articulator frames can only be moved in simple hinging action. With the pin 120 retracted or withdrawn, the stylus can be moved unaffected by the pin. With the locking pin 120 completely withdrawn, a plate (not shown) having marked thereon a representation of the curve of the upper or superior wall 108 may be temporarily mounted by suitable means on the outer face of the block 100, with the curve aligned with the curve of the wall 108. By rotating the block to align such a curve on the exterior of the block with a curve of a patient's protrusive jaw movement recorded on a transparent sheet (not shown) mounted on a reference surface on the articulator, the block is properly oriented to simulate the jaw movements. This procedure is outlined in greater detail in the above-referenced patent 4,034,475. The block 100 shown in Figures 9 and 10 is formed with a leg 122 on its outer side having a curved edge 124. When the block 100 is positioned in an articulator as shown in Figure 1, the leg 122 extends upwardly beyond the set screw knobs 50. Thus, when the entire articulator is inverted, as is often the case when used, the legs 122 on a set of blocks together with the end of the incisal'pin 42 serve as the supporting members. The curved edges 124 on the legs provide a smooth stable surface for the range of rotation that the blocks are rotated.";"■ CLAIMS- - 1. In dental apparatus for simulating human jaw movements comprising a first frame having means defining a hinge axis; a second frame having means cooperating with said first frame for guiding movement of said frames relative to each other in a controlled three-dimensional guide path including transverse, protrusive and vertical directions from a centric position wherein the frames are transversely centered on each other and said second frame is in the rearward most position relative to said first frame, characterized by: said guiding means including means for guiding movement of one side of said second frame medially and protrusively in a curved path, while the other side of said second frame moves only laterally, and means for changing the relation between said guiding means and the means defining said hinge axis to vary said curved path to best simulate the patient's jaw movements. 2. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said guiding means also includes means for permitting and guiding movement of said one side vertically on a curved path of fixed radius while said one side is moved medially and protrusively. 3. T e apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said curved path being on a fixed radius. 4. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said hinge axis means including a pair of spaced styluses, and said guiding means including a pair of guide members having pathways for receiving said styluses, said guide members having wall means defining said pathways including an upper wall, a rear wall and a medial wall having a curved portion adjacent the rear wall, and said changing means includes means for moveably positioning - said medial wall on said guide members to best simulate the patient's jaw movements. 5. The apparatus of Claim 4- further characterized by said means forming said medial wall including a straight portion that forms an angle with respect to said hinge axis which remains constant regardless of the transverse position of the medial wall means. 6. The apparatus of Claim 4 further characterized by said upper wall being curved. 7. The apparatus of Claims 4 or 6 further characterized by including means for rotatably mounting said guide members to adjust the orientation of said guide walls. 8. The apparatus of Claim 4 further characterized by, the means forming said rear wall and said medial wall being removeably mounted on said guide members as an integral unit. 9. The apparatus of Claim 4 further characterized by said integral unit being selected from a group of similar units that provide different amounts of immediate side shift of said styluses as determined by said medial wall. 10. The apparatus of Claim 4 further characterized by the means forming said medial wall being a removeable unit and being selected from a group of units that provide different amounts of immediate side shift of said styluses, and said medial wall curved portion being an arc size that is proportional to the magnitude of side shift provided. 11. The apparatus of Claim 10 further characterized by said wall means defining said openings including a forward wall and a lateral wall connected to said medial and said back wall to form an integral side wall unit which is removeably mounted on said main body portion. 12. The apparatus of Claim 4 further characterized by the means forming said medial wall being mounted on each of said guide members to be transversely adjustable to vary the magnitude of side shift of said styluses in said pathways. 13. The apparatus of Claim 4 further characterized by said rear wall having a straight central portion, and said medial wall having a straight central portion and said curved portion joins said straight wall portions. 14. The apparatus of Claims 4 or 13 further characterized by each of the styluses being generally spherical, and said medial wall curved portion being a circular sector formed on a radius larger than the radius of said styluses. 15. The apparatus of Claim 4 further characterized by said guide members including a lateral wall having a hole extending through said lateral wall concentric with said hinge axis when the frames are in centric position. 16. The articulator of Claim 15 further characterized by including a locking pin extending through said hole for locking the stylus in centric position in said pathway. 17. The articulator of Claims 15 or 16 further characterized by including a mounting pin mounted in said block for rotatably mounting the block in the articulator, said mounting pin being concentric with said hole. 18. Dental apparatus characterized by including a supply of side wall units for use on analogue guide blocks on a dental articulator, each block and unit together having a pathway therein defined by an upper wall on said block and a medial wall and a rear wall on said unit, a pair of said units when mounted on a pair of said blocks in a dental articulator receiving a pair of spherical styluses of the articulator in the pathway of said pair of units on blocks to simulate the jaw movements of a patient, said supply of guide units being classified on the basis of jaw movement side shift from centric position permitted by said units. 19. The apparatus of Claim 18 further characterized by said side units being integral with said blocks and said upper wall being curved. -BUREATΓ OMPI 20. The apparatus of Claims 18 or 19 further characterized by said medial wall having a curved rear portion and said units or blocks are classified on the basis of the curvature of said curved portion. 21. A method of providing analogue guide blocks, a pair of said blocks being mountable on a frame of a dental articulator, each guide block having a guide pathway for receiving a stylus on a second frame in a dental articulator used in simulating jaw movements, said pathways being defined by wall means including a rear wall and a medial wall with a curved portion adjoining the rear wall having a substantially constant radius, said second frame having a pair of spaced styluses defining a hinge axis, said method characterized by: preparing a supply of said analogue guide blocks or said wall means having pathways of standardized dimensions classified on the basis of the radius of curvature of the protrusive and medial movement of one block or stylus as it is moved from centric position along said medial wall while the other stylus maintains contact with the rear wall of its associated guide block. 22.. The method of Claim 21 further characterized by said ' blocks including having a mounting pin parallel to the hinge axis in centric position to permit said blocks to be rotated to vary the orientation of said pathways. 1. In dental apparatus for simulating human jaw movements comprising a first frame having a pair of styluses defining a hinge axis; a second frame having means cooperating with said first frame for guiding movement of said frames relative to. each other in a controlled three-dimensional guide path including transverse, protrusive and vertical directions from a centric position wherein the frames are transversely centered oh each other and said second frame is in the rearwardmost position relative to said first frame, characterized by: said guiding means including a pair of guide members attached to a pin rotatably mounted on said second frame on an axis concentric with said hinge axis when the frames are in said centric position, said guide members having wall means __ . defining pathways for receiving said stuluses, said pathways including a curved upper wall, a rear wall and a medial wall having a curved portion adjacent -the ' rear wall, said walls guiding movement of one side of said second frame medially, protrusively and vertically in a curved three- dimensional path while the other side of said second frame moves only laterally. 2. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said medial wall including a straight portion that forms an angle with respect to said hinge axis which remains constant regardless of the transverse position of the medial wall. 3. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by the means forming said rear wall and said medial wall being removeably mounted on one of said guide members as an integral unit. ""BU EA U O PI , Λ, WIPO >, &RNAT G$Ϊ 4. The apparatus of Claim 3 further characterized by said integral unit being selected from a group of similar units that provide different amounts of immediate side shift of said styluses as determined by said medial wall. 5. The apparatus of Claim 3 further characterized by the means forming said medial wall being a removeable unit and being selected from a group of units that provide different amounts of immediate side shift of said styluses, and said medial wall curved portion being an arc size that is proportional to the magnitude of side shift provided. 6. The apparatus of Claim 5 further characterized by said wall means defining said pathways including *' a forward wall and a lateral wall connected to said medial and said back wall to form an integral side wall unit which is removeably mounted on said guide members. 7. The apparatus of Claims 1 or 2- further characterized by the means forming said medial wall being mounted on each of said guide members to be transversely adjustable to vary the magnitude of side shift of said styluses in said pathways. 8. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said rear wall having a straight central portion, and said medial wall having a straight central portion and said curved portion joins said straight wall portions. 9. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said guide members including a lateral wall having a hole extending through said lateral wall concentric with said mounting pin having a diameter throughout at least as large as said stylus. 10. The articulator of Claim 9 further characterized by including a locking pin extending through, said hole for locking the stylus in. centric position in said pathway, said hole and said locking having a diameter equal to said stylus. The search results forwarded by letter mailed 26 , September 1978 regarding the above-identified application have been reviewed. In accordance with article 19 (1) and Rule 46.1 concerning the Patent Cooperation Treaty provisions , please substitute the enclosed sheets of claims for those presently on file.";LEE R;LEE R;1978
+WO-1979000039-A1;19790208.0;19780711;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20331851.0;B62D25;;B62D25, H01S5;B62D  25/18, H01S   3/19B6D2, H01S   5/227, T01S   3/19B6B4A, T01S   3/19B6D4D, T01S   5/02H1;A SPLASH PROTECTION ASSEMBLY FOR VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH MUDGUARDS;The assembly is intended to eliminate the turbulenoe and pressure rise occurring inside a mudguard (1) due to the effect of the airflow, caused by the motion of the vehicle, passing over the inside of the mudguard and meeting the counter-directed airstream caused by rotation of the wheel (2) and the splash formed thereby. By introducing guide means (3, 4) between wheel (2) and mudguard (1), these streams of air can be mutually separated and the wheel airstream redirected to coincide with the airflow on the inside of the mudguard without pressure rises and consequent turbulence occurring inside the mudguard. The assembly can comprise one or more vanes (4) or a body (3) forming a portion of a channel (9a, 9) for the airflow along the inside of the mudguard and simultaneously redirecting a portion of the wheel airstream.;"A splash protection assembly for vehicles equipped with mudguards The present invention relates to a splash protection assembly for vehicles equipped with mudguards comprising means arranged between the wheel of the vehicle and the mudguard to lessen the spread of dust and splash resulting from the movement of the vehicle. There are a number of different kinds of splash protectors in the prior art, i.a. apparent from the following publications: SE-PS. 320 231, 32- 113 and 212 5*V. as well as SE-PA 79-3/72, US-PS 2 619 363, 2 782 053, 3 198 5^ * 5 and 3 3'-I 222, DE-PS 880 555 and DE-OS 2 025 519 and 2 0-45 212. In the great majority of these known splash protection assemblies, the accepted theory is that the water and dust mist occurring behind a vehicle ' in movement can be eliminated by preventing splashes from impinging on different parts of the inside of the mudguard and mud-flap where they are disintegrated into smaller drops forming a mist at the side and behind the vehicle. The term ""splash"" is intended here to denote the portion of the splash which is generated by water and particles being entrained in the tyre tread and tangential ly flung off by centrifugal force :from the tyre. Heavier particles will thus be thrown off from the tyre relatively immediately, while water and smaller particles are thrown off at a later time, due to the suction effect occurring when the tyre tread expands after contact with the road surface. This time is dependent on the size of the mud particle, adhesion force between the tyre and the particle and the circumferential speed % of the wheel. With low circumferential speed, the adhesion force dominates, and the majority of the muddy water, is retained in the tyre for the greater part of the rotation. With a higher circumferential speed, the adhesion force is overcome by the centrifugal force and there is a separation of particles in the direction of rotation of the tyre, the- heavier particles 5 being separated first while lighter particles are separated later, at times depending on the weight of the particle, the adhesion force and the centri¬ fugal force. The screening assemblies of the prior art are formed in such way that mainly heavier particles are prevented from being thrown off towards a TO following vehicle. This effect is also obtained by different kinds of so-called ""mudflads"", i.e. the splash protectors of flexible material which are usually fixed to the extension of the mudguard behind the tyre and towards the road surface. In certain structures the screen has been placed as close to the circumference of the wheel as possible, and has been directed so that 15 the particles thrown off in front of the screen impinge on it and are partially guided back down towards the road surface in a spread-out condition. The particles of muddy water which are thrown off behind the screen will thus, as previously, give rise to a mist of water around the vehicle. This function is also strived for in newer types of mudflap, and it therefore consists of 20 a plurality of baffles which guide the heavier oarticles in the splash down towards the road surface. All these known structures are, however, only intended to limit the spread of the heavier particles in the splash and not the part which is thrown off later, and which gives rise to the water mist behind and at the side of the vehicle. ,-25 Only in one of the patent specificatbns cited above, namely the German patent specification 380 555, is there indicated an arrangement in the form .of a splash plate for motor vehicles, especially motorcycles, intended to .servce as an impinging surface for the part of the splash normally impinging - on the inside of the mudguard, said splash being caused to flow against the 30 direction of travel by reason of its speed, and out from the forward and upper portion of the mudguard, where the drops are then redirected by the airflow and thrown to the sides so that they impinge on the legs of the driver (""airflow"" being defϊned in this context as the relative stream of air due to travel). To prevent this effect, a guiding screen is placed, 35 according to the German specification, ' between the wheel and the inside of the mudguard, this screen being intended to form an impinging surface for a part of the splash, which is then caught up by the screen and is forced by the airflow back into the mudguard instead of being sprayed out in front of it. O PI "" This structure does not prevent particles of water from flowing out from the mudguard at the sides, as a result of the phenomena observed in conjunction with the present invention. None of the structures in the prior art has been found paricularly effective for preventing the occurrence of splash wake in spite of theoretical as well as practical attempts to solve the problem. The occurrence of splash wake naturally has large drawbacks, and contributes to a great extent to deteriorated traffic safety in conjunction with snow or rainfall, or very dusty roads. The present invention is based on new knowledge of the complex aero¬ dynamical and other conditions giving rise to splash wake, and by utilizing this knowledge there is proposed, according to the present invention, a splash protection assembly, substantially characterized in that the means between the wheel and the mudguard consist of at least one guide member with its surface facing towards the mudguard, together with the inside of the mudguard or with a further guide member intended to form at least a part of a channel between firstly a zone with increased air pressure, occurr¬ ing substantially through the action of the airflow between the wheel and the mudguard and a stream of air substantially counter thereto, occurring as the result of the rotation of the wheel and the thus formed splash, and secondly, another zone with lower air pressure situated downstream in the airflow direction of the zone having increased air pressure. In accordance with an expendient embodiment of the assembly, the guide memer is formed with at least two guide surfaces, one of which is facing towards the mudguard and constitutes a part of the channel between both the pressure zones, while the other is facing towards the wheel, and constitutes a guiding surface for a portion of the airstream developed by the rotation of the wheel and the splash wake. • Some embodiments of the inventioniselected as examples are described below while referring to the accompanying drawings, on which Fig. 1 is a schematic sideview of a vehicle wheel with a conventional- mudguard and mudflap, with the air currents and splash occurring in this mudguard in a first phase of the splash spread, Fig. 2 is a perspective view of the air currents and splash under the mudguard and at the side of it during a later phase of the splash spread than is shown in Fig. 1, Fig. 3 is the same sideview as in Fig. 1, although here there is introduced a guide member in the form of a guide body according to the i nvention, OMPI Fig. -i i s a function diagram of the assembly according to Fig. 3 > together with the currents and pressure zones occurring inside the mud¬ guard, Fig. 5 is a perspective view of the guide body according to Figs. 3 and -i , Fig. 6 is the same view as in Fig. 2 but with a guide body in place and with the thus-altered air currents and splash, Figs. 7 and 8 show alternative forms of the guide body according to Fig. 5, Fig. is the same sideview as in Fig. 3, now supplemented with a further guide member in the form of a baffle plate, Fig. 10 is a function diagram of the assembly in Fig. 9, Fig. 11 is a perspective view of the baffle plate introduced in Figs. 9 and 10, Fig. 12 is the same view of the mudguard as in Fig. 6, supplemente by an inventive baffle plate and with the air currents and splash pre¬ vailing in this alternative embodiment, Figs. 13 and I 1' show alternative embodiments of baffle plates, Figs. 15 and 16 show alternative embodiments of both guide body and baffle plates, Fig. 17 illustrates the application of the invention to a vehicle with pairs of wheels, in-tandem, ' . Fig. 13 shows an embodiment having a guide element in the form of a cylindrical body, Fig. 19 shows the assembly in Fig. 18 seen from above, Fig. 20 shows the function of the cylindrical guide body in Fig. 1 Fig. 21 shows a combination of baffle plates and a cylindrical guide body, Fig. 22 shows a further alternative embodiment in which the cylindrical guide body has been supplemented with baffle plates, Figs.23-27 areviews from one side and above of different embodi¬ ments of the cylindrical guide body, Fig. 28 is a schematic sideview of a further embodiment in which the mudguard has been formed with an outer channel and an outer air ϊn- take, and the mudflap has been provided with guiding means, Fig. 29 is a detailed perspective view of the embodiment in Fig. 2 Fig. 30 is a detail of an embodiment where the mudguard has been provided with through-passages between the outer and inner channels, Fig. 31 is a cross-section of an alternative embodiment of the outer channel with air intake placed at the rear portion of the mudguard, Fig. 32 is a cross-section of a detail of the outer channel, Fig. 33 is a principle view of the mudguard seen from above with individual air intakes to the outer channel, Fig. 3- is the same view as in Fig. 3 but of an alternative embodi¬ ment with a centra] air intake and individual channels leading the air to the inner channel, Fig. 35 is a schematic sideview of a still furter embodiment in accordance with the invention, in which the mudflap consists of obliquely directed fins, forming a portion of the inner channel together with an extended baffle, Fig. 36 is a perspective view of the splash protection assembly in Fig. 35, Figs. 37 and 38 are schematic cross-sections of the air currents for a guiding body with two alternative embodiments of a mudflap, Fig. 39 is a perspective view of the mudflap in Fig. 38, Figs. 0, k2 and hk are schematic cross-sections of the air currents for three different embodiments of guide body and mudflap, Figs. 1, -3 and 5 are perspective views of the mudfjaps in Figs. kO , k2 and kh, respectively, Fig. kβ is a sideview of an embodiment which is provided with movable side pieces mounted pivotably on the mudguard, Fig. -7 is a section of the assembly shown in Fig. -46, Fig. 8 is a schematic sideview of an embodiment containing a complete general arrangement of the different splash protection means shown in the previous Figures and furthermore provided with a fan driven by a cylindrical guide body, Fig. kS is a sideview of the exterior of the embodiment in Fig. -4δ, where the motion of the side parts is indicated by dashed lines. As is apparent from Fig. 1, there is a heavily turbulent zone 10 between the mudguard and the vehicle wheel as a result of the airflow being opposed in direction to . the airstream generated by the splash and rotation of the wheel, thus giving rise to zone 10 at increased pressure, from which air eddies out at the sides towards zones with lower pressure as is indicated in Fig. 2 by the numeral 11. The zones with lower pressure occur, i.a. by the airflow generating a certain suction effect, the air mixed with dust or particles of water and flowing out from the mudguard being spread sideways and behind the vehicle under the action of passino OMPI air. As is also apparent from ' Fig. 1, a mudflap 5 is placed convention ally at the reβ. edge of the mudguard to prevent larger particles from being thrown directly towards a following vehicle. A conventional mud¬ guard with a mudflap of this kind reinforces the spreading effect of dust and water particles, however, since a turbulent zone is formed behind the mudflap. Conventional mudguards have also a certain aero¬ dynamical ly braking effect on the vehicle and attempts are generally made to reduce this effect by placing the mudguard closer to the wheel This measure also contributes to reinforcing the spread of water and dirt mist round the vehicle. The turbulent excess pressure zone 10 mov counter to the direction of rotation of the wheel as the circumferenti speed of it increases, which has to do with the centrifugal force incr ing with increasing circumferential speed, while the adhesion force is substantially constant and independent of the speed, as has already be pointed out in the general portion of this description. With a convent al mudguard, the dynamic pressure of both the opposing streams of air converted to a static excess pressure zone from which the air eddies o in the only direction where the air has a lower pressure, i.e. the edg portions of the mudguard, and the sub-pressure at these portions is re inforced by the airflow rushing past, as previously indicated. The invention is based on the desire to prevent the occurrence o the static excess pressure zone formed with a conventional mudguard, a which can occur by no dosing in the.opposing streams of air between • mudguard and the wheel, but separating them with the help of a guide member 3, with its side facing towards the mudguard, together with the inside of the mudguard or with a further guide member, forming a chann 9 beween the zone at increased air pressure H and a zone L, with lower air pressure, situated downstream of the excess -pressure zone H in the airflow direction. A natural expansion path is hereby achieved for the air between both pressure zones simultaneously as the dynamic pressure of the airflow is utilized to deflect the opposing airstream polluted with splash, and coming from the wheel, to force it back again towards the road surface in a collected stream of air which can be prevented b different means from spreading to any notable extent. The Figures 3, -4 and 6 show how the air currents interact when a guide body 3 has been introduced between the wheel and mudguard, and how effectively this bo separates the opposing air currents. When the air currents are mixed, speed of the airstream generated by the splash has been substantially reduced while the airflow has a substantially greater dynamic pressure resulting in that the firstmentioned airstream is entrained, forces into the channel 9 and down towards the road surface. The suction effect can be improved by having a gap 7 between the mudflap 5 and the guidebody 3, which can be given a con iguration varying in different ways to increase the effect of the assembly. It is indicated in Fig. k that the excess pressure zone H occurs firstly by the action of aerodynamic factors A, secondly by the kinetic factors K and thirdly by the mixture of these factors A and K. To further improve the flow from the channel ι the bottom edge 8a of the mudguard can be given a configuration such that the exit flow vector S meets with a specific concentration and force the airflow vector D which varies , directly as the circumferential speed of the wheel. These vectors should meet each other at an angle which is. less than 90 and subsequently continue in a resulting direction R with an angle γ to the road surface which will be proportional to the size of both vectors S and D. The effectiveness of the guide body 3 is dependent on its proportions along the x-axis as well as the y-axis, where ""y-axis"" relates to the distance of the body above the rotational axis of the wheels, and this distance should be so adjusted that the upwardly directed air currents K wi 11 be sufficiently weakened for deflection towards the inlet of the channel 9- The dimensioning of the guide body 3 along the y-axis can vary, depend¬ ing on what other elements are used together with the guide body in the • splash protection assembly. A baffle k can be used, e.g. as is apparent from Fig. 10, the opposing airstreams A and AK being thus even more effectively separated to prevent the occurrence of a static excess pressure zone. The extension of the guide body along the horizontal line going through the wheel axis, is its extension along the x-axis, which gives -the distance from the circumference of the wheel to the outlet of the channel 9 at the same time. The extension of the guide body along the x-axis should be adjusted so that passing currents, and especially the 'lower current passing through the gap 7 . will be substantially free from turbulence. This effect can also be obtained by adjusting the form of the mudflap 5 as shown in Figs. h0-k5. According to Figs. 7 and 8, the guide body can be given different configurations to improve its coaction with the other members included in the assembly. For example, its surface 3a facing towards the wheel can be given a curved form, as is apparent from Fig. 8, so that the upward airstream K is partly separated more effectively from the airstream D caused by larger particles, and partly deflected more gently for connecting to the main airstream through the channel 9- From the other surfaces 3 and 3c it can be seen how the desired effect of preventing turbulence can be obtained at the same time as the different air currents passing over the surfaces of the guide body are effectively mixed. All these measures coact for providing a flow vector S, well-defined as to its magnitude and direction, which are also the deciding factors for how effectively dust and dirty water are caused to flow towards the road surface. Fig. 7 illustrates how the surface 3d of the guide body 3 can be varied partly to force the airstream KD towards the road surface, a partly for apportioning the air currents along both these adjacent sid surfaces. As indicated above a baffle k can be introduced to further impro separation between the two opposing airstreams AK and A to reduce the risk of static pressure increase when both air currents are mixed. The flow rate is furthermore increased in the channel parts 9a and 9 » whic in turn improves the ejector effect for the airstreams AK and K, when these are caused to enter substantially parallel to the main airstream A in the channel 9- Such an arrangement results in that the vector S' becomes greater than the vector S in Fig. k, in turn signifying a more efficient damping effect on the vector D, since the angle γ' of the resultant vector R' to the road surface will be greater than the angle γ in Fig. k. The configuration of t e baffle can be varied, as is appa from Figs. 13 and Ik ' , particularly the curve of its front edge and its radius, ""depending on its location between the mudguard and wheel.- .. The amount of.,.the lead.ing.edge of the baffle is bent downwards is denoted by the dimension z in Fig. 10, and the leading edge should be placed at a height of y"" from the rotational axis of the wheel, which corresponds to the lower activating zone of the .ai rstreams A. The lengt of the baffle k can also be varie'd, depending on the shape and size of * the mudguard; the portion coinciding with the direction xy should then be adjusted to the dimensions of the channel 9 so that the channel functions as effectively as possible. In Figs. 13 and 1-4 it is indicat how the configuration of the baffle can be varied and how the course o the flow can be controlled by introducing a plurality of baffles with different configurations and different locations. Fins. 15, 16 and 17 show how the guide body and baffle can be gi different configurations for providing airstreams suited to the exteri conditions. Fig. 16 shows how the baffle can be formed with different configurations on both its defining surfaces, so that it can replace t guide body in certain cases. Fig. 17 shows an application of the baffle and guide body to tandem double wheels. In the embodiments of the splash protection assembly according to the invention shown on Figs. 18-27 the guide body.8 is formed cylindric- ally and mounted on a shaft 16 carried by two arms 17> in turn pivotably mounted on the mudguard 1. The cylindrical body 8 can thus be brought into engagement with the vehicle wheel 2, e.g. by the arms 17 being actuated by a setting means 20, which can be either manually or automatic¬ ally actuated. When the cylindrical guide body 8 is engaged against the wheel 2, it acts directly as a screen for the upwardly directed airflows denoted by the flow vectors K and AK in Figs, k and 10. The cylindrical body is driven by the vehicle wheel, utilizing friction, at substantially the same circumferential speed as the wheel, and as a result of the centrifugal force it will redirect the trajectory of a portion of the particles loosened from the wheel, i.a. because of the frictional engage¬ ment. Furthermore, the contact between the cylindrical body and the wheel will, per se, loosen particles from the wheel and throw them in a direction influenced by the structure of the circumference of the body. As shown in Figs. 25-27, this surface can either be smooth or patterned in combination with a short-bristled brush-like covering, as indicated in Fig. 26, or with long bristles as indicated in Fig. 27- The particles loosened and thrown off by the body will be given a trajectory joining the main flow • A through the channel 9 between the body and the mudguard 1. The body can be arranged together with one or more baffles 19> which facilitates and improves the redirection of the airstream and the particles loosened from the vehicle wheel, while the assembly can also be combined with stationary baffles , previously described. The arrangement with a cylindrical guide body can be suitably combined -wi th a mudflap 5, of the kind described earlier, with "" a gap 7 between the body and the mudflap for the particles thrown off from the vehicle wheel. Since the rotation of the body counteracts these airstreams, a limiting baffle can be intro¬ duced between these flow directions to eliminate static pressure zones with the undesired consequences these have. From Fig. 22 it is also apparent that both arms 17 carrying the cylindrical body 8 can be dis- placed in grooves to enable the body to be movably mounted. According to an embodiment shown in Figs. 28-3-4, outside airstreams can be utilized to increase the flow speed in the channel 9 between both pressure zones. These outside airstreams can be generated for example by an outer screen 20 located outside the mudguard, the former together • with the mudguard 1 forming an outer channel with air intake 23 and one or more outlets 2 a and 24b. By means of this arrangement an auxiliary airstream is generated in the outer channel, and this air¬ stream is introduced parallel to the main airstream in the inner chann 9 > to reinforce it and give it an increase in ' velocity. The air intake 23 can either be formed as shown in Figs. 28 and 29, or also as indica in Figs. 33 and 34, i.e. as a plurality of air intakes arranged along the outer edge of the mudguard, or as a common air intake 23a for individual channels 24c leading to outlets with different mutual locat on the interior of the mudguard. To increase air speed, the outer chan can be provided with constrictions or other means increasing the eject effect when the outer airstream is introduced into the channel 9 bewee the pressure zones. For successively mixing the airstreams in the oute and inner channels, the mudguard can be provided with louvres 23d to allow air passage between these channels, before both airstreams are combined in the main channel between the pressure zones. Fig. 31 shows an alternative embodiment of the outer channel, where the air intake 23c is placed on the rear side of the mudguard and the channel is give a curved shape, while its outlet is formed with a constriction increas ing air speed and improving mixing between the airstreams. As is appar from Fig. 32, the air speed can be increased by introducing a constric ing orifice 25 in the outer channel 24. The shape of. the mudflap is also important for achieving the technical effect sought in accordance with. the invention. As has been indicated in conjunction with the description of Fig. 6, a turbulent z occurs behind a conventional mudflap 5, counteracting the damping effe of the main airstream directed towards the road surface and thus injur the effectiveness of the assembly. In Fig. 23 the mudflap 5 has been given a flow-controlling con iguration, thus causing the turbulence behind it to diminish while at the same time a guide channel is formed between the guide body 3 and the guiding surface of the mudflap, which redirects the flow vector KD so that it is introduced gently and subst tially parallel to the airstream through the main channel 9 between th pressure zones. Figs. 37 _ 45 show different embodiments of splash protectors, comprising a part 5, 5a, 5b or 5c, intended to serve as mudflap and attached between two side portions 26, 26a, 26b and 26c, limiting the inner airstream generated by splash from the airflow to lessen the risk of the splash being sucked out to the sides of the veh The splash protector also comprises a guiding flange 27, 27a, 27b and OMP- to guide the airstream in the main channel _. between the pressure zones and prevent it from being disturbed by the merging airstream from the splash. The Figures also show how the mudflap can be shaped and brought to coact with the guide body 3 for obtaining the least possible turbu- lence in the area behind it. The ""mudflap"" can naturally be formed as a guide body, as indicated by dashed lines in Fig. 40 and full lines in Fig. 44. Figs. 35 and 36 show how a lamella or louvre type 5e of splash protector can be utilized in combination with an arrangement according to the invention. Louvre splash protectors are known per se, but have not achieved the desired effect since they only look after the heaviest particles in the splash, which after impinging on the louvres are thrown down onto the road surface in a spread-out condition. If an apparatus of the kind depicted in Figs. 35 and 3 is utilized, however, splash spread from the louvres is prevented because the splash impinging on the louvres is reflected into the main airstream in.the channel 9 between the pressure zones, where the side pieces 26e effectively coact to keep the main stream collected before it is allowed to flow out freely from the outlet 6a. The guide flange 27e is considerably extended in this embodiment and constitutes a part of a baffle in the channel between the pressure zones. Fig. 3 is a perspective view of how air and splash flow through a-splash- flow t rough""a splash protector according to the lastmentϊoned embodiment. Figs. 46-49 show, i.a. how a splash protection assembly according to the present invention can be formed with movable side pieces 28 and 28a, pivotably mounted in the mudguard, e.g. about a shaft 29, and which can be retracted for removing the wheel or in conjunction with the bottom of the mudflap 5 knocking against an obstacle on the road surface. As previously indicated in the description, the airflow can cause water and dirt mist occurring between the wheel and the mudguard to be sucked out ' at the side past the edges of the mudguard and spread to the side of and behind the vehicle. The movable side pieces thus have the object of separating the airstream inside the mudguard from the airflow, thereby further reducing the risk of splash being spread out at the sides. As illustrated by Fig. 47, the movable side pieces are suitably formed as extensions 28 of the side portions of the mudguard 1, either on the outside or inside thereof. These extensions must naturally be movabT_, primarily to allow simple removal of the vehicle wheel in conjunction with wheel changes or other repairs to the vehicle. Fig. 48 shows §_***«_.REA O P1 inventive embodiment containing a plurality of the components accounted for in conjunction with the previous description of the Figures here. This splash protection assembly thus has a-guϊde member in the form of a fixed guide body 3, as well as a movable guide body'8, for bringing 5 into engagement with the vehicle wheel, and which is coupled via a transmission 32 to a fanwheel 31 intended to increase the flow speed through the channel between the guide body 3 and the baffle 4 immediate ly above it. The cylindrical guide body 8 can be brought to engage the vehicle wheel by means of a lever 33, pivotable in one direction under 10 the action of a counterweight 34, there being a cable 35 connected to the lever for actuating it in the other direction. The cable can in tur be actuated manually or by a motor. The splash protection assembly according to this embodiment further comprises two baffles 4 and an outer channel 24, the latter having an air intake 23 and an outlet shap 15 for venturi effect to increase the flow speed in the inner channel 9- The forward part of the mudguard can also be provided with an air intak 23, further contributing to increasing the flow speed between the wheel and the mudguard, thus also contributing to increasing the effectiveness of the assembly. The assembly is further provided with a movable side 20 piece 28a, formed with a part constituting an extension of the baffle 1a and connecting thereto as well as to another part 27 which together with the mudflap 5f forms' at least one- extended portion 9a and b of ■the channel between both pressure-/zones. By means of this arrangement there is achieved an extremely concentrated airstream directed obliquel 25 onto the road surface and containing the major portion of all the dust and splash generated as a result of the contact between the wheel and road surface. This concentrated airstream will not be affected to any notable degree by the turbulent air zone behind "" the vehicle which is situated substantially higher up behind the body of the vehicle. Even i 30. there is a greater degree of turbulence, especially with large vehicles _ the strong and concentrated airstream from the splash protection assemb overcomes the turbulence behind the vehicle and thereby the occurrence of splash wake is prevented from large vehicles also.";"C 1 a i ms 1. A splash protection assembly for .vehicles with mudguards, comprising means arranged between the wheel of the vehicle and the mud¬ guard for lessening the spread of dust and splash as a result of the vehicle travel, characterized in that the means between the wheel and mudguard consist of at least one guide member with i s surface facing towards the mudguard, together with the inside o .the mudguard or with a further guide member intended to form at least a part of a channel between firstly a zone with increased air pressure occurring substan¬ tially through the action of the airflow between the wheel and mudguard and a stream of air substantially counter thereto, occurring as a result of the rotation of the wheel and the thus-formed splash, and secondly another zone with lower air pressure situated downstream, in the airflow direction, of the zone having increased air pressure. 2. An assembly as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the guide member is formed with at least two guide surfaces, of which one is facing the mudguard and constitutes at least a portion of the channel between both pressure zones while the other is facing the wheel and constitutes a guide surface for a part of the airstream formed by the wheel rotation and splash thus formed. 3- An assembly as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the guide member is formed with a third guide surface facing towards the ground, and constituting the guide surface for another portion of the airstream formed by the rotation of the wheel and splash thus formed. 4. An assembly as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the inside of the mudguard is formed with side portions which, together with the guide member, define the channel between both pressure zones. 5- An assembly as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that the side portions are extendable by means of movable side pieces, which are pivόtably mounted in the mudguard. 6. An assembly as claimed in anyone of claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that at least two guide members are arranged between the mudguard and wheel, of which one consists of a guide body with at least three guide surfaces, while the other consists of a baffle with two guide surfaces. 7- An assembly as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that at least two baffles are arranged in tandem and in front of the guide body in the direction of the airflow. 3. An assembly as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that the guide member carries a splash protector. 9. An assembly as claimed in claims 1., 6 and 8, characterized in that an extension portion, together with the "" splash protector, form a extended portion of the channel between both pressure zones. 10. An assembly as claimed iπclaϊms 5 and 9, characterized in that the extension portion is connected to the movable side pieces. 11. An assembly as claimed in claims 3 and %_ characterized in that the splash protector is carried spaced from the guide body to all passage of at least a part of the airstream passing over the third gui surface. 12. An assembly as claimed in claim 11, characterized in that th splash protector i.s formed with guide means which, together with the guide body, form at least one channel for the airstream passing over the third guide surface. 13- An assembly as claimed in claim 11, characterized in that th splash protector is formed with lamellas or louvres, commonly forming substantially parallel channels intended for redirecting at least a pa of the airstream generated by the rotation of the wheel and thus-forme splash, for interaction with the airstream in the channel between the pressure zones. 14. An assemblyas claimed in c.lai 1, characterized in that the - guide member comprises a substantially cylindrical guide body rotatabl disposed for bringing into engagement against the wheel of the vehicle 15. An assembly as claimed in claim 14, characterized in that th cylindrical guide body is connected to at least one baffle. 16. An assembly as claimed in claim 14, characterized in that th cylindrical body is connected to a fanwheel intended to increase the a speed in the channel between the pressure zones. 17- An assembly as claimed in anyone of the preceding claims, characterized in that the mudguard is forme ' d with an outer channel at least partially outside it, and intended to enable an external speed airflow to be introduced on the inside of the mudguard for entraining by means of ejector action the inner airflow between the wheel and mudguard. 18. An assembly as claimed in claim 17 > characterized in that the mudguard is provided with louvres for allowing air passage between the outer and inner channels. OMPI "" ~~~ 19- An assembly as claimed in claim 17. characterized in that the outer channel is provided with at least one constriction for increasing the air speed.";IWANICKI A;IWANICKI A;1978
+WO-1979000042-A1;19790208.0;19780707;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25217105.0;A61B5;;A61B5, A61N1;A61B   5/0408, A61N   1/04;BIOMEDICAL ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY;"An electrode assembly (12) for use in a biomedical electrode unit (10) having a contact pad (20) with a hole in it for receiving the electrode assembly including: a first member (16) disposed on one side of the pad and having a stud portion (30) extending axially through the hole in the pad and having a first mating area (34); a second member (14) disposed on the other side of the pad and having an aperture (38) with a second mating area (36) for snugly engaging the first mating area (34) of the stud portion (30); and a connector member (18) extending axially through the hole in the pad and into the first (16) and second (14) members for securely connecting together the first (16) and second (14) members with the pad (20) between them.";"Biomedical Electrode Assembly FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates to an improved electrode assem¬ bly for a biomedical electrode unit. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION ■ Electrode assemblies for biomedical electrode units use snap fasteners commonly used on clothing or variations of such fasteners, which are relatively complex, expensive, a d difficult to assemble. Since they are made as clothing fas¬ teners they are not ideally suited for use as electrodes. When these and other fasteners are mounted on the adhesive pad which adheres to the skin, the lower and upper elec- ' trodes may either squeeze the pad too much and distort it or grip it too loosely so that the electrode can wobble rela¬ tive to the pad and is not held tightly in contact with the skin. In addition, the upper and lower parts of some fas¬ teners may not always seat tightly together; they can wiggle relative to each other and the pad between them. This in¬ stability can result in poor or intermittent contact and result in poor electrical .continuity between the upper and lower electrodes. In many constructions the base electrode, which carries a sponge disc impregnated with conductive gel for electrical interface with the skin, is hollow so that the gel can move through it to the junction of the elec¬ trodes where it can interfere with and cause corrosion of the parts. SUMMARY OF INVENTION It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved, inexpensive electrode assembly for a biomedi¬ cal electrode unit which is simple in construction and easy to assemble. It is a further object of this invention to provide an electrode assembly which is extremely stable, firmly but gently grips the pad without squashing it, maintains,-βpsi-. ^ ? OMPI tive electrical interconnection through the electrode assem bly, and prevents tilting of the electrode assembly parts relative to each other and the pad. The invention results from the realization that a truly simple, inexpensive, and easy to assemble electrode assem¬ bly can be made using first and second members secured to¬ gether by a connector member, to obtain mechanically stable, positive electrical coupling and firm gripping of the pad and which can be enhanced by the use of tapered mating por¬ tions. The invention features an electrode assembly for use in a biomedical electrode unit having a pad with a hole in it for receiving the electrode assembly. The improvement includes a first member disposed on one side of the pad and having a stud portion which extends axially through the hole in the pad, and contains on it a first mating area. There is a second member disposed on the other side of the pad and having an aperture in it containing a second mating area which snugly engages the first mating area of the stud portion. • A connector member extends axially through the hole in the pad and into the first and second members for securely connecting together the first and second members with the pad between them and the connector member may be integral with either of the other members. In preferred embodiments, the stud portion and the aper ture are mutually tapered at least where they engage with each other at the mating surfaces. The first member may be a cap which receives an electrical contact or lead from monitoring equipment, and the second member may be a base which is connected to the skin, either directly or through a gel-soaked disc of sponge rubber or the like. Each of the first and second members including the mating areas may be electrically conductive, or at least functional por¬ tions of the surfaces of each of those first and second members and their mating areas may be electrically conduct- IJUREA OMPI .Ai * - * . WIPO ive. The first member and the connector member may be electrically conductive or may have at least portions of their surfaces electrically conductive, with the connector member extending from the first member through the second member to make contact with the skin directly or through a gel-soaked disc. DISCLOSURE OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Other objects, features and advantages will occur from the following description of a preferred embodiment and the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a schematic sectional view with portions re¬ moved of a biomedical unit using an electrode assembly ac¬ cording to this invention; Fig. 2 is a more complete axonometric view on a reduced scale of the biomedical electrode unit using the electrode assembly of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a schematic sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the electrode assembly shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a schematic sectional view of an alternative construction of an electrode assembly with the connector member mounted in the base member; Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 4 with the connector member mounted in the cap member; and Fig. 6 is a schematic sectional view of an electrode assembly with the tapered surfaces reversed with respect to those shown in Fig. 1. The invention may be accomplished with an electrode assembly used in a biomedical electrode unit which has a contact pad with a hole in it for receiving the electrode assembly. There is a first member on one side of the pad which has a stud portion which extends axially through the hole in the pad. The stud portion carries a first mating area. A second member ' is disposed on the other side of the pad and has an aperture with a second mating area, IJUREATT O PI &*£1PO NA ST1.0 which snugly engages the first mating area of the stud por¬ tion. The connector member extends axially through the hole in the pad and into the first and second members for secure ly connecting together the first and second members and may be integral with either of them. Typically, each of the first and second members, includ ing their respective mating areas, are electrically conduc¬ tive, for example where the parts are all made of metal. If the parts are made of plastic with metallized conductive coating, then at least functional portions of the surfaces of each-of the first and second members, including the mat¬ ing areas, is electrically conductive to maintain electri¬ cal continuity through the electrode assembly. The first member and the connector member may be elec¬ trically conductive or have portions of their surface made electrically conductive, such as by metal plating, so that the connector member extends through the first membeij which may be for example the cap, through the second ember which may be for example the base, to contact the skin or at least the gel-soaked disc which contacts the skin. The stud portion and the aperture on the respective first and second members may be mutually tapered, at least where they engage with each other at the mating surfaces. This tapering insures good, solid electrical contact be¬ tween the mating surfaces where the tapers have wedged together. It also provides a self-stabilizing fitting between the two members so that they do not tend to tilt or wobble with respect to each other. Also, because of the wedging action of the tapered, interfitting mating surfaces, the spacing between the two members is fixed so that they maintain a predetermined gripping action with the intermediate pad. There is shown in Figs. 1 and 2 a biomedical electrode unit 10 including an electrode assembly 12, including an upper member or cap 14 with flange 15, lower ' member or *» base 16 with flange 17, and connector member or pin 18. Held in position between cap 14 and base 16 is an adhering pad 20 which carries along its bottom surface and the bot¬ tom surface of base 16 an adhesive layer 22 for adhering to the skin of the user. A sponge-like disc 24 impreg¬ nated with a conductive gel may be placed beneath the cen¬ ter of the electrode and a removable paper sheet 26 may be used to protect the adhesive and the gel before use. Typically, an enlarged washer 28 is employed between cap 14 and pad 20 to provide a greater area of gripping so that washer 28 and base 16 have approximately the same diameter, with base 16 being typically slightly larger. Base 16 includes an axially upstanding stud 30, which may be tapered 32 throughout its extent, but at a minimum is tapered at the mating surface 34 where stud . 30 engages with a similar tapered mating surface 36 in aperture 38 of cap 14. The aperture 38 may also be generally tapered as at 40. Pin 18 may take various forms and may be secured to base 16 and cap 14 in various ways. In Figs. 1 and 2, pin 18 may originally have a wholly cylindrical shape as indicated by the phantom lines 42 at its upper and lower ends. Then cap 14 has a cylindrical bore 44 with a flared mouth 46; and base 16 has a similar cylindrical bore 48 with a flared mouth 50. For assembly then, pin 18 is mount¬ ed in and may be integral with cap 14 and base 16 and its ends are spread to the presently shown flared shape 52 at the upper end and 54 at the lower end, so that pin 18 is spread to fill the flared mouth 46 and 50, respectively. Alternatively, pin 18 may be installed in either the cap 14 or base 16 first, then inserted through pad 20 and washer 28, following which the flaring of the other end of pin 18 is effected in the remaining unattached one of cap 14 in base 16. The tapered area, especially at mating surfaces 34 and 36, insures a tight fit between cap 14 and base 16 -BlJRHA OMPI .^ which prevents wobbling of cap 14 and base 16 with respect to each other and positively limits the spacing between them in order to properly secure pad 20. In addition, whe cap 14 and base 16 are made of electrically conductive ma¬ terial, electrical continuity is assured from an electrica connection which grips cap 14 through the positive grippin of the wedged-together starfaces 34 and 36 and then through base 16, either directly or through the gel-soaked disc 24 If pin 18 is also a conductive material, this too acts as a conductive path from cap 14 to base 16 and gel-soaked • disc 24. Although in Figs. -1 and 2 caps 14 ' and 16 have been ind cated as being made of electrically conductive material such as metal and pin 18 may or may not be of such a mater ial, this is not a necessary limitation. For example, as shown in Fig. 3, where as in subsequent figures like parts have been given like numbers and similar parts like num¬ bers accompanied by a successive lower case letter, cap 14 and base 16a are formed of a non-electrically conductive material. Therein cap 14a includes on at least the neces¬ sary functional portions of its surface a conductive layer 60 for connection with a lead for monitoring equipment, which conductive surface at mating area 36a connects with a similar conducting surface 62 on base 16a at mating sur¬ face 34a. Pin 18a may be made of conductive or non-conductive material and if it is conductive material or non-conductiv material with a conductive surface and there are suitable conducting surfaces interfacing with it on cap 14a and 16a then it too acts as a conductive path in addition to the positive primary path through the mating surfaces 34a and 36a. Pin 18a may be hollow for at least a portion of its length to reduce weight and cost, as indicated in phantom at 63. Alternatively, pin 18b, Fig. 4, may be attached at one O PI_ KN A P τ end 68 to base 16b such as by mounting in bore 70 while maintaining its previously explained flared form 52b de¬ rived from the original cylindrical form 42b for mating with the flared mouth 46b of cap 14b. Conversely, pin 18c, Fig. 5, may have end 72 fitted in bore 74 of ca 14c and may be integral therewith, with its lower end flared 54c to grip flared mouth 50c of base ; 16c . Although thus far in each of the illustrations it is , cap 14 which contains a tapered aperture 38 and base 16 which contains a tapered stud 30, this is not a necessary limitation of the invention, for as shown in Fig. 6, cap 14d may include a stud portion 30d having a general taper 32d with a mating surface 34d that engages with mating surface 36d of general taper 40d of aperture 38d located on base 16d. Cap 14d and base 16d are held together in the usual fashion by pin 18d. Other embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art and are within the following claims: What is claimed is:";"C≤AIMS 1. In an. electrode assembly for use in a biomedical electrode unit having a contact pad with a hole in it for receiving the electrode assembly, the improvement compris¬ ing: a first member disposed on one side of said pad and having a stud portion extending axially through the hole in said pad and having a first mating area; a second mem¬ ber disposed on the other side of said pad and having an aperture with a second mating area for snugly engaging the first mating area of said stud portion; and a connector member extending axially through the hole in said pad and into said first and second members for securely connecting together said first and second members with said pad betwe them. 2. The electrode assembly of claim 1 in which said stud portion and said aperture are mutually tapered where they engage with each other at the mating surfaces. 3. The electrode assembly of claim 1 in which said first member is a cap for receiving an electrical contact and said second member is a base which is connected to the skin. 4. The electrode assembly of claim 1 in which each of said first and second members including said mating areas are electrically conductive. 5. The electrode assembly of claim 1 in which at leas portions of the surface of each of said first and second members including said mating areas is electrically conduc tive. 6. The electrode assembly of claim 1 in which said first member and said connector member are electrically conductive and said connector member extends through said second member. 7. The electrode assembly of claim 1 in which at least a portion of the surfaces of said first member and said connector member are electrically conductive and said connector member extends through said second member. t I";MERCURI A;MERCURI A;1978
+WO-1979000044-A1;19790208.0;19780713;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20331865.0;G01N33;G01N31;C12Q1, G01N27, G01N33;C12Q   1/00, G01N  27/447, G01N  33/558;METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES BY DIFFUSION IN A POROUS MATRIX OR BY ELECTROPHORESIS;A method for the determination of the quantity and type of a biological component A in a sample which is added to a basin in a liquid-saturated, porous matrix covering a thin layer of a biologically active component B bound to the solid surface of a carrier. A further biologically active component C included in the matrix is capable of reacting biospecifically with component A when the sample is allowed to diffuse or migrate electrophoretically in the matrix forming a zone containing a precipitate of components A and C. This precipitate will adsorb with biospecificity to component B, bound to the solid surface of the carrier and is visualized in a suitable manner on the surface after removal of the said porous matrix, eg. as a change in the surface tension angle observed with the aid of vapour condensation on the surface. Components B and C or B and A may be the same as long as the remaining component is capable of reacting with both the others. The components A, B and C may be antigens and antibodies. The carrier is suitably made of plastic material.;"A biological indicator system The present invention relates to a biological indicator system based on a two-phase system, in which a first biologically active component is bound to the surface of a solid phase, and a liquid- saturated immobilized phase covering said surface containing a second biologically active component, capable of reacting with onunknown third biologically active component added to the immo¬ bilized phase and permitted to diffuse or migrate electrophore- tically during formation of a zone containing a precipitate, and where the first biologically active component is capable of reacting by absorption with said precipitate formed in the im¬ mobilized phase. The presence of the third component is visua¬ lized in a suitable manner on the surface, after removal of said immobilized phase. Serologic testing methods have a central position within the diagnostic techniques of medicine and applied biochemistry in general. This is predominantly due to the fact that such methods afford the possibility of determining minute quantities of the specific reactants in question in complex systems. Within sero- logy there is utilized the basic fact that antibodies (ab) can specifically react with antigen (ag)„ When indicating ag-ab-reactions, there are used different secondary manifestations capable of being indicated in various ways. One common method of indicating these reactions is the pre¬ cipitation technique, in which precipitates are formed under cer- OMPI tain conditions when soluble antigens and anti-bodies come int contact with one another. In certain cases, for example when t antigen is in particle form, agglutination reactions can be ut lized, these reactions occurring when antibodies come into con tact with the antigen. In recent years, different types of markers have been use for determining ag-ab-reactions. The markers comprise radioact isotopes, enzymes or fluorescent substances which are bound either to the antigen or to the antibody. Indication is then e ted by means of the markers in the antigen-antibody-complex, s sequent to separating said complex from non-bound antigen or a ti-bodies and accompanying markers, A specific position is held by the biological determinati methods, in which a natural biological effector mechanism is u lized to indicate the antigen-antibody reaction. Among these i dication methods can be mentioned complement-binding reactions and different types of neutralizing reactions of biologically tive antigenic substances by blocking, for example with virus, toxins and the lil^e. Antigen-antibody reactions can be quantified in different ways, by using different indication principles. The most simpl of these is the end-point titration method, in which one.part of an antigen-antibody system is diluted to a limit at which t indicator system can no longer indicate the reaction. Another method is one in which indication by means of mar kers is used, it being necessary to separate the antigen-anti¬ body complex * The amount of labelled reactants in the antigen- antibody complex or in the residue of the system separated the from is then determined, According to one conventional method, one of the reactant in an antigen-antibody system is incorporated, for example, in agargel. The other reactant is supplied in basins disposed in gel. After some time has lapsed, a radial diffusion gradient is formed by the supplied reactant. The diffusion gradient thus for¬ med is indicated, and the obtained quantification is determined by measuring the area of the circular -indication thus formed. It is also known to have the known reactant in the ag-ab-system added to a surface below the gel phase. After diffusion and migration the unknown reactant will.react with the known reactant on the surface, where it can be visualized after removing the gel phase. Indication and quantification of antigen, utilizing known anti-bodies are carried out within the field of medical diag¬ nostics and in the follow-up various diseases. The quantification of an unknown antigen with the . aid of known antibodies is effected by immunizing a living organism having the ability to form antibodies against said antigen, where¬ after it is possible, with the aid of these antibodies, quanti¬ tatively to determine the antigen with which the organism has been immunized. This method has been widely used when quantifying different human serum proteins of the type im unoglobulin and en- zymes. In latter years it has also been possible to follow up and diagnose tumouroυs diseases by determining antigens speci¬ fic to tumour cells. It has also been found that antibodies can be produced against small molecules having a molecular weight of less than 1000, enabling different types of medicaments and hor- mones to be shown in serum with the aid of antibodies, for example. The present invention is suitable for the detection of a.-fe- to-protein, IgG, IsM, IgA, IgE, hepatitis antigen, acute-phase protein, HCG (pregnancy test) and serum proteins in general. It has now been discovered that an extraordinarily sensitive and readily applied method for determining the quantity and type of biologic substances of the kind in which a component selected from the groups proteins, polysaccarides, nucleic acids, lipides or complexes thereof reacts ahd where the result of the reacti is visualized it^ situ with the aid of a component bound to a surface of -a solid phase, which is. characterized by a system, >- co prising a first biologically active component bound to the solid surface, and a liquid-saturated immobilized phase locate at said surface, said phase containing a second biologically a tive component, to which is added a test aliquot possibly cont ing a third biologically active component, which is to be. de¬ termined, said third component being capable of reacting with the second biologically active component during formation of a precipitate existing of equivalent concentrations of the secon and the third component, said precipitate being capable of rea ing with the first biologically active component and by the th biologically active component being permitted to diffuse or migrate electrophoretically and form a precipitate with the se biologically active component, said precipitate reacting with the first biologically active component by removing the immobi lized phase, and by reaction between said precipitate and the first component thus being arranged for observing an indicatio of the presence and quantity of the third component on said so surface in any suitable manner. The proteins may comprise immunoglobulins such as antibod and antigens and other antigenic substances, such as enzymes, toxins, lectines and hormones or systems which form precipitat of the type defined as an equivalent zone precipitate, i,e. where a precipitate is formed when concentration of said secon component and said third component are substantially equivalen and therefore forms a moving front of precipitate which is re- split when the concentration of the third biologically active component is increased. Examples of the polysaccarides include lipopolysaccarides such as gangliocides, endotoxin, mucopolysaccarides, glycoprot Among the lipides, different lipide complexes can be used, such as cardiolipides. Among the "" nucleic acids, desoxyribonucleic acid has an antigen activity and can be used as a component on "" the plastics surface. The thin layer of said first component is suitably applied to the plastics surface in the following manner: a liquid medium, suitably based on water, is first dispensed onto the plastics surface, whereafter a solution containing the component is added to the liquid medium to diffuse therein, whereafter the compo- nent is permitted to deposit itself onto the plastics surface, ""becoming boand to the plastics surface with a force of such mag¬ nitude that said surface can be washed without the layer being removed therefrom, subsequent to the aqueous ' medium having been removed. The solid surface is suitably a transparent material, such as glass, or a plastics material, e.g.' polystyrene, polyacrylo- nitrile, polyolefines and copolymers thereof. It has been found in recent years that plastics surfaces ad¬ vantageously adsorb macro-molecules to form very uniform and re- producable layers. A technique for visualizing antigen-antibody reactions is one in which a thin layer of indium particles is vapor-deposited on a glass surface. The antigen-antibody reactions are carried out on the indium layer, whereafter the reactions can be observed as a light-propagation phenomena on the indium surface. The most serious disadvantages with this technique appear to be the requirement of advanced apparatus for producing a uni¬ form and reproducable layer of indium on large surfaces. This < < restricts the rational use of such surfaces. Furthermore, it is difficult to classify a reaction as a positive or a negative one, in "" borderline cases, since this indicator system has a flat amp- litude and the indication can only be judged subjectively. 1 Anothe ' r, much simpler technique for visualizing adsorbed precipitates on solid surfaces is one employing the condensation of water vapor. This technique involves exposing the dried sur¬ face to vapor, whereupon it is possible to determine whether a reaction has taken place and the extent of any such reaction fro the pattern formed by the condensation. The principles of this technique were described by Langmuir in 1936, This method is as sensitive as the method employing an indium layer, but has a steeper indication-amplitude. Moreover, it permits the objective analysis by contact-copying of the condensation pattern on the surfaces by irradiation of photographic paper and development thereof. The indication of ag-ab-reactions is thus best effected wit vapour condensation on the plastics surface (Vapour condensation on surface, VCS, see Adams, Klings, Fisher and Vro an, Journal of Immunological Methods, 3, (1973) pages 227-232), which, be- cause of its simplicity, is the preferred method. Other known methods can also be used, such as the' so-called ELISA-method (Enzyme-linked im unosorbent assay, J. Immun. 109:129. (1972), mixed haemadsorption (immunology 9:161 (1965) ), particle adsorp tion technique, using a slurry of barium sulphate,for example immunofluorescense, various colouring techniques and auto-radio¬ graphy with isotope-labelled serological reagents. The reason why it is possible to observe a change as a re¬ sult of adsorption of precipitates on the molecular layer on the plastics surface as a result of vapour condensation is due to the fact that the so-called Zeta-potential or surface tension against condensed drops of water is changed on the surface when an adsorption reaction has taken place. Such changes are macro- scopically visible in the light-scattering phenomena of the όon- densation pattern. In principle, all hydrophobic surfaces have a surface-tension angle of from 90 to 170 , Those plastics sur¬ faces which normally hve such properties include polystyrene, polyacrylnitril, polyethylene and copolymers thereof. An immobilized matrix through which the unknown substance shall diffuse is then applied to the surface containing a bio¬ logically active component. Such immobilized matrices are well known within the technique of analysis, and may comprise aqueous gels or various types of sediment or- fibrous substances. The most conventional method is one in which a gel is used, in particular an agar gel, suitably comprising a buffered 1^-solution of agar which is permitted to solidify, A basin is then formed in the matrix, there being supplied to the basin a solution containing the unknown component. The unknown component may also be supplied in cellulose plates or the like which have been saturated with the solution containing the unknown component. The system is left at a suitable temperature of between 5 and 50 C, for the unknown substance to diffuse from the basin, Compared with previously known methods of obtaining quan¬ titative measurements of minute quantities of biological mate¬ rials, the novel method exhibits a simplicity which has not pre¬ viously been achieved, and therewith a subsequent increase in capacity and decrease of costs. Furthermore on plastics surfaces the precipitation is very uniform and thus suitable for diag¬ nostic tests with regard to reproducibility , which is not the case with glass to the same degree. A further advantage afford¬ ed by the use of plastics is that the protein nature of the absorbed component is not denatured or chemically converted, as often happens with glass surfaces. The application of a compo¬ nent fraction by first applying an aqueous medium and then, adding the component fraction to said medium ensures that a much more uniform layer is obtained than would be the case when a protein suspension or solution is applied to the dry surface, Moreover, the amount of component fraction consumed is con¬ siderably lower when a plastics surface is used than when a glass substrate is used. Furthermore, when using a glass substrate it is normally necessary to treat the layer with formalin in or¬ der to denature the same so that it does "" not loosen from the gla surface. Finally, the diffusion image obtained on the plastics surface can be treated with antigen-immunoglobulin, thereby to visualize even the most minute reactions or reaction quantities • This method is based on the experience that immunological precipitation reactions take place when the quantities of antig and antibody are in a specific relationship to one another and are redissolved when one part or the other is present in large surplus quantities. In those instances in the aforedescribed method where the matrix contains the said second component in the antigen-antibo reaction, said first component having been added to the plastic surface, and the quantity of the third component is to be deter mined, it is important that said first component is not added t the surfaces in a pure form,_ otherwise an excessively large qua tity of the second component present in the matrix will bind directly to said first component on said surface as soon as the matrix is applied. In turn, this means that it is impossible, o extremely difficult to read the precipitation-print reaction wi any method. It has been found that this problem is removed by mixing said first component with unrelated substances in suitab ratios prior to adding to the plastics surface and thus thin ou the layer of said first component, The method is highly sensitive, and quantities as small as, or less than magnitudes of 10 ug/1 can be detected. It is also possible to obtain multi-precipitating systems in which classes of antibodies can be determined. The system enables less pure a tigen-antibody substances to be used. It is extremely surprisin that precipitation adsorption on the plastics surface is obtain with this technique. This is probably due to the fact that the antibodies have two binding functions, and that there is obtain OMPI <fy W1PO α bond with said first component located on.the solid surface and a further agglomerating and cross-linking bond with the antigens in the matrix. Thus, the matrix contains one or more antibodies against the antigen to be determined, and the solid surface is provided with this antigen or another antigen, whereby complex re¬ actions can be obtained. It is also possible to obtain multiple precipitation zones if said third component includes more than one biologically ac¬ tive"" element and if the immobilized phase containing said second component consisting of more than one element, which reacts with the respective element in the third component. The multiple zones thus obtained can be selectively combined with said first component if the latter consists of separate areas each covered with a different compound reacting with the respective preci- pitate to provide individual detection. From the above description it will be evident that the said first and said third component can be the same if the second is different and the said first and said second component can also be the same if the said third component is different, Of course, all three could be of different kinds. Thus, if said second compo¬ nent is an antibody said third component can be an antigen and said first component can be either an antibody like or unlike said second component or an antigen like or unlike said third com¬ ponent. As an example, said first component is the antigens IgG and IgA, each on its own surface area. Said second component consists of anti-IgG, anti-IgG and πnti-IgM and said third component con¬ sists of a human serum containing IgA, IgG and IgM, The serum is placed in a basin on the borderline between the. two . different surface areas of said first compound. After a suitable diffusion period three concentric precipitation lines can be observed and measured in the gel. The gel is then removed and it is possible to record the respective positions of the IgA and IgG precipitate The third precipitate is identified by exclusion as the IgM pre¬ cipitate. In another embodiment according to the invention, said first component in anti-a-feto-protein. Anti-a-feto-protein is include in the gel in such a low concentration that no'-visible precipitat can be obtained with said third component, which is a-fet -protei in human serum, a-feto-protein is an indication of primary hepa- thomas, which are types of tumours, a-feto-protein is present in very low concentration in early cases of tumours, and can thus b observed by a precipitation reaction at the surface area, where said first and said second components together form the precipit The use of low concentrations of anti-a-feto-protein in the gel make this method more sensitive. There will only be precipi- tation if the original concentration of said third component in the sample is higher than the concentration of said second compo nent. OMPI";"CLAIMS j- 1, A method of determining the quantity and type of biologic substances of the kind in which a component selected from the groups proteins, polysaccarides, nucleic acids, lipides or complex¬ es thereof reacts and where the result of the reaction is visu- alized iji situ with the aid of a component bound to a surface of a solid phase, characterized by a system, comprising a first biologically active component bound to the solid surface, and a liquid-saturated immobilized phase located at said surface, said phase containing a second biologically active component, to which is added a test aliquot possibly containing a third bio¬ logically active component, which is to be determined, said third component being capable of reacting with the second biologically active component during formation of a precipitate existing of equivalent concentrations of the second and the third component, said precipitate being capable of reacting with the first biolo¬ gically active component, and by the third biologically active component being permitted to diffuse or migrate electrophore- tically and form a precipitate with the second- biologically ac¬ tive component, said precipitate reacting with the first biolo- gically active component by removing the immobilized phase, and by said reaction between said precipitate and the first compo¬ nent thus being arranged for observing an indication of the presence of quantity of the third component on said solid surface in any suitable manner, 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the first biologically active component and the second biologically active component are the same. 3, A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the first biologically active component and the third biologically active component are the same, 4. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the solid surface constitutes a plastics material selected from thegroups polystyrene, polyacrylnitrile, polyolefines and copolymers thereof, 5, A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the re tion on the solid surface an the resultant change "" in the surfa tension angle are observed with the aid of vapour condensation on the surface, 6„ A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the first and the second biologically active components are anti-a- feto-protein and that * the third biologically active component is a-feto-protein contained in human serum, 7, A method according to claim 1, characterized in that diffe¬ rent sectors of said solid surface are covered with different components acting as the first biologically active component and that more than one component is incorporated in the immobilized phase acting as the second biologically active component and that different reactions are indicated ai different surface sec¬ tors after removing the immobilized phase, 8, A method according to claim 7, characterized in that IgA and IgG are used as the first biologically active component on different sectors of said surface and that the immobilized phase contains anti-IgA, anti-IgG and anti-IgM and that the third component is human serum containing at least one of IgA, IgG and IgM. - β ϋRE O P R";ELWING H;ELWING H;1978
+WO-1979000045-A1;19790208.0;19780813;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20331865.0;G01N33;;C12Q1, G01N27, G01N33;C12Q   1/00, G01N  27/447, G01N  33/558;METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ENZYMES BY DIFFUSION IN A POROUS MATRIX OR BY ELECTROPHORESIS;Method for the determination of enzymatic activity in which a sample is added to a basin in or a defined surface of a liquid-saturated porous matrix covering a thin layer of a substance sensitive to enzymatic lysis deposited on the solid surface of a carrier. The sample is permitted to diffuse or migrate electrophoretically in the matrix and react with the substance sensitive to enzymatic lysis. The matrix is then removed whereon lysis can be indicated on the solid surface. The enzym-containing sample can be a bacteria colony on the matrix. Plastic material is preferred for the solid surface.;"An enzymatic indicator system The present invention relates to an enzymatic indicator sys¬ tem based on a two-phase system, in which an enzyme substrate is bound to the surface of a solid phase and in which the presen¬ ce and quantity of an enzyme capable of reacting with the compound bound to said surface is determined by permitting the enzyme to diffuse from a basin in a liquid-saturated immobilized phase lo¬ cated on said surface. The presence and quantity of enzyme is then indicated on the solid phase in a suitable manner. Enzymatic types of testing methods have a central position within the diagnostic techniques of medicine, microbiology and applied biochemistry in general. This is predominantly due to the fact that such methods afford the possibility of determining minute quantities of the specific reactants in question in complex systems. Enzymatic test methods have been used in diagnosing vari¬ ous diseases by determining enzyme activity in . serum, and other biological fluids, as well as enzyme activity generated by microorganisms. These enzymatic tests are generally effected by . various indicator systems involving colour changes, lysis of cells as erythrocytes, or degradation of molecules or the like. The method according to the invention involves depositing a substrate on a solid surface as a thin layer of a substance sensitive to enzymatic lysis, whereafter there is placed on the thin layer an immobilized matrix in which the enzyme to be de¬ termined is permitted to diffuse or electrophoretically mig¬ rate during a measured period of time, whereafter the matrix is removed and the lysis reaction surface area on the solid surface is determined by adding an indicator substance, or in some other suitable way. The thin layer of said substance is suitably applied to the solid surface in the following manner: A liquid medium, suitably based on water, is first dispense^ to the solid surface,, A solution containing said substances is then added to the liquid medium to diffuse therein, where¬ after the substance is permitted to deposit itself onto the. so lid surface, becoming bound to the solid surface with a force such magnitude that said surface, subsequent to the aqueous me dium having been removed, can be washed without the layer bein removed therefrom. The solid surface is suitably a transparent material, suc as glass or a plastics material, e.g. polystyrene, polyacryl- nitrile, polyolefines and copolymers thereof. It has been foun in recent years, that plastics surfaces advantageously adsorb macro-molecules to form very uniform and reproducable layers β A technique for.visualizing enzyme reactions is one in wh a thin layer of indium particles is vapor-deposited on the sol surface. The enzyme reactions are carried out on the indium layer, whereafter the reactions can be observed as a light-pro pagation pehno ena on the indium surface. The most serious dis advantages with this technique, appear to be the requirement of advanced apparatus for producing a uniform and reproducablelay of indium on large surfaces. This restricts the rational use of such surfaces. Furthermore, it is difficult to classify in a reaction as a positive or a negative one in borderline cases since this indicator system has a flat amplitude and the indic tion can only be judged subjectively. Another]^,much simpler technique for visualizing enzymatic reactions on solid surfaces is one employin the condensation of water vapor. This technique involves exposing the dried sur face to vapor, whereupon it is possible to determine whether a reaction has taken place and the extent of any such reaction from the pattern formed by the condensation. The principles of this technique were described by Langmuir in 1936. This method is as sensitive as the method employing an indium layer, but OMPI - - has a steeper indication-amplitude. Moreover, it permits ~±he objec¬ tive analysis by contact-copying of the condensation pattsrn on the surfaces by irradiation of photographic paper and development thereof. 5 The indication of biological surface reactions is tfeωs best effected with .vapour condensation on the plastics surface (Vapour condensation on surface, VCS, see Adams, Klings, Fisher and Vroman, Journal of Immυnological Methods, 3, (1973) pages 227-232), which, because of its simplicity, is the preferred method. Other 10 known methods can also be used, such as the so-called ELXSA- method (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, J. Immun β 109 129 (1972), or particle adsorption technique, using a slurry of barium sulphate for example, and various colouring techniques,, The reason why it is possible to observe a change in the thin 15 layer on the solid transparent surface as a result of vapour con¬ densation is due to the fact that the so-called Zeta-potential or surface tension against water is changed on the surface when a reaction has taken place. In principle, all hydrophobic surfaces have a surface-tension angle of from 90 to 170 „ Those plastics sur- 20 faces which normally have such properties include polystyrene, poly- acrylnitril, polyethylene and copolymers thereof,, The substance bound to the plastics surface is able to react selectively with a further substance, either on reacted parts or on unreacted parts of the substance, and the reaction in question can 25 be shown visually iri situ even when it is difficult to make the reaction directly visible on the substrate after the en__y.me reac¬ tion. An immobilized matrix through which the unknown substance shall diffuse is then applied to the surface having the antigen 30 thereon. Such immobilized matrices are well known within the tech¬ nique of analysis, and may comprise aqueous gels or various types of sediment or fibrous substances. The most conventional method is π--.. one in which α gel is used, in particular an agar gel, suitab comprising a buffered lyt-solution of agar which is permitted solidify. A basin is then formed in the matrix, there being s lied to the basin a solution containing the unknown substance unknown substance may also be supplied in cellulose plates or like, which have been saturated with the solution. The syste is left at a suitable temperature of between 5 and 50 C, for unknown substance to diffuse from the basin. Compared with previously known methods of obtaining quan tative measurements of minute quantities of biological materi the novel method exhibits a simplicity which has not previous been achieved, and therewith a subsequent increase in capacit and decrease of costs. Thus, it is relatively simple to obtai uniform, thin component layers on plastics surfaces, the adhe of the layer to the plastics surface being independent of the 1 concentration of the substance forming the layer in the solut applied to the surface in a sufficient quantity, as compared the adhesion forces obtained in respect of glass surfaces. The method according to the invention is thus used for e zymatic analysis of substances sensitive thereto, the plastic surface having applied to it a thin layer of an enzyme subst and an immobilized matrix over said substrate, whereafter an enzyme-containing sample quantity is applied to the matrix an permitted to diffuse therein; whereafter the matrix is remov and those parts of the enzyme substrate which have been affec by the enzyme are indicated by lysis being obtained in this r gion. The method is much simpler to carry out than known meth the latter employing reactions in a mass and chromatographic systems. A high-degree of sensitivity is achieved,which can b subscribed to the fact that a high substrate concentration is tained in the thin layer. The method provides information con cerning the diffusion properties of the enzyme, it being pos IjUR OM - to determine the molecular weight from the diffusion rate, if the concentration and temperature are known at the same time. The method enables the extra-cellular enzyme activity of bac¬ teria to be examined in a simple and reliable manner. gϋREA } ' #8k QMPI";CLAIMS:- 1„ A method of determining enzymatic activity, characterized that there is deposited on a solid surface a thin layer of a substance which is sensitive to enzymatic lysis, whereafter an immobilized matrix is applied to the thin layer and in that th is supplied to . the immobilized matrix a quantity of an enzyme- containing sample, which is permitted to diffuse or migrate el • trophoretically in the matrix and react with the substance sen sitive to enzymatic lysis, whereafter the matrix is removed fo allowing the lysis to be indicated on the solid surface. 2. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that extr cellular enzymes formed upon bacterial growth are permitted to diffuse through an immobilized matrix comprising a nutrient fo bacterial growth, and in that a lysis of the substance deposit on the solid surface is allowed to be indicated subsequent to removing the matrix. 3. A method according to claim 1, characterized in that the solid surface constitutes a plastics material selected from th group polystyrene, polyacrylnitrile, polyolefines and c polyme thereof. OMPI _ WIPO;ELWING HANS BJOERNE;ELWING HANS BJOERNE;1978
+WO-1979000047-A1;19790208.0;19780711;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20331887.0;E04B2;E06B1;E04B2, E06B1, E06B3;E04B   2/82C, E06B   1/18, E06B   3/08, E06B   3/64;CONSTRUCTIONAL MEMBER FOR BUILDINGS;The constructional member is intended for use in installations of false ceilings, walls, doors and windows in building, and is formed as a substantially U-shaped rail with a web portion (1) and two leg portions (2, 3). Since one leg portion (3) is snapable onto the web portion (1). the rail can be first placed round the member (15) which is to be erected, e.g. a partition wall, and thereafter the constructional member can be fixed in place with the help of the snap-on leg portion (3). The middle portion (5, 7, 8) of the web portion (1) has channels which enable exact fitting of the constructional member either round a building member (17) or against another constructional member, e.g. at comers or edge surfaces. The member can be fixed against the ceiling and floor at an optional location in a room, which substantially simplifies installations and alterations. Further advantages are that all installations can be carried out as pure erection work and that the material which is used in an installation can be recovered and reused on being dismantled.;"Constructional member for buildings The present invention relates to a constructional member for buil¬ dings, preferably for use with pre-fabricated building members for false ceiling, wall, door, window and similar installations. In building technology and especially with interior decoration fit¬ tings and fixtures, the different work operations must be very care¬ fully planned today, so that the tradesmen who are to carry out the installation work on site will be of the right category for the work operation, and will be there at the right time as well. The situation becomes especially complicated for installations where tradesmen of different categories must return to the site repeatedly so as to allow other artisans to complete the parts of the building work which are a prerequisite for the next stage in the installation work. For example, electricians and plumbers must return to the site at different stages to put in wiring and pipes according as the installation of partition walls and false ceilings is completed. Such time and work planning is extremely difficult to execute, and in practice there are always- collisions between tradesmen of different categories, who then interrupt each other's work. Artisans in one category sometimes cannot start their work due to the fact that a previous building stage is not ready. In other cases tradesmen in a certain category may perhaps have omit¬ ted to make additions to their work that are required to complete a definite building stage, which means that work already. finished must be pulled down and done again. Planning building work under these conditions must obviously be extremely difficult, thus taking a lot of time as well as being expensive, not to mention how expensive incorrect planning must be for the owner of the building . In calculating building cos ts , one mus t always count o the occurrence of cost increases of this kind , and therefore these costs are also included in tenders to the purchaser. Today , there are certain electrical systems which can be install after most of the structural work has been completed , and these systems can also allow considerable flexibility with respect to placing electric light fittings , plug points and other arrange¬ ments pertinent to the electrical installation . Such systems are built up on a relatively simple basic installation , which must be put in at n early stage in building . The advantages of these known systems care naturally that in the planning stage it is not necessary to s tate in detail where power points and lighting fit tings shall be placed, and they also enable wide rearrangements of these units if it is desired to use the premises for other pu poses than those for which they were originally intended. These known electrical systems are based on standardi zed rails which c be placed in ceilings or on hangers , and which serve as cable ch nels in the ceiling. Both mains s upply and light current cables can be placed in these rails , and the bottoms of the rails are formed with attachments for lighting fittings , thus enabling a flexible lighting installation . The ceiling system can also be supplemented with lines to tables directly from each rail , and such lines ' can then be supplemented in an optional way with- earth power points and telephone j acks . These known rail systems are furthermore designed as carriers for false ceilings , and the rails are then arranged in the form of a grid, the dimensions of which are suited to the ceiling module and lighting fitting lengt Prefabricated building s labs consisting of a compressed fibrous m terial , -of the mineral wool type , on whi ch there has been placed a hard surface material , e . g . of the heavily compressed glass fib sheet type , are already known . These building s labs have extremel good heat and sound insulating pro p erties , and the hard surface material is available in a number of different colours and pat¬ terns . If so required , the surface can be covered with woven or patterned wallpaper during manufacture of the s lab . The cons tructional member according to the present invention is intended for use together with prefabricated building members of the type mentioned above. The installation of partition walls, doors and false ceilings is thus simplified, so that this work can be carried out as .a pure erection job, using prefabricated building members and utilizing the inventive constructional member. The building members as well as the constructional members arrive on site in a finished condition, for putting together with bolted joints. This means that the entire installation of interior fix¬ tures can be carried out by one single category of artisans, who do not need to be trained in joinery or bricklaying, since such work does not need to be involved. The inventive constructional member can. also be used to advantage in conjunction with the electrical system described above, the electrical system thus being simplified to a great degree, and the installation of false ceilings and partition walls can be co¬ ordinated with that of laying electrical cables from the ceiling rails at the rate at which erection work is carried out. These objects are substantially realized in that a substantially U-shaped basic rail comprises a basic web portion and two basic leg portions, the middle portion of the basic web being formed with supporting and anchoring means for connecting building mem¬ bers, and that at least one basic leg portion is removably at¬ tached to the basic web portion. With the inventive constructional member, substantial advantages are obtained in the form of shortened planning time, as well as very much, simplified building construction in essentially two stages. The first stage consists of the finished building struc¬ ture, i.e. all concrete work has been done and the main struc- tures of the building are ready. In general it is then possible for concrete workers and carpenters to leave the site, and the installation of false ceilings, partition walls, interior deco¬ rating fittings and fixtures, electrical installation etc. is be¬ gun. During this latter stage, the whole installation can be car¬ ried out using building members and the inventive constructional member and, as already mentioned, the work can be carried out by a single category of tradesmen trained in electrical installation and erection. Apart from the above-mentioned advantages obtained with the in¬ ventive constructional member, a flexible interior is also achi¬ eved, which can be easily altered and suited to individual requi ments. Since interior work can be mainly carried out by a single cate¬ gory of tradesmen, planning work is -also facilitated, and good coaction between different environmental components such as ligh air and sound can be obtained at the site as early as the plan¬ ning stage. The supply and erection of all interior building mem bers such as false ceilings, partition walls, screens and lighti fittings can be carried out by the same supplier, who also answe for the erection work. Since the entire interior installation is built up from prefabri cated members, dismantling will naturally also be simplified and both walls and ceiling members can be re-used. Some embodiments of the inventive constructional member, selec¬ ted as examples to demonstrate its use, are described in detail below while referring to the accompanying drawings on which Figure 1 is a cross section of a basic rail according to the in¬ vention, Figure 2 is a cross section of a leg portion which is removably connected to the basic web portion, Figure 3 is a cross section of two additional rails attached to a basic web portion according to Figure 1, Figure 4 is a cross section through a partition wall with a basi web portion arranged as ceiling support for the wall, Figure 5 is a longitudinal section through a corner portion of a door frame according to Figure 6 , Figure 6 is a horizontal section through a partition wall with a door frame and door leaf built up from the inventive construction member,• Figure 7 is a cross section through the connection to the floor o the partition wall in Figure 4, Figure 8 is a cross section through the partition wall and door i Figure 6, Figure 9 is a cross section through a screen wall built using the inventive constructional member, Figure 10 is the upper side of the screen wall in Figure 9, Figure -11 is a cross section through a- ceiling connection for a glass wall, whe- the- glazing is fixed by means of an inventive constructional member, Figure 12 is a horizontal section through the glass wall, * inclu¬ ding pillars made up from the constructional member, Figure 13 is a cross x section through the floor connection of the glass wall in Figure 12, Figure 14 is a horizontal section through a window structure built up from the inventive constructional member, containing insulating glazing and ordinary window glazing with window frames and sealing Figure 15 is a beam built up from the inventive constructional ele - ment and Figure 16 shows an alternative beam structure. Figures 1 and 2 show the parts, which together form a basic rail according to the invention. The rail thus comprises a basic web portion 1 and two basic leg portions 2 and 3, one part of the ' basic web portion being formed as an attachment for the basic leg portion 3, which is thus movably attached to the basic web portion 1. The basic rail is further formed with supporting legs 4 and anchoring means in the form of a substantially I-shaped sec¬ tion with a- web portion 5 and flanges 7, 8, 9 and 10. Together with the basic web portion 1 the legs 2 and 3 define a first chan¬ nel in which a building member, e.g. a wall slab, is introduceable with a suitable fit, as is apparent from Figures 4 to 14. With the anchoring web portion 5, the anchoring flanges 7, 8 and 9, 10 form two channels, one on either side- of the rail, into which attaching members are fixable. One type of attaching member is shown in Fi¬ gure 3, .and consists of a supplementary rail 11 provided with re¬ silient means 12 for engagement with the ends of the anchoring flanges 7, 8 or 9, 10. As is apparent from Figure 4, the insides of the support legs 4 and the basic web portion 1 form a third channel, in which a buil¬ ding element such as a wall slab 13 can be introduced with a suit¬ able fit. The basic rail 1, 2, 3 is attached to the wall slab 13 by means of a screwed connection 14, and the first channel, i.e. the one formed by the basic web portion 1 and the basic leg por¬ tions 2 and 3 accomodate another wall slab 15, constituting the ceiling connection for a partition wall. The floor connection is apparent from Figure 7, where the support legs 4 are facing to¬ wards the floor and are fixed sideways by means of wall-to-wall carpeting or a similar soft floor covering, while the first chan¬ nel accomodates the lower part of the wall slab 15. In the centre of the wall slab there is another tubular attaching member 17, fi ting into the second channel formed by the anchoring web portion 5 and the anchoring flanges 7 and 8. This attachment member is forme as a tube, preferably from metal, which locks the wall structure sideways simultaneously as it constitutes a stiffening element in the wall. The cross section of the attachment member 17 can be seen in Figure 6. The horizontal section through the position wall and door in Fi¬ gure 6 illustrates the door frames, consisting of basic rails 1, 2, 3, fixed to their respective wall slabs 15 by means of screwed connections 14 in the member 17. As is apparent from the figures, there is a supplementary rail 11, 12 fixed into the second channel of the basic rail 1, 2, 3, while the attachment member 17 is in¬ serted in the other second channel facing the opposite direction. The ends of the legs of the supplementary rail position the sealin elements 18 and 19, lying in the third channel of the basic rail with a pinching effect. The opposite side of the door frame is put together in a similar way, excepting that the supplementary rail 11, 12 constitutes the attachment for one part (20) of a hinge, th other part (21) of which is attached to the door leaf. The edge finishing.of the door leaf consists of the same supplementary rail wh;j.ch simplifies to a great degree the assortment of rails which must be kept in stock for use in different installations. The tu¬ bular attachment members 17 also serve as channels for electric cables, laid in a ceiling rail (not shown) . Fitting power points is thus- done by drilling a hole at the desired place in the tu¬ bular member 17, and the cable drawn down from the ceiling rail can be taken out for' connecting to the socket, which can then be screwed into place. Figure 5 shows the joint between one side mem¬ ber and the upper member of the door frame, using an angle piece 6, which can be introduced into the partially closed duct formed by the anchoring web portion 5 and each of the anchoring flange pairs 7, 8 and 9, 10. The angle piece is fixed into the duct by means of screws which are screwed against the web portion 5, to lock the angle piece against the edges of either flange pair by clamping action. From the cross section of the door of Figures 4, 6 and 7, shown in Figure 8, it is apparent that threshold as well as upper door frame are built up in a similar way as the frame sides in the other figures. The attachment members 17 are thus arranged as a frame in the side members of the door frame and the upper member, and serve ' as attachment for the screwes fixing the basic rails to the supp¬ lementary rails. The door threshold is thus fixed lengthwise and in height by means of the side members of the door frame, while transverselly it is fixed by the engagement of the support legs 4 against the substructure. In the channel between the leg por¬ tions 2, 3 and the web portion 1, there is a filler body 22, and the whole threshold is encased in a decorative and durable casing 23. The lower edge of the door is provided with a seal 24, attached in a simple manner to the lower supplementary rail 11, 12. The screen wall shown in Figure 9 is also built up from prefabri¬ cated wall slabs 15 and attachment members 17, fixed into a basic rail 1, 2, 3 according to the invention. The basic rail accomodates the pivoting mechanism 25 of the folding wall, and also the roun¬ ded portions 26 enabling effective sealing between the wall slabs, independent of the mutual attitude between them. Figure 10 shows the upper side of the screen wall, which has been provided with a fitting consisting of the basic rail 1, 2, 3-, to which a supplemen¬ tary rail 11, 12 has been attached. Figures' 11-13 show an interesting application of the inventive constructional member. It is possible to utilize the basic rail for glass walls as well as window structures, where of course the wall structure is the simpler one in practice. Figure 11 is a cross section through the connection of the glass wall to an up¬ per wall portion, which as with previous structures, consists of a wall member 15 and attachment rail 17, each acco odated their respective channels on the basic rail 1, 2/ 3. The second channel 9, 10, 5 receives a supplementary rail 11, 12 between the corners of which and the respective adjacent supporting leg 4 there is a sheet of glass 27. Figure 12 shows the glass wall in plan, where the lefthand portion constitutes a connection to a side wall 15, while the righthand portion consists of a pillar, comprising two mutually facing basic rails 1, 2, 3 , 1"", 2"" * , 3', which are fitte round a supporting body 28, e.g. a steel tube to give the struc¬ ture its carrying capacity. Figure 13 shows the floor connection of the glass wall, where the sheets of glass 27 rest against elas tic support elements 29, and where possible gaps between the glas and the constructional member are shown filled ' with sealing ma¬ terial 30. Figure 14 is a cross section through a window formed with tripple glazing, the- two outer sheets of glass consisting of an insulatio panel 30, rigidly mounted in the window frame, while the inner glazing sheet 32 is hinged. The window is""mounted in a frame con¬ sisting of a basic web portion 1, a fixed leg portion 2 and a removable leg portion 3a-. or 3b, the latter two including a hinge portion 33 and a locking portion 34, respectively. One of the sup port legs 4 engages against the outside of the fazade, while the other is accommό.±ed in a groove in the window wall 36. When the - window is fitted, the cavities in the constructional members are suitable filled with a foam plastics material to improve insulati and prevent the occurrence of cold bridges through the frame mem¬ bers. The web portion is provided with holes 38 for further pre¬ venting the occurrence of cold bridges and to allow the foam ma¬ terial to come into all the cavities in the rail. The insulation panel 31 and the inner seals 32 ' are kept ±v.place by means of supp lementary rails, the width of which are adjustable to suit the me bers positioned by means of clamping action against the leg por¬ tions of the basic rail. In Figure 15 will be seen the principle for a beam structure in which two basic rails are fitted to each other to form a beam section. In this case the surfaces facing each other of the basic supporting legs 4 form a U-section together with the basic web portion,1, this U-section fitting the first channel on another basic rail. Figure 16 shows an alternative beam structure where the basic rails are attached to a support body 28 arranged in the first channels of two basic rails, the leg portions 2 and 3 of which are facing each other. Another support body 39 is ar¬ ranged in the third channel to one of the two basic rails and the third channel of a further basic rail, the support legs 4 of both last-mentioned basic rails facing towards each other. Using this assembly pattern, an entire wall can be built up using the in¬ ventive constructional member.";"CLAIMS r 1. A cons ructional member for buildings , preferably for use prefabricated building members for false ceiling, wall , door, w dow and similar installations , characterized in that a substant -U-shaped basic rail comprises a basic web portion and two basic portions , the middle part of the basic web portion being formed with supporting and anchoring means for connecting building mem¬ bers , and that at least one basic leg portion is removably atta to the basic web portion . 2. A member as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the choring means are arranged so that together with the basic leg p tions they define a first channel in which a building member can be accommodated with a suitable fit. 3. A member as claimed in claims 1 and 2 , characterized in tha the basic support means are directed in the same direction from the basic web portion and that together with the basic web .por- tion their surfaces facing away from each other form a U-shaped beam which can be accommodated in the first channel on another basic rail . 4 . A member as claimed in claims 1 and 2 , characterized in tha the anchoring means have a substantially I-shaped cross section , and that the anchoring flanges together with the anchoring web portion define two second channels , one on either side of the web , in which attaching members may be fixed. 5. A member as claimed in claim 4 , characteri zed in that an at taching member consists of a supplementary rail which is attacha in the opposing second channels with the help of spring means , e gaging with the ends of the anchoring, legs . 6 . A member as- claimed in claims 1 and 5 , characteri zed in that the basic support means are directed in the same direction and that together with the basic web portion their surfaces facing towards each other are. intended to form a third channel . 7. A member as claimed in claims 2 and 5 , characterized in that the supplementary rail has a width so adj sted that in its attach¬ ment to either of both the other channels there are gaps between the ends of the supplementary rail and opposing portions of the basic rail , said portions consisting either of the support means or of the leg portions , whereby building details of different kinds can be attached with clamping action in the gaps , and that the width of the supplementary rails is adj ustable with respect to the building details which are to be attached in the gaps . 8. A member as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the re¬ movable basic leg portion has a U-shaped groove , the side por¬ tions of which are arranged to engage resilitently with two fork¬ like projections on the end part of the basic web portion . 9 . A member as claimed in claim 4 , characterized in that another attaching member consists of a tubular locking bar, insertable in a cavity in the building member , the edge of which is insertable into the second channel with a suitable fit. AMENDED CLAIMS - (received by the "" International Bureau on 24 November 1978 (24.11.78)) 1. A constructional member for buildings, preferably for use with pre¬ fabricated building elements used in ceiling, wall, door, window and similar installations, comprising a base rail (1,2,3) with a substantially U-shaped c section having a -web portion (1) and two leg portions (2,3) of resilient mater e.g. aluminium or hard plastics, one of said leg portions (3) being releasiπgl attached to one end of the web portion (1) by means of resilient engagement between latching members arranged on these portions, characterized in that the base rail is provided with two supporting limbs (k) opposingly directed in rel to the leg portions (2,3), the outer distance between the supporting limbs (4) corresponding to the inner distance between the leg portions (2,3), so that th base rails can fit into each other, and in that the central part of the web portion (1) is formed with two U-shaped attachment rails with a common web portion (5) and opposingly directed shank pairs (7,8 and 9,10) which together with the attachment web portion (5) define similar channels, in which building members and/or clamping elements of the constructional member are insertable. 2. A member as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the base rail, with the exception of the engaging latching members coacting with one of the leg portions, is formed substantially mirror symmetrical about a symmetry plan in the longitudinal direction of the rail. 3. A member as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the releasingly attachable leg portion (3) on its outer surface facing away from the other leg portion is provided with means for locking or pivoting engagement with the rai -i . A member as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a fastening element associated with the constructional member consists of a clamping rail (Fig. 3), which is U-shaped in cross section and provided with a web portion ( and two shanks, the height of which from the outer surface of the web portion facing away from the shanks substantially corresponds to the height of the supporting limbs (k) of the base web portion (1) and that the web portion of the clamping rail is also formed with two gripping ' elements (12) which are at the ends provided with hooks and intended for engagement with the shank ends (7,8 and 9,10) of the attachment rails. 5. A member as claimed in claim k , characterized in that the U-shaped clamping rail (Fig. 3) is mirror symmetrical about a symmetry plane in the length of the rail and through the centre -of the web portion (11). 6. A member as claimed in either of claims k and 5, characterized in that the clamping rail (Fig. 3) is so adapted in width that in its fixation in any of the attachment rails (5,7,8 or 5,9,10) gaps a re formed between the shanks of the clamping rail and opposing portions of the base rail, said portions either consisting of the supporting limbs (h) or the leg portions (2,3), where¬ by building elements of different kinds are fixable by clamping action in said gaps, and that the width of the clamping rail is adjustable to the building details intended for fixing in the gaps. STATEMENTUNDERARTICLE19 From the cited references quoted both during examination of the national as well as the international application it is clearly apparent that up to now a constructional member has been completely lacking, having such universal use as is the case with the member according .to the invention. The main reference in the national application is the publication CH-PS 584 338 which relates to a metal frame structure for glazed windows and doors where, to meet all the assembly needs, at least five different sections must be used for these applica¬ tions alone. Every one of these sections is furthermore exceptionally complicate and the cost thereof is also extremely high. The two ci ed references FR-PS 2 107 391 and 2 100 177 also show a plurality of sections, the use of which has so far been compulsory for meeting different installation needs. Reference is especially made to the former of the French patent specϊ fcations where Figs. 1-15 show different sections which must be combined in different ways for-the instal lations in question. The references FR-PS 2 200 28, 2 281 482 and 2 172 307 and DT-PS 969 7 9, cited in the international "" application, are not closer to the inventive subject than the patent specifications discussed above. In Fig. 2 in FR-PS 2 172 307 there is indeed shown a symmetrical U-shaped rail, but it does not have any removable limb and is more reminiscent of the clamping rail according to the present invention, although the rail according to Fig. 2 in the reference is not used together with any base rail, and the technical effect of the combination of clamping rail and base rail according to my invention is not anticipated in any way by this reference. Constructional members according to the present invention can be used in the field of building technology for practically all types of interior decoratio fittings and for window and door frames in a number of different applications illustrated by the drawings. In all the applications a base rail according to the invention is thus incorporated either separately or together with a clamping rail according to the disclosures in the claims now filed. In all the embodiments the base rail with ' its removable leg thus constitutes a universal constructional BUREΛ _ OΛ.PI s b. WIPO κ * . member which, either by itself or together with the clamping rail, can be used in building up different structural details and those for interior decoration fittings. The construction of the base rail is characterized by the shape of its leg portions and web portion, and it forms four U-shaped channels, defined by the main claim now filed, and enabling i s adaptation to a plurality of different fields of use and also enabling joining together several basic rails to form beams, as exemplified by Figs. 15 and 16. Since the clamping rail width can be suited to the building details intended to be fixed between the shanks of the clamping rail and the legs of the base rail, this combination can be used in a plurality of applications, as is apparent ϊ.a. from Figs. 6 and 8-14.";KARLSSON J;KARLSSON J;1978
+WO-1979000064-A1;19790222.0;19780725;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25226709.0;B65D31;B31B49;B65D30, B65D33;B65D  33/18;SEALABLE LONGITUDINAL SLEEVELESS VALVE BAG;A bag of tubular form closed at one end and partially closed at the other end by a first rear wall portion (58) being folded over and sealed to a front wall (34, 35). The opening between a second rear wall portion (59) and opposed front wall (34, 35) forms the valve which is sealed after filling by folding the longitudinally extending second rear wall portion (59) over and sealing it to the opposed front wall (34, 35) using the folded first rear wall portion (58) as a reference. Adjacent lateral termination of the plural ply rear wall portions are oppositely stepped so as to overlap when sealed to the front wall (34, 35).;"Description SEALABLE LONGITUDINAL SLEEVELESS VALVE BAG Technical Field The present invention relates generally to sealed bags and more specifically to a sleeveless valve bag or partially closed open mouthed bag. Background Art Currently, there are two basic types of bags being used in the industrial packaging field; namely, the valve bag and the open-mouth bag. A serious limitation of the valve bag is the inability to achieve a positive closure to prevent leakage and sifting of the product from the. bag, to prevent insect in estation and • to obtain a hermetieal seal. To improve the closure of the seal, the valve opening may be made smaller, but this reduces the filling speed. Thus the designer of valve bags must weigh the positive closure of the valve against the filling speed. A typical valve bag 15 of prior art is illustrated in Figure 1 having a valve sleeve 16 extending between the interior of the bag and the exterior. The axis of the valve sleeve 16 is on the side of the bag or along the lateral axis. The lateral valve bags may be filled -horizontally as is the case in the United States, or vertically as is the case of some foreign countries. Either method of filling a lateral valve bag does not make effective use of the volume of the bag because of the angular repose of the product filling the bag. Thus there is existing need for a valve bag with an opening large enough to insure maximum filling speed, located to make ef ective use of the filling rate and bag volume and capable of easily and conveniently being hermetically sealed. The open mouth bags are either tube style or pinch style wherein the latter provides a better seal. The pinch style, open mouth bag is a gussetted open mouth bag that has a specific type of closure. This closure can, when properly made, provide a hermetieal seal. A serious limitation of this specific open mouth bag is that the entire tope of the bag is open and after the filling operation is completed, the bag top must be reformed and flattened for entry into a closing and sealing machine. A typical example of prior art open mouth bags in the open and sealed condition are illustrated in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. Due to the nature of the bag construction, the bag top must be level when entered into the closing machine, within a narrow angular tolerence, to insure that the closing operation along the complete bag top width is accomplished properly and the hermetieal seal actually obtained. In addition to the level requirement, there must be a wrinkle and warp free bag top surface in the closure to assure a heremetical seal. Since the complete bag top must be reformed and flatteπied a since the bag tends to be rounded from the material contained, warp-age a wrinkles can easily be generated during the reforming operation. To minimize t condition, the level of material, in relation to the bag top edge (known freeboard), must be low (approximately 9 inches from the top of the bag) to ins a quick, easy and reliable closure and seal. This relationship between the fill li and fold line ' is illustrated in Figure 4. Clamps are also schematically shown, whi hold the gussets formed at the top edge and maintains the top edge horizontally assure a completely sealed closure. As can be seen, the devices of the prior art 0 Order to assure a perfect seal, drastically reduce the fill opening. Thus there exists a need for a tube or pinch style, open mouth bag havin large fill opening for a given linear length of top edge, a wide tolerance or bag t level condition for closing and sealing, and reducing the amount of freeboard a consequently paper needed to effect a sealed closure for a given volume of produ Disclosure of Invention The bag of the present invention is a longitudinal, sleeveless valve b formed from a tubular construction of flexible sheet material. The tube is clos at a first or bottom end by folding one wall back over the opposed wall and seali 0 i thereto. The second or top end is partially sealed by having a first rear w portion folded over a lateral axis and sealed to an opposed front wall portion. second rear wall portion extends longitudinally beyond the longitudinal terminati of the front wall portion to form the sleeveless valve with the opposed front w portion. The tube is longitudinally creased so as to form the front and rear walls a tube or reverse creased to form front and rear walls with a pair of gusse deposed therebetween. The gusset between the rear wall portion and opposed fro wall portion has stepped longitudinal termination between the longitudin termination of the front and rear walls. The gusset eontinguous to the second re wall portion forms a part of the longitudinal sleeveless valve. The first and second rear wall portions are ormed in a single ply bag by n sealing the longitudinal seam completely and in a plurale ply bag by t longitudinal cuts. The first longitudinal cut severs the outer ply of the rear wa and second longitudinal cut, which is displaced laterally from the first longitudin cut and is at the edge of the valve opening, severs the interior ply of the rear w portion. The two longitudinal cuts provide an outer ply of the second rear w • portion which extends laterally across the sealed portion so as to overlap the seal portion when the second rear wall portion is folded over and sealed to its oppos - B U O front wall portion; thereby providing a more perfect seal of the valve. The two longitudinal rear wall cuts and a front wall cut, corresponding to the second rear wall cut, all extend down to the folding line which lies along the lateral axis previously described. The pre-sealed irst rear wall portion provides a reference to the lateral axis such that the second rear wall portion may be folded along this lateral axis., . The bag construction of the present invention provides a bridge between the valve and open mouth bags of the prior art usable in both types of filling operation with improved results. The bag of the present invention provides a valve which is sleeveless and can be heremetieally sealed, automatically, and at any speed of production considerably in excess of a conventional valve bagging operation. By using a longitudinal valve, the sealing technique of plastic lined, open mouth bags can be used to provide a here etical seal. The use of the gusset to increase and standardize the valve opening is also possible while increasing the filling speed over conventional valve bags. This construction also simplifies the bag manufacturing operations and bag filling and sealing equipment. Due to the construction and location of the opening in the new bag, the new bag can be filled with greater degree of weight accuracy of both granular free flowing materials and fine powders. Due to the construction and location of the opening in the new bag and the pre-sealing of most of the bag top, less paper is used in the construction of the bag for a given volume of material to be contained in comparison to conventional valve bags. The efficiency of utilizing the available bag volume is enhanced by eliminating the sleeve, orientation of the fill opening to the longitudinal axis of the bag and method of closure. Due to the small linear dimension (in the flat folded condition) of the opening and its location at the top of the new bag for filling, compared to the side opening as in prior art valve bags, the reforming of the one gusset and folding of this short length of opening top for sealing is easily and readily accomplished with greatly increased reliability of a leakproof and siftproof and air tight seal. Due to the construction of the bag opening and the location of the opening in relation to the longitudinal axis of the bag, the new bag lends itself readily to a fully automatic bag placing, opening, filling and sealing system that can be made available economically for speeds of 12 or less bags per minute or avialable to operate at speeds up to 50 bags per minute. Compared to the open mouth bags, the bag of the present invention will fi under certain conditions, at the same rate. As a result of the new bag constructi it is possible to achieve a fully, automatic closure with greatly increased reliabili at speeds much higher than existing fully automatic pinch style systems wi equipment that is considerably less complicated. Due to the pre-sealing along most of the bag top width and the method filling, the present bag reduces the freeboard need to eliminate buckling of t front and rear walls and reform the gussets as filled before sealing and there reduces the amount of paper needed to package a given volume of product. Since the bottom and most of the top of the bag of the present invention pre-sealed and the ill opening comprises a small portion of the front and rear w width, the opening is readily and positively sealed without misalignment. Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention w become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention wh considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Brief Description of Drawings Figure 1 is a perspective view of a lateral valve bag of the prior art. Figure 2 is a perspective view of an open mouth bag of the prior art in t open condition. Figure 3 is a perspective view of an open mouth bag of the prior art in t sealed condition. Figure 4 is a perspective view of an open mouth bag of the prior art bei held during filling. Figures 5, 6 and 7 are views of the process of forming a gussetted, plural p bag into a tube with a sealed bottom according to the prior art. Figure 8 is a perspective view of the gussetted bag of figures 5, 6 and modified according to the present invention. Figure 9 is a perspective view of a sleeveless valve bag embodying t principles of the present invention and formed from the gussetted bag of figure 8. Figure 10 is a perspective view of a sleeveless valve bag of the prese invention being held during filling. Figure 11 is a perspective view of a laterally interior sleeveless valve b embodying the principles of the present invention. Figure 12 is a perspective view of plural ply bag with a plastic lini embodying the principles of the present invention. -BO O Figure 13 is a perspective view of a single ply, gussetted bag modified according to the present invention. Figure 14 is a perspective view of a sleeveless valve bag formed from the gussetted bag of Figure 13. Figure 15 is a perspective view of a sleeveless valve bag formed from a tube style, open mouth bag embodying the principles of the present invention. Figure 15 is a perspective view of a sleeveless valve bag embodying the principles of the present invention. Figure 16 is a perspective view of a sleeveless valve bag embodying the principles of the present invention. Figure 17 is a perspective view of a bag having a pair of sleeveless valves embodying the principles of the present invention. Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention Figure 5 illustrates a blank of the prior art from which a gussetted bag is formed having two plies 20 and 21 of flexible material, such as kraft or other type paper glued together at 22 and 23. The lateral edges 24 and 25 of ply 20 are stepped relative to the lateral edges 26 and 27 of ply 21 so as to overlap and form a smooth longitudinally sealed tube as will be explained. The blank is longitudinally creased at 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 to form front panels 34 and 35, rear panel 36 and gusset panels 37, 38, 39, 40. The top longitudinal edge 41 of the blank is stepped down from rear panel 36 to the front panels 34 and 35. The opposite or bottom longitudinal edge 42 is stepped down in the reverse order between rear panel 36 and front panels 34 and 35. Gusset panels 37, 38 and 39, 40 are reversely folded alon - longitudinal creases 29, 30 and 31, 32 as illustrated in Figure 6. Front panels 34 and 35 are reverse folded about longitudinal creases 28 and 33 respectively so that the lateral edges of the blank are bonded together by adhesive strips 43 and 44 when the lateral edges 25 and 26 of the blank overlapped. This longitudinal seal is illustrated in Figure 7 and 8 Four strips of adhesive materials 45, 46, 47 and 48 are applied to the bottom edge of the blank illustrated in Figure 7 and the front wall panels 34 and 35 are folded along fold line 49 to bring the front wall panels 34 and 35 and the step end of gusset panels 37, 38, 39 and 40 adjacent the rear panel 36 to be sealed at 50. The process so far deseribed in Figures 5, 6 and 7 to form a tubular shaped bag having longitudinal creases to form a front and rear panel having gusset panels disposed there-between and being sealed at one end are well known and considered part of the prior art as exemplified by U.S. Patent 4,008,850. As also is well kno in the prior art four adhesive strips 52, 53, 54 and 55 are applied to the top edges illustrated in Figure 8. The bag of the prior art being of tubular shape having a sealed bottom a adhesive areas on . the open top edge is modified according to principles of t present invention to provide a sleeveless valve bag. The exterior ply 21 of re panel 36 is cut along longitudinal line 57 and interior ply 20 of rear panel 36 is c along longitudinal axis 56 dividing the rear panel 36 into first rear panel portion 5 and second rear panel portion 59. The front panel 35 is also cut through both pli along longitudinal line 56. The length of the longitudinal cut along axis 56 and 5 are from the top edge of the front and rear panels down to the fold line 60 in th front and rear panels. The first rear panel portion -58 is folded along fold line 6 and sealed to the front panels 34 and 35 at 61 using adhesive strips 52, 53, 54, an 55 as shown in Figure 9. Additional adhesive is added to extend strips 52, 53, 54, 5 to the inner surface of exterior ply 21 of rear wall portions 59. As can be seen in Figure 9, the exterior ply 21 of rear wall portion 5 extends laterally across the sealed first rear wall portion 58. The extension exterior ply 21 of rear wall portion 59 beyond interior ply 20 is equal to th extension of interior ply 20 of rear wall portion 58 beyond the termination exterior ply 21 of portion 58. The importance of the equality of the extension the two lateral portions is such that when the second rear wall portion 59 is folde along fold line 60 when the bag is filled and sealed to the front wall panel 35, th exterior ply 21 of rear wall portion 59 is adjacent to exterior ply 21 of rear wa portion 58 to form a continuous surface thereby avoiding an edge which may b caught and thereby damage the exterior ply and seal. The main purpose of eve forming exterior ply 21 of rear wall portion 59 extending laterally past th termination of interior ply 20 is to cover and seal the inside edge or point 62 of th open portion of the valve and thereby prevent a pinpoint leak through the finall sealed top. For certain materials, the pinpoint opening 62 is not critical. For thes materials, a single cut 56 is sufficient. Similarly, a single cut 56 could be used an a separate patch is added to the second rear wall portion 59 to function as th extended exterior ply to cover edge 62. The bag illustrated in Figure 9 embodies a pinch type tubular bag bein sealed at one end and partially sealed at the other end so as to have a longitudin sleeveless valve formed between rear wall portion 59 and opposed front wall pan 35 and includes the gusset panels 39 and 40. The sleeveless valve after filling is capable of being sealed by folded along the lateral fold line 60 which is reference to the pre-folded rear wall section 58. The valve is capable of being sealed so as to be leak and sift proof and to prevent insect infestation. The advantage of the bag of Figure 9 is illustrated in Figure 10 wherein the gussetted panels 39 and 40 are open to increase the size of the valve without occupying a major portion or width of the front and rear panels. The pre-sealed rear wall portion 58 consitutes a substantial portion or greater than a majority of the width of the bag. Preferably the section 58 constitutes at least 75 percent of the width. This percentage is based on a preferred fill diameter of 3 3/4 inches of bags having widths of 15 to 17 inches with gussets of 3 to 5 inches requiring a linear lateral length of 4 to 4 1/4 inches of the front or rear panels. The importance of the pre-sealed section is that top edge 63 provides a reference of the fold line 60 which is displaced from the top edge 63 by the thickness of the plies. The bag may be filled at any angle since a lateral reference 63 is provided for the forming of the seal for the second rear portion 59. Similarly, by having section 58 constitute a substantial portion of the top, buckling, wrinkles and other problems of open mouth bags are reduced since a majority of the seal is formed prior to filling. A comparison between Figures 4 and 10 will illustrate that the fill line of Figure 10 is far higher than the fill line of Figure 4 therefore allowing greater use of the capacity of the bag. The ability to fill higher in Figure 10 versus Figure 4 is because the edge 63 of pre-folded top section 58 provides a reference of the lateral axis 60 and it reduces reforming problem and consequently the holding of the bag by the clamps during filling and at the sealing station may be placed at the top of the bag thereby reducing the freeboard. In the preferred embodiment, the second rear portion 59 is contiguous a gussetted side to provide maximum fill opening, per. linear lateral dimension of the face panels by using the gusset. Alternatively, the longitudinal sleeveless valve may be spaced from the side panels as illustrated in Figure 11. Two sealed rear portion 64 define a valve having a third rear portion 65. Not only does the embodiment of Figure 11 not make efficient use of the available bag material but doubles the cuts needed to seal the edge of the valve. If reduction of wrinkle or warp top surfaces are not a concern, the sealed or first rear portion 58 may be a very small portion of the top width and the second - t REA (T O PI rear portion 59 a substantial portion. The only limitation on the width of portion is that it be long enough to provide a reference edge 63 for fold axis 60 preferably an area to be clamped during filing. Although the modification of the tube shaped bag of the prior art has b described having cuts 56 and 57 made after the formation of the tube formed figures 5 through 7, the cuts of the front panel 35 and rear panel 36 may be m during the cuts needed to form the blank in figure 5. The rear panel's exterior 21 is cut along line 57 and interior ply 22 is cut along line 56. The front panel 35 cut along a line which will coincide with line 56 when folded into a tube. Also, adhesive strips including the extension onto the inner surface of exterior ply 21 m all be forward at the same time or process step. The sleeveless valve bag of the present invention may have the capability forming a hermetieal seal as illustrated in Figure 12 by being formed from a thr piy tubular bag. The outer ply 70 and middle ply 71 are of kraft or other types paper and the inner ply 72 is a plastic for example, polyethelene. The bottom front wall 73 is sealed to rear wall 74 at 75 by heat sealing and adhesive. Adhesi strips 76 are provided on the top edge, as is well known in the prior art. At le the inner ply 72 of rear wall 74 is cut along longitudinal. axis 77 and at least t outer ply 70 of rear wall 74 is cut along longitudinal axis 78. The middle ply 71 m be cut along axis 77 or 78 or in the alternative may be cut along a third longitudi axis between axis 77 and 78. The cuts along axis 77 and 78 divide the rear wall into rear wall portions 80 and 81. The first rear wall portion 80 is heat sealed alo heat seal line 82, then it is folded along fold line 83 and sealed by adhesive 76 the front wall 73. This provides the partially sealed top having a reference alo lateral fold axis 83 and produces the sleeveless valve comprising rear wall porti 81 and opposed front wall portion 73. After filling through through the valve it heat sealed along axis 82 and then folded along lateral axis 83 and bound adhesive 76 to the front wall 73. The operation and funeion of the elements Figure 11 are identical to those described in Figures 8 and 9 with the improv results of forming an hermetieal seal because of the polyethelene or plastic lin interior ply 72. It should be noted that in lieu of a plastic liner 72, an interi paper ply may be used and it may be coated with a plastic. As is well known in t prior art the heat seal 82 which binds the front and rear panels of interior ply together is longitudinally above the fold line 83 and therefore is protected by t fold and seal thereof. • ^U O The sleeveless valve of the present invention can be formed in a single ply tube. As illustrated in figures 13 and 14, a single ply 90 is creased longitudinally and folded to form front panel 91, side gussets 92 and 93, and rear panels 94 and 95. The rear panels overlap and are sealed along the length of the bag except for the height above the top edge 96 of the front panel 91. This provides the two rear wall portion extending beyond the front wall termination 96 which overlaps without cutting. The rear panel 94 is folded along top edge 96 over the front panel 91 and sealed thereto at 97 by adhesive strips 98 (only one of which is shown). It should be noted that by not cutting or folding the front ' panel 91 a good seal is formed, but not as good as the seal of figure 9. If desired, the bags of figures 9 and 12 may not include a cut in the front panels and the fold line be the top edge of the front panel. Similarly, the front panel in figure 14 may be cut and the fold line may be below the top edge 96. A non-gusset tube bag is illustrated in figure 15 as including a front panel 100 separated from a rear panel by two longitudinal creases 102 and 103. The bag is two ply having the rear panel 101 cut along lines 104 and 105 to form two rear portions 106 and 107 having overlapping ply elements. Front panel 100 is also cut along line 105. Rear portion 107 is folded about fold line 108 and sealed to front panel 100 at 109. A longitudinal sleeveless valve is ormed by rear portion 106 and opposed front panel. The seal produced for a non-gussetted tube bag is sufficient for some uses, but is not considered as good as the seal for stepped gussetted bags of figures 9 and 12. The bag of figure 15 does not have the advantage of the gusset to increase the valve opening. Similarly, Figure 15 illustrates that the valve rear panel portion 106 may constitute a larger percentage of the bag width than the seal rear panel portion 107 if so desired, though not preferred. Another embodiment of the longitudinal sleeveless valve is illustrated in figure 16 wherein the front wall panel 110 and gussets 111 are the same longitudinal length as the rear panel 112. The seal produced in this embodiment is not considered as good as those where the front panel and gussets are stepped relative to the rear panel as in figure 8. A pair of sleeveless valves may also be provided as illustrated in figure 17. A first rear wall portion 115 is sealed to the front wall 116 and a pair of second rear wall portions 117 and 118 extend beyond the seal portion forming a pair of sleeveless valves with respective gussets 119 and 120. The second rear wall portions each have a lateral extension, preferably an outer ply which extend across the sealed rear wall portion 315. - B U E Γ OMPI The versatility of the sleeveless valve is illustrated by the variance placement of figure 11 and the variance of number of figure 17. Similarly, the sty of bag and the location of the fold line may also be varied as illustrated, dependi upon the type of seal desired. From the preceding description of the preferred embodiment, the objects the invention are attained in that a sleeveless valve bag having a longitudinal filli valve is provided which is capable of being sealed without misalignment to provi a leak proof, sift proof, and insect infestation proof bag. Although the inventi has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be clearly understood that t same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way limitation. The bags have been described as being made of paper, but the inventi may be practiced with plastic bags whether tube or gussetted. The spirit and sco of this invention is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims. -BU O";"Claims 1. A bag having a sleeveless longitudinal filling valve, formed from a single blank, a tube closed at one end, and longitudinal creases forming front and rear walls, characterized by a first rear wall portion of said blank unitary to said tube being folded along a lateral axis and sealed to said front wall for providing a reference of said lateral axis, and a second rear wall portion of said blank unitary to said tube extending longitudinally beyond said lateral axis for forming with opposed front wall portion said longitudinal valve, said longitudinal valve being closable by folding said second rear wall portion along said lateral axis and sealing said second rear wall portion to said opposed front wall portion to provide a leak and sift proof and insect impervious bag. 2. The bag according to claim 1 wherein second rear wall portion extends laterally from a longitudinal edge of said rear wall. 3. The bag according to claim 2 including longitudinal creases forming a pair of gussets deposed between said front and rear walls, the gusset contiguous said second rear wall portion forming part of said longitudinal valve. 4. The bag according to claim 2 wherein said second rear wall portion includes a lateral portion extending across a portion of said first rear "" wall portion. 5. The bag according to claim 2 wherein said bag is single ply sealed along a longitudinal seam formed by two superimposed sections, said first and second rear wall portions are non-sealed extensions of said superimposed sections. 6. The bag according to claim 1 wherein said first rear wall portion includes two sections, each extending laterally from opposite longitudinal edges of said rear wall toward said second rear wall portion. 7. The bag according to claim 6 wherein said second rear wall portion includes lateral portions each extending across a portion of a respective section of said irst rear wall portion. 8. The bag according to claim 1 wherein said bag includes at least two plies of flexible sheet material, the outer ply of said second rear wall portion extends laterally beyond the termination of the inner ply of said first rear wall portion. 9. The bag according to claim 1 wherein said bag includes at least two plies of flexible material, the outer ply and inner ply of said rear wall are severed along spaced longitudinal axes to form said first and second rear wall portions having adjacent stepped lateral terminations. 10. The bag according to claim 9 wherein the outer ply of said second rear wall portion extends laterally beyond the termination of the inner ply of said first rear wall portion. 11. The bag according to claim 1 wherein said second rear wall portion includes two sections, each extending laterally from opposite lateral edges of said rear wall toward said first rear wall portion. 12. The bag according to claim 11 wherein each of said sections includes lateral projections extending across a respective portion of said first rear wall portion. 13. A bag of tubular form closed at one end and partially closed at the other end, comprising longitudinal, reversed creases along portions of said bag providing at least one gusset between front and rear wall portions, a first rear wall portion being sealed to said front wall portion forming the closed portion of said other end, a second rear wall portion extending upwardly at the open portion of said other end, said gusset extending upwardly at said open portion beyond said front wall portion and terminating below the termination of said second rear wall portion, said second rear wall portion and opposed front wall portion and said gusset forming a sealable sleeveless longitudinal filling valve. 14. The bag according to claim 13 wherein said opposed front wall portion extends upwardly beyond said closed portion and terminates below the termination of said gusset. -BU O 15. The bag according to claim 14 wherein said gusset includes two panels, the panel contiguous said opposed front wall portion terminates below the termination of the panel contiguous said second rear wall portion whereby said valve is capable of forming a leak proof, sift proof and insect impervious seal. 16. The bag according to claim 13 wherein said bag includes at least two plies of flexible sheet material, the outer ply of said first rear wall portion terminates laterally before the termination of the inner ply of said first rear wall portion and said inner ply of said second rear wall portion terminates laterally before the termination of the outer ply of said second rear wall portion. 17. The bag according to claim 16 wherein the lateral termination of said outer ply of said first and second rear wall portions and the inner ply of said first and second rear wall portion are respectively aligned longitudinally. 18. The bag according to claim 13 wherein said bag includes at least two plies of flexible sheet material, the outer ply of said second rear wall portion extends laterally beyond the termination of the inner ply of said first rear wall portion. . . - . 19. The bag according to claim 13 wherein said first rear wall portion is sealed along at least 51 percent of the width of said front wall portion. 20. A sleeveless valve bag comprising a tube closed at one end, longitudinal creases forming front and rear walls on said tube, a first rear wall portion being sealed to said front wall at the other end, a second rear wall portion extending longitudinally beyond said front wall at said other end forming a longitudinal valve between said second rear wall portion and opposed front wall portion; said opposed front wall portion extends longitudinally beyond the top of said seal and terminates below the termination of said second rear wall portion. 21. The sleeveless valve bag according to claim 20 wherein said first rear wall portion and a portion of the top of opposed front wall are folded over said front wall and sealed thereto. 22. The sleeveless valve bag according to claim 20 wherein said first rear wall portion is folded over the top edge of said front wall and sealed thereto. 23. The sleeveless valve bag according to claim 20 wherein said second rear wall portion extends laterally across a portion of said first rear wall portion. 24. A sleeveless valve bag comprising a tube closed at one end, longitudinal creases forming front and rear walls on said tube, a first rear wall portion being sealed to said front wall at the other end, a second rear wall portion extending longitudinally beyond said front wall at said other end forming a longitudinal valve between said second rear wall portion and opposed front wall portion, and said tube includes at least two contiguous plies of flexible sheet material, the outer ply of said second rear wall portion extends laterally beyond the termination of the inner ply of said second rear wall portion. 25 The sleeveless valve bag according to claim 24 wherein the termination of said outer ply of said first and second rear wall portions and the termination of said inner ply are respectively of said first and second rear wall portions aligned longitudinally. 26. The method of fabricating a tube bag including cutting a unitary blank and forming the tube from a plurality of plies of flexible material and sealing one end of the tube, the improvement comprising longitudinally cutting the rear wall of said tube, which extends beyond the front wall at the other end of the tube, from at least the longitudinal termination of said rear wall to the longitudinal termination of said front wall to divide said rear wall into a first and second rear wall portions, folding said first rear wall portion over said front wall and sealing said first rear wall portion to said front wall while maintaining said second rear wall portion in an unfolded condition to form a sleeveless valve at the opening between the front wall and said second rear wall portion. 27. The method according to claim 26 including longitudinally cutting said front wall the length of a portion of the front wall which is to be folded over when said first rear wall portion is sealed to said front wall, said cutting of said rear wall extends past the longitudinal termination of said front wall equal to said length and folding said first rear wall portion and adjacent front wall over said front wall. 28. The method according to claim 26 wherein said longitudinal cutting is performed before forming said tube. 29. The method according to claim 26 wherein said longitudinal cutting is performed after forming said tube. 30. The method according to claim 26 wherein said longitudinal cutting includes cutting the outer ply and the inner ply of said rear wall along spaced longitudes. 31. The method according to claim 30 wherein the longitudinal cutting of the outer ply is spaced from the lateral edge of the seal of said first rear wall portion forming a portion of the outer ply of said second rear wall portion which extends laterally beyond said lateral edge of said seal. 32. The method according to claim 26 wherein said sealing includes folding said first rear wall portion along a lateral axis providing a reference for folding said second rear wall portion.";RUNO W;RUNO W;1978
+WO-1979000069-A1;19790222.0;19780717;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20331914.0;C02B1;F24J3;B01D1, C02F1, F24J2;C02F   1/14, F24J   2/20B, F24J   2/20E;APPARATUS FOR SIMULTANEOUS RECOVERY OF FRESH WATER AND SALT OR CONCENTRATED SALINE SOLUTION;Apparatus for simultaneously recovering fresh water and salt or concentrated saline solution by direct collection of solar energy through special energy elements. Each energy element consists of two substantially horizontally arranged foils (10, 20), which in longitudinal direction of the elements are jointed in several places in the transverse direction, so that each element includes a plurality of longitudinal gaps (11, 12, 13, 14) for sea water transport. Each of the energy elements is attached mechanically at one end to an inlet (18) for sea water and at its remaining end (17) attached mechanically to an inlet on an evaporation chamber for the recovery of fresh water in known manner. By the invention large surfaces for solar radiation are obtained with little material consumption, thereby rendering the elements cheaper than conventional elements. The foils (10, 20) preferably are made of a black plastic material, which implies high energy absorption capacity, low weight and absence of corrosion problems.;Apparatus for simultaneous recovery of fresh water and salt or concentrated saline solution This invention relates to an apparatus for recovering simultaneously fresh water and salt or saline solution by direct collection of solar energy by means of special energy elements. The invention has the object to bring about an apparatus, which yields higher returns at a lower price compared with conventional apparatuses operated with oil, electricity or the like. The charact- erizing features of an apparatus according to the invention become apparent from the attached claims. The invention is described in greater detail in the following, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 is a front view of a flow element comprised in an apparatus according to the invention, Fig. 2 is a lateral view of the flow element, Fig. 3 is a front view of a clamping element comprised in the flow element, Fig. 4 is a lateral view of the clamping element, Fig. 5 shows an inlet (or outlet) in the flow element with a laid-in clamping element, and Fig. 6 shows an apparatus comprising several flow elements accord¬ ing to Figs . 1 -2. The flow element according to Figs . 1 -2 consists of two thin foils 10 and 20, which are jointed in longitudinal direction of the flow element by intermittent welding in several places in the transverse direction, so that the flow element includes a plurality of longitudinal gaps for water transport. In Fig. .1 three' such gaps are indicated to the left and one to the right, . their reference numerals being 11 , 12, 13, 14. The term intermittent welding is to be understood so that the welding joints are discontinuous . A welding joint is designated by 15, and a distance between two joints is designated by 16. It is pos sible in principle to weld continuous joints, but discontinuous joints give rise to a certain turbulence at the water flow. The flow element is connected at one end to two inlets 18 and at its other end to two outlets 17. Between the outlets 17 a clamping ele- OMPI ment 21 -22 is provided, the ends of which are secured in the inlets 18, and the foils 10, 20 are so laid about the clamping element, that the clamping element is located between the foils . The clamping ele ment appears more clearly from Figs . 3 -4. It has the form of a T with an arc -shaped roof 21 and a straight remaining portion 22. The manner in which the clamping element is secured in an outlet 17 and, respectively, inlet 18 appears more clearly from Fig. 5, which sho an outlet 17 from the si-de with two proj ections 171 and, re spectively 172 on the inside of the outlet. The end of the remaining straight po tion 22 is pres sed in between said proj e ctions 171 and 172. The flow element is connected in the same manner to the two inlets 18, and the foils 10, 20 are laid about a clamping element identical with the element 21 -22. The flow element may have a width of about 4 m and a length of 10 m, the distance between a welding joint and th nearest adjacent joint may be 3 to 4 cm, and the diameter of a flow gap at a system filled with water may be 2 to 3 cm. An apparatus according to the invention comprises a great number of flow elements of the kind described above. Said flow elements con¬ stitute special energy elements for direct absorption of s olar energy Each of these energy elements is at one end attached mechanically to inlets for sea water and at its remaining end attached mechanically to inlets on an evaporation chamber for recovery of fresh water in known manner . In the apparatus according to Fig. 6 the ener gy elements are divided into several units . A first one of said units compris e s a plurality of energy elements 61 1 , 612, 6ln connected in parallel, which elements are coupled mechanically on the inlet side to an inlet 613 for surface water from the s ea and on the outlet side are coupled mechanically t an inlet 614 on a first evaporation chamber 615. An outlet 616 on said fir st evaporation chamber 615 is coupled mechanically to an inle 623 on a second unit of said units , which unit consists of a plurality energy elements 621 , 622, 62n connected in parallel. Said unit is coupled mechanically on the outlet side to an inlet 624 on a second evaporation chamber 625. About twenty units with ener gy elements are coupled mechanically in the manner des cribed to about twenty evaporation chamber s, so that a last evaporation chamber 63n on the inlet side 634 is coupled to a last unit of said units, and on the outlet side 636 is coupled to a conventional salt-works 637 for evaporation of the residual water amount in the water pumped up from the sea. The evaporation chambers are designed in a manner known per se, for example according to SE-PS 387 927, comprising a first plurality of plane parallel and vertically arranged plates poured on with relative¬ ly warm sea water, and .a second plurality of plane parallel and vertically arranged plates poured on with relatively cold fresh water, • and coolers designated in Fig. 6 by 618, 628, 638. The water fed in to an evaporation chamber from a unit with energy elements has a temperature of about 70 C, and the water discharged from the evaporation chamber has a temperature of, for example, about 30 C or lower. At a temperature difference of about 40 C bet¬ ween the plates in the evaporation chamber, and at 25 evaporation chambers connected in series according to Fig. 6, 850 litre per 1000 litre sea water fed in pass over to the fresh water side. This implies that the salt content on the outlet side 636 of the last evaporation chamber amounts to about 23 %. The remaining water amount evaporates in the salt-works 637. The material in the energy elements preferably is black plastic mate¬ rial, which is covered by a foil of transparent plastic material in order to reduce convection losses between energy elements and ambient air . It is to be pointed out in this connection, that the in¬ formation in the above des cription and the attached claims that the flow elements consist of two foils, is to be understood so that two defining walls of the flow elements consist of foils . Thus, in principle nothing obstructs each foil wall to consist of several partial foils.;Claims 1. An apparatus for simultaneously recovering fresh water and sa or concentrated saline solution by direct collection of solar energy through special energy elements, characterized in that said energy elements each comprises two substantially horizontally arranged foils, which are jointed in longitudinal direction of the ele¬ ments, for example by intermittent welding, in several places in the transverse direction, so that each energy element includes a pluralit of longitudinal gaps for transport of sea water, each of said energy elements at one end attached mechanically to inlets for sea water and at its remaining end attached mechanically to inlets on an evaporatio chamber for recovering fresh water in known manner. 2. An apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in tha said energy elements are divided into a plurality of units, that a first unit of said units comprises a plurality of energy elements connected in parallel, which on the inlet side are coupled mechanically to an inlet for surface water from the sea and on the outlet side are couple mechanically to an inlet on a first evaporation chamber, that an outle on the first evaporation chamber is coupled mechanically to an inlet on a second unit of said units, that an outlet on said second unit is coupled mechanically to an inlet on a second evaporation chamber, a. s. o. , and that an outlet on the last unit of said units is coupled mechanically to an inlet on a last evaporation chamber, the outlet of . which is coupled mechanically to a conventional water-works for evaporating the residual amount of water in the water pumped up fro the sea. 3. An apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the material in said energy elements consists of black plastic material, and said energy elements are covered by a foil of trans¬ parent plastic material in order to reduce convection losses between energy elements and ambient air. TJU;ELMQVIST O;ELMQVIST O;1978
+WO-1979000071-A1;19790222.0;19780725;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25228888.0;C08G63;;C08G63;C08G  63/682D, C08G  63/81;SOLUTION POLYMERIZED HALOGENATED POLYESTERS;A process for preparing certain halogenated aromatic polyesters having a predetermined molecular weight is provided. Such polyesters are prepared by solution polymerization of an appropriate bisphenol and diacid halide wherein the diacid halide is added to a solution containing the bisphenol until the viscosity of the resulting polymer containing solution reaches a predetermined solution viscosity limit at which time the further addition of diacid halide is terminated. The solution limit is indicative of the attainment of said predetermined molecular weight. The identification of said solution viscosity limit is achieved by a feedback mechanism wherein the viscosity of the polymer containing solution is monitored or sensed during or after the addition of the diacid halide to the bisphenol containing solution.;"SOLUTION ' POLYMERIZED HALOGENATED AROMATIC POLYESTERS TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to solution polymerization of a. halogenated aromatic polyester. Halogenated aromatic polyesters may be prepared by solution polymerization of a halogenated aromatic bisph- 5- ' enol and a diacid halide. BACKGROUND ART In accordance with typical solution polymerization .procedures of the prior art, the reactants are present in a common solvent which also serves as a solvent for the polymer under the conditions of condensation. The bis-- 10. phenol and the diacid halide are dissolved in separate portions of the chosen solvent. A catalyst or acid acceptor is added and the solutions are combined with agitation. Control of the molecular weight of the resulting polymer has hereto-fore De en achieved by utili- 15. zing specific amounts of reactants in accordance with exact stoichiometric calculations. Once the required amount of reactants have been determined in this manner they are rapidly combined and allowed to polymerize until ' a maximum inherent viscosity is achieved. Although this 20. method is capable of achieving a polymer having predet¬ ermined molecular weight such a procedure possesses many disadvantages when carried Ou""on- a.commercial scale. For example, commercial starting materials are non-uniform and they vary from batch to batch. Moreover, the start- 25. ing materials often contain impurities which, although not adversely affecting the resultant polymer, require correction in the above described calculations to account for their presence.. Thus, a non-uniform and impure starting material often leads to weighing errors which in 30. turn give rise to deviations from the predetermined molecular weight in the final polymer product. Typical solution polymerization procedures for preparing polyesters are outlined in the U.S. Patent Nos. Nos. 3,234,167 and 3,309,334. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION - 5. It is therefore an object of the present invention t provide an improved and relatively inexpensive process fo the preparation of high molecular weight halogenated aromatic polyesters of the type disclosed herein. The process has the advantage that it enables one to produce 10. the polymer with a predictable molecular weight range, reproducibly, and is readily controlled. According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided a means for preparing a halogenated aromatic polyester having a predetermined molecular weigh 15. and of the following recurring structural formula: 20. where X, which.may be the same or different, is chlorine or bromine, Y, which may be the same or different, is . hydrogen, chlorine or bromine, R and R τ may be the same o different and represent lower alkyl groups, or hydrogen, or together constitute a cyclic hydrocarbon group, and n 25, equals at least 10, by the solution polymerization of a halogenated bisphenol and a diacid halide selected from the group consisting of isophthaloyl chloride, terephth- aloyl chloride-,and mixtures thereof which comprises pro¬ viding a solution comprising an organic solvent, a halo¬ 30. genated aromatic bisphenol, and an acid acceptor, adding the said diacid halide to the said solution under con¬ ditions such that the said diacid halide reacts with the said halogenated aromatic bisphenol to form a polymer, sensing the viscosity of the solution con aining the 5. resulting polymer, and terminating the addition of the diacid halide in response .to the sensing of a predeter¬ mined solution viscosity limit as defined herein. In another form of the invention the said solution containing the halogenated aromatic bisphenol is sensed 10. as said diacid halide is added thereto forming the polymer and thereby causing an increase in solution viscosity, and the addition of the diacid halide is controlled in response to the sensed solution viscosity as the sensed solution viscosity approaches a predetermined solution viscosity 15. limit as defined herein, and the addition of the diacid halide is terminated in response to the sensing of the predetermined solution viscosity limit. The addition of diacid halide is preferably con¬ trolled by gradually reducing the amount of the diacid 20. halide, which is added to the solution containing the polymer, to zero as the sensed viscosity reaches the predetermined .solution viscosity limit. In another modification the said diacid halide is added to the solution of halogenated aromatic bisphenol 25. in an amount less than the amount necessary to achieve stoichiometric equivalence with the halogenated aromatic bisphenol, the viscosity'of the solution is sensed, an additional .amount of diacid halide is added in response to the sensed solution viscosity as the sensed solution 30. viscosity approaches a predetermined solution viscosity limit and the addition of the diacid halide is terminate in response to the sensing of the predetermined solution viscosity limit. Halogenated aromatic polyesters prepared in accord¬ 5. ance with the process of this invention have recurring 10. where X, which may be the same or different, is chlorine or bromine, Y, which may be the same or different is hydrogen, chlorine, or bromine, R, and R 1 may be the sam or different and represent lower alkyl groups (e. g. , of 1 to 5 carbon atoms), or hydrogen, or together constitute 15. a cyclic hydro-carbon group, and n equals at least 10 (e. g., n equals about 40 to 400). Commonly the aromatic polyester utilized in accordance with the process of this invention has a chlorine and/or bromine content of about 5% to 60^ by weight based upon the weight of the aromati 20. polyester, (e.g., a chlorine and/or bromine content of about 25% to 50% by weight). As is apparent from the structural formula, the aromatic polyester is chlorinated and/or brominated in the sense "" that .these substituents ar directly attached to an aromatic ring. Preferably the 25. halogen substituents are all "" bromine. The halogenate _aromatic polyesters conforming to the above-defined formula are prepared by reacting sub¬ stantially equimolar amounts of (1) an appropriate bisphenol and (2) a diacid halide such as isophthaloyl 30, chloride, terephthaloyl chloride, ' , or mixtures thereof by I solution polymerization. Initially, the appropriate bisphenol is dissolved in a suitable solvent. A catalyst or acid acceptor is also dissolved in the solvent prior to the addition of the 5 ' . diacid halide. The bisphenols which are useful in the preparation of the polyesters having recurring units of the formula illustrated above have the structure: 15- where X, Y, R, and R 1 , have the same significance as set forth hereinabove. Suitable bisphenols which are useful in the practice of this invention include 4,4'-methylene- 2 , 2 * , 6, 6 * ,-tetrabromodiphenol; 4,4'-ethylidene-2,2' ,6,6'- tetrabromodiphenol; 4,4 l -isopropylidene-2,2 : ,6,6'- 20. tetrachlorodiphenol(i.e. , tetrachlorobisphenol A); 2,2-bis(3-chloro 4-hydroxy phenyl) propane; 2,2-bis(3-bromo 4-hydroxy phenyl) propane; 1, -bis(5-bromo 4-hydroxy phenyl) ethane; 1 ,1-bis(5-chloro 4-hydroxy phenyl) ethane; 2,2-bis(3 chloro.5-hromo 4-hydroxy phenyl) 25. propane; bis(3-chloro 4-hydroxy phenyl) methane; bis(3, - dichloro 4-hydroxy phenyl) methane; 1,1-bis(3,5-dichloro 4-hydroxy phenyl) ethane; as well as their alkali metal salts. Preferred bisphenols useful in the practice of this 30. invention are.4,4'-isopropylidene-2, '6,6'-tetrabromodi- phenol also known as tetrabromobisphenol A and 4,4'- isopropylidene-2,2 τ ,6,6' tetrachlorodiphenol also known as tetrachlorobisphenol A. Many brominated bisphenols of the above-described 5. structure are commercially available and may be prepared by the condensation of a lower alkyl ketone or aldehyde with tv/o molecules of the phenol and subsequently bro - inating and/or chlorinating the unsubstituted phenol. This reaction is usually carried out, with or without an 10. inert solvent, in the presence of an acid. This reaction is summarized in the case of X and Y being bromine in the following equations wherein R and R* have the meanings hereinabove described. techniques are employed, the solvent in which the bi¬ sphenol and catalyst or acid acceptor are dissolved and in which the reaction takes place should be inert and incapable of reacting with any of the components present 30. therein. Furthermore, the solvent should be -a solvent for both the starting materials as well as the resulting polymer. This allows the solvent to help maintain the forming . polymer in a more workable form. Those suitable solvents which may be utilized in the 5. solution .polymerization technique described herein in¬ clude chloroalkanes, aromatic and chloroaromatic compounds such as methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethane, trichloroethane, chlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, dichloroethane, benzene, toluene, xylene, or mixtures 10. thereof. The catalyst or acid .acceptor is preferably a ter¬ tiary amine, (or a mixture of tertiary amines) which is capable of undergoing a reaction with the bisphenol to form a complex salt. Generally potential stoichiometric amounts 15. of the bisphenol and the acid acceptorare employed al¬ though a molar excess of acid acceptor of about 5 to about 10% over the stoichiometric amount is preferred. Thus the ratio of the tertiary amine to the bisphenol is about 2:1 and preferably from about 2.1:1 to about 2.2:1. A 20. bisphenol salt subsequently reacts with the diacid halide - and liberates an amine chloride. Suitable acid acceptors include any tertiary amine or mixtures thereof. Representative examples ..of'suitable tertiary amine 25. acid acceptors include triethylamine, diamino -2, 2, 2, bicyclo octane, tripropyl amine, dimethyl aniline, pyridine, dimethyla ine, and benzyl amine. It will be noted "" that halogenated aromatic polyesters of this invention are prepared by the condensation of 30. bisphenols with the diacid halides of isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid or mixtures thereof. The- use of a diacid halide as opposed to.other corresponding derivatives is critical, the direct preparation of polymers from bisphenols and free acids being normally n 5. possible. These acid halides may be derived from a corresponding dicarboxylic acid by any one of several "" methods well known in the art such as reacting the respective acids with thionyl chloride. Thus, the diaci halide.is preferably utilized in the form of a diacid 10. chloride. It is generally preferred to dissolve the diacid halide in the same type of solvent utilized to prepare t solution containing the halogenated bisphenol. Although this is not critical the employment- of a solvent provide 15. for a more accurate control of the addition of the diaci halide to the bisphenol containing solution. In preparing a preferred brominated aromatic poly¬ ester, the diacid halide will generally be utilized in t form of an aromatic acid chloride mixture of 45 to 75% 20. (e.g., 60%) by weight isophthaloyl chloride and correspo ■ ingly 55 to 25% (e.g., 40%) by weight terephthaloyl chloride. ' In preparing a preferred chlorinated aromatic poly ester, the diacid halide will generally be utilized as a aromatic acid chloride mixture of ' 90 to 40%, and prefer- 25. ably from 80 to 60% (e.g., 70%) by weight isophthaloyl chloride and correspondingly.10 to 60% and preferably form 20 to 40% (e.g., 30%) by weight terephthaloyl ' chloride. For smooth- operation in a stirred solution 30. polymerization, the resulting polymer product preferably should be about 10% or less on the basis of the total weight of the solvent although percentages as high as 25% may be utilized depending upon the molecular weights of the polymer. 5. Generally substantially stoichiometric amounts of each reactant are employed; typical molar amounts of from - 1:0.8:2 to about 1:0.2:0.8, of -the ratio of bisphenol, isophthaloyl chloride and terephthaloyl chloride, respectively, are utilized. 10. In calculating the amounts of reactants which are to be utilized to achieve a predetermined molecular weight the assumption is made that the reactants are pure and any error which may be introduced into said calculation as a result of this assumption is ignored. This assumption is 15. made possible by the compensating effect of the feedback techniques described herein, which permit one to achieve a desired molecular weight in the absence of exact stoichio¬ metric calculations. Thus, the essence of the presently claimed invention 20. lies in the ability to terminate the addition of the di¬ acid halide to the bisphenol containing solution at the precise point necessary to obtain a polymer having a pre¬ determined molecular weight without making complex pre¬ liminary calculations to determine exact stoichiometric 25. requirements. The identificatio -of this termination point or end point is achieved by a feedback mechanism wherein the viscosity of the polymer containing solution is monitored or sensed during or after the addition of the diacid halide to the bisphenol containing solution. After the molecular weight which may be expressed a a weight average Mw and/or a-number average Mn and which is to characterize a final end product polymer-has been determined, the viscosity of a solution (herein referred 5. to as the solution .viscosity limit) utilized in, accord¬ ance with the solution polymerization reaction which is indicative of a degree of polymerization sufficient to yield the said final end product polymer of the desired molecular weight must also be determined. This is 10. achieved by relating the solution viscosity to molecular weight. Such a relationshp cannot be easily obtained directly and therefore is generally obtained indirectly expressing the molecular weight in terms of a standardiz viscosity which takes into account the variations of 15. viscosity as a result of variations in the concentration of the solution measured. • The preferable standardized viscosity utilized to relate molecular weight to solution viscosity is inheren viscosity. As is well known in the polymer art, the in- 20. herent viscosity is determined by measuring the relative viscosity of a 0.1% solution of the polymer at 25°C in a suitable solvent, such as chloroform or a 10/7 (w/w) mix¬ ture of phenoϊ/trichlorophenol. The viscosity of the polymer solution is measured relative to the solvent alon 25. and the inherent viscosity (I,. Vs) is determined from the following equation: V, In V, I . V. = In the above formula, V is the efflux time of the solution, V-, is the e flux time of the solvent, and C is the concentration expressed in grams of polymer per hundered millilitres of solution. As is also known in the polymer 5. art, inherent viscosity is onotonically related to the molecular weight of the polymer. The molecular weight of the halogenated aromatic polyesters may be determined by any method known to those skilled in the art such as illustrated by W. Sorenson and 10. T. Campbell, Preparative Methods of Polymer Chemistry (1968), The inherent viscosity value which relates the specifi c predetermined molecular weight to the solution viscosity limit is referred to as the ""inherent viscosity limit."" 15. More specifically, the ""inherent viscosity limit"" is hereby defined as the inherent viscosity of a polymer having a particular molecular weight which molecular v/eight corresponds to- the predetermined molecular weight of a polymer sought to be prepared in accordance with the solu- 20.- tion polymerization process of the present invention. The ""solution viscosity limit"" is hereby defined as the viscosity of a solution containing a polymer having a particular inherent viscosity limit (i.e., a given pre¬ determined molecular weight) measured under conditions 25. which will be present during the actual solution poly¬ merization. Thus, a predetermined molecular weight of a given polymer can be expressed in terms of an ""inherent viscosity limit"" and a corresponding ""solution viscosity limit."" The ""inherent viscosity limit"" is a standarized laboratory oriented value which can easily be empiricall related to a predetermined molecular weight of a polymer and which serves to link the solution viscosity limit t 5. said predetermined ' molecular weight. The ""solution viscosity limit"" is a commercially oriented parameter which is related to the predetermined molecular v/eight o a polymer by correlation with the ""inherent viscosity limit"" of the polymer and which serves to identify the 10. end point at which the addition of -fche diacid halide to the bisphenol is terminated. As described above, the attainment of this end point is readily ascertained during the process of solution polymerization by directl sensing the viscosity of the solution containing the 15- reactants and polymerproduct as the diacid halide is added to the bisphenol containing solution. Thus, when the sensed solution viscosity reaches a solution viscosi limit (i.e., the solution viscosity limit as determined by any sensing means) the addition or further addition o 20. diacid halide to the bisphenol is terminated. It is to be emphasized that although utilization of inherent viscosity to relate solution viscosity to molecular weight is preferred, any standardized viscosit index such as kinematic viscosity or intrinsic viscosity 25. can provide the required relationship to permit the determination of the ""solution viscosity limit."" The sensing of the solution viscosity may be accom¬ plished by any suitable-means, such as a Brookfield viscometer on withdrawn samples or an in-line viscomete 30. Alternatively, the pressure drop of a constant volume ' . flow- through a recycle loop may be monitored and corr¬ elated, to the solution viscosity. The preferred method for sensing the viscosity of the solution is to. measure the change in torque of a 5. constant speed agitator which- is in contact with the polymer containing solution. Since the change in torque is a function of the change in solution viscosity the agitator can be calibrated to accurately determine the solution viscosity by any method well known to those 10. skilled in the art. The sensing of the solution viscosity may be continuous or intermittent the only requirement being that the sensing' be sufficient to accurately indicate when the solution viscosity has reached the solution 15. viscosity limit and to provide sufficient time to terminate the addition of the diacid halide before the solution viscosity limit is exceeded. It is therefore possible to tailor the rate of addition in accordance With the duration and type of sensing employed. Thus, 20. the rate of addition may proceed in a manner similar to that utilized ina conventional titration process. In¬ itially, therefore, an amount of diacid halide which is less than the amount necessary to achieve stoichiometric equivalence v/ith the halogenated bisphenol and which is 25. insufficient to drive the ..polymerization reaction to the extent necessary to reach the solution viscosity limit is rapidly added to the bisphenol containing solution. Said amount is determined by treating the reactants as if they contained no impurities and any error which might 30. result therefrom is compensated for by the feedback mech- . anisrn described herein. Thus, as the purity of reactan and therefore the accuracy of the determination of such amounts ' improves, the rate of addition during Hie initi stages of polymerization may be increased and the initi 5. sensing may be held to a minimum. When proceeding in this manner, the first feed which contains substantial amounts of diacid halide may constitute from about 60 t about 95% of the amount of diacid halide necessary to achieve the stoichiometric equivalence for the bispheno 10. After, the first feed the viscosity of the solution rapidly increases and begins to approach the solution viscosity limit. Further addition of the diacid halide therefore should proceed at a decreasingly slower rate to avoid over-shooting the solution viscosity limit. Th 15. intermittent approach to sensing an addition of the diac halide to the bisphenol solution is generally applicable to the batch type of process. If it is desired to prepare the halogenated aromati polyester b a continuous process the addition of the 20. diacid halide. to the bisphenol containing solution as we as the sensing of the solution viscosity is more conven¬ iently carried out in a continuous manner. Thus, the viscosity of the bisphenol containing solution may be sensed from the first addition of the diacid halide unti 25. such addition is terminated. The rate of addition of th diacid halide to the bisphenol containing solution will be high during the initial stages of polymerization.and decrease to zero at the solution viscosity limit. In a preferred embodiment, the polymerization 30. reaction may be carried out in a continuous manner, by which the reactants are continuously introduced into the reaction, zone and the polymer product is continuously prepared and withdrawn. This may be achieved, for example by utilizing a cylindrical tube, having static 5. "" mixers, as a reaction vessel. . The bisphenol containing solution is passed through the tube while adding the diacid halide at various points along the longitudinal axis in response to the viscosity of the polymer contain¬ ing solution as it is sensed at the outgoing portion of 10. the tube. Thus, the diacid halide is added in large amounts at the downstream portion of the tube and in gradually decreasing amounts at positions further upstream in the tube. The final concentration of the polymer in solution 15. is about 3 to about 25%, preferably from about 5 to about 20% and most preferably from about 7 to about 1 %. At these, percentages of concentration, the solution vis¬ cosity will generally vary from about 1 to about 3000 ppise, preferabH-y from about 5 to about 2000 poise and 20. most preferably from about 10 to 1000 poise. Polymerization is effective at temperatures which may vary from about 0 to about 200°C, preferably from about 10 to about 100°C, and most preferably from about 15 to about 50°C, and at pressures which 25. may vary from about 0.01 to ' about- 0 atmospheres and preferably from about 0.1 to about 10 atmospheres. Agitation of the reactantswill e sufficient to evenly disperse the diacid halide throughout the bisphenol containing solution to avoid'a build-up of the concen- 30. tration of ""the diacid halide in a localized area within the reaction mixture. Such agitation may be supplied b any of the standard means of mixing such as by stirrer shaker, static mixer, spray nozzle or other flowing agitating means. 5. After polymerization the polymer is generally recovered by washing the polymer containing solution wi dilute, aqueous hydrogen chloride to neutralize the excess acid acceptor. The polymer solution is then washed with water, to remove salts and collected in any 10. suitable manner such as by evaporation of the solvent o by precipitation of the polymer in a suitable non-solven such as acetone or methanol The polymer may then be con¬ centrated to a desired spinning dope viscosity or dilute without isolation if the polymer is a solid, and there- 15. after processed for shaping, e.g., spun or cast for maki fibers or films, respectively. Generally, the solution polymerization technique described herein is utilized to control the molecular ' weight of the halogenated aromatic polyesters in a manne 20. sufficient to obtain a polymer having inherent viscosity (IV) limits which may vary from about 0.4 to about 1.7, preferably from about 0.6 to about 1.5, and most pref¬ erably from about 0.7 to about 1.2, which are indicative of polymers having a weight average molecular v/eight Mw 25. of about 25,000 to about 150-,000 .preferably from about 41,000 to about 127,000, and most preferably from about 50,000 to about 97,000. ' The above described inherent viscosity ranges will generally correspond to solution viscosity limits of 30. about 1 to about 3000 poise, typically from about 5 to about 1000 poise and preferablyfrom about 30 to about 95 poise at 'the typical final solution concentrations described above. The halogenated aromatic polyesters prepared by the 5 "" . - process o the presently claimed invention may be diss¬ olved in a suitable spinning or casting solvent, such as methylene chloride or tetrahydrofuran and formed into a shaped article, such as a fiber or film. BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The invention may be put into practice in various 10. ways and certain specific embodiments will be given to illustrate it with reference to the accompanying examples. All parts and percentages in the examples as well as the remainder of the specification are by weight.unless other¬ wise specified. EXAMPLE 1 15. The objective of this example is to obtain a polymer with an inherent viscosity between 0.9 and 1.1 which corresponds to a weight average molecular weight (AW) Mw of from 68,000 to about 87,000 and a solution viscosity limit of from "" about 40 to about 71 poise. Thus, a 20. "" brominated aromatic polyester containing bromine chem¬ ically bound to an aromatic ring and possessing the structural formula heretofore illustrated where X and Y are bromine groups, R and R' are methyl groups and n is about 100 is prepared by solution polymerization in the 25. following manner. The amounts of reactants utilized in this example are based on theoretical stoichiometric requirements to achieve the desired molecular weight and no correction is made for other factors such as impurities in the reactants which 30. might affect the theoretical requirements. Thus, parts by weight of 4,4' - isopropylidene - ' 2,2'. 6,6' - tetrabromodiphenol are added to a reactionvessel con¬ taining about 1800 parts by weight of methylene chloride and 80 parts by weight of triethylamine with agitation. 5. A solution of a mixture of diacid halide comprising 44.7 parts by weight of previously distilled isophth¬ aloyl chloride and about 29.8 parts by weight of prev¬ iously distilled terephthaloyl chloride and 213.8 parts by weight of methylene chloride is then added at a rate 10. of 3«37 liters per minute to the bisphenol containing solution over a period of time of about one half hour, and at a temperature of about 30°C. The viscosity of the resulting solution is then sensed by measuring the viscosity of an in-line sample at 30°C with a Brookfield 15. viscometer (spindle no, 4 -6 ) and found to be less than 2 poise. The viscosity was found to be independent of the rate.of shear. An additional amount of the same diacid halide solution which has been diluted to about 2.5 percent by 20. weight is then added.at a rate of 0.76 liters per minute. After a period of time ofabout 20 to 30 minutes the • solution viscosity increases to about 2 poise at 30°C and the flow rate is decreased to 0.26 liters per minute over a period of about 20 to 30. minutes. The viscosity 25. of the solution is then sensed in the manner described above and found to be 20 poise. The previously diluted diacid halide solution is then charged to the reaction vessel at a flow rate of about 0.11 liters per minute in progressively shorter increments until the solution 30. viscosity is sensed as being 45 poise at 30°C. This solution viscosity corresponds to an inherent viscosity limit of about 0.95 which meets the objective. At the termination of addition of the diacid halide solution the polymer is present at a concentration of about 10% by 5. weight in the final reaction solution. The polymer containing solution is then washed with a 5% aqueous solution of HC1 and decanted to remove the triethylamine as a salt. This procedure is repeated four times. The polymer is then washed with distilled water 10. to remove HC1 until the pH remains constant. The washed polymer is then precipated with methanol and recovered for molecular weight determination to confirm that the target molecular weight has been achieved. The final mole ratios of the components utilized are 15. 1 part tetrabrominated bisphenol, 1.02 parts of 60:40 mixture of isophthaloyl and terephthaloyl chloride and 2.15 parts triethylamine. The results of this example are summarized in S Table 1. ' EXAMPLE II 20. Example 1 is repeated with the exception that the objective is to prepare a polymer having an inherent viscosity of about 1.1 to about 1.2 which corresponds to a weight average molecular- Weight (AW) Mw of from about 87,000 to about 97,000 and a solution viscosity 25. limit of from about 71 poise to about 95 poise. The same amounts of the reactants were used as in Example 1. The results of this example are summarized in Table 1. Table I. , 5. Solution Inherent Viscosity Viscosity Example' Limit Limit AW (Mw) I 45 poise ' 0.95 73,000 II 84 poise 1.15 92,000 EXAMPLE III 10. . The objective of this example is to describe how the solution viscosity limit is determined. A target weight average molecular weight of 97,000 is determined wherein n of the structural formula is about 150 and the polymer utilized in Example 1 having said predetermined molecular 15. weight is prepar ' ed. This is achieved by first determinin the exact stoichiometric requirements necessary to obtain a polymer of the desired molecular weight, taking into account such factors as purity of. the reactants, solvent reactivity, side reactions of the diacid chlorides and 20. amine acid acceptors and polymer hydrolysis. Thus, 201.7 parts of 4,4' - isopropylidene - 2,2', 6,6'- tetrabromodi phenol is added to a reaction vessel containing about . 1800 parts by weight ethylene chloride and 82 parts by weight triethylamine under agitation. A solution of a diacid halide mixture comprising 25. 46.0 parts by weight of previously distilled isophthaloyl chloride, 30.8 parts by weight of ' previously distilled terephthaloyl chloride and 320 parts by weight methylene chloride is then rapidly and completely added to the ; solution containing the bisphenol in a single increment 30. and reacted-therewith ' at a temperature of 35 C. The reaction vessel is cooled to terminate the reaction after a period of 1 hour when the polymer has achieved a maximum ' inherent viscosity of 1.2 which corresponds to the desired molecular weight. This inherent viscosity is 5. then designated as the inherent viscosity limit for said target molecular weight. A sample of the resulting poly¬ mer solution, wherein the polymer is present in an amount of 10% by weight thereof, is removed, from the reaction vessel and maintained at a temperature of 30 C. The 10. solution viscosity of this sample is then determined by a Brookfield viscometer (spindle no. 4-6) and found to be 95 poise. The viscosity was found to be independent of the rate of shear. This solution viscosity is then designated as the solution viscosity limit for said target 15. molecular.weight. This procedure is repeated several times utilizing different target molecular weights. A table is then drafted which lists different target molecular weights and corresponding inherent viscosity limits and solution viscosity limits (e.g., at a typical 20. polymer concentration described herein). Such a table is provided for a polymer prepared by reacting tetrabrom- obisphenol A and a 60:40 mixture of isophthaloyl: terephthaloyl -chloride at Table II. TABLE II 25. Target Ihher-ent'' :,, . Solution Viscoisity Weight Average _ Viscosity • Limit at 10% Molecular Weight Mw • Limit Polymer Cone. 50,000 0.7 19 poise 55,000 . ' 0.8 28 poise 68,000 0.9 40 poise 77,000 1.0 52 poise β 87,000 1.1 71 poise 97,000 1.2 95 poise 30. 107,000 1.3 140 poise INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The presently claimed process avoids the necessity for careful and mostly weighing and analysis procedures necessitated by the raw materials used to prepare .the polymer and allows for the production of a 5. uniform product of a predictable molecular weight range. The halogenated aromatic polyesters described here¬ in may be used to produce a number of inherently non- burning fibrous materials which offer the public a great degree of fire safety, particularly when fibrous article 10. are required for use in fire-control environments, e.g., children's sleepwear, suits for fire fighters, hospita _lι furnishings, and uniforms for military and civilian personnel. N";"CLAIMS 1 * . A process for preparing a halogenated aromatic polyester ' by the solution polymerization of a halogenated bisphenol and a diacid halide characterized in that the halogenated aromatic polyester has a predetermined molecular weight and is of the following recurring structural formula: where X, which may be the same or different, is chlorine or bromine, Y, which may be the same or different, is hydrogen, chlorine or bromine, R and R', which may be the same or different, represent lower alkyl groups, or hydrogen, or together constitute a cyclic hydrocarbon • group, and n-equals at least 10, the diacid halide being selected from the group consisting of isophthaloyl chloride, terephthaloyl chloride and mixtures thereof and in that the process comprises providing a solution com¬ prising (a) an organic solvent (b) a halogenated aromati c ' bisphenol, and (c) an acid acceptor, adding the diacid halide to the said solution under conditions such that the said diacid halide reacts with the said halo¬ genated aromatic bisphenolto form a polymer, sensing the viscosity of the solution containing the resulting polymer and terminating the add¬ ition of the diacid halide in response .to the sensing of a predetermined solution viscosity IjuREΛZr O PI limit (as defined herein). 2.. A method as claimed in Claim 1 in which the viscosity of the -solution containing the halogenated aromatic bis¬ phenol is sensed as said diacid halide is added thereto forming the polymer and thereby causing an increase in solution viscosity and the.addition of the diacid halide is controlled in response to the sensed solution viscosity as the sensed solution viscosity approaches a predetermined solution viscosity limit; and the addition of the diacid halide is terminated in response to the sensing of the predetermined solution viscosity limit. 3. A process as claimed in Claim 1 in which the said diacid halide is added to the solution of halogenated aromatic bisphenol in an amount less than the amount necessary to achieve stoichiometric equivalence with the halogenated bisphenol, the viscosity of the solution is sensed, an additional amount of diacid halide is added in r sponse to the sensed solution viscosity as the sensed solution viscosity approaches a predetermined solution viscosity limit and the addition of the diacid halide is terminated in response to the sensing of the predetermined solution viscosity limit. 4. A process as claimed in Cla:μn 1, 2 or 3 in which the said halogenated aromatic polyester ' is a product of tetrabromobisphenol A and a mixture of 45 to 75% by weight isophthaloyl chloride and correspondingly 55 to 25% by weight terephthaloyl chloride,_ 5. A process as .claimed in Claim 4 in which the said "" halogenated aromatic polyester is a product of tetrabrom¬ obisphenol A and a mixture of about 60% by weight isoph¬ thaloyl chloride and about 40% by weight terephthaloyl £.0 , chloride . 6. A process as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3 in which the said halogenated aromatic polyester is a product of tetrachlorobisphenol A and a mixture of 40 to 90% by weight isophthaloyl chloride and correspondingly 60 to 10% by weight terephthaloyl chloride. 7. A process as claimed in Claim 6 in which the halo¬ genated aromatic polyester is a product of tetrachloro¬ bisphenol A and a mixture of about 70% by weight isop¬ hthaloyl. chloride and correspondingly about 30% by weight terephthaloyl chloride. 8. A process as claimed in Claim 1, 2 or 3 in which the predetermined molecular weight, is a weight average molecular weight M w which is in the range from about 25,000 to about 150,000. N 9. A process as claimed in Claim 8, in which the solution viscosity limits which correspond to said molecular weights vary from about 1 to about 3000 poise. 0. A halogenated aromatic polyester whenever made by a method as claimed in Claim*-/), 2 or 3.";ROSENTHAL A, SAKOWITZ M, STACKMAN R;CELANESE CORP;1978
+WO-1979000077-A1;19790222.0;19780726;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;27124508.0;A61B19;A61L1, A61L3, B65D51;A61B19, A61L2, B65D51;A61B  19/02P, A61L   2/26;STERILIZED STORAGE CONTAINER AND METHOD;The invention pertains to the steam sterilization of objects (100) in a container (10) which serves as the storage container for the sterilized objects until the latter are ready for use. The container (10) automatically seals itself during the sterilization cycle and before removal from the sterilizer so that the container contents are maintained in an aseptic environment without danger of recontamination during storage. In the Figures 1-13 embodiments, a valve opening (36) permits steam to circulate into a container (10) and permits condensation to drain from the container while the valve (52) is open. Steam within an expandable chamber (66), (166), captured through the closing of a temperature responsive valve (92, 192), causes the chamber to expand when pressure drops at the end of a sterilizing cycle, and closes the valve (52). A lid (12) and gasket (16) permit steam to be withdrawn from the container but prevent air flow into the container. In the Figures 14-16 embodiments, container bottom wall (314) is sloped so that condensation will flow to the edges. A lid (312) is held partially open by an actuator pin (344) connected to an expandable chamber (342). Steam captured through valve (352, 354) expands in response to the pressure drop at the end of the sterilizing cycle to expand the chamber to withdraw the pin and allow the lid to close. In the Figures 17-22 embodiments, an expandable chamber (440) moves a lever mechanism (422) to seal a container at a predetermined pressure after a final vacuum in a sterilizing cycle but before the container is removed from the sterilizer.;"STERILIZED STORAGE CONTAINER AND METHOD Technical Field This invention relates to an improved system for storing items while they are being sterilized, while they are being stored awaiting use, while they are in the process of being used, and after they have been used and are awaiting resterilization. The system is particularly useful in connection with the sterilization and storage of medical items, such as surgical instruments. Background of the Invention The most commonly used method for sterilizing surgical instruments and other medical items is to place them in towels which are enclosed in a sheet and taped shut for placing in a sterilizing autoclave. Sterilizing steam applied to the interior of the autoclave penetrates the porous materials surrounding the items to be sterilized. Moisture is removed by a vacuum drying cycle within a vacuum autoclave. When pressure is then returned to normal by admitting room air, unsterile air and lint from the towels is drawn into the center of the package. When the package is removed from the autoclave and cooled, additional room air circulates into the package. Thus, the items are immediately contaminated to some extent. If the package is not used immediately and placed in storage for a period of time, it must be returned to the autoclave for resterilization. It is estimated that two-thirds of sterilization work load * in many hospitals is for items that were not used within the shelf life of the pack. This, of course, is an expensive and ' inefficient procedure which adds to the skyrocketing costs of medical treatment. Thus, a need exists for a practical and reliable system for handling sterile items and for maintaining sterility. German patent No. 1,642,161 and U.S.A. patents 2,092,445; 2,997,397; and 3,468,471 disclose sterilizing containers and provide some improvement over the towel method discussed above, but they still do not completely sterilize and seal the containers' contents in a dry essentially atmosphere free condition. Disclosure of the Invention The present invention is a combination of U.S. application -No. 895,239, ' filed April 10, 1978 and U.S. patent application. Serial No. 821,042, filed August 1, 1977, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application. Serial No. 734,228, filed October 20, 1976, which in a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application, Serial No. 703,044, filed on July 6, 1976, which is an continuation-in-part of application Serial No. 640,824, filed December 15, 1975. The latter four U.S.A. patent applications and two earlier U.S.A. patent applications. Serial No. 710,521, filed August 2, 1976 and Serial No. 710,522, filed August 2, 1976 in the name of Roger S. Sanderson disclose containers in which the items to be sterilized are placed within the container and the container is then placed within an autoclave or other sterilizer. The container is initially sufficiently open to permit the sterilizing environment to circulate within the interior of the container and the container is then sealed at an appropriate stage to maintain sterility. Further, - even when closed, the container in the earlier joint inventor cases is constructed such that steam can escape or be withdrawn from the container when the pressure on the interior of the container exceeds the pressure on the exterior but does not permit flow into the chamber. Consequently, the container is usually essentially dry with a vacuum type autoclave wherein a vacuum is 'applied to the container at the end of the steaming cycle. ' Also, only a slight amount of moisture remains in the - comtainer with a gravity-type autoclave for most sterilizing operations, and this moisture can be absorbed by a small quantity of dessicant. However, with loads involving a considerable mass, such as a large quantity of surgical instruments, steam must be circulated through the autoclave for a long time to heat the load to the necessary sterilizing temperature. During this operation, a significant amount of steam condenses on the colder metal. Although this condensate is eventually sterilized in the autoclave, it is desirable that the container in which the load is stored be as dry as possible. In German patent referred to above, the container provided has a valve in its lower wall which remains open until the temperature drops at the end of a steaming phase of a sterilizing cycle. Consequently, any condensate occurring drains from the container through the open valve. However, that container is not trμly sealed in that unsterile air is admitted through a relief valve. In one form of the present invention, a valve is positioned in the lower wall of a container which remains open until the pressure drops at the end of the sterilizing cycle, which seals the - container from further flow into the container. The valve closing means includes an inflatable chamber which is initially open to high pressure steam in an autoclave, and is then automatically closed in response to the steam temperature, capturing a quantity of high pressure steam within the expandable chamber. This steam causes the chamber to expand at the end of the steaming phase of * the cycle when there is a significant pressure drop. The force created by the expanding chamber is employ¬ ed to close the valve in the container wall. The container lid, gasket and base are - constructed such that residual steam can be with¬ drawn from the container even after the valve is closed when the pressure on the exterior of the container is less than the pressure on the interior of the container. Moreover, when the pressure on the exterior is ' increased, this pressure holds the valve in closed position and draws the lid more tightly on the base. In another form of the present invention, an inflatable chamber-type actuator is employed to ensure that the container is held open until after the end of the steaming phase to permit condensate to drain from the container and the container is then automatically closed. More specifically, in this arrangement, the container is formed with a generally flat base having no side walls, with the center of the base being raised slightly from the periphery so that condensate can flow to the edge of the container. The lid, which includes a top wall and depending side walls, cooperates with the base to close the container. The lid is initial¬ ly held open on one side by an element extending between the lid and the base. The element is connected to be withdrawn by the force produced by an expandable chamber, which expands as the pres¬ sure drops within the autoclave at the end of a pressure steaming phase. Thus, instead of the expandable chamber closing a valve, it simply releases the lid and allows it to fall into position. A simple, separate relief valve may be provided for manually relieving the vacuum later formed in the container, to permit opening of the container. In a preferred form of the invention, the element holding the lid open is a pin which is connected to one end of a generally disc-shaped expandable, balloon-like chamber, with the pin extending through the chamber and out the other end. The chamber is positioned against an upwardly extending support on the periphery of the base with the pin extending through a hole in the support to hold the lid spaced from the base. Thus, when the chamber expands, the end of the chamber which is connected to the pin moves away from the base, withdrawing the pin from its lid supporting position. The expandable chamber actuator is constructed so that the lid is allowed to close before the pressure within the autoclave or other sterilizer reaches ambient pressure. This ensures that the , lid is closed before any unsterilized air is allowed to enter the autoclave at the completion of its cycle. This provides complete sterility with either a vacuum-type autoclave, wherein a final vacuum is applied after the end of the steaming phase, as well as with a so-called gravity-type autoclave wherein a final vacuum is not applied. While this arrangement provides the desired result and is necessary with present-day technology, a significant cost saving can be made in the construc¬ tion of the container if the air entering the autoclave at the end of the final vacuum in a vacuum-type autoclave would be sterile. With present-day autoclaves, the manner by which pressure is equalized in the autoclave at the end of the final vacuum is simply to open a valve which permits filtered outside room air to enter the autoclave. Although the filter provides some degree of sterility, it does not provide the level of sterility which is desired 'to minimize the possibility of contamination within the container. . Consequently, the presently preferred approach is 5. - to cause the container to close as the autoclave pressure is falling but before it reaches its lowest pressure. Nevertheless, since the container lid, base and gasket are constructed to permit fluid flow out of the container even after the 0 container is closed, a very high vacuum is attained within the container, particularly in a vacuum-type autoclave. Because of this, it is naturally necessary that the container be constructed to withstand such high vacuum. For a variety of 5 reasons it is desirable to utilize transparent plastic to form the container; and hence, it is necessary that the walls be relatively thick to withstand the pressure. If in the future autoclaves are provided which include a filter that essentially 0 sterilizes the air which is introduced into the autoclave at the end of the cycle to equalize pressure, it would not be necessary to close the container before the low pressure point during the final vacuum of an autoclave cycle; but instead, 5 the container could be closed during the time the pressure is rising from_ the low point, since the air being introduced to equalize pressure would be sterile. It would only be necessary to have the container closed before it is removed from the 0 .autoclave and exposed to unsterile air. Closing the container with a lesser vacuum existing within it would lower the strength requirements for the container so that the walls could be made thinner. This of course would result in a substantial 5 savings of material. Thus, in another embodiment of the invention, there is provided a mechanism which holds the OMP container open, until the pressure is rising after the maximum vacuum point is reached during the final vacuum phase of an autoclave cycle. This mechanism employs an inflatable chamber means as an actuator to automatically control the closing of the container. The expansion of the chamber is used to trigger a two-step closing operation, and the later contraction of the chamber . as pressure surrounding the chamber increases, causes closing ' of the container. In a preferred arrangement of this two-step closing process, a lever is pivotally mounted on the periphery of the container base with one end of the lever extending between the lid and the base to hold initially the lid spaced from the base. A spring urges the lever into that lid holding position. As the pressure drops at the end of the steaming phase of an autoclave sterilizing cycle, an inflatable chamber expands in the manner discussed above, and the chamber is positioned so that its expansion provides a force which pivots the lever to withdraw the end of the lever which is initially supporting the lid. However, this pivoting movement simultaneously causes the other end of the lever, or a pin attached to it, to move beneath the lid so that when the lid ' falls from the support provided by the first end of the lever, it only falls a small amount so that it is still retained by the other end of the lever. The inflatable chamber continues to.expand until the maximum vacuum condition is reached; however, as outside filtered air is then admitted to the autoclave, the increasing pressure surrounding this sealed inflatable chamber causes the inflatable chamber to once more contract. This in turn permits the lever to be once more pivoted in response to the urging of the'spring and withdraw the second end of the lever which had been supporting the lid. Consequently, the lid falls into closed position. The point at which the lid finally closes may be easily predetermined as desired by controlling the length of the pin or second end of the lever which supports the lid. Thus, it can be seen that the improvements described herein provide versatility to insure complete sterility with present-day sterilizing equipment and yet readily adaptable to improvements which may occur in such equipment. Brief Description of the Drawing Fig. 1 is a perspective view of the container forming one version of the invention; Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the contain¬ er on lines 2-2 of Fig. 1 illustrating the overall arrangement and the slope of the bottom wall of the container; Fig. 3 is an exploded perspective view of the container valve and valve closing mechanism; Fig. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the container valve and valve closing mechanism shown on the container before being actuated by the sterilizing cycle; Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of Fig. 4 after the valve has been moved into sealing position on the container valve seat by the expandable chamber forming the valve closing mechanism; Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of Fig. 4 showing the valve held in place by pres¬ sure on the exterior of the container and showing the expandable chamber in retracted position; Fig. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the structure of Fig. 4 as it appears after the valve f O P1 has been placed in position by the expandable chamber near the end of the steaming phase of a gravity autoclave, but before the valve is tightly drawn into sealing position on the ""container valve seat by the vacuum created in the container as it cools; Fig. 8 is a schematic illustration of a vacuum autoclave cycle indicating the points on the pressure and temperature curves at which the operation of the mechanism curves; Fig. 9 is a sketch similar to Fig. 8 but for gravity autoclave; Fig. 10 is a fragmentary view showing a varia- tion of the expandable chamber serving as a dessicant bag; Fig. 11 is a fragmentary view showing another variation of the container in the previous applica¬ tion wherein the lid of the container is initially held open; Fig. 12 is a cross-sectional view of a piston- type expandable chamber valve closing mechanism shown before the chamber has expanded to seat the valve; Fig. 13 is an elevational view of the structure of Fig. 12 showing the components after the valve has seated; Fig. 14 is an exploded perspective view of a preferred form of the container of the present invention; Fig. 15 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of the actuator mechanism shown in Fig. 14 showing the mechanism in its initial condition wherein it is supporting the lid spaced from the base of the container; Fig. 16 is a view similar to that of Fig. 15 but showing the expandable chamber expanded so that the # pin is withdrawn and the lid is in its closed position; Fig. 17 is a partial plan view of an embodiment of the invention illustrating the mechanism which does not permit the container to close until the pressure is rising after a final vacuum in a sterilizing cycle; Fig. 18 is a cross-sectional view on lines 18- 18 of Fig. 17, showing the lid being supported by one end of a lever; Fig. 19 and 20 are respectively similar to Fig. 17 and 18 with the expandable chamber expanded and ■ the other end of the lever supporting the lid in the open position; and Fig. 21 and 22 are similar to Figs. 17 and 18 respectively with the inflatable chamber deflated and with the lid in a closed position. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring now to Figs. 1 and 2, there is shown a container 10 having a cover or lid 12 closing the open upper side of a base 14 and seated on a gasket 16 extending between the base and the lid. As can be seen, the container has a generally oval or race track configuration and the lid has an upper, wall 18 which slopes gradually upwardly towards the center. The purpose for the oval shape and the upwardly curving wall 18 is to provide strength to the container when it is subjected to an exterior pressure considerably higher than the interior pressure. The cover 12 further includes a peripheral flange portion having a generally vertical internal wall 20 which joins at its upper end a downwardly and outwardly sloping flange 22. A tab 24 extends outwardly from the bottom of the flange 22 at one end of the container. The base 14 includes an irregular but generally upwardly extending side wall 26 formed integral with OMPI Λ. W1P0 a bottom wall 28 and a downwardly extending peripheral leg structure 30. The side wall 26 terminates at its upper end with a short vertically extending 5 portion 32 which extends into the downwardly ' . - extending groove 34 formed by the inner surface of the lid flange 22 and the outer surface of the lid wall 20. As can be seen from Fig. 2, the lid wall 20 fits within the upper end of the base wall 32. 0 The portion of the side wall 26 below the upper por¬ tion 32 extends outwardly to a point where the lower portion of the wall 26 generally aligns with or forms an extension of the exterior surface of the lid flange 22. 5 The gasket 16 is made of flexible rubber-like material which can withstand the temperatures of an autoclave operation and yet provide an adequate seal. The gasket 16 includes an inner vertical portion which fits snuggly around a groove in the wall 32 0 on the upper end of the base side wall 26. The gasket 16 further includes a downwardly and out¬ wardly extending flange portion which mates with the inner surface of the lid flange 22. The bottom wall 28 of the base slopes generally 5 toward a valve opening 36 in the right end of the base as viewed in Fig. 2. The base leg 30 extends in¬ wardly at the right end of the base to form a recess 38 in which is positioned a valve and valve closing assembly 40 which cooperates with the valve opening 0 36. More specifically, the recess 38 is formed by a sloping leg wall 42 which extends in a generally cylindrical configuration about 180 degrees to partially enclose the valve and valve closing assembly 38. The wall 42 is further connected to a bottom 5 support wall 44 which extends generally perpendicular to the side wall 42 and joins with a stub leg wall 46 on the periphery of the base leg. A hole 41 is formed in the bottom wall 44 for positioning the assembly 40. As can be seen by the broken lines in Fig. 2, ' a second container 48 may be stacked on the lower container 10 with the leg of the upper container being positioned on the lid 12 in the groove formed by the lid side wall 20 and by the outer periphery of the lid upper wall 18. As seen from Fig. 1, each end of the lid has a shallow recess 50 adapted to receive the wall portions 44 and 42 of the upper container 48. A recess 50 is formed on each end of the lid so that the user need not worry about orientation of the container 48 when it is being stacked on the container 10. Naturally more than two containers may be stacked if desired. Referring now to Figs. 3 and 4, the valve and closing mechanism 40 may be seen to include a valve 52 which is a flexible resilient member molded of silicone rubber or other rubber-like material which can withstand steam temperatures while maintaining its resiliency. The valve includes a base 54 which when unrestrained has a generally saucer-shaped configuration with the upper surface of the base 54 forming the sealing surface against the container when the valve is closed. Attached to the central portion of the base 54 is an upwardly extending generally cylindrical stem or core 56. As may be seen from Fig. 4 and 6, much of the core • 56 is hollow opening to the lower side of the base 54. The upper end of the core * 56 extends through the opening 36 in the container lower wall / the end 57 of the core 56 having a solid conical shape to facilitate insertion of the core into the opening 36. The portion of the core 56 actually extending through the opening 36 as viewed in Fig. 4 includes three radially extending circumferentially spaced -BURE OMP , , W1P ribs 58. Each rib further has * a radially extending leg 60 which has a tapered upper surface 60a which engages the lower edge of the opening 36 with the assembly positioned as shown in Fig. 4. ; - A tab 62 extends radially outwardly from one edge of the valve member base 54 to form a convenient element for removing the valve member from the valve opening 36. The assembly 40 further includes a valve closing means comprising a generally disc-shaped hollow ember 64 which is made of flexible rubber¬ like material and defines an expandable interior chamber 66. Since the member 64 is flexible and stretchable, it might be thought of as a balloon or bellows-like member. The bottom side of member 64 includes a centrally located thickened throat 68 which defines a circular opening into the chamber 66. A circular plug 70 snaps within the throat 68 in the lower wall of the member 64. More specifically, the plug 70 includes a side wall 72 which slopes downwardly and outwardly and is slightly larger in diameter than the throat 68. A side wall 72 further includes an outwardly ' extending flange 74 that forms a continuation of the upper wall 75 of the plug. The throat 68 snuggly engages the side wall 72 of the .plug and the flange 74 snuggly engages the lower wall of the chamber 66 surrounding the throat 68. While the plug 70 snaps into position in the throat 78 to close the chamber 66, there .. is further provided a resilient ring shaped retaining element 77, which surrounds the exterior of the throat 68 holding it in tight engagement with the plug side wall 72. The plug 70 further includes a lower guide portion 78 having a curved exterior which fits within an opening 41 in the container wall portion 44 which supports the valve and valve actuating assembly 40. A valve passage 82 extends centrally through the plug from the lower portion 78 and upwardly into a tubular portion 84 that extends above the upper wall 76. The upper end of the tube 84 is closed by a plate or wall 86. A hole 88 extends radially through the tube 84 to place the chamber 66 in fluid communication with the atmosphere around the assembly 40. Formed in the upper wall 76 of the plug 70 is an annular recess or groove 90 in which is positioned a thin band 92 which surrounds the tube 84 and extends over the valve opening 88. The band 92 is made of heat shrinkable material which shrinks and becomes permanently rigid at a predetermined temperature. The balloon member 64 further includes an upwardly extending nipple 94 which snuggly fits within the cylindrical recess 55 in the lower wall of the valve base 54 as seen in Fig. 4. The interior of the nipple 94 is hollow and is open to the chamber 66 when the chamber is .expanded; however, in the position of Fig. 4, the upper wall 86 of the tube 84 of the plug 70 engages the lower end of the nipple 94 and thereby limits the contraction of the chamber 66. Loosely surrounding the nipple 94 is a heat shrinkable band 96. Operation of Embodiment of Figs. 1 - 7 in a Vacuum Autoclave Referring to Fig. 2, the "" container lid 12 is removed and the articles 100 to be sterilized are placed within the base 14. They are then loosely covered by a thin sheet of transparent plastic material 102 which can withstand sterilizing steam temperatures. The lid 12 is then loosely placed OMP1 in position on the base 14 with the interior of the inner surface of the flange 16 engaging the outer surface of the flexible gasket 22. In this position, the lid or cover is closed in the sense that air ' * cannot flow into the container past the gasket but the cover is not fully closed onto the base. A valve and valve closing assembly 40 is . positioned within the recess 38 as shown in Figs. 2 and 4. The components of the assembly 40 are usually provided in an assembled conditioned wherein the band 96 is first loosely positioned on the nipple 94 of the valve actuating member64 and •the nipple is then pressed into the recess 55 in the lower end of the valve member. The valve is retained in this position by a slight friction fit. The assembly 40 is therefore inserted into the recess 38 as a unit. Since the components are flexible, the upper end 57 of the valve core may be easily inserted into the container valve opening 36, allowing the lower end of the valve actuating member 64 to be snapped into position. The lower surface 78 of the core 70 conforms to the hole 41 in the container support wall 44 to properly align the assembly. The alignment ribs 48 on the valve core 56 properly align the valve with respect to the hole 36. Also, the outwardly extending lugs 60 limit the inward movement of the valve to tell the user of the equipment that the assembly is properly positioned. The tolerance of the components are relatively loose - but yet the design is such that precise alignment is not critical to obtain proper seating of the valve. The valve closing assembly is primarily designed for use in a sterilizing apparatus which 5 includes a high pressure steam cycle. Two widely used sterilizers are the so-called gravity autoclave and the vacuum autoclave. An example of the pressure - UREA r OMPI ' and temperature cycles in one ' type of vacuum autoclave is illustrated in Fig. 8. The horizontal line 104 represents time. T represents a temperature "" curve and P represents the pressure curve, with the line 104 indicating normal room temperature and pressure. When the container 10 is placed within the vacuum autoclave, a first vacuum environment indicated by the section Tl of the pressure ' curve is first applied. Most of the unsterilized air within the autoclave is withdrawn as is the air within the container 10 since the interior of the container is in communication with the interior of the autoclave by means of the valve opening 36 in the bottom wall of the container. The pressure within the autoclave is then once more allowed to return to ambient pressure by allowing steam into the chamber. A second vacuum cycle P2 on the pressure curve shown on Fig. 8 is then applied which withdraws the steam within the autoclave which has mixed with the small amount of remaining unsterile air. In some sterilizers, additional vacuum cycles of this type are employed. High pressure steam is then introduced into the autoclave causing the pressure as well as the temper¬ ature to rise as indicated by the curves and P. The temperature and pressure curves are shown coincident at this time in that they both rise at the same time and the units of measurement employed are assumed to cause the curves to move in a coincident manner. It should be understood that this is not intended to be a precise showing of the actual curves but only to illustrate that the temper¬ ature and pressure are both rising to their maximum levels during this phase. The high temperature steam of course circulates into the interior- of the container by way of the valve opening 36. Also, the - ϋRE OMP high pressure high temperature steam also circulates into the chamber 66 by way of the valve passage 82 and the valve opening 88, noting -that the cylindrical valve element 92 is spaced from the opening 88 to permit such . flow. Note that even if the valve band 92 is positioned loosely over the opening 88, the pressure differential between the chamber 66 and the surrounding autoclave pressure causes the steam to flow into the chamber 66. When the temperatures and pressures are near their maximum, the heat of the steam causes the heat shrinkable sleeve 92 to shrink to its position shown in Fig. 5 wherein it closes the opening 88, thereby capturing a volume of high pressure high temperature steam within the chamber 66. This point 106 is shown in Fig. 8. The steaming cycle continues for a desired period of time. Most autoclaves are adjustable to vary the duration of the steaming portion. The graph shown in Fig. 8 illustrates the steaming cycle to be of relatively short duration; however, the duration should be adjusted to fit the load within the container. A load requiring a particularly long period of time is one which includes a large quantity of metal elements having considerable mass. For example, a large quantity of surgical tools would have considerable mass. Even more demanding, during the testing of the container, a load of steel bolts were placed in the unit. Such a load requires a considerable period of time for adequate sterilizing in that it takes a considerable quantity of steam to heat the entire mass of the load to the desired sterilizing temperature. The surface of the heavy metal items will remain relatively cool until the interior of the items are heated because of the conductivity "" of the material. As the hot steam OMPI Λ WlPO -Λ>. strikes the cooler metal, some of the steam condenses and drips into the floor or bottom wall 28 of the container. Although this liquid would be sterile at the end of a sterilizing cycle, it is desirable that the water be removed from the container so that the container will be as dry as possible during storage. It is for this reason that the bottom wall 28 of the container is slightly sloped so that the water will flow towards and out the opening 36. Regardless of the length of the steaming cycle, the valve 36 will remain open in that there is no force for closing it. However, when the steaming cycle is interrupted, the pressure quickly drops as illustrated by the section P3 of the curve. A final vacuum cycle is then applied to withdraw the steam as indicated by the curve section P4. Following this, the vacuum is removed by allowing the introduction of filtered exterior air so that the • pressure within the autoclave returns to room pressure. As the pressure in the autoclave is dropping from its maximum, the captured pressure within the chamber 66 causes the balloon 64 to expand. Since the pressure drops rapidly into a vacuum phase, the balloon 64 expands quickly into the condition shown in Fig. 5 wherein the nipple portion 94 may be seen to have moved upwardly a considerable distance thrusting the valve member 54 against the annular valve seat 37 surrounding the valve opening 36. As can be seen from Fig. 5, a large portion of the inner upper surface of the flexible resilient base portion 54 of the valve engages the valve seat 37 to form an excellent seal. Note also that the valve seat 37 has a concave configuration or curves inward¬ ly towards the interior of the container and that the valve member conforms to the valve seat surface. "" URE O PI W1PO The exact point of closure of' the valve is not criti¬ cal but the valve will typically close in the area indicated by the point 110 on the pressure curve in Fig. 8. It should be noted from Fig. 5 that the balloon member 64 is constructed to insure its expansion into the configuration illustrated. This is, the outer edge walls of the member 64 are somewhat thicker than some of the adjacent portions so that the balloon does not expand adially. Also, the upper wall of the member 64 includes a thickened annular rib portion which causes the balloon to take the general configur¬ ation illustrated which insures that adequate upward thrust of the valve closing member is obtained. It should also be noted that sufficient thrust is required to force the lugs 60a on the valve core 56 through the opening 36. The purpose for these lugs in addition to initially.properly positioning the valve is to make sure that the valve does not close prematurely due to a temporary drop in the pressure of the steaming cycle. That is, it has been found that some autoclaves have a considerable pressure variation as the steam is fed through the unit. Thus, a drop in pressure in the middle of the steam phase could cause the valve to close. However, the presence of the lugs 60 requires a sufficient force that normal variations in the steam pressure will not close the valve. About a 10 psi pressure drop is required to close the valve. Although the container is now closed by virtue of the valve 54 and the gasket 16, recall that the lid 12 was initially only loosely positioned on the base. Thus, as the pressure drops during phases P3 and P4 of the pressure cycle, a pressure differential between the interior and the exterior of the container is initiated. However, a unique quality of the gasket is that it will permit leakage out of the container with a relatively small pressure differential. Consequently, the steam that was within the container when the valve closed is still withdrawn from the container by the vacuum cycle. This is highly desirable because it means that the contents of the container are left in a dry and ster- ile condition. Thus, even at the bottom of the vacuum cycle, the lid 12 is still only loosely positioned on the gasket 16. Nevertheless, the flexible resilient nature of the gasket is such that gas cannot flow into the container. Thus, the gasket during this phase of the cycle essentially acts like a check valve. When external filtered air is introduced into the autoclave allowing the pressure the return to ambient, the vacuum which was applied to the auto- clave still remains within the container, as indicated by the dotted line PC. The gasket 16 and the valve 54- prevent this external air from entering the container. Although such air is filtered it is nevertheless not sterilized and hence, it is import- ant that this air not enter the container to ' best maintain sterility. Since the incoming air cannot enter the container, the pressure of this air quickly forces the lid downwardly into its maximum closed position with the lid flange 22 tightly pressed against the gasket 16 so as to more positively prevent external air ' from entering the container. Similarly, the exterior air presses against the valve member 54 causing it to remain tightly seated on the valve seat 37 as illustrated in Fig. 6. Referring again to Fig. 8, the temperature in the autoclave also drops rapidly once the steam- ""BVTRE OM , Λ. W1P ing cycle is interrupted, but 'then remains at an elevated level and slightly rises during the final vacuum phase, since the autoclave is heated. When the container is removed from the autoclave, the temperature gradually returns to normal. The reduction in temperature within the autoclave and later outside the autoclave eventually also cools the steam within the balloon chamber 66 causing a reduction in pressure within the chamber 66. This causes ' the resilient balloon member 64 to contract and revert to a position close to that it originally assumed, as illustrated in Fig. 6. The valve member 54 is of course no longer supported by the balloon 64 in that the ambient pressure is tightly holding the valve in position without any other support. This force is so strong that the weight of the inflatable chamber members 64 and 70 is of no consequence with respect to the seal produced by the valve, but usually the enla-rgement of the valve recess 55 results in the members following and returning to the position shown in Fig. 6. However, if the friction between the nipple 94 and the tubular, recess 55 is sufficient, the valve closing member will be lifted from its seat resting on the support wall 44. The valve closing member may remain in either of these two positions or it may be withdrawn or recycled for an additional use. It can of course, not be reused unless the plug 70 is withdrawn from the flexible member 64 and the heat shrink band 92 removed so that the valve opening 88 once more permits communication between the chamber 66 and the exterior. By providing a new heat shrink band 92, the valve ^ closing member can be reused. Normally, such recycling will be performed by people other than those using the container. Note from Fig. 6 that thfe heat shrink band 96 has shrunk tightly onto the nipple 94 because of the high temperature steam. This band 96 is - colored differently from the nipple 94 to provide an "" indication to the user of the container that the valve moving member has been used. Thus, this indicator band should be removed when the internal heat shrink valve element is replaced. A new indicator band should be loosely positioned over* the nipple when it is inserted in a valve..which is to be reused. With the valve member closing the opening in the end of the container, the contents of the container may be maintained in sterile condition for a long period of time. So long as the valve is in the position shown in Fig. 6, an observer will know that the contents are still sterile. If the vacuum within the container should be lost, the valve will withdraw slightly from the tightly sealed position due to the weight of the valve and its memory. This will tell the observer that the contents may no longer be of maximum sterility. However, the lugs 60 on the valve core 56 continue to hold the valve in the sealed position shown in Fig. 7. While such seal has permitted some air to . enter the container as the vacuum was lost, the contents still have a minimum amount of contamination, and it is much less than that which relatively quickly results with present day methods of wrapping items to be sterilized and stored in towels. When the container is to be opened and the valve is still tightly sealed as shown in Fig. 6, the valve member may be readily removed by*pulling on the tab 62 attached to the valve member. As mentioned above, the valve member can be reused if desired, assuming it has not been held in a valve closed - B URE OMP position so long that the material no longer has adequate resiliency to maintain its original shape. The container cover may then be removed, although it may still be somewhat tightly in position even though the vacuum has been removed. To facilitate removal of the cover, the base may be held with one hand and the cover lifted by means of the tab 24 located on one end of the cover. Normally, the container will have been removed from a storage location into the operating area before it is opened.. When the cover is removed, there is a possibility that some dust or other contamination that may have accumulated on the exterior of the cover during storage could drop into the container interior. It is for this reason that the additional barrier layer of flexible plastic 102 was installed over the instruments prior to the sterilizing operation. This barrier layer can now be carefully removed by grasping one end and withdrawing it over one edge of the container so that hopefully any dust that may have fallen into the container will be removed with the barrier layer, or at least such dust will not fall directly onto the sterile instruments. Gravity Autoclave Operation While a vacuum autoclave sterilizing cycle is preferable from a standpoint of sterility and from a standpoint of best operation of this container, a large number of gravity autoclaves are still employed and the valve and valve closing assembly 40 of this invention can accommodate such cycle as well. Referring to Fig. 9 it may be seen that there are no vacuum cycles applied but instead high pressure steam is simply applied and then with¬ drawn. The valve and valve closing assembly 40 is used in the same manner as described above in connection with the vacuum cycle. The valve member 54 is closed at approximately the same location 110 on the pressure curve. Also, as the pressure is exhausted from the autoclave, pressure is exhausted from the container past the gasket in the same manner as described above. However, the only means for creating a vacuum within the container which will draw the lid more tightly into closed position and will hold the valve member 54 in tightly sealed condition is that vacuum which is created as the temperature of the small amount of residual steam within the container drops. The vacuum created in the container will follow a line more proportional to the temperature curve indicated at Tl in Fig. 9. Thus, for a period of time, there may be insufficient pressure differential to hold the valve member 54 in the tightly sealed position shown in Fig. .6. Instead, it may temporarily drop to the position shown in Fig. 7 wherein the lugs 60 retain the valve member in a sealing condition which prevents air leakage into the container. Note that the outer periphery of the valve member is oriented to properly engage the valve seat in that condition to prevent leakage into the container. As the temperature of the residual steam within the container drops further, an adequate pressure differential is created which will force the valve member back into the tightly sealed condition of Fig. 6. Also, it will pull the lid tightly into a sealed position on the gasket 16. The pressure within the container is indicated by the dotted line PC in Fig. 9. It should be appreciated that a relatively high vacuum is obtained even with the gravity type autoclave OMPI simply due to the pressure drbp which is created as the residual steam condenses. While it is desirable that the contents of the container be completely dry, a small amount of sterile water, such as a few drops within the container does not present a significant problem. However, to keep such moisture away from the items in the container, a small amount of dessicant or other moisture absorbing material may be positioned in the container, with suitable means to isolate the dessicant until the end of the cycle. Such an arrangement is shown in Fig. 10 which illustrates an expandable balloon member 264 which is identical to the member 64 in Fig. 4 except that the upper wall 265 has a breakable or rupturable portion 267 which is much thinner than the adjacent wall thickness. The chamber within the member 264 is filled, with dessicant which is exposed to the interior of the container at the appropriate time to absorb residual moisture. In use, the inflatable member 264 is filled with a suitable dry dessicant 268 in granule form, which leaves a quantity of air in the chamber surrounding the granules. A plug 70 carrying a heat shrink band 92 like that shown in Fig. 4 is then inserted in the lower wall of the inflatable member 264 in the manner discussed above. The unit is then heated in an oven to sterilize the dessicant and to sterilize the interior of the inflatable member 264. During this heating process, the heat shrink tube 92 will shrink and close the valve opening leading to the interior of the inflat¬ able member 264, capturing a small volume of air that was in the oven. The proper time for sterilization t a given temperature is allowed. The member is then cooled and in effect becomes a small dessicant bomb which will rupture under the proper pressure -BUREATT OMPI conditions. When the container 10 of Fig. 1 is to be used in a gravity autoclave, one of the sealed member 264 filled with dessicant 269 is placed into the container along with the items to be sterilized. When the sterilizing environment is applied to the container, it can not enter the dessicant bomb 269 because it is sealed. However, at the end of the sterilizing cycle, when a vacuum is quickly created in the container as the residual steam in the container is cooled and condenses, the pressure is not reduced as quickly within the member 264 because the air in the member remains gaseous. Consequently, the member inflates or expands as the surrounding pressure within the container falls and the thin wall section 265 will rupture exposing the dessicant to the interior of the container. Another aspect of using the container in a gravity autoclave is that the container is initially filled with unsterilized air when it is placed in the autoclave. When steam is applied, it mixes with the air and sterilizes it. However, there is some possibility that a pocket of air may be trapped within the container near the end of the container opposite from the valve opening in that the air is heavier than the steam and circulation may not be complete simply by having the valve open. Thus, as a further assist to adequate circulation, there is shown in Fig. 11 the end of the container opposite the valve assembly wherein a heat responsive fuse-like element 270 is shown holding the lid 12 spaced slightly from the base 14. The element 270 is inserted in a hole in the lid tab 24 with an interference fit in a manner to be axially fixed and supported by the lid. A horizontally extending stop 272 on the element 270 and the lower end of the element 270 engage the side wall of the base to hold the lid in the spaced position shown. The element 270 is made of a material which will soften after being subjected to the high temperature steam for a predetermined period of time. Thus, the lid is partially open when steam is first applied with the result that the steam can circulate beneath the lid into- the container displacing the air in the container out through the open valve in the bottom of the container. When the element 270 softens, the lid simply falls into its initially closed position as discussed above in connection with Fig. 2; and the remainder of the cycle is as previously discussed. Other similar fuse-like arrangements may be employed for temporarily holding the lid ajar. Figures 12 and 13 Figs. 12 and 13 illustrate an alternate embodiment of the valve and valve closure mechanism as used in an identical container. Referring to Fig. 12 there is shown a valve and valve closure assembly 140 which includes a valve 152 having a saucer shaped base 154 and a centrally located upwardly extending core or stem 156 having a conical tip 157. Like the valve 52, the core 156 is provided with three ribs 158 having radially extending lugs 160. A tab 162 is formed integral with the base 154 for removing the valve from the valve opening 36. Also formed integral with the valve base 154 is a cylindrical portion which forms a piston 164. This piston is slidably positioned within a cup shaped member 165 defining a variable or expandable chamber 166 in cooperation with the piston 164. An annular bead 164a on the lower end of the piston engages the walls of the cylinder 165 to form a piston ring. The cup shaped cylinder has a centrally located inwardly extending portion 170 which limits the movement of the piston 164 into the cylinder 165. One or more valve openings 182 place the chamber 166 in fluid communication with the exterior of the chamber. Surrounding the central portion 170 and the valve openings 182 is a heat shrink band 192 similar to that shown in Fig. 4. As seen in Fig. 12, the band is spaced from the valve openings 182 so that fluid communication into the chamber 166 is maintained. In operation, the assembly 140 functions essen¬ tially like the assembly 40 previously described. The heat band 192 shrinks at a predetermined temperature level indicated at point 106 on the curves in Figs. 8 and 9. Thus, a quantity of high temperature, high pressure steam is captured within the chamber 166. When the pressure drops within the autoclave, the captured steam in the chamber 166 expands and reacts against the piston 164, forcing it upwardly and outwardly so that the valve 154 is sealed on the valve seat 37 as shown in- Fig. 13. As the vacuum is created in the container in the manner discussed above in connection with the two sterilizing cycles, the resulting pressure differential will hold the valve in the seated position shown, in Fig. 13. With the arrangement of Fig. 13 it is intended that the cylinder 165 remain with the container in the position shown. When the container contents are to be used, the valve 152 may be removed in the same manner as the valve 52 namely by pulling on the tab 162. It should be understood that with either expandable chamber mechanism, a simple check valve is staisfactory for capturing steam in the -BUR OM _Λ. 1 chamber means for use in a gravity autoclave. Such a valve will permit flow into the expandable chamber but not out. The temperature responsive valve is employed so that in a vacuum autoclave cycle, the chamber does not expand during either of the initial vacuum cycles. The heat shrink bands 92 and 192 actually function as check valves after they initially shrink in that the material is rubber-like at that time. However, when the material later cools, it becomes permanently rigid. Description of Figs. 14 - 16 The preferred form of the container 300 illustrated in Fig. 14 includes an upper somewhat dome-shaped portion or lid 312 having an upper wall 312a and depending side walls 312b. The lower portion of the side walls 312b flare outwardly and downwardly forming a flange 312c which mates with the base 314 to form a closed container. As may be seen, the base 314 includes a bottom wall 314a which is generally flat, but the central portion of the wall is raised and slopes outwardly to a peripheral groove portion 314b. As can be seen from Fig. 15, the groove portion 134b includes an upper inner generally vertical wall 314c which extends downwardly from the periphery of the bottom wall 314a. The wall 314c is formed integral with a generally horizontal flange 314d which in turn joins with a U-shaped lower portion 314e. The outer portion 314f of the U-shaped portion 314e extends upwardly and outwardly to about the level of the periphery of the bottom wall portion 314a. A plurality of drainage holes are formed in the bottom of the U-shaped portion 314a, one of such holes 316 being shown . in Fig. 15. The container base 314 is also provided with a pair of handles 318 connected to the groove wall portion 314f. Located on one side of the container base is an upstanding wall or support 320 attached to the outer upper portion 314f of the U-shaped groove 314b. A cylindrical actuator housing 322 with snap-on cover 323 is connected to the support 320 by suitable means. In the bottom wall 314a of the base there are provided a plurality of upstanding hollow projections 324 aligned with a mating set of projections 326 formed on the lid 312. These projections facilitate stacking of a series of containers in storage. Positioned immediately above the base 314 in the illustration of Fig. 14 is a basket 330 having a bottom wall shaped and sloped to fit the bottom wall 314a of the base 314. The basket 330 also includes a series of projections 332 which mate with the projections 324. A plurality of holes 334 permit condensate to drain from the basket. Positioned immediately above the basket 330 is a cover or lid 336 which mates with the periphery of the basket 330. Also mounted on the base 314 is a resilient gasket 338 which cooperates with the lid and the base to seal the container. As may be seen from Fig. 15, the gasket includes an inner generally vertical sur¬ face that tightly engages the wall 314c on the base, while the lower edge of the gasket engages the flange 314d in the base groove. The gasket 338 includes an outer flexible flange-like portion 338a which engages the lid and deforms to provide a sealing surface, as may be seen in Fig. 16. Within the actuator housing 332 is positioned a lid holding actuator mechanism 340 which includes a balloon-like member 342 comparable to the member 364 shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The outer end wall 342a of the member 342 includes a centrally located - RE OMP thickened throat 342b which defines a circular open¬ ing into the chamber 343. A ' ring-shaped plug-like element 346 including an outwardly extending flange- like portion 348, having an outwardly facing groove, snaps within the throat in the wall 342a. While the element 346 closes the chamber 343, there is further provided a retaining ring 350, which surrounds the exterior of the throat holding it in tight en- gagement-with the groove in the flange 348. The actuator mechanism 340 further includes a hollow pin 344 having one end 344a secured to the interior of the plug 346 and a central portion extending through the member 340, out an opening in a throat portion 342c in the other end 344d of the balloon, and through a-hole in the support wall 320. The other end 344b of the pin 344 extends into the path of the lid 312 as it is opened and closed. In Pig. 15, the lid is shown being supported on the pin 344 which is supported by the support wall 320. The pin and the support wall 320 are sufficiently rigid to support the lid in cantilever fashion, as shown. The pin, of course, also supports. the balloon-like member 342. The pin end 344a secured to the plug member 346 is open, and thus defines a passage leading to a hole 352 in the wall of the' pin that opens to the interior chamber 343. Thus, the chamber 343 is in fluid communication with the exterior of the balloon 342. A thin ring or band 354 surrounds the tube 344 and extends over the opening 352 to serve as a.valve. The band 354, like the band 392 in Fig. 4, is made of heat-shrinkable material which, is initially flexible and which shrinks at a pre- determined temperature, and then becomes rigid when the temperature is lowered. gUREA£T OMPI - IP0 - ' Operation of Embodiment of frigs. 14 - 16 In use, the surgical instruments or other items to be sterilized are placed within the basket 330, with the cover 336 on the basket. The basket is then positioned on the base 314, and the lid 312 placed onto the base with one edge of the lid supported by the pin 344 of the actuating mechanism 340, as shown in Fig. 15. The other side of the lid is, of course, positioned in the groove 314b of the base engaging the gasket 338. The entire container is then lifted by the handles and placed in an autoclave or other sterilizer to be subjected to a sterilizing cycle. The operation of the actuator mechanism 340 is similar to the valve closing means described above in connection with Figs. 1 - 7, when subjected to sterilizing cycles like that shown in either Figs. 8 and 9. When high-pressure steam is applied to the container, it enters the container beneath the open lid to perform the desired sterilizing function. If any steam is condensed, in striking the colder items in the container, it will flow off the bottom wall 314 towards the gasket 338 and the groove 314b, where it can escape through the drainage holes 316. The high pressure steam also enters the expandable chamber 343 by way of the hollow pin 344 and the valve opening 352. The temperature of the steam will cause the valve element 354 to shrink, closing the opening 352 and capturing a quantity of high-pressure, high- temperature steam within the expandable chamber 343. The steaming phase of the autoclave cycle can continue for whatever duration is desired and the pin 344 will continue to hold the lid 312 ajar, thus assuring that condensate can drain from the container. OMPI When the steaming phase is over and the steam is allowed to escape from the autoclave, the resulting pressure drop within the autoclave causes 5 the steam captured within the chamber 343 to expand * . the balloon into the shape or condition shown in Fig. 16. As may be seen, the inner end of the throat 342c of the member 342 engages the support 320. Consequently, when the balloon expands ' , the 0 only direction which it can move is to urge its outer end 342a together with the plug 346, outwardly away from the container lid. Since the pin 344 is secured to the member 346, the expansion of the chamber retracts or withdraws the pin 344 5 from beneath the lid 312, thus permitting the lid to fall into sealing position on the gasket 338 as shown in Fig. 16. The pin 344 is withdrawn partially into the chamber 343, although as can be seen, the tip of the pin end 344b remains in the support 0 wall 320 to provide support for the actuator mechanism 340. The pin 344 and the member 342 are, of course, constructed to permit the sliding movement of the pin within the member 342 without leakage of the steam from the chamber. Thus, the 5 container will close at approximately the same location on the curves in Figs. 8 and 9 that the valve will close in the embodiment of Figs. 1 - 7. That is, the lid will fall as the pressure is falling within the autoclave. 0 Also, as in the other arrangement, the gasket 338 will permit vapor to escape from the container if the pressure on the exterior of the container is further reduced, but it will prevent fluid flow from entering the container. When the 5 autoclave is opened and the pressure returns to normal, the lid is tightly kept on the base as the vacuum in the container. The container can be stored in this sterile condition for an extended duration. When the container is to be opened, a relief valve 360 in the top of the lid 312 may be pulled open to equalize the pressure inside the container with that surrounding the container, thus, enabling the lid to be lifted. Normally, the container will be carried into the room where the contents of the container are to be used. Thus, if the container is filled with surgical instruments, it would be carried into the operating room. The lid would then be removed and the basket 330 would be lifted from the container together with the cover 336 and carried to the sterile operating area. The purpose for the cover 336 is to prevent the possibility of dust or other unsterile material from falling from the lid 312 into the basket 330 when the lid is being removed from the container. The sterile cover 336 is then removed and the sterile instruments removed as needed during the operation. When the container is to be reused, it is a simple matter to remove the cap 323 from the actuator housing 322 and replace the actuator mechanism 340 with one having a heat-shrink valve 360 which is not yet shrunk on the tube 344. Embodiment of Figs. 17 - 22 Figs. 17 - 22 disclose a portion of a container similar to that shown in Fig. 14 incorporating a different lid holding a release mechanism. A lever 422 is pivotally mounted on the exterior side of a supporting wall 420 connected to a container base 414. More specifically, there is a generally vertically extending pivot pin 324 mounted on the wall 420, and the lever 422 has a pair of lugs 422a receiving the pivot pin 422. The lever is preferably made of a suitable, rigid plastic material similar to the container material. On one end 422b of the lever 422 is. formed a hinged flange 5 428 which extends above the support wall 420. On - - the other end 422c of the lever there is mounted a pin 430 which extends through a hole in the support wall 420. Surrounding the pin 430 is a coil spring 432 with one end of the spring engaging the outer 0 surface of the support wall 420 and the other end of the spring engaging the lever. Consequently, the spring urges the lever into the position shown in Figs. 17 and 18 with the flanged end of the lever supporting the lid 412. At the same time, the 5 pin 430 is out of the path of the lid. Note also from Fig. 18 that the hinged flange is somewhat higher than the pin. Extending between the lever and the exterior of the support wall 420 is an inflatable chamber 0 actuator 440, similar to that shown in Fig. 15 but without the pin 344 or similar to the expandable chamber 64 shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The actuator 440 may be supported by either the lever 422 or the wall 420, or by both. In the arrangement shown, 5 the plug 446 is made of two parts, one part 446a extending through a hole in the lever, and an outer cap 446b threaded onto the part 446a to mount the actuator on the lever. Operation of Embodiment of Figs. 17 - 22 0 n use, the container is positioned in a vacuum- type autoclave with the lid 412 supported on the flange end of the lever as shown in Figs. 17 and 18. When steam is applied to the container, the temperature responsive valve (not shown in Fig. 17) within the 5 actuator 440 will close, capturing a quantity of high-pressure steam. When the steaming phase is over and the pressure is allowed to drop within the autoclave, the captured steam.within the inflatable chamber will expand and pivot the lever against the urging of the coil spring into the position shown in Fig. 19. This movement' of the lever withdraws the flanged end of the lever from beneath the edge of the lid as shown in Fig. 20. Thus, the lid starts to fail towards the base. However, the pivoting of the lever which withdraws the flanged end of the lever has moved the pin 430, attached to the other end of the lever into the path of the lid so that the pin supports the lid, as shown in Fig. 20. Note that the lid is still spaced from the gasket 438 so that the container is still not yet closed and no pressure differential is created between the inside and the outside of the container. This, of course, is similar to that in the arrangements of Fig. 1 - 7 and 14 - 16 in that the gaskets act as on^-way valves when the lid is positioned on the base. However, at the maximum vacuum point.in the vacuum cycle the lid is still open; and hence, when the pressure in the autoclave is allowed to increase, the container pressure can rise also. This is in contrast to the ' earlier arrangements. As the pressure surrounding the- expandable chamber icreases, the. chamber will contract closer to its original shape 'as shown in Fig. 21. Thus, the spring returns the lever to the position shown in Fig. 21. This movement retracts the pin from its lid holding position and, at a predetermined point, allows the lid to fall into closed position on the gasket 438, as shown in Fig. 22. The movement of the lever pivots the flanged end of the lever towards the lid; but since that end is hinged and the lid wall is sloped, the end of the flange 428 simply flips up harmlessly as shown in Fig. 22. Alternatively, the slope of the lid and the exact configuration of the flange may be arranged such that the flanged end does not interfere 5 with the lid so that the hinging arrangement is ; - not needed. Thus, with the arrangement of Fig. 17 - 22, the lid may be closed somewhere between the maximum vacuum point shown in Fig. 8 and the ambient 0 pressure line 104. The exact location may be precisely determined and easily modified in selecting the length of the retaining pin. For example, the pin may be threadably mounted in the lever and adjusted inwardly or outwardly. In 5 otherwords, the extent of the vacuum within the closed container may be easily controlled, and this in turn will determine the necessary strength of the container walls.. Thinner walls of course require less plastic and hence, are less expensive. 0 As explained above, such an arrangement is practical if the air being introduced into the autoclave to equalize the pressure is suitably filtered so as to be sterile. While present autoclaves do not provide this, future ones may.";"CLAIMS 38 1. Apparatus for containing articles while being sterilized or stored, comprising means forming a closed container, means providing access to the • interior of said container and movable between a closed position and an open position, characterized by including: pressure responsive means responsive to the environment applied to said container; and means supporting said pressure responsive means on said container in a manner to control the position of said access means. 2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said pressure responsive means includes temperature responsive means for permitting operation of said pressure responsive means after a predetermined temperature of said environment is reached. 3. The apparatus of Claims 1 or 2 wherein said pressure responsive means includes an expandable chamber which is initially open to the environment applied to said container, said chamber being arranged to close or release said access means when the chamber is in a predetermined position. 4. The apparatus of Claim 3 further characterized by means including a valve which permits the flow of a steam environment into said chamber until a pre¬ determined temperature is reached, at which time said. temperature responsive valve means closes, capturing a volume of steam within the chamber, which is utilized to provide a force upon a reduction in pressure surrounding the chamber. 5. The apparatus of Claims 1 or 2 further characterized by said container including a base and a lid with a gasket between the base and the lid providing a hermetic seal, said lid, base and gasket being arranged such that a decrease in the pressure within the container relative to the pressure • outside of the container when said valve is closed will draw said lid more tightly closed on said base. OMP 6. The apparatus of Claim 1 or 2 further characterized by said access means when open being arranged to permit condensed steam to drain from 5. the container. 7. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said access means including a valve opening in a wall of said container and a valve member supported on the exterior of the container adjacent said 0 opening and said container includes means for supporting said pressure responsive means adjacent said valve opening and in position to support and move said valve member. 8. The apparatus of Claim 7 further characterized 5 by said pressure responsive means including an expandable chamber which is initially open to said environment and said temperature responsive means includes a valve which closes said chamber at a predetermined temperature, rendering said chamber 0 responsive to surrounding pressure changes, said chamber being arranged to support said valve member and move said valve member into said valve opening in response to said dropping gaseous pressure. 9. The apparatus of Claim 4 or 8 further 5 characterized by said temperature responsive means including an inlet tube extending through a wall of said chamber, said temperature responsive valve including a hole in said tube which opens said chamber to its exterior, and including a band loosely 0 surrounding said tube over said hole, said band being heat shrinkable to close said hole at a predetermined temperature thereby closing said chamber. 5 10. The apparatus of Cl-aim 7 further characterized by said valve member including a central stem which extends through the valve opening in the container and a flexible base portion attached to said stem which engages the surface surrounding said opening to close said valve, the central exterior portion of said base having a recess which extends into said valve stem, said expandable chamber comprises a generally hollow disc shaped balloon having a centrally located nipple which extends into the recess of said valve, said balloon having a base which cooperates with structure on said container for supporting the balloon and the valve means in proper alignment with said valve ■ opening. 11. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said pressure responsive means including means holding said access means in an open position. 12. The apparatus of Claim 11 further characterized by said pressure responsive means including expandable chamber means for capturing a quantity of a sterilizing environment applied to said container, said chamber means with its captured environment being responsive to the subsequent environment applied to said container for moving said holding means to release said access means and allow the access means to close at a • predetermined time. 13. The apparatus of Claim 12 further characterized by said means for capturing a quantity of environment within said chamber means including valve means responsive to the temperature of said environment. 14. The apparatus of Claim 12 further characterized by said container including a base and a lid, said lid forming said access means, said holding means comprises a pin mounted on said supporting means and holding said lid in the open- position, said expandable chamber means being connected to said pin to react against said supporting means to withdraw said pin from supporting said lid at a predetermined point. W1P 15. The apparatus of Ciaim 14 further characterized by said pin being attached to one end of said expandable chamber means, extending through said chamber means and slidably through an opening in the opposite end of said chamber means, and said opposite end of said chamber means being confined against a surface of said container so that when the chamber means expands, said one end of said chamber means moves, withdrawing said pin further into the chamber means and thereby withdrawing the pin from its position holding said access means. 16. The apparatus of Claim 1, further characterized by said container comprising a generally flat base and a lid including a top wall and side walls which cooperate with the periphery of said base to form the container, said base further including an upwardly extending portion formed on its periphery positioned outwardly from said lid and forming said supporting means; and said pressure responsive means comprising an actuator mechanism including a holding pin supported through a hole in said base portion and extending into the path followed by said lid when the lid is moved into its closed position on the base, said pin being located to hold one side of the lid spaced from the base, said actuator mechanism further including means forming an expandable chamber having a pair of opposing end walls with one of said end walls having an opening therein slidably receiving said pin into the interior of the expandable chamber, said one end wa l being positioned adjacent said base portion, said pin being secured to the other end of said expandable chamber so that when the chamber expands, said other end of the chamber moves outwardly away from said base portion withdrawing said pin from its position holding the lid away from the base and thus allowing the lid to fall into closed position on said base. 17. Apparatus of Claim '16 further characterized by: said pin having an opening therethrough that places the interior of the chamber in communication with the exterior of the chamber so that when a sterilizing environment, such as steam, is applied to the exterior of the container, and the expandable chamber, it is also applied to the interior of the expandable chamber; and further including valve means responsive to said environment for automatically closing said opening leading into the interior of the expandable chamber to thereby capture a quantity of the sterilizing environment within the expandable chamber. 18. The apparatus of Claim 17 further characterized by said valve means being temperature responsive to close when subjected to steam to thereby capture a quantity of steam within the expandable chamber, said expandable chamber being constructed such that when a quantity of high-pressure steam is captured within the chamber and the pressure surrounding the chamber is reduced, the chamber will expand to cause the actuator pin to be retracted. 19. The apparatus of Claim 1 further characterized by said environment including a pressurized steam phase followed by a final vacuum, and said pressure responsive means including: means holding said access means open so that when the container is subjected to said steam phase steam can enter the container; and means for automatically closing said access means at a predetermined point in the sterilizing cycle after the maximum vacuum point has been reached in the final vacuum phase of the cycle but before the pressure has returned to ambient pressure. 20. The apparatus of Ciaim 19 further characterized by pressure responsive means including an expandable chamber in which is captured a quantity of the steam 5 applied to said container, and said closing means • _ further includes holding elements moved by forces produced by said chamber in response to changing pressures applied to the exterior of the chamber. 21. The apparatus of Claim 20 wherein said 0 pressure responsive means further includes a temperature responsive valve which is initially open but closes in response to steam temperature, that controls flow of steam into said chamber. 22. An actuator mechanism for providing an 5 actuating movement responsive to changes in gaseous pressure in the environment surrounding the actuator means, characterized by including: an expandable chamber which is initially open to said environment, and temperature responsive 0 means which automatically closes said chamber at a predetermined temperature, capturing a volume of said environment in the chamber and thus rendering the chamber responsive to surrounding pressure changes so that the expansion and 5 contraction of the chamber may be used to provide an actuating force. 23. A method of sterilizing and storing items comprising the steps of placing the items to be sterilized in a container, placing the container in 0 a sterilizer with the exterior of the container in fluid communication with the interior by way of access means to the interior of said container, and applying a sterilizing environment to the interior and exterior of the container, characterized by closing said 5 container access means, after the contents of the container have been sterilized but before the container is subjected to an unsterile environment by the use of ' means responsive to the pressure of the environment applied to the container. - υ "" REAir 0MPI_ Λ> W1P0 ----V, 24. The method of Claim- 23 characterized by the access means being held open by said pressure responsive means and being allowed to close by gravity when released by said pressure responsive means. 25. The method of Claim 23 further characterized by said access means being moved from an open position to a closed position by said pressure responsive means. 26. The method of Claim 23 further characterized by said sterilizing environment being pressurized steam, and said pressure responsive means being responsive to the reduction of pressure occurring as said steam is withdrawn from the container. 27. The method of Claim 26 further characterized by initiating the operation of said pressure responsive means by means responsive to the temperature of said steam. 28. The method of Claim 27 further characterized by the container having a valve in one wall and said pressure responsive means including means defining an inflatable chamber which is positioned to move the valve into closed position when the chamber expands. 29. The method of Claim 27 wherein said closing step prevents further flow into the container but flow out of the container is still permitted when pressure on the inside of the container is greater than on the outside. 30. The method of Claim 23 further characterized by said pressure responsive means being an expandable chamber which produces a force for closing or releasing said access means. 31. The method of Claim . 30 further characterized by said expandable chamber being initially open and then closed to capture a volume of the sterilizing environment. 32. The method of Claim 31 further characterized by said sterilizing environment being pressurized steam and said chamber is closed by means responsive. to the steam temperature. 33. ' method comprising applying a gaseous environment to an expandable chamber which is open to the environment, closing said chamber to capture a volume of the environment within the chamber, changing the pressure or temperature of the environment surrounding the chamber to change the pressure of said volume within the chamber, and employing the resulting change in the size of the chamber to provide an actuating movement characterized by the environment applied to said chamber being at an elevated temperature and said chamber being closed by means responsive to said elevated temperature. 34. The method of Claim 33 further characterized by including the step of employing the motion produced by said expandable chamber to close a container used for holding and storing items to be sterilized, and wherein said environment is pressurized steam which is also applied to said container and its contents to sterilize said contents.. (Received by the International Bureau on 8 January 1979 (08.01.78)) 1. Apparatus for containing articles while being sterilized or stored, comprising means forming a closed container, means, providing access to the interior of said container and movable between a closed position and an open position, characterized by including: pressure responsive means for sensing a reducti in the pressure of a sterilizing environment applied to the exterior of said container; and means, supporting said pressure responsive means on said container in a manner to allow said access means to close or to move said access means to the closed position at a desired pressure. 2. The. apparatus, of Claim 1 wherein said pressure responsive means includes temperature responsive means for permitting operation of said pressure responsive mean after a predetermined temperature of said environment is reached. 3. The apparatus of Claims 1 or 2 wherein said pressure responsive means includes an expandable chamber which is initially open to the sterilizing environment applied to said container, said chamber being arranged to close or release said access means when the chamber is in a predetermined position. 4. The apparatus of Claim 3 further characterized by means including a valve which permits the flow of a steam environment into ' said chamber until a predetermined temperature is reached, at which time said temperature responsive valve means closes, capturing a volume of steam within the chamber, which is utilized to provide a force upon a reduction in pressure surrounding the chamber. 5. The apparatus of Claims 1 or 2 further characterized by said container including a base and a lid with a gasket between the base and the lid providing a hermetic s'eal, said lid, base and gasket being arranged such that a decrease, in the pressure within the container relative to the pressure outside of the container when said valve is closed will draw said lid more tightly closed on said base. STATEMENTUNDERARTICLE19 The search results forwarded by letter mailed November 8, 1978 regarding the above-identified application have been reviewed. In accordance with article 19 (1) and Rule 46.1 concerning the Patent Cooperation Treaty provisions, please substitute the enclosed Page 38 for the Page 38 presently on file. J URE Air OMPI _";SANDERSON R, WHELCHEL R;SANDERSON R;1978
+WO-1979000082-A1;19790222.0;19780731;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;27124516.0;B24B13;B23B3;B23B5, B24B13, B29C39, B29C61, B29C69, B29D11, G02C7;B24B  13/00G, G02C   7/04;METHOD AND APPARATUS ADAPTED FOR AUTOMATIC OR SEMI-AUTOMATIC FABRICATION OF ULTRA-PRECISION OPHTHALMIC LENSES,E.G.,CONTACT LENSES;"A method for forming a plurality of optical surfaces on an optical lens precursor, desirably a ""soft"" contact lens button or blank, to yield a lens adapted for proximate or intimate contact with an eyeball and defined by at least one posterior surface, an edge and at least one anterior surface, is comprised of forming a precision lens precursor, assembling the precursor in a microsurface generating apparatus, ultra-precisely forming the curves or geometry comprising the posterior surface and a portion of the edge to yield a semi-finished lens, blocking the semi-finished lens on an adhesively coated lens block fixture having an ultra-precisely preformed face for intimate precision mating with the posterior surface of the semi-finished lens, reassembling the semi-finished lens/fixture in the microsurface generating apparatus, ultra-precisely forming the curves or geometry comprising the anterior surface and another portion of the edge, and demounting a finished, ultra-precision lens from the blocking fixture. Also disclosed is a fluid-bearing automatic or semi-automatic machine for performing the instant method to ultra-precision, e.g., by computer control.";"METHOD AND APPARATUS ADAPTED FOR AUTOMATIC OR SEMI-AUTOMATIC FABRICATION OF ULTRA- PRECISION OPHTHALMIC LENSES, E.G., CONTACT LENSES BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention: The present invention relates, broadly, to a low microinch surface generator adapted, particularly, for the manufacture of plastic contact lenses. Most specifically, the present invention relates to method and apparatus for the fabrication of soft or hydrophilic contact lenses by precision machining a lens precursor (e.g., button, blank, or even bonnet) in the non-hydrated state. Description of the Prior Art: Numerous methods and apparatus are well known for the fabrication of optical surfaces on a variety of optically-efficient materials. Among these materials might be included various grades of glasses and plastics as well as, for reflective optical applications, metals. However, quantitatively, the manufacture of vision-corrective optical articles far outweighs the remaining areas of endeavor in this field. Surprisingly, therefore, it is found that few truly efficient methods and apparatus exist for the manufacture of vision-corrective optical articles; most approaches being rather pragmatic on an individual basis and possessed of anachronistic shortcomings. Perhaps the routine use of obsolescent technology is most encountered in the manufacture of contact lenses i . for the correction of vision defects, and including the manufacture of the new, soft or hydrophilic polymeric contact lenses. With the modern shift from eyeglasses to contact lenses, the first generation hard synthetic plastic or glass-type contact lenses were initially ; fabricated based upon mere industrially-acceptable and conventional techniques. Thus, the hard plastic [typically polymethyl ethacrylate or ""PMMA""] or glass lens precursors were formed in a rough state, ground, and subsequently polished either manually, or semimanually with the aid of conventionally employed optical polishing machines. Again, with the conversion from hard contact lenses to soft, hydrophilic lenses, antiquated methods and apparatus were perpetuated, notwithstanding the highly significant differing physical and chemical characteristics between these hydrophilic polymers and the materials for which the prior methods and apparatus were initially designed. One deviation in the manufacture of soft contact lenses emerged in the form of the spin casting of the hydrophilic monomer during the very polymerization process therefor. While clearly a departure from conventional optical machining and polishing, the spin casting technique was found to be but a basically acceptable compromise, required primarily by the very nature of the lens material. Thus, the compromise is regarded as- successful only inasmuch as the ease of process control has been fostered, but at the sufferance of optical quality and reproducibilit . This is due to the fact that the anterior surface of the finished lens is predicated upon the shape and quality . of the mold cavity, while that of the posterior surface is dictated by the centrifugal forces established during the spin casting process as the monomer polymerizes , • viscosity, and the like. Because it is recognized that the surface of the eyeball is not uniform, but has a sub¬ stantially varying rate of curvature generally corresponding to the apical portion of prolate ellipsoids, paraboloids, and hyperboloids, the ability to properly fit a centri- fically cast hydrophilic contact lens with the optimum visual acuity is minimized. Moreover, even a centrif - gaily cast lens must be manually or otherwise edged. Accordingly, this technique has been found to be less than adequate in meeting the needs of the industry in properly balancing the ease of reproducibility and repeata¬ bility with the requirements of enhanced optical fit and power and, thus, wearer comfort and optical efficiency of the finished lens, particularly for those with astig¬ matic defects. The art has recognized the advisability of producing methods- and apparatus for machining or grinding the hydrophilic lens material in a non-swollen or dehydrated physical state. However, these approaches have not yielded a substantially improved finished lens for a number of reasons. Most significantly, the improvements in methods and apparatus heretofore proposed have merely centered about the modification of old technology, rather than an attempt to provide a totally new and improved system or concept which specifically accounts for the physical and chemical vagaries of the hydrophilic materials to be formed. Thus, it is routinely found that, for example, the tolerance limits of the machines employed far exceed those desirable tolerances for the finished product. Consequently, constant operator scrutiny and sub¬ sequent, costly rectifying procedures must be employed to yield a precision lens, or to otherwise salvage defective articles. Furthermore, the very nature of the materials employed in the fabrication of these soft lenses mandates a critical appraisal of current production techniques. For example, in addition to all of the exacting operating procedures necessarily employed in the manufacture of high quality optical articles, the machining of hydrophilic polymers in a non-swollen or anhydrous condition entails process control far beyond that necessary for the O analogous machining of glass or hard plastic lenses. For example, the hydration factor must be taken into account since the ultimate shape of the lens in the hydrated state may differ by 15%, or more, from that in the dehydrated state. This further complicates the handling of the lenses during the fabrication steps- since even a small amount of moisture, such as that on the tip of an operator's finger, or ambient humidity, can materially, locally swell the lens"" precursor. Consequently, should the operator touch the lens during the manufacture thereof, perspiration will cause local swelling which will ultimately be machined or polished away during further process steps. When the lens then dehydrates at the local position, an obvious, and oftentimes fatal, flaw results, thus rendering the lens unsuitable for its intended purpose. Yet other problems are encountered due to the nature of the physical and chemical characteristics and properties of soft contact lenses. For example, soft contact lenses not uncommonly have a greater diameter than the hard lens counterparts. Also not uncommonly, a soft lens extends well into the scleral area of the eyeball, thus transgressing the sensitive li bus. Moreover, due to the changing rate of curvature of not only the cornea but the scleral area, the optimum lens configuration will account for these differences and thus, be provided with a posterior surface which matches this changing rate of curvature of the cornea, jumps the limbus, and rests again on the sclera. And, while the scleral area is less sensitive than the cornea or limbus region, it is also essential that the edge radius of the lens be smooth and contoured to minimize eye irritation during wear. Also, while the posterior surface must account for the aspherical aberrations of the eyeball, the anterior surface must likewise be machined to very exacting tolerances, regardless of whether or not a plus or minus lens is to be yielded, to provide the required optical characteristics for the lens. To adequately account for the demanding designs inherent in quality optical contact lenses, it is thus essential to provide a maximum acceptable gross tolerance on the order of 0.001 inches, while optical surfaces should exhibit a finish of at least 4 microinches. Obviously, the greater the number of operating steps or points of human operator intervention, the less realistic become the attainment of these objectives. Various automated processes, and apparatus therefor, have been proposed in the prior art. For example, U. S. Patent No. 3,913,274 discloses a method and apparatus for making integrated multifocal lenses wherein a lens precursor is rotated in a lathe chuck and appropriately indexed in contact with a cutting tool or grinding wheel. The disclosed invention is predicated upon an adaptation of a conventional lathe whereby the lens is secured in a rotating spindle which also provides relative motion in two orthogonal directions in a plane perpendicular to the center of rotation of the lathe. The tool bit or grinding wheel is also caused to rotate about a variably controlled pivot point to allow for the cutting or grinding of different curvature radii of the multifocal lens. Appropriate translation of the cutting tool and rotating lens is achieved by means of a digital computer. While such apparatus are efficient for the manu¬ facture of relatively large lenses, their utility is diminished when the workpiece is reduced to the much smaller size of a contact lens. For example, the column which supports the lens precursor, and which is tilted relative to the rotational axis of the lathe spindle, is not suitable for use as a fixture for supporting and rotating the much smaller contact lens. Moreover, the need to provide substantial superstructure in order to achieve sufficient relative freedom of motion tends to decrease dimensional stability by increasing the number of sources which contribute to dimensional error. Also, it is obvious that significant operator intervention is needed in order to practice the disclosed process, -βl • - 6- further contributing to potential sources of dimensional instability and lack of reproducibility from lens to lens. Another apparatus is disclosed in United States ; Patent No. 3,835,588, relating to a lenticular contact lens lathe. Again, because t e apparatus is patterned on a standard contact lens lathe, which has"" been modified to provide for an orthogonal translation system via cascaded movable carriages, inherent dimensional instab- : ility is built within the system. Moreover, it is necessary to cast or otherwise preform the lens precursor with the posterior surface thereof. Consequently, the same disadvantages obtaining with the spin casting of hydro¬ philic monomers is indigenous to that disclosed process. Similar apparatus and processes are disclosed in the United States Patents No. 3,064,531 and No. 3,100,355, wherein the lens precursor must first be subjected to a substantial preforming operation in order to render the same compatible with a lathe chuck or other conventional securing member. In the case of the former patent, the lens precursor is threaded for insertion within a special chuck having a matting thread. . In the case of the latter, the precursor is first formed with a peripheral ear for restraint within a sleeve. Obviously, the preforming steps are highly undesirable. In an effort to minimize operator intervention by maximizing the number of process steps on a lens blank between mounting and demounting thereof, a quite mechani¬ cally exotic apparatus is disclosed in U. S. Patent No. 3,686,796. The machine therein described performs multiple operations, including machining, lapping, edging, and/or polishing a lens which is retained in a rotatable lens holder relatively indexable with respect to a plurality of pivotally mounted spindle heads, each for performing a given operation. Obviously, the complexity of such a machine and the need to provide the great number of • separate machine tools which must be accurately registered from step-to-step are highly undesirable from a commercial point of view. Conventional pantographs and cam followers have been adapted for fabricating contact lenses, but not without suffering many of the problems noted above and without providing the ability to produce high quality articles in reproducible, commercially-acceptable quantities. These deficiencies may be attributed to, for example, the complexity of mechanical linkage, inherent machine and ambient vibrations, the inability to produce an article of better quality than that of the pattern's surface, etc. Yet a further problem evident with prior art methods and apparatus for forming contact lenses is the inability of the same to yield ' an edge, as machined, without defects. Consequently, various, postforming polishing opera- tions such as those disclosed in U. S. Patents No. 3,032,936 and No. 3,736,115, are necessary. Again, by increasing the number of operations, potential additional sources of error are encountered. Accordingly, the need exists to provide a scienti- fically sound concept, method and apparatus for the repro¬ ducible, simple, and efficient manufacture of high quality optical surfaces on an optical le . nse precursor, whereby the number of process steps are minimized and which substan¬ tially diminishes the need for human intervention- SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the noted and notable deficiencies of prior art methods and apparatus for forming optical surfaces on a lens precursor, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an automated or semi-automated method which materially increases productivity, reproducibility and efficiency while conco i- tantly reducing the cost of manufacture of the resulting lense. It is also an object of the present invention to provide an automated or semi-automated machine for prac¬ ticing the present invention. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide an automated or semi-automated machine which incorporates a fluid-bearing microinch surface generator ""BU for fabricating spectacle lenses and contact lenses, particularly contact lenses. Still a further object of the present invention .is to provide an automated or semi-automated apparatus comprising fluid-bearing X-Y positioning tables, in concert with a fluid-bearing work supporting spindle, for the simple, efficient, and economical manufacture of hydrophilic contact lenses, which are machined in their ""hard"" or non-hydrated state. Most preferably, such apparatus is computer controlled and electronically driven to produce a predetermined path of infinite resolution. Still further objects of the present invention will become apparent to the skilled artisan upon examina¬ tion of the detailed description of the invention, taken in conjunction with the Figures of Drawing. In consonance with the af renoted objects of the present invention, it has now been determined in accordance therewith that a plurality of optical surfaces may be formed on- an optically-efficient material through use of an automated or semi-automated machine which is comprised of a fluid-bearing tool positioning table in concert with a rotatable, fluid-bearing work supporting spindle, said spindle itself being mounted upon a secondary fluid-bearing positioning table situated perpendicular to the tool positioning table. Tool posi¬ tioning is appropriately indexed via computer control utilizing appropriate feedback system including, e.g., "" - linear or rotary encoders or laser interferometric methods, whereby any complex lens geometry may be easily and reproducibly fabricated. The automated or semi-automated method of the present invention comprises the steps of assembling a precision lens precursor to the work holding device of the spindle member, generating the appropriate lens geometry on a first face of the lens precursor, removing and blocking "" the semi-finished lens on a fixture therefor, indexing the semi-finished lens/fixture assembly to the spindle, generating the opposing lens surface geometry, and demount¬ ing a precision, optically finished lens from the blocking fixture. BREIF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a perspective illustration of the microinch surface generating apparatus of the present invention, and its associated computer controller; Figure 2 is a flow diagram of the process of the present invention, and shows schematically the configuration of a lens as it is formed during this process; Figure 3 is a side elevational view of the lens blocking apparatus of the present invention; Figure 4 is a top plan view of the lens blocking apparatus of. the present invention; Figure 5 is an exploded, side, fragmentary view taken substantially along the line 5-5 of Figure 3; Figure 6 is an enlarged view of a finished contact lens; and, Figure 7 is an even more enlarged view of yet another finished contact lens formed according to the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In order to more fully elucidate upon the various objects and advantages of the present invention, the same will be described in terms of various preferred embodiments thereof. Further along these lines, the invention will be described in terms of the manufacture, of a hydrophilic contact lens. However, it will be appreciated that the same are intended as illustrative, and in no wise limitative. The present invention relates to the formation of optical and complementary surfaces on optically- efficient materials and, more particularly, to the fabrication of hydrophilic contact lenses. The present invention overcomes substantially all of the prior art deficiencies inherent in the use of antiquated methods and apparatus for the manufacture of, e.g., contact lenses and, more specifically, from hydrophilic polymeric materials. That is, the instant method and apparatus U minimizes operator handling, while maximizing process efficiency, strict repeatability and product quality. Currently, apart from the spin casting of hydrophilic contact lenses, small lathes with radius ' : ' turning attachments, primarily under manual control, are employed as standard production apparatus. And, while the Operators need not be skilled in the machinists' sense, they nonetheless require several weeks or months of training before becoming adept enough to generate lenses at a yield of more than, approximately, 25%. Moreover, whether it be attributed to operator skill and/or machine tolerance, accuracy and reproducibility are each quite low thus necessitating laborious hand polishing to obtain an acceptable finish. Also, the ability to cut curves having other than simple radii is minimized, if not precluded, in light of the foregoing limitations. In sum, the present state-of-the-art of contact lens manufacture is more art than science. Figure 1 illustrates, perspectively, a microinch surface generator, designated generally as 10, and an associated computer control therefor 12. Numeral 12a . designates the electronic interface cable linking the computer 12 to the generator 10. Microinch surface generator 10 is comprised of a fluid-bearing tool support Y-axis table or slide 14 and a fluid-bearing work support spindle motor designated generally as 16. Spindle 16 is itself fixedly mounted upon a second fluid-bearing X-axis positioning table or slide 14a which is disposed perpendicular to the axis of movement of the tool positioning table 14. Preferably, these fluid-bearing components are gas-bearing structures; most preferably, air-bearing. The table drives (axially reciprocating) are preferably comprised of electronically driven, com¬ puter controlled D. C. torque motors, to avert the roughness arising from the use of conventional stepper motors, and which motors are coupled to zero backlash lead screws. The table 14 supports a tool holder base 18, fixedly secured thereto, upon which is borne a tool positioning block 20. The tool positioning block 20 is adapted for axial reciprocation (not shown) along the Z axis, whether manually or otherwise, and advantageously is equipped with both radical and fine adjustments. A suit- able cutting tool 22 is firmly attached within the block 20. The tool 22 is, most preferably, an ultra-precision, angularly set, cylindrical diamond-tipped cutting tool, although it might be an ultra-precision rotary tool such as, e.g., a grinding wheel or burring tool. Regardless of the type of cutting tool employed, it is essential, and especially so with respect to the preferred diamond-tipped cutting tool, that the same present a substantially absolutely circular cutting surface to the workpiece of, e.g., non-hydrated hydrophilic polymer. Thus, in the pre- ferred embodiment, the diamond-tipped tool is provided with a circular cutting surface within a tolerance of 0.005 inches truth of circular profile, preferably within 0.0002 inches truth of circular profile, most preferably within 0.00005 inches truth of circular profile. In a most preferred embodiment of the invention, the Y-axis table or slide 14 supports a plurality of base/ block/tool modules, for example, a base 18/block 20/rough- ing cut tool 22 module and a base 18a/block 20a/fine cut tool 22a module fixedly spaced apart along a common Y- axis parallel ' to that of the table 14, and adapted such that after the roughing cut tool 22 has been electronical¬ ly indexed to the workpiece and done its work, the fine cut tool 22a can conveniently be electronically relocated in its place for the ultra-precision finishing. The work support spindle 16 terminates in a work holder, preferably an air collet 24, as viewed in Figure 2. The spindle/motor is fluidly rotatable about a horizontal axis, as is known to the art. By employing the fluid-bearing X-Y tables 14 and 14a, in concert with the computerized controller, any complex surface geometry may be generated, provided the mathematical function describing that geometry is - VT O unique in a given quadrant; i.e. , any curve which has only one Y for each value of X.. The tables are provided with substantial rigidity to avoid deflection under cutting loads, which is further aided by appropriate provisions :- for smoothness of operation and freedom from backlash. This is achieved, primarily, by employing a table ""bed of about 4,000 pounds, in a preferred embodiment by incor¬ porating a granite bed isolated from vibration. In a highly preferred embodiment, both the X and ' Y slides for tables 14 and 14a are air-bearing slides driven by fine pitch lead screws incorporating self- aligning nuts and D. C. servo motors. Position monitoring is achieved by electro-optical encoders with 0.5 micron resolution. A tachometer is in operative communication with the motors and the computer controller to enhance servo stability. The spindle 16 is likewise based upon an air- bearing slide to optimize the optical surface finish, as well as to ensure both isolation from vibration and tool life. The spindle motor can be present at any suitable value over the range of from about 1,000 to about 30,000 rpm, and is comprised of an integral drive motor. Radial and axial runout of the spindle/motor are maintained at no greater than 0.000010 inches T.I.R. In order to effect accurate pre-positioning between the tool 22 and the workpiece restrained within air collet 24, there are optionally provided a pair of closed circuit television cameras in two mutually orthogonal planes. A first optional camera, 30, in concert with a video display 32 allows the operator to view an enlarged picture of the tool 22 relative to a workpiece 34 in the horizontal plane. A second optional camera 30a is disposed 90° from camera 30, to the rear of the housing for microsurface generator 10, and operates in concert with optional video display 33 for allowing the operator to view an enlarged picture of the tool 22 relative to the workpiece 34 in a vertical plane. In a preferred optional embodiment, the cameras are Panasonic WV-ZOOP CCTV cameras for continuous monitoring of both vertical and horizontal positioning. The video display units are Panasonic No. WV-952 monitors. For contact lens manufacture, the image is optically magnified about 30 times. The X-Y, fluid-bearing tables 14 and 14a allow relative fluid movement of the tool 22 with respect to the spindle/motor 16 in two orthogonal directions, defining a horizontal X-Y plane. To facilitate tool set-up, the tool positioning block 20 in concert with base 18 provides Z translation of the tool 22 by appropriate operator . manipulation. Similarly as regards block 20a, base 18a ar tool 22a. Figures 3-5 illustrate a lens blocking machine, designated generally as 100, which is utilized in concert with the microsurface generator 10, and defines a necessary element of the overall system. The lens blocking machine 100 is comprised of a rotatable, generally circular table 102, although any of a number of geometries are conceivable. As best viewed in Figure 4, a plurality of rotatable lower spindle assemblies 104 are located equidistantly around the periphery of the table 102, four such assemblies being shown spaced 90° apart. Each of the assemblies 104 is comprised of a stationary base 106 and a rotatable spindle 108. A shaft 110 is in operative communication with spindle 108 for imparting any desired rotational movement thereto. Spindle 108 terminates in an air collet 112 for grasping a preformed lens block 114. The lens block 114, conventionally termed a ""pitch block"" in the art, is preferably fabricated from tool steel which is heat treated to exhibit a hardness of about 60 Rockwell/C scale to insure good service life, dimensional stability and minimize damage to the surface area for supporting a lens. The lens blocks are precision ground and lapped to a surface geometry and tolerance better than that prescribed for the inished lens, preferably ""better than"" by a factor of at least 4-5 times. Thus, there is provided a reusable lens block having both a high service factor along with the ability to very accurately establish precision datum reference points for -id- subsequent lens shaping. Moreover, the automated or semi- utomated machine of the present invention is parti¬ cularly designed for operation with a plurality of lens blocks which will undoubtedly be machined with varying - ' radii of curvature regarding ""the lens-supporting surf ce to account for varying lens geometries. Thus, it is further essential that strict uniformity of the overall dimensions of the lens blocks be maintained regardless . of differences in that supporting surface, in order to insure reproducibility in establishing a zero datum point for lens generation which insures maintenance of lens center thickness. To achieve this objective, the distance from the back banking surface 117 of the lens block, which locates the lens block in the holder (e.g., collet) , to the apex of the radius of the lens-supporting surface must be maintained uniform for all of the lens blocks utilized, within a tolerance limit of +0.001 inches, preferably +0.0005 inches, most preferably +0.0001 inches. Disposed adjacent, and projecting vertically above, the assembly 104 is an upper work supporting spindle -assembly designated generally as 120. "" Accordingly, each of the four positions illustrated may be viewed as having the appearance of a small bench press. The assembly 120 is comprised of a vertical support member 122 to which is appended an air actuated carriage 124 for vertical translation of a work supporting spindle 126. The spindle ' 125 terminates in an air collet 128 for receiving a semi¬ finished lens which is to be accurately positioned and secured to the lens block 114. Collet 126 may be displaced from an upper load configuration as shown in phantom lines in Figure 3 to a lower assembling configuration by means of the introduction of, for example, compressed gas at metered inlet 130 of gas piston 132. Retraction may be effected by providing reverse bias on the piston and allowing the gas to escape through a metered exit port . 133, or by the application of positive pressure through port 133. Accurate positioning between the collets 104 and 126 is achieved by causing the latter to translate vertically downwardly along a guide plate 134 borne upon support structure 122, the guide plate cooperating with a roller assembly 136. As best viewed in Figure 5, the upper spindle 126 is. further provided with a positioning plate 136 having a pair of apertures 138, which apertures are fitted with bushing members. Cooperating therewith are a pair of opposing guide pins 140 borne upon support plate 106, in association with the lower spindle assembly 104. Thus, as upper spindle 126 is caused to be downwardly displaced by actuation of air piston 132, the guide pins 140 will accurately position the same relative to the lower rotatable spindle 108. Located proximate the spindle assembly 104 is an adhesive dispenser, designated generally as 150. Any of a number of suitable adhesives may be employed for affixing a lens to the lens block 114, the selection of an appropriate composition being well within the purview of the art. Dis¬ penser 150 is supported by members 152 secured to a base member 154 at a height whereby a reciprocable dispensing assembly 156 may be indexed to a positioning immediately above lower spindle assembly 104. Dispenser assembly 156 is comprised of a reservoir 158 for heating and containing the adhesive to be dispensed where heating is appropriate, and a dispensing orifice 160. Horizontal translation of the assembly is achieved by movement of a shaft 162 which is controlled, preferably, by an air actuated mechanism (not shown). The shaft 162 terminates in a head member 164, to which are fastened a pair of shafts 166 for guiding the reciprocable assembly 156 during the indexing thereof. Dispensing of adhesive under compression is effected by controlled admission through a fitting 170 and a conduit 172 in communication with suitable reservoir (not shown) into the dispensing head 158, and ultimately through dis¬ pensing orifice 160. Alternatively, as is also generally shown in Figure 2, the lens blocking machine may comprise a single spindle assembly. Figure 6 illustrates, in cross-section, a finished contact lens of greatly exaggerated dimensions in order to exemplify the plurality of optical surfaces comprising the lens structure. The lens of Figure 6 is defined as a posterior surface A, including the base curve, and an ' opposing anterior surface B, "" including the power curve, each of which is the composite of, optimally, a plurality of optical and complementary surfaces. For the ease of description, the lens of Figure 6 has been divided into ; major regions having an average radius of curvature denoted as r.; however, the ideal lens will very closely parallel the changing rate of curvature of an eyeball for maximum visual acuity and wearer comfort and will, thus, be comprised of literally hundreds of individual surfaces of varying radius. Indeed, the present invention is expressly directed to the generation of such aεpheric opti¬ cal surfaces, as well as the typically spherical power curves, or combination thereof, and wherein the various individual radii including those of the edge, exhibit a tolerance within 0.0004 inches, and preferably within 0.0001 inches. In other words, the posterior surface of the lens is precisely formed for correspondence with the changing rate of curvature of the eyeball by providing a surface comprised of a plurality of discrete optical surfaces with individual posterior radii, each of which is accurate, for correspondence with the eyeball, within a tolerance of 0.0004 inches, preferably of 0.0001 inches. Likewise, the anterior surface is precisely formed for optical resolution (when considered in concert with lens thickness, material, etc.) by similarly providing a surface comprised of discrete optical surfaces with individual anterior radii, each of which is accurate, for optical resolution, within a similar tolerance of 0.0005 inches, preferably of 0.0001 inches. A finished contact lens 200 in accordance with the invention is shown in even greater detail in Figure , and whereat it will be seen that, according to the invention, there is no sharp juncture between the power curve and the lenticular [as is the case with all of the prior art lenses] . Similarly as regards the blend, which may be sharp, medium or heavy. Moreover, the base curve need not be spherical, but will match the eyeball, whether spherical, aspheric, etc. The power curve may likewise be curve corrected to eliminate spherical aberration. Concentrics [for ""add"", or otherwise] too are readily formed into the lens according to the invention with no discernible lines or junctures between zones. Thus, bifocal lenses, trifocals, omni-focals, aspheric lentic- ulars, aspheric lenticular running parallel to an aspheric base, all heretofore unknown to the art, are quite readily formed consistent with the invention. And so too a lens may be shaped having a changing rate of curve with a graduated power change in a transition zone between ""distance"" and ""add"". The significance of the ability of the apparatus of the present invention to yield lenses of such compli¬ cated geometrical shapes, in a fundamentally simple and automated or semi-automated manner and yet with an exacting degree of reproducibility, is manifest when one considers the vagaries of eyeball geometries. Optimally, an eyeball • would be spherical for maximum optical resolution. However, it is found thatonly the central portion of the eyeball is even approximately spherical, while it tends to flatten as the radius from center increases. Thus, the eyeball is typically seen to be mathematically described by ellipitical, parabolic, and hyperbolic functions. Certain visual defects further compound these complicated geometries. For example, keratoconus-type defects results in an eyeball configuration exemplified as a cone, wherein the apex corresponds to the central corneal region. Currently, contact lenses have been found to be the only effective device for optical correction of this defect and, typically, the patient will be fitted with a series of lenses to promote, or indeed force, a more spherical shape for the eye. However, the ability to accurately and reproducibly form contact lenses for patients suffering kerataconus-type defects has been elusive, at best, and unsatisfactory as a general proposition. This is because each individual lens must first be roughly formed and then individually, hand polished to provide >;. a tolerable fit on the eyeball. In so fitting the lens, any conceivable reproducibility in the initial shaping is lost completely by the subsequent, trial-and-error polishing technique. This severe condition is completely eliminated by the computerized controlled system according 7 to the invention. Even considering a ""normal"" eyeball, the inability to precisely form the posterior surface of the lens by use of present machinery results in the need for the doctor fitting that lens to resort to additional lens polishing or modification to adequately fit the lens to the patient. Again, because of the ad hoc nature of this technique, any conceivable reproducibility is similarly lost. Therefore, should the patient lose or damage a lens, it becomes virtually impossible to match a replacement lens. The automated or semi-automated machine in accordance with the present invention eliminates all of the disadvantages inherent in the current trial-and-error methods employed. Any complex posterior lens geometry may be accurately and reproducibly generated to maximize not only wearer comfort, but insure stable and strictly repro- ducible correspondence with the eyeball surface. The . anterior surface may then be appropriately formed in order to effectively yield a spherical shape, at least in the optical zone, whereby optical resolution is similarly maximized. • - - ' The posterior surface A may be said to ' be com¬ prised of a central base curve, r, , for contact with the corneal portion of the eyeball. Circu ferentially peripheral to the base curve is a secondary curve in order that the lens may, for example, transgress or vault the sensitive limbus and rest on the scleral region of the eyeball. The anterior surface B is likewise formed of a central , power curve having a radius r,, circumferentially bounded by a peripheral curve, x . . The lens terminates at an edge having a radius r_. designed to maximize wearer comfort. With particular reference to Figure 2, the process of the present invention comprises a series of interrelated, fully automated or semi-automated steps. A suitable hydrophilic polymeric material, preferably that described in United States Patent No. 3,721,657, is first polymerized under anhydrous conditions as illu¬ strated in the patent in the form of a cylindrical rod. Other suitable polymers include those disclosed in United States Patents No. 3,503,942, No. 3,532,679, No. 3,621,079, No. 3,639,524, No. 3,647,736, No. 3,700,761, No. 3,767,731, No. 3,792,028, No. 3,816,571, No. 3,926,892, No. 3,949,021, No. 3,966,847, No. 3,957,362, No. 3,957,740, No. 3,983,083, No. 3,699,089 and No. 3,965,063. The rod or bar is thence subjected to a centerless grinding or compomparable exacting machining operation under conditions of acceptable relative humidity, e.g., typically from 30--40%, to accurately render the circumferential surface circular to within, preferably, a diametral tolerance of about 0.0004 inches, preferably about 0.0001 inches. From the ground rod is then sectioned a lens blank or precursor 34. (For ease of description, the lens during its various stages of manu¬ facture will be identified with this numeral, 34). The sectioning of the lens precursor 34 may be made in any con- venient manner, desirably also under conditions of accept¬ able relative humidity, but most preferably, by an automati¬ cally fed precision lathe equipped with a standard parting tool which is itself machined or dressed to yield precise opposing faces of the lens precursor. The lens precursor or button thus defines a substantially cylindrical rod having opposing end faces and a circumferential face. The diameter of the button is reproducibly maintained within a tolerance of +0.001 inches, preferably of +_0.0002 inches, and most preferably of +0.0001 inches, while the longi- tudinal axis (thickness) also is reproducibly maintained within a tolerance of +0.015 inches, preferably of +0.010 inches, most preferably of +0.001 inches. Perpendicularity of both opposing faces relative to the outside diameter is -BU maintained within +0.0005 inches, preferably within +6.0004 inches, and most preferably within +0.0002 inches. The precision lens precursor 34 is then fed ' from, for example, a magazine load ' to the air collet 24 of fluid-bearing spindle/motor 16, most preferably an air- bearing spindle such as those currently marketed by Westwind Air Bearings/Federal-Mogul. Once secured within the spindle, ■ the operator may then precisely align the cutting tool 22 with the exact center of the lens precursor 34, optionally with the aid of optional visual displays 32 and 33. To further assist the operator in so positioning the cutting tool, gradient markings may be provided on the screen of the visual display units, either by way of a transparent overlay or by actually generating an image on the cathode ray tube. Alternatively, the aforesaid precise alignment of the cutting tool with the exact center of the button 34 is accσmposihed, e.g., by physically measuring the tool position and comparing it to a precalibrated standard in the X, Y and Z axes. Once the operator has so defined the zero datum- point for the cutting- tool, the computer 12, having appropriately been programmed, will then accurately index the cutting tool 22 vis-a-vis the spindle/motor 16 by the control of conjoint movement of each of the fluid- bearing X-Y tables 14 and 14a, most preferably air-bearing tables such as those currently marketed by Pneumo Precision, Inc. Thus, in a first cutting operation, with both tables in simultaneous computer controlled movement at varying rates of speed, the outside diameter of the desired lens is cut into the lens precursor 34, as well as a portion of the edge radius. Subsequently, the secondary curve and the base curve of posterior surface A are formed as the tool 22 transgresses inwardly of the lens. Preferably t the posterior surface is cut or •formed in a series of passes incorporating both roughing and finishing cuts. Following the complete formation of posterior surface A, the machined optical surfaces may be polished, if needed. However, due to the enhanced accuracy and precision of the machining operation, an optical surface of from about .5 to about 4 micro- inches, is produced, thus rendering any subsequent polishing step optional. After the machining of the posterior surface A, the semi-finished lens is removed from the air collet 24 of spindle 16 by any suitable mechanical means. After appropriate quality control checks and inspections, the same is manually delivered to the lens blocking machine 100. The semi-finished lens is delivered to the upper spindle 126 of the machine 100 and is retained within air chuck 128. A preformed, preheated, precision lens block 114 having a machined surface 115 corresponding to the general average radius of curvature of posterior surface A is automatically loaded in rotatable spindle assembly 104 at. a first position corresponding to I of Figure 4. It is optimal that the positions of the semi-finished lens and the lens block be reversed. The table is then indexe '90° by an air switch to a position corresponding to II of Figure 4, whereat the lens block is registered adjacent dispensing apparatus 150. The arm 162 is actuated whereby the dispensing orifice 160 is disposed immediately adjacent the upper surface 115 of lens block 114 and a predetermined quantity of adhesive having the correct temperature and viscosity is deposited thereon. [In the., alternative ""reversed position"" embodiment, the adhesive, e.g., hot pitch, is directly applied to the semi-finished lens 34, which isthen rotated for even pitch distribution, . and thence the head of the lens block engaged therewith and fixedly adhered thereto.] The arm 162 is then retracted actuating a switch which causes the upper spindle assembly 126 to be displaced vertically downwardly, as described above, whereby the posterior surface A of semi-finished lens 34 is brought into intimate contact with the adhesively-coated lens block 114. Shaft 110 is then caused to rotate a predeter¬ mined number of revolutions, such as from about 5 to about -BUR 10, in order to .evenly distribute a coating on lens adhesive between the surface 114 and A of semi-finished lens 34. In this way, adhesive will adequately account for any negligible differences between the aspheric contour 5 of surface A of lens 34 and the surface 115 of lens block 114. Following this operation"", spindle 126 is held in position. The spindle assembly 104_ is thence rotated to position III of Figure 4 to allow the adhesive to set or, if heated, to cool to a solidification temperature, 10. followed by an indexing to position IV whereat the lens block-semi-finished lens assembly ' is retrieved. Obviously, as the table is indexed through the positions I-IV other lens block assemblies may be fed thereto for affixing other semi-finished lenses as each position is freed upon com- 15- pletion of a given step. Alternatively, all of the foregoing steps may be performed at but a single position. The lens block/semi-finished lens assembly is then, after appropriate quality controls, manually trans¬ ferred to air collet 24 of fluid-bearing spindle/motor 16, 20 and the anterior surface B machined substantially as described above with respect to posterior surface A. That is, the fluid-bearing X-Y tables 14 and "" 14a are positioned by the operator to establish the appropriate reference point between tool 22 "" and the semi-finished lens 25 34, followed by the machining of the remainder of the edge radius, the peripheral and/or lenticular curve and the power curve defining the anterior surface B in, preferably, "" - a series of passes incorporating both roughing and finishing cuts. Again, while the apparatus is capable of yielding 30 a surface finish of from about .5 to about 4 microinches, the anterior surface may optionally be polished to improve the optical quality of the lens, should it be necessary or desirable for a given application. Following the formation of the lens, the lens block, finished lens assembly is 35 automatically retrieved from air collet 24 and the lens demounted and subjected to typical quality control pro¬ cedures. When the lens to be produced is for a contact lens application, the optional polishing is neither required nor desired. The lens, as-machined, exhibits excellent optical surfaces for both compatability with the eyeball surface and optical resolution. As used in the specifica¬ tion and claims, the term ""as-machined"" connotes a lens which is removed directly from the forming or shaping apparatus and which is not subjected to a secondary or ancillary polishing operation. Such finished lenses produced according to the invention, whether ""as-machined"" or after having been subjected to any polishing operation, are readied for placement on the human cornea by hydrating the same to a soft, pliable state, of equilibrium with normal physiological saline solution. The hydrated lenses are also stored in normal saline solution. Obviously, since the contact lens buttons and the optical elements shaped therefrom consistent with the invention are comprised of synthetic hydrophilic polymers in their anhydrous or non-swollen state, it is desirable to avoid conditions of unacceptable relative humidity throughout each of the processing parameters in order to obviate premature, at least partial hydration. The computer controller 12 will control all of the automatic functions of not only the microinch surface generator 10, but will also, by insertion of basic prescrip¬ tion data, design total lens geometry, including all of the appropriate optical mathematical parameters necessary for generating the appropriate radii for forming the posterior and anterior surfaces of the lens. In addition, the computer will then compute the precise tool coordinates to achieve the predetermined continuous path for the lens geometry and sequence through the various steps necessary to yield the desired lens con¬ figuration. For example, the insertion of the kerato eter readings of a patient with keratocomus, plus the desired diameter of the lens, the computer will design an aspheric lens for an optimum fit upon that patient's eye. In the production of the anterior surface of such lens, by the insertion of the desired power and optical zone, the computer will establish the appropriate coordinates for -BU optimum vision correction in the optical zone and design an appropriate lenticular relative to the posterior side of the lens. In order to position the fluid-bearing X-Y • ' . tables 14 and 14a, an analog to digital converter or interface may be interposed between the requisite ' drive means for the table and the computer output. Optionally, the apparatus according to the invention may be equipped with an X-Y plotter for the ' following purposes: [1] For the graphic illustration of the lens being generated by drawing a cross-sectional profile magnified 20 to 100 times to verify the accuracy of the computer input; [2] Conversely, utilizing the paragraph [1] illustration, by tracing a drawing magnified an exact _number of times the size of a desired lens, the computer will control the lens generator and generate a lens surface which is a duplication of the drawing; [3] By tracing a casting of the eye, or the eyeball .itself, the plotter will draw a profile of the cornea greatly magnified and feed the information into the computer for the production of a lens which will be the optimum fit on said cornea; [4] Trace from a photograph of the eye; [5] Trace from a template; [6] If the eye is topographically mapped, then the computerized plotter could draw a cross-section of the desired lens to fit this eye to all comfort degrees 0 and visual acuity, as well as produce all possible X-Y motions for the generation of the actual contact lens; [7] Also, if there are any generation errors in processing the lens, the deviations or errors could be entered into the computerized plotter and their actual 5 effects observed during manufacturing to illustrate over or under compensations. . Lastly, by utilizing the combination of the various elements according to the invention, the machining operation is conducted with a minimum of vibration, e.g., no greater than about 10 Hz, and an essentially vibration-free operation of no greater than about 2 to 4 Hz is not uncommon. While the invention has now been described in terms of certain preferred embodiments, the skilled artisan will appreciate that various changes, substitu¬ tions, modifications, and omissions may be made without departing from the spirit thereof. Thus, it will be appreciated that not only are ""soft"" contact lenses readily shaped according to the invention, but also the ""hard"" or typically PMMA lenses are likewise readily fabricated. And, indeed, the subject apparatus and computer controller therefor, are capable of designing virtually an infinite number of lens designs, for example, directly from the K readings of a keratometer. Accord¬ ingly, it ' is intended that the scope of the present invention be limited solely by that of the following claims. ""Bϋ";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. In a machine for forming a plurality of optical surfaces on an optical lens precursor, to yield a lens adapted for proximate contact with an eyeball and defined by a posterior surface and an anterior surface, the improvement comprising: ' ) rotatable spindle means including a lens precursor holder; b) base means for supporting and positioning a cutting tool; ' c) fluid motive means for fluidly supporting and positioning said base means in a plane; and d) automatic indexing means for: i) indexing a cutting tool to a face of a lens precursor while the same is rotating in said spindle means; and ii) imparting predetermined motion to said base means vis-a-vis said rotatable spindle means for shaping a surface on said lens precursor. 2. The machine of Claim 1, further comprising a second base means for supporting and positioning said spindle means and second fluid motive means for fluidly supporting and positioning said second base means in a plane. 3. The machine of Claim 2, said automatic indexing means further comprising means for imparting cooperating predetermined X and Y motion to said base and said second base means. 4. The machine of Claim 1, wherein said lens precursor holder is an air collet. 5. The machine of Claim 1, wherein said base means and said fluid motive means comprise an air-bearing table. 6. The machine of Claim 2, wherein said base means and said fluid motive means comprise an air-bearing table, and said second base means and said second fluid motive means comprise a second air-bearing table. 7. The machine of Claim 5, wherein said air- bearing table is a Y-axis slide. 8. The machine of Claim 6, wherein said air- bearing table is a Y-axis slide, and said second air- bearing table is an X-axis slide. 9. The machine of Claim 2, further comprising means for Z-axis translation of the cutting tool. 10. The machine of Claim 2, wherein the base means are adapted to fluidly support and position of plurality of cutting tools. 11. The machine of Claim 10, further comprising means for Z-axis translation of each cutting tool. 12. The machine of Claim 1, wherein said spindle is an air-bearing spindle. 13. The machine of Claim 2, wherein said spindle is an air-bearing spindle. 14. A machine for forming a plurality of optical surfaces on an optical lens precursor, to yield a lens adapted for proximate contact with an eyeball and defined by anterior and posterior surfaces, comprising a fluid-bearing microsurface generator for forming said surfaces. *. 15. The machine of Claim 14, wherein said microsurface generator comprises: a) an air-bearing spindle for holding and for imparting rotational movement to a lens precursor; b) an air-bearing Y-axis table for supporting and positioning a precision cutting tool proximate said precursor; and c) an air-bearing X-axis table supporting and positioning said air-bearing spindle. 16. The machine of Claim 15, further comprising computation and control means for imparting coordinated predetermined X and Y motion to said air-bearing X-Y tables. 17. The machine of Claim 1, said automatic indexing means comprising computer control. 18. The machine of Claim 14, said microsurface generator adapted to operate at no greater than 10 Hz. 19. The machine of Claim 14, said microsurface generator adapted to operate at no greater than 4 Hz. 20. A precision lens button comprising a substantially cylindrical truncated rod of non-hydrated hydrophilic polymer defining opposed end faces and a circumferential face, the diameter of said rod having a tolerance of - 0.001 inches, the thickness of said rod being within a tolerance of - 0.015 inches, and the perpendicularity of both opposing faces relative to out¬ side diameter being within - 0.0005 inches. 21. The precision lens button of Claim 20, the diameter of the rod having a tolerance of - 0.0002 inches, the thickness of - 0.010 inches, and the perpen- dicularity of +- 0.004 inches. 22. The precision lens button of Claim 20, the diameter of the rod having a tolerance of - 0.0001 inches, the thickness of - 0.001 inches, and the perpendicularity of - 0..0002 inches. 23. An aspheric optical element of a non- hydrated hydrophilic polymer adapted for proximate contact with an eyeball, comprising an optical lens having pos¬ terior and anterior optical surfaces and a radiused edge, wherein at least said posterior surface is a composite of a plurality of optical surfaces each of which is defined by an individual posterior radius of curvature for correspondence with the changing rate of curvature of said eyeball, each of said individual posterior radii being accurate for said correspondence within a tolerance of 0.0004 inches. 24. The optical element of Claim 23, said tolerance being of 0.0001 inches. 25. The optical element of Claim 20, wherein said anterior surface is comprised of a composite of a plurality of optical surfaces each of which is defined by an individual anterior radius of curvature, and wherein each of said individual anterior radii being accurate for optical resolution within a tolerance of 0.0005 inches. 26. The optical element of Claim 25, said tolerance being of Q.0001 inches. 27. The optical element of Claim 23, hydrated to a soft, pliable state of equilibrium with normal physiological saline solution. • ^ϋ 28. A method for forming a contact lens from a hard, anhydrous hydrophilic polymer lens button comprising the step of: a) inserting a truncated cylindrical hydrophilic polymer lens button in a rotatable fluid-bearing spindle; b) indexing a precision cutting tool borne upon a fluid-bearing microsurface generator support into proximate contact with said button; and, c) generating an optical surface on said lens button. 29. The method of Claim 28, comprising generating an optical surface of no greater than 4 microinches. 30. The method of Claim 29, wherein the fluid- bearing spindle is itself borne upon a fluid-bearing support. 31. The method of Claim 30, wherein said optical surface is generated by computer controlled, conjoint"" indexing of the cutting tool vis-a-vis the lens button. 32. The method of Claim 29, wherein said optical surface is generated at a vibration level of no greater than 10 Hz. 33. The method of Claim 29, wherein said optical surface is generated at a vibration level of no greater than 4 Hz. 34. The method of Claim 28, wherein said optical surface is generated along a predetermined path of infinite resolution. • *> - 35. A method for forming a contact lens from a hard, anhydrous polymer lens button, comprising generatin an optical surface on a first face of said button to a finish of no greater than 4 microinches, removing and blocking the semi-finished lens on a fixture therefor, generating another optical surface on the reverse face of said button, also to a finish of no greater than 4 microinches, and demounting a precision, optically microfinished lens from said fixture. 36. The machine of Claims 1 or 2, said base means supporting a precision diamond-tipped cutting tool having a circular cutting surface within a tolerance of 0.005 inches truth of circular profile. 37. The machine of Claims 1 or 2, said automati indexing being achieved by encoders with no greater than 0.5 micron resolution. 38. The machine of Claims 1 or 2, further comprising means for controlling the radial and axial runout of the rotating spindle at no greater than 0.00001 inches T.I.R. 39. The machine of Claims 1 or 2, further including video display means to permit viewing of an enlarged picture of the tool relative to the lens precursor. 40. In combination, a semi-finished lens comprising a lens button of non-hydrated hydrophilic polymer having an optical surface of no greater than 4 microinch finish and a lens block having a surface of complementary geometric configuration -with respect to sai optical surface. 41. A lens block having an arcuate lens- supporting surface for receiving a semi-finished lens, and a back banking surface for locating said blocks in a collet means, the distance between said back banking surface and the apex of the radius of said arcuate surface being within a tolerance limit of - 0.001 inches. 42. The lens block of Claim 41, said tolerance 4- limit being of - 0.0005 inches. 43. The lens block of Claim 41, said tolerance limit being of - 0.0001 inches. 44. In a machine for forming a plurality of optical surfaces on an optical lens precursor, to yield a lens adapted for proximate contact with an eyeball and defined by a posterior surface and an anterior surface, the improvementcomprising: a) rotatable spindle means; b) base means for supporting and positioning a cutting tool; c) fluid motive means for fluidly supporting and positioning said base means in a plane; • d) lens block fixture means for receiving a semi¬ finished lens and adhering the same to a lens block; and e) automatic indexing means for: i) advancing said tool to a first face of said precursor- "" while the same is rotating in said spindle means; ii) imparting cooperating predetermined X and Y motion to said base means and said spindle for forming said posterior - surface to yield said semi-finished lens; iii) retrieving said semi-finished lens from said spindle means and delivering the same to said lens block fixture means; iv) retrieving a lens block/semi-finished lens assembly and delivering the same to said spindle means; and, v) imparting cooperating predetermined X and Y motion to said base means and said spindle for forming said anterior surface. 5 45. The machine of Claim 44, further comprising automatic loading means for introducing said precursor within said spindle means. 46. The machine of Claim 44, wherein said automatic loading means comprises a hopper feed loading 10 member and wherein said spindle means includes collet means for receiving said precursor from said loading member. 47. The machine of Claim 44, wherein said spindle is an air-bearing spindle. 15 48. The machine of Claim 44, wherein said fluid motive means comprises an air-bearing Y-axis table. 49. The machine of Claim 44, wherein said lens block fixture means comprises a plural stage, relatively indexable fixture table including: 20 a) at least one rotatable lens spindle means; b) means for depositing a predetermined quantity of adhesive on a lens block positioned within said lens block spindle means; c) translatable, semi-finished lens fixture 25 means for securing said semi-finished lens and displacing the same to proximate contact with a lens block positioned within said lens block spindle means; and, d) means for rotating said lens block spindle means when said semi-finished lens and a lens block 30. bearing said adhesive are in said proximate contact. - _J_ 50. The machine of Claim 49, wherein said translatable fixture means comprises: a) collet means for receiving and accurately positioning said semi-finished lens with said posterior surface oriented outwardly thereof; and, b) means for vertically translating said collet means for effecting said proximate contact. 51. The machine of Claims 1 or 2, further including an X-Y plotter. 52. A contact lens comprising a posterior surface including a base curve, an anterior surface including a power curve and a radiused edge, and wherein said posterior surface is aspheric. 53. A contact lens comprising a posterior surface including a base curve, an anterior surface including a power curve and a lenticular and a radiused edge, there being no sharp juncture between said power curve and said lenticular. 54. The contact lens of Claims 52 or 53, the same being comprised of hydrophilic polymer. 55. The contact lens of Claim 54, the same being a bifocal lens. 56. The contact lens of Claim 54, the same being a trifocal. 57. The contact lens of Claim 54, the same being omni-focal. 58. The contact lens of Claim 54, the same being an aspheric lenticular. 59. The contact lens of Claim 54, the same being an aspheric lenticular running parallel to an aspheric base. 60. A polymeric contact lens comprised of 5 machined anterior and posterior surfaces, said surfaces having a finish of no greater than 4 microinches in the as-machined state. 61. A polymeric contact lens comprised of machined anterior and posterior surfaces, said surfaces 10 having a finish of no greater than .5 microinches in the as-machined state. 62. The contact lens of Claims 60 or 61, the polymer being a hydrophilic polymer. 63. The method of Claim 28, wherein said 15 optical surface is generated via both roughing and precision finishing cuts.";SPRIGGS R;AUTOMATED OPTICS, AUTOMATED OPTICS INC;1978
+WO-1979000084-A1;19790222.0;19780731;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25233415.0;E02B3;;E02B3;E02B   3/04;METHOD AND MEANS FOR BEACH RESTORATION;A method and means are provided for stopping erosion of beach areas and restoring the same by wave and wind activated formation of new dunes, by erecting on the beach area an elongate frame and screen structure (18) of lightweight materials and anchoring said structure to the ground. The frame members are arranged and interconnected to form a plurality of tetrahedral units (Fig. 3) which, in turn, are assembled so as to present to incoming waves a zigzag-shaped wall composed of screen sections (Fig. 2) inclined upwards and landwards, whereby to subject the structure to forces tending to press it down towards the ground and thus to retain it in position even before it is buried in accumulating sand masses. The invention includes special means (Figs. 4, 5, 6) for interconnecting the frame members and for anchoring the structure.;"METHOD AND MEANS FOR BEACH RESTORATION DESCRIPTION • ' Technical Field The invention relates to a method and means for pro- 5 ection and/or restoration of shores and beaches along oceans, lakes and rivers, where waves and floodings tend to cause erosion and in many cases danger and damage to the shore area itself and to installations on and adjacent • thereto, such as apartment buildings, summer homes, play- 10 grounds, parks, parking lots, streets and roads. Background Art For protection of such shore areas it has been common practice to build breakwaters, usually of concrete or rock ridges, to prevent erosion of the areas located landwards 15 thereof. Such breakwaters are expensive to erect and in many cases undesirable for various practical and esthetic reasons. For similar or related purposes various other means have been employed. Thus, for example, according to U.S. patent 2835112 ""apertured elements"" made of reinforced 20 concrete or shaped steel are employed to stabilize earths or materials in movement in connection with defense dams on a sea front, such elements being held together and suitably anchored by means of cables. Other means for controlling erosion conditions, partic- 25 ularly by fast-flowing river waters, are described in U.S. patent 3386250 and consist of apertured concrete blocks firmly anchored in the river bed in various configurations. Other constructions for similar purposes are known from U.S. patents I389513, 1716509. 20973^2 and 2803113. 30 Disclosure of Invention The means according to the invention comprises an elon¬ gate truss of lightweight tubings extending substantially along the shoreline and resting on the ground, with anchor- * ing means of similar lightweight construction projecting 35 downwardly into the ground to prevent overturning or dis¬ placement of the truss due to wind and wave activitities, OMPI before it has been covered with gradually accumulating sand. The truss and the anchoring means are preferably in the form of a framework composed of a plurality of aluminum or - aluminum alloy tubings of substantially equal length and diameter which are assembled according to a distinct and universal pattern to be described below. A number of rela¬ tively fine- mesh screens are mounted in certain positions within the truss for a purpose which will become evident, as the description proceeds. -Brief Description of Drawings In the accompanying drawings a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown, and in said drawings - Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view, generally perpendic- - ular to the shoreline, of a building separated from said shoreline by a beach area with a device according to the invention thereon, Fig. 2 is an enlarged view of the truss from above, with the location of the screens indicated by cross-hatch¬ ing, Fig. 3 is a perspective view of a tetrahedral assembly of six struts forming one unit of many, of which the truss and anchoring, means may be considered to be composed,. Fig. is a top (or bottom) "" view of generally spheri¬ cal elements used for joining the struts, Fig. 5 is a side view of an alternative joint between the struts, Fig. 6 is a perspective view of one of the anchoring means, shown in position to be lowered into the hole in the ground where it is to be located, and Fig. ' 7 shows diagrammatically the anchoring means as¬ sembled with the truss and in position in the hole in the ground, before said hole has been filled with sand. Best Mode For Carrying Out The Invention Fig. 1 illustrates diagrammatically the typical condi- tions at a lakefront summer home, where at the time• the •.building 10 was -erected a beach area 12 separated the build¬ ing 10 from the normal waterline Ik . Through storms and ac¬ companying wave action the beach surface has gradually been - 3 - eroded, until it has assumed a profile approximately as in¬ dicated by line 16. On a portion of this beach area 16, which is, or is made, reasonably level, the breakwater structure 18 according to the invention is then erected : 5 with the truss 20 extending generally parallel with the waterline 14 and with the anchoring means 22 buried in the ground at .intervals along the truss 20, which may consist of a single layer of tetrahedral frame units, as indicated in full lines, or have • additional such layers added there- 0 to, as indicated in dotted lines, ' depending upon the actual shape of the eroded beach surface and the shape desired to be achieved. The truss 20, a section of which is shown on a larger scale in Fig. 2, comprises a base network of struts of equal 15 length joined at the ends to form a pattern of triangular bases arranged side by side. Thus, for example, starting from the waterfront side of the truss, "" the struts 2 , 26, 28 form a first triangular base, struts 30, 32, 34 form a sec¬ ond triangular base, in which strut 30 is aligned with strut 20 24, and struts 36, 38, 40 form a third triangular base hav¬ ing strut 36 aligned with struts 2 and 30. Aligned struts 2, 44 interconnect the tops 46, 48, 50 of said three tri¬ angular bases. From the three corners 46, 52, 54 of the first triangular base three struts 56 , 5& > 60 extend upward- 25 ly to form together with struts 24, 26, 28 a pyramid, or a tetrahedral figure, having its vertex at 62 (compare Fig.3) . Similar conditions prevail in respect of the second and third triangular bases with vertexes at 64 and 66 , respec¬ tively. Vertexes 62, 64, 66 axe interconnected by inter- 30 aligned struts 68, 70 which accordingly are parallel with base frame struts 42 and 44, respectively, and located at a level above that of said first, second and third triangular bases. On said higher level, struts 72, 74 extend from ver¬ texes 62 and 64, respectively, to a junction point 76 which 35 constitutes the vertex of a pyramid, or tetrahedral figure, having for its base the triangular base formed by struts 78, 80, 82 and connected with the corners 54, 84, 86 of said triangular base by inclined struts 88, 90, 92. Sinc p vertex 76 is connected by interaligned struts 94, 96 to ver¬ texes 98, 100, etc., of other triangular bases and on the same higher level, it is obvious that a second row of iden¬ tical pyramids, or tetrahedral figures, is formed alongside the row of pyramids formed on the aforementioned first, sec¬ ond and third triangular bases, the pyramids of said second row being.of set by half a strut length along the truss in relation to the pyramids of the first row. Obviously, in the- embodiment shown, a third row of identical pyramids having their respective vertexes 102, 104, etc., extends along the truss in identical arrangement and connection with the second row, and in the embodiment comprising three adjacent rows of such pyramids the aligned base struts 106, 108, etc., constitute the back edge of the truss, as seen from the waterfront. It is obvious also, that the vertexes, such as 62, 76 , 98, on the second level of the truss may serve as base supports for a ' row of iden¬ tical pyramids (not shown) having their vertexes on a third level above the ground. Incidentally, tetrahedrons such as 68, 72, 74, 60, 90, 110 which alternate with the previously described pyramids in each row, may be described as ""invert¬ ed pyramids"", since they have their triangular ""bases"" on the level next above the level, where their ""vertexes"" are disposed. The means for joining the struts together may all be identical, and an example thereof is shown in Fig. 4 which represents junction 7 in Fig. 2. It consists of a light¬ weight spherical ball provided with six holes 130 having their central axes in a common plane which in the case of junction 76 is horizontal. The holes 130 are evenly distrib¬ uted around the circumference of the ball 76 and each re¬ ceives the end portion of a lightweight strut which is weld¬ ed or brazed in place. In the case of ball 76 said six horizontal struts are 72, 74, 94, 96, 132 and 134 and in ad- dition ball 76 is provided on its bottom side with three holes (not shown) adapted to receive the upper end portions of the inclined struts 88, 90, 92, while on its top side it has the three holes 136 which in Fig. 2 are unoccupied but in position to receive the lower end portions of inclined struts (not shown) for support of a third layer of struts on the second level above the ground. Accordingly, all the balls are identical and each provided with holes arranged ; 5.and adapted to receive a maximum of twelve struts. An alternative construction of a joint, such as at 76 , between nine , struts is shown diagrammatically in Fig. 5 ' As indicated, the end portions of the struts have been flat¬ tened out and, in the case of the inclined struts 88, 90, 10 92, bent, whereupon the flattened portions are placed on top of each other (in Fig. 5 shown separated from each other for clarity of illustration) and clamped together by means of a bolt 140 inserted through previously drilled holes in the flattened strut portions and retained by a nut 15 142 on its projecting end. In the truss 20, as described above and shown in de¬ tail in Fig. 2, a plurality of relatively fine mesh screens are secured to certain of the struts to cover selected areas enclosed by said struts. Some of said screen-covered areas 20 have been indicated by cross-hatching in the righthand por¬ tion of Fig. 2 only, in order to avoid a cluttered appear¬ ance of said Fig. 2 due to the numerous reference letters . in the lefthand portion thereof. It- is noted that in all said selected areas, as e.g. the area 50, 66 , 112, 114, the 25 screens extend from aligned struts 38, 116, 118 on the ground level to aligned struts 120, 122 on the second level, . which means that all the screens covering such selected areas are inclined upwardly and rearwardly, as viewed from the waterfront side. Accordingly, waves impinging upon the 30 screens tend to force the screens, and thereby the entire truss 20, rearwardly and downwardly toward the ground, thus - together with the anchoring means 22 - counteracting wave and wind forces tending to lift the front edge portion of the lightweight truss up from the ground and dislocating it 35 from its designated location. It is obvious that corres¬ pondingly located screens (not shown) between the second • level of the truss and a third level thereof form aligned extensions upwardly and rearwardly of the screens des- IJTTREAIT O PI ' y cribed above. Since the screens shown in Fig. 2 cross each other at various places, such as along the inclined strut 144, it is necessary to cut them in sections, before they are mounted 5 "" in the truss. Said sections are then attached to appropri¬ ately located struts by welding or brazing. For example, one screen- section in the form of a equilateral rhombus may cover the area enclosed by the struts 144, 38, 146 and 120 and have its edges secured to said four struts and, if foun 0 desirable, it may also be secured- to strut 148 which is lo-' cated in the same plane. An identical screen section may b secured to struts 144, 122, 148 and 116, and so forth. In fact, in the embodiment of Fig. 2 all the screen sections are identical except those in the third (landward) row of 5 the truss, where each screen section, such as the one en¬ closed by struts 118, 148 and 150, is in the form of half a equilateral rhombus. It may be remarked, that in some in¬ stallations it has been found that a satisfactory effect of the breakwater is achieved with considerably less total 0 screen area. In such cases all the screen sections may be of this lastmentioned form and all the ""top"" sections, such as the one bordered by struts 120, 144, 148, omitted. The anchoring means 22 (Figs. 1, 6 and 7) are prefer¬ ably structures of basically the same kind as the truss 20 5 and attached thereto at intervals of approximately 4 - 6 meters. For example, a truss (Figs. 1 and 2) may be placed upside down on the beach, so that it rests on the struts which in Fig. 2 form the aforementioned second level of the truss, such as struts 68, 72, 74, 94, 96, 132, 13^ > 160, 0 etc. On the ground level frame structure then facing up¬ wardly a pyramid comprising an assembly of tetrahedral unit of the kind described is then erected having for its base, e.g., the triangular frame 50, 162, 114 (Fig. 2). Obvious¬ ly, the next higher layer of identical tetrahedrons (right- 5 side up and inverted) would have for its base the struts ' 164, 170, 166, 122, 168 and 120 which together form the tri angular frame 66, 104, 112. These inclined struts (not shown in Fig. 2) extend upwardly from the junctions 66 , 100, 172 to form a vertex ' (not shown) on the next higher level, and the same is true with regard to the other two triangles 104, 174, 100 and 174, 112, 172 on this second level. Said three vertexes on _ 5 the third level are interconnected by struts (not shown in Fig. 2) which together form the base of a pyramid having its vertex on a ' fourth level, said last-mentioned vertex 176 (Figs. 6 and 7) forming the top point of the pyramid assem¬ bly having the triangle 50, 162, 114 for its base. 0 An anchoring means 22 of this kind is shown diagram¬ matically on a smaller scale in Fig. 6 in a position ready to be lowered into its hole 180 in the beach ground. The anchor may be secured to the truss as described above at - this time, although said truss is omitted from Fig. 6. The 15 arrow 182 corresponds to arrows 182 in Fig. 2, and it is ob¬ vious, therefore, that the landwards side of the anchor is at 184 and is covered by a thin solid sheet of lightweight metal which is secured (by welding or brazing) to the struts enclosing the triangle 114, 162, 17 and, optionally, to 0 other struts in the same plane. The main function of the sheet 184 is to counteract any tendency of the truss to be displaced in a landwards direction under the influence of wind and/or impinging waves. Fig. 7» showing a diagrammatic side view of the anchor 25 22 and the attached truss 20 in position on the beach, is selfexplanatory. It should be noted, that although the an¬ choring means 22 has been described above as attached to the underside of the truss 20 in such a position that the tri¬ angular area 50, 114, 162 coincides with the similarly, 30 marked area of the truss, i.e. with the portion of the an¬ chor rearwardly of said area projecting rearwardly beyond the landwards side of the truss, it has frequently been found advantageous to secure the anchor 22 to the truss in a position, where a still larger portion of the anchor pro- 35 jects beyond the truss, i.e. the seawardly facing junction "" 50 of the anchor may be secured, for example, to junction 190 of the truss, or even to junction 142 thereof, thus placing the major portion of the anchor landwardly of the IJTJREA T OMPI _ truss. The beneficial effect of such an arrangement is to- increasingly counteract any tendency of wind and wave forces acting on the lightweight truss from the waterfront side to - lift the truss and tilt it over, before the truss has been 5 buried in sand. In operation, the truss functions sLmilarily to an or¬ dinary solid breakwater or seawall, e.g. of concrete, but with the difference that the screens absorb the energy of • the waves less abruptly and allow a considerable portion of 0-the wave water to continue through-, over and beyond the truss. However, a portion of the sand carried by the waves is stopped by the screens and deposited within the area of the truss, and the force of the waves is diminished to a - certain extent, until it gradually is spent completely in 5 the area within and/or beyond the truss, causing another portion of the wave-carried sand to settle down. The more slowly receding water passes through the screens from be¬ hind, and any sand still carried thereby that not passes through the screens, is deposited behind the same. Repeated 0 wave action of this kind gradually causes the formation of a new dune, which eventually completely buries the truss. The process may take months or merely a few weeks depending upon the frequency and violence of the wave action. Wind- borne sand is, of course, also partially stopped and deposi- 5 ted by the screens, and when the new dune has been building up to the top level of the truss , wind and wave borne sand continues to be deposited and retained landwards of the dune, until the original beach level 12 (Fig. 1) is again approximately restored. As the new formation settles, veg- 0 etation may begin to cover at least parts thereof, and it has been noted that as this development progresses, such vegetation is often greatly stabilized ' by roots clinging to and winding around the buried screens and struts of the truss. In any case, erosion of the restored beach is per- 5 manently stopped and danger to shore installations due to 'erosion is eliminated. Industrial Applicability The preferred construction of the strut and screen assembly described above and shown in the drawings may, of course, be modified to some extent without departing from the scope of the attached claims, as long as the breakwater and dune-forming characteristics thereof are retained. It is noted also, that, if found desirable, the original truss 20 may be enlarged before or "" after* installation as mentioned above and indicated by dotted lines in Fig; 1. Each truss may be assembled entirely on the site where it is to be located, or sections thereof may be assembled in a manufacturing plant at some other location and trans¬ ported by truck, train or the like to the site, where the sections are joined together. In either case, the process is very simple and inexpensive. 'Depending upon the width of the beach area, it may also be desirable to erect two or more trusses at different distances from the water front or even, in some cases, at least partly within the water. IJUREATΓ OMPI";"CLAIMS 1. A method of stopping erosion of beach areas and re¬ storing them by wave and wind activated formation of new dunes, comprising the steps of erecting on said beach area substantially along the waterfront an elongate frame and screen structure of lightweight materials, and anchoring said structure to the ground, thereby forcing wave and wind- borne sand to accumulate within and around said structure to form a new dune. 2. The method according to 'claim 1, in which said 'frame and screen structure is arranged to present to incom¬ ing waves a continuous zigzag-shaped screen wall by attach¬ ing a plurality of flat screen sections to members of the frame structure in such a way as to make each screen see- tion extend upwardly and landwardly, whereby incoming waves - will exert upon said screen sections a force tending to press the structure downwardly against the beach ground and thus to retain it in position in counteraction to wind and wave orces tending to move or tilt the structure. 3- A device for stopping erosion of beach areas and re storing the same by wave and wind activated formation of new dunes, characterized by an elongate frame and screen struc- ture of lightweight materials forming an elongate truss (20) and means (22) for anchoring said truss on the beach ground in a position substantially parallel with the waterfront and at an angle to incoming waves. 4. The elongate truss according to claim 3 , charac¬ terized by - a) at least two parallel and laterally connected rows of interconnected frame units, each consisting of six light¬ weight tubular struts (24, 26, 28, 56 , 58, 60) of substanti- ally equal lengths which are joined together three and three at their ends to form an open-sided tetrahedron with a sub¬ stantially horizontal triangular base (24, 26, 28) and a ver tex (62) thereabove; b) means (54) connecting a base strut (24) in one of said tetrahedrons of each row with a substantially aligned base strut (30) in a neighboring tetrahedron of the same row, so as to place the top joint (46) of each triangular base in said row forwardly of its base strut; c) means connecting each of said top joints (54) in the . rearwardly row of tetrahedrons with one of the joints be- -tween said aligned base struts (24, 30) of the front row of tetrahedrons to thus offset the rearwardly row of tetrahe¬ drons longitudinally by substantially one half strut length in relation to the front row of tetrahedrons; - d) lightweight tubular struts (72, 74) interconnecting the ' .vertexes (62, 76) of said tetrahedrons in the front and rearwardly rows separately; and e) screens attached to said struts and at least partly cov¬ ering the inclined sides of the tetrahedrons extending rear- - wardly from said top joints (46, 48, 5°) of the triangular 5 bases. 5. The elongate truss structure according to claim 4, including lightweight tubular struts (42, 44) interconnect¬ ing said top joints (46, 48, 50) of the triangular bases in said front row of tetrahedrons. 0 6. The elongate truss structure according to claim 4, in which the struts connecting the vertex (62) of a tetrahe¬ dron in said front row with the vertexes (98, 76). of two tetrahedrons in said rearwardly row, together with the strut (94) interconnecting said two rearwardly vertexes, serve as 5 the triangular base for a tetrahedron in a higher level row of tetrahedrons arranged and connected similarly to the tet- - rahedrons on the lower level, whereby the rearwardly in¬ clined front vertex struts (not shown) of the higher level row of tetrahedrons form direct continuations of the corres- 0 ponding vertex struts ( 5^>) of the lower level tetrahedrons. 7. The elongate truss structure according to claim 4, in which the strut connecting means (Fig. 4) comprises a sub¬ stantially ball-shaped member (76) provided with twelve sur¬ face openings (130, 136) , the central axes of which intersect 5 each other at the center of the ball-shaped member, each of •said openings being of a size and shape corresponding to the cross-section of one of said struts, six of said openings (130) being equally spaced in a central horizontal zone -BURE EΓ O PI _ around the ballshaped member, while three openings (136) are equally spaced in each of an upper and a lower parallel zone and have their central axes inclined outwardly by 6θ° ""to the - horizontal plane, each of the openings in said upper zone 5 -being circumferentially offset by 30° from the closest open¬ ings in the central zone, and each of the openings in said ' lower zone -being circumferentially offset by 60 in relation to the openings in the upper zone. 8. The elongate truss structure according to claim 4, 10. in which the strut connecting means (l4θ, 142), at each j.oint comprises a bolt and nut assembly clamping together end portions of the struts, which are flattened and properly bent to be placed in parallel on top of each other and pro- - vided with aligned holes for the bolt. 15 9- The elongate truss structure according to claim 4, including a plurality of anchoring means (22) secured to said truss (20) at intervals along its length and each com¬ posed of tetrahedral units as described, assembled in an up¬ side down position to form an inverted pyramid for burying 20 in the ground, the landward side of said inverted pyramid being covered with a metal sheet (184) attached thereto. ""BUREA OMPΓ . k. WIPO";MANSEN D;MANSEN D;1978
+WO-1979000086-A1;19790222.0;19780726;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25235248.0;B01D37;B01D41;B01D29, B01D37;B01D  29/00A10R, B01D  29/00A38, B01D  29/32+/38, B01D  37/02;METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REGENERATING FILTERS;"In the field of pressure filter systems, a method and apparatus for re- generating a diatomaceous earth filter cake of a pressurized liquid filter system in order to solve the problem of down time and one-time only use of the filter material concomitant with prior backflushing methods by liquidizing the diatomaceous earth filter cake formed on filter elements (26) in the filter chamber (18) of the system; by uniformy mixing with the liquidized diatomaceous earth the insoluble particles, or unpurities, removed by the filter cake from liquid that has passed through the cake; and by reforming the fluid cake with the impurities uniformly distributed throughout the filter cake. The liquidizing of the filter cake and impurities and mixing of the diatomaceous earth and impurities result from oscillations induced in the liquid in the filter chamber by several cycles of rapid reversal of the flow of liquid through the filter chamber.";"METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REGENERATING FILTERS DESCRIPTION Field of the Invention This invention is in the field of pressure filter sys- * terns in which a pressure differential in the liquid being filtered is maintained across a filter element and particu¬ larly to such systems in which the filter elements are hol¬ low porous wall filter tubes whose filtering capability are significantly enhanced by forming on the surface of the por¬ ous walls of the filter tubes filter cake from finely divid¬ ed filter material by causing the liquid portion of a slurry of the filter material and liquid to flow through the filter tubes. More particularly this invention is in the field of methods and apparatus for regenerating the filter cake of such filter systems so that the useful life of the filter material forming the filter cake is significantly extended. Description of the Prior Art Pressure filter systems for removing undesirable insol¬ uble solids from a liquid such as water are well known in the art. Typically these systems have a pressure vessel whose interior is divided into a filter chamber into which the liquid to. be filtered is introduced and a filtrate cham¬ ber into which the filtered liquid flows. The filtering elements are hollow filter tubes having porous walls which are mounted in the filter chamber with the interior of the filter tubes in communication with the filtrate chamber. The mounting means for the filter tubes divides or isolates the two chambers so that liquid can flow from the filter chamber to the filtrate chamber only after passing through a filter tube. The surfaces of the filter tubes have built up on them a layer of filter material, diatomaceous earth, to form a filter cake. The filter cake is produced by form¬ ing a slurry of diatomaceous earth with the liquid to be filtered, water for example, in a precoat tank and the slur¬ ry is then pumped into the filter chamber. As the liquid portion of the slurry flows through the porous walls of the filter tubes, the diatomaceous earth builds, or forms, the filter cake on the exterior cylindrical surfaces of the porous walls of the filter tubes. After the filter cake is formed the liquid to be filtered is pumped into the filter chamber and flows through the filter cake into the hollow portion of the filter tubes and through the tubes to the filtrate chamber. The filtrate then flows through an out¬ let pipe to where it is to be used or stored. Undesirable elements in the fluid being filtered, im¬ purities are trapped or retained on the outer surfaces of the filter cake. As filtration continues the solids retain on the surface of the filter cake create a substantially impermeable crust. The flow rate of the liquid through the filter system is reduced and the pressure in the filter chamber increases. When the efficiency of the filter sys- tem decreases due to the resistance of the filter cake to the flow of fluid through it because of the impurities on the surface, the prior art teaches regenerating the filter cake by backflushing the filter system. In a backflushing operation, the liquid in the filter system is forced to flo in the opposite direction from normal through the porous walls of the filter tubes to remove the filter cake and re¬ move the trapped impurities from the tubes which then flow through a sludge opening in the bottom of the filter cham¬ ber to. a sludge receiver. Backflushing or backwashing can be accomplished by introducing compressed air into the fil¬ trate chamber of the system. The filter tubes are then re- coated with fresh clean diatomaceous earth to reform the filter cake prior to resuming normal operation of the filte system. The problem with the prior art's manner of regeneratin the filter cake once it has been clogged with solids remove from the filtrate is that it uses the filter powder or ma¬ terial only once. Further, the cleaning of the filter sys¬ tem and precoating of the filter tubes requires time during which the filter system is out of operation or production and thus reduces the overall capacity of the filter system. There have been attempts in the past to reuse and regenerate the filter cake without dumping the filter media each time. These procedures, up until now, have proven to be only partially successful and produce additional problems not encountered before. When the pressure drop across the filter tubes increases to a point that indicates that the surface of the filter cake is substantially clogged with contaminants or sludge, a vibrator or hammering device has been applied to the tube support sheet in an effort to dis¬ lodge and break up the filter cake from the tubes. Theore- tically, the filter cake is to be placed back into solution in the liquid, but the hammering only partially breaks the cake loose from the tubes and what cake is removed usually remains in relatively large chunks preventing an even re¬ generation of the cake on the tubes. In addition, another problem occurs in that the mechanical forces on the tube sheet and vessel can cause leakage around the tube flanges or even in the vessel flanges. An externally leaking filter is naturally undesirable. An internally leaking filter is intolerable in that the contaminants pass through to the outlet defeating the purpose of usefulness of the filter. Summary of the Invention The present invention provides a method and apparatus for hydraulically regenerating the filter cake formed by depositing filter particles from a slurry of such particles o a porous filter surface on a filter element in the filter chamber of a liquid filter system. This is accomplished by causing the liquid in the pressure vessel of the system to oscillate through several cycles by rapidly reversing the direction of flow of the fluid in the filter chamber. The hydraulic oscillations of the liquid liquidize, or put into suspension, the filter material of the cake and the solid material removed from the filtrate and thoroughly mix them. The mormal or forward direction of flow of liquid through the filter chamber is then resumed to reform on the porous filter surface a new filter cake which has distributed through it the solid material removed from the filtrate 'BUR E AU OMPI . >- W1P0 ,Λ during the prior operation of the filter system. To produce rapid oscillations of the liquid to regene¬ rate the filter cake the filter system is provided addi- • tional ' ly with a surge pipe through which liquid within the filter chamber can flow into the precoat tank of the system A surge valve controls such flow, or permits such flow, onl during a regeneration cycle of the filter system. It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus to regenerate in the filter chamber the filter cake of a liquid filter system. It is another object of this invention to provide a method and apparatus to permit the repetitive use of the same filter material in a pressurized liquid filter system. It is still another object of this invention to regene rate the filter material of a liquid filter system which makes it possible to use the same filter material for many cycles of operation and thus produces a significant savings in materials and labor necessary to filter a given amount of liquid under comparable conditions. This significantly increases the efficiency or productive capacity of the fil¬ ter system because the period of time the filter system is being serviced is significantly reduced. Brief Description of the Drawings Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent from the following description of certain preferred embodiments thereof, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, although variations and mod¬ ifications may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of the disclosure, and in which: FIGURE 1 is a side elevation of a filter system embody¬ ing the invention; FIGURE 2 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken on the plane of line 2-2 of Figure 1; FIGURE 3 is a schematic block diagram of a filter sys¬ tem embodying the invention; FIGURE 4 is a fragmentary perspective view partially broken away to show details of a filter tube; FIGURE 5 is a schematic view illustrating the flow of liquid through a filter tube when the normal direction of flow is reversed; FIGURE 6 is a schematic view illustrating the formation of a filter cake; and FIGURE 7 is an enlarged fragmentary sectional view taken on the plane of line 7-7 of Figure 4. Description of the Preferred Embodiments In Figure 1, pressurized liquid filter system 10 has a pressurized filter vessel or housing 12 which has a pressure dome 14 bolted to it. As is best illustrated in Figure 2, the interior of housing 12 and pressure dome 14 are divided by filter tube support disc or sheet 16 into a filter chamber 18 and a filtrate chamber 20. The interior of the low tapered portion of vessel 12 forms a sludge chamber 22 * . A plurality of filter tube receiving openings 24 are formed in support sheet 16 through each of which is placed a filter tube 26. Each filter tube 26 has a cylindrical collar 28 which has a flange 29, preferably formed integral¬ ly with collar 28 as is best illustrated in Figure 2. Filter tubes 26 are held in place by filter tube retainer disc 30 which is bolted to support disc 16 by a plurality of nuts and bolts with the flanges 29 of each of the tubes 26 positioned between support disc 16 and retainer disc 30. An ""O"" ring 32 is placed between each of the flanges 29 and the support disc 16 to prevent liquid in filter chamber 18 from flowing into filtrate chamber 20 except as a result of flowing through a filter tube 26. Each filter tube 26, as is best illustrated in Figure 4, is hollow and has a metal helical spring 34 which is fixedly secured to collar 28 by welding, for example. A standard stainless steel screen mesh 36 is wrapped around the outer surfaces of coil spring 34 and is spot welded to it. The helical spring's chief function is to position BU EAU OMPI ,- WIPO screen 36 and to prevent its collapse due to the pressure a- cross it as liquid flows through it. The lower portion of each filter tube 26 is closed off by a cap 38 which is fixed ly secured to spring 34 and screen 36 to prevent liquid from flowing directly into the interior of tube 26 without flowin through screen 36. Conventional centrifugal pump 40 has its intake port 41 connected to a source of liquid to be filtered such as the contents of inlet tank 42 or to the liquid in precoat tank 4 through conventional pipes or fluid conductors as determined by the state or condition of valve 46. Valve 46 when it is i its first state or condition connects intake port 41 of pump 40 to inlet tank 42. When valve 46 is in its second state o condition it connects intake port 41 of pump 40 to precoat tank 44. Fluid from output port 47 of pump 40 can flow into filter chamber 18 through conventional piping depending upon the state or condition of valve 48. When valve 48 is in its first state, fluid from pump 40 flows into filter chamber 18 through filter inlet pipe 49. When valve 48 is in its second state, liquid from pump 40 is directed to valve 50. Valve 50 when in its second state, and if valve 48 is in its second state, causes the output from pump 40 to flow into the fil¬ trate chamber 20 through filtrate pipe 51. Valve 50 when in its first state or condition permits fil¬ trate to flow from filtrate chamber 20 to valve 52. Valve 52 when in its first state causes filtrate to discharge into filtrate tank 54. When valve 52 is in its second state, fil¬ trate will be discharged into precoat tank 44. Liquid can al so flow from the filter chamber 18 into precoat tank 44 through surge pipe 56 when surge valve 58 is in its second stage. When surge valve 58 is in its first condition, or stage, surge line 56 is closed or blocked, and no liquid can flow from filter chamber 18 into precoat tank 44. Filtrate pipe 51 is provided with a sight glass 60 and a blow down shut off valve 62. A conventional pressure gauge 6 is mounted on dome 14 and a pressure safety valve 66 is also mounted on dome 14. To backwash filter system 10, compressed air can be applied to filtrate chamber 20 through compressed air line 68 which is provided with a valve 70 to turn on or off compressed air from a conven¬ tional source which is not illustrated. Sludge line 72 runs from the bottom of sludge chamber 22 to a conventional sludge receiver which is not illustrated. Line 72 is provided with a sludge valve 74 which when closed prevents any fluid from flowing through line 72 and when it is open permits sludge, impurities and filter materials, as well as liquid in filter chamber 18 and filtrate chamber 20 to be forced out of the system. The fluid conductor from inlet tank 42 ' to valve 46, in a preferred embodiment, is provided with a conventional check valve 76, and filter inlet pipe 49 is also provided with a check valve 78. The conductor from pump 40 to valve 48 is provided with a conventional pressure control valve 80 in a preferred embodiment. Inlet, or inlet tank 42, is kept filled with the liquid to be filtered which liquid flows into tank 42 through pipe or liquid conductor 82. The source of the fluid to be fil- tered can be, for water, such natural sources as wells, lakes, reservoirs, or rivers; or the source could be the effluent from various industrial processes, swimming pools and the like. Filter systems of the type disclosed can also be used to filter fluids other than water such as dry clean- ing fluids and the like. The first step in putting filtering system 10 into op¬ eration is to fill the system with the liquid to be filtered. This is accomplished by setting valve 46 to its first state, which connects inlet port 41 of pump 40 with liquid in the inlet tank 42. Valve 48 is set to its first state which directs fluid from pump 40 into filter chamber 18. Surge valve 58 is put in its first state so that liquid from with¬ in filter chamber 18 cannot flow through surge line 56 to precoat tank 44. Valve 50 is put in its first state and valve 52 is placed in its second state so that when filtrate chamber 20 is filled with liquid, the liquid can flow into precoat chamber 44 which in a preferred embodiment is open at the top. Pump 40 is started and run until precoat tank 44 is substantially full of liquid at which time pump 40 is -stopped. The next step is to precoat the filter tubes with an appropriate filter material, or to form the filter cake on the exterior surfaces of the filter tubes 26. In a prefer¬ red embodiment, the filter material, or powder, is diatom¬ aceous earth, or diatomite. Valve 46 is positioned to its second state in which pump 40 pumps water from precoat tank 44 rather than from inlet tank 42. The states of the re¬ maining valves of the system are the same as for filling th system and thus are unchanged. Pump 40 is started and the proper amount of filter material is poured into precoat tan 44 necessary to form a coating, or cake, on the mesh or screen 36 of each filter tube 26. The thickness of the cak in a preferred embodiment is substantially one-eighth of an inch. After all the filter material is poured into precoat tank 44, and the amount is a function of the area of the filter tubes, the pump 40 is kept running until the liquid flowing past the sight glass 60 is clear, which indicates that the filter cake 82 has been formed on the filter tubes 26. To go on stream or to start a production run, it is only necessary to reposition valve 46 to its first state so that pump 40 draws liquid from inlet tank 42 and valve 52 to its first state which causes filtrate from filtrate chamber 20 to flow into filtrate tank 54. . Filtrate in tank 54 is removed through outlet pipe 84. Part of the filtrate can be mixed or added to the liquid in inlet tank 42 to improve the degree of filtration, if desired, by permitting some of the filtrate to flow into tank 42 as is illustrated in Figure 3. During the production cycle liquid to be filtered flows through the filter cake 82 as is illustrated in Figure 7, which is built up on the upstream side of mesh 36 from the individual diatoms in the slurry, pumped through the system during the precoating cycle. As liquid to be filtered flows through filter cake 82, the solid particles suspended in the liquid are removed or retained on the outer surfaces of cake -82. As the production cycle continues, or filtration con¬ tinues, the solids retained on the surface of filter cake 82 create a substantially impermeable crust or layer. This causes the resistance of the filter cake to the flow of fluid through it to increase, reducing the flow and increas¬ ing the pressure of the liquid in filter chamber 18. When the pressure in filter chamber 18 reaches a certain value, 25 pounds per square inch in a preferred embodiment, it is time to regenerate filter cake 82. To do so pump 40 is stopped, valve 46 is positioned in it second state, valve 52 is placed in its second state, and surge valve 58 is opened, or placed in its second state. Pump 40 is started and valves 48 and 50 are caused to change states substantially in unison from their second states to their first states, thence back to their second and so forth for several cycles. When valves 48 and 50 are in their sec¬ ond states, liquid from pump 40 flows through filtrate pipe 51 into filtrate chamber 20, then into the hollow interiors of filter tubes 26 and through the screens 36 of such tubes into filter chamber 18. Figure 5 schematically illustrates the flow of liquid through the screen 36 of a filter tube 26 during such a period of reverse flow. When valves 48 and 50 are in their first states, fluid from pump 40 flows into filter chamber 18 through filter in¬ let pipe 40, the normal direction, of flow of liquid. Liquid in chamber 18 can flow out of chamber 18 through surge line 56 and through the filter tubes into filtrate chamber 20 and thence into precoat tank 44. The normal direction of flow of liquid through a filter tube is schematically illustrated in Figure 6. ' During the regeneration cycle the direction of flow of liquid through the filter tubes is changed rapidly which causes the liquid to oscillate or surge through the filter tubes to liquidize the filter cake 82 and the solids re- 'BϋR E ΛT OMPI moved from the filtrate and to mix them with the liquids in the filter chamber so that the solids removed from the filtrate are substantially uniformly distributed, or mixed, with the filter material. The net amount of liquid flow during the regeneration cycle is small because of the oscil lating nature of the flow and because the entire regenera¬ tion cycle requires only a short time to accomplish its pur pose, on the order of one minute. The period of oscillatio in a preferred embodiment is in the range of from 2 to 20 seconds, the preferred period being from 4 to 10 seconds. The number of cycles is in the range from 2 to 5, with the preferred number being 3. After the filter cake and remove solids are liquidized and substantially uniformly mixed, valves 48 and 50 are placed in their first states and the filter system is in its precoat cycle so that the filter material with the solids, or impurities, are deposited on the filter tubes and the filter cake 82 is reformed with th impurities substantially uniformly distributed throughout the cake as seen in Figure 7. When the liquid flowing through the sight glass 60 is clear, filter system 10 is ready to go back on stream. As the solids removed from the filtrate during produc¬ tion again build up on the outer surfaces of filter cake 82, the pressure in chamber 18 increases. When it reaches the designated limit, in a preferred embodiment, 25 pounds per square inch, it is again time to regenerate the filter cake as described above. Once the filter cake is liquidized and substantially uniformly mixed with the solids removed from the filtrate, the cake can be reformed as set forth above and the filter system put back on stream, or in production. The filter cake can be regenerated many times in this way, but finally it will be so full of impurities, dirt or solids, removed from the filtrate that further efficient filtration is impossible. Then it is time to remove the impurities and filter material from the filter tubes 26 by "" λ> liquidizing them and mixing them with the liquid in the filter chamber 18 as described above. Pump 40 is stopped, valve 48 is put in its second state, shut off valve 62 is closed and valve 50 is placed in its first state which iso- lates filter chamber 18 and filtrate chamber 20 from the rest of the filter system 10. Sludge valve 74 is opened and air valve 70 is opened to force the liquid, dirt and filter material from filter chamber 18. After all the sludge and liquid from chamber 18 has been removed, the sludge valve 74 and air valve 70 are closed. The operation of the filter system is ready for the full cycle from filling the filter to precoating the tubes to production to regeneration, etc. All the valves used in the filter system can be pneu¬ matically or electrically powered or controlled instead of being manually controlled. When so controlled all the cy¬ cles, filling, precoating, operating, regenerating, and backwashing can be controlled and programmed by conventional control systems. Since such control systems form no part of this invention, they are not illustrated or further de- scribed. From the foregoing it is clear that this invention pro¬ vides methods, and apparatus for regenerating the filter cake of a liquid filter system by inducing oscillations in the liquid in the filter chamber which liquidizes the filter ma- terial of the filter cake and the solid material removed by the filter cake, substantially uniformly mixes them, and re¬ forms the filter cake with the solid material substantially uniformly distributed through the filter cake. It should be evident that various modifications can be made to the described embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.";"CLAIMS 1. The method of regenerating filter cake formed by depositing small particles of a filter material from a sus¬ pension of said material in a vessel substantially filled with said liquid of a filter system by causing the liquid o the suspension to flow in a forward direction through a porous filter element, comprising the steps of: (a) causing the liquid in the vessel to reverse the direction of flow through the porous filter elemen for a number of cycles in the range of from 2 to 5, each cycle having a time period in the range of from about 2 to 20 seconds; and (b) causing the liquid in the pressure vessel to flow steadily in the forward direction to reform the filter cake on the porous surface of the filter elemen of the system in order to re-establish the filter cake which now is a homogeneous mixture of the filter mate¬ rial and the filtered solids which provides a clean, regenerated outer filtering surface. 2. The method of Claim 1 in which the filter material is diatomaceous earth. 3. The method of Claim 2 in which the liquid is water. 4. The method of Claim 3 in which the number of cycles of flow reversal of the liquid is three. 5. The method of Claim 4 in which the preferred range for the time period of a complete oscillation is from 4 to 10 seconds. 6. The method of regenerating diatomaceous earth ilte cake formed on a filter tube mounted in a filter chamber of a filter system for filtering a liquid which is forced to flow through the filter tube in a forward direction to form the filter cake on the filter tube and to filter the liquid, comprising the steps of: (a) causing the liquid in the system to flow • . through the filter tube in a reverse direction opposite to its forward direction for a first suitable time period; (b) causing the liquid in the system to flow through the filter tube in its forward direction for a second suitable time period; (c) repeating steps (a) and (b) for a number of cycles whereby the particles of the filter cake are liquidized and substantially uniformly mixed with the filtered solids; and (d) causing the liquid to flow in its forward di- rection to reform the filter cake on the filter tube so that the filter cake is a homogeneous mixture of the filter material and filtered solids with a clean outer regenerated filter surface. 7. The method of Claim 6 in which the liquid is water. 8. The method of Claim 6 in which the preferred number of reverse cycles is 3. 9. The method of Claim 6 in which both suitable time periods range from 2 to 5 seconds. 10. Apparatus for a pressure filter system for regen¬ erating filter cake formed by depositing small particles of a filter material from a suspension of said material in a liquid on a surface of a porous filter element in a pressure vessel by causing the liquid of the suspension to flow in a forward direction through the porous filter element, com¬ prising: (a) means for causing the liquid in the pressure vessel to cycle between a reverse and forward flow direction through the porous filter element for a plur- I UREΛTΓ OMPI A WIPO ality of cycles so that the filter cake is broken up, liquidized and mixed with the residual filtered solid and (b) means for causing the liquid mixture in the pressure vessel after the cyclic operation to flow steadily in a forward direction to reform the filter cake with the mixed filter material and filtered soli on the porous surface of the filter element of the sy tem so that a regenerated clean filter surface is pro duced to renew the efficiency of the filter system. 11. A filter system for liquids comprising: (a) a pressure vessel having a dome, the walls o the pressure vessel forming a pressure chamber and th walls of the dome forming a filtrate chamber; (b) a plurality of hollow rigid filter tubes mounted in the filter chamber with the hollow interio of each filter tube in connection with the filtrate chamber; (c) a pump for pumping liquid through the filter system; (d) "" fluid conductor means connected between the outlet of the pump and the filter chamber, said fluid conductor, means having two conditions, a first condi¬ tion in which fluid from the pump flows into the fil¬ trate chamber only and a second condition in which fluid from the pump flows into the filter chamber onl and (e) surge conductor means which permits a small amount of liquid to flow from the vessel when the flu conductor means is in the first condition; (f) whereby by rapidly changing the flow conditi of the fluid conductor means, cyclic flow of the liuq through the filter tubes can be induced, the period a number of cycles being determined by the rate and num ber of changes, of the flow conditions of said fluid conductor means. -15- 12. A pressure filter system for filtering solids from liquids comprising: (a) a pressure vessel; (b) a pressure dome removably mounted on the pres¬ sure vessel, the interior of the pressure vessel form- ing a filter chamber, the interior of the pressure dome forming a filtrate chamber; (c) a plurality of rigid filter tubes, each tube having a porous wall with a hollow interior and adapted to have a filter cake of filter material formed thereon by action of a slurry of the material and liquid as the liquid flows through the porous walls of the filter tubes; (d) means for mounting the filter tubes in the filter chamber so that the hollow interior of each filter tube is in communication solely with the filtrate chamber, said means for mounting also separating the filter chamber from the filtrate chamber so that fluid can flow from the filter chamber to the filtrate chamber only through the filter tubes; (e) pump means having an input port and an output port; (f) a precoat tank; (g) first liquid conductor means including first valve means having a first and second state for connect- ing the input port of the pump means to a source of liquid to be filtered when the valve means is in its first state and to the precoat tank when the valve means is in its second state; (h) second liquid conductor means including second valve means having a first and a second state for con¬ necting the output port of the pump means to the filter chamber when the second valve means is in its first state; (i) -third liquid conductor means including third and fourth valve means, each of the valve means having two states, for connecting the filtrate chamber with the precoat tank when the third valve means is in its first state and the fourth valve means is in its secon state; (j) surge liquid conductor means and fifth valve means having a first and second state, for connecting the filter chamber and the precoat tank when the fifth valve means is in its second state; and (k) fifth liquid conductor means for interconnect ing the second and third conductor means so that the output port of the pump means is connected to the fil¬ trate chamber when the second and third valve means ar in their second states; whereby flow reversal of the liquid through the filter tubes to regenerate the fil¬ ter cake can be induced by rapid change of the states of the second, third and fifth valve means from their first to their second and then back to their first states substantially in unison and for a plurality of cycles to liquidize and mix- the filter material and filtered solids and regenerate the filter cake on the filter tubes to restore the efficiency of the filter system. 13. The filter system of Claim 12 in which the walls of the filter tubes are formed of a fine wire mesh. 14. The filter system of Claim 12 in which the filter material is diatomaceous earth. 15. The filter system of Claim 12 in which the liquid is water. I AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 12 January 1979 (12.01.79)) <- 1. A method for use in a liquid type filter vessel having at least one filter tube for regenerating the filter cake medium on the filter tube within the vessel, said filter cake being formed by introducing a suspension of a liquid and small particles of filter material into said vessel so that when the liquid passes through the filter tube in a forward flow direction, the filter material will be deposited thereon to provide the filter medium for a continuous liquid filtering process, the regenerating method comprising the steps of (a) reversing the flow of a sufficient quantity of liquid through the filter tube for a sufficient time to dislodge the filter cake and retained solids from the filter tube; (b) causing the liquid within the vessel to move in a cyclic forward and reverse flow direction within the vessel to break up the filter cake formed by the particles of filter material and mix the particles and the retained solids to form a homogeneous liquidized suspension within the vessel; and (c) redepositing the mixture of the filter material and retained solids on the surface of the filter tube in order that the regenerated filter cake will be homogeneous through- out its thickness and will have a clean filter surface to improve the efficiency of the liquid filtering process. 2. A method for regenerating the filter cake in a liquid-type filter vessel, said filter cake which is the filter medium for the separation of solids from the liquid during the filtering process being formed by depositing a layer of filter material on the surface of a filter element within the vessel by passing a liquid suspension of said material in a forward flow direction through said vessel so that the liquid passes through the filter element leaving the filter cake formed on the surface of the said filter element, the regenerating method comprising the steps of (a) reversing the flow of liquid through the filter element and vessel with a sufficient flow quantity and for a sufficient time to dislodge the filter cake and retained solids from the filter element, (b) cycling the flow of liquid within said vessel in a forward and reverse flow direction a sufficient number of cycles and time period to break up and mix the filter material and retained solids forming a homogeneous liquidize suspension within the vessel; and (c) flowing the liquid suspension in a forward flow direction so that the liquid again passes through the filter element leaving the filter material and retained solids as a homogeneous filter cake on said filter element whereby the regenerated filter surface of the cake is sub¬ stantially free of solids to improve the efficiency of the filtering process. 3. The method of Claim 2 in which the filter material is diatomaceous earth. 4. The method of Claim 2 in which the liquid is water. 5. The method of Claim 2 in which the number of cycles for complete flow reversal of the liquid within the vessel during the cycling step is at least three. 6. The method of Claim 2 in which the time range during the cycling step for complete flow reversal mixing is within the range of four to ten seconds. 7. The method of Claim 2 which further includes the step of removing a quantity of liquid from the filter vessel equal to the quantity of liquid used in the first flow re- versal so that the dislodged filter cake will move substan¬ tially away from the filter element into the interior of the filter vessel for the cycling step. 8. The method of Claim 2 in which the filter element is one or more filter tubes. 9. A method for regenerating the filter cake in a liquid-type filter system, said filter cake being formed by depositing a layer of a filter material on the surface of a filter element within said system as the liquid passes in a forward flow direction through the filter element, the filter cake being used to continuously filter solids from the liquid during a filtering process, the regeneration method comprising the steps of (a) reversing of the flow of liquid through the filter element for a sufficient time and with a sufficient quantity to completely dislodge the filter cake and retained solids from the filter element; (b) cycling the flow of liquid within the filter system from the forward direction to the reverse direction for a sufficient number of cycles and time period to thorough¬ ly break up and mix the filter material and retained solids into a homogeneous suspension in said liquid; (c) redepositing the suspension of filter material and retained solids in a homogeneous filter cake which will have a clean outer surface to improve the efficiency of the filtering process; and (d) flowing liquid in the forward filtering direction until such time that the efficiency of the filtering system drops below a predetermined level caused by subsequent retained solids at least partially blocking the outer surface of the filter cake; and repeating steps (a) , (b) , and (c) periodically as needed to continue the useful life of the original filter material in the filter system for an extended period of time. OMPI _ ^ WIPO 10. A method for regenerating the filter cake in a filter system as described in Claim 9 which further includes the step of disposing of the filter material and retained solids from said filter system when the quantity of solids retained in the filter material reaches a predetermined pro¬ portion wherein the filter process is no longer economically efficient. 11. A filter system for liquids comprising a filter regeneration system, said filter regeneration system com- prising: (a) first and second path means: (b) said first path means comprising in sequence: pump means, first conduit means, first valve means, second conduit means, first filter housing nozzle means, filter element means, second filter housing nozzle means, third conduit means, second valve means, and fourth conduit means; (c) said second path means comprising in sequence: • said pump means, said first valve means, fifth conduit means, said second valve means, said third conduit means, said second filter housing nozzle means, said filter element means, third filter housing nozzle means, and sixth conduit means; and (d) said regeneration system further comprising me to alternate flow between said first and second path means in a frequency and duration sufficient to liquify and homo- geneously mix a filter cake which was on the surface of said filter element means; and (e) said filter system further comprising means to redeposit said liquified filter cake upon the surface of sai filter element means as a single homogeneous layer. 12. Apparatus for a pressure filter system for regen¬ erating filter cake formed by depositing small particles of a filter aid material from a suspension of said material in a liquid on a surface of a porous filter element in a pressure -vessel by causing the liquid of the suspension to flow in a forward direction through the porous filter element, com¬ prising: means for causing the liquid in the pressure vessel to cycle between a reverse and forward flow direction through the porous filter element for a plurality of cycles so that the filter cake is broken up, liquidized and mixed with the residual filtered solids; and means for causing the liquid mixture in the pressure vessel after the cyclic operation to flow continuously in a forward direction to reform the filter cake with the mixed filter aid material and filtered solids on the porous surface of the filter element of the system so that a regenerated clean filter cake surface is produced to renew the efficiency of the filter system. 13. The filter system of Claim 12 in which the filter material is diatomaceous earth. 14. The filter system of Claim 12 in which the liquid is water. fa wipo STATEMENTUNDERARTICLE19 In accordance, with the Notification of Transmittal of the International Search Report in the above-identified International Application mailed 16 November, 1978, please amend this application as follows: In the Specification, substitute the new Page 9 in¬ cluded with this Amendment for the original Page 9 in the original application as filed. Delete Pages 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 which contain the claims in the original application as filed and substitute the new Pages 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16 which now present a new set of claims in this application. REMARKS < r The substitution of the newly typed Page 9 in this application is provided in order to correct two typographica errors that were noted in the original page as filed. In Line 27 (old page) , the number 40 has been changed to 49 to correct the designation for the ""filter inlet pipe"". In Line 29 (old page) , ""and"" has been changed to ""or"" so that the phrase now reads ""through surge line 56 or through the filter tubes... "". These two changes are the only changes made on this page. All of the claims of the original -application which were contained on the old Pages 12-16 have been deleted by this Amendment and fourteen new claims on new Pages 12-16 have been substituted. Of the new claims, Claims 1-10 are method claims directed to the process for regeneration of the filter cake within the liquid filter. Claim 11 is an apparatus claim directed to the structure for regenerating the filter cake in the novel filter system. Claims 12-14 ar directed to the broad concept of the apparatus for a system having the capability of regenerating the filter cake. These new claims are provided to place the application so that it now corresponds with the claims presently pending i the corresponding United States Patent Application, Serial Number 822,133. The cancellation of the original claims and substituti of the new claims by this Amendment is believed to place this application in better condition for allowance. The claims as now presented are believed to better define the Applicant's invention in more clear and concise terms to properly describe and claim the apparatus to which the Applicant is entitled. The original claims were cumbersome and therefore it is felt necessary to rewrite and substitut these new claims. The claims as now presented are believed to be patenta nd the aoolication as amended is in condition for allowanc";MUTHER R;ENVIRONMENTAL IND PROD, ENVIRONMENTAL IND PROD INC;1978
+WO-1979000096-A1;19790308.0;19780807;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25242593.0;G11C11;;G11C11, G11C13;G11C  13/04E;OPTICAL MEMORY WITH STORAGE IN THREE DIMENSIONS;A high storage capacity, fast access time, photovoltaic ferroelectric memory apparatus including a plurality of memory planes (1) which are stacked in a three dimensional configuration. Each plane is comprised of a photovoltaic ferroelectric layer (9) and a photoconductive layer (10) sandwiched between two electrodes (8), (11). Writing of information is effected by illuminating a selected xy location on the planes while simultaneously applying a voltage pulse to a selected z plane, and reading is effected by illuminating a selected xy location while connecting a selected z plane to a read amplifier.;"TITLE: OPTICAL MEMORY WITH STORAGE IN THREE DIMENSIONS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION T""he present application claims priority from its earlier filed U.S. Application Serial Number 824,895, filed 15 August, 1977 and, is related to U. S. Patent Application No. 533,365, filed on December 16, 1974, in¬ corporated herein by reference, which is in turn a con- tinuation-in-part of U. S. Patent No. 3,855,004, also in¬ corporated herein by reference. The present invention is directed to a high storage density, fast access time random access memory having a three dimensional configuration. As is known, a random access memory is one which permits information to be instantaneously either written into or read out of any selected storage position of the memory. This is in distinction to a serial memory such as magnetic tape, where a selected position can be arrived at only by unreeling the tape to the desired position. While memories such as magnetic tapes are capable of storing large amounts of information, the serial mode of access is much too slow to be directly useful in the real time operations which are performed by a computer. Presently, the most widely used random access memory is the magnetic core memory wherein storage is in a row and column arrangement of magnetic cores which are accessed by a matrix arrangement of wires. While the magnetic core memory has found wide usage in computer technology, it is limited both as to storage capacity and rapidity of accessing time. Therefore, in recent years, a great deal of expense and energy has gone into attempting to develop a better random access memory, that is, one with a very large storage capacity, and a very fast accessing time. While memories which have a larger storage capacity than magnetic core memories have been developed, at least some of these have the disad¬ vantage of being volatile, that is, the stored data is lost if the power to the memory or to the computer is cut off. It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a random access memory having a high density storage capability. It is a further object of the invention to pro¬ vide a random access memory having a fast accessing time. It is still a further object of the invention to provide a memory which is capable of storing gray scale information. It is still a further object of the invention to provide a memory which allows data to be transferred in and out at high rates. It is still a further object of the invention to provide a random access memory which is non-volatile. It is still a further object of the invention to provide a random access memory which is non-destructive. The above objects are achieved by providing a memory which utilizes photovoltaic ferroelectric material as the storage medium. For a detailed discussion of the properties of these materials as well as typical mater¬ ials which can be used, the reader is referred to the above-mentioned patent and patent application. Briefly, OM photovoltaic ferroelectric materials, which include ferroelectric ceramic materials, if remanently polar¬ ized, will produce a voltage output upon being illumin¬ ated. The polarity of the voltage output corresponds to the polarity of the remanent polarization, and its magnitude is proportional to the magnitude of the re¬ manent polarization and to the length of the material. In accordance with the invention, a plurality of two dimensional photovoltaic ferroelectric memory planes are stacked to provide a three dimensional configuration. Each memory plane by itself, provides a high density storage capability, and this capability is increased by orders of magnitude by the three dimensional stacking. Both write in and read out are primarily optical, which allows fast accessing times. And, according to the arrangement disclosed, accessing a plurality of stacked memory planes should not take any longer than accessing a single memory plane, so that increased storage capa¬ bility is achieved without an increase in the accessing time. The invention will be better understood by re¬ ferring to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a generalized block diagram of the random access memory apparatus of the invention. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a segment of a memory plane. Figure 3 is a perspective view of a segment of a memory plane. Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a segment of a memory plane in a region of a cavity thereof, and also shows the optical diffuser/reflector block at the end of the cavity. Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of a stacked array of memory planes. OMPI Figure 6 is a perspective view of a stacked array of memory planes. Figure 7 is a perspective view of a fiber optic image recording station utilizing the principles of the present invention. Figure 1 is a block diagram of the general organ¬ ization of the memory apparatus of the invention. It is comprised of memory block 1 which is a stacked array of photovoltaic ferroelectric layer-photoconductive layer memory planes to be described in greater detail below. Each memory plane is connected to electrical switching network 5 by conductors 20. Beam deflector 3 and lens 4 are disposed with respect to laser 2 so as to deflect the laser beam to any xy memory position of the memory plane. Generally, in order to write information into the memory cell by cell, the beam is deflected to a selected cell at a position Xi, Yj, on the image plane while simultaneously electrical switching network 5 con- nects the electrodes of a selected memory plane Z. to write pulse generator 7. Accordingly, the information is recorded into the selected cell x., Y., z . Pre- -• 3 k ferably, as will be explained below, the write pulse generator includes a subsidiary pulse generating means for generating an opposite polarity pulse following the write pulse. As will be appreciated, the design of such multiple pulse generators is within the knowledge of those skilled in the art. To read, the beam is deflected to a selected one 2 of the N cells on the image plane while simultaneously electrical switching network 5 connects the conductors from a selected memory plane Z to the read amplifier 6. It should be understood that both the laser beam deflector system and the electrical switching network 5 are known to those skilled in the art, and form no part ITUR O of the present invention. Thus, for example, two di¬ mensional beam deflector 3 may comprise a type of electro-optical beam deflector while electrical switch¬ ing network 5 may comprise a solid state switching array. The structure of memory block 1 is shown in greater detail in Figures 2 through 6. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a segment of a single memory plane while Figure 3 is a perspective view of a section of the memory plane. As shown, each memory plane is comprised of photovoltaic-ferroelectric layer 9, juxtaposed with photoconductive layer 10, and sandwiched between electrodes 8 and 11. Conductors 20 are attached to the electrodes for connection to electri¬ cal switching network 5. The photovoltaic-ferroelectric material may be any of a number of ferroelectric ceramic materials, and for greater detail in this regard, the reader is reffered to the above-mentioned patent appli¬ cation and patent. An example of the material which may be used is PZT-5A. As shown in Figures 2 and 3, each of the memory 2 planes is perforated by N individual cylindrical hollow cavities. Each of these cavities comprises a memory cell and each is disposed at a different xy location on the plane. Photoconductive layer 10 is comprises of a mater¬ ial having a high dark resistance, and preferably a low dielectric constant. Examples are organic photoconductors or zinc oxide prepared with high dark resistance. While the dimensions of the memory plane can be varied to suit individual requirements, as an example, the lateral di¬ mension may be of the order of 1 centimeter, the thick¬ ness may be of the order of .1mm or less, and the dia¬ meter of the individual cavities may be of the order of .025 mm. Each plane described can operate individually as an isolated memory medium as well as a member of a ' stacked three dimensional configuration. Operation of the stacked configuration will be more easily under¬ stood once operation as an isolated unit is described. Referring to Figure 4, the laser beam is focussed within the cavity which defines the memory cell. The light scatters off the cavity sidewalls and the reflecting- diffusing optical stop 15 which closes the end of the cavity. While not shown in the Figure, the light act- ually bounces off the sidewalls many times after being reflected back through the cavity by block 15. For even moderate depth to diameter ratios, there will be a light trapping action and the illuminated walls will absorb the light in an optical absorption depth (s) which will generally be somewhat different for the two different materials which comprise the cavity. Simultaneously with the illumination, a voltage pulse is applied across the electrodes of the memory plane by the pulse generator. The effect of the illumination in the photo- conductivity thereby allowing sufficient current to flow through the illuminated wall region to switch a portion of the remanent polarization P in the light absorbing region of the photovoltaic-ferroelectric material. The final magnitude and polarity of the polarization is de- , pendent on the magnitude and polarity of the voltage applied, the magnitude of the current that is flowing and the duration of time for which it flows, and the initial state of remanent polarization within that region. If there was no initial polarization within the region, there is now remanent polarization in the walls of the cavity parallel to the cylindrical axis. There is no remanent polarization in the remaining cavities since simultaneous illumination and application of a voltage has not occurred. However, due to the dark current of the photoconductive material, it is possible O that under certain conditions, a relatively small switch¬ ing of remanent polarization will occur in the walls of non-illuminated cavities. Although insignificant during a single write in, after a great number of write ins, this effect can interfere with proper operation. To minimize this effect after the illumination • is removed, a pulse of polarity opposite to that of the initial pulse is applied to the memory plane. This opposite polarity pulse is of sufficient magnitude to remove the small remanent polarization induced in the originally dark cells. The remanent polarization in the cell which was illuminated also may be somewhat reduced in magnitude, but the result of the operation is a net remanent polarization the photovoltaic ferroelectric portion of the cell which was illuminated with essential¬ ly zero remanent polarization in the remaining cells. It should be noted that while the ferroelectric material is illuminated in the above-described arrangement, this is not necessary for write in, remanent polarization being effected even if the ferroelectric is not illumin¬ ated or is illuminated by a wavelength which does not produce significant photoconductivity in the ferro¬ electric. To read information out of the memory block, a cavity is illuminated, and the output of the read ampli- fier is connected across the electrodes. The read ilium-. ination induces a current proportional to the magnitude of the remanent polarization which charges the total capacity across the amplifier input. This capacity is primarily the capacity between the memory plane electrodes and it is charged through the low resistance provided by the illuminated photoconductive region of the cylinder wall. The photovoltaic ferroelectric source acts init¬ ially as a constant current source charging the capacity C to a voltage V = ~ - ~ i~-ϊ—t in time cJt, the voltage appear- ing across the input of, for example, an FET operational amplifier. The voltage eventually rises to a maximum value equal to the open circuit emf of the photovoltaic- ferroelectric segment which is V Q d, where V Q is the open circuit voltage per unit length, and d is the length of a photovoltaic-ferroelectric cavity. For PZT- 5A, the constant, V Q has a value of about 60 millivolts per micrometer. An essential element of the present invention is the simultaneous accessing for both writing and read- ing of a plurality of stacked three dimensional planes. This enables accessing of a large number of stacked planes in the same time as it would take to access a • single plane. While the cylindrical cavity arrangement described is effected with particular convenience and advantages, the invention is not limited to this embodi¬ ment. Further, it should be appreciated that the type of memory disclosed has advantages over systems using various techniques including photoconductive switching to effect remanent polarization for changing the light transmission properties of an element. .Such memory does not lend itself to three dimensional stacking be- • cause of the resultant superposition and confusion, of read information. It should be further noted that while not as effective for read-out, instead of the photo- voltaic effect produced by illumination, the pyroelectric current produced by selective heating may be used. It may also be possible to use other transient currents which are proportional to the remanent polarization for read out. The photoconductive region serves two purposes. Firstly, as a photoconductive switch which allows polar¬ izing of selected cells, and secondly, as. a contact -point which connects the region in which the read signal is generated to the capacitor formed primarily by the plate electrodes. This capacity is much reduced from the capacity of a parallel plate capacitor which would be formed by the plates were they to directly cross the photovoltaic-ferroelectric layer, the dielectric con¬ stant of which is of the order of 1,000, since the photovoltaic material typically would have a dielectric constant of about 10. The arrangement thus enhances the magnitude of an initial read signal, as can be seen from the above equation. Reading can also be accomplished with the use of a current sensing amplifier instead of a voltage sensing amplifier. With the arrangement shown in the drawings, experimental results indicate that relatively fast read and write times can be obtained. Additionally, by making the cylinders diameters as well as the distances be- tween cylinders relatively small, a high packing density can be obtained. This high packing density can be in¬ creased by orders of magnitude by stacking the memory plates to form a three dimensional configuration. Thus, large numbers of plates can be stacked to increase the storage density many times without increasing the read- write access times. The .three dimensional configuration is effected by stacking a plurality of plates with the cylindrical cavities in register, and adding a multiple switching circuit which allows a selected sequential pair of electrodes to be selectively connected to the write pulse generator for the write operation and to the read amplifier for the read operation. As shown in cross- section in Figure 5 and in perspective in Figure 6, a plurality of memory plates 17, 18, etc. are stacked together with the individual plates being connected to switching network 19. Multiple diffuser-reflector block 16 is disposed at the end of the composite cavi¬ ties. To write, the beam is deflected to a cell en- trance x, y. The light which is trapped illuminates the inside of a long hollow cylinder comprises of the individual cylindrical memory cells between the elec¬ trodes bounding the planes. Information is stored in any one of the cells, x.,y.,z by illuminating the cylinder entrance x.,Y j »and switching the electrodes across the plate z. to the write pulse generator which applies the poling voltage pulse and the subsequent clean-up pulse with illumination removed. To read, cell x., Y. is illuminated, and the electrodes of plane z are switched to the amplifier input. Further, it is clear that a continuous tone image which is projected upon the cylinder entrances can be stored in one polarizing operation in any of the stacked plates. It can be removed by electrical de-poling, or by re-poling to a uniform polarization state. As shown in Figure 7, such an image could enter by way of fiber optic lines 21. While in the multiple plane system described above, readout is normally point by point with random, or if desired, sequential access for data transfer pur¬ poses, higher rates can be achieved by transferring out data in parallel into K read amplifiers simultan¬ eously from K plates. Similarly, K pulse generators can be used for writing in parallel. Since the output current of an illuminated cell is proportional to both the illumination intens¬ ity I and the remanent polarization in the cell P , the memory can be used to compute the product of these two quantities. An intensity modulated beam can be utilized to produce (I) and where is the product, f^= A .cf(I) γ (P r ) . It should be understood that while the Figures show a read-write ferroelectric photovoltaic memory, OM - li ¬ the teachings of the invention are also applicable to a read only memory in which the photoconductive layer would be dispensed with. The remanent polarization in¬ formation could be entered by a direct polarization technique, by replication, or by any other method known to those skilled in the art. I wish it to be understood that I do not desire to be limited to the exact details of construction shown and described, for obvious modifications can be made by a person skilled in the art.";THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED AND DEFINED AS FOLLOWS: 1. A three dimensional memory apparatus, com¬ prising, a plurality of electrically switchable stacked memory planes, each memory plane including a layer of photo¬ voltaic ferroelectric material and a layer of photo¬ conductive material, means for generating a light beam, means for optically addressing selected stor¬ age x-y locations of the memory planes with said light beam, and means for simultaneously electrically switch¬ ing to a selected memory plane, whereby the selected x-y locations on the selected plane are accessed for writing and/or reading. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each memory plane further comprises, a sandwich of said layer of photovoltaic ferro¬ electric material and said layer of photoconductive material between two electrodes, and, said means for electrically switching being connected to said electrodes. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said memory planes have a plurality of cavities therein, each cavity extending fully through the memory plane and comprising said storage x-y location. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said memory planes are stacked with the cavities of the respective planes being lined up with each other. 5. The apparatus of claim 4 further comprising, means for writing information into said memory, said means for writing comprising, means for applying a first electrical pulse to said selected memory plane, whereby due to the photoconductivity of said photoconductive layer a greater portion of the magnitude of said pulse appears across said selected x-y locations than across non-selected locations, thereby inducing a remanent polarization in the ferroelectric of said selected locations. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 further including, means for applying a second electrical pulse opposite in polarity to said first electrical pulse immediately following said first electrical pulse, the magnitude of said second pulse being substantially smaller than the magnitude of said first pulse. 7. The apparatus of claim 5 further including, means for reading which includes means for connecting said selected memory plane to a read amplification means. 8. The apparatus of claim 5 further including, a light diffuser-reflector means disposed at the end of each composite cavity which is formed by the juxta¬ position of the adjacent cavities, of the adjacent stacked memory planes. 9. The apparatus of claim 3 for accessing a plurality of cavities at the same time, comprising a light conducting element disposed to pass in, through, and out of each of said plurality of cavities. 10. A memory apparatus comprising, a memory plane comprised of a layer of photo¬ voltaic ferroelectric material and a layer of photo¬ conductive material sandwiched between two electrodes, said plane having a plurality of information storage cavities therein, each cavity passing entirely through said memory plane, and, means for addressing a selected cavity with a light beam, and, means for simultaneously applying a voltage pulse across said electrodes, whereby information is written into said selected cavity. 11. A method for determining the product of two quantities, utilizing the apparatus described in claim 7, comprising the steps of, making the intensity of said light beam pro¬ portional to one of said quantities, making the magnitude or duration of said elec¬ trical pulse proportional to the second of said quanti¬ ties, optically addressing a selected cavity with said light beam, applying said pulse to a selected memory plane, and, detecting the output current of said selected cavity in said selected plane, which current corresponds to said product. 12. A three dimensional photovoltaic ferro¬ electric memory apparatus, comprising, a plurality of electrically switchable stacked ferroelectric memory planes, each memory plane including a layer of photo¬ voltaic ferroelectric material, means for generating a light beam, means for optically addressing selected storage x-y locations of the memory planes with said light beam, and means for simultaneously electrically switching to a selected memory plane, whereby the selected x-y locations on the selected plane are accessed for reading.;BRODY P;PHOTOVOLTAIC CERAMIC CORP, PHOTOVOLTAIC CERAMICS CORP;1978
+WO-1979000097-A1;19790308.0;19780807;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25242590.0;G11C11;;G11B9, G11B11, G11C14;G11B  11/08, G11B   9/02, G11C  14/00;PHOTOVOLTAIC-FERROELECTRIC DATA RECORDER;A data recording and read-out apparatus and method in which a ferroelectric ceramic substrate (5) is remanently polarized to store information. Upon being illuminated, the substrate produces a photovoltaic voltage, which is detected to effect read-out. A disk (1) of ferroelectric ceramic material (5) to which information is entered by spiral tracking, either in a single track or in multiple tracks. A self-scanning data record comprised of a plurality of ferroelectric ceramic cells (20) which are remanently polarized, and which are read out by a register (22).;"TITLE : PHOTOVOLTAIC-FERROELECTRIC DATA RECORDER BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present application claims priority from the U.S. Patent Application 324,894, filed August 15,1977 and is related to U.S. Patent Application No. 533,365, filed- December 16, 1974, incorporated herein by refer¬ ence, which in turn ""is a continuation-in-part U.S. patent No. 3,855,004, also incorporated herein by refer¬ ence. As disclosed in the above-mentioned patent and patent application, the inventor has discovered that the class of materials known as ceramic ferroelectrics, if remanently polarized, will produce a photoelectric voltage upon being illuminated. The reader is referred to the above-mentioned patent documents for the details of this phenomenon, but briefly, the voltage output of the material is of a polarity corresponding to the direction of the re anent polarization and is of a mag¬ nitude proportional to both the amplitude of the lemanent polarization and the length of the ferroelectric material, The present invention in its broadest aspect is directed generally to a data recording and readout apparatus and method employing the above phenomenon, and "" B UREAU .. O PI in its more specific aspects, is directed to a disk recording and readout apparatus and a self-scanning data record. ■ In general, one of the advantages of the inven- •5 tion is that it provides a storage and retrieval device which affords both relatively high density storage and a relatively fast accessing time. The disk recording apparatus provided by the present .invention possesses advantages over prior art 10 disk systems. By way of background, disk recording and readout systems in general have been known for many years and are most frequently found in the well known vinyl phonograph disk which is both cut and read-out by mech¬ anical as opposed to electrical or optical means. Be- 15 cause of the inherent limitations of the mechanical mode, conventional record disks have been limited as to the density of * information which can be stored, and addition- _ ally have the disadvantage of becoming scretched or damaged by wear. 20 While magnetic tape has supplanted vinyl disks to a certain extent, especially where high quality audio reproduction, and video reproduction is desired, tape too is susceptible to surface wear, and has the further significant disadvantage that it must be replicated by 25 recording rather than by a contact replication process, such a * s is used in the case of vinyl disks. This accounts for the higher price of magnetic tapes. For several years,, there has been an effort to develop a charge deposition or capacitive recording 30 system in which charge is deposited directly on the sur¬ face of an insulating tape, which acts like a capacitor. The pickup in this type of system is a non-contacting probe which tracks the tape. The advantage of this system is that it affords higher density than the vinyl disk, 35 and in comparison to conventional magnetic tape, can afford a large number of tracks. However, the problem is O that the charge is not permanent and leaks off over a period of time, and this is probably why such systems have not been commercialized. In distinction to the above, the present invent- ion provides a disk made of a ferroelectric ceramic material which is recorded by being remanently polarized within its bulk by a polarizing electrical signal, and which is read-out by the detection of a photovoltaic out¬ put voltage which is produced when the disk is illumin- ated. This sytem affords a unique combination of charac¬ teristics and advantages not found in the prior art. Since it provides a high density storage capacity, more information can be stored and a correspondingly higher bandwidth can be obtained than with either the vinyl, disk or magnetic tape, and since the information is stored in the bulk of the material rather than on the surface, there is no wear problem as with conventional disks and tape. Like the charge depositions system the present invention permits the use of a large number of recording tracks, but unlike the prior art system, in- ~ formation storage is permanent as opposed to temporary. Finally, the disk of the present invention, has the signi¬ ficant advantage of being capable of being replicated by a contact process, and further, may permit both re- cording and readout on the same turntable in situations where this may be advantageous. It is thus an object of the invention to provide a new data recording and readout apparatus and method employing a newly discovered phenomenon. It is a further object of the invention to pro¬ vide an improved disk recording and readout apparatus. It is a further object of the invention to pro¬ vide a disk which may be recorded by either digital or analog signals and which may be utilized either as an audio disk or a video disk. -BUREA OMPI rΛ, 1P0 y It is still a further object of the invention to provide a data recording and readout apparatus which is capable of high density storage of information. It is still a further object of the invention to provide a data record which is not subject to the problem of surface wear or damage. It is still a further object of the invention to provide a recording and readout apparatus which can employ a large number of tracks or channels. It is still a further object of the invention to provide a data record which can be easily and inex¬ pensively replicated. It is still a further object of the invention to provide a self-scanning data record. The invention will be better understood by re¬ ferring to. the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a pictorial illustration of a disk data recording arrangement according to the. invention. Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of the ceramic ferroelectric disk shown in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a representation of a data playback arrangement according to the invention. Figure 4 is a representation of a multi-channel data recording arrangement according to the invention. • Figure 5 is a representation of a multi-channel data replaying arrangement according to the invention. Figures 6 to 8 are representations of self- scanning arrangements according to the invention. Referring to Figure 1, data is entered into disk 1 by stylus 6 which is on the end of tracking arm 2. Disk 1 is in the shape of a conventional audio disk and as shown in cross-section in Figure 2, is comprised of bottom conducting substrate 4 which is coated with ferroelectric ceramic material layer 5. Coating 5 may be made of any appropriate ferroelectric ceramic material. and for a more detailed discussion of appropriate mater¬ ials, see the above-identified co-pending patent and patent application. As an illustrative example, the material PZT-5 may be used. Data is entered into the sheet by the appli¬ cation of a voltage between a point on the insulating ceramic surface and a conducting plane. The voltage may be applied by using a contacting stylus such as shown at 6, or by an equivalent method, such as by using an electron beam, non-contacting stylus, ion beam, or other method. Access to points on the disk is by spiral tracking as in a conventional audio disk playback unit using a pre-cut groove, a lead screw, or other method to track the input voltage point in a spiral path on the surface of the record rotating beneath the head. The mechanics of such an -arrangement are considered to be well known to those skilled in the art, and are there¬ fore not disclosed in detail in the present application. The exemplary information shown as being entered to the disk in Figure 2 is an arbitrary pattern of alternating remanent polarization directions. It is significant to note that since the magnitude of the remanent polari¬ zation which is produced in a ferroelectric ceramic material is proportional to the amplitude of the voltage applied; analog as well as digital information can be entered into the disk. The playback signal is in the form of a modulated voltage proportional to the remanent polarization appear¬ ing between the conducting substrate and a contacting or non-contacting stylus, moving in the same path as the stylus which entered the data. The playback voltage is produced when the surface of the disk is illuminated by a source of an apprppriate wavelength, and the voltage which is detected results from a charge density ώ(r) which appears on the insulating surface. -BUREAU OMPI An illustrative playback arrangement is shown in Figure 3 wherein the surface of the disk is illumin¬ ated by lamp 19 and the voltage is picked up by con¬ tacting probe 6, and is fed to appropriate amplifica- tion circuitry 7. It is noted that a positive voltage appears at the portions of the disk in which a remanent polarization has been created by a positive polarizing voltage. The illumination used for playback can be con- tinuous, can be turned on just preceding playback or can be peridically applied with sufficient average in¬ tensity to maintain the photo-induced surface charge. For "" photo-voltaic ferroelectric ceramic materials such as PZT, PLZT, BaTi0 3 , etc., this wavelength is in the deep violet or ultraviolet region, and the wavelength and intensity determines the rate of surface charging. As . an example, lamp 19 may be a conventional fluorescent tube with the phosphor used to produce illumination peaked in the 370 UV region. If a non-contacting stylus is used for playback, it detects a voltage induced by the surface charge den- • sity -s-(r) utilizing a voltage to current converter, and if a contacting stylus is used, the surface charge den¬ sity 6 ( r i* 3 discharged through the input of a current to voltage converter. In that case, the charge density re-appears rising at a rate defined by a charging time constant f . In either case, the charge density vanishes as a result of leakage when the illumination is removed and the dark discharge time constant -£', is generally much greater than _- . The above allows for continuous playback, even if detection is by the discharge mode. In addition to the photo^voltages described above, pyroelectric voltages generally produced by in¬ cidental heating, for instance due to the illumination, are also present. These are in the same direction as the photovoltages, and thus produce similar effects. The pyroelectric voltages however, are produced by the ther¬ mally induced changes in the remanent polarization, and thus are an increment in the total surface charge, and are not constantly renewed by the illumination or heat. They decay with time as the result of resistive paths to ground, and alone do not provide a suitable source of voltage or charge for playback. For efficient photo- voltage producing radiation, the pyroelectric voltage produced incidently by a temperature increment should be much less.than the photo-voltage. An illustrative embodiment of a multi-channel recording system is shown in Figure 4, and a correspond¬ ing embodiment of a multi-channel playback system is shown in Figure 5. "" Referring to Figure 4, it is seen - that multi-channel probe assembly 11 has a plurality of information inputting probes 12, and in the drawing,eight channels and probes are shown. At the input, a signal is originated by microphone 8, or other signal source, and is fed to signal compression logarithmic amplifier 9, and from there to analog-to-digitai converter 10, since the illustrated system is digital. The digital signals are then inputted to probe assembly 11, where eight concentric spiral channels are recorded. For playback, as is shown in Figure 5, pickup probe assembly 13 includes eight probes 14, and the sig¬ nals picked up are fed through digital-to-analog con¬ verter 15, anti-log amplifier 16, and power amplifier 17, to speaker 18, or to some other desired output device. Instead of the antilog amplifier, pulse modulation in combination with a Class D amplifier, or other arrange¬ ment known to those skilled in the art, can be used. As mentioned above, one of the advantages of the ceramic disk of the present invention is that it can be -BtTEAlT OΛ-PI replicated by a contact process. For a more detailed discussion of this, the reader is referred to co-pending ϋ. S. Patent Application No. 533,365. Figures 6-8 show additional embodiments of the invention in which an analog or digital data record is self-scanned. Referring to Figure 6, cells 20 are in¬ dividual photovoltaic-ferroelectric ceramic memory cells having remanent polarizations stored therein. Register 22 is a known charge control device register, which as known to those skilled in the art, is analogus in opera¬ tion to a shift register in that charge is moved from one storage position to the next, and is then recirculat¬ ed. Transfer gate 21 is disposed between photovoltaic- ferroelectric cells 20 and the charge control device register. In operation,- when calls 20 are illuminated, they output a signal indicative of the stored remanent polarization to the corresponding cells of the register through transfer gate 21. After this is done, the in- formation is read out along the register at the desired rate. The ferroelectric ceramic elements can be formed directly on a silicon substrate on which the CCD regis¬ ters are formed using large scale integrated circuit technology. Information can be introduced into the in¬ dividual memory cells by a replication technique from a master or directly using a moving electric contact, a charging electron beam, or other appropriate method. The above-described device may be viewed either as a self-scanning data record or as a charge control memory with photovoltaic ferroelectric cells being uti¬ lized to make the stored information permament instead of temporary. As is known to those skilled in the art, one of the problems with conventional charge control memories is that the information needs to be refreshed periodically. In Figure 7, another embodiment of a self-scan¬ ning device is shown, which embodiment utilizes a con¬ ventional shift register in conjunction with individual transfer switches. Referring to the Figure, individual ferroelectric ceramic elements 24 are connected through individual transfer switches 25, which may, for instance, be solid state switches, to the cells of shift register 26. In this embodiment, if desired, the shift register can be utilized to sequentially apply a fixed or varying voltage to the individual ferroelectric ceramic elements sufficient to produce remanent polarization representing information. Readout is accomplished by the reverse operation, the charge produced by the elements upon illum¬ ination being transferred to the shaft register, and being shifted out to processing circuitry in conventional fashion. "" To represent the alternative write and read functions, pole or read switch 27 is shown. As well as being a self-scanning record, the device shown in Figure 7 is also a sequential non-volatile read-write memory. An extension of the embodiment of Figure 7 is shown in Figure 8. In this embodiment, multiple rows of ferroelectric ' ceramic elements are utilized in conjunct¬ ion with a single transfer switch, and the individual rows are scanned by being selectively illuminated. This embodiment can be utilized as a read-only memory or as a data record. Polarization information can be entered in a variety of ways, for instance, by voltages applied through sets of electricl contacts. Similarly, the embodiment of Figure 6 can be extended to the multiple row concept by providing multi¬ ple rows of cells and by connecting the row cells of each column in parallel with each other. Again, either a read-only memory or a self-scanning record is provided. It should be understood that while the storage and readout apparatus of the invention has been described, heretofore in conjunction with a disk, it also applies to tape and drum media. I wish it to be understood that I do not desire to be limited to the exact details of construction shown and described, for obvious modifications can be made by a person skilled in the art. - B UR O";What is claimed is: 1. A photovoltaic information storage and read¬ out apparatus comprising, a substrate of a ferroelectric ceramic material, means for applying an electrical signal across at least a region of said substrate to effect a remanent ferroelectric polarization in said region representative of said information to be stored, means for illuminating said at least a region of said substrate with a source of radiation, whereby a photovoltaic voltage is produced at said region having a polarity dependent on the polarity of said electrical signal, and means for detecting said photovoltaic. oltage, whereby the stored information is retrieved. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 for storing digital s ~ ignals wherein said means for detecting comprises means which is responsive to the presence or absence of said photovoltaic voltage. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 for storing analog signals wherein said means for detecting comprises means responsive to the amplitude of said photovoltaic voltage. 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said substrate is disk-shaped, is deposited on a conducting surface, said means for applying an electrical signal .comprises means for applying a signal to said substrate in a spiral tracking pattern, 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said disk has an exposed surface and said means for illuminating com¬ prises means for illuminating the entire exposed surface simultaneously. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said means for applying an electrical signal comprises means for applying a plurality of electrical signals in concentric spiral tracks. 7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said means for detecting comprises means for detecting a plural¬ ity of photovoltaic voltages in concentric spiral tracks. 8. A self-scanning information storage and read-out apparatus comprising: a plurality of cells of ferroelectric ceramic material, each cell being remanently polarized, means for illuminating said cells, and means for detecting the photovoltaic voltages produced by each of said cells. 9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said means for detecting includes transfer means and register means. 10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said re¬ gister means comprises charge control device register means. 11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said re¬ gister means comprises shift register means. 12. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said plurality of cells comprises a plurality of rows and columns of cells, and said means for illuminating com¬ prises means for illuminating a selected row at a time. 13. A method of storing information comprising, providing a substrate of ferroelectric ceramic material, applying an electrical signal across at -least a region of said substrate to effect a remanent ferro¬ electric polarization in said region representative of said information to be stored, illuminating said at least a region of said sub¬ strate with a source of radiation whereby a photovoltaic voltage is produced at said region having a polarity de¬ pendent on the polarity of said electrical signal,and detecting said 'photovoltaic voltage, whereby said stored information is retrieved. 14. A self-scanning information storage and readout apparatus comprising, register means, a plurality of cells of ferroelectric ceramic material, and transfer switch means between said register means and said cells for poling said cells. 15. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said sub¬ strate comprises at least a part of a tape. 16. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said sub¬ strate is depicted on a drum. -BUREAU OMPI;BRODY P;PHOTOVOLTAIC CERAMIC CORP, PHOTOVOLTAIC CERAMICS CORP;1978
+WO-1979000108-A1;19790308.0;19780823;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;27448643.0;F16L1;E02B3;E02B3, F16L1;E02B   3/12C, F16L   1/12A;A SYSTEM FOR DEPOSITING SEDIMENT AND/OR PROTECTING AN INSTALLATION ON THE FLOOR OF A BODY OF WATER;This invention relates to a device which deposits sediment and/or protects an installation on the floor of a body of water. A ridge-like heavy, sectioned structure in its cross-section is divided in pairs of supporting symmetrical parts (1) and, resting on these parts, symmetrical movable parts (3) which are prevented from sliding downwards, but may be removed upwards along the supporting parts (1). Upon such removal the supporting parts make up a secondary shield, until the movable parts (3) have been re-positioned.;"A SYSTEM FOR t-EPOSITING SEDIME- T AND/OR PRJTEX-TING AN INSTALLATION ON THE FLOOR OF A BODY OF WATER The invention relates to a system for depositing sediment and/or protect¬ ing pipelines, cables and the like en the floor of a body- of water. A ridge-formed system <_*cr_sisting of a plurality of mutually displaceable exanpenents for depositing sediment and/or protecting an installation against fishing gear, ships' anchors, and the like, is already known. The present invention as defined in Claim 1 presents a system which is so flexible that it can adapt to very rugged seabed contours and at the same time maintain a continuous surface to further the sediment deposit¬ ing effect and to present no obstacle to fishing gear passing over the system. The upper surface of the flexible system according to Claim 2 has no dis¬ continuations, even with different settlements of adjacent modules. The fastening according to Claim 3 presents a simple and cheap method of connecting the movable parts to the supporting parts. The hooked connection according to Claim 4 allows for release of the ties in case of removal of the movable parts over top of the structure. A perforation according to Claim 5 reduces the lifting forces on the structure. Flaps according to Claim 6 ensure a steady contact between structure and seabed, so that fishing gear always slides over the structure without hooking its edges. The system acxrar ing to Claim 7 is able to absorp very great iitpacts frcm dropped objects. The unprolongable ties according to Claim 8 prevent the top of the protec¬ tive cover frcm cc-fiing to rest on the installation to be protected. The cx_r_struction material according to Claim 9 ensures flexibility and tight contact with the seabed. The method according to Claim 11 allcws for ir iediate start of production anywhere, either near the site of installation or in the nearest harioour, and possibly for saving of transport of sand and stones frcm shore. The method according to Claim 12 gives a very high production rate per da The method according to Claim 13 presents a maxiιτ_ιm laying speed. By the method according to Claim 14 the laying of the protective cover to a certain extent is independent of weather conditions. The method according to Claim 15 presents a rational, cheap laying of the covers when they can be laid together with the cable or the pipeline. The materials according to Claim 16 allow for adjusting the duration of dissoluticn of the materials to duration of the laying procedure. In the following description reference will be made to the drawing in which: Fig.1 is a cross-section taken along the line I-I of Fig.2, Fig. 2 is a plan view of a preferred embodiment of the invention. Fig. 3 is a longitudinal section taken along the line II-II of Fig. 1, Fig.4 is a cross-section taken along the line IV-IV in Fig.5 of an alternative embodiment of the invention, Fig.5 is a longitudinal section along the line III-III of Fig. 4, Fig. 6 is a cross-section of a catamaran type laybarge provided with jac up legs. Two different water level situations are shewn in the figure. In p___ticular on uneven and/or hard clayey or rocky seabed, flexibility of the protective structure is iπportant. This may be obtained for in- stance by means of a short length of the modules in which the cover is sectioned, and by flexibility between the individual cαπponents of the structure/ cf. Figs.1-5. By means of flexible borders consisting of narrow, pivotally hinged mem- bers4, a tight contact with the seabed is obtained, even if this is un- even or beccrnes eroded. Trawl- and other fishing gear therefore always slides over the s-tructure without catching hold of its edge. The members 4 are kept together by wire means 6 passing through holes in the members"" 4, so that the vertical jumps between adjacent m__mbers are liπated, and they form a continuous surface. The slidable primary shield 3 appropriately may be triangular and suppor ed on the gently sloping edges of the triangular upper surfaces 2,of the supporting parts 1 which form the secondary shield of the structure. Eve if -..evenness of the seabed or erosion cause a mutual vertical displace- men , p r sides and always remain in tight contact all the way along these. As shown in Fig.5, 1 may be further divided in a supporting lower portion 1 and 2, and a loose upper portion 7 resting on either 2 or 3. 3 may be prevented frcm sliding downwards for instance by means of at least one tie connecting a point of the underside of 3 with the top of 1, for instance with the axle 5 of the hinge between the syirπetrical halves of 1. The tie will allow for 3 to move upwards over top of 1 in case a dragging anchor hooks the edge of 3. The connection between the tie and 3 and/or the top of 1 may be some type of hook that releases its grasp when the tie is tightened after 3 has passed over the top of 1. For neutralization of hydraulic pressure differences between over- and underside, and to further sedimentation under the structure, appropriate portions of this, for instance the transverse joints between adjacent modules 1, and/or between 2 and 3, may be perforated. To prevent the top of the protective cover from sinking so far that its underside cones to rest on the installation to be protected, the top hinge between the sy netrical halves of 1 may be designed so that the acute ■ angle between the halves can open up only to a certain point. A simple way of cbtaining this is to place the axle 5 below the centre of the half- circular mating parts of the hinge, cf. Figs. 1 and 4. Normally the construction material is concrete- Also other materials are applicable. To obtain plasticity, 4 and possibly 3 and 2 may be formed of longitudinally extending cushions made of for example plastic cloth filled with sand or stones, possibly mixed with asphalt with permanent plasticity, so that it will always follow after, if the seabed along the edges of the structure is eroded. To optimize the shape of the cushions to resemble the stable configuration shown in Figs. 1-5, the underside of the cushions may be provided with horizontal stays. The invention may be used for protection of for example subrr_ιrine pipe¬ lines near offshore platforms from objects falling overboard from the platforms. To increase the capacity of the cover to absorb the impact of a dropped object hitting the cover, opposite syi etrical halves 1 of the structure may be interconnected by prolongable tie means 16 above (Fig.l) or below the installation 15.to be protected. The kinetic energy of the falling object thereby is reduced with the energy required to prolong the tie 16 when the falling object depresses the top of the cover and conse- ITUREA / "" OMPI Λ* W1PO . f c-y quent y sprea s t e s es o e cover. T e t e may e ma e o e astic ιr__- terial, e.g. neoprene or natural rubber, or of plastic, e.g. nylon, alumi¬ nium, steel or other material. Lowering of the top of 1 to the level of the top of 15 may be prevented by an excessive strength of 16 or by means of additional ties with higher strength than that of 16. Depending en the distance from shore, the covers may be fabricated on shore and transported to the installation site on a surface vessel. Or the fabrication may take place onboard a mothership. If the construction mate¬ rial for instance is concrete or sediment filled cushiens, the sand and stones involved may possibly be taken frcm the sea bottom in the near of the site of installation. Concrete modxiles preferably are fabricated by a irachine that puts the con¬ crete under pressure and vibration at the same time, whereby the produc¬ tion rate per day can be increased very considerably. Small unccπplicated elements to protect for instance a cable or pipeline of minor diameter may be laid at the same time as the cable or pipeline is laid. If cables are laid pairwise, the elements may have two parallel lαgitudinally extending notches for the cables on their undersides and be placed on top of the cables during the laying operation. The elements may be attached to the cables by means of ties that becαre dissolved by the water shortly after the laying, so that the elements get freed from the cables. The ties may for example be made of polyvimylalcohol coated with a layer of cellulose the thickness of which is adjusted to the time it takes to lay the cables. The elements may also be placed on a single cable to be laid, if cable and elements are hanging from an auxiliary wire that is wound off from the laybarge in the same way as the cable is laid. The attachment of the cable and elements to the auxiliary wire may be performed by the same kind of dissolvable tie as described above. Larger covers may be laid in deeper water by means of an unmanned, remote¬ ly controlled submersible. Normally a mothership at the site of installa¬ tion is required for attaching the covers to the submersible. The mother- ship is supplied with a crane capable of lifting the submersible up to the deck through a moonpool, or outboard the stern, and afterwards lσwer- ing the sx±mersible with the attached covers into the water. Alternatively the mothership may have an opening under water through which the submer¬ sible can pass. The mounting of the covers to the submersible in this case may be performed by divers under water, or take place in a hold of the ship that can be made dry during the mounting of the covers. In shallower water where the influence of the waves is even more critical for the laying operation, the covers may be laid for instance by means of a special catamaran type barge as shewn in Fig.6. The syirmetrical hal- ves 8 of the barge are interconnected by portal frames 11 on which cranes 10 can move transversely and longitudinally, and by means of a frame 14 lift a row of modules 12 from the supply barge 13 and lower them to rest over the pipeline 15 on the bottom, when the supply barge 13 has been re¬ moved. The laybarge is supplied with jack-up legs 9. During the laying of each row of modules, the barge is raised above the water surface to mini¬ mize the influence of the waves. When the length of protection correspond¬ ing to the length of the laybarge has been laid, the legs 9 are jacked up, the barge is moved one length forward, is raised above water surface, etc.";": 1. A .system for depositing sediment and/or protecting an installation on the floor of a body of water, ccxrπprising an elongate structure of rigid and/or flexible material, said structure including a longitudinally exten- ding centre portion which, in use, is placed over the floor, and two longitudinally extending side portions the upper surfaces of which, in use, diverge away frcm each other to said floor, said structure being so heavy that no anchoring of the structure is necessary, and wherein said structure is sectioned in modules each of which in its cross-section is divided in a pair of symmetrical supporting parts resting on the floor, and - resting on these supporting parts - at least one pair of syi etrical ovable parts which are prevented from sliding downwards, but may be moved upwards along the surface of the supporting parts. 2. A system according to Claim 1, Vvherein the upper face of the struc- ture is divided in triangular plates that mutually support eachother. 3. A system according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein said movable parts are prevented frcm sliding downwards by means of tie means fastened to points of the undersides of the movable parts and by the other ends to the ridge of the s-fcructure. 4. A system according to Claim 3, v_herεin said tie means are fastened by means of hooks that release their grasps in case the corresponding movabl parts are moved over the ridge of the stn_cture. 5. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein the lower edge of said movable parts on either side of the str_cture is provided with a flexible border of transversely extending narrow marbers that are pivotal ly hinged to said movable parts and mutually connected by longitud1na1ly extending ties. 6. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein opposite halves of the supporting parts are intercαι__ected by prolongable ties. 7. A system according to Claim 6, wherein prolongation of said prolong¬ able ties is limited by unprolongable ties that are longer than the ori¬ ginal length of the prolongable ties. 8. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein at least part of the structure is fabricated frcm plastic material. "" 9. A system according to Claim 8, wherein said plastic consist of cu¬ shions of cloth filled with sedimentary material. 10. A method of fabricating the system according to Claim 1, wherein fabrication takes place onboard a mothership, and wherein the materials for fabrication possibly are taken from the seabed. 11. A method of fabricating the system according to Claim 1, ""wherein the protective structure is made of concrete and fabricated under simultaneous pressure and vibration. 12. A method of laying the system according to Claim 1, wherein a row of modules at a time are laid by means of an unmanned, remotely controlled submersible that in order to be loaded with another row of modules each time either is lifted up to the deck of the _τothership or through an open¬ ing in the mothership sails into a hold of this. 13. A method of laying the system according to Claim 1, wherein a row of modules at a time are laid by means of a catamaran type laybarge provided with jack-up legs and with cranes that can move in the longitudi al and transverse directions, and wherein said laybarge is jacked up above the water surface en said legs during the laying operation. 14. A method of laying the systan according to Claim 1, -wherein the indi¬ vidual modules during the laying operation by ineans of water-dissolvable ties are fastened on top of the cables or pipelines to be laid, and/or are hanging from an auxiliary wire. 15. A method according to Claim 14, wherein the water-dissolvable ties consist of polyvinylalcohol coated with a layer of cellulose of suitable thickness. 16. A system for depositing sediment and/or protecting an installation on the floor of a body of water substantially as herein described with re¬ ference to any of the drawings. 17. Ifethods of fabricationg and using a system for depositing sediment and/or protecting an installation on the floor of a body of water substan¬ tially as herein described with reference to any of the drawings.";LARSEN O;HARTLEY D, LARSEN O;1978
+WO-1979000109-A1;19790308.0;19780823;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;27579350.0;F16L1;E02B3;E02B3, F16L1;E02B   3/04B, E02B   3/12C, F16L   1/12A;A SYSTEM FOR PROTECTION OF AN INSTALLATION ON THE FLOOR OF A BODY OF WATER;A system for protection of an installation (1) on the floor of a body of water from damage due to erosion, dragging ships' anchors and fishing gear. A flexible mat (16) covering the installation (1) prevents underscouring of the installation. The edges of the mat resting on the floor are so thick and rigid that a dragging anchor (10) or fishing gear hooking the edge will be carried over the installation (1) by the roll (9) of mat formed by the anchor or fishing gear. Elasticity of the mat and/or its edge causes the mat to roll back to resume its original configuration after the passage of the anchor or fishing gear.;"A SYSTEM FOR PROTECTION OF AN INS ALLfiJION CN THE FLOOR OF A BODY OF WATER The invention relates to a system for protection from damage due to scour, ships' anchors, fishing gear, etc., of a pipeline, cable, foundation or other installation on the floor of a body of water. Various devices for protection against the eroding effect of waves and currents,only, exist. An alternative system protecting against erosion, anchors and fishing gear depends on hooking anchors being carried over the installation by movable plate-like members which slide and/or turn over top of the installation. Such plate-like members have to be strong enough to carry the weight of the hooking anchor. The principle of functioning of the present system as defined in Claim 1 implies that the hooking anchor winds or folds the protective mat together and is carried over the installation by the rolled or folded mat. The re¬ quired strength of the individual msirber of the system and thereby the cost of fabrication is minimized. Furtherπore, the present system is easier to install. For simplification the following description will refer to protection of a submarine pipeline as a typical example. It is obvious that the system, or at least its side portions, can be used for protection of any submarine installation. In the description reference will be made to the drawing, in which Fig. 1 is a cross-section of a pipeline 1 protected by a mat the side por¬ tions of which slope all the way frαn center portion to edges, Fig. 2 is a cross-section of a pipeline where the innermost portion of ' each side portion of the protective mat slopes, whereas the outermost por¬ tion rests on and follows the contour of the floor, Fig. 3 is a cross-section of a pipeline where the center portion of the protective mat embraces the pipeline, whereas the side portions rest on the floor, REA Γ O Pl .A,. WiPO - Fig. 4 is a cross-section of a pipeline protected by a net consisting of two layers of sheet material forming a bag filled with sediment or other fill material, Fig. 5 shews the same as Fig. 4, but the bag is here supplemented with horizontal portions of mat of blocks, Fig. 6 is a longitudinal side view of a tube forming the edge of the mat, Fig. 7 is a cross-section taken along the line I-I in Fig. 6, Figs. 8-10 are alternative cross-sections perpendicular to the pipeline of a mat of sheet material, with longitudinally extending notches in its upper surface, channels in its upper half, and slits in its underside, respectively, Figs. 11-16 are cross-sections perpendicular to the pipeline of alterna¬ tive shapes and interconnections of blocks forming the protective mat. Figs. 17 and 18 are alternative longitudinal sections along the line II- II in Fig. 16 and show wo alternative couplings in the joints between blocks forming a mat, Fig. 19 is a plan view of a mat consisting of ball-shaped blocks, Fig. 20 is a plan view of a mat consisting of double-cone-shaped blocks, Fig. 21 is a cross-section along the line III-III of Fig. 19 or IV-IV of Fig. 20, Fig. 22 is a cross-section perpendicular to the pipeline of a preferred eirbodirnent of the invention, Fig. 23 is a cross-section perpendicular to the pipeline of a mat con¬ sisting of scrapped tyres, Fig. 24 is a cross-section of a mat wound into parallel rolls resting on the pipeline, Fig. 25 is a side view of an arrangement for laying the mat, Fig. 26 is a cross-section along the line V-V in Fig. 25. Depending on weight distribution in the mat, and -sediment transport con- ditiαns at the installation site, the protective mat in principle may assume the three different configurations shown in Figs. 1-3. The configurations shown in Figs. 1-2 are favourable in areas with sedi¬ ment transport. If the sloping portions of the mat 16 are impermeable enough to conduct the current over top of the pipeline 1, a deposition of sediment 8 will take place underneath and on top of the mat, Figs. 1,2,3. The roll of mat 9 formed by a hooking anchor 10, Fig. 22, there¬ fore will roll upwards on top of the deposition. Furthermore,-the sedi¬ ment on top of the mat will increase the diameter of the roll 9. For both reasons a smaller width of the mat is needed to obtain a certain roll diameter in sea bottom areas with sediment transport than in areas without such transport. If the mat is not anchored in the bottαn, the configuration shewn in Fig. 1 __equires that the edge portions of the mat are much heavier than the sloping portions. In areas without sedirrent transport, designs of the mat as shown in Figs. 4 and 5 are appropriate. The weight of the fill material 39 in the bag 38 may also be desirable, if the protective system also is to substitute the weight coating of a pipeline. The design of the mat may be based on 4different provisions: a) In particular in areas without sediment transport,the width and thick¬ ness of the mat are so large that the diameter of the rolled or folded mat formed by the largest anchor hooking the edge, before passage of the pipeline,has gained enough to make the anchor slip over the roll of mat, and the. elasticity and/or the weight of the mat will make this roll back , to its original position. b) In particular in areas with sediment transport, the width and thick¬ ness of the mat are large enough to make the anchor slip over the roll of mat before it arrives at the opposite edge of the mat. c) In particular in areas with sediment transport, the strength of the mat in its longitudinal direction may be so low that the roll of mat breaks when the anchor has passed over the pipeline, so that the anchor can move on, without passing over the roll of mat. d) In particular in areas with sediment transport, the mat may be sec¬ tioned into"" shorter, overlapping lengths along the pipeline. After having passed over the pipeline, the anchor will take a section of mat away. A hooking anchor's initiation of a -.oiling displacement of the edge of mat depends on a certain rigidity of the edge. Ωie horizontal drag of a hooking anchor or fishing gear should be spread over a certain length of mat. Otherwise the anchor will wedge into the edge of the mat. Furthermore, the geometrical and frictional resistance should be so little, that a positive rotational nent as to the lower side of the edge results. To prevent the edge frcsn getting caught in the corner between shaft and flukes of the anchor, the edge should also have a certain minimum thick¬ ness. These requirements may be fulfilled by bending the edge around, either up¬ wards, Fig.2, or dewnwards, Fig.3, or all the way round to form a closed.- OMPI WP 0"" tube, Fig.l. Alternatively, a separate tube 4 may be attached to the edg Figs. 5-7 and 22. The tube may be filled with for instance sediment, or balls of concrete, or cne or more longitudinally extending stays. The tube must have a certain flexibility and elcngability to fulfill its purpose. o carry the weight of at least the dragging anchor chain,it mas at the same time have a certain radial strength. One solution to these requirements is a tube made of neoprene reinforced with at least one spiral-shaped wire fabricated forinstance of steel, Figs. 6-7. To provide bearing capacity, one of the spirals, 40, may have a lew pitch. To provide rigidness, another spiral, 41, may have a higher pitch. Both spirals allcw for prolongation of the tube in case an anchor hooks it. Longitudinal meπbers, e.g. the spiral 41,may project above the surface o the tube, to provide a foothold for the anchor chain, so that it can ro- tate the tube. If the tube 4 consists of rigid material, e.g. concrete, steel, aluπ niu and/or plastic, the tube may be sectioned to obtain flexibility and elcn ability. The joints between adjacent sections may be telescopic to provi continuity. The tube may be perforated so as to πύi-imize the hydraulic resistance an to become filled by the natural sediment transport. It may even consist oppositely spiraled wires forming mesh of for instance steel coated with plastic, neoprene or the like. To spread the horizontal drag force over a length of the mat, the mat ma contain one or more longitudinally extending parallel stays, solid or hollow, at least along the edges of the mat. Although rigidness of the edge portion is required to prevent a hooking anchor from wedging into t edge, the for ation of a roll of mat implies a certain longitudinal pro¬ longability of the mat, at least of its edge portions. From the edge to- wards the pipeline the prolongability may gradually decrease. If the mat contains stays made of unelastic material, they may be sectioned and sta gered in channels in the mat, so that elongation of the sheet is not pre vented by the stays. The length of the sectioning may gradually decrease toward the edges of the mat. To increase the ability of the mat torollback to its original position, after a hooking anchor has passed over it, the mat in its longitudinal and/or transverse directions may be made of elastic material. A decrease of the elasticity tcward the pipeline may be obtained by vary. ing the elasticity and or kind of material and or thickness of the mat, either continuously from edge to centerline or by way of abrupt changes of these properties. To πtinimize the lifting forces of the current, the mat may contain perfo- rations and/or openings of various shapes and sizes to neutralize the ■ difference of hydraulic pressures between the two sides of the mat. The holes should be located and/or shaped so that anchors and fishing gear will not catch hold of them. In areas with sediment transport the sloping portions of the mat -should be tight enough to conduct the current over top of the pipeline. The mat may be made of many different kinds of material. In the following, 4 different groups of structures will be mentioned: 1) Mats consisting of at least one layer of -sheet material 2) Macs of blocks bonded together by sheet, net and/or ties 3) Cαrbinations of 1) and 2) 4) Mats of scrapped tyres. re 1) : The sheet may be elastic, and made offor example neoprene or na¬ tural rubber, and/or plastic, e.g. polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, . . • etc., or made of natural fibres, i.e. sisal, hemp, etc. To increase the weightof the mat, it may be built up as a sandwich struc¬ ture including for instance water-absorbent rubber- or plastic-'foam, or composed ofamixture of suitable fill material, e.g. sand, and rubber, plastic, bitumen or the like. To increase the strength, the sheet may be reinforced with for instance steel, nylon or other plastic, in at least one direction. A sheet that has too little weight to be stable has to be.anchored in the seabed, orfastened to the pipeline, either by means of the pinching ef¬ fect of the eπbracing portion of the sheet itself, cf. Fig.3, or by means of clamps. Or the mat may be weighted by naturally (Figs. 1-3) or artifi- . cially supplied sediment. In the latter case the sediment may be enclosed in the space between two layers of sheet formingaclosed bag 38, Figs.4 and 5, which may be divided into compartments by transversely and/or longitudinally extending -secon¬ dary walls. Alternatively, the bag may be filled with for instance balls or longitudinally extending rolls or pipes of concrete or plastic, of foaπ -rubber or -plastic, or other fill material. Transversely and/or lon¬ gitudinally extending,horizontal and/or oblique stays, e.g. positioned as 42 or 43 in Fig.4, may further the function of the mat. -BUREAU 0MPI _ .A WIPO If the bag 38 consists of for instance nylon-reinforced neoprene, the flukes of an anchor having reached somewhere underneath the bag 38, will easily slip over the bag because of the loose fill material and the smooth underside of the bag. • To further the tendency of a -sheet to fold asa roll in case of an anchor • hooking its edge, the sheet appropriately is structured as shewn in Figs. 8, 9 and/or 10. The longitudinally extending notches 44, slits 45 and/or channels 46 all ease the upward concaving of the sheet. In stead of arranging 44, 45 or 46 in the sheet itself, they may be placed in possible transversely extending thickened parts of the sheet, or in separate beams of a different material. A sheet divided in longitudinally extending bands/of relatively rigid material connected by flexible material will tend to fold like an accor¬ dion. The tendency may be enhanced by placing the ccnnections alternately at the upper and lower surfaces of the rigid bands, Fig. 14. re 2) : The preferred material for fabrication of blocks is concrete. But also other materials may be used. To facilitate laying ofamat of blocks, the weight may be reduced by use of light weight concrete, or even a spe¬ cial water-permeable concrete containing cavities or pores that will fill with water after the laying. To delay such absorption of water, the blocks may be coated with sαre soluble material, e.g. cellulose. The individual block may be shaped for instance as a cube, a box 22, Fig. 12, a parallelepiped 19, Figs.13, 14, a trapezoid 20, Fig.11, a ball 18, Figs.19, 21, a roll 2, Figs.16-18, 22, a double cσne 21, Figs.20, 21, an ellipsoid,or other shape. Elongate blocks are placed parallel with the edge of the mat, and prefer¬ ably with staggered ends. The blocks being placed close together, the upper edges parallel with the pipeline of box-shaped blocks 22 may be cut off as shown in Fig.12. The ' edge portion of the mat forming the center of the roll formed by a hooking • anchor, the angle ©C, Figs. 11 and 12, between neighbouring blocks may gradually decrease frcm a maximum at the edge to a ιr_i-n-L_πum at the center- line of the mat. If the strength of the mat allcws therefore, oC may be so small that the roll of mat becomes tube-formed, with a larger diameter than that of the corresponding solid roll. If the upper surface of a block is not covered by a sheet, the upper part of the block preferably should be rounded, Figs.16-22, to prevent the an¬ chor flukes from catching hold. To make up a quite even outer surface of the roll of mat, the underside 23, Fig.11, of the blocks may be rounded. The radius of the circular un¬ derside should gradually decrease toward the edges of the mat. The blocks may be interconnected by one or two sheets 25, by a net 29, and/or by ties 5 and 6, fastened to the blocks at their upper or lower surfaces and/or at a level somewhere between these surfaces. To prevent upward c-onvexity of the mat, in particular along its edges, the connect¬ ing ire bers between the blocks 22, Fig.12, or 24, Fig.22, depending on their shape may be placed above their underside (Fig.12) or above their centerline (Fig.22) . The connecting material in one and/or the other direction of the mat may be elastic and consist of for instance eoprene or natural rubber and/or be plastic and consist of for instance polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon or natural fibre material. Fig.15 shows a mat consisting of ball- or roll-shaped blocks enclosed be¬ tween two layers of sheet 25 of for instance neoprene or plastic, which may be interconnected by longitudinal walls 26. The upper layer.of sheet may be reinforced or fortified in direction perpendicular to the pipeline. The lcwer layer may be un-reinforced and made of for instance neoprene that can elongate in both directions. Besides the balls or cylinders, the space between the two layers may be filled with smaller balls or cylin¬ ders or some kind of fill material, e.g. sand. Appropriately the diame¬ ters of the balls or cylinders gradually decrease toward the edges of the mat, to ease the formation of a roll of mat, if an anchor hooks the edge. Ball- (Fig.19) , double cone- (Fig.20), or ellipsoid-∑shaped blocks for maximum diameter of a roll of a hooked portion of mat, at a minimum vo¬ lume of biock material, may be interconnected by means ©f a flexible ca¬ sing 27 or 28 enclosing the blocks. The diagonally (Figs.19 and 20) or rectangular shaped casing may be made of flexible materials such as pla- stic, neoprene, etc., and/or flexibly connected rigid materials such as plastic, neoprene, concrete, alum__nium, etc. In one or the other direction the casing may be elastic so as to allow for insertion of the blocks 18 or 21 into the compartments of the casing, and for elongation of the mat in case an anchor hocks its edge. Without other means than the casing 27 or 28 to hold the blocks, these may be pressed out of their compartments and act as rollers in case an anchor hooks the mat. In addition to the casing, the blocks may be interconnected by transverse and/or longitudi¬ nal ties, which may be elastic. The ties may be attached to the surface of the blocks or pass through channels in these. - B U EATΓ O PI _ , A> W1PO , - , Figs.16-18 and 22, even on a rugged seafloor, the joints between adjacen blocks may be spherical, so that one end of the individual block is formed as a concave half sphere; the other end as a convex half sphere fitting into the concave end of the adjacent block. Appropriately the joints are provided with couplings. These may be doubl ccnvex (Fig.17) , plane (Fig.18) or double-concave. Each transversely ex¬ tending line of disk-sshaped couplings (Fig.18) may be formed as one con¬ tinuous plate made of flexible material, e.g. neoprene or polypropylene. The outer periphery of each disk follcws the contour of the roll 2, and the disk includes a channel 7 for he tie 5. Alternatively, at least pa of each transverse line of couplings, in particular at either edge of the mat, may be divided in shorter sections overlapping eachother. If ea section couples only two adjacent blocks, it may be made of rigid materi e.g. plastic or metal. To protect the ropes 5 from damage and/or to prevent too large mutual ve tical displacement between adjacent blocks, each joint may contain a lon gitudinally extending tube 31, Fig.18, of resistable material enclosing the rope 5. The tube may be continuous over the total length of the rope or be sectioned on either side of each joint, or may form part of the block 2. At least the peripheral part of the tie 5 may be reinforced wit resistable material. Ball-sshaped couplings 3 provide continuity of the surface of a mat of ro shaped blocks, even if the seabed is uneven. Fig.18. The couplings 3 are in transverse direction connected by continuous tie means 6 cast into or passing through channels in the couplings. In the longitudinal direction they are connected by the tie means 5 passing through channels 7 in the blocks and couplings. Suitable materials for fabrication of the ties 5 and 6 are for instance neoprene, natural rubber, polypropylene, aromatic polyamide coated with a harder wearing material, and/or nylon or other materials. The elasticity of 5 and or 6 may increase more or less gradu¬ ally toward the edges of the mat. The distance between neighl-ouring couplings and thereby the rolls 2, and or the diameter of the rolls, may vary over the width of the mat. To eas the formation of a roll of a hooked portion of mat, this distance may gradually increase, and the diameter of 2 and 3 decrease, toward the edg of the mat. In order to tighten the mat, so that it can conduct the wate current over top of the pipeline, Fig.22, the said distance appropriatel is nil in the two sloping portions of the mat. These two portions may al betightened by puttying the spaces between a jacent rolls 2 with an appropriate kind of plastic substance. Alternatively, a tight flex¬ ible sheet ira e of for instance neoprene may be attached to one or the other side of the mat of concrete blocks, which in these sloping porticns of the mat may be cylindric or have other shape. If blocks within the two portions are not needed to obtain a sufficiently large diameter of roll of a hooked portion of mat, the said two portions may also consist of watertight -sheet made of for instance neoprene, only. re 3) : Fig. 5 shows one example of a cαrbir-atiσn of 1) -and 2) : Ihe center portion 38 of the mat may consist of two layers of sheet materi¬ al forming a bag filled with for exaπple sedimentary material. The hori¬ zontal edge portions may consist of mats of blocks. In another exairple mentioned above the sloping portions of the mat con¬ sist of a single layer of impermeable sheet material, and rest of the mat is made up of interconnected blocks. re 4) : To obtain a cheap mat and at the same time solve an environmental and waste problem, the mat may be made of scrapped tyres tied together as shown in Fig.23. Ihe orientation of the plane of the individual tyre may be vertical, cblique or horizontal to fill out the desired profile of the cover. One appropriate cαtbination is shown in Fig. 23 where the un¬ derside of the sleeping portions of the mat 33 are provided with a rcw of vertical tyres 34 on either side of the pipeline. Loose tyres may be placed underneath or on top of the mat 33. In areas with risk of dropped objects hitting the installation, e.g. a pipeline near an offshore platform, the impact of such collision may be alleviated by means of fenders, for instance the existing types of rubber fenders, or scrapped tyres, placed on top of the installation. The fen¬ ders may be placed underneath, e.g. in the form of a half tube of rubber embracing the upper part of the pipeline, and/or on top of the protec- tive mat, and/or form part of this. In Fig.22 the rolls 11 may be made of rubber and possibly have larger diameters than the rolls 2. To it -nimize the friction between a hooking anchor and the mat, and to prevent anchors and fishing gear frαn catching hold of the mat, either before or after having slipped over the roll of mat possibly formed, the lower and/or the upper surface of the mat - whether it consists of neo¬ prene, concrete or other material - and of the edge 4 may be lubricated with a water-repellent grease. To even further reduce the friction between anchor and mat, the edge 4 Figs.1-7,22, and/or the underside of the mat may be supplied with roller 37, Fig.8. On a sheet-type mat consisting of for instance necprene, the rollers may for exaπple consist of continuous, longitudinally extending rolls of neoprene or plastic, possibly reinforced, which -ire so weakly welded to the sheet, that they will be rubbed off the sheet and function as rollers by a hooking anchor. On a block-type mat the rollers may con¬ sist of concrete rolls that are weakly tied to the mat. In a roll-type of mat as shown in Fig.22 the ties 5 and/or 6 may be so elastic that they allow for the individual roll to leave its normal po¬ sition between two couplings and function as roller between anchor and roll of mat. Before the laying of a mat, it may be wound up from either edge to form two parallel longitudinal rolls. Fig.24. Compared with laying of an un- rolled mat, winding up before lowering it to the seabed has the advan¬ tages that the hydraulic resistance during lcwering is minimized, and that the stability of elastic edge portions of the mat during the lcweri will be improved, because the weight of edge portion in each roll will b transferred to the possibly less elastic longitudinal ties 5 at the cent portion of the mat. Frcm a lay barge the two rolls may be laid on top of the pipeline and un rolled to both sides. On the laybarge the mat may be wound automatically by means of two vertical longitud nally extending edge frames with at le half-circular cross-section eπbracing the edges of the mat. The two fra converging dcwnwards toward the seabed will make both side portions win tcward the middle of the mat, to form two parallel rolls close together. Correspondingly the i-nrolling of the rolls on the seabecl may be achieve means of a frame that in plan view is triangular. The foremost vertex o the frame trails on top of the mat on top of the pipeline seme distance hind the surface vessel to which it is connected by a line. The two othe "" vertexes of the triangular frame symmetrically positioned on either sid the pipeline move on the mat and like a snow plough spread the two rolls of mat away from eachother and thereby unroll them. A mat of blocks in its full width may be wound around a large d__um-form reel 15, Figs.25-26, and be lowered continuously to the seabed, hanging from the drum, which rotates floating on the surface or mounted on a su face vessel. To lay a rolled or unrolled mat symmetrically over the pipeline, a manned or unmanned selfprqpelled underwater vehicle that roll on wheels 13, Figs. 25-26, or ""walk"" on feet or runners on the seabed is appropriate. The ve¬ hicle on its both sides should be supplied with upwardly extending frames ancVor the above type of device for unrolling the mat and move along the pipeline ahead of the dσwn-cxming mat. In a preferred third alternative laying method, one or two vehicles 12, Figs.25-26, interconnected by transverse beams 14, of one of the above types of manned or unmanned selfpropelled vehicles supplied with various sensor systems to be controlled from a surface vessel 17 through an uπbi- lical cable 18, move along both sides of the pipeline, carrying a large drum-formed reel 15 as described above. A long length of mat 16 is wound around the drum and will then be laid very accurately over the pipeline 1 as the vehicle(s) move forward. The vehicles may have capacity to carry at least two drums at a time, so that the shifting of the emptied drums with loaded drums frcm the surface vessel 17 can take place continuously with¬ out too long interruptions. To compensate for the variations of the load on the drum, accordingly as the mat 16 is wound off the drum, water may be let into the air-filled drum. This balancing may be autocratic. The volume of water in the drum may for exairple be regulated by the pressure exerted by the drum on its bear- ings. The pressure in the cylinder of a hydraulic pressure cell inserted betoreen axle and bearing may be transmitted hydraulically to cαntroll the valves regulating the content of water in the drum. The valves being kept open by spring means, until the transmitted pressure due to the increasing weight of the water let into the drum closes the valves at a certain pre¬ set critical pressure, the total weight of the drum will be kept constant. A fourth alternative method of installing the mat comprises sectioning the mat into shorter sections and lowering each section in rolled or unrolled state to the seabed, where the sections should overlap eachother. During the lcwering, each section is hanging from a frame extending the length of the section. BU EAU OMPI VflP0";"C L A I M S : 1. A system for protection of an installation on the floor of a body of water, ocπprising a flexible mat having a center portion which, in use, covers said installation, and-side portions each edge of which, in use, 5 • rests on the floor a distance of at least one-time the height of the installation away frcm the periphery of the installation, said edge being so thick and rigid that the mat will form a roll, or fold like an accordion, in case a dragging anchor hooks the edge of the net. 2. A system according to Claim 1, wherein said side portions slope ccn- 0 tinuously frcm said center portion to said edges. » * 3. A system according to Claim 1, wherein adjacent to said center portio the innermost portion of each of said side portions slopes away frcm said installation to meet the floor, from where the outermost portion of said side portion rests on and follows the contour of the floor. 5 4. A system according to Claim 1, wherein adjacent to said center portio the innermost portion of each of said side portions extends generally ver tically downwards to the floor, and wherein the resting portion of said side portion follows the contour of the floor. 5. A system according to.any preceding claim, wherein the thickness and 0 rigidness of said edg≥s is obtained by means of upwardly or downwardly twisted loops of the edges. 6. A system according to any preceding "" claim, wherein the thickness and rigidity of said edges is obtained hy attaching lateral tubes to the edge said tubes being thicker than said mat. 5 7. A system according to Claim 6, wherein said tubes consist of elastic material. 8. A system according to Claim 6 or 7, wherein said tubes are reinforced with one or more spirals of wire with one or more different pitches. 9. A -system according to Claim 6, 7 or 8, wherein the surface of said 0 tubes is provided with longitudinally extending projections. 10. A system according to any preceding Claim 6, 7, 8 or 9, wherein said are sectioned and have telescopic joints. 11. A system according to any one of the C aims 6 - 10, wherein at least • . parts of said tubes are perforated. 5 12. A system according to any preceding claim, .wherein at least part of said mat is elastic. 13. A system according to Claim 12, wherein the elasticity in at least one direction of the mat varies from middle to edge of the mat. JIJ O 14. A system according to Claim 13, wherein the elasticity in at least one direction of the mat gradually increases tcward the edges of the mat. 15. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein at least part of said πat contains perforations. 16. A systsn according to Claim 15, wherein all but the sloping parts of the πat contain perforations. 17. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein at least part of said mat consists of at least one layer of elastic and/or plastic mate¬ rial. 18. A system according to Claim 17, wherein at least part of said sheet parallel with its edge is provided with notches and or slits and/or channels and or stays. 19. A system acc-ording to Claim 18, wherein said stays are sectioned, and wherein the length of the individual section of stay gradually de- creases tcward the edge of the mat. 20. A system according to Claim 18 or 19, wherein said stays are placed in channels without longitudinally binding association with these. 21. A system according to Claim 17 or 18, wherein at least part of said sheet parallel or perpendicular to its edge is thickened in parallel strips. 22. A system according to Claim 17, 18 or 19, wherein at least part of said sheet parallel with its edge ccnsists of parallel bands vAiich are mutually connected alternately at their upper and lcwer surfaces. 23. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein at least part of said mat consists of at least two layers of elastic and/or plastic sheet πaterial * forming at least one closed space which is filled with sedimenta¬ ry material and or balls and/or rolls and/or stays parallel with or per¬ pendicular to said edge of said mat. 25. A system acx»rding to any preceding claim, wherein at least part of said mat ccnsists of blocks interconnected by sheet and/or net and/or ties of elastic and or plastic and/or rigid material attached at their upper and/or lower surfaces and/or somewhere between these surfaces. 26. A system according to Claim 25, wherein said sheet, and/or net and/ or or ties connecting said blocks in the direction perpendicular to and located in the edge portions of said mat, are attached to the upper parts of said blocks. 27. A system according to Claim 26 or 27, wherein the shape of said blocks comprises at least one of the following configurations: cubes, - UREAU OMPI boxes, parallelepipeds, trapezoids, balls, rolls, double cones, ellipsoi 28. A -system according to Claim 25, wherein said blocks in their mutual joints are -Interconnected by couplings. 29. A system according to Claim 28, wherein the shape of said couplings comprises at least one of the following configurations: double convexes, plates, double concaves. 30. A system according to Claim 27 and 29, wherein said blocks are shap as rolls parallel with the edge of said mat and joined together by doubl convex and /or double-concave couplings fitting into the concave, respec tively convex ends of the rolls. 31. A system according to Claim 30, wherein the parallel rcws of said roll-shaped blocks in the sloping portions of said mat are kept tight to gether, whereas in the rest of said mat the rcws of blocks are spaced sufficiently to allow for a vertical flew af water through the mat. 32. A system according to any one of the Claims 25-31, wherein said blocks are interconnected by ties parallel and/or perpendicular to the edge of said mat, the ties fitting into channels in said blocks and/or said couplings. 33. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein the sloping por- ticns of -said mat consist of at least one layer of -Impermeable sheet ma¬ terial, and the edge portions consist of interconnected blocks. 34. A system according to Claim 33, wherein said sloping portions of sa mat consist of two layers of imperireable sheet material to form at least one closed space filled with sedimentary material. 35. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein at least part of said mat consists of interconnected scrapped tyres. 36. A system according to Claim 35, wherein the sloping portions of sai mat are supported on rows of vertically positioned scrapped tyres attach to the underside of said mat. 37. A systsn according to Claim 35 or 36, wherein said mat is supplemen ted with loose scrapped tyres on top of and/or beneath said mat. 38. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein at least part of the lcwer and/or upper surface of said mat and/or its edge is lubricated 39. A system according to any preceding claim, wherein at least part of the edge and/or the underside of said mat is supplied with --oilers paral lel with the edge of the mat. 40. A method of laying the system according to Claim 1, wherein said m is wound up to. form two parallel rolls which before the positioning of 15 the installation to be protected, are placed cn top of this, and after the positioning are unrolled on the floor of the body of water. 41. A method of laying the system according to Claim 1, wherein said mat before the laying, sectioπwise is wound around a reel which there¬ after is placed cn at least one underwater vehicle, the mat winding off the reel and settling over said installation as the vehicle moves along this. 42. A method according to Claim 41, wherein said vehicle is i-nmanned, selfpropόlled and remotely controlled frcm a mother-=hip. 43. A method accorcling to Cl im 41 or 42, wherein the redx-ctiαn of weight on said reel due to the winding off of said mat, automatically is balanced by gradual filling of the reel with water. 44. A method acxx5--ding to Claim 43, vAierεin the valves regulating the content of water in the reel are controlled hydraulically by the pressure between the axle of the reel and its bearings, said valves being kept open by spring means until the weight of the water let into the reel creates a certain critical pressure between the axle and its bearings. 45. A system for protection of an installation on the floor of a body of water substantially as herein described with reference to any of the drawings. 46. M≥thods of laying and using a system for protection of an installa¬ tion on the floor of a body of water substantially as herein described with reference to any of the drawings.";LARSEN O;HARTLEY D, LARSEN O;1978
+WO-1979000117-A1;19790308.0;19780828;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25254310.0;B23Q7;;B23Q1, B23Q3, B25B5;B23Q   1/38, B23Q   3/10D, B25B   5/06B;BAYONET CLAMPING APPARATUS FOR MACHINE TOOLS;Apparatus for clamping a workpiece or workpiece fixture (32) to a machine tool, and in particular to a bayonet clamping system which is suitable for use with work tables when the fixture is floatingly supported on a film of pressurized air during movement from one machining position to another. More specifically, the table (28) has a surface (30) adapted to support a workpiece or fixture (32) which includes a plurality of openings (66) and removable covers (192) thereon. This arrangement overcomes the problem of having chips and other debris from collecting in the openings (66) and also prevents the loss of pneumatic pressure in machine tables of the air float type. A plurality of similar hydraulic pistons (96) mounted within the table (28) are adapted to be connected to locking pins (128). Clamp bars (186) are secured to the top of the pins (128) and suspended between support blocks (184) and the workpiece or fixture (32). This arrangement allows selective clamping pressure to be applied to the workpiece or fixture (32) at any point desired.;"BAYONET CLAMPING APPARATUS FOR MACHINE TOOLS TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a clamping system for clamping a workpiece or workpiece fixture to the supporting table of a machine tool, and in particular to a bayonet clamping system which is suit¬ able for use with work tables when the fixture-is floatingly supported on a film of pressurized air during movement from one machining position to another. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Whenever a workpiece is machined, it must be accurately positioned on the work table in proper spatial relationship to the cutting tool. Since the tool will exert considerable force on the workpiece during machining, it is also necessary that it be securely anchored or clamped in the desired position. Heretofore, work tables have been provided with T-slots normally""running the entire length of the table and adapted to receive T-bolts or other fastening elements which engage clamping bars or the like for the purpose of clamping the workpiece to the table. A serious drawback to this arrangement is that considerable amounts of chips, shavings, and other debris produced during machining collect in the T-slots and frequent table clean-up by the operator is necessary. An even more serious problem exists in work tables of the type wherein the fixture is supported for movement on a film of pressurized air. A work O PI ' ' table of this type is shown and described in U. S. Patent No. 4,058,885 and is designed to eliminate the time consuming, laborious positioning of the work- piece or fixture in the machine tool as various regions of the workpiece are to be machined. In this appara¬ tus, the table has passages therein which supply fluid under pressure between the downwardly facing surface of the fixture and the upwardly facing horizontal sur¬ face of the table so that the fixture ""floats"" on the film of air and can be moved above easily on the table. Cooperating elements of pin and socket locating de¬ vices on the fixture and table provide for the accurate locating of the fixture in predetermined positions on the table. It is necessary, however, to clamp the fixture to the table so. that it will not move during positioning. Heretofore, T-slots have been used for clamping the "" fixture but, due to the fact that they extend underneath the fixture itself, leakage of pneumatic pressure from the film of air has resulted. This increases the pneumatic pressure which is necessary to support the workpiece. Furthermore, much of the benefits of being able to rapidly reposition the workpiece are never realized due to the cumbersome clamping oper- ation which is necessary prior to machining. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The present invention overcomes the problems and disadvantages of the prior art by providing a plurality of openings distributed over the table surface into which clamping elements are insertable and locked therein by a relatively simple motion. By selecting the appropri¬ ate openings for insertion of the clamping elements, clamping pressure may be applied at any desired position on the table. In one embodiment, automatic clamping is effected by a hydraulic piston and cylinder mounted within the table and engageable with the locking pin IJUREA OMPI to draw it downwardly and exert clamping pressure when actuated. In another embodiment, automatic clamping is effected by a hydraulic cylinder mounted toward , the top of the clamping elements and exerts a downward pressure when actuated. Specifically, the present invention is concerned with apparatus for clamping a workpiece or workpiece fixture in a machine tool comprising: a table having a surface adapted to support a workpiece or workpiece fixture thereon, a plurality of openings in a table having removable cover means thereover, a plurality of first clamp elements being mounted within the table below and accessible through the openings, a second clamp element adapted to be removably inserted in any of the openings and including means for selectively mechanically interlocking with the first element mounted below the opening in ' hich the second element is inserted, • - .. a third element on the second clamp element adapted to engage a workpiece or workpiece fixture supported on the table surface, and means for drawing the third element toward the table surface whereby a workpiece or fixture supported on the table and engaged by the third element will be clamped therebetween. It is an object of the present invention to provide a bayonet clamping system for machine tools including a plurality of female clamp elements which are distributed throughout the table and accessible through openings in the table surface so that one or more male clamp elements may be inserted through selected ones of the openings and engaged with the female element positioned thereunder by a simple twisting motion. Another object of the present invention is to provide a bayonet clamping system for machine tools wherein clamping pressure at a wide variety of positions on the table may be applied. IJUREA Γ OMPI _ A> WIPO ,Λ>, A further object of the present invention is to provide a bayonet clamping system for machine tools ' having tables of the air float type wherein the table may be formed without T-slots thereby enabling lower 5 pneumatic pressures. For example, heavy loads can be lifted .01778 cm. with as little as 1.41 kg/sq. cm. of pneumatic pressure. A further object of the present invention is to provide a bayonet clamping system for machine tools 10 enabling a relatively smooth and uninterrupted table work surface. A still further object of the present invention is to provide a bayonet clamping system for machine tools which reduces machine down time for purposes 15 of clearing chips and shavings out of the T-sϊots, as is necessary in existing work tables. Yet another object of the present invention is . ' "" to provide a bayonet clamping system wherein clamping pressure may be exerted automatically by means of fluid *20 actuators. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The exact nature of the present invention wil2T become more apparent upon reference to the detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying 25 drawings in which: Figure 1 is a perspective view of a machine tool . wherein the supporting table is provided with a bayonet clamping system according to the present invention; Figure 2 is a top plan view of the table shown 30 in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a sectional view of one of the valved connections leading from a passage in the table to the surface on which the workpiece fixture is supported; Figure 4 is a sectional view of one of the locating 35 pins shown engaged with a corresponding socket in the lower surface of the workpiece fixture; IJURE OMPI ι . WIPC) Figure 5 is a sectional view of a retractable centering pin; Figure 6 is a sectional view of one of the hydraulic actuators of Figure 1 taken along line 6-6; Figure 7 is a side elevational view of one of the male clamping elements; Figure 8 is an end view of the male clamping element shown in Figure 7; Figure 9 is a top plan view of the hydraulic actuator shown in Figure 6 with the pin removed; Figure 10 is a hydraulic schematic for the clamping system of the present invention; Figure 11 is a sectional view of a modified form of the present invention; - Figure 12 is an end view of the male clamp element shown in Figure 11* Figure 13 is a sectional view of a manual clamping device according to the present invention; and Figures 14 and 15 are perspective and sectional views respectively, of a modified form of the present invention. BEST HOPE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings. Figure 1 is a perspec¬ tive view of a machine tool having a bed 20 supported on ways 22 and 24 and a working tool 26, which may be a boring tool, milling tool or the like according to well known practice in the machine tool art. A table or plate 28 is fixedly secured to bed 20 and includes an upper surface 30 on which is supported a workpiece fixture 32 having a workpiece 34 mounted thereon. Table 28 is provided with a plurality of fluid passageways 36 (Figure 3) which are connected via a control valve (not shown) with a supply of fluid under pressure. The fluid under pressure is preferably air. but could conceivably comprise another fluid medium. Passageways 36 extend upwardly through table 28 and communicate with opening 38 in the surface 30 of table 28. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, there are many such 5 openings 38 distributed over the table surface 30 so as to provide a film of pressurized air wherever the fixture 32 is positioned. The upper end of each passage-*-. way is closed by a valve comprising a body 40 which may be threaded into passageway 36 and the top of which 0 is disposed slightly below the level of table surface 30. Valve body 40 is tubular and has captured therein a valve ball 42 which projects slightly above the surface ' * 30 of table 28 as shown in Figure 3. A spring 44 urges ball 42 into its upper closed position in which it 5 contacts circular valve seat 46. When the fixture 32 is moved on table 28 and the downwardly facing surface 48 of fixture 32 engages * ball 42, the ball 42 will be depressed as shown in Figure 3 and admit air under pressure from passageway 0 36, between seat 46 and ball 42 to the space between surfaces 48 and 30. The pressure of the fluid is so adjusted that a fluid film will be established which will floatingly support fixture 32 thereon. This enables the fixture to be easily moved about on table 28 to 5 the desired position. Obviously, when the supply of fluid is terminated, fixture 32 will come to rest directly on table surface 30. Each opening 38 includes a valve identical to that shown in Figure 3. If desired, the • • fixture -supporting pneumatic pressure could be supplied 0 from the bottom of the fixture itself rather than from ' the table. It is essential that the workpiece 34 be accurately located for machining, and to this end, table 28 includes a main centering pin 50 (Figure 5) reciprocably received 5 within a bore 52 in table surface 30. Integrally formed with pin 50 is a piston 54 reciprocably received within chamber 56 and which is actuated by means of fluid pres¬ sure applied through passageways 58 and 60. Fixture 32 is provided with a downwardly opening bore (not shown) which receives centering pin 50 when the same is extended to its upper position above the surface 30 of table 28. Alternatively, a slot (not shown) in the lower surface 48 of fixture 32 may be provided so as to enable trans¬ lation of fixture 32.- When the fixture 32 is introduced into the machine, it is set down on table 28 with the pin 50 received in the corresponding bore or slot in fixture 32. When the fluid pressure film is established between the fixture 32 and table 28, fixture 32 can ro¬ tate freely about the axis of pin 50 and, in the case where a slot is provided in fixture 32, both translation and rotation are possible. In""addition to pivot pin 50, there are additional locating pins 62 which ' serve to accurately locate the fixture in various predetermined positions. The loca¬ ting pins 62 are located in precise positions on table 28 with reference to the tool 26. These pins 62 are engageable with sockets 64 provided in the bottom sur¬ face of fixture 32 and which are also accurately located within the fixtures 32 with reference to the location of pins 62. Thus, when one or more pins 62 engage the corresponding sockets 64 in the bottom of the fixture 32, the fixture 32 will be in an accurately located position on the table 28. When the centering pin 50 engages the fixture, only one of locating pins 62 is required to determine fixture location. Alternatively, two locating pins 62 could be employed and the fixture location determined thereby without depending on pivot pin 50. Table 28 is provided with bores 66 each of which at the upper end thereof has an elongated bushing 68. Pin 70, having a tapered upper end 72 adapted for seating in the correspondingly tapered bushing 74 in socket 64, is slidably received in bushing 68. At the lower end thereof, pin 70 is connected with a double acting piston 76 biased upwardly by spring 78 to the position shown in Figure 4. Each piston 76 has an upwardly facing fluid surface 80 adapted to be acted on by fluid from passageway 82 to drive the piston 76 and pin 70 downwardly until the upper end 72 of the pin is below the upper surface 30 "" of table 28. Alternatively, a supply of fluid pressure to the downwardly facing surface 84 from passageway 86 will drive piston 76 upwardly to effect firm engagement of the tapered end 32 with bushing 74. The lower end of bore 88 is closed by cover plate 90. As shown in Figure 2, table 28 is provided with a number of locating pins 62 so that a number of successive machin- "" ing positions of workpiece 34 and fixture 32 may be realized. . By supplying air under pressure to the upper side 80 of piston 76, pin 70 will be moved downwardly out of bushing 74. If fluid under pressure is then introduced between fixture 32 and table 28, fixture -32 may be moved to the desired position. With the fixture 32 in this position, pneumatic pressure is vented from passageway 82 and pin 70 will move upwardly under the pressure of spring 78 until its tapered portion 72 engages bushing 74. Pin 70 may be driven with more force into bushing 74 by admitting pressure through conduit 86. With the fixture 32 accurately located in this manner, the supply of pneumatic pressure between fixture 32 and table 28 is then terminated and fixture 32 will come to rest on surface 30. Addition¬ al details relating to the air float table described herein may be found in U. S. Patent No. 4,058,885. One embodiment of the present invention is illus- trated in Figures 6, 7, 8, 9 "" and 10. It comprises a hydraulic cylinder 92 threadedly secured to an IjURE OMPI _ * Λ_ WWIIPPOO elongated plate 94 which ig slidably received within elongated slots in table 28. A specially designed piston 96 is reciprocably received within cylinder 92 and has an elongated opening 98 extending therethrough. Bushing 100 is threadedly secured to piston 92 and sealed against piston 96 and cylinder 92 by means of 0-rings 102 and 104, respectively. Seal 106 seals the other end of working chamber 108 which is defined on one end by annular piston face 110 and on the other end by bushing 100. Piston 96 is urged to its upper position (Figure 6) by spring 112 and is retracted to its lower position when fluid under pressure, either hydraulic or pneumatic, is admitted to working chamber 108 through passageways 114 and 116. Port 118 is adapted to be connected to a source of fluid under pressure- through any suitable conduit (not shown) . Cylinders 92 and their respective pistons 96 • ~ are located beneath openings 120 in table surface 30. Any desired number of openings 120 and piston and cylinders 96, 98 may be provided but it is preferable that there be a sufficient number to permit clamping at any desired position on the table surface 30. Cylinders 92 are accurately positioned underneath their respective openings 120 by plates 94 which slide into T-slots 95 until their ends 122, which are wider than slots 95, abut the side 124 of table 28. Any suitable means, such as tapered pins 126, may be em¬ ployed for locking plates 94 in their respective T- slots 95. The male clamping element comprises a pin 128 (Figures 7 and 8) having a shank portion 130 adapted to be inserted through the opening or bore 98 of piston 96, an enlarged head 132 which is dimensioned to be received within opening 120 and abut annular shoulder 134, and a locking portion 136 having a pair of lugs or ears 138 and 140. Locking portion 136 is dimensioned A, wipo Λ> to pass through piston bore 98 when lugs 138 and 140 are aligned with the longitudinal dimension of bore 98. When pin 128 is rotated a quarter turn about . pits axis, however, lugs 138 and 140 are positioned ' to positively lock pin 128 in piston 96 (Figure 6) . As shown in Figure 9, bore 98 is somewhat elongated in the horizontal direction and the downwardly facing surfaces 142 and 144 of piston.96 will abut lugs 138 and 140 when pin 128 is rotated a quarter turn. The head 132 of pin 128 is provided with a threaded socket 150 adapted to receive a suitably threaded bolt or rod 151 for the purpose described below. Another embodiment of the present invention is shown in Figures 11 and 12 and comprises a cylinder 152 threadedly attached to elongated plate 15 "" 4, the latter- being received within a T-slot 156 in table 28. A piston 158 is ' reciprocably received in cylinder -÷ -152 and includes a cylindrical bore 160 extending therethrough. Piston 158 is retracted by the application of fluid pressure through passageway 162 and is urged to its upward position (Figure 11) by compressed spring 164. With the exception of the configuration of. bore 160, the device shown in Figure 11 is virtually identical to that shown in Figure 6. In this embodiment, the pin 166 is threadedly secured to piston 154 by means of a pair of interrupted high pitch threads 168 which engage with corresponding female threads 170. The pitch of threads 168 and 170 is sufficiently high to enable pin 166 to be tightened within piston 158 with less than a full turn, for example, a quarter turn. Pin 166 includes female threads 172 so as to permit connection of a threaded rod similar to rod 151. If desired, regular, non- interrupted threads may be employed. The hydraulic system for the clamping system described is shown schematically in Figure 10 and liUR E A OMPI comprises a three-way valve 174 connected to a source of pneumatic pressure over line 176, an air over hydraulic booster 178 having a high pressure hydraulic output line 180 which connects with cylinders 92 (or cylinders 152) through quick disconnect coupler 182. The hydraulic bayonet clamping system described above operates as follows. Fixture 32 is floated on its film of pressurized air to the desired position, accurately located by means of locating pins 70 and then brought to rest on table 28 by interrupting the supply of pneumatic pressure to passageways 36. In the case of the embodiment shown in Figures 6-9, pins 128 are inserted through their respective openings 120 and pistons 196 and then turned 90° so as to be locked in place (Figure 6) . Blocks 184 are then set in place and slotted clamping bars 186 are placed over rods 151 and suspended between blocks 184 and fixture 32. Washers 188 are placed over the ends of rods 151 and tightened against clamping bars 186 by nuts 190. Downward pressure on clamping bars 186 is exerted by.admitting fluid under pressure into working chamber 108 which urges piston 96 and therefore pin 128 downwardly. If the fixture 32 is to be moved, the above steps are reversed and another pair of piston and cylinders 92, 96 are selected. In order to prevent chips and shavings from collecting in openings 120, they are equipped with covers 192 when not in use. The embodiment of Figure 11 operates in a similar fashion to the embodiment just described except that pin 166 is screwed into piston 158. This embodiment has the advantage that a smaller piston and cylinder may be employe . A manual clamping embodiment is shown in Figure 13 and comprises a pin 194 identical to pin 128 received in a stepped opening 196 in table 198. ' The female element 200, which has an internal horizontal section ""BUREAtT OMPI ™ p ° similar to piston 96, is threaded into a downwardly facing bore 202 in table 198. Clamping bar 204 is pulled downwardly by tightening nut 206 on threaded rod 208, which is in turn threadedly connected to pin 194. A further modification of the present invention is illustrated in Figures 14 and 15 and comprises a pin 210 similar to pin 194 received in a stepped opening 212 in table 214. The female element 216 is similar to element 200 and threaded into bore 218 and engages the end of pin 210. Hydraulic cylinder 220, which is similar to the one shown in Figures 6 and 11, is received over rod 222 between nut 224 and clamping bar 225 and spacer 223. When energized, cylinder 220 exerts downward force on bar 225 through spacer 223- so "" as to clamp a workpiece 226 as shown __ in Figure 14. All of the clamps are preferably ener¬ gized simultaneously. While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, it will be understood that it "" is capable of "" further modification. This application is, therefore, intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following the general principles thereof including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains, and as may be applied to the essential features herein¬ before set forth and fall within the scope of this invention. IΪΛFRE OMPI .A*. WIPO";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. In a machine tool having a table with an upper surface adapted to support a workpiece or work- piece fixture thereon, the improvement being appara- tus for clamping the workpiece or workpiece fixture to the table comprising: a plurality of openings in said table, removable cover means for covering selected ones of said openings, a plurality of first clamp elements being mounted within said table respectively below and ac¬ cessible through said openings, a second clamp element adapted to be remov¬ ably inserted in a selected said opening and including means for selectively, mechanically interlocking with the first, clamp element mounted below the selected opening, ' * - a third element on said second clamp element adapted to engage a workpiece or workpiece fixture supported on said table surface, and means for drawing said third element toward said table surface whereby a workpiece or fixture supported on said table and engaged by said third element will be clamped therebetween. 2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said means for interlocking said first and second clamp elements includes means whereby interlocking is effected by first engaging said first and second elements and then rotating said second element. 3. The apparatus of Claim 2 wherein said means for interlocking includes: a bore in each of said first elements in alignment v/ith its respective said opening, and lug means on said second element adapted to be inserted through said bore and to interlock with said first element when said second element is turned in said opening. 4. The apparatus of Claim 3 wherein: ' said bore has a long dimension and a short 5 dimension each generally parallel to said table surface, said lug means has a long dimension and a short dimension each generally parallel to said table surface when positioned in said opening, said lug long and short dimensions are less 0 than or equal to said bore long and short dimensions, respectively, and said lug long dimension is greater than said bore short dimension. 5. The apparatus of Claim 2 wherein said second element is a pin, and said means for interlocking 5 includes interrupted high pitch threads on said pin and a correspondingly ^ threaded socket in each of said first elements aligned with their respective said openings. 6. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said means 0 for drawing said third element towards said table includes a power actuator operatively connected to said first element. 7. The apparatus of Claim 6 wherein said means for drawing said third element includes a fluid actuated 5 piston. . 8. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein * said means for drawing said third element toward said table includes a power actuator engaging said third element from * * above. 0 9. The apparatus of Claim 8 wherein said third .element includes a pin extending upwardly from said table and a clamp bar adapted to engage a workpiece or fixture, and said power actuator is a hydraulic cylinder device received over said rod and in engagement 5 with said clamp bar. BURE OMPI 1 10. The apparatus of Claim 1 including: a work¬ piece fixture supported on said table, said fixture ha ing a downwardly facing lower surface, and means for supplying pneumatic pressure between said table and fixture surfaces for floatingly supporting said fixture on said table to permit free movement of the fixture thereon. 11. The apparatus of Claim 10 wherein said cover means are substantially flush with said table surface when in place. 12. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said means for drawing said third element toward said table sur¬ face comprises fluid actuators mounted within said table beneath the upper surface thereof, one of said pistons or cylinders being stationarily secured to said table, and the other of said pistons or cylinders - being fluid actuated, said first clamp elements being connected respectively to said the other of said pis¬ tons or cylinders. 13. The apparatus of Claim 12 wherein said sec¬ ond clamp element comprises a pin and said means for mechanically interlocking includes respective bores in said the other of said pistons or cylinders and lug means on said pin adapted to be inserted into any one of said bores and interlock with the respective said the other of said pistons or cylinders when said pin is turned. 14. The apparatus of Claim 12 wherein said sec¬ ond clamp element is a pin and said means for mechan- "" ically interlocking includes high pitch threads on said pin and correspondingly threaded sockets in said the other of said pistons or cylinders. 15. The apparatus of Claim 12 including a slot in said table positioned beneath and parallel to said table surface, and a mounting plate slidably received ^UREX* / "" OMPI in said slot, at least some * of said fluid actuators being mounted in said plate, said plate and said some of said fluid actuators being removable from said table as a unit.";BERGMAN R;BERGMAN R;1978
+WO-1979000118-A1;19790308.0;19780830;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;27355163.0;B62D49;;B62D33, B62D49, B62D55, E02F3, E02F9;B62D  33/063, B62D  49/06D3, B62D  55/02, E02F   3/28S2, E02F   3/30K, E02F   9/02, E02F   9/16M;TRACTOR;A tractor having a subframe (10) to which a telescoping arm (13) is vertically and horizontally pivoted, and the driver's cab (14) is connectable to the arm (13) to permit being placed in any desired position. The telescoping arm (13) is extensible from a length smaller than that of the subframe (10) to a length considerably in excess of that of the subframe (10), whereby the cab can be mounted on the subframe as well as in different locations about and above the subframe (10), say behind an implement (22) towed by the tractor. The drive unit (12) of the tractor is readily detachably connected to the subframe (10).;"TRACTOR This invention relates to a tractor, particular¬ ly for use in agriculture, comprising a subframe sup¬ ported by wheels, caterpillar tracks or a combination thereof, engine and transmission means on the subframe for propelling the tractor and driving the implements coupled to it, and adriver's cab connected to the sub¬ frame. When a conventional tractor is driven without any implements coupled to it the tractor offers the "" driver a good driving position, but when implements are drawn, for instance in ploughing, the driver must constantly keep wath both forwardly and rearwardly and therefore occupies "" a semi-twisted posture which in time . . is extremely tiring and most trying to the body. It has proved that such a posture results in occupational injuries, particularly spinal trouble. The problem is known to all persons occupied in agriculture and gene¬ rally considered- insoluble inasmuch as the driver must • direct his attention in diametrically opposite direc- tions. There is another problem associated with tractors, namely the many accidents which according to statistical sociormedical investigations happen to about 25% when the drivers step into or out of their cabs.. To climb on to and step down from a tractor is becoming ever more difficult the larger and higher the tractors, and even if improvements are made, the problem becomes mor- 0 --"" and more serious. A further problem of the increasing tractor and pertaining implement sizes is that they most unfavour¬ ably compact the soil. This soil compaction takes place 5 both in the surface layer and in the sub-soil. The com¬ pacted surface layer is broken up at the treatment of the soil (ploughing, harrowing, etc.) whereas the com¬ paction of the sub—soil is not affected by the treat¬ ment of the soil. Both types of compaction alter the 10 natural consistency of the soil organism in different ways. Particularly serious is the compaction of the sub-soil, which reduces the drainability of the soil and disturbs the capillary forces which lead water upwards to the plants. 15 The object of the present invention is to solve the problems of the tractor drivers in a structurally simple manner and . at the same time at least partially reduce the soil compaction problem. • "" ~ - Another object of the invention is to manufac- 20 ture .a tractor which is more useful than conventional tractors. These and further objects of the invention are attained in that both the drive unit and the cab are d'etachably connected to the subframe and that the cab 25 is connectable with the free end of a telescoping arm. With a tractor built in this manner and particu¬ larly if the cab is vertically pivotally connected to the telescoping arm and the latter in turn is ver¬ tically and horizontally .pivoted to the subframe and -30- is extensible from a length smaller than that of the subframe to a length considerably greater than that of subframe, the driver can dispose the driver's seat in a position suitable for each individual implement, for instance behind or obliquely behind a plough, and can 35 thus occupy a convenient sitting position and check both the direction of travel and the plough only by raising and lowering his eyes. When the tractor is driven for transport purposes the invention makes it possible to place the cab at a location prepared for it on the subframe and lock it, if necessary. A further advantage gained with a tractor constructed in this manner is that the cab during operation of the tractor normally is spaced from the subframe, whereby the risk of accidents is diminished. As the cab is pivotal and vertically adjustable the driver can enter and also step out of the cab directly from the floor thereof to the ground without being forced to climb, if only the cab is swung laterally outwards and lowered to ground level. It will thus be possible to eliminate accidents in connection with the driver's entering and leaving the cab. The suspension of the cab in a telescoping arm also entails a considerable reduction of the vibrations normally occurring on a tractor. The tractor can also be used for other purposes than purely agricultural work, such as painting of facades etc. Being detachable from the tractor, the drive unit can also be used for other purposes, such as ' to drive a combine harvester, whereby the machine -investments can be reduced without any of the dis¬ advantages that have been experienced hitherto when a single power source, such as a tractor, is employed to drive all the machines to be found on a farm. • The drive unit serves to drive the tractor im¬ plements and to propel the tractor with the implements - coupled thereto. The unit is preferably equipped with legs on which caterpillar tracks are mounted. The legs can be hydraulically raised and lowered so that the tracks can be elevated, for instance when the tractor is driven on roads. The caterpillar tracks, which reduce soil compaction, can be driven by hydraulic motors, and if the wheels of the tractor as well as the caterpillar tracks thereof are drivable, the cross-country mobility of the tractor will be almost unlimited. The caterpillar tracks, however, can also be idling, in which case they; - only serve to reduce the pressure exerted by the tractor per surface unit. The drive unit can of course also be used to drive stationary machines, for instance with the aid of hydraulic motors. 5. An embodiment of the invention will be described in greater detail below with reference to the accompa¬ nying drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic perspective view of a tractor according to the invention in a suitable posi- 0 tion for being driven on roads; Fig. 2 is a corresponding view of the tractor according to the invention with the cab removed from the subframe when ploughing is effected; Fig. 3 is a view showing the tractor with 5 a cab attached to the subframe, and a bucket connect¬ ed to the telescoping arm of the tractor; ig. -4 is "" a side view of the tractor drive unit, Figs. 5 and 6 show the drive unit in various 0 driving positions. The illustrated tractor has a subframe 10 sup¬ ported by wheels- 11. The tractor is of an altogether • novel design which has no engine of its own but instead has- connecting means for a detachable drive unit 12 which will be described more in detail in the following. The wheels 11 of the tractor are driven by hydraulic motors which once the unit 12 has been connected to the tractor are coupled to the hydraulic pump of the unit. As shown in Figs. 4-6 the drive unit 12 comprises - a frame 30 on which are mounted an internal combustion engine 31, such a Diesel engine, and a hydraulic pump 32 driven by the engine. The frame 30 has one pair of legs 33 on each side. Each of said leg pairs supports a beam 34 on which wheels 35 or rollers are mounted. A caterpil¬ lar track 36 is placed about the wheels 35. The legs 33 consist of hydraulic piston and cylinder units which _0 PI ^NATI can be protracted and retracted. The details associated with the drive unit 12 can be such as are available on the market, and the mounting of for instance the lags 33, the wheels 35 and the caterpillar tracks 36 can be performed in a manner well known to one skilled in the art. The drive unit is arranged to be mounted on a tractor with the aid of some simple fastening means of reliable function. The hydraulic pump 32 has a number of quick couplers (not shown) by means of which hydraulic hoses on the tractor are connected to drive the tractor as well as the implements coupled thereto. To drive the tractor proper at least one pair of wheels 31 can have ' a hydraulic motor for each wheel or a hydraulic motor common to them. If all tractor wheels have individual hydraulic motors the latter can also serve to steer the tractor, but it goes without saying that hydraulic motors can also be arranged to turn one wheel pair in conventional manner. The wheels 35 of the drive unit can be idle so that the caterpillar tracks 36, when in the position illustrated in Fig. 2, only have the task of distributing the weight of the tractor over a larger surface, but said wheels 35 can also be driven like the tractor wheels 31, which will of course considerably increase the mobility of the tractor. A particular advantage gained with the described drive unit is that the caterpillar tracks can be raised by retraction of the legs 33, whereby the caterpillar tracks do not cause any problems when driven on roads, contrary to what is at present the case with caterpillar tractors."" A telescoping arm 13 is mounted with its one end on the tractor subframe 10 and carries at its other end a driver's cab. The cab 14 is- disposed in a U-shaped member 15 which is connected to the arm 13 at 16. The U-shaped member 15 is vertically pivoted to either the arm 13 or the cab 14 so that the latter always occu pies a horizontal position regardless of the inclina¬ tion of the arm 13. The cab 14 has a roll bar 17 ex¬ tending all around it, and preferably the arms of the U-shaped member are connected to said roll bar. The 5 telescoping arm 13 is vertically pivoted at 18 to a supporting means 19 which in turn is horizontally pivoted to the subframe 10 by a bearing device 21. A hydraulic cylinder and piston unit 20 is provided between the supporting means 19 and the arm 13 to swing said arm i3 10 in the vertical plane. A hydraulic motor is arranged to swing the arm 13 in the horizontal plane. The arm 13 has three telescoping parts but can of course have a greater or smaller number of such parts. Hydraulic piston and cylinder units are arranged to shift the 15 parts of the arm 13 in relation to each other and, like the hydraulic cylinder and piston unit 20 and the hydraulic motor, they are coupled to the hydraulic pump . . _ of the drive unit 12. It will appear from the drawings that the arm 20. 13 with the parts retracted into each other is of a length smaller than that of the subframe 10 so that "" the cab 14 can ' be placed in the position 23 reserved for it on the subframe and, if desired, locked in this position. With the parts of the arm 13 fully protracted 25 the arm is of a length considerably in excess of that of the "" subframe 10. In the cab 14 is mounted a control panel with control means which are coupled by means of iines run in the interior of the arm 13 to a servo mechanism on 30 the subframe 10 so that all requisite movements can be controlled from the cab 14. The control panel and the driver's seat are preferably movable together at least, through 180 so that the driver's seat and the control panel can be swung from a ' position used in towing 35 implements to a position used for instance when the tractor is driven on roads, as shown in Fig. 1. The most important advantage gained by the trac- _ 0MPI "" 5 ?NATl tor according to the invention will immediately be rea¬ lized from Fig. 2. According to this Figure, the tractor driver can now cause the cab 14 to occupy such a location that he is able, say on ploughing, to observe the direc- tion of travel as well as the plough without turning his body in any way. Another advantage associated with this suspension of the driver's cab 14 is that the ' usua vibrations can be reduced considerably. The risk of accidents is likewise reduced. The versatility of the tractor will also appear from Fig. 3 in which the tractor cab 14 has been placed and secured in its position 23 while a bucket 24 is pivotally mounted between the arms of the U—shaped member 15 of the tele¬ scoping arm 13. A hydraulic piston and- cylinder unit for pivoting the .bucket 24 is coupled between the upper edge thereof and the U—shaped member 15. The tractor according to the invention can also be used for entirely new tasks, such as facade painting, tree trimming or cutting etc., which have hitherto been performed with the aid of scaffoldings or special crane trucks or lorry—mounted cranes. Of particular importance is the reduced soil compaction attained by the tractor according to the invention.";"CLAIMS 1. A tractor particularly for use in agriculture, comprising a subframe (10) supported by wheels (11) , a drive unit and transmission means on the subframe for propelling the tractor and driving the implements (22) ' 5 coupled to the tractor, and a driver's cab (14) connect¬ ed to the subframe (10) , characterised in that both the drive unit (12) and the cab (14) are detachably connect¬ ed to the-subframe. (10) and that the cab is connectable with the free end of a telescoping arm (13) . 10. 2 . ~ A tractor as claimed in claim 1, characterised in that the cab (14) is- vertically pivoted to the telescoping arm (13) which is vertically and horizontally pivoted to .the subframe ( . 10) . 3. A tractor as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characte— 15 rised in that the telescoping arm (13) is- extensible from a length smaller than that of the subframe (10) to a length considerably in excess of that of the subframe (10) . . A tractor as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the driver's seat and the 20 control panel are pivotal through at least 180° in the - - cab (14) . 5. A tractor as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the tractor is hydraulically driven. 25. 6. A tractor as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterised in that the drive unit (12) consists of a drive motor (31) and a hydraulic pump (32) coupled thereto, said drive motor and said hydraulic pump being mounted on a frame (30) , that the frame (30) has at least one pair of legs (33) on each side and that a caterpillar track (36) is mounted on each pair of legs. 7. A tractor as""claimed in claim 6, characterised • in that the length of the frame legs (33) of the drive unit (12) is adjustable with the aid of hydraulic piston and cylinder units. 8. A tractor as claimed in claim 6 or 7, characte¬ rised in that the legs (33) are formed by hydraulic piston and cylinder units. 9. A tractor as claimed in any of claims 6-8, characterised in that the caterpillar tracks (36) are drivable by means of hydraulic motors. "" 10 ~ . A tractor as claimed in any of claims 6—8, characterised in that the caterpillar tracks (36) are idle and that the tractor has at least one pair of wheels (21) each of which- is drivable by its own hydrau- lie motor, or a hydraulic motor common to said pair of ^ wheels.";BROBERG P;BROBERG P;1978
+WO-1979000122-A1;19790322.0;19780831;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10389329.0;G01N21;G01N33, G01N21;G01N21, G01N31, G01N33;G01N  21/00, G01N  31/22, G01N  33/00;IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS NATURE OF UNKNOWN MATERIALS;Means are provided to identify environmental hazards of unknown chemicals by people unskilled in chemistry, e.g. firemen and policemen who often have to deal with spillages of unknown chemicals in e.g. road accidents. The hazards are classified as corrosiveness, explosiveness, flammability and toxicity. A portable kit is provided and colour changes of chemical agents is the preferred means of showing the presence of a hazard. Some of the agents are new, and are claimed per se.;"IDENFICATION OF HAZARDOUS NATURE OF UNKNOWN MATERIALS This invention is concerned with the identification of the hazardous nature of unidentified materials, usually solids, or liquids or mixtures thereof. Typical examples of areas of use of the invention are spillages of materials from road vehicles e.g. tankers, checking water supplies, trade effluent and waste tips, unknown materials in stores, warehouses etc. Techniques exist to identify the hazardous nature of unidentified materials and these are based on first identifying the material itself and then from that information consulting the text¬ books to learn of the associated hazards. These operations can however be time-consuming, require skilled people to carry thøn out and can often only be done in a laboratory. So far as is known, the only example of a test kit for use by unskilled laboratory technicians to identify the hazardous nature of an unknown material is disclosed in British patent specification 1 388 221, which provides a kit for a layman to identify a narcotic or psychotropic substance e.g. hashish, cocaine, opium, heroin etc. In that kit the material is reacted with a test strip impregnated with a reagent solution and the substance identified according to the presence and degree of a colour change. It might be thought that the HAZCHEM code of a composite label would have solved the problem. However this is not the case since, in Great Britain at least, the code is only compulsory for certain vehicles and in many countries no code is available at all. - ϋ REATT OMPl The invention is based on the realisation that very often the first person required to handle an. unknown material lacks the appropriate skills to identify the material and its hazards and ther is a need to provide him with some means of identifying the hazards so that he can treat the material appropriately. For example, when a firεrTan first meets an unknown spilt liquid he needs to know whether he can wash it into the drains without health risks to the population irrespective of whether the liquid contains lead, nickel, copper, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or chromate. He also needs this inforrration quickly, and cannot delay until a saπ le is analysed by a skilled technician in a laboratory. According to the invention there are provided means for identifying the presence of an environmental hazard in an unknown røterial and suitable for use by operatives not skilled in chemistry e.g. firemen, policemen, is characterised by a plurality of agents each adapted to interact with a material having a particular hazard t give an indication of the presence or absence of that hazard. Flost preferably according to the invention, the agents are adapted to give a visual indication of the presence of the hazard, especially in the form of a pronounced colour change. The agents are preferably adapted to indicate the following hazards a) whether the rraterial is corrosive b) whether the material will react with water in a hazardous way c) whether the material is flaππBble or explosive d) whether the material is poisonous Agents for determining these hazards are preferably as follows: To test for corrosiveness, use is made of water [especially in the ^^ £Aϋ OMPl_ case of solids) and also of a test paper (called paper E) comprising a filter paper impregnated with indicator dyes adapted to indicate the presence of acidsstronger than about pH 2, alkalis stronger than pH 12, bleaches and a reducing poison. It has been discovered that Titan Yellow and Metanil Yellow, are both suitable in this context and surprisingly that when the Metanil Yellow is of a low level of activity unless they are.,used in substantially equal quantities and deposited together from an aqueous solution, the desired indicator reactions will not be obtained. For the most dramatic colour change it is preferable to have more Titan Yellow present. With such a paper, a violently corrosive material will make the paper go black, char or dissolve while many corrosive poisons will make the paper change to a brown tan colour, a corrosive bleach will make the paper change to white, a corrosive acid will rrake the paper change to a violet-purple ■ colour and a corrosive caustic will rrake the paper change to an. orange red colour. The reaction with water can be tested using a sample of the unknown material with water in a vial supplied with the kit. Liquids which are irrmiscible in water and float upon water may be regarded as likely to be flammable while liquids which are irrmiscible and sink beneath the water are likely to be organic poisons. Separate tests are used to determine the flammable or explosive nature of a solid or a liquid. In the case of a solid, flammability can be tested by contacting a small portion with a direct flame, preferably from a low pressure gas lighter e.g. as supplied with the kit. It is much preferred that the lighter be one which can be operated by a button since this can be done easily even when the operator, as recommended, is wearing gloves. In the case of a liquid, some of the liquid may be applied to a glass fibre strip which is exposed to the flame, and the behaviour on burning will indicate a fire hazard. To test for explosive risk, use is made, according to the invention, of an especially modified test tube having adjacent the lower end a hole -in its wall to act as a vent for explosive forces. The small sample is put into the test tube which is then heated with the hole uppermost and a sudden flash, puff of smoke, or pop will indicate an explosive risk. It is also important to identify materia which have the ability to oxidise and which- thereby aid or initiate fires in combustible materials. A suitable agent comprises a filter paper impregnated with e.g. starch and iodide and which when wet and in the presence of an oxidising agent goes blue, violet or purple. To test for poisons which are those most likely to be encountere and the specific nature thereof, reliance can be made on the results test embodying well-known chemical principles for example the fomrBti of sulphide precipitates by heavy metal poisons, the Prussian blue te for cyanides, and the ferric chloride reaction with phenols. From ti to time however other agents to identify poisons which presently are unusual may be included. The invention preferably includes means for the identification of the presently important groups of poisons. In addition use is πade according to the invention of further test paper and as follows: Test paper ""H"" coπprising a glass fibre filter paper impregnated with a copper sulphate solution will, when wetted by halocarbons and/or nitrogen containing organics such as aryl amines and nitriles, give a low pressure gas flame a distinctive purple colour indicative of an organic poison vapour. Test paper ""M"" coπprising a glassfibre filter paper impregnated with sodium acetate or the like in aqueous solution and a colour strip of p-dimethyleminobenzylidene-rhodanine deposited from solution in acetone will when exposed to aqueous solution containing mercury give a pink to violet colour and the same is sometimes true of silver, gol and platinum compounds. Given the information about the identity of the hazard then appropriate measures can be recommended. Preferably the means is provided in the form of a portable kit containing some apparatus by which the operator can take a small sample of the unknown material. In this way the unskilled operator can take a small sample and then withdraw from the possibly hazardous area to perform the tests with less risk of danger. The apparatus preferably is made of a relatively inert material such as polypropylene and is preferably a beaker of the type having a triangular rim by which samples can be scooped up. Instead of using test tubes which require some skill and a frame in which to stand, use is made of glass flat bottomed vials having a snap fit plastic lid. These may also serve to store samples of materials for later identification. The invention as thus discussed will not identify radio-active and biological hazards but the kit may include appropriate instruments and reagents to identify these particular hazards. The kit preferably also includes protective covers in the form of gloves, goggles and the like; and sets of instructions, incorporating suitable warning, to protect the operator from the hazards he is seeking to identify. The invention includes the means as defined, a kit containing such means and a method of testing, as new items of industrial use, Test papers ""E"", ""H"" and ""M"" and a test tube modified as defined. An embodiment of the invention is illustrated by the following specific embodiment comprising a set of-instructions supplied with a kit containing the reagents and for use specifically by firemen. CONTENTS — MODULE 1 - SOLIDS 1.0 Observation 1.1 Test Strip E 1.2 Water and Conversion to Liquid 1.3 Heat 1.4 Flame I 1.5 Flame II MODULE 2 - LIQUIDS 2.0 Observation 2.1 Test Strip E 2.2 Water ' . 2.3 Test Solution A 2.4 Test Solutions B and C 2.5 Test Solution C 2.6 Test Solution D 2.7 Flame I - Test Strip F 2.8 Flame II - Test Strip G 2.9 Flame III - Test Strip H MODULE 3 - SEPARATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID MODULE 4 - ADDITION TESTS FOR SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION 4.1 Test Strip M 4.2 Test Strip P 4.3 Test Strip S ■ MODULE 1 - SOLIDS 1.0 OBSERVATION 1fU RE4 OMPI Approach with care. Take a sample in a plastic beaker for testing. Do NOT enter dust clouds without protective apparatus. Move well away once the sample has been taken. The following are first indications - warning of possible hazards . . Only the subsequent tests are positive identification. Observation Hazard Burning sensation in eyes Corrosive poison - keep away or choking sensation Bitter odour Poison - keep away Material smoking Severe fire hazard - keep away Fibrous appearance May be asbestos or other harmful silicate Shiny or metallic Possible fire hazard Possible poison Plastic-like Probable fire hazard 1.1 TEST STRIP E (As defined above) Moisten one end of test strip - not too wet. Touch the solid with the strip. A colour change will develop in about one minute. Observation Hazard Fizzle and/or paper Strong corrosive goes black Dangerous with water Violet-Purple Acid Orange-Red Caustic Brown-Tan Corrosive poison White Corrosive bleach 1.2 WATER (AND CONVERSION TO LIQUID) Place a little solid in a vial: about as much as would cover a disc, 3 to 4 mm in diameter. Cautiously add water until the vial is half full. If there is a violent reaction, stop immediately. Swirl to mix the solid with the water. Observation Instruction Reacts violently Dangerous corrosive - keep away from water, keep away from people Dissolves (even part) Test liquid in module 2 (see note Floats or sinks, but does Add nitric acid until the vial is not seem to dissolve even about 2/3 full. Swirl, and leave partially for at least 2 minutes before testing in module 2 (see notes). NOTES Leave the mixture in the vial, and carry on with fire hazard tests 1.3 to 1.5. Then use the liquid in the vial for tests 2.4 to 2.6 to determine poison properties. This applies even if none of the solid appears to have dissolved. If the mix is too dark for colour tests to be seen, use module 3 to clarify it before module 2. If the solid is flammable (tests 1.3 and 1.4) then this test O indicates if water can be used to extinguish a fire. As follows: Reacts violently NO Floats NO Dissolves YES Sinks YES 1.3 HEAT - TEST IN A WELL VENTILATED SPACE Place enough material to cover- a dot 3 to 4 rr in diameter in the bottom of one of the modified test-tubes. Hold the tube at an angle of 45 degrees with the side hole upwards. Apply a flame cautiously to the bottom of the tube. Heat more strongly if there is no reaction. Observation Hazard Sudden flash Explosive Audible pop or crack Explosive Sudden puff of smoke Explosive Coloured fumes Poison fumes on heating 1.4 FLAME I - TEST IN A WELL VENTILATED SPACE If the solid is in lumps, take a small piece in tweezers and cautiously apply a direct flame. For a powder or sludge, take a nichrome wire in its holder, and place 6 mm to 12 rrm into the material so that some sticks to the wire. If necessary, wet the wire, or make a loop. Cautiously apply a direct flame. Observation Hazard Burns easily Flammable Burns smokily Organic poison Garlic smell Danger - Arsenic Fibrous, does not burn Possibly asbestos or fibreglass or melt Burns, melts, drips .Flaπmrable - spreads fire 1.5 FLAME TEST II - TEST IN A WELL VENTILATED SPACE Partly fill vial with clean water. Take a copper wire in its holder and heat in flame for 10 seconds. If the flame is coloured green or blue, the wire is contaminated. Either clean the wire, cut off the end or use new wire. When flame is not coloured, cool wire by dipping into water. Dip into material so that a srrall amount sticks to wire. Apply flame carefully for 10 to 20 seconds. Observation Hazard Solid burns, then flame Organic poison goes green or blue Solid does not burn: Heavy metal poison flame gives blue flashes Material seems plasticj Usually PVC gives black smoke: flame goes green Solid does not burn: Inorganic poison flame goes green ' MODULE 2 - LIQUIDS 2.0 OBSERVATION Observe from a distance. Approach cautiously. If any of the poison hazards given below are recognized, withdraw immediately. Take a sample in a plastic beaker for testing, if this can be done safely. Perform all tests well away from the original unknown material. Observation Hazard Visible fumes from cold Strong corrosive: poison liquid vapour Acrid or choking smell Poison vapour Bad egg smell Poison vapour - sulphide Bitter smell Poison vapour Sweet smell Probably flammable Fruity smell Probably flammable 2.1 TEST STRIP E (As defined above) METHOD 1 Touch end of paper to liquid. If no colour develops in one minute, place a drop of water on paper so the two patches meet and wait a further minute for colour to develop. METHOD 2 If liquid is highly coloured, tarry etc., place one drop on paper, turn over and look at back of paper for colour development. If no colour change occurs, place one drop of water on back of paper and observe as in Method 1. Observation Hazard Chars black or dissolves Strong corrosive Violet-Purple Acid Orange-Red Caustic Brown-Tan Corrosive poison White Corrosive bleach 2.2 WATER Half fill a vial with water. Carefully add one drop of liquid using a transfer tube. If there is no violent reaction add several drops more and swirl, not shake. Observation Hazard Violent reaction: fizzle Strong corrosive: dangerous or fumes with water Floats, does not mix Flammable Sinks, does not mix Organic poison (poison vapour) Goes milky Probably organic: possibly poison, possibly flammable Mixes Use test 2.3 _, 2.3 TEST SOLUTION A (Reagent grade NaCl, coloured with rhodamine B) (Only necessary if the sample mixes or sinks in test 2.2 Otherwise go straight to test 2.4) Half fill a sample vial with Solution A. Add a few drops of liquid using a transfer tube. Swirl gently. Observation Hazard Floats) does not mix • Flarrrrable organic poison Sinksj does not mix Organic poison Floats, partially mixes (may Flarrrrable: (can be diluted with go milky) water) Mixes, going dense white Probably heavy metal poison Mixes Continue testing 2.4 TEST SOLUTIONS B AND C (B is ferrous sulphate and sulphuric acid and ascorbic acid) (C is ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid) Quarter fill a vial with liquid. Add one drop of solution B and swirl. Add two drops of solution C and swirl. Ignore any white cloudiness. • Observation Hazard Blue or blue-green colour Cyanide Dense black colour Poison - sulphide Purple colour Poison - phenol Cloudy orange-brown Caustic - see note NOTE Caustic rray prevent detection of cyanide. If caustic is indicated, repeat the test as follows: Add one drop of liquid to a vial. Half fill with nitric acid and swirl. Add one drop of solution B and swirl. Add two drops of solution C and swirl. Blue or green indicates cyanide. 2.5 TEST SOLUTION C (Ferric chloride and hydrochloric acid) Add one drop of liquid to a sample vial. Half fill with water and swirl. Add two drops of Solution C and swirl. If no reaction, add two more drops of Solution C. If still no reaction, add several drops of unknown liquid, swirling after each drop is added. Ignore any white cloudiness. Observation Hazard Purple colour "" Crrβy fade) Phenol Dense black colour Sulphide Red (not orange) solid Possibly chromate or cloudiness 2.6 TEST SOLUTION D (Sodium sulphide and potassium thiocyanate and sodium acetate and bromothyπ il blue) Half fill a vial with liquid. Add two drops of Solution D OMPI and swirl. If no positive reaction, add two more drops and swirl. Ignore any white cloudiness. Observation Hazard Black cloudiness Heavy metal poison Black cloudiness, fading Heavy metal poison to cream Bright yellow cloudiness Heavy metal poison Orange cloudiness Heavy metal poison Murky green colour Poison - chrorrate Red colour Iron (ignore) 2.7 FLAME I - TEST STRIP F (glassfibre filter paper) - TEST IN A WELL VENTILATED SPACE Wet end of strip with liquid. Holding other end with tweezer not fingers, briefly touch the wetted end with the flame. If it does not catch fire, hold the flame on for longer. Observation Hazard Flares up iπmediately Highly flammable Catches fire Flarrrrable Burns with difficulty Combustible Black smoke (whether Organic poison vapour combustible or not) • Green or blue tinge to Heavy metal poison flame (whether combustible or not) Red flame Ignore 2.8 FLAME II - TEST STRIP G (Filter paper) - TEST IN A WELL VENTIL SPACE This test is only necessary if there is some doubt about the flaππBbility of the liquid in test 2.7. It detects more subtle fire hazards. Completely wet middle of strip with a drop of liquid. Hold one of the dry ends in tweezers. Set fire to the other end: observe if flame continues through wetted area. If not, repeat, allowing one minute for the strip to partially dry out before applying a flame. Observation Hazard Wetted region burns Combustible Flame flares up on wetted Potentially combustible and partially dried area 2.9 FLAME III - TEST STRIP H (glassfibre filter paper iπpregnated copper sulphate) - TEST IN A WELL VENTILATED SPACE Completely wet one end of the strip with liquid. Hold ■ other end by tweezers. Apply a flame carefully to the wetted end. If the liquid does not burn well, hold the flame on for at least 30 seconds. Observation Hazard Purple colour in flame Organic poison vapour ""W Green colour in flame Ignore MODULE 3 - SEPARATION OF SOLID AND LIQUID If it is required to look at the solid and liquid portions of a mixture separately, this technique can be used. It rray also be useful if a liquid (either unknown or from test 1.2) is too cloudy for colour changes to be seen: in this case discard the solid and do tests on the separated liquid. METHOD 1. Remove plunger from syringe. 2. Place one filter disc inside the syringe (do not crease). 3. Gently press disc to bottom with a transfer tube. 4. Add 2 or 3 drops of liquid to wet the disc. 5. Hold the syringe vertical (a support ring is provided). Half fill the syringe with the mixture. 6. Replace the plunger, still keeping the syringe vertical. 7. Carefully depress the plunger, collecting the filtered liquid in a sample vial. 8. Remove the solid and the filter disc from the syringe using the nichrome wire and/or tweezers. 9. Discard the syringe after use. 10. Examine liquid as in MODULE 2. Examine solid as in MODULE 1. .MODULE 4 - ADDITIONAL TESTS FOR SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION 4.1 TEST STRIP M (as defined) a. FOR LIQUIDS: Hold strip M by the longer white end using tweezers. Touch the other end to the liquid - so that it soaks into the paper and rises up into the yellow coloured band. b. FOR SOLIDS: Convert to liquid as in test 1.2 then test as above. Observation Hazard Pink to violet colour Mercury NOTE; Silver, gold and platinum corrpounds may sometimes give a positive result. They are also poisonous. 4.2 TEST STRIP S (Lead acetate paper) a. Place a drop of water on end of test strip S. Touch wetted end to solid or liquid. If no positive reaction, then b. Place one drop of liquid, or a very small piece of solid, in a vial. Place test strip in vial. Add a few drops of-nitric acid. Do not inhale fumes. c. To confirm that an odour of rotten eggs is sulphide, moisten test strip with nitric acid, and leave in the fumes for a while. The more rapid the colour change, the higher the concentration. Observation Hazard Strip goes brown or black Sulphide NOTE: Sulphide is as poisonous as cyanide. Avoid breathing fumes at all costs. 4.3 TEST STRIP P (Ether peroxide test stick) a. ORGANIC LIQUIDS: Dip end of strip with cream pad into liquid for one second. If no colour change, wet the pad with one drop of water and wait a further 30 seconds. b. WATER MIXTURES: Dip end of strip as above. Colour should appear in 5 seconds. c. SOLIDS: ' Half fill a vial with water. Add a little solid and swirl. Wait 3 minutes before testing as in (b). Observation Hazard Turquoise or blue colour Peroxide Blue colour turning brown Peroxide Rapid green-brown colour Strong peroxide Green (from yellow solution) Peroxide or chrαmate FIREMAN'S CHART - SOLIDS 1.0 choking bitter smoking BA BA 1.1 black violet orange brown white FULL-V CONTAIN FULL CONTAIN - 1.2 reacts dissolves floats sinks FULL-V FOG FOAM FOG DRY 1.3 bang colour fumes V - E BA for FIRE 1 .4 flares burns garlic black smoke V BA B<\ for FIRE <—FLAMMABILITY— — > CONTAIN 1.5 green blue black & green CONTAIN CONTAIN CONTAIN NOTES: Instruction as from Instructions: in brief - BA breathing apparatus V violently reactive E consider evacuation FULL full protective clothing CONTAIN ' prevent from entering drains etc. FOG, FOAM, DRY extinguishing agent""for fire control FIREMAN'S CHART - LIQUIDS 2.0 fumes choking bitter bad eggs fruity FULL-V BA BA BA BA CONTAIN - UR OM 2.1 black violet orange brown white FULL-V FULL FULL CONTAIN FULL CONTAIN 2.2 reacts floats sinks mixes N 2.4 black purple blue/green BA FULL BA CONTAIN yellow orange green CONTAIN CONTAIN CONTAIN CONTAIN 2.7 flares burns combusts black smoke green/blue V FULL CONTAIN < FLAMMABILITY- CONTAIN 2.8 burns flares 2.9 purple FULL CONTAIN ""BUREAU O PI NOTES 1. Test 2.0 'fumes' initial action until further information is obtained. 2. Test 2.1 'violet, orange, white' if subsequent tests do not give 'contain' then reasonable quantities may be diluted and run to drains. (Notify water authorities.) 3. Test 2.3 'mixes' nay be diluted if other tests do not give 'contain'. ITU E OMPI";"CLAIMS:- 1. Means for determining the presence of an environmental hazard in an unknown material and suitable for use by operatives not skilled in chemistry, e.g. firemen, policemen and the like, characterised by a plurality,of different agents each adapted to interact with a material having a particular hazard and to give an indication of the presence or absence of that hazard. 2. Means according to Claim 1 characterised in that the agents are adapted to indicate that a material is corrosive, explosive, poisonous or has the ability to oxidise or burn. >, Means according to Claim 1 or 2 characterised in that at least one agent is adapted to give a visual indication of the presence of the hazard. 4. Means according to Claim J>, characterised in that the visual indication comprises a change of colour. 5. Means according to any of Claims 1 to 4, characterised in that an agent to identify the corrosive nature of an unknown liquid material comprises a filter paper or like substrate impregnated with a mixture of Titan Yellow and Metanil Yellow deposited from an aqueous solution onto the paper. β. Means according to any of Claims 1 to 5, characterised in that the agent to identify the corrosive nature of an unknown solid material is water. 7. Means according to any of Claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the agent to detect the explosive nature of an unknown material is a flame applied to a sample of the material in a test tube having adjacent the lower end a vent hole in its wall. 8. Means according to any of Claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the agent to detect the poisonous nature of an unknown material is adapted to form with the poisonous material a sulphide, cyanide or phenol-chl ride complex. 9. Means according to Claim 8, characterised in that the unknown material is a mercury derivative and the agent to detect the mercury comprises sodium acetate deposited from aqueous solution onto a filter paper or like substrate which also has a colour strip formed of p-dimethylaminobenzylidene rhodamine deposited from solution in acetone, which strip changes colour on contact with mercury. ID. Means according to Claim 8, characterised in that the agent to detect the poisonous nature of an unknown organic material comprises a filter paper or like substrate impregnated with copper sulphate solution. 11. Means according to any of Claims 1 to ""5, characterised by an agent adapted to react to the radioactive nature of an unknown material. 12. Means according to any of Claims 1 to j5 * characterised by an agent adapted to react to the biologically hazardous nature of . an unknown material. 13. A portable container for field use characterised by means according to any of preceding Claims 1 to 12. 14. A portable container according to Claim 13 * characterised by the presence of a beaker of a relatively inert plastics material which beaker has a triangular rim. 15. A portable container according to Claim 13 or 14, characterised by the presence of at least one flat bottomed vial having a snap fit lid, lβ. A container according to any of Claims 13 to 15 characterised by the lighter operable by a button. 17. A method of testing for the presence of an environmental hazard in an unknown material characterised by reacting the unknown material with a means according to any of Claims 1 to 15. 18. For use as an agent to indicatethe presence of a strongly acidic or caustic material, a filter paper or like substrate characterised by being impregnated with a mixture of Titan Yellow and Metanil Yellow deposited from an aqueous solution. 19. For use as an agent to indicate the presence of halo- carbons or nitrogen containing organic compounds, a filter paper or like substrate characterised by being impregnated with a copper sulphate solution. 20. For use as an agent to indicate the presence of mercury, silver, gold, platinum or the like, a filter paper or like substrate characterised by being impregnated with sodium acetate or the like in aqueous solution and having thereon a colour strip comprising p-dimethylaminobenzylidene-rhodamine deposited from solution in acetone. 21. For use in analysis of unknown materials a test tube characterised by having at or adjacent the closed end a vent hole in the side wall.";KEEN R, PITT M;FOSPUR LTD, KEEN R, PITT M;1978
+WO-1979000123-A1;19790322.0;19780825;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20332148.0;B61H13;;B60T8, F16K17;B60T   8/18G;A CHANGE-OVER VALVE,PREFERABLY FOR A RAILWAY VEHICLE;A change-over valve (or a so called empty-load valve), preferably for a railway vehicle, having a valve device (16, 31-35) opening or closing a pneumatic passageway depending on the position of a mechanical operating system or in other words the load on the vehicle. In order to improve the working range of the external operating arm (4) and the exactness of the change-over point the operating system is a force transmitting chain from said operating arm to the valve device (16, 31-35) via a spring (9), a knee lever (13), and a valve operating rod (14) in such a geometrical way that the axis of the spring is substantially perpendicular to the valve operating rod.;"A change-over valve/ preferably for a railway vehicle This invention relates to a change-over valve, pre- ferably for a railway vehicle, comprising a valve device for emitting one of two different pneumatic pressures at a constant inlet pressure depending on the position of a mechanical operating system operated at increasing load on the vehicle. Many such change-over valves are earlier known. Good examples of the prior art are US 3 291 265 and 4 010 771. In the former case the operating system for the valve device comprises an axially movable operating rod, which ' is arranged axially in series with the valve device. This means that great forces can be transmitted to the valve device from the vehicle underframe via the push rod, which forces can be detrimental to the valve device. It is also difficult to mount tui_=. type of change-over valve pro¬ tected against external influences of for example dirt, water, ice, and heat. The axial movements of the push rod in this change¬ over valve give also rise to severe sealing and wear problems. It is thus advantageous to replace this axial movement by a rotational movement relative to the change¬ over valve itself. Such an alteration, which is known for ^ OMPI example through the second patent mentioned above, makes it also possible to mount the change-over valve more protected from external influences. -- • A common drawback with both the known change-over 5 valves is that only comparatively small movements of the axially movable operating rod or the rotatable operating arm respectively are possible. Another drawback is a less satisfactory exactness as regards the change-over point for the valve. 10 The main object of the invention is to obviate these and other drawbacks and to accomplish a small-size, cheap and reliable device only requiring maintenance, after long service periods. This is according to the invention attained in that 15 the operating system comprises as a force transmitting chain an external operating arm on a shaft rotatably arranged in a valvehousing,an operating compression spring, which is arranged substantially prependicular ' to said shaft between a bridge thereon and a first arm of a knee 20 ' lever, which is pivotally movable around its knee and which with its second arm is arranged to act on a valve operating rod, which is substantially parallel to said first knee lever arm and the bridge. In order to make adjustment of the play between the 2.5 bridge and the operating rod possible the operating spring is guided by a spring rod, which extends through the bridge and the effective length of which may be adjusted. It is preferred only to allow movements depending on a change of the load on the vehicle to reach the valve 30 device. Other short-term movements may be transmitted to the operating arm under operational conditions due to the normal springing of the vehicle or rocking of the vehicle in certain cases. According to the invention the valve operating rod is provided with a damper preventing fast 35 rod movements. U3 O In the practical embodiment the valve operating rod is provided with a diaphragm type piston, which is movable in a sealed damper housing and has a restricted through opening for allowing the air confined in the housing to slowly pass from one side of the piston to the other. The opening is defined between a hole in the piston and a pin loose in the housing. It is important to note that the dampening effect solely comes from air. In this way a simple but yet highly effective design is attained. In the practical embodiment there is a rod return spring of compression type between a valve operating rod flange and the valve housing biasing the rod towards its "" rest position with the piston against a damper housing wall. There is also a bridge return spring between the housing and the bridge biasing the bridge towards a rest position against abutments in the valve housing. The dimensioning of the different parts of the operat- ing system is such that the total ratio"", between a roller at the .end of the operating arm and the valve operating rod is in the order of 2:1. The invention will be described in further detail below reference being made to the accompanying drawings, in which Fig. 1 in a side view shows a change-over valve . according to the invention. Fig. 2 is a schematic repre¬ sentation of the working principle of the valve. Fig. 3 is a view of the valve with its cover removed but also with some parts sectioned for better clarity, and Fig. 4 is a section substantially along the line IV-IV in Fig. 3. A change-over valve 1 is attached to a mounting console 2, which in turn is attached to a rail vehicle body 3. An operating arm 4 is rotatably connected to the change-over valve 1 and extends towards a side-frame 5 of the vehicle bogie. The arm 4 is provided with a roller 6 for cooperation with the side-frame 5. In the shown rest position with the vehicle empty there is a certain distance, say 20 mm, between the side-frame 5 and the roller 6 for preventing small movements of the side-frame from affecting the change-over valve. When the vehicle is loaded the distance between the vehicle body 3 and the side-frame 5 will decrease, which means that the arm 4 will rotate in counter-clockwise direction after exces- sion of the shown distance between the side-frame 5 and the roller 6. A maximum movement of the arm 4 and its roller 6 to the dash-dotted position of 100 mm (in the vertical direction) must be possible. In the shown- case the vertical distance in the rest position between the parts 3 and 5 is 260 mm. As appears from Fig 1 the effective length of the arm 4 may be adjusted due to its releasable connection to its shaft 7. In the schematic representation of the valve 1 in Fig 2 the parts 4-7 may be recognized from Fig. 1. The other parts now to be mentioned under reference to Fig. 2 are further described below under reference to Figs. 3 and 4. The operating arm 4 is part of a double-armed lever, whose other arm is a bridge 8 acting downwards in Fig. 2 on a prestressed helical compression spring 9, called an operating spring. The spring 9 is arranged around a spring rod 10, whose effective length may be adjusted by means of an adjustment nut 11 and whose lower end provides a support for the spring 9. There is an abut- ent 12 defining the angular rest position for the operating arm 4 and the bridge 8. The force from the spring 9 acts on the horisontal arm of a knee lever 13, whose vertical arm acts on a valve operating rod 14, substantially perpendicular to the spring rod 10. It is obvious that this valve operat- ing rod 14 will move to the right in the drav/ing at a counter-clockwise turning of the operating arm 4 under ""-: the influence of a movement upwards of the bogie side- frame 5. The valve operating rod 14 is at. its left hand end provided with a damper 15 to be described more detailed below under reference to Figs.3 and 4. At its right hand end the valve operating rod 14 is arranged to co¬ operate with a three-way valve 16 spring-biased to its 0 shown rest position, in which fluid supplied through an inlet 17 will be prevented from reaching ' an outlet 18, which in turn is vented to the atmosphere. In its operated position (not shown) the valve 16 will allow passage of fluid from the inlet 17 to the outlet 18. 5 This means that in the shown rest position of the change¬ over valve 1, corresponding to an empty vehicle, atmospheric pressure will prevail in the outlet 18, whereas in the outlet 18 the same fluid pressure will • prevail as in the inlet 17, when the vehicle is loaded 0 to a certain extent or in other words when the operat¬ ing arm 4 is turned in its counter-clockwise direction a certain angle. A return spring 19 is provided for the valve ■ • operating rod 14. 5 Referring now specifically to Figs. 3 and 4 for a more detailed description of the change-over valve 1, it has a housing 20 with a cover 21 attached thereto. The operating arm shaft 7 is properly journalled in the housing and extends out of the housing 20 with 30 its right hand end as shown in Fig. 3. The bridge 8 is attached to the shaft 7 by means of bolts 22. The abutments 12 for defining the angular rest position for the shaft 7 are formed as integral parts of the housing 20. The spring rod 10 is provided with spring supports 10"" and is tapered downwards for cooperation with a corresponding notch in the knee lever 13, as appears from Fig. 4. At its opposite end the spring rod 10 is threaded for receiving the adjustment nut 11, which after removal of a cap 23 is accessible from outside for adjusting the effective length of the spring rod 10. Between the bridge 8 and the housing 20 is also arranged a return spring 24 of the helical compression type with its centre line in the same plane as that of . the operating spring 9, i.e. the plane of Fig. 3. The return spring 24 is guided and supported by a spring support 25, and there are projections 8"" on the bridge.8 for ensuring the proper position for both springs 9 and 24 relative to the bridge 8. The return spring 24 will bias the bridge 8 towards the abutments 12 and thus the operating arm 4 towards its rest position as shown in Fig. 1. ' • The knee lever 13 is rotatably journalled on a shaft 26 (Fig. 4) mounted in the housing 20 and a hous¬ ing bracket 20"". The fork-shaped upper end of the knee lever 13 is placed astraddle of the valve operating rod 14 and cooperates with a flange 14"" thereon. The rod return spring 19 of compression type is arranged between the housing 20 and the rod flange 14"". The valve operating rod 14 is, as appears from Fig. 4, axially movably supported near its left end by the housing 20 and near its right end by a damper cover 27, and there are ordinary sealings in both instances. The damper 15 for the valve operating rod 14 referred to briefly above under reference to Fig. 2 is of the following design: A damper housing consists of the valve housing cover 21 and the damper cover 27, which is clamped- between the former cover and the housing 20 together with a. damper diaphragm 28. This diaphragm 28 is supported by backing plates 29 and is together with these attached to the valve operating rod 14. In the diaphragm 28 there is a circular hole with a metal bushing 28"" for a pin 30, which is not attached to either of the covers 21 or 27 in order not to bind in any way. The diameter of the hole in the bushing "" 28"" may be 0,05 mm larger than that of the pin 30, having a diameter of 1,5 mm. This means that the enclosed air in the damper will have to be forced through the narrow opening around the pin 30 at the movements of the valve operating rod , which thus.will be damped. The opposite end (the left hand end in Fig. 4) is arranged to cooperate with a valve body 31, which is sealingly biased against a valve seat 32 in the housing 20 by means of a valve spring 33 supported by a cover • 34 attached to the housing 20. An inlet channel 17 extends to the compartment around the valve body 31, whereas an outlet channel 18 extends from the compart- ment around the end of the valve operating rod 14. This rod 14 is provided with an axial bore 35, which connects the latter compartment with the interior of the housing 20 and, via a filter 36 in the housing wall, with the atmosphere. In the rest position shown in all Figures with the vehicle substantially empty and thus with the operating arm roller 6 substantially unaffected by the bogie side- frame 5 the valve body 31 will be sealingly held against its seat 32. This means that a fluid pressure trans- mitted through the inlet. channel 17 will not reach the outlet channel 18, which instead will be under atmos¬ pheric pressure through the axial bore 35 in the valve operating rod 14 and the filter 36. If now, still with the vehicle substantially empty, the operating arm 4 will be moved up and down in an oscillating way due to rocking movements between the vehicle body 3 and the bogie side-frame 5 under operational conditions, sub¬ stantially no movement of the valve operating rod 14 "" -: will occur due to the dampening effect of the air trying- to pass the narrow opening between the pin 30 and the hole in the bushing 28"". When the vehicle is loaded to a certain extent, so that there is a permanent counter-clockwise turning of the shaft 7 due to the diminished vertical distance 0 between the vehicle body 3 and the bogie side-frame 5, this movement will be transmitted to the valve operating rod 14 via the bridge 8, the operating spring 9, the knee lever 13 and the rod flange 14"" in a rate determined by the air damper 15. The operating rod 14 will lift the 5 valve body 31 from its seat 32 at the same time as the hole 35 will be closed. In this way the outlet channel 18 will be communicated with the inlet channel.17 in¬ stead of with the atmosphere, and the same pressure will prevail in the outlet channel 18 as in the inlet channel 0 17. Again under operational conditions rocking movements may occur between the vehicle body 3 and the bogie side- "" frame 5. These movements will however not be "" transmitted to the valve operating rod 14 due to the dampening effect . ' of the damper 15. The inlet channel 17 is connected to a source for fluid (air) under a constant pressure, whereas the out¬ let channel 18 is connected to any suitable means (not further described here) for effecting a more powerful "" braking-of the loaded vehicle than of the empty one, i.e.. when the pressure in the inlet channel 17.prevails in the outlet channel 18 and not the atmospheric pressure. The dimensioning of the different parts in the practical embodiment, is such that.the total movement ratio between the arm roller 6 and the valve operating Λ Wl rod 14 is in the order of 2:1, which means that a vertical movement of the roller 6 in the order of 20 mm would correspond to an axial movement of the rod 14 in the ' -: order of 10 mm. It is, however, to be noted that the possible axial movement of the valve operating rod 14 is limited to about 5,5 mm in the practical embodiment, corresponding to a movement of about 11 mm for the roller 6. Vertical movements upwards of the roller 6 exceeding this measure 0 will only result in a compression of the operating spring 9. The change-over point for the valve will be reached after an axial movement of the rod 14 in the order of • 3,5 mm. The function of the adjustment nut 11 is to allow 5 adjustment (preferably at the manufacturing) of the play between the knee lever 13 and the operating rod flange 14"", so that the sum of all tolerances in the activating chain from the bridge 8 to the valve body 31 does no effect the position of the change-over point. 0 The damper 15 is designed to delay the movement of the valve operating rod 14 at least three seconds, which is enough, as the minimum frequency of the rocking move- . ment between the vehicle body 3 and the bogie side-frame 5 is between 0,5 and 1 cps. 5 The maximum possible vertical movement of the • operating arm roller 6, which as earlier stated shall be in the order of 100 mm, is determined by the distance between the bridge 8 (or rather its projection 8"") and the spring support 25.";"Claims : 1. A change-over valve, preferably for a railway vehicle, comprising a valve device (16, 31-35) for 5 emitting one of two different pneumatic pressures at a constant inlet pressure depending on the position of a mechanical operating system (4-14) operated at increas¬ ing load on the vehicle, characterized in 10 that the operating system comprises as a force trans¬ mitting chain an external operating arm (4) on a shaft (7) rotatably arranged in a valve housing (20, 21), an operating compression spring (9) , which is arranged substantially perpendicular to said shaft between a 15 bridge (8) thereon and a first arm of a knee lever (13) , which is pivotally movable around its knee and which with its second arm is arranged to act on a valve operat¬ ing rod (14) , which is substantially parallel to said first knee lever arm and the bridge (8) . -20 2. A change-over valve according to claim 1, characterized in that the operating spring (9) is guided by a spring rod (10), which extends through the bridge (8) and the effective length of which may be adjusted for adjusting -25 the distance between the bridge (8) and said first arm of the knee lever (13) . 3. A change-over valve according to claim 1, characterized in that the valve operating rod (14) is provided with a 30 damper (15) preventing fast rod movements. 4. A change-over valve according to claim 3, . characterized in that the valve operating rod (14) is provided with a diaphragm type piston (28, 29), which is movable in a 35 sealed damper housing (21, 27) and has a restricted through opening for allowing the air confined in the housing to slowly pass from one side of the piston to the other. 5. A change-over valve according to claims 3 and 4, characterized in that the opening is defined between a hole' (28"") in the piston (28, 29) and a pin (30) loose in the housing (21, 27). 6. A change-over valve according to claims 1 and 4, characterized by a rod return spring (19) of compression type between a valve operating rod flange (14"") and the valve housing (20) biasing the rod (14) towards its rest position with the piston (28, 29) against a damper housing wall (21) . 7. A change-over valve according to claim 1, characterized by a bridge return spring (24) between the housing (20) and the bridge (8) biasing the bridge towards a rest posi¬ tion against abutments (12) in the valve housing (20) . 8. A change-over valve according to claim 1, characterized in that the dimensioning of the different parts of the • operating system is such that the total ratio between a roller (6) at the end of the operating arm (4) and the - valve operating rod (14) is in the order of 2:1.";SEGERSTEN R, SEVERINSSON L;SAB IND AB, SEGERSTEN R, SEVERINSSON L;1978
+WO-1979000125-A1;19790322.0;19780712;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25256511.0;B26D4;B26D3, B26D4;A21C15, B26D1;A21C  15/04, B26D   1/15;SHEET CAKE CUTTER;A sheet cake cutter is effective to cut a sheet cake disposed in a pan (7) having a surrounding rim (8). The cutter has a frame (9) supporting a conveyor belt (13) for horizontal advancement and on which the sheet cake pan is concurrently advanced. On a transverse shaft (34) mounted for rotation on the frame are preferably arranged at least a pair of cutter discs (33) having edge notches (32) therein. The cutter discs are disposed in registry with a predetermined space between them. The discs are set just to touch the bottom of the pan and with the edge notches spaced to interengage the rim. The cutter discs can be frictionally driven or shaft driven through a single-cycle clutch (54) from the conveyor drive. The clutch is manually or automatically actuated to engage the drive by a pan on the conveyor and in position for interengagement of the notches and the pan rim. There is a holddown roller (71) disposed in the space between cutter discs and set at a height just above the sheet cake in the pan.;"SHEET CAKE CUTTER BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In the large-scale manufacture' of petits fours and like confections, it is customary to start with a large sheet cake; that is, a single layer of cake dough gener¬ ally baked in a rectangular pan within the confines of a rim extending around the pan edge. The large sheet cake is manually cut into a number of individual blocks, often squares, that subsequently are individually removed from the pan and are then decorated and otherwise finished. Manual cutting of the sheet cake into the individual por¬ tions is not only laborious but does not always result in even sections nor in sharply defined edges. There is consequently provided a machine into which the cus¬ tomary sheet cake in its regulation pan can be introduced and conveyed along a predetermined path. As it advances, the sheet cake is cut into a number of longitudinal strips by automatically working cutting discs, taking into account the edges or rims of the pan and effective to provide quite uniform cutting of the cake. After an initial traverse through the machine, the cake pan is re- introduced but at right angles to its first orientation so that the already-cut strips are again cut at right angles to the initial cuts resulting in the desired.rec¬ tangular or square finished pieces. Cutter discs are provided at predetermined spaces apart, and rollers - B UREAU OMPI between them serve to hold down the cake between the cutters. The cutter discs have edge notches interre¬ lated to the rim on the pan to clear the pan rim.. Some¬ times the cutters are positively driven in synchronism ': - • with the advancement of the conveyor and usually through the medium of a single-cycle clutch, which is automatic¬ ally actuated when the pan advances and is automatically stopped at the end of a cycle, ready for a subsequent operation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING FIGURE 1 is a side elevation of a device pursuant to the invention, certain portions being shown in section on a vertical longitudinal plane.. FIGURE 2 is a cross-section, the plane of which is indicated by the line 2-2 of FIGURE 1. FIGURE 3 is a detail view showing the arrangement of a roller between successive cutting discs. DETAILED DESCRIPTION For the handling of a sheet cake 6 contained in a 0 ■ pan 7 having upstanding edges 8 therearound, there is preferably provided a frame 9 on which is mounted a pla¬ ten 11. Just over the platen extends the upper run 12 of a conveyor belt 13. The belt extends around rollers 16 and 17, at the opposite ends of the machine, and has a return run 18. The individual rollers are mounted re¬ spectively on shafts 21 and 22, the former of which is preferably driven by a motor or comparable driving device, not shown, but effective to advance the upper run 12 in the direction of the arrow 23. 0 In one method of operating the device when the shaft 21 is propelled and the conveyor upper run is ad¬ vanced, the tray 7 is positioned thereon with the sheet cake 6 therein. The cake advances in the direction of arrow 23 until such time as the leading edge or rim 8 of 5 the pan comes into contact with the bounding edge 31 of a notch 32 formed in the edge of a cutting disc 33. A series of cutting discs 33 are arranged alongside each other on a shaft 34, each disc being spaced a ' predeter¬ mined distance apart from the adjacent disc in order to leave an intervening space 36. The shaft 34 is mounted on uprights 37 and 38 upstanding from the frame 9. The discs are united to turn in unison with the shaft 34 and customarily are arranged or registered as shown in FIG- ■ URE 1. In advancing, the leading rim of the pan comes into contact with the edge of the notch 32 which ""gears"" with or turns over and clears the rim as the pan advances. The pan edge causes rotation of the disc 33, and the ra¬ dius of the disc is preferably such that the disc edge 39 is in light frictional contact with the bottom of the pan 7 as the disc cuts through the sheet cake therein. Some rotation is caused by frictional contact with the bottom of the pan. As the discs turn, the sheet cake is divided by a number of longitudinally extending cuts into individual, elongated pieces. The dimensions are such that as the trailing rim 8 of the pan approaches the disc, another notch 41 in the disc edge bounded by sides 42 and 43 substantially registers or ""gears"" with the trailing edge of the pan and permits the pan to pass without undue mechanical interference. Since the advancing pan is then free of the disc, the disc stops its rotation, substan- tially as shown in FIGURE 1, again in position for en¬ gagement with a subsequently advancing pan. In this way the sheet cake is automatically divided into a number of longitudinal sections. Following this, the sheet cake is removed with its pan from the upper run 12 of the conveyor and is reintro- duced into the machine after a ninety degree rotation. Again the sheet cake advances on the upper run of the conveyor. This time the same cutting action takes place by all of the discs except that the cuts are at right angles to and intersect the previously made cuts. The sheet cake is thus divided into a number of rectangles - 1REΛ Γ OMPI ^ WIPO Λ>, or, preferably, squares. The cutting job is thus com¬ pleted. Alternatively, the pan, after turning, can be run through a subsequent, similar cutter with the same or different cutter spacing and number, thus taking care of shapes other than square. Under some circumstances, it is desired to augment the rather simple mechanism just described by a power drive for the cutter discs. A drive chain 51 extends from a sprocket 52 on the drive shaft 21 and engages a clutch sprocket 53 forming part of a standard unicycle of single-cycles clutch 54, anchored on the frame through a torque arm 55. The out¬ put from the clutch is through a shaft 56. A reversing gear 60 connects the shaft 56 to a sprocket 57 in engage- ment with a chain 58. Likewise engaging the chain is a sprocket 59 on an auxiliary shaft 61 journalled on the frame. A slotted collar 62 is keyed on the shaft 61 and in one position meshes with the end of the shaft 34. When the collar is in the position shown in FIGURE 2, the shafts 61 and 34 are united for concurrent rotation but when the collar 62 is moved to the right in FIGURE 2 it is disengaged from the shaft 34. There is then no con¬ nection between the shaft 61 and the shaft 34. In the operation of this power arrangement, the pan 7 containing an uncut sheet cake is placed on the conveyor 13, as before, and advances in the direction of the arrow 23 until such time as the leading edge of the pan abuts a switch contact 66. This switch when closed is effective to energize the clutch 54 for one cycle of rotation. The effect is to connect the driving shaft 21 to the driven shaft 56 and so to the shaft 34. The loca¬ tions are such that the switch 66 is closed just as the advancing edge of the pan comes adjacent the first notch 32. The cutter discs 33 than rotate in unison as the pan advances, much as previously described, except that the discs are independently rotated without contact with the pan edge. As the pan advances and the cutting action takes place, the cutting discs 33 rotate one cycle. That the discs do not rotate more than that is insured by the operation of a cam 67 fast on the shaft 34. In the prop- er orientation of the cutting discs, the cam 67 comes into contact with and energizes a clutch switch 68 effec¬ tive to deenergize the clutch 54 at the end of one com¬ plete cycle. Thus, as the pan moves beneath the cutting discs and its trailing edge passes through the notch 41, the clutch 54 is again disengaged, thus stopping the cut¬ ting disc operation. Again, the pan can be removed, rotated ninety de¬ grees and reintroduced. When the pan passes the switch 66 the cutting discs are reenergized so as to make cuts at right angles to the first cuts. The pan is discharged as before. If the pan is not square, it can, after turn¬ ing, be sent through a similar, subsequent group of cut¬ ting discs properly set for the different pan dimension and for a different intercutter spacing, if desired. To make sure that the cuts are well made even through at a relatively high speed, I particularly pro¬ vide means in between the various cutter discs to insure that the severed cake squares or portions do not rise frictionally with the discs and get out of position. For that reason, in the intervening space 36 between each pair of discs, there is disposed a low-friction roller 71, preferably of Nylon, mounted on a bracket 72 for ro¬ tation about its own axis. The brackets are fastened to an angle frame 73 extending parallel to the shaft 34 and carrying adjusting screws 74 in engagement with the frame 9. By appropriate manipulation of the adjusting screws, the rollers 71 can be positioned with their lower edges just above the normal upper surface of the sheet cake 6. As the pan advances and as the cutters operate, any ten¬ dency of the sheet cake strips, squares or blocks to rise is defeated by the presence of the intervening rollers 71. - UREΛ ∑Γ OMPI i fr WIPO &>> After substantial use or at the end of a particular period of time, it is desirable to remove the cutter discs and wash them. This is readily accomplished by sliding • _- the coupling 62 or collar to the right to free the shaft 34. Then, by releasing set screws 76 and 77 which support the shaft 34 on the uprights 37 and 38, the shaft 34 with its attached discs can then be lifted vertically above the uprights 37 and 38. After cleaning, the discs and shaft can be restored to a proper elevation with the set screws 76 and 77 being tightened to hold the discs in position. Under some circumstances it is desirable to move the machinery without depending upon the switch 66. For that reason, in circuit with the operational mechanism of the conveyor 13 and of the clutch, there is provided a manual start switch 81 and a manual stop switch 82. When the start switch is energized, the mechanism is put into operation and when the stop switch is energized or operated, the mechanism is stopped. By these means there is provided a device for - cutting a sheet cake automatically into a number of separate pieces with the pieces being uniformly and cleanly cut and being held in position while the cutting is taking place and for subsequent removal. A relatively standard cake pan is utilized; and the mechanism is sim- .. pie, straightforward and readily maintained in a sani¬ tary and operable condition.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS; 1. A sheet cake cutter comprising a frame, a con¬ veyor on said frame adapted to advance on said frame a pan having a rim and containing a sheet cake, a cutter disc having therein an edge notch interengageable with said rim, and means on said frame for mounting said disc for rotation relative to said frame with said disc extend¬ ing into said pan and said edge notch in interengagement with said rim. 10 2. A device as in claim 1 including means on said frame for driving said conveyor and for rotating said disc conjointly. 3. A device as in claim 2 including means for • "" coupling to and uncoupling said means for rotating said disc from said means for driving said conveyor. 4. A device as in claim 3 in which said coupling and uncoupling means is a single-cycle clutch. 20 5. A device is in claim 4 including means actuated by a pan advancing on said conveyor for actuating said clutch. 6. A device as in claim 4 including means respon- 25 • sive to rotation of said disc for deactuating said clutch. 7. A device as in claim 1 including a shaft, a plurality of said cutter discs disposed coaxially on said shaft with a predetermined axial space therebetween, and 30 a roller mounted on said frame and disposed in said space. 8. A device as in claim 7 including means for supporting said roller at a predetermined distance above said conveyor. - ϋREΛ iT OMPI .fr WIPO .";LAKATOS C;FANTASIA CONFECTIONS, FANTASIA CONFECTIONS INC;1978
+WO-1979000128-A1;19790322.0;19780901;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;4007101.0;B63C1;B63B27;B63B27, B63B35;B63B  27/00, B63B  35/30;ROTATING PONTOON;A pontoon shaped as a large floating cylinder with a hollow interior, receiving one or more vessels (21) can be overturned through its rotation. The walls of the pontoon are made up of watertight compartments (1-21) which provide floatation and enable rotation of the pontoon. Rotation of the pontoon can be achieved by displacing water (Figs. 20-24) successively from one peripheral watertight compartment to another (Figs. 1-6). This rotation can also be performed by means of external power (Figs. 26-30). An external platform (45) is attached to the pontoon through joints (42), keeping its normal upright position when the pontoon rotates. On the platform can be installed the engine room (53) as well as all the implements used to perform the pontoon anchoring, towing, and mooring. This accessory equipment can also be attached to a belt (66) surrounding the pontoon hull and fastened to stationary floatation tanks (79). To provide for the discharge of vessels in rainy days, two types of floating roofs (49) are disclosed. To remove the load fraction which remains inside the vessel holds after its overturning, a system of pushing panels (Figs. 7-9) inside the hold and a system of helicoidal hatch-feeders (35-36) are disclosed.;"Specification of a Patent of Invention for ""ROTATING PONTOON"". (a) TECHNICAL FIELD In the latter years, a remarkable advancement concerning port cargo handling systems has been observed all around the world. The general cargo (boxes, burdens, sacks, etc), which predominated till the 50*s, has been gradually replaced by containers, dry. and liquid bulk cargoes. Nowadays, in modern ports, ore and agricultural products are wholly loaded in bulk. On the other hand, we, in Brazil, have been giving an increasing importance to the utilization of fluvial transport in substitution to the terrestrial one, mainly when concerning the conveyance of ore and agricultural products. It happens not only because it is the cheapest way of transport, but also because it is one of the most adeq&afceeb systems to save money for the country, to provide competitive conditions to our products in the external market, and to face the oil worldwide crisis. Yet, port time periods required for loading and unloading must be made as short as possible so that this way of transport "" will achieve the desired development. Swiftness in this late operation is also an essential requirement for the satisfactory performance of our port system. Therefore, our naval industry, the fluvial navigation shipowners and the port and maritime official -gυREATT OMPI boards are,, by all means, searching effective.manners of speeding-pu. tha operation.. . C BACKGROUND ART Ports which operate mostly in unloading or transhipment of agricultural exporting products arriving in fluvial vessels, like the port of Rio Grande. (State of Rio Grande, BrazilL, are now using specific unloading places for this nature of. navigation and cargo, (dry bulkl, equipped with shore discharging facilities .and mechanized transportation of. materials to store. . However, in. these ports, the "" equipment.which has shown more efficiency to solve the problem is ""the transhipment pontoon. It executes the transference of load from the holds of fluvial vessels straight to the ocean going ship holds. The transhipment equipment,is.installed on the pontoon like a conventional ship hull. Basically-, these pontoons have.different processes of cargo handling. They can be abbreyiated. s .the three following processes or their combinations.^ pneumatic; mechanical-continual (bucket..unloaders, chain conveyors, endless screw, belt conveyors}.; mechanical-intermittent (crane with grab gearl. ; All these unloading methods are.still effected by some slowness, caused .mainly by the equipment speed limitation and by the need of hatch-feeding .in..the existing load of the fluvial vessel. Acceleration of the unloading speed, of fluyial vessels in ports, and the performance of port facilities concerning rapidity and simplicity in loading ships, are problems that have also been worrying the inventor for quite a long time. After elaborating many ideas and attempts in order to adapt the conventional methods and equipment to achieve that intent, the Author conceived a kind of rotating pontoon which is approached in this.report. • Ccj DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The fundamental principle of the invention is the ■ conception of a long tubular, shaped pontoon, open at least at one of its ends. This structure can. turn about its longitudinal axis at any given angle. •¥o~tfe_ts A happen, it is a basic condxtion that the as a circular or closed polygonal shape.or both, in the periphery, of which,, watertight compartments can be arranged;in such, a way that they can support the platform floating, no matter..its position, considering its own weight as well as the load it should contain. Once assured the floating circumstances of.the pontoon, its internal structure.admits a ay different arrangements according to the desired purpose. The pontoon size is also subordinated.,to this purpose and to the depth of water in the place, it should operate. Equally, there are many forms. of producing.rotation, some of which, will be described .later without considerations about their applications and limitations, for they are enumerated in.this text. The described characteristics give a remarkable.series of applications to the invention as, for instance, in the construction of dry-bulk-cargo transhipment pontoon, floating docks used in shipbuilding or in ship repairing, floating stores, etc. (dl BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The attached 14 sheets of drawings contain .30 Figures. Figs. 1 and 2 show schematic cross sections of the pontoon flooded only with the tanks located below waterline; Figs. 3 and 4 are similar sections showing also the fitting device; Figs. 5 and 6 are still similar sections showing IJUREAZΓ OMPI discharge.of .the load ; Figs.- 7, 8 and 9 illustrate.the pusher panels used to remove the remaining load ; ' -:. . Figs. 10 and 11 illustrate, schematically the 5 helicoidal rotor system ; Figs. 12, 13 and 14 show schematically respectively in cross section CFigs. 12 and 131 and. in general perspective (Fig.141 the operational platform conceived by the Author; Figs. 15 and 16 illustrate respectively a general 0 sectional view and a detail of the special, floating covering; Figs. 17, 18 and 19 represent..the platform arrangement and the engine room respectively in enlarged partial front view (Fig. 171, plan or top view (Fig. 18), and horizontal section (Fig. 191; 5 Figs. 20 to 24 represent the hollow floating tube of the pontoon shown in transverse section .(Figs.20 and 211 and illustrating how it rotates by means of the continuous ring shaped reservoirs (Figs. 22, 23 and.24) ; Figs. 25, 26, 27, 28,.29 and 30 llustrate the 0 system of winches, fenders and. braker. conceived by the Author. (el BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE. INVENTION I. ' SELF-ROTATING PONTOON .WORKING BY LIQUID 5 - TRANSFERENCE FROM ONE RESERVOIR TO ANOTHER Suppose the floating tube described above as a vessel with its walls formed by watertight compartments, similarly to the ship side and with doublebottoms properly divided longitudinally, being able to stand a rotating 0 movement on its longitudinal axis, achieved by means of the liquid displacement in ballast tanks distributed in the periphery. For a better description of this rotation, the floating tube is initially represented by a transverse 5 section (Figs. 1 & 2) which shows two watertight ccπpartments forming juxtaposed and concentrical round shaped crowns which IJUR E OMP form its wall. Surely there are innumerable convenient, arrangements and positions to these tanks that would, reach,the same --. , result, but this one was chosen in order to simplify the 5 principle exposition. On that account., in the initial, stage of the exposition, the pontoon internal structure is neglected; it, as previously seen., can have many different arrangements in accordance with the desired utilization. 0 The conception is based on. the floating body properties, as here.described, to turn about, its longitudinal axis at any desired angle, by transferring, liquid existing in ballast, tanks of one side to the similar tanks situated on the opposite side, in a previously arranged sequence. 5 Considering, for instance, that initially the pontoon • shown in Fig. 1 is flooded only with the tanks located below the waterline (1-5)., and starts, to transfer the water (indicated in horizontal hatched, areal. sequentially from . tank Number 1 to Number 6, from Number .2 to number 7, from 0 Number 3. to Number 8 and so forth, we can. obtain a total rotation (36.0.91 of the floating tubel This property allows to conclude that in any pontoon, in which the transverse section has the shape shown in the 3rd item, it is possible to obtain the same effect (rotation) 5 through a simple water transference from one ballast tank to another, in a proper sequence, since these tanks have a convenient dimension in relation to the resultant formed by the structure weight moment, added to its cargo moment, related to the rotation center in each rotation instant. 0 2. SELF-ROTATING PONTOON WORKING BY LIQUID DISPIACE ENT INSIDE RING SHAPED RESERVOIRS Suppose a hollow floating tube represented by Figs. 20 to 24, taking into consideration only its double walls but not its internal structure arrangement. 35 These walls are formed by continuous rings totally hollow (Flotation Tanks - 57} intercalated by rings that have only one division consisting of watertight bulkheads (591 which cannot be transposed by compressed air- (ballast tanks - 581. The ballast tanks are interconnected by means of 5 tubes, situated adjacently and in each side of the bulkhead, allowing free passage -ef air. They also have air outlets (611 provided of valves that can be remote controlled. Figures 20 and 21 represent the transverse section 10 of the floating tube cutting a ballast tank. (581. In both cases it is assumed that.inferior air outlet valves are closed., and the superior, ones open. If compressed air (stippled areal is injected inside the chamber (£21, the water level (horizontal lined 15 areal, existing inside its inferior section, will be driven to the opposite side (Fig. 211, causing a displacement of the center of gravity, arising for this reason a moment Ca pair of equal and opposite forces) able to surpass the inertia of the vessel and. produce its 20. rotation. At his stage, the moving of the bulkhead (591 and consequently of .the whole pontoon starts to occur in clockwise sense, driven by the compressed air (211. In fact, regarding to Fig. 20 : 25 - Point 0 is the vessel. Cor. tube! center of ' gravity or the application point of the resultant Cformed by the combination of its own weight and load vectors1; - Force G is the resultant mentioned above ; - Point. 'C is the buoyancy quick works or volume 30 center, being the center of gravity of water volume displaced by the vessel, as well as the application point of force. , E.' .; - Force. 'E' of buoyancy is the resultant of all vertical components of water pressure actuating on the 35 vessel immersed surface. It is well known, as floating and equilibrium jυR OM requirements,..that vertical opposite.forces must.be equal and actuating at the same diametral, plane of the vessel, that is, at the vertical plane containing the vessel's -:. . longitudinal axle. The water interchanging inside the ballast tanks from one side to another (Fig.211, achieved by means of compressed air, dislocates momentarily the center of gravity of the vessel from. 1 0. 1 to. O."", creating a pair of equal and opposite forces CE.' -nd. 'G'l which provocates the apparatus rotation. This theoretical presentation is partly related to the above item and to the foregoing considerations. For this reason, it is possible to perform a rotation of the pontoon only by displacing, using compressed air. and the liquid inside its ballast tanks,or in other words, by displacing the.pontoon taking the liquid as reference. 3. ' PONTOON ROTATION BY MEANS OF EXTERNAL ' POWER It is possible to produce rotation in the pontoon described in item No.3 without its inside liquid. To achieve this purpose, the Author, conceived a system of winches, fenders and brakes, as shown in Figs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30..The winches C731, fenders C771 and pinion-brakes C74} are installed on trolleys which are - attached to the hull by means of a belt formed of tense wire ropes or chains C6 l . These ropes Cor chains}, are positioned in the correct, place with the aid of fixed sheaves C£7 & £8}, along its contour. The trolley platform has a circular shape to suit the pontoon external surface. The trolleys are sustained by sheaves C67 & 681 and connected to ropes Cor chains! forming the belt. They consist in a part of this belt, running on flanged wheels C£9 & 70L guided by rails (71 & 72}. Close to the trolleys (63} containing the winches C73} , are placed the trolleys C641 equipped with the pinion-brake device (741, geared..by its turn to the αxwn- shaped rack C751. Like the.rails, the rack is arranged around the pontoon contour, as shown in the figures. The pinion movement on the rack is produced hydraulically, by motor, or by any other energy source, being stopped by means of any kind of remote controlled conventional brakes. On trolleys C651 similar to those of the winches C631, and as those attached to the belt, are placed flotation tanks C79I, designed to keep. the belt steady during the pontoon rotation by means of its buoyancy. It must as well keep in proper position the accessories placed on. the belt, and absorb the stresses exerted on it, including those producing the pontoon rotation and braking. In like manner fenders C771 of any conventional type are placed in proper position on trolleys C78} attached to the belt. The pontoon outline size alterations due to the natural and momentary deformation.of its hull are not important in the present subject, but by precaution it is advisable to provide the belt ropes Cor chains1 with a.de{.t.aJ-_o elastic components Cspringsl aaeq&afcea. to the strains absorption. The utilization of the equipment disposed on the belt system here described, requires for its inspection and maintenance a hung ladder or similar, to be attached to the pontoon contouring the hull beside the belt, or fixed to it. 4. TRANSSHIPMENT OF DRY BULK CARGO THROUGH THE ROTATING PONTOO As previously seen, there are uncountable applications and structural arrangements which allow the invented craft self-rotation, provided that its basic characteristics are maintained, even for a specific utilization. Among these, was chosen for a better description its OMP utilization. s dry bulk transshipment, pontoon. In this case, load can be transferred from the holds of any type of fluvial vessels to the storage, compartments internall - located in the proposed equipment, and, then, to an external hopper from which it can be lifted to an ocean - going ship deck, or conveyed to a terrestrial storehouse. As an example to this apparatus, it was conceived a pontoon transverse section shown in Figures 3-6, where are indicated : 1 to 12 - ballast tanks 13 to 15 - flotation tanks 1£ to 18 - watertight compartments which can be used as storage 19 <- canal 20 - vertically displaceable. watertight lifting device 21 - vessel to.be unloaded 22 - vessel hatch 23 - mechanical conveyor 24 J 25 - retractible flood gates 26. 27 - hinged, shutting panels 28 - discharging chute 29 - inspection gallery 31 J 32 - Galleries of hydraulic and electric networks 33 34 - Vertical hydraulical jack. 5. ' TRANSSHIPMENT PONTOON OPERATION At the beginning of the operation only the ballast tanks 1, 3 and 5 and the lifting device which remains on the bottom of canal 19, are flooded. The vessel, towed by winches and with its hatches opened, enters this canal. The canal is equipped with photoelectric cells or guiding rollers, placed on its walls in order to avoid damages. Next, the vessel is perfectly aligned in relation to the pontoon longitudinal axis by means of vertically IJUREATΓ O PI displaceable horizontal hydraulic jacks, placed in proper positions along the canal walls. ' Thereupon, the water existing inside the lifting device C201 is transferred to tanks 2 & 4 through flexible hoses, and then the watertight lifting device C20} raises the vessel so that its deck leans against inspection gallery C29/301 inferior side, where the contact surfaces are revested with rubber to avoid water infiltration. The shape and size of this surface should be established according to the characteristics of the vesselCsl to be discharged. By means of vertically displaceable hydraulic jacks C33 & 341, placed on canal 19 walls, the vessel and eld the lifting device are -feold- together in this position against the pontoon structure. Panels 26 & 27 are placed in vertical position and fixed to galleries 31 & 32 walls. The pontoon rotation, is started through a progressive water transference from tanks of one border to the opposite, f as for example, in the following process : from 1 to 6 ; 2 to 7; 3 to 8; 4 to 9; 5 to 10; and 6 to 11. Water transference from one tank or compartment to another can b achieved by means of compressed air, injected through a properly sized rigid pipeline, provided with Co ve iem+H -eonv niθifel placed remote controlled yalves and registers. As the pontoon rotation begins, the load starts flowing through- the vessel hatch to gallery 28 and then to the storage compartment 17 (Fig. 05}. Persisting the rotation, the pontoon will acccπplish a 1809 turn when tanks 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 are flooded (Fig.6} . In this position, the pontoon is capsized and the load enters the storage compartment 17 due to gravity. Finishing this operation, the discharge gallery 28 is shut by positioning 26 and 27 panels against the mechanical conveyor compartment (23}, as shown in Fig.6. -BU E OMP Now the pontoon is ready to return to its original position, which is achieved through water transference inside ballast tanks. The water transference is now done - ; in inverse sequential order i.e., progressively from 5 tanks 11 to £; 10 to 5; 9 to 4; 8 to 3; 7 to 2; and 6 to 1. Once the pontoon is in its normal upright position (Fig.4}_, the hydraulic jacks C33 &.341 are lowered to the bottom of canal 19. The flotation of vessel 21 is achieved simply by 10 transferring water rom tanks 2 & 4 to the lifting device C201, which will submerge to the canal bottom, releasing the vessel. After the removal of the horizontal adjusting jacks, the vessel can leave the apparatus. Since the pontoon is in its upright position, load 15 transference to outside can be achieved by means of any .conventional mechanical conveyance Cchain conveyor,endless screw, belt conveyor, etc.l or by their combination. The transportation system is installed inside a discharge chute C231, placed within the discharge gallery C281. In upright 20 position the chute is at the bottom,of storage compartment C171; thus., under the load to be"" conveyed outside. Concerning th cargo destination, there are two alternatives to accomplish the pontoon, operation : al the load must be.transferred right away out of 25. the pontoon, or temporarily kept in compartment 17; - bl the load must be stored in one of the pontoon lateral storage compartments. Considering the former case, the retractible panels 30 C24.&.251 should have been closed, at the beginning of the operation, in order to hinder the.passage of load to compartments 16 and 18. In the latter case, one or both panels should have been kept open at the beginning of the operation, in order 35 to guide the load to its destinated compartment (16 or 181, when the pontoon returning to its original position is ""BUREAU 0MP1 performed, If the load itiust.be stored, in compartment 16, the pontoon turning should be achieved, as stated above, but, if the load is to be stored in compartment.18, the pontoon 5 returning to its normal position must be carried out by continuating rotation in the same sense, accomplishing a 36}9 turn. The full turning of the pontoon is attained by progressively transferring water from tanks 7 to 12, 8 to 1, 9 to 2, 10 to 3, 11 to 4, 12 to 5 (Fig.61. 10 When the load stored in lateral.compartments (16 or 181, has to be conveyed outside, it must, as a first step, to be transferred to compartment 17. This is done through the removal of the corresponding panel C24 o 251 , and through an appropriate rotation o the pontoon. 15 The transshipment method described, in this text suits best to unpowered vessels with no masts Charges1, but it can also be employed to powered yessels since they are conveniently fitted. Even the barges should submit to a structure 20 overhaul, in order to check its framing resistance to overturning efforts, and, if necessary, provide.the framing reinforcement. 6. OPERATION WITHOUT LIFTING DEVICE . To raise and sustain within the pontoon. the vessel 25. to be unloaded Cor repaired} , hydraulic jacks can be used ■ as shown by No..33 & 34 (Fig.4}, since they are properly sized to bear the load. For this reason, it is dispensable the using of the lifting device shown as No. 20 in Figs.3 & 4. Evidently, the water transference from one tank to 30 another - in order to provocate rotation - must be altered. 7. COMPLEMENTARY PROCEEDINGS AND ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT During the turning of the pontoon, the vessel is capsized and its load falls to the storage compartment 17 due to gravity. When it occurs, part of the load is retained 35 inside the vessel holds, because of the corners formed in the intersection of its sides and deck CFig.61. There are many ways to remove the remaining load, since the hold is adapted to the employment of appropriated mechanical equipment. A good suggestion to this matter would be the 5 installation of pusher panels (Figs. 7, 8 & 9 which show, enlarged, a corner situated inside the dashed circle}, juxtaposed to its walls in vertical position, when the vessel is floating (Fig.7}. After the capsizing, panels , can incline (Fig.8}, positioning their inferior edges 10 together with the hatch face (Fig.91, making all remaining load f ll inside the compartment 17. Panel movement can be achieved by hydraulic, mechanical, electromechanical "" or combined means, and its control should be preferentially remote, being capable to 15 put all panels into motion simultaneously. As accessory equipment, the Author conceived an helicoidal rotor system (35 & 36) indicated schematically in Figs. 10 & 11, the former showing a transverse section of the vessel with its upper part undermost, arid a section 2.0 of the mechanical conveyance 23 as well as a side view of the equipment, the latter showing an internal top view of the pontoon. The rotors are connected to a hinged arm system (37 & 38} , which by its turn is attached by means of rails 25 (39) to the bottom of the box containing the mechanical conveyance (23) , allowing the equipment a longitudinal displacement. The hinged arm system is hydraulically driven, enabling its positioning on the bottom of compartment 23 so 30 that allowing the vessel entrance inside the transshipment pontoon, when the equipment is not being used. The same procedure can be carried out with the rotors. The rotor blades can be swung one over the other, and all over the bottom of the compartment (hatched line - 35 Fig. 111. In order to place the tackles, reeving devices and IjUREAtT O PI fittings, anchoring and.raising implements C inches, anchors, anchor cables., rinding bitts, bitts, cleats,etc.1 and also the engine rooπi Cwith compressor, control board, etc.l the Author conceived the platform indicated in Figs. 5 12, 13 & 14. The first figure shows a front view of the pontoon, the second one a top view and the latter a parallel perspective view. . , This platform is hold by columns .C401, which are 10 sustained by flotation tanks C41L properly sized to uphold not only its own and its charge weight but also thevertical component of the force exerted on the anchor cables. This platform surrounds the transshipment pontoon and is attached to it through joints of hollow piiis, placed 15 in both extremities along its longitudinal, geometric axis. Thus, the platform is divided in two equal parts that can support, one independently from the other, small movements produced by tensions on anchor, cables, waves or other accidental overloads. 20. Each of these parts is made up of rigid sections interconnected through, hinges to absorb .the tensions previously mentioned. On the transverse parts of the platform, situated at its ends C44} , are placed the anchor cable winches and other 25 . _ pieces of the anchoring and raising implements. For this reason, these parts are exposed to higher tensions.Moreover, they should support also the efforts produced, by the engine room C431 weight. The platform (45) side parts are structural ' . components 30 designed to support principally the traction efforts resulting from tensions on the anchor cables, but they can also be used as passageways. They contain the cylindrical fenders. C 61 designed t absorb the pontoon side shocks against other, vessels or fixed 35 structures Cquay, pier, etc.). These fenders also funcion as friction rollers during IJU O the pontoon rotation, when, the whole, platform stays in upright horizontal position. The rollers C471 have identical function,serving as platform support to the hull. The engine room covering C 8} has. its transverse section in shape of concentrical circumference arcs, juxtaposed to allow independent moyements-of platform parts located in each side of central joints C421. Since properly sized, the platform front parts, located at the pontoon entrance, can also function as covering, so that .hatches can.be. opened in. rainy days. However, to reach this specific purpose, the Author conceived a special floating covering CFigs. 15 & 161placed on a circular or polygonal structure supported by longitudinal flotation tanks, resting against the pontoon hull by means of spheric enders C51) . This structure is attached, to the pontoon through the same hollow pin Ctubel 42 and also by means of a spherical articulation C521 independent from that one which connects platform 44, so that these two structures operate independently, as shown in Figs. 17, 18. & .19 that represent, respectively, the platform C441 new arrangement and the engine room C531. enlarged partial front view, plan or top view and horizontal section. In these drawings (Figs. 17, 18 & 19} are represented the hinged articulation (541 from platfor to pontoon and the spherical one (52) from floating covering to pontoon, both through the pin tube C42) that is also used to lead canalizations and cables of general facilities (pneumatic, electric, hydraulic,etc. ) inside the pontoon. These canalizations and ducts, at least outside the pin-tube C42) , must be flexible enough to support, without rupture, the pontoon rotation. For this reason, this rotation should not surpass 3609 in the same turning sense. In this arrangement, the machine room C531 is hanged • fU EAlT OMPI by the roof frame C 9 through guy rods. The floating roof must have a fluctuating central part, covering the platform area C441, limited by panels (56}. These panels are inserted in the roof fluctuating part, in order to enable independent movement of roof and platform without rupture. To avoid abrupt rotations of the pontoon, it is possible to fit the fenders 4£ (Figs. 12 to 1£1 with a hydraulic brake system, which arrests motion by compressing the fenders against the hull. In that case, this extra- effort must be taken into consideration when dimensioning the flotation tanks 41 (Figs. 12 to 161. To achieve the external accessory equipment installation, and especially to provide the rotation braking, the belt device described in item No.6 can also be used. The solutions described in this text concerning equipment installation of the pontoon, if appropriate, can also be employed to any kind of floating dock. (f1 INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY Industrial applicability of present invention is obvious. Any conventional method (manual, mechanical, hydraulic, etc.) can be used to control and set accessory ' equipment in motion. Automatic control from a pointoutside the system must be used when possible. The design, dimensions and details of necessary equipment or contrivance, employed to perform the general operation of the rotating pontoon, as well as its accessories, must be achieved considering its purpose and local depth of water, whichever rotation method chosen. It concerns the designer or the shipyard which will apply the invention. -βUR OM <";"- y - CLAIMS 1 - Rotating Pontoon, capable of turning about its longitudinal axis, at any desirable angle from zero to 3609, with or without load, with or without necessity of external power, energy and material aid, and therefore propitiating its own maintenance of docking; capable to unload dry bulk vessels by gravity, to construct or repair vessels and store dry bulk cargo; with indistinct sides and deck, circular or polygonal shaped transverse section and, depending on its purpose, different arrangements being achieved inside its hollow interior; an auxiliary watertight floating device or hydraulic jacks being installed to provide the sustaining of vessels to be processed; characterized in that the rotation movement of pontoon can be achieved through the following means : Ca water transference between ballast tanks existing in the pontoon periphery, following a convenient sequencial order, operation.which is carried out bypurrping water or by compressed air (Figs. 3 to. £} ; (bl_ a simple displacement of the tank in relation to its liquid content, through compressed air action (Figs. 20 to 241 ; or (c) action of Pontoon external forces. 2 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 1, in which self-rotation is obtained through liquid transference between its reservoirs, characterized in that rotation movement by water transference is obtained through reservoirs arranged in horizontal series (Figs. 1 & 2)which outlines the pontoon ordenately. 3 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 1, in which rotation is obtained through.fluid displacement in the interior of its reservoirs, characterized in that rotation movement is performed with the aid of continuous ring ' -:. . shaped reservoirs with a single watertight bulkhead (Figs. 5 20 & 24) which are arranged one parallel to the other and interrelated, so that, under compressed air action on one surface of their liquid content and with the watertight bulkhead reaction, the Pontoon turns about its longitudinal, axis. 0 4 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 1, in which rotation is obtained with external forces, characterized in that rotation movement.is produced by means of a rack and pinion gear system installed in the Pontoon external surface, supported by flotation tanks 5 through a belt and being driven by own engine. 5 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 1, comprising a transversely disposed belt, characterized for being connected to the external contour of the pontoon hull and capable of being held in a fixed position, while this 0 "" hull rotates, and of achieving its rotation movement as well as its braking, anchoring, towing and mooring, besides its protection against shocks, the said belt being constituted of two cables or chains attached to the pontoon hull by means of pulleys fixed on it, and containing 5 ' - trolleys where can be installed operational implements to anchor and raise""the pontoon (winches, anchors, anchor cables, rinding bitts, bitts, cleats, etc.1, fenders, a special braking system to the rotation movement,flotation tanks to support the efforts exerted on it, or other fittings that should, if wished, not be affected by the rotation movement (Figs. 25 to 301. 6 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 5, comprising a rack and pinion gear system assembled on a trolley, which is attached to the belt,, characterized by providing the pontoon rotation and/or braking movement as indicated in claim 1 by means of a pinion on a fixed rack IJΌRE OMPI • "" - A - surrounding the pontoon C74 and 75 of Figs. 27 to 301, the rotation being produced by an engine, and the braking through the pinion blocking by means of any usual types of remote controlled brakes, in such a manner that the 5 effort resulting from the pinion cogs on the rack is transmitted by the belt (No. 66 of Figs. 25 to 281 to the flotation tanks (No. 76 of Figs. 25 &.261 in which it is attached and- absorbed by them, so that the buoyancy of these properly sized flotation tanks can serve as support, 10 or be opposed, to the pontoon, rotation movement. 7 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 1, comprising a longitudinally disposed platform,characterized for being maintained attached in normal upright position to the pontoon while it rotates, for propitiating the 15 braking, anchoring, towing and mooring of the pontoon,the said platform being supported by flotation tanks connected . to the pontoon, unless in the positions corresponding to the ends of its longitudinal axis where it is attached to the pontoon by joints,, and being made up of articulated 2Q sections with,.the purpose of. olding the engine room, operational implements Cwinches, anchors., anchor cables, rinding bitts, cleats, etc.} and its fenders, that can also be used as brakes of the pontoon rotation movement CFigs. 12, 13 & 141. 25 8 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 1, comprising an accessory garage, characterized for being maintained. attached to the pontoon. in normal upright position, while it rotates, the garage being made up of a transversal structure with polygonal shape, circumference 30 arc shape, or by their combination, leaning against the flotation tanks and having any conyentional type of roof, and being attached to the pontoon through a spherical joint situated in the extremity of its rotation (or longitudinal! axis. (Fig. 15 to 19) . 35 9 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim l,for transshipment of dry bulk cargo, characterized by its possibility of unloading, by gravity, dry bulk vessels by UREAlT 0MP1 - A - means of a simple pontoon rotation, causing the load to fall through, the "" vessel hatches .( holly protected against water infiltration!, to the storage compartment, the load being transferred afterwards to storehouses or storage bins, which transfer operation is accomplished by the rotating pontoon, since it has in its interior void spaces to be occupied by the vessel Cor vessels! to be processed; by a discharge hopper, connected to one or more storage compartments, and by any conventional dry bulk horizontal conveyance Cchain conveyor, endless screw, belt conveyor, etc. - Figs. 3 to 61. 10 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 9, comprising remaining load pushing panels - Chatch feeders! to be adapted inside the holds of vessels designed to operate in the rotating pontoon, characterized by a system made up of several panels installed inside the vessel hold, placed against, its sides and close to the inner side of deck, which panels, after the vessel capsizing, can be gradually inclined, pushing the remaining load through the hatches and can be set in motion by means of. any of the following means : hydraulic;, mechanical; electric-mechanical; and, if possible, remote controlled. 11 - Rotating Pontoon according to claim 9, comprising a helicoidal hatch feeder, system to be installed inside the pontoon hopper or discharge chute, ' cha acterized by its possibility of removing the load fraction which remains next to the hold corners, after the vessel capsizing, which system is made up of helicoidal rotors attached to hinged arms that can be conjugated in order to place the rotors at any convenient work position and when the system ceases operation, both rotors can be put together on a single plane. 'fURE OMPI";KRAMER DA LUZ O;KRAMER DA LUZ O;1978
+WO-1979000133-A1;19790322.0;19780905;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10394327.0;A61K39;;A01K61, A61K39;A61K  39/00D2;IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO FISH FARMING;Fish are treated to produce an auto-immune response therein which impairs the development and/or maintenance of a normal gonad system in the fish. Such a response may be produced by the administration of antibodies to gonad tissue or of antigenic material derived from such tissue.;"IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO FISH FARMING This invention relates to methods for modifying the sexual development of fish. Fish farming, particularly of salmonids, has developed rapidly throughout the world over the last ten years. However, one of the major unsolved problems associated therewith is that of the control of gonad maturation. Thus the growth rate of many fish falls off when sexual maturity is achieved and disease, particularly skin disease, becomes more prevalent. Moreover, it is preferred that male salmonids, for example, mature at the ""salmon"" (2 sea winter plus) stage of development when they are of a good size, but a proportion mature naturally as parr or as grilse. This can lead to increases in mortality rate among the fish and also to an unpredictable supply of fish for marketing. Furthermore, the diversion of food energy into gonad production is a financial waste and high food costs are among the limiting factors in salmonid farming. Total elimination of gonad in stock being reared for the table is therefore a desirable objective. Several methods have been suggested in the literature for the modification of gonad development in fish including surgical castration, hormone treatment and daylength control but, despite the attraction in developing a truly satisfactory method, all of these methods which have previously been considered tend to suffer from one or more disadvantages such as practicability on a large scale, expense etc. It is an OMPI ,< W1PO ,Λ< object of the present invention, therefore, to provide an improved method for the modification of gonad development in fish in order to produce fish which are not sexually mature. Accordingly the present invention comprises treating a fish to produce an auto-immune response therein which impairs the development and/or maintenance of a normal gonad system in the fish. It will be appreciated that the immune system of a fish differs considerably from that of a mammal, for example it contains only one major immunoglobulin rather than five. Therefore, although auto-immune responses are well known in mammals, it was previously by no means clear that it would even be possible to produce an auto-immune response in fish and, as far as we are aware, this is the first instance of any such auto-immune response being produced. The present invention is of particular application to teleosts (Teleostii) including Isospondyli and Ostariophysi, for example to salmoinids (or fish' of the family Salmonidae), especially to fish "" of the sub family Salmonini containing the genera Salmo, Oncorhynchus, etc. Thus, it is of considerable interest in the treatment of salmon, for example both Atlantic and Pacific salmon, and trout, for example rainbow trout. The invention is however also of interest in relation to eels and especially to carp including Tilapia. Indeed, it will' be appreciated that the invention is applicable to a very wide variety of fish, both marine and fresh water, ""BU RE OMPI although its benefits will be particularly marked with certain types as described above. The method may be applied to the fish at various stages in their growth, for example in the case of salmon and related salmonids as alevin, parr, smolt, grilse or even older fish. Clearly, however, it is preferable to treat the fish at as early a stage as is conveniently possible in their sexual maturation, although it has been found that the method of the invention may be used not only to prevent the development of gonad tissue but also lead to the retrogression "" thereof. Although the invention is' of particular application to male fish in view of the greater problems posed therewith by early maturation, it is also applicable to female fish. The production of the desired auto-immune response in the fish is effected by inducing in the fish the presence of antibodies against gonad tissue. This may be done by administering such antibodies to the fish directly or, more preferably, by administering to the fish antigenic material which induces the formati-on of such antibodies. Such antigenic material may be derived from sperm or particularly testis gonad tissue in the case of males and ovarian tissue in the case of females, varying degrees of purification being possible including the use of simple extracts of gonad tissue and purified antigens. When treating a population of salmon or like fish of mixed sex, it may be convenient in view of the difficulties associated with the sexing of salmon either to treat each fish with a mixture of - B UREAU OMPl antibodies or of antigenic material deriving from both male and female fish or, if it is not desired to do this, to treat each fish with male derived antibodies or antigenic material in view of the lesser interest in the application of the method to female fish. It will be appreciated that the use of purified, or at least partially purified, antigens may be desirable to remove side effects arising from other antigens present as impurities in a crude preparation which may lead to an auto-immune response in other parts of the body. It is believed that the antigens of interest in the present context are surface antigens, particularly those of a water soluble nature, and these may be extracted by a variety of techniques including the use of both ionic and non-ionic detergents, hypo- and hyper-osmotic shock treatment and sonication of membrane fractions. The antigenic material may, if desired, be administered . together with an adjuvant, for example complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), or rather more preferably in view of the intended use of the fish as food, with an adjuvant material ' which, in contrast to .complete Freund's adjuvant contains a killed or inactivated fish pathogen or pathogens. The latter alternative has the advantage that by using as the adjuvant a vaccine such as vibrio or furunculosis vaccine the additional effect is produced of providing protection against the infection in question. A further form of adjuvant material which may be considered is one of the algal extracts with potent adjuvant properties such as carrageenin, for example the kapa, lambda or particularly the iota form. Such extracts are usually water-soluble and are of particular value, therefore, for use in the hyper-osmotic treatment described hereinafter. It may also be desirable to enhance the effect of the antigenic material by using material from one species for administration to another, for example rainbow trout material in salmon, and vice versa and/or by the use of hooster doses of antigen (or antibodies). Further modifications include the solubilisation of antigens by various techniques, particularly for use in the hyperosmotic treatment described hereinafter, and the attachment of antigens to larger molecules to form immune complexes, for example to immunoglobulins such as rabbit immunoglobulin. Various routes may be used for administration of the antigenic material (or antibodies where applicable) including oral and parenteral, for example intraperitoneal and intra¬ muscular, routes. If desired, an initial administration by such a parenteral route of the antigenic material together with an adjuvant such as complete Freund's adjuvant may be employed, followed by a further administration of the antigen only by a similar route. In compositionsfor such a mode of administration the antibodies or antigenic material are made up in a physiologically acceptable carrier or diluent. This is usually of liquid form, being for example, isotonic saline or phosphate buffered saline. One alternative, very convenient, method of administration involves immersion of the fish in an aqueous hyperosmotic medium which contains, or is followed by immersion in an aqueous medium containing ,the antigenic material. It is believedthat this method involves take up of the antigens primarily through the lateral line system but also secondarily through the gills. It will be appreciated that this method is generally more convenient than other routes of administration but that it generally requires a somewhat purer and more fully water soluble antigenic material. Various compounds may be used to produce the hyperosmotic solution including inorganic salts, for example sodium bicarbonate and chlorides such as magnesium, calcium, potassium and especially sodium chloride, sugars such as sucrose and dextrose, urea etc. The amount of the compound is selected to give an appropriate osmolarity to the solution, for example in the range from about 400 to 1650 milliosmoles or possibly even higher, for example up to about 2500 or 3500 milliosmoles or even more, although values of about 1650 milliosmoles are preferred. Thus 10 per cent w/v urea and 5 * 23 per cent w/v sodium chloride each give solutions of 1650 milliosmoles. A •two stage procedure in which the fish is immersed first in the hyperosmotic solution and then in the solution containing the antigenic material has certain advantages such as avoidance of any interaction of the compound producing the appropriate hyperosmotic effect with the antigenic material. The application of the present method to inhibit, or desirably to substantially eliminate, the gonad system of fish can have certain other advantages in addition to those indicated above. Thus, it will be appreciated that the present invention produces the very great advantage that once the need to harvest fish imposed by their achievement of sexual maturity has been removed it is possible to regulate their growth to a suitable size for harvesting merely through control of feeding so that farmed fish may be harvested at a time when wild fish are not available. Moreover, the present need to feed expensive pigmented food to all of a group of salmon in sea water in case of early maturity can be avoided, such food being fed only immediately prior to the selected time of marketing. A further advantage may be illustrated in relation to the present considerable interest concerning the introduction of Pacific salmon into the United Kingdom for farming purposes. This has led to considerable controversy regarding the possible competition which could arise with the native Atlantic salmon if these fish were to escape. The ability to gterilise the Pacific salmon at an early age would avoid any long term problem arising in the event of such escape. The invention is illustrated by the following Examples. EXAMPLE 1: Treatment of Salmon (Small group) A group of salmon parr of age 1 year plus and of mean length 10cm was used, it being known that some of the males would in the normal course of events mature in a period of about 2 months. One of these maturing males was killed and ""the testes extracted. A whole testis was ground up and pushed through a fine mesh sieve to separate the cells. The testis jύREA∑ OMPI W1 > was then washed three times in phosphate buffered saline- (the first washing involving passage through a sieve of a mesh which accepts single cells in order to separate connective tissue etc., which is retained by the sieve), centrifuging after each washing to remove serum and other water soluble and suspendable solids, then decanting and resuspending for the next wash. The resulting pellet was suspended in phosphate buffered saline (3 ml) and mixed with complete Fr-βund''s"" adjuvant (4ml) using an ultrasonic probe. The resulting emulsion (0.2ml) was then injected intraperitoneally into salmon parr on 13th October 1976. A follow-up injection of sperm in phosphate . "" buffered saline (0.2 ml) was given four weeks later on 10th November 1976. A second set of salmon parr were kept in similar tanks as controls and received no treatment. The control group of salmon developed gonads and smolted in the normal way. Of the five treated fish, three survived until May 1977 when all had become smolts. These fish were killed and examined, material being fixed in 10% formal saline, embedded in hard paraffin wax, cut at f and stained in H and E, Mallory's trichrome and Una Pappenheim. The results obtained were as follows. Fish 1 This fish was male and both superficial examination and subsequent histology suggested that the fish had been maturing at the time of injection. The testes showed signs of degeneration and appeared to have adhered to the body wall. 0MP Histόlogical examination showed that massive degeneration of the testes had in fact taken place, together with oedoema and proliferation of fibrous tissue, neighbouring muscle tissue not being damaged. Staining with Una Pappenheim showed many pyroninophyllic cells; these being plasma cells associated with antibody production in immune reactions. ■ No germ cells could be seen on the section as would be expected in normal male stnolts which had been mature in the preceding Autumn. (The state of degeneration seen in the testis was similar to that seen in the pancreas in conditions such as acute infectious pancreatic necrosis where the pancreas degenerates and does not recover:) . Fish 2 When this fish was dissected it appeared that the gonads were those of a male smolt which had not matured previously, i.e. they comprised two long thin strands lying in the dorsal part of the body cavity. However, histological examination showed that the testes had in fact responded to the injection. Compared with a normal smolt testis there was an increase in fibrous tissue and in tfrepresence of plasma antibody-producing cell, and a lack of germ cells. Histological examination of spleen, liver and kidney from this fish showed: no abnormalities. Fish 3 Gross and histological examination showed this fish to be a female fish which was developing in the manner of an untreated smolt. -BUREAU OMPI "" It will be seen from the results obtained upon examination: of the three ish that degeneration of both immature and. matures male gonad was brought about by injection of a gonad/adjuvant preparation whilst no other organs were apparently effected, and smoltification and growth were also apparently unaffected. At the same time, development of the female gonad was not affected. EXAMPLE 2: Treatment of Salmon (Large group) A group of 650 salmon parr of an age 1 freshwater plus 1 sea water and of a size range 30 - 50 cm. length was used, the fish being both male and female. The fish were divided randomly into seven sub-groups which were treated as follows on l4th March 1978, the treatments being administered after benzocaine anaethesia by intreperitoneal injection with a 23 gauge hypodermic needle, and subsequently ' marked by freeze branding for subsequent identification of the differently treated groups (saline used was phosphate buffered): 1) no treatment (50 fish) 2) 0.2ml of 0.85% w/v saline (50 fish) 3) 0.2ml of an emulsion o 0.85% w/v ' saline -in CFA (l/2 v/v) 4) 0.2ml of 0.85% w/v saline containing 20mg/ml iota carrageenan (X52 Augygel; batch No. 3557) ( 0 fish) 5) • 0.2ml ofO ' .85%w/v salinecontaining 10% v/v gonad extract prepared from tissue as described in Example 1 but using 50% male:5P% female gonad tissue, the latter (ovaries) being extracted in'the same way as male testis * ' (150 fish) "" B URE 0MPI 6) 0.2ml of an emulsion consisting of gonad extract prepared as for (5), 0.85% w/v saline and CFA (IO/25/65 v/v/v) (150 fish) 7) 0.2ml of 0.85% w/v saline containing 10% v/v gonad extract prepared as for (5) and 20mg/ml of iota carrageenan (X52 Augygel; Batch No. 3557) (10 ish). On 12th April 1978 all fish were identified according to their previous treatment by means of their marking and were weighed and measured. The first hundred fish of each of the groups 3 -, 6 and 7 were treated with 0.2ml of 0.85% w/v saline containing 10% v/v of gonad extract prepared as for (5) and were then marked to identify them. On 9th May 1978, all fish were identified, weighed and measured as before and the first fifty of the doubly treated -fish of groups 5, 6 and 7 were treated with 0.2ml of 0.85% w/v saline containing 10% v/v of gonad extract prepared as for (5), then marked to identify them. On 26th July 1978, a small number of fish in each of the sub-groups were measured and weighed, then killed and examined. The results obtained on 12th April and 9th May were used to calculate a mean length and mean weight for each sub-group and from these figures to calculate a condition factor (weight/ cube of length). In the case of the measurements made on 9th May a figure for daily growth in terms of both weight and length was calculated. The'data thus obtained are shown in Tables 1 and 2. It will be seen that the treatments did -BU EAU OMPI . WIPO Λ> not produce any statistically significant adverse effect on the growth of the fish during the two months following treatment. (Slight variation in the number of fish recovered from expected figures, especially in sub-groups 1, 2 and 6, arose from minor errors in counting of the original numbers in individual groups and/or in subsequent identification of fish according to individual groups.) On superficial visual examination of the dissected fish which were killed on 26th July it was found that atrophy of the gonads had occurred in all male fish of sections (b) and (c) of the sixth (CFA) sub-group. Similar atrophy was not identifiable in the absence of histological examination, which still remains to be carried out, in female fish of the sixth group or in fish of the fifth and seventh groups. Processing of the results' on the length and weight of the fish to provide data such as is presented for the 12th April and 9th May results similarly remains to be carried out. However, an initial examination suggests that there was again no significant difference in this- respect between the various groups. It will be appreciated that the advantages in relation to growth dependent upon failure to achieve sexual maturity would only be expected to emerge at a later stage of development of the whole group of salmon. Table 1; Data for 12th April 1978 Group Number Mean Mean Condition (Treatment) Recovered Length Weight Factor cm. gm• gm. cm Untreated 45 40.74 "" 810.67 1.20 Saline 52 39-78 763-84 1.21 Saline + CFA 50 40.38 801.00 1.22 Saline + 50 40.33 791.60 1.21 carrageenan Saline + total 148 40.56 799.73 1.20 gonad extract (a) 1 - 100 39-99 750.4 1.17 total 148 (b) 101-148 41.75 902.5 1.24 Saline + total 165 3 "" .-67 ' 748.85 1.20 gonad extract + CFA a) 1 - 100 39.90 758.20 1.19 b) 101-165 39.31 734.46 1.21 Saline + gonad s . , _,■ , ,„ _-_. extrac.t. + a total 146 40.69 815.07 1.21 carrageenan a) 1 - 100 40.43 78 . 6 1.19 b) 101-146 42.28 882.95 1.21 Table 2; Data for 9th May 1978 Group Number Mean Mean Condition Daily (Treatment) Recovered Length Weight Factor GGrroowwtthh cm. gm. gm.cm RRaattee % _ Day Length Weight Untreated 54 42.71 956.85 1.23 0.18 0.6 Saline 49 41.55 872.24 1.22 0.16 0.49 Saline + CFA 49 42.08 914.90 1.23 0.15 0.49 Saline + 47 42.06 915-53 1.23 0.16 0.54 carrageenan Saline + total 148 42.34 932.7 1.23 0.16 0.57 gonad extract a) 1 - 50 42.07 893.80 1.20 r b) I""- 98 41.88 883.26 1.20 0.17 0.6l c) 98-148 43.23 1029•6 1.27 Saline + total 159 41.44 872.57 1.23 0.16 0.57 gonad extract + CFA a) 1 - 50 - 41.87 904.40 1.23 b) 1 - 91 4l.6θ 889.56 1.24 0.15 0.59 c) 92 -159 41.22 849.85 1.21 Saline + total 146 42.38 933.84 1.23 0.15 0.51 gonad extract + carrageenan a) 1 - 50 42.08 915.00 1.23 b) 1 - 97 42.07 903.40 1.21 0.15 0.52 c) 98 - 146 43.OO 994.08 1.25 EXAMPLE 3; Treatment of Rainbow Trout A mixed sex group of rainbow trout of age 1 year plus was used. The fish were divided randomly into six sub-groups. One of these sub-groups received no treatment and was used as a control. The other sub-groups were treated on 1st March 1978 by intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection with a gonad extract prepared from male rainbow trout in a substantially similar manner to that described for salmon in Example 1, no follow-up injection with sperm..being used however. The first of these sub-groups received a mixture of 0.05 tal of the testis suspension together with 0 * 1 ml of complete Freund's adjuvant and 0.08 ml of an extra cellular product (E.C.P.) isolated from cultures of Aeromonas salmonicida whilst the second received a mixture which was similar as regards two components but which instead of the E.C.P. contained 0.1 ml of isotonic 10 phosphate buffered saline containing 10 washed and formalin killed Aeromonas salmonicida cells. The remaining three sub-groups were treated on the same date with the same gonad extract by a hyperosmotic infiltration (h.i.) technique, the fish being immersed for 2 minutes in a bath containing 8% w/v of NaCl and then for 2 minutes in a second bath containing the gonad extract. The different treatments accorded to each sub-group involved the use of a second bath of 500 ml of water containing 4 ml of the testis extract in each case, together with 2 ml E.C.P. for the - 16 - 11 first group, 20 ml. E.C.P. for the second group, and 10 washed and killed Aeromonas salmonicida cells for the third group. Eleven weeks after treatment the fish were killed on 17th May 1978 and their serum tested for sperm agglutinating factor against sperm obtained by stripping a ripe male rainbow trout and washing the isperm three times in isotonic phosphate buffered saline. The test employs the usual slide agglutination technique with doubling dilutions to determine the greatest level of dilution at which agglutination is still present. Table 3 shows the results obtained for the various sub-groups of fish in the slide agglutination test (zero indicating complete lack of agglutination at the concentrated level) and it will be seen that the fish of all six treated sub-groups showed sperm agglutinating factor in their serum. Table 3» Sperm Agglutinating Factor in Rainbow Trout Serum Sub-Group Number in Group Agglutination Levels Unvaccinated 2 0 5 0 1 (i.p.) 1 1:4 2"" (i.p.) 2 ' 1:4 ; 1:4 1 (h.i.) 2 1:4 ; 0 2 (h.i.) . . 2 1:8 ; 1:2 3 (h.i.) 2 1:4 ; 1:4 <_";CLAIMS 1. A method of treating fish which comprises inducing in fish the presence of antibodies against gonad tissue thereby producing an auto-immune response therein which impairs the development and/or maintenance of a normal gonad system in the fish. 2. A method according to Claim 1, wherein the fish is of the teleost group. 3. A method according to Claim 2, wherein the fish is a salmonid. 4. A method according to Claim 2, wherein the fish is a salmon or trout. 5. A method according to any of Claims 1 to 4, wherein the fish is a male. 6. A method according to any of the preceding claims, wherein the antibodies are induced in the fish by the administration of antigenic material derived from fish gonad tissue. 7. A method according to Claim 6, wherein the antigenic material is administered parenterally by injection. 8. A method according to Claim 6, wherein the antigenic material is administered through immersion in a medium containing the antigenic material, simultaneously or subsequently to treatment with a hyperosmotic medium. 9. A method according to' any of Claims 6, 7 and 8, wherein the effect of the antigenic material is enhanced by the use of an adjuvant. - BU AU OMPI „ IPO Λ 10. A method according to Claim 9 ι wherein the adjuvant comprises one or more killed or inactivated fish pathogens. 11. A method according to Claim 9, wherein the adjuvant is a Freund's adjuvant. 12. A method according to any of Claims 1 to 5» wherein the antibodies are induced in the fish by the direct administration thereof. 13. A method according to any of Claims 6 to 12, wherein the effect of the antigenic material or the antibodies is enhanced by the use of a booster treatment.- 14. A method according to Claim 1 substantially as described. in Example 1. 15- A method according to Claim: 1 substantially as described in Example 2. 16. A physiologically acceptable composition for the treatment of fish to impair the development and/or maintenance of a normal gonad system in the fish which comprises .as an active ingredient thereof antigenic material derived from fish gonad tissue. 17. A composition according to Claim 15 which comprises an adjuvant. 18. A composition according to Claim 17, wherein the adjuvant is a Freund's adjuvant. 19. A composition according to Claim 16, wherein the adjuvant comprises one or more killed or inactivated fish pathogens. 20. A physiologically acceptable composition for the treatment of fish to impair the development and/or maintenance of a normal gonad system in the fish which comprises as an active ingredient thereof antibodies against gonad tissue. 21. A composition according to any of Claims 16 to 20, wherein the fish is of the teleost group. 22. A composition according to Claim 21, wherein the fish is a.salmonid. 23« A composition according to Claim 21,, wherein the fish is a salmon or trout. 24. A composition according to any of Claims l6 to 23 in unit dosage form. 25. composition according to Claim 16 substantially as described in Example 1. 26. A composition according to Claim 16 substantially as described in Example 2. 27. A method according to Claim 1 which employs a composition according to any of Claims 16 to 24. 28. Fish whenever treated according to the method of any of Claims 1 to 15 and 27. -BUR A Γ OMPI;ELLIS A, HOLLIDAY F, LAIRD L, WILSON A;ELLIS A, HOLLIDAY F, LAIRD L, NAT RES DEV, WILSON A, NATIONAL RES DEV CORP;1978
+WO-1979000140-A1;19790322.0;19780911;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25260306.0;H01L31;;H01L23, H01L31;H01L  23/38, H01L  31/052, H01L  31/052B, H01L  31/058;SOLAR PANEL UNIT;The elements of the solar panel are arranged generally in parallel planes that, starting from the top, include a transparent sheet (5), a plurality of converging lenses (6), a plurality of solar cells (7) arranged in electrical series respectively aligned with the converging lenses (6), an electrically insulating support plate (8) that together with the sides (4) of the solar unit and the top sheet (5) form a vacuum chamber for the lenses (6) and solar cells (7) to reduce heat transfer by convection and conduction upwardly from the solar cells (7), a thermopile (11), a heat sink plate (15) receiving heat from the thermopile (11), heat transfer fins (16) receiving heat from the heat sink plate (15), a serpentine conduit (17) in heat exchange with the heat fins (16), thermal insulation (23), and a bottom plate (3) that is connected to the side walls (4). Two-side walls (4, 4') contain mating couplings (23, 24, 21) for each of the conduit (17), thermopile (11), and photoelectric cells (7) so that two adjacent panels may be interconnected with such couplings (23, 24, 21) to provide fluid connection and electrical connection between the adjacent panels.;"SOLAR PANEL UNIT Technical Field 5 The present invention relates to a solar panel unit that ' may collect solar energy and convert it into a more reusable energy form, such as electrical energy or a heated liquid. Due to the increase in cost and depletion of fossil fuels, other energy sources are becoming increasingly important, 10 and the use of solar energy has great potential. One of the main problems with the solar panels employed today is that their efficiency is relatively low so that a large surface area is required to produce a usable quantity of energy. Background Art 15 In the prior art, U.S. Patent No. 3,976,508 provides heat exchange between solar cells and a coolant, U.S. Patent No. 3,988,166 provides heat exchange between a fluid and photovoltaic cells, and U.S. Patent No. 2,989,575 discloses a solar battery employing a specific heat transfer mounting 2 . 0 for the cells. Disclosure of Invention It is an object of the present invention to produce a more efficient solar panel, so that thereby for a given quantity of desired usable energy, the area of solar panel 25 required will be at a minimum. Lenses are provided to concentrate the solar energy to photoelectric cells for the production of electricity, and the heat that is necessarily produced is prevented from leaving the system, to a large extent, by an evacuated 30 chamber while at the same time reflected radiation is limit¬ ed due to the greenhouse effect of the top transparent sheet that assists in the formation of the evacuated chamber. The heat thus produced is conducted downwardly to a thermopile where it is partially converted to electricity, and further conducted downwardly to where it is used to finally heat water that may be used in the hot water system of a residen or for space heating purposes at a remote location. Therma insulation is provided below the water pipes. 5 The panels are provided with electrical and fluid couplings so that adjacent panels may be connected together Brief Description of Drawings Further objects, features and advantages of the present invention are shown in the accompanying drawing, which show 10 a preferred embodiment that is at the present time the best known mode of construction. FIGURE 1 is a partial cross sectional elevational view of two adjacent solar panels constructed according to the present invention, and as taken along line I-I of Figure 2; 15..and FIGURE 2 is a partial cross sectional view taken along line II-II of Figure 1. ' Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Figures 1 and 2 disclose portions of two adjacent and 20 intercoupled solar panel units, which are of identical construction. For example, the portion shown of the left hand unit could be joined to the right side of the portion of the right hand unit to represent a single complete unit, and because in this manner a single unit is completely show 25 effectively, portions of each unit have been removed to simplify the disclosure. In plan view, each unit ' would preferably be of rectangular configuration, so that a plurality of such units could be interconnected across a roof or other support to form a composite solar collecting 30 panel of a desired cross sectional area. Since the solar panel unit 1 and. solar panel unit 2 are of identical construction, the same numerals will be used for the two panels, with primes being used for the numerals of panel two, and the description of one will 35 suffice for the other. The solar panel unit 1 has an upwardly opening enclosure formed by a bottom wall 3 and side walls 4 extending around the entire periphery of the bottom wall 3. The top of the enclosure is closed by means of a self supporting sheet of -material transparent to solar radiant energy, for example glass 5. Immediately beneath and parallel to the glass 5, there is a sheet of material transparent to solar radiant energy and providing a plurality of circular, as seen in plan view, lenses 6. The lenses 6 may be of the same construction as those shown in United States Patent 3,929,121 issued December 30, 1975. Immediately beneath the lenses 6, there are provided a pluarality of electrically serially interconnected photoelectric cells 7, which may be of identical construction to and interconnected in the manner as the photoelectric cells of United States Patent 4,002,031 issued January 11, 1977. Beneath the cell 7, there is provided a support plate 8, which is constructed of electri¬ cally insulated material that has good thermal conductivity. The plate 8 and top 5 are sealingly connected around their • entire peripheries to the side walls 4, so as to form with the side walls 4 a hermetically sealed enclosure that is evacuated so as to greatly decrease heat transfer by conduc¬ tivity or convection from the photoelectric cells 7 to the top plate 5. As shown, the unit would be arranged so that preferably • the solar radiant energy as indicated by arrows 9 will pass through the transparent plate 5 in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the plate 5 and be concentrated by means of the lenses 6 so as to converge in concentrated beams 10 onto the individual photoelectric cells 7, with a number of lenses preferably being equal to the number of vertically aligned photoelectric cells 7. In this manner, the majority of the solar radiation will strike the photoelectric cells 7 so as to produce electricity in each of the cells, with the cells being serially connected so as to produce a useful voltage between the positive and negative electrical terminals of the serially connected photoelectric cells 7 of each unit. OMPI Any radiation that docs not strike the photoelectric cells 7 will strike the support plate 8, which is preferably black to absorb the radiation and convert it into heat. Since the enclosure formed, by the plates 5, 8 and side walls 4 is evacuated, the heat generated within the photoelectric cells 7 and the plate 8 will be conducted downwardly. Beneath the support plate 8, there is a thermopile 11 that is preferably of the same construction as shown in United States Patent 2,984,696, issued May 16, 1961. The to conductors 12 of the thermopile are connected to the bottom conductors 13 by means of thermocouples 14 in a known manner so that the thermopile will produce a substantial useful voltage at its positive and negative output terminals accord ing to the number of thermocouples connected in series, whil transferring heat from the support plate 8 downwardly to the conductors 12 and from there to the conductors 13. The conductors 13 are in direct engagement with a heat sink plat 15 that forms the cold junction of the thermopile. Preferab the heat sink plate 15 is hermetically sealed around its entire periphery to the s ' ide ' walls 4, so that the area con¬ taining the thermopile may be evacuated. If desired, the support plate 8 need not be hermetically sealed to the side walls 4 if the heat sink plate 15 is sealed. Any heat that has not been converted into electrical energy with the thermopile is received by the heat sink plat 15 and conducted downwardly by means of heat exchange fins 16 that are preferably bonded to the lower surface of the heat sink plate 15 on their upper end and extend downwardly so as to substantially surround the parallel portions of a serpentine pipe 17, with the fin 16 and pipe 17 being joi ed by solder or the like to improve the heat transfer. As shown, U-shaped bends 18 of the pipe 17 joined the ends of the parallel straight sections of the pipe 17 to form one singly serpentine conduit for each solar panel unit. One end of the conduit is provided with a right angle joint 19, having its portion 20 permanently secured to the one end of the conduit and its portion 21 providing a releasable condu coupling. The portion 20 may be soldered to its end of the pipe 17, whereas the portion 21 may include an aperature of the same diameter as the pipe 17 provided with a 0-sealing ring to form a fluid tight seal with any pipe 17 inserted •5 within the end 21. The opposite end of the conduit is provided with a right angle bend 22 to provide a coupling portion extending beyond the side wall of its unit, so as to be telescopically received in sealing engagement within the coupling 19. In this manner, two adjacent solar panel 0 units may be fluid interconnected so that their serpentine pipes will be serially connected. In the event that the solar panel unit is to be exposed to the environment, and the environment is to upon occasion drop below freezing at time when solar energy is not avail- 5 able, for example at night, it is desirable to provide thermal insulation 23 below the pipes 17, which insulation will also insure that the heat reaching the pipe 17 will not travel any further downwardly to any substantial extent. As mentioned above, the serial array of photoelectric 0 . cell 7 will have, for each solar panel unit, a positive electrical output terminal and a negative electrical output terminal. Preferably, one of such terminals will be provided with a releasable coupling part so as to extend through the side wall having the fluid coupling 19, whereas the other 5 part of a mating releasable electrical coupling -will be electrically connected to the other terminal so as to extend through the side wall having the releasable fluid coupling 22, with such electrical coupling parts being in correspond¬ ing locations so that they will interconnect when the fluid 0 couplings 19, 22 interconnect. Such electrical couplings may be conventional bayonet connections or the like. In the same manner, the output terminals of the thermopiles are connected between adjacent units with releasable electri¬ cal coupling 24. Thus, the positive output terminal of the 5 serially arranged photoelectric cells 7 of unit 1 may be electrically connected through releasable electrical coupling 23 to the negative output terminal of the photoelectric cells OMPI - > - 7' of the unit 2, one of the positive and negative electric terminals of the thermopile 11 may be connected through releasable electrical coupling 24 to the other of the posit and negative terminals of the thermopile 11' of unit 2, and the downstream end of pipe 17 may be connected through releasable fluid coupling 19, 22 to the upstream end of pipe 17 of unit 2, all of which may be accompanied by merel aligning the units 1 and 2 and horizontally pushing the uni together to telescopically engage their couplings. When an entire composite of panels has been assembled for the desir area, the exposed couplings at the outer sides of the compo ite may be interconnected by fluid conduits and .electrical conductors respectively either in series or parallel as desired. Water or some other liquid may be passed through the serially connected pipe 17 to be heated, and this hot water may be stored to be used as needed for the heating of enclo sures through hot water radiators or for supplying hot wate for domestic use such as showers.. The use of hot water for heating purposes and domestic consumption is shown in Paten 2,946,945 issued July 26, 1960. Also, the hot water produc may be used in heat exchange with a fluid to be evaporated for the running of a turbine, as disclosed in United States Patent 4,002,031 -issued January 11, 1977. The electrical energy produced by the photoelectric cel and the thermopile may be stored in a battery for later usa as disclosed in United States Patent 2,946,945 issued July 1960. Also, the electricity produced by the thermopile and photoelectric cells may be employed as the electrical energ source for the system disclosed in United States Patent 3,459,953 issued August 5, 1969 for the production of hydro gen and oxygen through electrolysis, which gases are stored and later withdrawn to be burned to produce products of combustion for driving a gas turbine that in turn drives an electrical generator providing electrical energy for usage as desired, with the products of combustion being condensed ^♦ O after passing through the turbine to provide pure water that may either be a source of pure water for any desired purpose or a source of water for the electrolysis unit. The disclosure of the above mentioned patents is • incorporated herein in its entirety for the purposes men¬ tioned to produce the entire solar energy conversion system of the present invention. In operation the solar panel unit of the present inven¬ tion is designed to extract approximately 767, of the solar energy striking it, and to convert the energy into other forms of more usable energy. The extraction-conversion process is accomplished in three separate stages, with each stage employing a different type of process. The first stage involves the use of photoelectric conversion through the employment of solar batteries, photovoltaic cells, or photoelectric cells, which all broadly are referred to in the present invention as photoelectric cells meaning trans¬ ducers that will receive direct solar radiant energy and converted directly into electrical energy. The second stage involves the use of thermoelectric conversion whereby heat differentials are converted into electric power, and in the present invention the term thermopile is used to broadly indicate such a device that directly converts heat into electricity. The third stage acts as a heat sink for the second stage as the cold terminal, and in so doing heats cold water which is then stored in hot water facili¬ ties. The hot water can later be used for the heating of a home or for other hot water requirements of a dwelling. Although solar energy varies greatly depending upon a number of conditions, a valid assumed rate of 1 Langley radiation per minute for many locations in the United States appears to be a reasonable working estimate. Thus, a square meter receives approximately 10 kcal per minute of solar radiation. Over the span of one average bright day IJOREΛTΓ OMPI (8 hours radiation) a home roof of approximately 1,000 square feet will receive approximately 500,000kcal of energ This is roughly equivalent to 13 or 14 gallons of gasoline. With an extraction-conversion process having 76% efficienty, the average home would on a bright day be able to produce t equivalent of 9.88 gallons of gasoline. Of course, if more energy were required this would simply entail enlarging the unit. The efficiency of the present invention is in part accomplished by the top wall 5 that will admit most of the radiant energy and prevent reradiation of the wave length through a greenhouse effect. That is, the material of the cover or top wall 5 will transmit the long wave lengths of light allowing them to enter the unit, but will not transmi the short wave lengths of reflected or reradiated energy, thereby trapping the energy within the unit. Some of the radiant energy will be directly converted to electricity by the photoelectric cell 7, whereas the rest of the energy trapped within the unit will be converted 1 to heat. Because of the insulation 23, which may be rigid foam plastic, for example polystyrene, and the evacuation of the chamber between the sheets 5 and 8 at least, or between the sheets 5 and 15, there will be very little loss of heat through conduction and covection. The solar battery units will be preferably of semi- conductive material with a conversion efficiency of 10%. The thermopile will use some of the heat to produce electri city and conduct the remainder of the heat downwardly throu the unit. The thermopile is constructed, in a known manner, of a plurality of thermocouples having two dissimilar metal or semiconductors joined so as to produce a hot junction (above) and a cold junction (below) , which will produce electricity and when the thermocouples are arranged in series, the electricity will be of a substantial usable voltage. The conversion efficiency of such a thermopile is approximately 10%,. The heat sink, that is necessary for a thermopile, is provided by the metal plate 15 and the heat withdrawn by the water passing through the pipe 17, with the usable heat in the water raising the efficiency , of the entire unit up to the above mentioned approximately 767». The fluid and electrical connections between some of . the units may also be in parallel instead of in series, as desired, particularly along the outer edges of the assembled units; some of the connections internally of a unit may be in parallel. For optimum light collection, the side walls 4, 4' may also be transparent, and the side walls 4, 4' may be formed in one piece with the top 5 to be closed by a separate bottom 3. While a preferred embodiment has been shown in detail for the purposes of illustrating the best mode known at the present time, further embodiments, variations and modifications are contemplated according to the broader aspects of the present invention, all is determined by the spirit and scope of the following claims.";"Clni s 1.. A solar energy conversion system, comprising: a top fluid impervious sheet that freely passes solar radiant : energy; a plurality of photoelectric cell means arranged in a plane spaced below and parallel to said top sheet for receiving the solar radiant energy and directly converting a portion into electricity and converting substantially the remainder into heat; means electrically connecting said photoelectric cell means in a power producing circuit; a thermopile means below said photo- electric cell means for receiving the heat, converting a portion of the heat into electrical energy, and transmitting the remainder of the heat downwardly; sup¬ port means between said array of photoelectric cell means and said thermopile means for electrically • insulating said thermopile means from said photoelectric cell means, for conducting heat downwardly, and converting any radiant energy direc¬ tly received thereon into heat; a planar heat sink means immediately below said thermopile means for receiving and transmitting downwardly the heat trans¬ mitted by said thermopile means; and liquid conduit means beneath and in heat exchange relationship with ■ said heat sink means. 2. The solar energy conversion system of claim 1, including side walls around the entire periphery of said top sheet, photoelectric cell means, support means, thermopile meansn heat sink means and conduit means to form an enclosed unit; one of said side walls having a first releasable electrical coupling part electrically connected to one of the electrical terminals of said thermopile means, a second releasable electric coupling part electrically connected to one of the electrical terminals of said photoelectric cell means, and a first conduit coupling part fluid connected to one end of said conduit means; another of said side walls having a third releasable electrical coupling part of a mating configuration with said first releasable electrical coupling part being electrically connected to the other of the electrical ' terminals of said thermopile means, and being at a loca¬ tion to register with the first electrical coupling part of a horizontally aligned and immediately adjacent identical unit; said another side wall having a fourth electrical coupling part of a mating configuration with said second releasable electrical coupling part, being electrically connected to the other of the electrical terminals of said series connected photoelectric cell means, and being at a location to register with the second releasable electrical coupling part of the hori- zontally aligned and immediately adjacent identical unit; said another side wall -further having second conduit coupling part of complimentary mating shape to said first conduit coupling part, fluid connected to the opposite end of said conduit means, and being at a location so as to matingly register with the first conduit coupling part of the horizontally aligned immed¬ iately adjacent identical unit. 3. The solar energy conversion system of claim 2, including a planar array of converging lenses spaced below and parallel to said top sheet for receiving the solar radiant energy passing through said top sheet and pro¬ ducing a plurality of radiant energy concentrations respectively on said plurality of photoelectric cell means. 4. The solar energy conversion system of claim 2, comprising a layer of thermal insulation immediately beneath said conduit means. 5. The solar energy conversion system of claim 2, including means including said top sheet for forming a herme- tically sealed vacuum enclosure having therein at least said photoelectric cell means for reducing heat transfer I J UREΛTΓ OMPI by convection and conduction upwardly away from said photoelectric cells and said support means. 6. The solar energy conversion system of claim 2, includ¬ ing said conduit means comprising a metallic pipe ' arranged in a serpentine path within a single plane parallel to and closely spaced to said heat sink means; and a plurality of heat transfer fins bonded to the lower surface of said heat sink means and extending downwardly to partially surround at least a major portion of said pipe. 7. The solar energy conversion system of claim 1, including a planar array of converging .lenses-spaced below and parallel to said top sheet for receiving the solar radiant energy passing through said top sheet and producing a plurality of radiant energy concentrations respectively on said plurality of photoelectric cell means. 8.. The solar energy conversion system of claim 1, including a layer of thermal insulation immediately beneath said conduit means. 9. The solar energy conversion system of claim 1, including means including said top sheet for forming a hermetically sealed vacuum enclosure having therein at least said photoelectric cell means for reducing heat transfer by convection and conduction upwardly away from said photoelectric cells and said support means. 10. The solar energy conversion system of claim 1, including said conduit means comprising a metallic pipe arranged in a serpentine path within a single plane parallel to and closely spaced to said heat sink means; and a plurality of heat transfer fins bonded to the lower surface of said heat sink means and extending downwardly to partially surround at least a major portion of^-said pipe";KRAVITZ J;KRAVITZ J;1978
+WO-1979000144-A1;19790322.0;19780913;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20332255.0;H01R35;H01R39;H01R39;H01R  39/00;ROTARY COUPLING;A rotary coupling for transmitting electric current and fluid between a rotating (2) and a stationary (1) body. The electric current is transmitted by way of slip rings (15) provided on an insulating sleeve (8). In axial grooves (12) of the sleeve elongated electric connection strips (17) are provided. Electrically conducting slip rings (15) and insulating spacer rings (16) are thread alternately over the sleeve. Each slip ring is electrically and mechanically connected with a separate strip (17) and each strip is electrically connected with conductors (18) arranged within the stationary body. Current conductors (4) are fixed to the rotating body. Each current conductor is in sliding electrical contact with a corresponding slip ring. The fluid is transmitted with a nipple (21) connected to a fluid hose (20). The nipple presents a throat (24) around which a sleeve (25) connected with the rotary body is tight and rotatingly mounted.;"Technical field This invention refers to a rotary coupling for transmitting electric current and fluid, especially compressed air. Background Art Devices of this kind are known, for example from the British patent specifications 1 202 648, 1 349 850, 1 440 866, the German patent specification 848 378, the Swedish patent spe¬ cifications 90 160, 128 275, 175 979 and from the Swiss pa¬ tent specification 397 810. The disadvantage of these prior devices is that they cannot be adapted in a simple way for use together with an arbi¬ trary number of electric conductors. Disclosure of Invention The present invention aims at removing this disadvantage and refers to a rotary coupling which is primarily suitable to be used as a rotatable control handle-for working machines where the number of control lines may vary from one type of machines to another. The control conductors are electrically connected to switches, potentiometers etc. for controlling the working movements of the machine. Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 shows the rotary coupling according to the invention in ft tiir nπ-noctionnl viow (partially in a front view) and Pig. 2 shows a sectional view along the line II-II in Fig. 1_ Best mode of carrying out the Invention In Fig. 1 the rotary coupling according to the invention is ' shown to include an axle "" 1 which, for example, may be stati nary mounted in a movable part of a working tool. The worki tool may be a small electric hoisting apparatus, for exampl The movable part may be a lifting beam, for example, which movable in elevation and which can be turned in the horizon plane. At the end of the lifting beam the rotary coupling a a pneumatically controlled gripping tool which grips the wo piece to be hoisted are in turn provided. The movements of the hoistin apparatus are controlled by electric motors which are gover by means of controls, such as potentiometers and switches, which have a fixed mounting on a housing 2 which surronds t axle and which is rotatably mounted on the axle by means of roller or ball bearings 3. The advantage of this arrangemen is that the operator can walk round the work piece without releasing the grip on the housing 2 on which the controls a provided. These controls are electrically connected by con¬ ductors, not shown, with current conductors 4, 5, 6 which conventionally include, for example, spring loaded carbons arranged on a holder 7 which is rigidly connected with the housing wall. The end of the axle has a sleeve 8 of insulti material mounted thereon. The sleeve has a through bore 9 coaxial with a through bore 10 in the axle. The sleeve has portion 11 of reduced diameter. This portion has a number o axially extending grooves made therein of which only groove 12 is shown in the drawing. The depth of the groove is less than .the wall thickness of the portion 11. The grooves exte from the end face 13 of the sleeve 8 up towards the axle. A number of through openings 14 connect the bottom surface of the grooves 12 with the bore 9. Alternate electrically con¬ ducting slip rings 15 and spacer rings 16 are threaded on t the portion 11 of the sleeve. Each slip ring has an insulat • electrically conducting connection strip 17 fixed thereto b soldering which is thus received in a respective groove 12. The free end of each connection strip terminates substantia ly opposite the respective opening 14 and there is electric ly connected with its own insulated electric conductor 18. The conductors 18 may be assembled into a cable 19 (Fig. 2) which passes through the bores 9, 10. With the arrangement described it is seen that the housing may be turned round the axle any number of revolutions while maintaining electric contact be¬ tween the current conductors 4, 5, 6 and the respective line 18. Passing through the bores 9, 10 there is a hose 20 for trans¬ mitting a fluid, in the present example compressed air. The hose is threaded on to a nipple 21 and is held in place on the nipple by a clip 22. The nipple has a flange 23 which contacts the end face 13 of the sleeve 8. The nipple is fixed to the sleeve by screws not shown which pass through the flange 23 into threaded bores (not shown) in those portions of the end face of the sleeve which are left between the grooves 12. The • nipple has a throat 24 round which a sleeve 25 having an in¬ terior groove 26 is rotatable and tightly arranged by means of 0-rings 27. The nipple has a central axial bore 28 which terminates in a through radial opening 29 which communicates with the interior groove 26. A tube 30 or corresponding means connects the sleeve 25 with a fluid connection appliance (not shown) fixed to the housing to which appliance a fluid powe¬ red tool, in the present case a compressed-air powered gripp¬ ing tool, may be coupled. It is seen that the above sleeve- -nipple arrangement allows rotation of the housing any number of revolutions while maintaining fluid transmission between the hose 20 and the fluid connection appliance. A sleeve 31 with an axial slot 32 relieves the cable 19 from tensile stresses. The sleeve has axial through bores the dia- meters of which substantially correspond to the diameters of the cable and hose, respectively. A radial groove 35 is made in the outer surface of the sleeve 31. A stop screw 36 is thre'aded into the wall of the axie and serves to squeeze the sleeve 31 against hose and cable as well as to keep the sleeve 31 in position in the upper portion of the bore 9. Many varying modifications and variations are allowed within the scope of the basic idea of the invention. For example, more or fewer slip rings (and with these a larger or lesser number of grooves 12) may be provided. It is important for the invention, however, that a suitable number of slip rings and spacer rings can be thread on to the portion 11 of the sleeve, before they are thereupon fixed to the sleeve by mea of a washer 37 or corresponding means, whereupon the conduc¬ tors 18 are connected electrically, for example soldered at the end of the respective connection strip. Industrial Applicability The invention may preferably be used as a control handle of a hoisting apparatus. The invention is not restricted to th field of use but may be equally well used in connection wit working tools wherein electrical current and fluid are to b transmitted in a rotary coupling.";Claims 1. A rotary coupling for transmitting electric current and fluid, including an axle (1) having an axial bore (10) , a • housing (2) rotatably mounted on the axle and current con- ductors (4, 5, 6) fixed to the wall of the housing and ro- tatable about the axle, characterized by an insulating sleeve (8) fixed at one and of the axle and having a ghrough bore (9) and a portion (11) of reduced diameter having provided thereon a number of axial grooves (12) each adapted to re- ceive an electric connection strip (17) , electrically con¬ ducting slip rings (15) and electrically insulating spacer rings (16) arranged alternately on said portion (11) of re¬ duced diameter so that each slip ring is in electric contact with its own current conductor, while each connection strip (17) at one end is electrically connected to its associated slip ring and at its other end is electrically connected to an associated electric conductor (18) which passes through said bores (10, 9) of the axle and sleeve and through radial through openings (14) made in connection with said other end of the respective current conductor, and a connection nipple (21) for a hose (20) with fluid and fixed to the end face of the sleeve, said nipple having a throat (24) about which a sleeve (25) connected with the housing is tightly and rotatab¬ ly mounted. 2. A rotary coupling according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the number of grooves (12) in the sleeve corre¬ sponds to the number of slip rings (15) . 3. A rotary coupling according to claim 2, characterized 1 by the fact that the axial grooves begin in said end face (13) of the sleeve (8) and that said radial through openings (14) all are in substantially the same plane in close connection to said end face. 4. A rotary coupling, characterized by the fact that the cur- - U EA T OMPI ,Λ wipo - * rent conductors . (4, 5, 6) are mounted on a holder (7) wmich is fixed to the housing. 5. A rotary coupling, characterized by an axially slot-bed sleeve (25) arranged in theupper portion of the axle fear re lieving the electric conductors and the hose. 6. A rotary coupling according to claim 5, characterizecl by a stop screw (36) provided in the axle for squeezing the sl ted sleeve (25) . 7. A rotary coupling according to claim 6, characterize-d by the fact that the housing (2) is rotatably mounted on the a (1) by means of ball or roller bearings (3) . -WR OM;ANDERSSON K;ANDERSSON K, ANDERSSON VERNER ING BYRA, ANDERSSON INGENJOERSFIRMA;1978
+WO-1979000147-A1;19790322.0;19780914;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25265057.0;A41D1;;A41D1;A41D   1/22;MULTI-FUNCTION AND MULTI-STYLE GARMENT AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME;Garments, particularly women's garments and method for making them. Generally, women's garments are made so that they may be worn in only one configuration or style. In accordance with this invention, there is provided a multi-purpose or multi-functional and multi-style garment (10) which has a generally tubular structure or configuration, having in the upper section thereof at least two integral tie sections (32) and (34), the locus of the profiles of the tie sections being of generally triangular configuration and the length of the tie sections being greater than the radius of the tubular structure, whereby the garment is adapted to multiple functions and styles and modular coordination with accessories. A garment of this invention can be made from a tubular blank, a planar blank folded upon itself, or from a flat unfolded piece of textile material.;"MULTI-FUNCTION AND MDLTI-STYLE GARMENT AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME This invention relates to garments and a method for making the same. More particularly, the invention relates to a multi-functional and multi-style women's garment that is capable of being fashioned in a plurality of ways by the wearer thereof, and to a method for making the same. OMPI Background of the Invention Multi-purpose, multi-functional and multi-style garments are known. For example, U.S. Patent 3,473,167 deals with a multiple use dress. An adjustable skirt which can be worn in a variety of styles is disclosed in U.S. Patent 2,487,580. Other multi-style and/or multi- use garments are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patents 3,143,740; 2,721,327; 2,668,293; 2,593,059; 2,575,791, 2,429,188 and 1,834,331, as well as in other publications.* However, while the known multi-purpose, multi-functional and multi-style garments are generally acceptable and accomplish desirabl end results, the more simple forms are relatively limited with respect to the variation of styles that can be achieved with them. There exists, therefore, a need for a multi-purpose, or multi-functional and multi-style garment which is relatively simple in construction and which at the same time is capable of being styled in a wide variety of ways by the wearer thereof, while, on the other hand, being easy to fabricate, easy to drape and readily lending itself to modular coordination with accessories. The present invention fulfills. this need. Brief Statement of the Invention In accordance with the invention there is pro¬ vided a garment which comprises a generally tubular structure having in the upper section thereof at least two integral tie sections, the locus of the profiles of the tie sections being of generally triangular configuration and the length of the tie sections being greater than the radius of the tubular structure, whereby the garment is adapted to multiple functions and styles and modular coordination with accessories. The length of the tie sections is defined by the highest peak and lowest valley or depression of the profiles of the tie sections. In addition, the garment may include a lower longitudinal slit generally aligned with the contiguous borders of the tie sections. Expressed in other terms, a multi¬ purpose or multi-functional and multi-style garment according to the invention comprises a generally tubular- shaped configuration when disposed on the body of an individual wearer and which forms a generally rectangular configuration when disposed symmetrically in a plane, the generally rectangular configuration having opposite long sides, an upper edge and a lower edge, the upper ' edge lying at least partially within the area of a first right triangle, the base of which spans the long sides of the garment and the altitude of which is collinear with one of the long sides. In some embodiments, the upper edge may also lie partially within a second right triangle having a common hypotenuse with the first triangle and being congruent with it. The Drawings Serving to illustrate exemplary embodiments of the present invention, are the drawings which "" are to be taken in conjunction with the following description of the invention, and wherein: Fig. 1 is a rear elevational view partially in section of a first embodiment of the invention; Fig. 2 is a side elevation view of the garment of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is an isometric, elevation view of a tubular shaped textile blank from which the garment of Fig. 1 may be made; Fig. 4 is an elevation view of the blank of Fig. Fig. 5 is an elevation view of the blank of Fig. with a portion of the blank removed to form an inclined upper edge; Fig. 6 is an isometric, elevational view of the garment of Fig. 1 formed by adding longitudinal slots to the modified blank of Fig. 5; Fig. 7 is an isometric, elevational view of a second embodiment having an upper edge of greater inclin¬ ation than the garment illustrated in Figs. 1 and 6; Fig. 8 is a view of the garment of Fig. 7 with the tube opened and disposed in a plane; Fig. 9 is an isometric, elevational view of a third embodiment of the invention having an upper edge of greater slope than the corresponding edge of the first embodiment; Fig. 10 is a view of the garment of Fig. 9 with the tube opened and disposed in a plane; Fig. 11 is an isometric, elevational view of a fourth embodiment of the invention which includes openings located near the greatest depth of the curve; Fig. 12 is a view of the garment of Fig. 11 with the tube opened and disposed in a plane; Fig. 13 is an elevation view of a fifth embodi¬ ment of the invention with modifications in the upper edge and longitudinal slot; Fig. 14 is a plan view of the garment of Fig. 13 with the tube opened and disposed in a plane; Fig. 15 is an isometric, elevational view of still another embodiment of the invention; Fig. 16 is an elevation view of the garment of Fig. 15; and Fig. 17 is an isometric elevational view of a garment employing the first embodiment of this invention disposed on the body of an individual wearer. "" BURE U OMPI Description of the Preferred Embodiments The embodiment of Fig. 1 comprises a multi¬ purpose, or multi-functional and multi-style garment 10 of generally tubular configuration. The tube is provided with an opening or slit 12 extending longitudinally downward from an upper edge 14 of the tube, the edge being in the shape of a generally circular curved arc that slopes gradually deeper into the wall of the tube reach¬ ing its maximum depth at a point directly opposite the opening 12, thus resulting in the formation of integral tie sections 32 and 34. Disposed in the wall of the tube and emanating from the opposite and, there is a second opening or slit 16. As can be seen by disposition of the garment of Fig. 1 in a symmetrical relationship on a flat surface, that is in a plane, as shown in Fig. 2, it forms a generally rectangular configuration of double thickness 18, provided with opposite long sides 20 and 22, a lower edge 24 and a concavely curved upper edge 26 of the pair of triangles 28 and 30 shown in broken lines. As can be seen in Fig. 2, the base of triangle 28 ortho¬ gonally spans the long sides 20 and 22, while the altitude of triangle 28 is colliner with the upper segment of long side 22. It is to be understood that while upper edge 26 is illustrated and described as having the shape of a generally concave, arcuate curve, other embodiments may include convex lines and rectilinear shapes. For example, the profile of upper edge 26 may be a substantially straight inclined line or a series of line segments of different slopes. In addition, the lengths of slits 12 and 16 can each be varied individually and with respect to each other. The depth of the upper edge 26 is also variable as shown more particularly by comparing Figs. 2 or 5 with the pro¬ files in Figs. 7, 9 and 11. The garment of Figs. 7 and 8 is similar to the one of Figs. 1, 2 and 6 except that the depth of inclined upper edge 26 is greater than the corresponding edge of the first embodiment, and is furthermore approximately equal to the length of slot 12. . The configuration of Figs. 9 and 10 bears this same relation, having an upper edge 26 of even greater depth, and an upper slot of substantially equal length. A lower slot, however, is omitted. Also the radii of the segments forming the edge 26 cover a greater range in this example, increasing markedly from the base to the tip of the tie sections 32 and 34. In the example of Figs. 11 and 12, the planar form is again polygonal (four or more included angles) . However, the variation in radii is not as pronounced as in the case of Figs. 9 and 10. Also, although the depth of upper edge 26 is relatively large, it is less than the length of slot 12. Additionally, this configuration includes not only slot 16, but openings 36 and 38 as well for receiving the ends of ties 32 and 34 as described more fully below. It may be seen from the foregoing that tie sections 32 and 34 can vary in length, dependent upon the length of opening or slit 12 and the depth of the curve, the locus of the profiles of the tie sections however being of generally triangular configuration and the length being greater than the radius of the garment's cylindrical configuration. By way of example, a tubular garment of one size in accordance with the first embodiment of this invention has a circumference of 50 inches and a slit or opening 12 which is 27 inches long to define two integral tie sections. In other examples the circumfer¬ ence of the tubular configuration may be increased to 56 or 60 inches, respectively, and the slit or opening 12 increased in both cases to 40 inches in length. It should be noted that the length of slit or opening 12 can be equa to or greater than the depth of the upper edge 26, as illustrated in the embodiments of Figs. 1 through 12. A further embodiment of a garment in accordance with this invention is illustrated in Figs. 13 and 14. J-t ' h as a configuration somewhat similar to that shown in Fig. 1 except that the opening 26 corresponding to slit 12 of Fig. 1 is in the shape of a second generally concave, arcuate cut 40. As a consequence, the upper concavely curved edge 26 extends from long side 20 to a point lying on the base line of the second congruent right triangle ^ 30. Also edge 26 has a depth greater than that of slσt 40 with both serving to define integral tie sections 42 and 4 By way of example, the depth of opening 40 in an exemplary garment of the type illustrated in Figs. 13 and 14 is abou 36 inches; this dimension is less than the depth of the edge 14, being about 5/6 thereof. The circum ference of the garment is about 60 inches. Turning now to Figs. 15 and 16, the embodiment illustrated therein comprises a garment 46 of generally tubular configuration which when disposed symmetrically in a plane forms the generally rectangular profile shown in Fig. 16. The profile is defined by a lower edge 48, sides 50 and 52, and an upper edge in the form of two triangular shaped tie sections 62 and 66 (which are superimposed on respective identical tie sections 60 and 64; see Fig. 15) . The contiguous edges 58 of the tie sections are of a V configuration and have a depth substantially the same as that of the edges 54 and 56. . As with the other embodiments, the dimensions of the multi-style dress of Figs. 15 and 16 will depend upon garment size and on preferred style. In an illustra¬ tive example, the dress has a circumference of 56 inches with the tie lengths all being approximately 14.5 inches long. In a garment according to this invention, the total overall length of the periphery of the upper edge is generally greater than at least twice the circumference of the tubular structure and may be as much as three times or more greater than the circumference. It is also to be understood that the overall length of the garment is variable to make it adaptable for wear as a short street dress or a long evening dress, ' as well as a blouse or tunic-length garment. The tie length however will not undergo a comparable variation. Other variations may be achieved by flaring or partially tapering the otherwise tubular configuration and by employing in the lower periphery, multiple slots similar to slot 16 of Fig. 1. The garments of this invention can be made in conformity with the standard sizes employed in the apparel field. Thus, the length and circumference of the basic tubular construction and tie length can be varied as required to provide the usual range of standard sizes normally employed in the manufacturing and retailing of garments (e.g. ""small"", ""medium"", ""large"" and ""extra large""). In use, the various embodiments may be draped in many ways to achieve various functional and esthetic effects, The tie sections 32 and 34 may be disposed around the neck of the wearer and tied together at the back of the neck. In another configuration, they may be crossed in the front and tied behind the neck. In still another style, the ties can be crossed in the front, passed over the shoulders, crossed again in the back, brought around the- waist of the wearer and tied in the front. For still another style, the tie sections may encircle the upper torso of the wearer under the arms. Alternatively, one tie section can be passed diagonally across the upper torso and over the shoulders whereas the other tie section can be crossed over the first tie section and deployed under the opposite arm with the two tie ends then attached at the back. By placing the ties at the front, side or back of the wearer above the bust line, or at the waist line, other styles can be achieved. A still different effect may be achieved, for example, by bringing the ties around to the back where they are crossed and then brought up over each shoulder and tied in the front. The foregoing are not exhaustive but merely illustrative of the many configurations that can be achieved starting with the simple garment configurations of the invention. Even sleeve effects can be achieved by suitable disposition of the tie elements. With respect to the garment of Figs. 15, 16/ it may be fashioned in similar manner. It can also be changed from a jumper tied on either shoulder to an evening dress by tying the two back tie sections around the front of the torso and tying the two front tie sections around the back of the neck. By appropriate disposition of each pair of ties, strapless, one-shoulder, cowl and skirt styles can be achieved which are comparable to those attainable with two tie systems. A still greater variety of styles and functions may be achieved by the addition of tie securing means such as are provided by the openings 36 and 38 in the embodiments of Figs. 11 through 14. These openings are adapted to receive the ends of the tie elements when they have been deployed on the wearer in the desired configuration. For example, when the tie elements are deployed diagonally or vertically over the shoulders and down the back, they can then be threaded through the respective openings 36 and 38 and secured thereto, or passed thereafter around the body of the wearer and tied in the front. An illustration of one of the foregoing styles is provided by Fig. 17. The dress 68 illustrated therein comprises the tubular shaped configuration of Fig. 1 which encircles the torso, with the integral tie sections or elements 32 and 34 crossed at the front, disposed around the neck of the wearer, and tied at the back of • the neck as shown at 70. While the preferred embodiments are of generally tubular configuration when worn, they may be sold in an opened non-tubular or flat form with the edges thereof provided with suitable closures such as zippers, Velcrol, hooks or the like either in manufacture or by an ultimate user so that the preferred tubular construction of the garment can simply be accomplished by closing the same around the body of an individual wearer. Moreover, the garment of this invention can also be used in conjunction with capes, scarves, hoods, ponchos, sashes, belts and other apparel items such as clips, pins, brooches and the like to provide further variations of styling, thus being adapted to modular coordination with accessories. The preferred garments can be made from any of . a wide variety of suitable textile fabrics which may be knit or woven structures and comprised of either natural or synthetic materials such as, for example, wool, cotton, silk, nylon, polyesters, acrylics and the like including blends of such materials and also reinforced paper products suitable for textile use. Furthermore, the weight per given unit or density of fabric, such as weight per- yard, for example, may vary widely and is not critical. On the other hand, it is to be understood that the more dense or heavy fabric does not lend itself as well to as wide a variety of styles due to the limited manipulative qualities thereof. As a practical matter, preferred textile fabrics which can be used to fabricate the garments of this connec¬ tion are cotton, wool and synthetic jerseys, such as nylon, polyester, any of the synthetic silk jerseys and cotton and wool knit jerseys and blends of such materials and like like. Method The structural simplicity of the preferred garments make them amenable to various methods of manufac¬ ture. Speaking generally, the process comprises forming a generally tubular configuration from a blank or workpiece of textile material, shaping the upper edge of the tubular configuration to form an inclined segment which slopes into the wall of the tubular configuration to a point of desired depth, forming an opening or slit in the wall of the tubular configuration at a point diametrically opposite the point of maximum depth of the inclined segment thus forming at least two integral tie sections; at least one other longi¬ tudinal opening or slit may be provided in the periphery of the lower edge, in alignment with the upper opening or slit. The tubular configuration can be made on known circular or flat knitting and weaving machines properly programmed to provide the required edge profiles and open¬ ings or slits. The method may also be practiced by commencing with a flat blank or workpiece of textile material which has a generally rectangular configuration, symmetrically folding the blank laterally in half, removing a slanted portion of the textile from the folded blank to form the upper edge, securing or seaming the contiguous long sides (which were brought into contact with each other) partially along their length while leaving an unjoined upper section, the borders of which define contiguous edges of the tie elements. By omitting to seam the lower section of the contacting long edges, the slot 16 may be formed. The ultimate profile of the tie elements will depend upon the shape of the section removed in forming the upper edge. For example, removing a portion of the textile material from the blank may provide a structure such as shown in Fig. 5. Removal of different shaped upper edge portions will produce the garments of Figs. 6"", 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15. As previously mentioned, a garment in accordance with this invention can also be made from a textile blank which is itself tubular shaped and in this variation the tubular textile blank is disposed in a plane thereby forming a generally rectangular configuration and the subsequent manipulative steps are repeated except that since the blank is a closed tube it is not necessary to form the slots by partially closing the tube. On the contrary the slots, whether they be substantially straight slots or curved cut outs, are formed simply by removing additional textile material from the blank in a shape necessary to form the desired openings, or by slitting. Finally it is to be understood that it is also within the contemplation of this invention to make a garment in accordance therewith from a flat generally rectangular blank of textile material by removing from the blank a portion of the textile material to form a generally arcuate edge section extending from the long side of the blank towards the midpoint of the short side thereof "" , removing a like (e.g. mirror image) portion of the material to form a second generally arcuate edge section extending from the opposite long side of the blank towards the same midpoint of the short side, thereby forming an upper edge in the blank. Subsequently, an opening is formed in the blank commencing at the point of intersection of the arcuat edges and extending longitudinally towards the bottom edge of the blank, thus forming at least two integral tie sectio If desired, a second opening, e.g. 16, can likewise be formed in the blank extending from the bottom edge toward the upper edge. Maniuplating a blank in such a fashion results in configurations shown generally in Figs. 8, 10, and'12. In order to achieve the variations shown in Figs. 13 and 14 from such a flat blank one simply removes textile material from the blank to form the illustrated upper edge profile and thus provide two integral tie sections. Similarly, to achieve the variation or embodi- ments of Figs. 15 and 16, one carries out the same opera¬ tions except that the removed material is configured in conformity with the illustrated upper edge profile to thus provide four integral tie sections. No matter which variation is so formed from a flat rectangular blank, it may, when the operations set forth above are completed, be conveniently closed along the remaining portions of the long sides to form a tubular configuration or structure in use. In other words, the blank cut as indicated can be sold in flat form and closed by an ultimate wearer, or it may be closed in manufacture by joining edges 20 or 22 and sold in the tubular form to an ultimate wearer. Furthermore, it is to be understood that in the final tubular structure so formed, the locus of the profiles of the tie sections is of generally triangular configuration and the lengths thereof are all greater than the radius of the tubular structure formed • thereby. In all variations of the described methods, openings 36 and 38 such as those shown in Figs. 12 arid 14 can be appropriately made in the textile blank as desired. O PI";"CLAIMS 1. A garment comprising a generally tubular structure having in the upper section thereof at least two integral tie section, the locus of the profiles of said sections being of generally triangular configuration and the length of said tie sections being greater than the radius of said tubular structure, whereby said garment is adapted to multiple functions and styles and modular coordination with accessories. 2. A garment according to claim 1 consisting essentially of said tubular structure and said integral tie sections. 3. A garment as defined in claim 1 wherein said • tie sections are delineated by an inclined upper edge of said tubular structure and a longitudinal cut-out in said edge. 4. A garment comprising a generally tubular structure of compliant material having in the upper sectio thereof at least two integral tie sections, said structure being configured to form a polygon when disposed symmetric ally in a plane whereby said garment is adapted to multi¬ ple functions and styles and modular coordinations with accessories. 5. A garment as defined in claim 4 wherein said tie sections are each bounded by a curved segment of the upper edge of said polygon and a border of a longitudinal slot in said upper edge. 6. A garment as defined in claim 4 wherein the upper edge of said polygon has a generally arcuate shape. 7. A garment as defined in claim 4 wherein the upper edge of said polygon has an inclined generally arcuate shape and includes a longitudinal slot. 8. A garment as defined in claim 7 in which said longitudinal slot is formed of two curved segments in mirror-image relationship. 9. A garment as defined in claim 4 wherein said tubular structure includes four integral tie sections. 10. A garment as defined in claim 4 wherein a second longitudinal slot emanates from a lower edge of said polygon. 11. A garment as defined in claim 4 wherein said tie sections have lengths greater than the radius of said tubular structure. 12. A garment adapted to serve multiple functions and achieve multiple style effects comprising a generally tubular structure having in the upper section therof at least two integral tie sections, the locus of the profiles of said sections being of generally triangular configuration a nd the length of said tie sections being greater than the radius of said tubular structure, said structure forming a generally polygonal configuration when disposed symmtrically in a plane. 13. A garment as defined in claim 12 wherein said polygonal configuration includes an upper edge having an inclined portion and a slotted portion to define said tie sections. * 14. A garment as defined in claim 12 wherein said polygonal configuration includes a lower edge having OMPI a second slotted opening emanating longitudinally therefrom 15. A garment as defined in claim 12 wherein the length of said ties does not substantially exceed one half the total length of the garment. 16. A method for manufacturing a garment having a generally tubular shaped configuration when disposed symmetrically in a plane, comprising bringing the long sides of a generally rectangularly shaped blank of textile material into contact with each other and forming a blank of reduced width and generally rectangular con¬ figuration, removing an inclined portion of the textile material from the blank of reduced width to form a first short side, the blank also having an opposing second short side, joining the long sides of said textile blank which were brought into contact with each other partially along their lengths to form a generally tubular shaped con¬ figuration having a longitudinal opening to thus form at least two integral tie sections, the locus of the profiles of said sections being of generally triangular configur- ation arid the lengths of said tie sections being greater than the radius of said tubular structure, whereby said garment is adapted to multiple functions and styles and modular-coordination with accessories. 17. A method according to claim 16 including making openings in the generally rectangular configuration just below the lowest point of the non-parallel short side and adjacent a long side of said generally rectangular configuration. 18. A method according to claim 16 including joining the long sides of the textile blank which were brought into contact with each other at an intermediate region along their lengths whereby a second opening is _O .Λ for ed which extends from the second short side of the generally rectangular configuration towards the non- parallel short side thereof. 19. A method for manufacturing a garment having a generally tubular shaped configuration when disposed on the body of an individual and a generally polygonal configuration when disposed symmetrically in a plane, from a blank of textile material, comprising disposing a generally tubular shaped blank of said textile material in a plane, removing an angulated portion of said textile material from said blank to form an upper edge which is angled with respect to the lower edge thereof and forming a longitudinal opening in said upper edge to thereby define two integral tie sections, the locus of the pro- files of said section being of generally triangular configuration and the lengths of said tie sections being greater than the radius of said tubular structure, whereby said garment is adapted to multiple functions and styles and modular coordination with accessories. 20. A method according to claim 19 including making openings in the generally polygonal configuration just below the lowest point of said upper edge and adjacent a long side of said configuration. 21. A method according to claim 19 including forming a second longitudinal opening in the lower edge of said configuration. 22. A method for manufacturing a garment having a generally tubular shaped configuration when disposed on the body of an individual and a generally polygonal con- figuration when disposed in a plane, from a blank of generally rectangularly shaped textile material comprising removing a portion of textile material from said blank and """" BUREAU _OMPI forming a generally arcuate curve extending from the opposite long side of said blank towards the midpoint * of said short side and forming a first short side in said blank which is non-parallel with the opposite short side therof; forming an Opening in said blank commencing at the point of intersection of said curves on said short side thereof; forming an opening in said blank commencing at the point of intersection of said curves on said short side and extending towards the opposite short side of said blank, said curves and said opening forming at least two integral tie sections, the locus of the profiles of said tie sections being of generally tri¬ angular configuration and the length of said tie sections being greater than the radius of the tubular configuration formed from said blank. 23. A method according to claim 22 including making openings in the blank just below the point where the curves begin and adjacent the long side of said blank.";ROSCOE L;ROSCOE L;1978
+WO-1979000153-A1;19790405.0;19780919;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25266074.0;G03F7;;B41N1, G03F7;B41N   1/00A, G03F   7/075D;WATER DEVELOPABLE PHOTOPOLYMER PRINTING PLATES;Letterpress and offset photopolymer printing plates are disclosed having relatively thin water developable photopolymer layers, which, after being developed, have ink-repulsive, non-image areas. Adhesive layers are provided in the disclosed printing plates that are interposed between an ink-repulsive coating contained in the printing plate substrate and the water-developable photopolymer, and provide a balance between satisfactory adhesive and ink-repulsive properties in the resulting plate. The adhesive layer is also ink-repulsive and contains silicon rubber material, partially hydroiyzed polyvinyl acetate, and a water-soluble polymeric resin selected from the group consisting of water-soluble melamines, water-soluble polyesters, polyethylene glycol and cellulose.;"Description Water Developable Photopolymer Printing Plates Technical Field The present invention relates generally to photo- 5 polymerized printing plates useful in both letterpress and offset lithography printing processes. More particularly, the present invention concerns water developable photopolymer printing plates which include (a) a support substrate coated with an in -replusive 10 layer, and (b) a uniquely formulated adhesive layer which joins separate ink-repulsive and water-soluble photopolymer layers in such a manner as to provide a desired balance between the ink-repulsive and adhesive properties of the resultant printing plate. 15.Background Art In recent years, water-developable photopolymer printing plates have been widely and quite successfully used in various relief printing processes, especially in the newspaper industry, as a consequence of the 20 many practical advantages that water-developable printing plates offer over solvent-developable print¬ ing plates. It has long been recognized, for example, that photopolymer printing plates that are developable with organic solvents or aqueous alkaline solutions 25 present a myriad of environmental and plate processing problems that can be readily overcome through the use of water-developable photopolymers. Yet, despite the widespread acceptance of relief-type, water-developable photopolymer plates. such plates have in the past suffered from the dis¬ advantage of requiring relatively- thick photopolymer layers, and, thus, being relatively expensive, when compared, for example, to printing plates that are conventionally used in stereotype systems employed by some large newspapers. A need has arisen, there¬ fore, for less expensive water-developable printing plates, which at least in part- can be satisfied through the use of shallow relief photopolymer printing plates. Such shallow relief photopolymer plates are capable of providing acceptable printing quality with photopolymer layers having greatly reduced thicknesses. This is accomplished through the use of relatively thin photopolymer layers that have raised image or relief areas and recessed background (non-image) areas that include an array of small protuberances. The use of background areas containing the array of protuberances has been found, for example, to prevent bottoming from occurring during the print¬ ing process, thereby enabling the use of substantially thinner photopolymer layers which, in turn, results in a substantial reduction in the cost of manufacturing such plates. While shallow-relief photopolymer plates have overcome manyof the problems of utilizing water- developable plates in letterpress printing processes, it has also been found that water-developable plates can be successfully used in offset 'lithographic print- ing processes, through the use of unique unilayer film structures having a generally continuous minor phase, e.g., a photosensitive material that cahnges solubility relative to a selected solvent upon exposure to light, and a generally discontinuous gU EAI OMPI / major phase, e.g., a particulate material which is neither photosensitive nor soluble in the solvent. Such unilayer photosensitive film structures, which are described in greater detail in co-pending application Serial No. 815,899, filed July 15, 1977, can be made selectively permeable to fluids upon exposure to light and can provide lithographic printing plates in which ink receptivity and durability of the imaging areas are realtively independent of the exposure technique and developing composition used in making a finished plate. It is, of course, desirable in both letter¬ press and of set lithography printing that printing plates utilized in such processes, at least in some cases, have non-image areas that are ink-repulsive. In the case of letterpress plates, the use of ink- repulsive, non-image background areas permits the use of relatively thick photopolymer layers, without the need for background ""areas containing an array of small protuberances. In addition, the incorporation of ink-repulsive, non-image background areas in letterpress plates not only allows such plates to be used in color printing, but reduces the possibility of obtaining undesired dark background areas during printing, which can sometimes occur when shallow- relief plates of the type described above are used. Similarly, in the case of offset printing plates, the use of photopolymer plates having ink-repulsive, non-image areas eliminates the need for water as the vehicle to resist deposits of ink in the non-image areas, which, in turn, eliminates the many problems, such as paper waste, and the development of special inks, papers and rollers, that are commonly associated with offset lithography printing. Heretofore, one of the major obstacles to the use -BUREAU/ "" OMPI of water-developable photopolymer printing plates having ink-repulsive, non-image * areas has occurred as a direct result of the difficulties experienced in obtaining strong adhesion between the water- developable photopolymer layer and the ink- repulsive coatings contained on such printing plate substrates. When the water-developable photopolymer layer was coated directly onto the ink-repulsive layer, -for example, poor adhesion often resulted. And, when intermediate adhesive layers were interposed between the photopolymer and ink-repulsive layers, strong adhesion, but poor ink-repulsive properties resulted. A need has arisen, therefore, for suitable adhesive compositions, useful in both water- developable letterpress and offset printing plates that can provide a balance between highly desirable • ink-repulsive properties and satisfactory adhesion between the separate ink-repulsive and photopolymer layers' of such printing plates. Disclosure of Invention Accordingly, the present invention is generally directed to water-developable photopolymer printing plates which include photopolymer image areas and ink-repulsive, non-image areas. Adhesive layers, which provide a unique balance between adhesive and ink-repulsive properties, are provided to join the water-developable photopolymer with an ink-repulsive coating contained on the printing plate substrate. In addition, combinations of two separate ink- repulsive layers are provided by the present invention, a first layer, comprising a highly ink-repulsive silicon rubber or equivalent composition, which covers the printing plate substrate, and a second adhesive layer BUREA that has both ink-repulsive and adhesive properties, comprising silicon rubber, selected groups of water soluble resins and controlled amounts of the water- developable photosensitive polymer used in the photopolymer layer, which joins the first ink- repulsive layer and the photopolymer layer. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention The photopolymer printing plates of the present invention offer a number of advantages over many known photopolymer printing plates in that they utilize water-developable photopolymers, and, thus, avoid the necessity of employing costly and sometimes dangerous developing solvents. They result in the preparation of plates that require relatively thin layers of photopolymer, without sacrificing printing quality. They result in the preparation of printing plates that have ink-repulsive, non-image areas, and, thus, are particularly suited for use in letterpress and offset lithography printing. They include uniquely formulated ink-repulsive layers which have the capability of providing both strong adhesion between ink-repulsive coatings contained on the plate substrate and the water developable photopolymer. When used in offset lithography, they eliminate the need for water in the printing process, and, thus, reduce the cost, complexity and amount of paper wasted in conventional offset printing. And, when used in letterpress printing, they eliminate the need for an array of small protuberances in the non-image background areas, and yet still provide high quality printing with relatively low thickness photopolymer layers. The photopolymer plates of the present invention generally include the following elements: (a) a support substrate, (b) an ink-repulsive coating contained on the support substrate, (c) a water- developable photopolymer layer, and (d) an ink- repulsive adhesive layer which advantageously joins the photopolymer and ink-repulsive layers in a manner that imparts both satisfactory adhesion and acceptable ink-repulsive characteristics to the resultant printing plate. Although any suitable support substrate material can be used in the practice of the present invention, it has been found that satisfactory results can be achieved with metal substrates, such as aluminum or steel, or polyester or related polymeric substrates, indeed, even with paper substrates in some instances. Preferably the photopolymers used in the practice of the present invention are water-developable. In the case of letterpress plates, the photopolymer compositions found particularly useful are those which include: (a) at least one unsaturated ethylenic monomer, preferably having a boiling point about 100°C, molecular weight below 1500 and 1 to 4 polymerizable ethylenic groups, and being polymerizable by actinic light in the presence of a photopolymerization initiator; (b) a photopolymerization initiator; and (c) a partially saponified polyvinyl acetate, namely a polymer having both acetyl groups and hydroxy groups produced by saponification or hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate and the like and being water-soluble and ' compatible with the monomer component of (a) . The partially saponified polyvinyl acetate used in the photopolymer composition described above preferably has an average degree of polymerization of 300 to 2000 and a saponification degree of 65 to 99 mole percent. If a suitable partially saponified polyvinyl acetate cannot be obtained by saponifying polyvinyl acetate having a low saponification degree as a homopolymer, a copolymer obtained, for example, by copolymerizing vinyl acetate with aleic anhydride can be partially saponified to give the desired polymer. Saponification as used herein is intended to mean the conversion of ester groups or the like into hydroxy groups and the saponification degree represents the extent to which ester groups or the like have been converted to hydroxy groups. Degree of polymerization, as used herein, is intended to represent the molecular weight and viscosity of the polymer, as indicated in Davidson and Sittig, Water-Soluble Resins (1962) at page 89. Such water-developable photopolymer compositions are described in far greater detail in United States Patents .Nos. 3,801,328 and 3,877,939, the disclosures of which' are incorporated herein by reference. In the case of offset plates, the photopolymer compositions found particularly useful are those which include a minor phase material uniformly interdispersed with a major phase material; the minor phase being photosensitive, generally continuous through the structure and capable of changing solubility with respect to a given solvent, and the major phase being a discrete particulate material which is not photosensitive and is chosen to be relatively insoluble in the solvent for the minor phase. Among the photosensitive materials useful as the minor phase in such compositions are any photo¬ sensitive compound wherein exposure to electromagnetic radiation creates a change in solubility characteristics in a selected solvent, including, for example, aromatic diazo compounds, light sensitive dyestuffs, azo compounds, dichromates, photopolymers, and silver halide gelatin systems, and particularly condensation products of aldehyde compounds, such as formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde, and a diazo compound such as 4-diazo-l, 1'-diphenylamine. Included among the homopolymers and copolymers, in emulsion-dispersion form, which are suitable for use as the major phase in such compositions are: acrylics, copolymers of acetate and ethylene, copolymers of styrene- and acrylates, polyvinyl acetates, and copolymers of vinyl acetate and acrylates. ■ Each of these may be used with or without protective colloids, wetting agents, plasticizers and other modifying agents. Such water-developable photopolymer compositions are described in greater detail in United States Application Serial No. 815,899, filed July 15, 1977, the disclosure of which is likewise incorporated herein by reference. As noted above, a separate ink-repulsive layer is desirably coated onto the support substate to provide ink-repulsive properties for the non-imaged areas of the developed plate. Although a number of ink-repulsive compositions can be used in the practice of the present invention, commerically available silicon rubber or silicon oils are prefer¬ ably used. Such silicon rubbers or oils typically comprised polysiloxane compositions that are generally characterized by the presence of the following repeating unit in their polymeric structural chain: n wherein R, and R , which may be the same of different, represent hydrogen, an alkyl group, halogen, phenyl or a halogenated alkyl. Representative of the preferred polysiloxane compositions useful in the practice of the present invention are those provided commercially by Dow Corning under the trade name Silicone SYL OFF 23. . ■' The ink-repulsive adhesive layer of the present invention joins the water-developable photopolymer layer to the ink-repulsive polysiloxane layer present on the support substrate, and desirably includes: (a) silicon rubber or oil, (b) select water-soluble resins, and (c) partially saponified polyvinyl acetate. As a consequence of the compatibility between the ink-repulsive adhesive layer and both the photopolymer and ink-repulsive layers described above, the ink-repulsive adhesive layer is preferably formulated to impart a satisfactory balance between adhesion and ink-repulsion in the developed printing plate. • Thus, if too much silicon rubber or oil is included in the ink-repulsive adhesive layer , ink-repulsion characteristics are acceptable, but adhesion is poor. Similarly, if too much water soluble resin is included in the ink-repulsive layer formulation, adhesion is improved, but the ink- repulsive characteristics of the developed plate are unacceptable. Accordingly, it has been determined that -BTJREATT OMPI through the proper selection of components and the relative ratios of such components in the ink- repulsive adhesive layer, an acceptable balance * between adhesion and ink-repulsion can be accomplished. Although partially saponified poly¬ vinyl acetate is itself a water-soluble composition, it has been found that the use of other select water-soluble polymeric resins in combination with the partially saponified polyvinyl acetate improves the properties of the ink-repulsive adhesive layer. The use of such select water-soluble resins, for example, improves the adhesive properties of the layer over polyvinyl acetate alone, and improves the durability of the resultant printing plate, since the partially saponified polyvinyl acetate can sometimes be softened with water, even after curing, while the select water-soluble resins cannot be easily softened with water after curing. It has been found, for example, that the following water-soluble polymeric resins are particularly well suited for use in the ink-repulsive adhesive layer: water-soluble melamines, such as methylol elamine, water-soluble polyesters, polyethylene glycol and cellulose. The water-soluble melamines are particularly preferred because they partially cross-link with the polyvinyl acetate when heating, which, in turn, provides an even more durable printing plate. The polyethylene glycol component when used has the formula HO (CH 2 CH 2 0) n H, wherein n is between 5 and 80, and preferably between 10 and 30. The cellulose component, when used, generally has the formula: PI wherein R is -CH 3 ' -CH 2 CHCH 3 , or -CH 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 , and OH OH the resultant cellulose composition has a molecular weight between 10,000 and 100,000, and preferably between 20,000 and 60,000. Similarly, it has been determined that, when partially saponified or hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate is employed in the photopolymer composition, partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate having a preferred hydrolysis degree of about 70 to 95 percent and a polymerization degree between 300 and 2,000 is desirably used in the ink-repulsive adhesive layer composition. It has been found that the use of partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate in the ink-repulsive adhesive layer not only promotes strong adhesion with the photopolymer layer, but is fully compatible with the photopolymer layer. Even when polyvinyl acetate is not used in the photopolymer layer, however, it has still been found, desirable to use polyvinyl acetate in the ink-repulsive adhesive layer because the polyvinyl acetate can be easily washed with water during development of the plate thereby exposing the silicon rubber or oil layer in the undeveloped recess areas of the plate, thus improving the ink-repulsive character of those areas, while still maintaining a desirably strong adhesion in the developed relief areas of the plate. Preferably, the ratio of water-soluble resin to silicon rubber or oil used in the ink-repulsive -BUREATΓ OMPI adhesive layer is between about ,0.1 to 1 part by weight resin to each part by weight of silicon rubber or oil. As noted above, the use of too much. silicon oil results in poor adhesion, while the use of too little relative to the amount of water- soluble resin used results in poor ink-repulsive properties. Likewise, it has been found that the preferred ratio of water-soluble resins to partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate used in the formulation is between about 0.1 to 2 parts by weight water-soluble resins to 1 part by weight polyvinyl acetate. The use of excessive amounts of water-soluble resins outside the preferred range can, and often does, result in the formation of an undesired gel. The ratio of polyvinyl acetate to silicon rubber is also desirably maintained in a range from about 0.1 to 2 parts by weight polyvinyl acetate to 1 part by weight silicon rubber. Most preferably, however, the ratio by weight of polyvinyl acetate to silicon rubber is maintained between 0.25 to 0.5 on a parts by weight basis. The relative thicknesses of the separate silicon oil ink-repulsive and ink-repulsive adhesive layers, of course, are to some extent dependent upon final characteristics designed in the developed plate. Preferably, however, the thickness of the ink-repulsive adhesive layer is maintained between 5 to 100 microns, and most preferably between 10 to 30 microns, in order to provide the desired balance of adhesion, ink-repulsion and cost. When the ink-repulsive adhesive layer is made too thick, for example, light tends to scatter from the layer during exposure and the developed plate has an undesired rough surface. Conversely, if the ink- repulsive adhesive layer is made too thin, the layer is readily eroded during operation and the developed plate has unsatisfactory durability. The thickness of the silicon rubber layer contained in the support substrate is desirably main¬ tained between about 2 to 30 microns, and preferably between 5 to 10 microns so that the support substrate is adequately covered, and, thus, not exposed after prolonged use of the developed plate. Through the use of two ink-repulsive layers (a first layer covering the support substrate and a second adhesive layer joining the photopolymer and first ink-repulsive layers) , it has been found that the overall ink- repulsive characteristics of the developed plate are greatly enhanced. The adhesive ink-repulsive layer is generally not sufficiently thick itself to sithstand severe printing environments or prolonged use, and, thus, would be rapidly eroded away, and thus expose the support substrate, were it not for the first silicon rubber ink-repulsive layer. Nonetheless, the adhesive ink-repulsive layer is both ink-repulsive and slightly water- soluble. Thus, after development, portions of the adhesive layer are washed away in the ' non-image areas to expose portions of the silicon rubber layer and further enhance the ink-repulsive characteristics of the developed plate. In addition, the adhesive layer itself, if desired, can be partially removed. with organic solvents such as xylol or toluol to improve the ink-repulsive character of the developed plate even further. It should, of course, be understood that in some instances a single layer of silicon rubber or oil, polyvinyl acetate and select water-soluble resins can be employed in place of the separate layers described above. In those instances, the separate silicon rubber or oil layer is eliminated, and a single layer of silicon rubber, partially saponified polyvinyl acetate and select water-soluble resins in the relative proportions set forth above is applied to the printing plate substrate. Although such single layers are less durable than a two layer structure because portions of the silicon rubber or oil tend to wash away with the polyvinyl acetate dur¬ ing development, they are more desirable from a cost and ease of manufacture standpoint because of the elimination of one of the two layers needed to provide both adhesive and ink-repulsive characteristics to the resultant printing plate. Several embodiments of the present invention are illustrated in the following examples. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. EXAMPLE 1 A. Silicon SYL OFF 23 (Dow Corning) (40 parts) and S-2260 primer (Dow Corning) "" (5 parts) are mixed in xylene (55 parts) . Half a percent of • 23A catalyst (Dow Corning) based on total weight is added to this solution and the solution is stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature. The resulted solution is cast on an oil-free 10- mil thick aluminum plate and dried for 15 minutes at 120°C. to form silicone layer 20 microns in thickness. B. The solution (10 parts) which consists of 20 parts of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 82.0 mol %) and 80 parts of water, and 1.5 parts of methylated methylol melamine in water (commercial name: Resloom M-75, solid 60%, by Monsanto) are'added to 75 parts of silicone solution which is prepared by dissolving 50 parts of Silicone SYL OFF 23 and half a percent of 23A catalyst based on the weight of Silicone SYL OFF 23 into 50 parts of benezene. The resulted solution is cast on the plate which is described in Method A and dried for 20 minutes at 130°C. to form second layer 5 microns in thickness. EXAMPLE 2 The solution (15 parts) which consists of 20 parts of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 82.0 mol %) and 80 parts of water, and 15 parts of 20% water solution of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 800-1100) are added to 70 parts of silicone solution which is prepared by dissolving 50 parts of Silicone SYL OFF 23 and half a percent of 23A catalyst based on the weight of Silicone SYL OFF 23 into 50 parts of benzene. The resulted solution is cast on the plate which is described in Method A of Example 1 and dried for 20 minutes at 130°C. to form second layer 10 microns in thickness. EXAMPLE 3 The solution (15 parts) which consists of 25 parts of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 78.0 mol %) and 75 parts of water, and 10 parts of 20% water solution of polyethylene oxide polymer (commerical name Polyox WSR-N-80 by Union Carbide Corporation, approximately molecular' weight of 200,000) and added to 75 parts of a silicone solution which is prepared by dissolving 50 parts of Silicone SYL OFF 23 and one percent of 23A catalyst based on the weight of Silicone SYL OFF 23 into 50 parts of xylene. The resulted solution is cast on the plate which is described in Method A of Example 1 and dried for 20 minutes at 130°C. to form second layer 5 microns in thickness. t EXAMPLE 4 A mixture of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 82.0 mol %) (35 parts), water (30 parts) and Rose bengal (50 ppm of all components by weight) is kneader at 80 to 90 degrees centigrade for 30 minutes. Then, this mixture is cooled to 60 degrees centigrade and a mixture of diethylene glycol dimeth- acrylate (10 parts) , B-hydroxyethyl methacr late (24 parts), hydroquinone (0.1 percent of total monomer by weight) and benzoin isopropyl ether (1.0 part) is added and stirred for 30 minutes. The resulted photopolymerizable composition is cast on the plate which is described in Method B of Example 1. A polyester sheet is placed thereon and the resulted piled product is passed between two rolls. After cooling, the polyester sheet is peeled off and the plate is dried in a dryer at 75°C. for 20 minutes to form photosensitive layer 7 mils in thickness. EXAMPLE 5 A mixture of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 77.0 mol %) (14 parts), methylated methylol melamine (commercial name: Resloom M-75, solid 60%, by Monsanto) <6 parts) , water (30 parts) and Eosin (25 ppm of all components by weight) is kneaded in a kneader at 70°C. for 25 minutes. This mixture is cooled to room temperature and a mixture B-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (20 parts) , benzoin isopropylether (1 part) , zinc acrylate (5 parts) and methyl alcohol (24 parts) is added and stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The resulted photopolymerizable composition is cast on the plate which is described in Example 2. A polyester sheet is placed thereon and the resulted piled product is passed between two rolls. After cooling, the polyester sheet is peeled off and the plate is dried in a dryer at 75°C. for 3 minutes to form photosensitive layer 5 microns in thickness. The photopolymer plate made according to Example 4 is placed in a vacuum frame and exposed to a 3,000 watt high pressure mercury arc for 3 seconds from a distance of 20 inches. Then, a negative film is placed on the photopolymer plate and the plate is exposed to same actinic light through the negative film for 25 seconds. After exposure, the negative film is stripped from the plate and the unexposed polymer is washed away with water (temperature, 115°F.) under the pressure of 40 psi for one and a half minute. .The printing plate is dried at 250°F. for one and half minute to give a sharp relief printing plate. The resulting printing plate is mounted on a Vandercook letterpress printing machine (Universal III) , and shows excellent image quality without any smutting on non-image area. The photopolymer plate made according to Example 5 is placed in a vacuum frame and the photopolymerizable surface is brought into contact with a negative film. Then, the plate is exposed to a 3,000 watt high pressure mercury arc for 2 and a half minutes. After exposure, the unexposed polymer ' is removed by wiping with cotton rag using water and followed by wiping with cotton rag with hydrocarbon solvent like mineral spirit. The plate is dried at 15 degrees Fahrenheit for 1 minute. The resulting printing plate is mounted on an offset printing machine (Multilith 1250) from which water supply device has been removed, and shows excellent image quality without any smutting on non-image area. Of course, it should be understood that various changes and modifications to the preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its attendant advantages. It is, therefore, intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the following claims.";"Clai s . A water—developable photopolymer printing plate comprising a substrate having applied thereto at least three additional layers of material disposed in a superimposed relation to one another, said layers comprising: a) a first ink-repulsive layer of silicon rubber material substantially covering said substrate, .. b) a water-developable photopolymer layer, and ,10 c) a second ink-repulsive and adhesive layer joining said first 'ink-repulsive and said photopolymer layers comprising a silicon rubber material, partially hydrolyzed poly¬ vinyl acetate, and a water-soluble polymeric 15 resin selected from the group consisting of water-soluble melamines, water-soluble polyesters, polyethylene glycol and cellulose. 2. The printing plate of claim 1 wherein said silicon rubber material comprises a polysiloxane 20 characterized by the presence of the following repeating unit in its polymeric structural chain; wherein R.. and 2 may be the same or different,' and are selected from the group consisting of 25 hydrogen, an alkyl group, halogen, phenyl and a halogenated alkyl. 3. The printing plate of claim 2 wherein the water- developable photopolymer layer comprises: -gυR E A T OMPI a) at least one unsaturated ethylenic-monomer having a boiling point about 100°C, a molecular weight below 1500 and 1 to 4 polymerizable ethylenic groups, and being polymerizable by actinic light in the pre¬ sence of a photopolymerization initiator; b) a photpblymerization initiator; and c) a partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate. 4. The printing plate of claim 3 wherein the partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate in said - second layer has a hydrolysis degree of about 70 to 95 percent, and a molecular weight in the range of about 300 to 2000. 5. The printing plate of claim 2 wherein said photopolymer layer is a film structure comprising a generally continuous phase and a generally discontinuous phase, said continuous phase being a minor constituent of said structure and comprising a photosensitive material whose solubility with respect to a given solvent is changed upon exposure to electro-magnetic radiation, said discontinuous phase being a major constituent of said structure and comprising a particulate material which is substantially insoluble in said solvent, said phases being uniformly interdispersed throughout the entire film structure, and said 'film structure having a maximum thickness not greater than about ten times the average diameter of the particles comprising said major phase material. 6. The printing plate of claim 2 wherein the ratio of water-soluble resin to silicon rubber material in said second layer is between about 0.1 to 1 part by weight resin to each part by weight silicon rubber or oil. 7. The printing plate of claim 2 wherein the ratio of polyvinyl acetate to silicon rubber in said second layer is between about 0.1 to 2 parts by weight polyvinyl acetate to 1 part by weight silicon rubber. 8. The printing plate of claim 2 wherein the ratio of water-soluble resins to polyvinyl acetate in said second layer is between about 0.1 to 2 party by weight resins to 1 part by weight polyvinyl acetate. 9. A water-developable printing plate comprising a substrate having applied thereto an ink-repulsive, adhesive layer joining said substrate to a water- developable photopolymer layer, said ink-repulsive adhesive layer comprising: a) a polysiloxane characterized by the presence of the following repeating unit in its polymeric structural chain; wherein R.. and R 2 may be the same or different, and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group, halogen, phenyl and a halogenated alkyl; b) partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate having a hydrolysis degree of about 70 to 95 percent and a molecular weight in the range of about 300 to 2000; and c) at least one water-soluble polymeric resin selected from the group consisting of water- soluble melamines, water-soluble polyesters, * polyethylene glycol and cellulose. 10. The printing plate of claim 9 further characterized by having a first ink-repulsive layer of ■ polysiloxane interposed between said substrate - and said ink-repulsive adhesive layer. -";KIMOTO K, OKAI S;NAPP SYSTEMS INC;1978
+WO-1979000156-A1;19790405.0;19780920;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25270568.0;B23Q7;;B23Q1, B23Q3, B23Q7, B23Q16;B23Q   1/38, B23Q  16/00C, B23Q   7/14K;CENTERING PIN FOR AIR FLOAT MACHINE TOOL TABLES;A centering pin (80) fur use in a machine tool work table (28) of the type in which a workpiece fixture (32) is supported on a film of pressurized air thereby enabling substantially friction free movement of the fixture (32) on the table surface (30). The centering pin (80) comprises an outer pin (90) mounted within the table (28) and projecting above the table upper surface (30), an inner pin (92) received within the outer pin (90) for reciprocal movement along a direction generally normal to the table surface, a hydraulic actuator (82, 94) for causing the inner pin (92), to project above the outer pin (90) at a first vertical position, and a spring (102) for causing the inner pin (92) to retract to a second vertical position below the first vertical position when the fluid actuator (82, 94) is deactivated. The fixture (32) has one or more slots (182) which ride over the outer pin (90) and a plurality of holes (124) within the slots which are adapted to be engaged by the inner pin (92) when it is extended to its upper vertical position, thereby enabling controlled translation and rotation of the fixture (32) on the table (28). A safety feature is provided wherein if the slot (182) is not engaged by the outer pin (90) when the fixture (32) is placed on the table (28), air floatation pressure cannot be supplied between the fixture (32) and table surface (30).;"CENTERING PIN FOR AIR FLOAT MACHINE TOOL TABLES TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to means for locating a workpiece fixture on a table during movement thereof from one machining position to another and in particular to a dual centering pin apparatus which selectively en¬ gages one or more slots and openings on the downwardly facing surface of the fixture so as to provide controlled translation and rotation thereof. BACKGROUND OF INVENTION In standard machining practice, the machining of workpieces of any substantial size involves time consum¬ ing, laborious repositioning of the workpiece as various regions of the work are to be machined. Often, it be¬ comes necessary to use hoists and other power devices for elevating and moving the workpiece about and for low¬ ering the workpiece into the proper position for the machining of respective regions of the workpiece. Addi- tionally, precise positioning of the workpiece in a selected position under such conditions is difficult and cannot always be achieved with the desired accuracy. In order to overcome these problems, an air float table wherein the workpiece is supported on a film of pressurized air has been developed. Such a table, which is described in U. S. patent application Serial No. 684,725, is provided with fluid passages and a plurality of fluid outlets distributed over the surface of the table so that a cushion of pressurized air may be pro- -2- vided underneath the workpiece fixture. By virtue of the fluid pressure film, substantially friction free movement of the fixture on the table is possible thereby permitti positioning and repositioning to be accomplished by a single operator without the need for extraneous hoisting equipment. In order for th ^ fixture to be rotated and transla¬ ted from one position to another, the table may be pro¬ vided with a main pivot pin which projects upwardly from the table surface. The pin may be receivable in a socket in the bottom of the fixture in which case the fixture is constrained to move circularly on the table. Alternative ly, the socket may be replaced by a slot so that the fix¬ ture is not only rotatable on the bed but is translatable thereon in various desired directions. Cooperating ele¬ ments of retractable pin and socket locating devices on the fixture and table provide for location of the fixture in predetermined positions on the table. Clamps are also provided to clamp the fixture in the located ' positions on the table during machining. Although an air float system of this type is advantageous in repositioning heavy workpieces, there are certain attendant dangers which result from the substan¬ tially friction free relationship between the workpiece fixture and the table surface. For example, the work¬ piece and fixture can slide off the table if the opera¬ tor does not exercise extreme caution during reposition¬ ing to assure that he has it fully under control. The tremendous masses of large workpieces and the high mo- menta which result when they are moved, however, make it difficult to stop the workpiece manually. Obviously, the potential for injury to the operator and damage to the workpiece and machine is very great. Another problem is that of accurately stopping the workpiece at the desired position for subsequent engage¬ ment of the locating pins and sockets. The operator must therefore search for the desired position through repeated trial and error thereby resulting in a loss of productive machining time. In the case where the fixture is provided with a pair of crossed slots for dual translation, it is difficult for the operator to determine when the centering pin is located at the intersection of the two slots so that movement from one slot to the other can be accom¬ plished. Accurately located rotation centers at various locations within the slots is also desirable for multiple machining operations. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a dual centering pin received within the table and comprising an outer pin which is en- gageable with the fixture slots, an inner pin received within the outer pin, and means for causing the inner pin to extend upwardly out of the outer pin so as to engage holes in the slots. When the inner pin is retracted, the workpiece fixture is translatable on the table in engage- ment with the outer pin and when the inner pin is extended and received within one of the fixture holes, the fixture may be rotated thereabout to the desired position. By providing a plurality of intersecting slots and a plural¬ ity of holes at various positions within the slots, a variety of rotation centers and translation paths are possible. The outer pin may be slidably received in the table and in this case sensing means are provided to prevent the supplying of pressurized air between the fixture and table when the outer pin is depressed, as in the case where the fixture is lowered on the table with the slot out of align¬ ment with the centering pin. If air pressure were applied without the fixture positively engaged by the centering pin, it could slide off the table and cause injury to the operator or damage to the workpiece or machine. Specifically, the present invention is particularly O PI adapted for use in apparatus for supporting a work member in a machine tool for machining thereof having a table with a horizontal upper surface adapted to support a work¬ piece fixture thereon and means for supplying fluid under pressure between the table and fixture. It comprises an outer pin mounted within the table and projecting above the table upper surface, an inner pin being received within the outer pin for movement along a direction generally normal to the table surface, and means for selectively causing the inner pin to project above the outer pin at a first vertical position and alternatively for causing the inner pin to retract to a second vertical position below the first vertical position. In the case where the outer pin is slidably received in the table for rectilinear movement along a direction normal to the table surface, a safety feature is provided comprising means for interrup¬ ting the supply of fluid under pressure between the table and workpiece fixture supported thereon when the outer pin is depressed below a given vertical height relative to the table surface. The method according to the present invention relates to locating a workpiece fixture having a downwardly facing bottom surface, a slot in the bottom surface and a hole in the slot, in a machine tool, for example, having a table with an upwardly facing upper surface for supporting the fixture during machining of the workpiece and a first pin extending upwardly out of the table surface. The method comprises: supporting a fixture on the table with the table and fixture surfaces in facing relationship and with pin received in the slot, supplying a fluid under pressure between the fixture and table surfaces to provide sub¬ stantially friction free support of the fixture on the table, causing a second pin having a smaller diameter than the first pin to project upwardly out of the first pin and urge against the fixture slot, moving the fixture on the table such that the slot slides over the first pin until the second pin engages the hole in the fixture, ro¬ tating the fixture about the second pin to a predetermined position on the table, and causing at least one pair of lo¬ cating elements on the table and fixture surfaces to inter- engage so as to lock the fixture in the predetermined position on the table. It is an object of the present invention to provide a dual centering pin which is always in engagement with the fixture slot or slots and is selectively engageable with holes in the fixture slots so as to provide a plurality of rotating centers. Another object of the present invention is to provide a dual centering pin apparatus wherein the supply of pneu¬ matic pressure between the fixture and table is blocked when the centering pin and fixture are not interengaged for controlled horizontal movement. A further object of the present invention is to pro¬ vide a dual centering pin which enables rapid and accurate repositioning of the workpiece from one machining position to another. Another object of the present invention is to provide a dual centering pin which may be easily incorporated into existing air float machine tool tables. These and other objects and features of the present invention will become more apparent upon reference to the detailed description taken in conjunction with the accom¬ panying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a perspective view of a machine tool incor- porating the centering pin of the present invention; Figure 2 is a top plan view of the table of Figure 1 showing the workpiece fixture in two different positions; Figure 3 is a top plan view of the table shown in Figure 1; Figure 4 is a bottom plan view of the workpiece fix¬ ture; -BU E TΓ OMPI . , WIPO Λ< Figure 5 is a sectional view of one of the valved con¬ nections leading from a passage in the table to the surface on which the workpiece fixture is supported; Figure 6 is a sectional view of one of the locating pins shown engaged with a corresponding socket in the lower surface of the workpiece fixture; Figure 7 is a schematic of the hydraulic system ac¬ cording to the invention; Figure 8 is an enlarged plan view of the centering pin; Figure 9 is an enlarged sectional view of the center¬ ing pin in its fully extended position; and Figure 10 is an enlarged sectional view.of the cen¬ tering pin which has been depressed by the workpiece fix- ture. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings. Figure 1 is a per¬ spective view of a machine tool having, a bed 20 supported on ways 22 and 24 and a working tool 26, which may be a boring tool, milling tool or the like according to well known practice in the machine tool art. A table or plate 28 is fixedly secured to bed 20 and includes an upper sur¬ face 30 on which is supported a workpiece fixture 32 having a workpiece 34 mounted thereon. Table 28 is provided with a plurality of fluid passage ways 36 (Figure 5) which are connected via a control valve 37 (Figure 7) with a supply of fluid under pressure. The fluid is preferably air, but could conceivably comprise other fluid media. Passageways 36 extend upwardly through table 28 and communicate with openings 38 in the surface 30 of table 28. As shown in Figure 3, there are many such openings 38 distributed over the table surface 30 so as to provide a film of pressurized air wherever the fixture 32 is positioned. The upper end of each passageway is closed by a valve comprising a body 40 which may be threaded into OM passageway 36 and the top of which is disposed slightly be¬ low the level of table surface 30. Valve body 40 is tubu¬ lar and has captured therein a valve ball 42 which projects slightly above the surface 30 of table 28 as shown in Fig- ure 5. A spring 44 urges ball 42 into its upper closed position in which it contacts circular valve seat 46. When the fixture 32 is moved on table 28 and the downwardly facing surface 48 of fixture 32 engages ball 42, ball 42 will be depressed as shown in Figure 5 and admit air under pressure from passageway 36, between seat 46 and ball 42 to the space between surfaces 48 and 30. The pressure of the fluid is so adjusted that a fluid film will be established which will floatingly support fixture 32 thereon. This enables the fixture to be eas- ily moved about on table 28 to the desired position. Obviously, when the supply of fluid is interrupted, fix¬ ture 32 will come to rest directly on table surface 30. Each opening 38 includes a valve identical to that shown in Figure 5. It is essential that the workpiece 34 be accurately located for machining, and to this end, table 28 includes a plurality of locating pins 50 which serve to lock the fixture in various predetermined positions. The locating pins 50 are located in precise positions on table 28 with reference to tool 26. These pins 50 are engageable with sockets 52 in the bottom surface 48 of fixture 32 and which are also accurately located within fixture 32 with reference to the location of pins 50. Thus, when one or more pins 50 engage the corresponding sockets 52, the fixture 32 will be in an accurately located position on table 28. Table 28 is provided with bores 54 each of which at the upper end thereof has an elongated bushing 56. Pin 58, having a tapered upper end 60 adapted for seating in the corresponding tapered bushing 62 in socket 52, is slidably received in bushing 56. At the lower end thereof. pin 58 is connected to a double acting piston 64 biased upwardly by spring 66 to the position shown in Figure 6. Each piston 64 has an upwardly facing fluid surface 68 adapted to be acted on by fluid from passageway 70 to drive the piston 64 and pin 58 downwardly until the upper end 60 of pin 58 is below the upper surface 30 of table 28. Alternatively, a supply of fluid pressure to the downwardly facing surface 72 from passageway 74 will drive piston 64 upwardly to effect firm engagement of the ta- pered end 60 with bushing 62. The lower end of bore 76 is closed by a cover plate 78. As shown in Figure 3, table 28 is provided with a plurality of locating pins 50 so tha a number of successive machining positions for workpiece 34 and fixture 32 may be realized. By supplying air under pressure to the upper side 68 of piston 64, pin 58 will be moved downwardly out of bush¬ ing 62. If fluid under pressure is then introduced be¬ tween fixture 32 and table 28, fixture 32 may be moved to the desired position. With fixture 32 in this position, pneumatic pressure is vented from passageway 70 and pin 58 will move upwardly under the pressure of spring 66 un¬ til its tapered portion 60 engages bushing 62. Pin 58 may be driven with more force into bushing 62 by admitting pressure through passageway 74. With the fixture 32 ac- curately located in this manner, the supply of pneumatic pressure between fixture 32 and table 28 is then termin¬ ated and fixture 32 will come to rest on surface 30. Fixture 32 may be clamped to table 28 by means of bayonet clamps 80 and 82 which are shown generally in Figure 1 and described in greater detail in pending U. S. patent application Serial Number 829,358 entitled Bayonet Clamp¬ ing Apparatus for Machine Tools. Additional details re¬ lating to the above-described aspects of the air float table may be found in pending U. S. patent application Serial No. 684,725. The centering pin 80 according to the present inven- tion is shown in detail in Figures 8, 9 and: 10. It com¬ prises a cylinder 82 which is received within bore 84 in table 28 and secured thereto by means of screws 86 and 88, a generally tubular outer pin 90 reciprocally received within cylinder 82, and an inner pin 92 reciprocally re¬ ceived within outer pin 90 and cylinder 82 and having a flanged piston portion 94 at its lower end. O-rings 96 and 98 seal cylinder 82 against bore 84 and seal 100 seals piston 94 against cylinder 82. A coil spring 102 is positioned around inner pin 92 and, when compressed, urges piston 94 and therefore pin 92 downwardly and outer pin 90 upwardly. The upward dis¬ placement of outer pin 90 is limited by shoulder Ϊ04 coming into contact with screw 106 and ring 134. Pressurized fluid, either a hydraulic fluid or air, is admitted to the working chamber 108 of cylinder 82 through fitting 110. Referring now to Figure 4, the lower surface 48 of fixture 32 is provided with a pair of intersecting slots 112 and 114 which terminate short of the edges of fixture 32, and a plurality of holes 116, 118, 120, 122 and 124 in slots 112 and 114. Although the exact location of holes 116 through 124 depends upon the particular machin¬ ing requirements, it is generally preferable that at least one hole 124 be located at the intersection of the slots 112 and 114. When pins 90 and 92 are fully extended as shown in Figure 9, outer pin 90 will be received in one of the slots 112 or 114 and inner pin 92 will engage one of the holes 116 through 124, fixture 32 can be rotated about the particular hole so engaged. With inner pin 92 re- tracted to a vertical position below holes 116 through 124, fixture 32 may be translated along one of its slots 112 or 114, which is in engagement with outer pin 90. It should be noted that even though inner pin 92 may be re¬ tracted as by interrupting the supply of fluid under pres- sure to chamber 108, outer pin 90 will remain in fully ex¬ tended position unless physically depressed by an external iUREAtT OMPI force, such as the lower surface 48 of fixture 32. In order to assure that fixture 32 can never acciden¬ tally slide off table 28, a safety feature, which inter¬ rupts the supply of pressurized fluid between fixture 32 and table 28 when outer pin 90 is depressed, is provided. As shown in Figures 8, 9 and 10, it comprises: an elec¬ trically conductive plunger 126 reciprocally received within a bore 128 in outer pin 90 and urged upwardly by compressed spring 130 retained within bore 128 by plug 132, an electrically non-conductive ring 134 secured to table 28 by screw 136, a metal contact plug 138 received within ring 134 and connected to an insulated electrical wire 140. As long as outer pin 90 is extended so that it is at least partially received within slot 112 or slot ' 114, metal plunger 126 will contact plug 138 through the action of compressed spring 130. Once outer pin 90 has been depressed to a vertical height at or near the level of table surface 30, its shoulder 142 will engage the *"" shoulder 144 of plunger 126 and force it downwardly out of contact with plug 138 as shown in Figure 10. As will be described in greater detail in connection with Figure 7, this causes the supply of pneumatic pressure between fixture surface 48 and table surface 30 to be blocked so that fixture 32 cannot accidentally slide off table 28. A simplified representation of the hydraulic and electric circuits in connection with the safety interlock described above is shown in Figure 7. A source of fluid under pressure is supplied through conduits 146 and 148 to the fluid inlets of valves 150, 152 and 154. Valves 150 and 152 are three-position valves and operable for reversibly connecting the fluid inlet to one or the. other of the surface conduits connected thereto while exhausting the other surface conduit, and also include a center po¬ sition in which both of the service conduits are connected to' exhaust. Valve 150 has one service line connected to the upwardly facing sides of a pair of locating pin ac- tuating pistons 156 and 158 and the other service line connected to-the downwardly facing side of the pistons 156 and 158. Similarly, valve 152 has one service line connected to the upwardly facing sides of pistons 160 and 162 for the locating pins 50 and the other service conduit connected to the downwardly facing sides of the pistons 160 and 162. The conduits leading to the downwardly facing sides of the pistons 156 through 162 are connected through needle valves (not shown) , if desired, a check valve 164 and selector valve 165 to a pilot cylinder 166 on rever¬ sing valve 154. Valve 154 is normally held in position to supply pressure.to conduit 168 by spring 170 but will move into position to exhaust conduit 168 when the pres- sure in pilot cylinder 156 reaches a predetermined amount. Thus, when valves 150 and 152 are actuated to drive the locating pin 50 upwardly into locating position, after the pins 50 become seated, the pressure built up on the underneath sides of the pistons 156 through 162 will cause valve 154 to shift to interrupt the supply to the fluid cushion for fixture 32. Of course, the sequence of steps could be entirely under the control of manual valves, if so desired. Centering pin 80 is supplied with fluid pressure through conduit 172 under the control of valve 174. Wire 140 is connected to a ground sensing device 176 which in turn is connected to solenoid valve 178. Ground sensing device 176 is adapted to provide a first output when wire 140 is isolated from electrical ground and a second electrical output when wire 140 is connected to ground. An exemplary detector is the Minster Micro-current Detec¬ tor Unit Bul-010-6056 described in technical bulletin No. 105 of The Minster Machine Company, Minster, Ohio, U.S.A. Solenoid valve 178 is is fluid communication with pilot cylinder 166 through bellows selector valve 165. As long as outer pin 90 is in a vertical position such that it is capable of engaging slots 112 and 114, wire 140 will be connected to ground through plug 138, plunger 126, outer pin 90, cylinder 82 and table 28, the latter being at ground potential. Ground sensing de- vice 176 senses this condition and causes solenoid valve 178 to block fluid pressure from conduit 180 from reaching selector valve 165. This permits reversible valve 154 to remain in the position shown in which air under pressure is supplied to table surface 30 through conduit 168, valve 37 and passageways 36. Should outer pin 90 be de¬ pressed, for example if the fixture 32 were lowered onto table 28 without one of slots 112 or 114 being positioned over pin 90, plunger 126 will be moved out of contact with plug 138 so that ground sensing device 176 would de- tect a no-ground condition. In this case, solenoid valve 178 would admit pressurized fluid from conduit 180 to pilot cylinder 166 which would shift valve 154 to the closed position thereby interrupting the supply of fluid pressure to table 28. It should be noted that even though inner pin 92 may be retracted, outer pin 90 will remain extended unless physically depressed. To illustrate the functioning of the present appara¬ tus, a series of positioning operations will be described. Assume that the fixture 32 has been lowered on the table with one of its slots 112 or 114 aligned with outer pin 90 so that the latter remains extended as shown in Fig¬ ure 9. Pressurized air is then admitted to table 28 through valve 154, conduit 168, valve 137 and passageways 38 so that the fixture 32 ""floats"" on a thin film of air above table surface 30. Fixture 32 cannot slide off table 28 due to the fact that pin 90 and slots 112 or 114 remain interengaged, but is free to translate and rotate within the constraints imposed by pin 90 and slots 112 and 114. When fluid under pressure is admitted to working chamber 108 through conduit 172 and fitting 110, inner OM pin 92 will be extended upwardly against the downwardly facing surface 182 of slots 112 and 114. If fixture 32 is moved such that its center hole 124 is positioned di¬ rectly above inner pin 92, pin 92 will automatically ex- tend upwardly into hole 124 and accurately locate fixture 32 for rotation about the rotation center defined by pin 92 and hole 124. Fixture 32 may then be rotated to the desired orientation relative to the tool 26 and pneumatic pressure to table 28 will automatically be interrupted through the action of pilot cylinder 166 thereby causing fixture 32 to come to rest on table 28. At this point, bayonet clamps 80 and 82 may be positioned and activated to securely lock fixture 32 in place for machining as shown in Figure 1. Suppose that it is desired to rotate fixture 32 about another center. Clamps 80 and 82 are released and pneumatic pressure is again applied between the fixture and table stirfaces 48 and 30 thereby causing fixture 32 to again float on a film of pressurized air. Pressure to chamber 108 is exhausted so that spring 102 causes inner pin 92 to be retracted out of center hole 124. Fix¬ ture 32 may then be translated with pin 90 received in slot 114. Assuming that inner pin 92 is again extended by applying fluid pressure to working chamber 108, it will urge against the downwardly facing surface 182 of slot 114 until hole 118, for example, comes into alignment with it at which point it will be extended upwardly. At this point, hole 118 becomes the new rotation center for fix¬ ture 32 as illustrated in Figure 2. As described previ- ously, the fixture 32 is accurately located in each desired machining position by means of locating pins 50 and sockets 62. If desired, only one pair of locating pins and sockets 50, 62 need be actuated because center¬ ing pins 90 and/or 92 can contribute to locating the fixture 32 and locking it against translation and rota¬ tion. While this invention has been described as having a preferred design, it will be understood that it is capable of further modification. This application is, therefore, intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following the general principles thereof and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains, and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth and fall within the limits of the appended claims.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. In an apparatus for supporting a member having a table with a horizontal upper surface adapted to sup¬ port a fixture thereon and means for supplying fluid under pressure between said table and the fixture sup¬ ported thereon; a centering pin device comprising: an outer pin mounted within said table and pro¬ jecting above said table upper surface, an inner pin being received within said outer pin for movement along a direction generally normal to said table surface, and means for selectively causing said inner pin to project above said outer pin at a first vertical position and alternatively for causing said inner pin to retract to a second vertical position below said first vertical position. 2. The apparatus of Claim 1 wherein said pins are concentric and said inner pin is slidably received within said outer pin. 3. The apparatus of Claim 2 wherein said means for selectively causing said inner pin to project and retract includes a fluid actuated piston. 4. The apparatus of Claim 3 wherein said means for selectively causing said inner pin to project and retract includes a spring return means v/hich acts in a reverse direction to said piston to return said inner pin to said first or second position when fluid pressure is removed from said piston. 5. The apparatus of Claim 4 wherein said outer pin is slidably received in said table for rectilinear move¬ ment along said direction normal to said table surface and is urged upwardly by said spring return means. 6. The apparatus of Claim 2 wherein said outer pin is slidably received in said table for rectilinear ove- ment along said direction normal to said table surface. 7. The apparatus of Claim 6 including means for interrupting the supply of fluid under pressure between said table and the fixture supported thereon when said outer pin is depressed below a given vertical height above said table surface. 8. The apparatus of Claim 7 wherein said means for interrupting includes an electrical switch device which is actuated by said outer pin. 9. The apparatus of Claim 7 wherein said means for interrupting includes: a plunger slidably received in said outer pin, switch means operatively connected to said means for supplying fluid and including a contact element po¬ sitioned to be activated and deactivated by said plunger, and means for moving said plunger to activate said contact element when said outer pin is in said first vertical position and to deactivate said contact element when said outer pin is in said second vertical position, said switch means including means for causing fluid 'pressure to be supplied by said means for supplying when said contact element is actuated and for causing the fluid pressure to be interrupted when said contact ele¬ ment is deactivated. 10. The apparatus of Claim 9 wherein an electrical ground is completed through said plunger when said con¬ tact element is activated. 11. The apparatus of Claim 21 wherein said pins are concentric and said rotation pin is slidably received in said translation pin. 12. The apparatus of Claim 11 wherein said trans¬ lation pin is slidably received in said table for axial rectilinear movement and further including means for in¬ terrupting the supply of fluid between said surfaces when said translation pin is depressed to a position be- low said slot. 13. The apparatus of Claim 11 including spring means for urging said translation pin to project above said table surface. 14. The apparatus of Claim 21 including a second slot in said fixture intersecting the first mentioned slot and adapted to receive said translation pin means, said second slot having closed ends. 15. The apparatus of Claim 14 wherein said hole is located at the intersection of said slots. 16. The method of locating a fixture having a down¬ wardly facing bottom surface, a slot in said bottom sur¬ face and a hole in said slot, in an apparatus having a table with an upwardly facing upper surface for support¬ ing the fixture and a first pin extending upwardly out of the table surface, said method comprising: supporting the fixture on the table with the table and fixture surfaces in facing relationship and with the pin received in the slot, supplying a fluid under pressure between the fixture and the table surfaces to provide substantially friction free support of the fixture on the table, causing a second pin having a smaller diameter than the first pin to project upwardly out of the first pin and urge against the fixture slot, moving the fixture on the table such that the slot slides over the first pin until the second pin en¬ gages the hole in the fixture, rotating the fixture about the second pin to a predetermined position on the table, and causing at least one pair of locating elements on the table and fixture surfaces to interengage so as to lock the fixture in said predetermined position on the table. 17. The method of Claim 16 and causing a second pair of locating elements on the table and fixture surface to ijUREAlT OMPI interengage. 18. The method of Claim 16 wherein the first pin is slidably received in the table and including automatically interrupting the fluid supply between the fixture and table if the first pin is depressed by the fixture. 19. The method of Claim 16 and automatically inter¬ rupting the fluid supply between the fixture and table if the first pin is not aligned with the fixture slot when the fixture is placed on the table. 20. An apparatus for use in supporting a workpiece in a machine tool for the machining thereof comprising: a table in the machine having an upwardly facing horizontal surface, a fixture having a downwardly facing lower sur- face resting on the upper surface of said table, said fixture being adapted for having a workpiece mounted thereon, means for supplying fluid under pressure between said surfaces for floatingly supporting said fixture on said table surface to permit substantially friction free movement of said fixture thereon, interengagement means on said.surfaces inter¬ locking said fixture and table for limiting horizontal translational movement of said fixture within predeter- mined limits, said interengagement means including a first element on said table surface adapted to interlock with a second element on said fixture surface, and means for automatically interrupting the supply of fluid under pressure between said surfaces whenever said fixture is supported on said table over said first element without said first and second elements being interlocked. 21. An apparatus for use in supporting a workpiece in a machine tool for the machining thereof comprising: a table in the machine having an upwardly facing horizontal surface. 'BU OM a fixture having a downwardly facing lower sur¬ face resting on the upper surface of said table, said fixture being adapted for having a workpiece mounted thereon, means for supplying fluid under pressure be¬ tween said surfaces for floatingly supporting said fix¬ ture on said table surface to permit substantially fric¬ tion free movement of said fixture thereon, said fixture surface having a slot therein and a downwardly facing hole in said slot, said slot having closed ends, translation pin means mounted within said table and projecting above said table surface at a first verti¬ cal level, said pin means at said first level being re- ceived within said slot and positioned at a level below said hole, rotation pin means received in said translation pin means for reciprocation along a direction generally normal to the surface of said table, and actuator means.for selectively causing said rotation pin means to extend to a second vertical level above said first level and be received in said hole when said hole is positioned over said rotation pin means. 22. The apparatus of Claim 21 including means for selectively retracting said rotation pin out of said hole thereby permitting translation of said fixture over said translation pin. 23. The method of Claim 16 wherein said apparatus is a machine tool, said fixture has a workpiece secured thereto, and said table is adapted to support the fix¬ ture in position for machining of the workpiece.";BERGMAN R;BERGMAN R;1978
+WO-1979000163-A1;19790405.0;19780929;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25275681.0;C08J9;B32B5, B01F17;B01F17, B32B5, C08F283, C08J9, C08L61;C08F 283/00, C08J   9/00L51+L61/06;PHENOLIC FOAM AND SURFACTANT USEFUL THEREIN;A closed cell phenolic-resin foam material comprising phenolic-resin foam forming reactants, a blowing agent, and a surfactant which is the capped reaction product of an alkoxylated amine and a copolymerizable mixture of dialkyl maleate with N-vinyl-2 pyrrolidone or N-vinyl caprolactam. The alkoxylaled amine (Figure 6) is defined with R<s5>s units which are alkoxylated chains (Figure 7). An integer n (Figure 6) is from 2 to 10 inclusive and the ratio of p:q (Figure 7) is 15:85 to 85:15.;"PHENOLIC FOAM AND SURFACTANT USEFUL THEREIN Disclosure Phenolic polymers have been known for decades. More recently, there has been increased interest in phenolic polymers which can be formed into cellular materials more commonly referred to as foams. These foams are produced by mixing reactants in the presence of a blowing agent. See for example Thomas et al. U.S. Patent 2,744,875 (1956); . Nelson Canadian Patent 674,181 (1963); Dijkstra Canadian Patent 684,388 (1964); issenfels et al. Canadian Patent 866,876 (1971); United Kingdom Specification 598,642 (1948); Australian Patent 128,508 (1945); and Modern Plastics Encyclopedia Volume 52, No. 10a, page 479 (1977). However, most known cellular materials produced from phenolic polymers exhibit an unsatisfactory thermal con- ductivity initially. Other known cellular materials produced from phenolic polymers exhibit an undesirable increase in thermal conductivity with time. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved closed cell phenolic- resin foam material substantially free of the disadvan¬ tages of prior foams. Another object is to provide an improved process for producing improved cellular materials employing an improved phenolic -polymer, and an improved laminated building panel employing the improved closed cell phenolic- resin foam material. A still further object is to provide an improved . closed cell phenolic-resin foam material which exhibits a high closed cell content without adversely affecting friability, compressive strength and the low flammability characteristics of the material. Yet another object is to produce a closed cell phenolic-resin foam material with high thermal resistance and high insulation properties and a substantially slow increase in thermal conductivity with time. A further object is to produce a closed cell phenolic-resin foam "" material which can be used as build¬ ing panels which are highly insulating, thermally resistant, low in friability, soundproof and self-supporting. Additional objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the following detailed description and draw¬ ings wherein: Figure I is Formula I; Figure II is Formula II; Figure III is Formula ΪII; Figure IV is Formula IV; Figure V is Formula V; Figure VI is Formula VI; Figure VII is Formula VII; Figure VIII is a cross-sectional view of a laminated building panel having one facing sheet; Figure IX is a cross-sectional view of a laminated building panel having two facing sheets; Figure X is a graph showing the relationship between k-factor and time for foams of the present inven¬ tion. According to the present invention, there is -provided a closed-cell cellular composition comprising a phenolic resin, blowing agent and a surfactant having hydroxyl number of less than 50 preferably less than 10 by reaction with a capping agent. The process of capping functional groups is well known and common agents for mask¬ ing the functionality of the hydroxyl group are agents which produce esters, urethanes, and ethers. Phenolic resin foams are a well known class, phenolaldehyde resin foams being representative and proportions of blowing agent, catalyst and components are well known in the art. Foams of low friability can be obtained by using a preferred phenolic polymer described in Moss U.S. Patent 3,876,620. The preferred polymer of Formula I shown in Figure I of the drawings wherein R is II0CH-, hydrogen, 1 ! 14 R or a radical of Formula II. 2 The R 's are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, halo, nitro, and hydrogen. The R 's are independently selected from the group consisting of HOCH-, hydrogen or a radical in Figure II. The R > 4.'s are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, or furyl. By furyl is meant the radical introduced by the use of furfural. In Formula I, x is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive and is preferably an integer from 2 to 6 inclusive. When x is less than 2, a foam produced from such a phenolic polymer tends to have too high a friability. On the other hand, as x exceeds 10, the viscosity of the polymer increases to the point where it is difficult to produce the foam. The phenolic poly¬ mers of the present invention generally have a molecular weight between 200 and 2,000 and preferably have a molec¬ ular weight between 300 and 1,500. At lower molecular weights, the resultant foams tend to have too high a friability, whereas at high molecular weights the vis¬ cosity of the phenolic polymer, even when a solvent is present, tends to be too high to permit processing. A preferred subclass of phenolic polymers are those of Formula III, shown in Figure III. In Formula III, R is HOCH -, hydrogen, or a radical of Formula IV. The R 3's are independently selected from the group consisting of IiOCH -, hydrogen, or a radical of Formula IV, shown in Figure IV. In a preferred. embodiment of the present inven- 3 tion, at least one of the R 's is methylol, i.e., IIOCH -. This is to ensure that there will be cross-linking sites on the phenolic polymer. Of course, such methylol groups or, when the aldehyde is other than formaldehyde, alkylol groups, are automatically introduced into the polymer as is well-known in the art by the process described below. In the broadest aspects of the present invention, the phenolic polymer can contain widely varying ratios of the radicals of Formula II or IV to ortho-cresol units. However, this ratio is generally from 1:3 to 10:1 and is preferably from 1:1.5 to 5:1. At higher ratios, i.e., a deficiency of ortho-cresol, • the cellular material pro¬ duced from such a phenolic polymer tends to be too friable. In determining the above ratios, one must include the radicals of Formula II or IV present in Formula I or III respectively. The synthesis of phenolic polymers of Formula I through IV is described and claimed in Moss U.S. Patent 3,876,620. These phenolic compositions use¬ ful in the present invention generally comprise the phe¬ nolic polymer of Formula I or Formula III, together with a compound of Formula V. The compound of Formula V can be present in the phenolic composition in widely varying ratios of Compound V to polymeric composition but is generally present in a weight ratio of 1:30 to 1:2 and is preferably present in a weight ratio of 1:20 to 1:5. Examples of suitable compounds of Formula V include among others: m-cresol, m-chlorophenol,. m-nitrophenol, 3 , 5-xylenol, and phenol, i.e., hydroxy benzene. Phenol is the most preferred compound of Formula V because of cost, availability, and reactivity. The phenolic polymers of Formula I and Formula III are produced according to the present invention by combining certain reactants in a two-step process described in Moss, supra. In the broadest aspects of the present invention, any aldehyde can be employed to produce useful phenolic polymers. Examples of suitable aldehydes include among others furfural, formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and acetal- dehyde. Formaldehyde is the preferred aldehyde. Formal¬ dehyde can be employed in widely varying forms such as the 37% aqueous solution widely known as formalin. How¬ ever, it is generally necessary to remove from the poly¬ meric material the water introduced with the formalin. Formaldehyde is preferably employed in the form of para- formaldehyde which contains much less water. The cellular material of the present invention is formed by simply reacting the alkylol group containing phenolic polymer of Formula I or Formula III and the compound of Formula V under conditions such that a cellu¬ lar product will result. As is well known in the phenolic foam art, the reaction can be conducted in the presence of a foaming catalyst, a blowing agent, and a surfactant. The reaction can be performed between temperatures of 10-50°C, preferably 15-25°C, and conveniently at atmos¬ pheric pressure. The cellular materials of the present invention generally have a thermal conductivity, k-factor value, of from 0.1 to 0.3 and preferably from 0.1 to 0.2 Btu/hr-°F-sq. ft per inch as measured at 24°C. The k-factor value is measured on a Model 88 machine supplied by the ANACON Company. The friability of the cellular material is 20% or less. Friability is the propensity of the foam to break expressed in percent weight loss. This is determined by the ASTM C-421 friability test conducted for 10 minutc-3. In the broadest aspects of the present invention, any catalyst which will enhance the cross-linking and foaming reaction can be employed in the present invention. However, the preferred foaming catalysts are aromatic sulfonic acids, examples of which include, among others, benzene sulfonic acid, toluene sulfonic acid, xylene sulfonic acid, and phenol sulfonic acid. Phosphoric acid can also be employed either alone or in a mixture with the sulfonic acids. The preferred sulfonic acid is a mixture of equal parts by weight of toluene sulfonic acid and xylene sulfonic acid as described in Mausner et al U.S. 3,458,449. Another foaming catalyst which has been found to give excellent results is a blend of toluene sulfonic acid, phosphoric acid, and water in a weight ratio of 35-50:50-35:15. The catalyst is generally present in the minimum amount that will give the desired cream time of 10 to 50 seconds and firm time of 40 to 500 seconds to the reacting mixture. The catalyst, however, generally comprises from 0.5 to 20, and preferably comprises from 1.0 to 15, weight percent based on the weight of the cellular material. Any blowing agent characteristically employed in similar prior art products such as is described in Moss et al, U.S. Patent 3,968,300, can be employed in the composition of the present invention. In general, these blowing agents are liquids having an atmospheric pressure boiling point between minus 50 and 100°C and preferably between zero and 50°C. The preferred liquids are hydrocarbons or halohydrocarbons. Examples of suitable blowing agents include, among others, chlori¬ nated and fluorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloro- fluoromethane, CC1_FCC1F 2 , CC1 FCF_, diethyl ether, iso- propyl ether, n-pentane, cyclopentane, and 2-methylbutane. Combinations of trichlorofluoromethane plus 1,1, 2-trichloro, ^BΪJ ' O 1,2,2-trifluoroethane, are the preferred blowing agents. The blowing agents are employed in an amount sufficient to give the resultant foam the desired bulk density which is generally between 0.5 and 10, and preferably between 1 and 5 pounds per cubic foot. The blowing agent generally comprises from 1 to 30, and preferably comprises from 5 to 20 weight percent of the composition. Khen the blowing agent has a boiling point at or below ambient, it is main¬ tained under pressure until mixed with the other components. Alternatively, it can be maintained at subambient tempera¬ tures until mixed with the other components. In the broadest aspects of the instant invention, any hydroxyl containing cell stabilizing surfactant with a branched, non-ionic structure conventionally used in producing polymeric foams can successfully be used after capping the hydroxyl groups. By cell stabilizing sur¬ factant is meant one which keeps a foam from collapsing and rupturing. Typical surfactants have hydroxyl numbers in the range of 60 to 100. In other, words, any branched conventional surfactant whose hydroxyl number is reduced to a value of less than 50, preferably less than 10, by reaction with a suitable capping agent such as organic acid, acid anhydride, acid chloride, acyloxy chloride and alkyl or aryl isocyanate is a suitable surfactant. Alcohols can be converted to ethers but this generally does not result in a surfactant that behaves as a cell stabilizer. The hydroxyl number is determined by the ASTM-D1638 test. The preferred surfactant is the capped reaction product of an alkoxylated amine of Formula VI shown as 5 Figure 6 wherein R is an alkoxylated chain of Formula VII, n is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive and the ratio p:q is 15:85 to 85:15, which amine has been reacted with a copolymerizable mixture of dialkyl maleate and a member selected from the group consisting of N-vinyl-2-pyrroli- done and U-vinyl caprolactam, the alkyl of the maleate having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. The preferred dialkyl maleate is dibutyl maleate. The alkoxylation is carried out using a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylcne oxide in a ratio of 15:85 to 85:15 and preferably from 20:80 to 60:40. The molecular weight of the alkoxylated amine is from 1500 to 6000 and preferably from 1800 to 2800. If the molecular weight of the alkoxylated amine is less than 1500, the resultant foam collapses. An alkoxylated amine of molecular weight higher than 6000 is too viscous to be practicable. The preferred molar ratio of dibutyl maleate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone is 1:1, the mixture of dibutyl maleate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone comprising between 5 and 40 weight percent of the reaction mixture, and pref¬ erably 20 weight percent of the reaction mixture. If less than 5 percent is used, the surfactant is ineffective, if more than 40 percent is used, the foam collapses. N-vinyl- 2-pyrrolidone and N-vinyl caprolactam are interchangeable in equivalent quantities, but N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone is * preferred. The capping reaction is carried out with a capping agent. Suitable capping agents include a lower alkyl monocarboxylic acid having 1 to 10 carbon atoms selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, pro- pionic acid, butyric acid, hexαnoic acid, octanoic acid, decanoic acid, isomers of these acids, anhydrides of these acids, acid chloride derivatives of these acids and mix¬ tures thereof. Acetic anhydride is readily obtainable and convenient to use. Similarly aromatic acids, anhydrides and chlorides can be employed. Benzoyl chloride and substituted produces of it such as 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride are examples of these. Alkyl and aromatic iso- cyanates can also be employed. Other factors such as solubility in the surfactant and the solubility of the capped- surfactant with a particular phenolic-resin are considerations of which a practitioner in the art is cognizant in selecting the system which will yield the desired closed cell stabilized foam. Examples of suitable capping agents are acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetyl chloride and 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride, reacted so that the surfactant has a hydroxyl value of less than 50, and preferably less than 10. The preferred capping agent is acetic anhydride. The preferred surfactants useful in the present invention produce a uniform fine-celled foam. Uniformity of cells is determined by visual and microscopic exami¬ nation. The surfactants must produce a fine celled foam. This property is tested by mixing 2 to 5% of the surfac¬ tant with the phenolic composition and producing a foam as described herein. It is interesting to note that a low surface tension of the surfactant in the phenolic- resin is not a prerequisite to obtaining a good foam. The average cell size diameter must be less than.0.2 mm and is preferably less than 0.1 mm (ASTM D-2842) . Fine celled foams can be the means set forth in the invention be rendered closed -cells. The blowing agent is then trapped in the cells. One means of expres¬ sing the containment in the cells of the blowing agent is by use of the k-factor drift value. Unfaced cellular materials containing fluorocarbon gas have initial k- factors in the vicinity of 0.1-0.2 at 24°C. This low value increases over a period of months or sometimes days. The change is expressed as the k-factor drift. The k-factor is measured at a mean temperature of 24°C. The value is redetermined at various time intervals up to about 1000 days. A material exhibiting fast k-drift will attain 2 a k-factor (Btu/hr-°F-ft per inch thickness) of at least 0.2 within 25 days. A slow k-drift material may require between 200 days and over two years to attain a 0.2 value. Any material which possesses a k-value under 0.2 will provide high thermal resistance. Obviously, the longer this value or a lower value is maintained, the better the efficiency of the insulation. Ball, Kurd and Walker have published a com¬ prehensive discussion of k-factor changes as a function of time. (""The Thermal Conductivity of Rigid Urethane Foams,"" J. Cellular Plastics, March/April, 1970, pp 66-78.) F. Norton (""Thermal Conductivity and Life of Polymer Foams,"" J. Cellular Plastics, January, 1967, pp 23-37) has shown that diffusion of fluorocarbon gases out of unfaced foam and infusion of air into the foam causes an increase in k-factor. A slow k-drift foam is defined as one that attains a k-factor ; at 24°C of 0.15-0.17 after 200-400 days and then remains below 0.2 k-factor for 5-10 years. Eventually all fluorocarbon diffuses from, the foam to leave a closed cell material which contains only air in the cells. The k-factor for the closed cell foam containing only air falls in the range of 0.22-0.26 Btu/hr-°F-ft 2 per inch thickness at 24°C for the 2-3 lbs/ft density range. Therefore, if a foam exhibits greater than 0.2 k-factor after a short period of time (less than 25 days) , then substantially all fluorocarbon has diffused from the foam and has been replaced by air. On the other hand, if k-factor remains below 0.2 for at least 100 days then a substantial amount of fluorocarbon gas remains in the closed cells of the foam in spite of infusion °f air. It has been found that capping the surfactant that yields a fine celled foam increases the closed cell content and the initial k-factor is lowered. Moreover, capping and grafting the surfactant yield a fine celled foam with high closed cell content, a low initial k-factor and a low k-drift value. The surfactant is employed in a cell stabilizing amount. Generally the surfactant comprises from 0.05 to 10, and preferably, comprises from 0.1 to 6, weight percent of the composition. Too little surfactant fails to stabilize the foam and too much surfactant is not only wasteful, but also for surfactants having relatively high surface tension (about 35 dynes/cm) may lead to larger cell structure by cell coalescence and the foam may collapse. Branched, non-ionic, capped, grafted sur¬ factants are preferred. As used herein any of the alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and/or alkaryl groups can be substituted with one or more groups that do not. materially affect the physical or chemical properties of the surfactant compound. Examples of substituents include, among others, -F, -Cl, -Br, -CH 3 , and -N0 2 . Referring now to the drawings, and in particular to Figure VIII, there is shown a laminated building panel 10 of the present invention. The building panel 10 com¬ prises a single facing sheet 11 having thereon a cellular material 12 of the present invention. Figure IX shows a building panel 20 having two facing. "" sheets 21 and 22 on either. side of a cellular material 23. Any facing sheet previously employed to produce building panels can be employed in the present invention. Examples of suitable facing sheets include, among others, those of kraft paper, aluminum, and asphalt impregnated felts, as well as laminates of two or more of the above. The invention is further illustrated by the following.examples in which all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. These non-limiting examples are illustrative of certain embodiments designed to teach those skilled in the art how to practice the invention and to represent the best mode contemplated for carrying out the invention. Example 1 This example illustrates the synthesis of a phenolic polymer of Formula I useful in the present invention employing a molar ratio of phenol to o-cresol of 2:1. Amount Item Ingredient grams moles A o-cresol 10,580 98 B paraformaldehyde (93.6%) ■4,743 148 C, sodium hydroxide (50%) 295 3.69 D phenol 18,428 196 E paraformaldehyde 7,917 247 F glacial acetic acid 225 3.75 Items Λ and B are charged to a reaction vessel. Item C is added over a period of fifteen minutes, the temperature rises to 100°-C due to an exothermic reaction x and is maintained at that level for 1 hour. Items D and E are then added and the temperature maintained at 80°C for four and one-half hours. Item F' is then added and the contents of the reaction are termed Resin B. Resin B has a viscosity at 25°C of 29-,500 cps, a free phenol content of 8.1%, and a free water content of 9.1%, a free formaldehyde content of 0.6%, and a free o-cresol content of less than 0.1%. Example 2 This example illustrates the synthesis of a phenolic polymer of Formula I useful in the present invention employing a molar ratio of phenol to ortho- cresol of 4:1. The following quantities of the following ingredients are combined as indicated. Amount Item Ingredient grams moles A o-cresol. 6,901 63.9 B paraformaldehyde (93.5% HCHO) 3,133 97.7 C sodium hydroxide (50% NaOH) 215 2.69 D phenol - 24,025 255.5 E paraformaldehyde 11,350 354.1 F sodium hydroxide (50% NaOH) 215 2.69 G glacial acetic acid 350 . 5.8 Items A and B are charged to a reaction vessel. Item C is added over a period of fifteen minutes, the temperature rises due to the exothermic reaction, to 100°C and is maintained at that level for 1.5 hours. Items D, E, and F are then added and temperature maintained at 80°C for 5 hours. Item G is then added and the contents of the reaction vessel is termed Resin C. Resin C has a viscosity at 25°C of 24,300 cps, a free phenol content of 8.6%, and a free water content of 10.0%, a free formaldehyde content of 2.3%, and a free o-cresol content of less than 0.1%. ""BUREAU OMPI WIP0 - Example 3 This example illustrates the synthesis of a surfactant precursor. Amount Item Ingredient grams moles A ethoxylated propoxylated ethyleennee diamine (Tetronic 704) 800 (0.31)* B N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone 64 0.577 C dibutyl maleate 136 0.596 D azo-bis-isobutyronitrile 4.0 0.02439 E t-butylperbenzoate 2.0 0.01031 Item A is placed is a reaction vessel at 90°C. Item B is placed in a dropping funnel. Items C, D, and E are mixed together and placed in a second dropping funnel. The contents of the two dropping funnels are each concurrently added to the reaction vessel. over a period of one hour while maintaining the temperature at 90°C. The temperature is raised to 140°C for an additional hour to produce a surfactant precursor. Item A has a molecular weight of 2600, has a weight ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide of 40:60, and is available from the BASF Wyandotte Corporation, Wyandotte, Michigan, U.S.A., under the tradename ""TETRONIC 704."" * JWRC Progress Report, Project No. 05-01-03-09, Page 12 ""7.28 x 10 mmoolleess OOHH//gg.."""" = (0.5824 moles OH) P. 12 last line Example 4 This example illustrates the capping of sur¬ factants useful in the present invention. Amount Item Ingredient grams moles A surfactant precursor from Example 3 400 0.154 B acetic anhydride"" 30 0.294 Items A and B are mixed together at room temperature and heated to 100°C for two hours to produce a surfactant useful in the present invention termed Surfactant A. Example 5 This example illustrates the synthesis of foam¬ ing catalysts useful in the present invention. The following quantities of the following ingredients are combined as indicated to produce Catalyst A: Ingredients Quantit Item Name grams A p-toluene sulfonic acid 333 B xylene sulfonic acids 333 C water 333 Items A, B, and C are mixed. The resultant composition is termed Catalyst A. The following quantities of the following ingred¬ ients are combined as indicated to produce Catalyst B: Ingredients Quantity Item Name grams A Ultra TX 667 B water * 333 Items A and B are mixed. The resultant com¬ position is termed Catalyst B. Ultra TX is a mixture of equal parts by weight of p-toluene sulfonic acid and xylene sulfonic acids available from the Witco Chemical Compa y. Example 6 This example illustrates the synthesis of a foam based on 2:1 phenol:o-cresol resoles of the present invention. Item Ingredient 9 : a JE A Resin B 300 B CFC1 3 22.5 C CCl-FCF Cl 22.5 D Surfactant A of Example 4 15 E Catalyst B 40 Items A through E are mixed in an open vessel for 15 seconds. The mixture is then poured into a square paper box twelve inches by twelve inches by five inches tall. A foaming reaction ensues. After a period of about 240-300 seconds the material is rigid. The box and con¬ tents are placed in an oven at 55° to 75°C for a period of ten minutes to one hour. Exar ples 7-12 The procedure of Example 6 is repeated using different surfactants. The characteristics of the sur¬ factant and the resultant foam are shown in Table I. The ""TETRONIC"" series of alkoxylated amines are available from BASF Wyandotte Corp., Wyandotte, Michigan 48192. Compressive strength is measured according to ASTM D-1621. Oxygen Index Value is measured according to ASTM D-2863-74. A typical resultant foam has the following properties: Density 2.4 lbs/ft 2 Thermal Conductivity 0.120 BTU/hr-°F-ft per inch Friability 12% Compressive Strength 30 psi Oxygen Index Value 34 Figure X shows a plot of k ** -factor versus log time. The k-values are plotted on the y-axis (linear scale) and the time in days is plotted on the x-axis (log scale) as described by Ball, Hurd and Walker, supra. Fast k-drift materials attain greater than 0.2 k-factors rapidly as shown by curve 1 which are typically represented by Example 8 of Table I. After the k-factor reaches a value of 0.22 the rate of increase slows, tan- gentially approaching about 0.26. Slow k-drift materials attain less than 0.2 k-values at 1000 days as shown by curve 2 in Figure X, which are typically represented by Example 6 of Table I. It is to be emphasized that these k-values are for 1"" thick unfaced (unlaminated) foam boards. Laminated products have superior properties dependent on the permea¬ bility of the laminating material and the total surface- exposed edge proportions. """"BU O Example 13 . This example illustrates the synthesis of a foam based on 4:1 phenol:o-cresol resole of the present invention. Item Ingredient grams A Resin C 300 B CFC1 3 22.5 C CFC1 CF Cl 22.5 D Surfactant A of Example 4 15 E Catalyst B 35 Items A through E are mixed in an open vessel for 15-20 seconds. The mixture is then poured into a square paper box twelve inches by twelve inches by five inches tall. A foaming reaction ensues. After a period of 300-400 seconds the material is rigid. The box and contents are placed in an oven at 55° to 75°C for a period of ten minutes to one hour. Examples 14-16 The procedure of Example 6 is repeated using different surfactants. The characteristics of the sur¬ factant and resultant foam are shown in Table II. A typical resultant foam has the following pro¬ perties: Density 2.2 lbs/ft Thermal Conductivity 0.13 Btu/hr-°F-ft"" per inch Friability 32% Compressive Strength 25 psi Oxygen Index Value 40 ""BU EAU OMPI P TABLE I PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC FOAMS MADE WITH 2:1 PHENOL:O-CRESOL BASED RESINS Copolymer Example Alkoxylal bed Level Ratio (No.) Amine ( t.ϊ,) RiS. 6 Tetronic 704 20. 40:60 7 Tetronic 702 20 20:80 8 Tetronic 504 20 40:60 9 Tetronic 702 30 20:80 10 Tetronic 704 30 40:60 11 Tetronic 702 10 20:80 12 Tetronic 704 10 40:60 -21- ABLE I (cont) PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC FOAJ-iS HADE WITH 2:1 PHENOL:O-CRESOL BASED RESINS k drift Initial k eiK Example Density (Btu/hr- β F- dLogt .(No.) (lb/ft J ) ft 2 per inch ■ i (x iθ3) •6 2.4 0.120 6 7 2.3 0.128 ' 5 8 2.3 * 30 9 2.3 0.128 9 10 2"".7 0.128 9 11 2.6 0.13 24 12 2.6 0.128 9 r 0.44 on p. 34 of JWRC report TABLE II PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC FOAMS MADE WITH 4 : 1 PHENOL : 0-CRESOL BASED RESINS Copolymer Example Alkoxylated Level Ratio (Wo. . ) Amine (Wt.-l) Eϋ. 14 Tetronic 704 20 40:60 15 Tetronic 704 20 40:60 16 Tetronic 702 ' 20 20:80 ""BU O TABLE II (cont) PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC FOAMS MADE WITH 4:1 PHENOL:0-CRESOL BASED RESINS k drift I.nitial k • dx Example Density ' (Btu/hr-°F- dLoσt Ciatalyst B ■ ( Wo.) (Ib/ft3)_ ft2 per inch) (x 10 3 ) phr 14 2.2 0.13 9 11.7 15 2.3 0.13 5 13.3 16 2.3 0.12 5 11.7 ""BUREAU O PI Although the invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to "" certain preferred embodiments thereof/ it will be understood that varia¬ tions and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described above and as defined in the appended claims.";"What is claimed is: 1. A closed cell foam material comprising the reaction product of: A. phenolic-resin foam forming reactants, B. a blov/ing agent, C. a surfactant which is the capped reaction product of: I. an alkoxylated amine of Formula VI wherein: (a) R_ is an alkoxylated chain of Formula VII, (b) n is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, (c) the ratio p:q is 15:85 to 85:15 with II. a copolymerizable mixture of dialkyl maleate and a member selected from the group con¬ sisting of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-vinyl caprolactam. 2. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the phenolic resin foam forming reactants comprise phenol and an ortho-cresol-phenol block copolymer. 3. The closed cell foam material of Claim 2 wherein the ratio of phenol to ortho-cresol in the phenolic resin is 1:1.5 to 10:1. 4. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the surfactant is capped with acetic anhydride. 5. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the surfactant has a hydroxyl value of less than 50. 6. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the blowing agent is present in an amount sufficient * to give the resultant foam a density of 0.5 to 10 pounds per cubic foot. 7. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the blowing agent comprises 1 to 30 weight percent of the foam material. 8. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the surfactant comprises from 0.05 to 10 weight percent of the foam material. 9. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the alkoxylated amine has a molecular weight between 1500 and 6000. 10. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the copolymerizable mixture comprises 5 to 40 weight percent based on the weight of the capped reaction product. 11. The closed cell foam material of Claim 1 wherein the alkyl of the dialkyl maleate has 1 to 5 carbon atoms. 12. A closed cell foam material of Claim 1 comprising the reaction product of: A. an alkylol group containing phenolic polymer of Formula I wherein: (a) R is H0CH-, hydrogen, or a radical of Formula II, 2 (b) the R 's are independently selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl, phenyl, benzyl, halo, nitro and hydrogen, (c) the R 's are independently selected from the group consisting of H0CH-, hydrogen, and a radical of Formula II, R 4 4 (d) The R 's are independently selected from the cjroup consisting of lower alkyl, hydrogen, phenyl, benzyl, and furyl, (e) x is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, (f) the phenolic polymer has a molec¬ ular weight between 200 and 2000, B. a compound of Formula V wherein the weight ration of B:A is 1:30 to 1:2, C. a blowing agent in a minor amount sufficient to foam the reaction mixture, and D. a surfactant which is the reaction product of I. an alkoxylated amine of Formula VI v/herein: (a) R5 is an alkoxylated chain of Formula . VII, (b) n is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, (c) the ratio p:q is 15:85 to 85:15, (d) the molecular weight of the alkoxylated amine is 1500 to 6000, and II. a copolymerizable mixture of dialkyl maleate and a member selected from the group consisting of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-vinyl capro- . lactam, III. a capping agent selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetyl chloride, and 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride, so that the surfactant has a hydroxyl value less than 10. 13. A closed cell foam material of Claim 1 comprising the reaction product of: A. a methylol group containing phenolic polymer of Formula III wherein: (a) R is HOCH 2 ~, hydrogen or a radical of Formula IV, (b) the R 's are independently selected from the group consisting of HOCH -, hydrogen and a radical of Formula IV, (c) x is an integer from 3 to 6 inclusive, (d) the phenolic polymer has a molec¬ ular weight between 300 and 1500, B. phenol, wherein the weight ratio of B:A is 1:20 to 1:5, C. a blowing agent in a minor amount sufficient to foam the reaction mixture, D. a surfactant which is the reaction product of: 'I. an alkoxylated amine of Formula VI wherein: (a) R is an alkoxylated chain of Formula VII, (b) n is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, (c) the ratio p:q is 20:80 to 60:40, (d) the molecular weight of the alkoxylated amine is 1800 to 2800, II. a copolymerizable mixture of dibutyl maleate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone wherein the copolymerizable mixture comprises 20 weight percent based on the v/eight of the reaction product, and the molar ratio of dibutyl maleate to N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone is 1:1, III. acetic anhydride, wherein the surfactant has a hydroxyl value less than 10. -3tf- 14. A process for producing a closed cell foam material, said process comprising reacting phenolic-resin foam forming reactants in the presence of a blowing agent and a surfactant which is the capped reaction product of: I. an alkoxylated chain of Formula VI wherein: (a) R- * -"" is an alkoxylated chain of Formula VII, (b) n is an integer from 2 to , 10 inclusive, (c) the ratio p:q is 15:85 to 85:15 with II. a copolymerizable mixture of dialkyl maleate and a member selected from the group consisting of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-vinyl caprolactam. 15. A process for producing a closed cell foam material, said process comprising reacting phenolic-resin foam forming reactants in the presence of a blowing agent and a surfactant which is the reaction product of: I. an alkoxylated amine of Formula VI wherein: (a) R is an alkoxylated chain of Formula VII, (b) n is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, (c) the ratio p:q is 20:80 to 60:40, (d) the molecular weight of the alkoxylated amine is 1800 to 2800, II. a copolymerizable mixture of dibutyl maleate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone wherein the copoly¬ merizable mixture comprises 20 weight percent based on the weight of the reaction product, and the molar ratio of dibutyl maleate to N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone is 1:1, III. acetic anhydride, wherein the surfactant has a hydroxyl value less than 10. 16. A laminated structural panel having at least one facing sheet and having the closed cell foam material of Claim 1 adhering to it. 17. A surfactant which is the capped reaction product of: I. an alkoxylated amine of Formula VI wherein: (a) R ** - 5 is an alkoxylated chain of Formula VII, (b) n is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, (c) the ratio p:q is 15:85 to 85:15 with II. a copolymerizable mixture of dialkyl maleate and a member selected from the group consisting of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and N-vinyl caprolactam. 18. A surfactant which is the reaction product of: I. an alkoxylated amine of Formula VI wherein: (a) R is an alkoxylated chain of Formula VII, (b) n is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, (c) the ratio p:q is 20:80 to 60:40, (d) the molecular weight of the alkoxylated amine is 1800 to 2800, II. a copolymerizable mixture of dibutyl maleate and N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone wherein the copoly¬ merizable mixture comprises 20 weight percent based on the weight of the reaction product, and the molar ratio of dibutyl maleate to N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone is 1:1, III. acetic anhydride, wherein the surfactant has a hydroxyl value less than 10. . sAι wi p o -";BEALE J, MOSS E;CELOTEX CORP;1978
+WO-1979000164-A1;19790405.0;19780929;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25275654.0;B65D27;B65D27;B65D27;B65D  27/04, B65D  27/06;REVERSIBLE ENVELOPE;A blank for a returnable envelope has a main panel (4) with a window (18) and end (16) and side flaps (10, 14). One of the side flaps (10) has a return address (24) on one face of the blank and releasable adhesive (22) on the other face along the outer edge. The other side flap (14) has a moisture activatable adhesive (30) along its outer edge (28) and end edges (26) on the same face of the blank as the return address. The blank can be folded to form an envelope, stuffed with an enclosure and releasably sealed, all by automatic machinery, then opened without tearing or severing any part and reversely folded and sealed for return mailing with the return address visible through the window.;"REVERSIBLE ENVELOPE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention is in the field of stationery and particularly remailable envelopes. The concept of providing an envelope that can be closed and mailed and one whereby the receiver may then open the envelope to obtain its contents and use the same envelope for a return mailing is old and many attempts have been made to provide a satisfactory envelope capable of such use. It is desirable to be able to use the same envelope for return mailing to conserve paper, which becomes an expensive item where a great number of mailing are made from, for example, business establishments in billing their customers. It is further desirable that the first mailings be capable of being- handled, that is, formed into an envelope stuffed with an enclosure and closed for mailing all by automatic machinery. It is further desirable that such mailings be capable of being reused for return to the sender. An example of a returnable envelope is shown in the patent to "" Harvey No. 877,330 where the main panel of his envelope is provided with interlocking end flaps and a top and bottom flap. For the first mailing the bottom flap is folded up over the end flaps, then the top flap is folded downwardly and adhered to the bottom flap by adhesive provided on one face of the envelope material. The bottom flap is provided with adhesive material on the other face of the sheet so that it underlies the top flap when the latter is sealed for the first mailing. The recipient opens the letter by severing the top flap along the edge of the adhesive material and the envelope can then be used for remailing by reversible folding of all flaps against the other face of the sheet material and the bottom flap then is folded last and its adhesive material used to seal the envelope. In both the first and second mailings, however, the adhesive is permanent and the flap must be actually severed to provide access to the contents thus leaving its severed edge inside the remailed envelope. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a blank for an envelope capable of being handled entirely by automatic machinery and yet which can be reused for return mailing without ever severing or separating any portions of the blank. In general, the invention relates to a business envelope having a window therein and the sender's return address printed on a flap which address appears on the outside of the envelope for the first mailing but when the blank is reversed for return mailing, the address appears in the window as the address to which it is then to be sent. For the first mailing the envelope is closed by releasable adhesive means which may be a row of small spots of adhesive or a pressure sensitive adhesive that may be readily released without tearing the material of the envelope. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a view of a blank for forming an envelope showing one face thereof; and FIG. 2 is a view of the other face of the blank of FIG. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In the drawings, numeral 2 designates generally a blank of sheet material, such as paper, defining a rectangular main panel 4 having end flaps 6 extending from its ends and being integrally joined thereto along fold lines 8. The lines 8 may be score lines to facilitate folding but such score lines are not essential. An integral top flap 10 is foldabl , joined to the upper edge of the main panel 4 along a fold line 12 and an integral bottom flap 14 is foldably joined to the lower edge of the main panel along a fold line 16. The main panel 4 is also provided with a window opening 18 therein. The window 18 may be a transparent portion of the sheet from which the blank is formed. Such windows are well known and need not be further described. The upper flap 10 is provided, along its free edge 20 with a row of relatively small spots 22 of a readily releasable adhesive material. Many such ' materials are known and need not be described in greater detail except to point out that they may be in the nature of a more or less permanent or moisture activatable adhesive or they may be in the nature of a pressure sensitive adhesive material. As shown in FIG. 2, the upper flap 10 is provided on the face opposite the face appearing in FIG. 1 with a return address indicated at 24. The return address is so positioned on the flap 10 that when the latter is folded downwardly over the upper face of the upper panel, as seen in FIG. 2, that address will be visible through the window 18. As also shown in FIG. 2, the lower flap 14 is preferably of a truncated triangular shape having slanted end edges 26 and an outer or free edge 28. On that face of the blank appearing uppermost in FIG. 2, the flap 14 is provided with a row of adhesive material 30 extending along its free edge 28 and at least part way along the end edges 26. It is to be noted that the adhesive 30 is on the opposite face of the blank from the adhesive materials 22 previously referred to. The adhesive 30 ""may be and preferably is a permanent type of adhesive, for example, a moisture activatable adhesive of well known type. As also shown in the drawings, the face of flap 14 shown uppermost in FIG. 1 is provided with a plurality of spots 31 of a releasable adhesive of the type previously referred to. Also, the other side of end flaps 6, as seen in FIG. 1, which is the upper side of those flaps, as seen in FIG. 2, is shown as also being provided with a plurality of spots of readily releasable adhesive 31. The spots 31 on flap 14 and those on end flaps 6 are positioned so that when the flap 14 overlies a flap 6 the adhesive on one will ' engage the face of the other. It is to be understood, however, that the adhesive on the end flaps may be omitted and only that on flap 14 employed or on the other hand the adhesive may be omitted from flap 14 and only those spots on end flaps 6 being employed, all for the purpose to be described later. It will be further seen from the drawings that the upper edges of the end flaps 6, that is, those edges opposite the fold line 16 and adjacent fold line 12 are so configured that when those flaps are folded inwardly over the main panel 4, an elongated portion of the latter adjacent the fold line 12 is exposed above the upper edges of the end flaps. The lower flap 14 is so dimensioned that the distance between fold line 16 and outer edge 28 is no greater than the distance between fold lines 12 and 16 and yet great enough so that the adhesive 30 along the edge 28 will lie between the upper edges of end flaps 6 and the fold line 12. It is further to be noted that the end flaps 6 are provided with a stepped region 32 along their upper edges and when those end flaps are folded inwardly over the main panel 4, the upper edges of the steps 32 coincide with the end portions of edge 28 and the ends of edge 28 coincide with points 34 at the inner ends of the stepped regions 32 on the upper edges of the end flaps. As stated previously, the blank disclosed and claimed herein is particularly well adapted for handling by automatic machinery. For example, the blank as shown in the drawings may be formed and handled by automatic machinery and further processed by such machinery by folding the end flaps 6 upward and inwardly, as seen in FIG. 1, to overlie panel 4. Then, lower flap 14 can be folded forwardly and upwardly to overlie the flaps 6 and the releasable ■ BUREAlT _ OMPI •.A*. WIPO adhesive spots 31 caused to hold the flap 14 to the end flaps 6 to form an envelope. It is to be noted that the end portions of the edge 28 of flap 14 will coincide with the upper surfaces of the steps 32, thus defining a more or less continuous upper edge for the envelope which will facilitate automatic or machine stuffing of enclosures into the envelope. The envelopes thus formed may be supplied to the purchaser in bulk and are in condition to be easily stuffed with a suitable enclosure, all by automatic machinery. Machines for inserting enclosures into envelopes are well known and need not be described. The enclosure placed in the envelope should include an address portion positioned to be visible through the window 18 and thereafter the upper flap 10 is folded downwardly and its releasable adhesive spots 22 then engage and adhere to the outer surface of flap 14 on the back of the envelope. The filled and closed envelope is then ready for its first mailing. When the customer receives the envelope containing the described enclosure, the same may be easily opened by merely lifting the flap 10 from flap 14 and thus parting or releasing the adhesive 22 and lifting flap 14 by separating the releasable adhesive 31 without tearing or severing any part of the blank whereupon the envelope may be readily unfolded to the position shown in FIG. 1. The customer may then remove the enclosure. Assuming that the enclosure is a monthly bill, the customer may then prepare his remittance and prepare the envelope for remailing. To remail the envelope-the blank is turned over from the position of FIG. 1 to the position of FIG. 2 and the top flap 10 is first folded down¬ wardly to overlie the main panel whereby the return address becomes visible through window 18 and becomes the address to which the envelope is to be remailed. The customer then places his check or other enclosure over that flap, then fold the end flaps upwardly and inwardly to overlie his enclosure. As will be obvious, after the end flaps 6 are folded inwardly as described, that portion of the upper surface of flap 10 adjacent the fold line 12 will be exposed whereupon the adhesive 30 on lower flap 14 may be moistened or otherwise treated and the flap folded to overlie the end flaps 6 whereupon the adhesive 30 along edge 28 may be adhered to the exposed portion of flap 10 and the portions of the adhesive along edges 26 engage and adhere to the end flaps 6, thus forming a securely sealed envelope for remailing. While a single specific form of the invention has been shown, it is to be understood that other forms may be devised falling within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.";"I claim: 1. A blank for forming a reversible and returnable envelope, comprising: a sheet of material defining a main panel of generally rectangular shape; an end flap foldably joined to each end of said main panel; a first flap foldably joined to one side edge of said main panel; a second flap foldably joined to the other side edge of said main panel; the outer edge portion of said first flap having means thereon on one face of said blank for releasably securing said first flap to said second flap, the outer edge portion of said second flap having adhesive extending therealong on the other face of said blank; said main panel having a window therethrough; and said first flap having a space for a return address thereon, on said other face of said blank in position to appear through said window when said first flap is folded to overlie said main \ panel on said other face of said blank. • B 2. A blank as defined in claim 1 wherein the upper edges of said end flaps are so configured that, when folded over said main panel, they leave exposed a portion of said main panel adjacent said one side edge of said main panel and the width of said second flap being such that, when folded over said end flaps, said moisture activatable adhesive lies between said upper edges of said end flaps and the adjacent edge of said main panel. 3. A blank as defined in claim 2 wherein said moisture activatable adhesive extends also along at least portions of end edges of said second flap. 4. A blank as described in claim 1 wherein said releasable adhesive means is a pressure "" sensitive adhesive. 5. A blank as defined in claim 1 wherein said releasable adhesive means comprises a plurality of spots of adhesive material. 6. A blank as defined in claim 1 wherein said further releasable adhesive means comprises at least one spot of adhesive material on said second flap on said one face of said blank. 7. A blank as defined in claim 1 wherein said further releasable adhesive means comprises at least one spot of adhesive material on said end flaps on said other face of said blank. 8. A blank as defined in claim 1 wherein said end flaps are configured to have upper edge portions coincident with the outer edge portions of said second flap when said second and end flaps overlie said main panel. -BU REA U O PI λ , W1 P0 A """;YALE R;YALE R;1978
+WO-1979000173-A1;19790405.0;19781002;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25277905.0;G02B3;;F24J2, G02B3, G02B5;F24J   2/08B, G02B   3/08, G02B   5/04A;LENTICULATED LENS;A lens (10) based on the concentration of electro-magnetic radiation through combined reflective and refractive properties of the lens (10). In one form of the lenticulated lens (10), radiation impinges and is transmitted through a substantially planar frontal surface (18). The incident radiation subsequent to being transmitted through the frontal surface (18) impinges on a rear inclined surface (26) forming a portion of the lenticulated rear surface (20) of the lens (10). The ray is reflected from the mirror coated inclined surface (26) and is egressed from the frontal surface (18) and is refracted to a focus line (F). The incident rays (12) impinging on the frontal surface (18) are thus directed to the linear focus line (F) when the lenticulations of the lens (10) are linearly directed. By providing refraction and reflection passage of the incident rays (12) from and through the lens (10), the reflected portion of the incident ray (12) which is focused to a line focus (F) is maximized.;"LENTICULATED LENS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the field of electro-mag¬ netic radiation concentrating systems. In particular, this invention pertins to the field of lenses. Still further, this invention relates to the field of refract¬ ing mirror type lenses. More in particular, this in¬ vention relates to the field of Fresnel type lenses modified to provide both refraction and reflection of incident radiation impinging on the lens. PRIOR ART Multi-lenticulated lenses are known 'in the art. Additionally, Fresnel type lenses for producing either a line focus or a point focus are also known in the prior art. However, Fresnel type lenses when utilizing linear lenticulations have been provided as reflecting surfaces. In such prior art lenses, the inclined surfaces facing the source of the incident radiation have been mirror coated to provide a direct reflection mode of the radia¬ tion to either a point focus or a line focus. In such prior art lenses, the reflected radiation has been inter¬ fered with by successive lenticulation walls thus reducing the amount of reflected energy which is either directed to the line or point focus. This has caused a low efficiency of the concentration effect of the useful incident radiation Additionally, in prior art Fresnel type reflecting lenses, the inclined surfaces facing the source of radiation provides a series of surfaces which are exposed to the OMPI ambient environment and has been found to be contaminated with various particulates. Where the inclined surfaces are mirror coated, extreme care "" must be taken when clean¬ sing such surfaces. This cleansing of the surfaces is a difficult and time consuming operation which increases the overall operation cost of such lens configurations. -WR AtT OMPI BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a multi-lenticulated lens showing the incident radiation impinging on a planar surface prior to transmission through the lens and re¬ flection from a rear inclined surface; FIG. 2 is a section view of one lenticulation of the lens provided in FIG. 1, taken along the section line 2-2; FIG. 3 is an embodiment of the lens shown in FIG. 1, taken in perspective view providing a refractive Fresnel type lens mounted on a planar mirrored surface; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a lens having circular lenticulations and a planar surface upon which incident radiation impinges and is refracted to a rear inclined mirrored surface; FIG. 5 is a perspective of an embodiment of the inven¬ tion showing a frontal linearly lenticulated surface having a mirror coating rear surface of planar contour; FIG. 6 is a sectional view of FIG. 5 taken along the section line 6-6; FIG. 7 is an embodiment of the invention showing a lenticulated surface frontally directed toward a source of radiation and having a mirrored back with arcuately formed lenticulations; FIG. 8 is a lens system taken in perspective showing a pair of lenticulated lenses utilizing both refraction and reflection modes of radiation transmission; and, FIG. 9 is an embodiment of. the invention taken in perspective showing a pair of lenticulated lenses having orthogonally extended lenticulations when taken each with respect to the other. IjU EAtT O PI DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, there is shown multi- lenticulated lens 10 for reflecting incident electro¬ magnetic radiation 12 from a source S to a linearly di¬ rected focus F through reflected radiation 14. In overall concept, multi-lenticulated lens 10 is directed to a system for the concentration of electro-magnetic radia¬ tion to a focus line F or a focal point through use of optical refraction in combination with optical reflection.- Thus, lens 10 is utilized for concentration of reflected radiation 14 to some line or point spatially located frontally of lens 10 as defined by frontal directional arrow 16. However, it is an important concept of the subject inventive system that incident electro-magnetic radiation 12 is not merely reflected from multi-lenticulate lens 10 to linear focus F but rather is provided with an initial refraction, reflection from a predetermined sur¬ face of lens 10 before emerging from an internal segment of lens 10 to result in reflected radiation 14. Lens 10 as is herein described is of the Fresnel type. In this meaning, as is provided in the instant inventive concept, Fresnel type lenses shall include a lens system which has a plurality of lenticulations formed within at least one surface portion thereof. The lenticulations of the Fresnel type lens, as will be seen in following paragraphs, may be linearly .directed or may be arcuate for some embodiments as is herein described. One of the important uses of the lens system as is herein provided is in solar heat concentration areas of concern. In this vein, the source S may be the sun and focal line F may be in general any heat concentrating focus line where a multiplicity of incident radiation rays 12 may be focused. ■ Thus, lens 10 may be utilized in a solar tracking system utilizing conventional kine¬ matic mechanisms to focus reflected rays 14 into a particular focus line F. Lens 10 may be fixed, such as on the wall of a building, to redirect focused rays im¬ pinging on the lens 10 from a heliostat system. ""BU EAfT O PI Lens 10 as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 includes frontal surface 18 which is at least partially transmissive to incident radiation 12. Frontal surface 18 may be planar in contour throughout the plane of surface 18. Addi¬ tionally, when Fresnel type lens 10 is utilized for solar energy reflection, frontal surface 18 is generally maintained in a plane normal to incident radiation 12. Additionally, it is to be understood, that a lens system may be formed of a plurality of frontal surfaces 18, at least one of which being inclined at a predetermined angle. to solar flux radiation rays 12. Lens 10 includes rear surface 20 formed of a plurality of linearly directed lenticulations 22. As can be seen from FIG. 1, lenticulations 22 extend linearly in trans¬ verse direction 24. Rear surface 20 as defined by lenti¬ culations 22 include inclined surfaces 26 when taken with respect to a planr defined by frontal surface 18 and a plurality of surface areas 28 defining the boundary be¬ tween one lenticulation 22 and a successive lenticulation 22. For purposes of illustration, surfaces 28 of FIGS. IJU E OMP wip 1-9 are depicted as being vertically directed. However, it is to be understood that the concept as herein pre¬ sented is meant to encompass surfaces 28 being possibly inclined with respect to frontal plane 18 as well. Each of inclined surfaces 26 is adapted to reflect radiation. Inclined surfaces 26 may be mirror coated with a'high reflective aluminum or some like mechanism to provide a substantially mirror-like reflection coating. Addi¬ tionally, inclined surfaces 26 are seen in FIGS. 1 and 2 to be linearly inclined with respect to a plane defined by frontal surface 18. However, it will be understood, that inclined surfaces 26 may be arcuately inclined in the form of a parabola or some like arcuate contour. In a similar manner, surfaces 28 may additionally be adapted to reflect radiation with a mirror-like coating. The reflection properties associated with surfaces 28 are particularly advantageous when surfaces 28 are in¬ clined as has hereinbefore been described. The provision of providing a planar frontal surface ijυREATr O PI 18 and a lenticulated rear surface 20 which is mirror coated in a Fresnel lens 10 is particularly advantageous when lens 10 is utilized in a sun tracking system. It is understood that lens 10 may be exposed to the surround¬ ing ambient atmosphere. Thus, frontal surface 18 may become contaminated with dust particulates or other contamination type particles evolving in the surrounding atmosphere. It is thus particularly advantageous to provide a planar type frontal surface 18 exposed to such contaminants in order that surface 18 may be easily cleansed or otherwise have such particulates removed from an optical surface. Additionally, the reflecting surfaces 26 are essentially facing the internal portion of lens 10 and are not subjected to particulate contami¬ nation. If inclined surfaces 26 were exposed to the ambient atmosphere, it is clearly seen that the cleaning process due to the lenticulations 22 would be increasing¬ ly difficult. Still further, it is clearly seen that inclined surfaces 26 would present a cleansing problem OMP * • WIP due to the fact that as an overall surface, rear sur¬ face 20 is non-planar. Of further consideration and most importantly, the back mirror coatings applied to inclined surfaces 26 defines a unique change in the optical properties of incident and reflected radiation rays 12 and 14 respec¬ tively. It has been found, that where frontal surface 18 is the lenticulated surface and particularly where this lenticulated surface is the reflecting surface, that reflected radiation 14 is diminished in flux den¬ sity when focus line F measurements are made. This is caused by the fact that a large portion of reflected radiation rays 14 are lost in that their linear path is obstructed by a next vertical surface 18 of a next consecutive lenticulation 22. This has the effect of reducing the amount of incident radiation 12 emanating from source S which is focused on linear line F. FIG. 2 is a schematic optical ray diagram showing the path of incident radiation ray 12 impinging on frontal surface 18 resulting in transmission ray 30 passing through the width of lens 10 for impingement and reflection from inclined surface 26 which is mirror coated. Transmission ray 30 is transformed after re¬ flection into transmission/reflection ray 32 and results in reflected radiation 14 after passage through the width of lens 10. As is evident, when surface 18 is normal to ray 12, transmission ray 30 is not refracted upon passage therethrough. As is seen in FIG. 2, the letter characters CDE defines the cross-section triangular configuration of one lenticulation. Inclined surface 26 is mirror coated in conformity with the instant concept and the portion of planar frontal member 18 defined by the extension CE is optically transmissive. Incident radiation 12 impinges substantially normal to frontal planar member 18 and passes through with no refraction due to the substantially normal impingement. Reflection of ray 30 from surface 26 occurs at re¬ flection point A. Due to the geometry of the system • WRE O PI . AT- W1P0 and the well-known reflection laws, it is seen that: θ, + α = 90° θ. (1) Construction line 27 is formed perpendicular to in^ clined surface 26 and intersects same at point A. Thus, from equation (1) it is evident that: BAI α (2) Formation of construction line IJ parallel to line HA intersects frontal member 18 at radiation egress point I. From plane geometry: ' ^ AlJ = < iHAI (3) and: L HAI = ^ HAB + <X BAI + α = 2α (4) ""gυREA / - OMPI From Snell's Law: N = SIN SIN z SIN (AIJ) SIN (2α) (N) SIN 2α = SIN = X X^ + f α = 1_ 2N {SIN *1 { X } } (5) This defines the lenticulation of the subject concept. In opposition, where the lenticulation sides are mirrored and pure reflection occurs the lenticulation is seen to be: α {SIN -1 { P 2 χ2 + f2 }} Thus, by inspection of equations 5 and 6, it is seen that lenticulations are less than to provide a more P focused radiation image for the subject concept. OM Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown another embodiment of the basic lens 10 as provided in FIGS. 1 and 2. In this embodiment, lens system 34 is composed of refractive Fresnel type lens 36 in combination with planar member 38. Planar member 38 includes a mirror coated frontal surface 40 or. mirror coated rear surface 40 for reflection purposes. Planar member 40 inter¬ faces with refractive Fresnel type lens 36 at least some of the apices 42 of lenticulations 22 extending in direction 24. In this lens system 34, inclined, sur¬ faces 26' are substantially transmissive to radiation 12. Thus, incident radiation 12 from source S generally passes through up frontal planar surface 18, is trans¬ mitted to lower inclined surface 26', then passes through a refraction until it is reflected from mirror surface 40 or 41 of planar member 38 wherein it is reversibly passed through refractive Fresnel lens 36 to be emitted as reflected ray 14. * - This embodiment as shown in FIG. 3 includes an addi¬ tional refractive passage of the radiation in that the radiation is emitted from inclined surfaces 26' through a medium such as air to reflective surface 40 and -then is displaced reversibly into lens 36. However, it has been found that there is slight diminution of the focused radiation flux on linear focus line F in this embodiment. Referring now to FIG. 4 there is shown an embodiment of the invention where the concept of refraction and re¬ flecting rays utilized in combination are provided to redirect an incident electro-magnetic radiation ray 12 from a source S to a reflected radiation ray 14 on a point focus F'. In this embodiment, circularly lenti¬ culated lens 44 is utilized for refraction and reflection of incident radiation 12. Circularly lenticulated lens 44 includes frontal surface 46 and rear lenticulated sur¬ face 48. Frontal surface 46 is generally planar in contour and lies in a plane substantially normal to radiation rays 12 from source S when circularly lenticulated lens 44 is utilized in solar reflection uses. Rear surface 48 in¬ cludes arcuately directed lenticulations 50 which are - lJ O defined by inclined reflective surfaces 52 and wall members 54. As was the case of surfaces 28 shown in FIG. 1 wall members 54 may be inclined with respect to a horizontal plane. Inclined surfaces 52 may be adapted to reflect electro-magnetic radiation through a mirror coating such as a highly polished aluminum or some like material and/or technique well-known in the art. ' The advantages found in the utilization of circularly lenti¬ culated lens 44 is similar to those advantages as has hereinbefore been provided when a description of multi- lenticulated lens 10 having linearly directed lenticula- tions 22 were discussed. In this lens system 44, incident radiation 12 is initially passed through substantially transmissive surface 46 and is transmitted to mirror coated surfaces 52 of rear surface 48. The refracted ray is then reflected from inclined surfaces 52 and exits frontal surface 46 as reflected electro-magnetic wave 14. As was the case in lens 10 of FIGS. 1 and 2 , circularly lenticulated lens 44 may be provided with a planar member IJU E TT 0MP1 _Arr WIPO Λ>> interfacing with apices 56. The planar member although not shown may be mirror coated in much the same manner as planar member 38 shown in FIG. 3. In this case, there would be an additional refractive phase of electro¬ magnetic radiation with some loss of focusing at focus point F'. However, this loss of the focusing point F 1 may be advantageous in that inclined surfaces 52 which may be linear or parabolic in nature would not have to be mirror coated and thus there would be a lower manufac¬ turing cost. Referring now to FIGS. 5 and 6, there is shown a still further embodiment of the inventive concept where radiation concentration is affected through use of both a refractive and reflective transport mode to produce a linear focusing F. In FIGS. 5 and 6, Fresnel type lens 58 includes lenti¬ culated frontal surface 60 and opposing rear surface 62. Frontal surface 60 includes a plurality of linearly directed lenticulations 64 in transverse direction 24. Further, frontal surface 60 includes inclined radiation transmissive OMPI ArrL W1P0 surfaces 65 to permit passage of incident radiation 12 therethrough. Surfaces or walls 66 may be vertically directed or formed at some angle to planar rear surface . 62. Rear surface 62 is adapted to reflect refracted rays 68 through a mirror backed coating such as polished alumi¬ num or some like material. In this embodiment, it is seen that incident electro-magnetic radiation 12 after passage through inclined surface 65 becomes refracted ray 68 which is then reflected from rear surface 62 to produce refracted/reflected ray 70 before emergence from inclined surface 65 to form reflected ray 14. As was the case in the preferred concepts shown in FIGS. 1-4, Fresnel type lens 58 may be formed in one piece formation of an optically refractive type of material such as glass, plastic, or some like material. FIG. 7 shows a circularly lenticulated Fresnel type lens 72 which is analogous to Fresnel type lens 58 in the same manner as lens 44 shown in FIG. 4 is in relation to lens 10 provided in FIGS. ' 1 and 2. Circularly lenticu¬ lated lens 72 of FIG. 7 includes planar mirror coated back or rear surface 74 having lenticulations 76 of an arcuate nature or contour to provide focusing to a point focus in opposition to the line focus F shown in FIGS. 5 and 6. The reflection/refraction optical parameters for circularly lenticulated lens 72 are similar to those provided for linearly directed lens 58. .Although in FIGS. 5-7, frontal surfaces 60 and 78 are lenticulated and exposed to the ambient environment, it is noted that the mirrored surfaces 62 and 74 are not exposed and thus such may be maintained in a relatively easily cleansed fashion compared to the frontal surfaces themselves being mirror coated. Once again, in the embodiments shown in FIGS. 5-7, there is a lower amount of radiation which is impinged or blocked by successive or consecutively spaced lenticulation surfaces when taken with respect to the lenticulated surfaces themselves being mirror coated. This has the effect of increasing the radiation concentra- tion at either a point or ' a line focus. Referring now to FIGS. 1-3, it is to be understood that planar surface 18 may additionally be linearly lenticulated in a direction coincident with the lenticu¬ lations 22. Further, in FIGS. 5 and 6, surface 62 may be lenticulated in a direction coincident with lenticu¬ lations 65. Similarly, in FIG. 4, surface 46 may be formed of arcuately directed lenticulations and mirrored surface 74 of FIG. 7 may include similarly directed arcuate lenticulations. Referring now to FIG. 8,.there is shown combined lens system 80 including frontal lens 82 and rear lens 84. As will be seen in following paragraphs, combined lens system 80 is provided for ultimate reflection of incident electro-magnetic radiation 12 from source S to a focus point F' by reflected radiation ray 14. Frontal lens 82 includes a plurality of linearly directed lenticulations 88 formed in transverse direction 24. Rear lens 84 is mounted to rear surface 90 of frontal lens 82 in contiguous - B URE U O PI mating contact through adhesive bonding or some like technique. It is to be understood that particular refrac¬ tive materials may be inserted between frontal lens 82 and rear lens 84 within interstices 85 shown in FIG. 8. Frontal lens 82 is optically or radiation transmissive to provide a refraction of incident ray 12 in passage through frontal lens 82. Rear lens 84 includes a plurality of linear lenticula¬ tions 92 passing in longitudinal direction 86. Although lenticulations 92 of rear lens 84 are generally linearly . directed substantially normal or perpendicular to the extension direction of lenticulations 88 of frontal lens 82, it is within the scope of the concept as herein des¬ cribed to permit lenticulations 92 and 88 to be formed at any predetermined angle between coincidence of the lenticulations and perpendicularity of the lenticulations. It has been found that through the use of a pair of mu¬ tually angled lenticulation directions of frontal lens 82 and rear lens 84, that incident electro-magnetic IJUR OM _As IP radiation 12 may be focused to a point focus F 1 . Rear lens 84 includes rear surface 94 which is generally planar in contour and is mirror coated through highly polished aluminum deposition or some like material. Lens system 80 thus provides a system whereby the reflec¬ tive properties of a lens may be utilized in combination with refractive concepts as has hereinbfore been described to produce a concentration of reflected rays 14 to a point focus F 1 . Combined lens system 80 is of significance since linearly directed lenticulations such as those pro¬ vided by 88 ""and 92 are of a low cost consideration manu¬ facturing item. Such linear lenticulations may be formed by embossing or in large plane contours may be formed by mill cutting, pressing, rolling, or other means which is inexpensive when compared to circular engraving or other arcuate contours which are now provided for forma¬ tion of Fresnel type lenses in directing incident radia¬ tion to a point focus. As is evident, rear lens 84 may be frontally directed - II EACΓ O PI toward source S and be provided as a completely refrac¬ tive type lens. In this type of case, frontal lens 82 would then be displaced rearward from source S and in¬ clined surfaces 96 would be mirror coated for reflection of refracted radiation rays. It has been found ' that this arrangement of lenses 82 and 84 also provides for focus to a focus point F*. The important consideration being that combined lens system 80 utilizes two lens 82 and 84 having linearly directed lenticulations 88 and 92 which are inclined each with respect to the other. The mutually inclined lenticulations 88 and 92 when pro¬ vided with one lens 82 or 84 being refractive in nature and a second lens 82 or 84 having a surface reflection area, provides for the advantages of maximizing the in¬ cident radiation 12 into a concentrated reflected ray 14 at a focus point F 1 . FIG. 9 is directed to an embodiment of combined lens system 80 shown in FIG. 8 where lenticulations 98 and 100 of matingly interfacing lenses 102 and 104 are ortho- gonally displaced each with respect to the other. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, lenses 102 and 104 matingly engage along an interface line defining planar contours. Additionally, in the arrangement shown, rear lens 104 includes a series of inclined surfaces 106 which are mirror coated to provide the necessary reflec¬ tive properties. Thus, incident radiation 12 is refrac- tively passed through lens 102 and 104 to impinge and be reflected from lenticulated surfaces 106 of lens 104. The important consideration being that lenticulations 98 of lens 102 and lenticulations 100 of lens 104 are formed inclined each to the other to provide concentration to focus point F"" , when taken in combination with the re¬ fractive/reflective concept of radiation passage as has hereinbefore been described. In overall concept, one linearly lenticulated lens may be placed.in combination with a second element to focus frontally to at least one point. The lens and element may be positioned contiguous each to the other or lenticu- IJVJR CT O PI ' y lations may be formed on opposing surfaces of the entire lens system or alternatively one set of lenticulations may be positioned interior the lens system adjacent the other element. For purposes of optical advantages, as well as mecha¬ nical feasibility, it may be advantageous to present a substantially planar surface to external source S. Thus, where the lenticulations of lens 10 are exposed to the external environment, the interstices between successive lenticulations may be filled with particular refractive materials. Additionally, where the interstices are opposed to a surface facing the source S, such may be filled with refractive or other material to provide ad¬ vantageous mechanical properties for lens 10. In other embodiments, lenticulated surfaces of the herein described lenses may be contoured in a linear hyperbolic, parabolic, circular, toroidal or other arcuate contour. Although this invention has been described in connection .. W1PO with specific forms and embodiments thereof, it will be appreciated that various modifications other than those discussed above may be resorted to without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. For example, equivalent elements may be substituted for those speci¬ fically shown and described. Certain structures may be used independently of others, and in certain cases, parti¬ cular locations of elements may be reversed or interposed, all without departing from the spirit or the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A radiation concentrating lens for concentra¬ ting incident radiation to a focus, comprising: (a) a frontal surface being at least partially radiation transmissive for passage of said incident ra¬ diation therethrough; and, (b) at least one inclined rear surface of said lens, said rear surface being adapted to reflect radia¬ tion impinging thereon. 2. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 1 where said rear surface of said lens is lenti¬ culated to provide multiplicity of lenticulations forming a plurality of reflective rear surfaces. ""W OM E PI . Λ W1PO 3. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 2 where said inclined rear surfaces are linearly inclined. 4. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 2 where said inclined rear surfaces are ' arcuately contoured. 5. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 4 where said arcuate contour of said inclined rear surfaces is parabolic. 6. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 2 where said lenticulations of said rear surface of said lens is linearly directed. 7. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 2 where said lenticulations of said rear sur¬ face of said lens are arcuately directed. 8. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 7 where said arcuately contoured. lenticulations include a plurality of circular lenticulations. 9. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 2 where said frontal lens is lenticulated in a direction coincident with a direction of said lenticula¬ tions of said rear surface. ""BUR 0M .A -., I 10. The radiation concentrating lens as reςited in claim 2 where said frontal surface is planar in contour. 11. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 2 where said inclined rear surfaces are reflectively coated. 12. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 2 where said lens is formed in one piece construction. -fϋRE cr OMPl ' 13. A radiation concentrating lens for concentra¬ ting incident radiation to a focus, comprising: (a) a frontal surface being at least partially radiation transmissive for passage of said incident ra¬ diation therethrough; (b) a rear surface being lenticulated to provide a multiplicity of lenticulations forming a plurality of inclined rear surface sections; and, (c) a reflective member adjacent said lens rear surface for reflecting radiation. 14. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 13 where said frontal surface is lenticulated in a direction coincident with a direction of said lenti¬ culations of said rear surface. OM P 15. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 13 where said rear surface inclined sections are linearly inclined. 16. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 13 where said rear surface inclined sections 0 are arcuately contoured. 17. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 16 where said arcuate contour of said rear surface sections is parabolic. 18. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 13 where said lenticulations of said rear sur¬ face are linearly directed. 19. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 13 where said lenticulations of said rear surface of said lens are arcuately directed. 20. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 19 where said arcuately contoured lenticulations include a plurality of circular lenticulations. 21. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 13 where said frontal surface is planar in contour. 22. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 13 where said reflective member is reflectively coated for reflecting radiation impinging thereon. O P _A _ IP 23. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 22 where said reflective member is planar in contour and contiguous a set of apices of said lenti¬ culations. 24. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 23 where said reflective member is secured in constrained contact to said lenticulation apices. 25. A radiation concentrating lens for concentra¬ ting incident radiation to a focus, comprising: (a) at least one frontally inclined surface being at least partially radiation transmissive for • passage of said incident radiation therethrough; and, (b) a rear surface of said lens being adapted to reflect radiation impinging thereon. ijύ E tT OMPI A ri WΪPO , ^> 26. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 25 where said frontally inclined surface is substantially hyperbolic in contour. 27. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 25 where said frontal surface of said lens is lenticulated to provide a multiplicity of frontal sur¬ face lenticulations. 28. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 27 where said rear surface is lenticulated in a direction coincident with said lenticulations of said frontal surface. -BU E OMP 29. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 27 where said inclined frontal surfaces are linearly inclined. 30. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 27 where said inclined frontal surfaces are ar¬ cuately contoured. 31. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 30 where said arcuate contour of said inclined frontal surfaces is parabolic. 32. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 27 where said lenticulations of said frontal sur¬ faces is linearly directed. IJURE £T OMPI 33. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 27 where said lenticulations of said frontal surface of said lens are arcuately directed. 34. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 33 where said arcuately contoured lenticulations include a plurality of circular lenticulations. 35. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 27 where said rear surface is planar in contour. 36. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 35 where said rear surface is reflectively coated. O <fy. WIP 37. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 25 where said lens is formed in one piece con¬ struction. 38. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 25 where said lens is formed of a substantially optically transparent material. 39. A radiation concentrating lens system for con¬ centrating incident radiation to a focus, comprising: (a) a first frontal linearly lenticulated lens element having lenticulations extending in a first direction, said first lens being at least partially transmissive to said radiation; and, (b) a second rear element, said second rear element having a surface adapted to reflect radiation impinging thereon. 40. The radiation concentrating lens system as recited in claim 39 where said second rear element is a linearly lenticulated lens having lenticulations ex¬ tending in a second direction, said first and. second lens elements being mounted each to the other in a contiguous manner. 41. The radiation concentrating lens system as recited in claim 40 where said first frontal lens in¬ cludes : (a) a first lenticulated surface having lenti¬ culations extending in said first direction; and, (b) a second rear surface being planar in contour, said first lens being at least partially trans¬ missive to said incident radiation. 42. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 41 where said second rear lens includes: (a) a first lenticulated surface having len¬ ticulations extending in said second direction, said first lenticulated surface being contiguous said second rear surface of said first frontal lens; and, (b) a second rear surface of sa.id second rear lens being adapted to reflect radiation impinging thereon. 43. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 42 where said second rear surface of said second rear lens is planar in contour. ' 44. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 42 where said first lenticulation direction is non-coincident with said second lenticulation direction. 45. The radiation concentrating lens system as recited in claim 44 where said first lenticulation direction is substantially normal said second lenti¬ culation direction. 46. The radiation concentrating lens system as recited in claim 40 where said second rear lens in¬ cludes: (a) a first planar contour surface being contiguous said second rear surface of said first frontal lens; and, (b) a second lenticulated surface having lenticulations extending in said second direction, said second lenticulated surface being adapted to reflect radiation impinging thereon. 47. The radiation concentrating lens system as recited in claim 46 where said second surface of said second lens is reflectively coated. 48. The radiation concentrating lens system- as recited in claim 46 where said first lenticulation direction is non-coincident with said second lenticu¬ lation direction. 49. The radiation concentrating lens, system as recited in claim 48 where said first lenticulation direction is substantially normal said second lenticu¬ lation direction. 50. The radiation concentrating lens system as recited in claim 40 where said frontal lens includes: (a) a first planar surface being at least partially transmissive to said incident radiation; and, (b) a second rear surface being lenticulated in said first direction, said second rear surface being at least partially transmissive to said radiation. 51. The radiation concentrating lens system as recited in claim 50 where second lens includes opposing first and second surfaces, said second surface being lenticulated in said second direction. 52. The radiation concentrating lens system as recited in claim 51 where said second lenticulated sur¬ face of said second lens is contiguous said second rear surface of said first frontal lens. 53. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 52 where said first surface of said second lens is reflectively coated. 54. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 51 where said first surface of said second lens is contiguous said second rear surface of said first frontal lens, said first surface of said second lens being substantially planar in contour. 55. "" The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 54 where said first and second directions of said lenticulation extensions are non-coincident. 56. The radiation concentrating lens as recited in claim 55 where said first and second directions are substantially normal each to the other. OMPI";BUNCH J;BUNCH J;1978
+WO-1979000186-A1;19790419.0;19780928;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25279428.0;B29D27;;B29C39, B29C44, B29K105;B29C  44/46C;FLAT TOP FOAM MATERIAL METHOD AND APPARATUS WITH WIDTH CONTROL;An apparatus for producing a foamed sheet of material has a mixing head (14) mounted on a frame (45) which is positioned on a track (62) for longitudinal movement. The mounting for the mixing head also engages a worm gear (50, 50a) for vertical movement. Below the mixing head is a sloped portion (22) of a conveyor. The sloped portion of the conveyor comprises a pair of stationary central panels (202) and a right and left pair of panels (198, 200). Each pair of panels is hinged together and slide toward and away from the longitudinal axis of the central panels. A paper sheet (24) slides over the panels onto a level bottom conveyor. Vertical side fences (32) are adjacent the side edges of the bottom conveyor panels. A paper sheet (34) slides along the inside surface of each side fence at the same speed of the bottom sheet of paper. A worm gear (158) adjusts the distance between the side fences. The sloped portion of the conveyor has a height adjustment mechanism (132, 158, 160) at its upper and lower end and at the hinged portion of the panel. The central panels have air passages (208) therethrough. A blower is operably connected to the air passage to blow air therethrough and under the paper sheet to glide the paper along the sloped conveyor.;"ADJUSTABLE APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING A FOAM MATERIAL Technical Field This invention relates to continuous production of foam material and more particularly to an apparatus which produces substantially flat top foam materials of differ- 5 ent widths- Background Art Foam sheets have been made from a liquid polyure- thane foaming material spread on a continuously moving channel-shaped conveyor. The problem encountered with 0 this type of apparatus is that the side fences of the conveyor cause a downward drag on the rising foam, re¬ sulting in a convexly curved top on the sheet. For most uses of the foam, such as for furniture, the tops have to be flat to produce a desired seating surface. Most often 15 the convexly shaped tops were cut to a flat top and the removed material was scraped. Side fences have been developed which not only move with the bottom conveyor but also move upwardly with re¬ spect to the bottom conveyor where the foam rises to lessen 20.. or eliminate any downward drag caused by the side fence. Such side fence mechanisms are disclosed in U.S. patent 3,325,82β issued to Boon on June 13, 1967, and U.S. patent 3,091,811 issued to Hackert on June 4, 1963. These devices are limited to a variety of foaming 25 materials which can be used, since different foaming materials have different foaming rates. If the foaming rate is too fast, the drag is not eliminated and if the foaming rate is not fast enough, the side fences could cause upward drag, resulting in a concave top surface, 30 a feature as undesirable as the convex top. The sloped portion of the conveyor has to have its slope adjustable. U.S. Patent 3,832,099 issued to Berg on August 27, 1974 discloses a vertically adjustable section of the bottom conveyor. 35 The apparatus using a sloped bottom conveyor and upwardly inclined side conveyor adequately produce flat top foam blocks which can be cut to whatever desired length after the foaming is completed. However, if narrower foam blocks are desired, the foam blocks have to be sheared to form the narrower foam block. The cut- ting creates a waste of foam plus an extra process in making the final foam block. Disclosure of Invention According to the invention, an apparatus for con¬ tinuously casting foam sheets has a bottom conveyor posi- • tioned below a means for supplying liquid foaming reagents thereto. Sidewalls are adjacent the conveyor to retain the foam as it rises on the conveyor. The side walls preferably have a surface moving in the direction of. the foam and at the same relative speed. Preferably the surface is a paper sheet supported by a longitudinally stationary supportive wall. Means for controlling the upper contour of the rising foam are alongside of the side fences at a first portion of the conveyor. Prefer¬ ably a means for controlling the upper contour of the foam includes the first portion of the conveyor angled down¬ wardly with respect to the sidewalls. Means are connected to the side walls for adjustably moving the sidewalls for controlling the width of the space between the sidewalls such that the width of the foamable material on the conveyor is adjustable. Also means adjust the width of a portion of the conveying means. Preferably the adjusting means include the first portion of the con¬ veyor longitudinally divided into at least two platforms with sliding means connected to each platform for sliding one longitudinal platform with respect to another in a horizontal direction transverse to the length of the con¬ veyor. It is desirable that the side walls are adjacent the outer edges of the first portion of the conveyor. Means for covering the gaps between the platform is connected to at least one platform. Further, according to the invention, the conveying surface of the conveyor is a flexible sheet which conveys the foaming material as the material is molded. Means for fitting the flexible sheet between the spaced side walls are attached to the conveyor upstream from the side walls such that the outer edges of the sheet are adjacent the side walls. Brief Description of Drawings The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a side elevational view of a conveyor system illustrating a preferred embodiment of the inven¬ tion. Figure 2 is a partially segmented enlarged side ' elevational view of the embodiment illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a partially segmented enlarged side view of the embodiment shown in Figure 2 in a second position of the conveyor. Figure 4 is an enlarged fragmentary and partially broken plan view of the embodiment shown in Figure 1. Figure 5 is a side cross-sectional view taken along lines 5-5 in Figure 4. Figure 6 is a side cross-sectional view as shown in Figure 5, showing a second position of the side walls. Figure 7 is a skeletal perspective view of the adjustable stands of the preferred embodiment of the invention. Figure 8 is an enlarged elevational view of a paper cutter as shown in Figure 2 taken along lines 8-8 in Fig¬ ure 2. Best Mode for Carrying out Invention Referring particularly to Figure 1, an apparatus generally indicated as 10 has a frame 12 supporting a mixing head 14. Various hoses 16, tanks, and pumps are connected to the mixing head in a conventional fashion for supply of foamable liquid. A conveyor 22, originating from a paper roll 24 passes over and is supported by a -F.τ.«. -oortion 26 called a pour plate, passing under mixing head 14, and passes over and is supported by a second portion 28 and third portion 29 extending from the pour plate 26 to a foam saw apparatus 30. The pour plate 26 is disposed at an acute angle to the horizontal. At the 5 sides of the conveyor 22 are side fences 32. A paper roll 34 has its paper 35 unwind and abut the inner surface of the side fences 32 to a take up roll 36. As more clearly shown in Figures 2 and 7, the mix¬ ing head 14 is attached to chain 38 which is trained 1.0 around sprockets 40 and driven by motor 42. The mixing head 14 is driven back and forth, traversing the width of the conveyor. The sprockets 40 are contained in a sprocket housing 44. A worm gear 45 is operably mounted within the frame 15 12. The worm gear 45 is operated by handle 46 through gear reducer 48. The reducer 48 turns the worm gear shaft 50. The gear reducer is mounted on frame 12. The bottom of the worm gear shaft 50 is also rotatably mounted on the frame 12. A brass block 56 has stabilizer lugs 58 which 20' engage the frame 12. The threaded block 56 also engages the gear shaft 50 so when the shaft rotates, the threaded brass block is raised or lowered. The sprocket housing 44 is also connected to the brass block 56 and is correspond¬ ingly raised or lowered. At the bottom of the gear shaft 25 50 is a sprocket 54. A chain 63 is trained around the sprocket 54 and engages a sprocket 54a as seen in Figure 7 at the other side of the conveyor which also is attached to a worm gear shaft 50a of a worm gear 45a similar to the one described but lacking the gear reducer and handle. 30 The sprocket housing 44a at the other side of the conveyor is similarly connected to a brass block 5.6a which is similarly raised or lowered by the rotation of handle 46. Handle 46 can be also replaced by a motor which drives the gear reducer 48. 35 The mixing head frame 12 is mounted oh bases 52 which slidably ride on tracks 62. Each base 52, as shown in Figures 5 and 7, is connected by a transverse bar 64 which, in turn, is connected to a motor housing 70. The motor housing 70 is mounted on a stationary worm gear shaft 68. The motor rotates a threaded brass block 66 which engages the worm gear shaft 68. As the brass block threads up and down the shaft 68, the bases 52 slide within their tracks 62. Referring back to Figure 2, the pour plate 26 is positioned below the mixing head 14. The pour plate 26 is divided into an upper section 74 and lower section 76, hinged together by hinge 78. At the lower edge 80 of the lower section 76, a transition plate 82 is connected to the lower section 76 by hinge 84. Referring now to Figures 2 and 4, the pour plate 26 is supported by three pairs of stands: 86a and 86b, 90a and 90b, and 88a and 88b. One stand 86a, 88a and 90a of each pair, is positioned at the near edge of conveyor. The other stand 86b, 88b and 90b of each pair is positioned at the far edge of the conveyor. Stands 86a and 86b support the upper edge 92 of the upper section 74. The pair of ' stands 88a and 88b support the lower edge of the upper section 74 near hinge 78. The third pair of stands 90a and 90b supports the lower edge 80 of the lower section 7-6 near hinge 84. Each of the stands 90a, 92a and 94a contains worm gears 96a, 98a, and 100a, respectively. The worm gears are the same general type as worm gear 45 connected to mixing head 14. The worm gears 96a, 98a and 100a each has a rotatable handle 102a, 104a and 106a, respectively. Each handle is respectively connected to gear reducer 108, 110 and 112 which are connected to a top end of worm gear shaft 114, 116 and 118, respectively. Each gear shaft is rotatably mounted onto a vertical gear housing 126, 128 and 130, respectively. Brass blocks 132, 134 and 136 having threaded holes threadably engage the worm gear shaft 114, 116 and 118, respectively. Brass block 132 is rigidly connected to bracket 156 which is connected to central track 138. As shown in Fiαure 7, rotatably mounted to the brass ""BυREΛt/- OMPI blocks 134 and 136 are brackets 158 and 160 extending toward the central portion of the conveyor 22. The brackets 158 and 160 have vertical extensions 164 and 166 respectively mounted to slide tracks 140 and 142. Figure 5 shows another view of the bracket 158 and vertical extension 164. At the bottom of worm gear shafts 114, 116 and 118 are sprockets 144, 146 and 148, respectively. Chain 150 is trained around sprockets 144 and 144a; chain 152 is trained around sprockets 146 and 146a; and chain 154 is trained ' around sprockets 148 and 148a. Each sprocket is connected to a like worm gear shaft 114a, 116a and 118, respectively. Each worm gear shaft is rotatably mounted in housing 126a, 128a and 130a, respectively. Brass blocks 132a, 134a and 136a are threaded onto the respective shafts 114a, 116a and 118a. Brass blocks 134a and 136a are rigidly connected to brackets 158a and 160a. Vertical extensions 164a and 166a connect the re¬ spective brackets onto the slide tracks 140 and 142. Brass ' -block 132a is connected to track 138. The rotation of the handles 102, 104 and 106 re¬ spectively rotate the worm gear shafts 114, 116 and 118, and the sprockets 144, 146 and 148. The chains 150, 152 and 154 move to correspondingly rotate the shafts. • As the worm gears are rotated, the threaded brass blocks 132, 132a, 134, 134a, 136 and 136a are raised and lowered on the shafts 114, 114a, 116, 116a, 118 and 118a. The brackets 156, 158 and 160 and 156a, 158a and 160a also are correspondingly raised and lowered which, in turn, raise or lower pour plate 72. As shown in Figure 3, compared to Figure 2, the upper and lower sections 74 and 76 of the pour plate 26 can be adjusted to different heights and different in¬ clinations. Referring now to Figures 4, 5 and 7, the pour plate 26 is longitudinally divided into three platforms or panels 168, 178.and 188. The vertical extensions 164, 164a, 166 and 166a are attached to center tracks 140 and 142, respectively. Brackets 156 and 156a are directly attached to center track 138. Each center track 138, 140 and 142 is mounted transversely to the length of the conveyor to a bottom surface of a central panel 168 of the pour ' plate 72. The central panel 168 has an upper section 169 and lower section 170 corresponding to the upper and lower sections 74 and 76 of the pour plate 72. Slidably mounted to the central tracks 138, 140 and 142 respectively are left tracks 172, 174 and 176. Left tracks 172 and 174 are mounted to a bottom surface of a left panel 178 of the conveyor pour plate. Again, the left panel 178 has an upper section 179 and a lower sec¬ tion 180 corresponding to the upper section 74 and lower section 76 of pour plate 26. Likewise, right tracks 182, 184 and 186 are at¬ tached to the right panel 188 of the pour plate 72. Again, the right panel is also hinged between an upper section 189 and a lower section 190 thereof. Particularly referring to Figures 4 and 5, the central panel 168 is a hollow elongated channel with a bottom strip metal interfitted on a top strip 192. Likewise, the left and right portions 178 and 188 respectively have a bottom strip 194 and 196 interfitted with a top strip 198 and 200. The left and right panels 178 and 188 are slidable toward and away from the central axis of a central panel 168. Attached to the top strip 192 is a cover piece 202 which extends outwardly from the outer edges of the top strip 192 and bridges the gaps 204 between the central panel 168 and left and right panels 178 and 188, respec¬ tively. As shown in Figures 4, 5 and 6 an air hose 206 is connected to the bottom strip 191 of the central panel 168. A plurality of apertures 208 extend through the top strip 192 of panel 168 and also through the cover piece 202 to be in fluid communication with the air hose 206. A blower 211 is op ' erably connected to the air hose 206 to blow air through the air hose through the upper and lower section OMPI 169 and 170 of..central panel 168. Attached to the bottom of the side panels 178 and 188 are flanges 210. The bottom edge of each flange is welded to a threaded shaft 212. The threaded shaft ex- tends through a slot 214 within brackets 216. Nuts 217 threadably engage the shaft 212 at both sides of brackets 216. The brackets 216 extend upwardly and are affixed to the side fence 32. Referring to Figures 2 and 7, vertical supports 220 and 221 extend upwardly from each side fence 32. The vertical supports are attached to the side fence 32. The base 223 and 225 of the vertical supports are slidably mounted on track 227. At the top of the vertical supports 220 and 221 are housings 222 and 229, each of which rigidly secures brass nuts 224 and 224a, respectively. The brass nuts 224 and 224a engage a threaded shaft 227 with the left side thereof threaded in one direction and the right side threaded in the opposite direction. The shaft 226 is operably connected to a motor 228 such that ' when the shaft 226 rotates, the left brass nut 224a and right brass nut 224 will be simultaneously moved axially along the shaft to slide the supports along stationary track 227 and move the side fences 32 toward the central longitudinal axis of the conveyor, or away from the said axis. As the side fences 32 move to and from the central axis, the left and right panels 178 and 188 correspondingly move under the cover piece 202, either toward or away from the central longitudinal axis of the conveyor. Referring particularly to Figures 5 and 6, the conveyor is shown in two distinct positions "" with the side fences 32 and side panels 178 and 188 located toward the central axis of the conveyor 22 in Figure 6. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, a paper roll 24 unwinds paper 232 to cover the panels 168, 178 and 188 and contin- ues through the second portion 28 of the conveyor 22. The paper 232 has a width adapted to fit the conveyor at the widest position as shown in Figure 5. Mounted in proximity of the top edge of the first OM port on 6 o the conveyor are paper ro ers 0 to o the outer edges 234 of the paper sheet 232 from the paper roll 24. The outer edges 234 are folded vertically by rollers 230. Downstream from the paper rollers 230 and fixedly connected to the side fences by supports 236 is a paper cutter 238. The paper cutter is located above each outer edge of the side panels 178 and 188 as shown more clearly in Figure 8. The paper cutter has two vertical plates 240 and 242 placed parallel and slightly to the inside of the side fences 32. A relatively thin space 243 lies between the two opposing plates 240 and 242. The opposing plates have at their top portions supports 244 which extend through the side panels and are fixedly connected thereto. A horizontal slot 245 extends through both plates 240 and 242. A knife blade 246 with its plane parallel to the plate of the upper section 74 of the pour plate 72 has a cutting edge toward the paper roll 24. The knife blade 246 cuts excess height from the vertical outer edges 234 of the paper 232 as the paper 232 travels along the con¬ veyor 22 and retains a vertical lip 235. In operation, a liquid foamable material 11, such as polyurethane, passes out of the mixing head 14 onto the moving paper 232. The moving paper has its outer edges vertically folded by the paper rollers 230. Before the foam 11 rises any significant amount, the vertical edges of paper 232 are cut * by the paper cutter 238. The paper and foamable material move downstream to where the side paper rolls 34 unwind paper 35 to the inner surface of the side fences 32. Both of the side fence papers 35 move at the same speed as the paper 232, As the paper 232 moves downwardly down the slope pour plate 26, the foam 11 rises above the lip 235 and abuts the side fence paper 35, The foam rises at approximately the same rate as the paper 232 declines down the lower section 76 of the inclined pour plate 26. It should be apparent from the foregoing. that most of the foaming takes place on the lower section 76 of the pour plate 26 although a small amount of foaming takes place at the upper section 74 thereof and the final stages of foaming take place on the horizontal conveyor portion 28 as illustrated in Figure 2. The upper section 74 is positioned at a slight angle or declination to the horizontal to permit the foaming ' material, while it is relatively fluid, to reach the point at which substantial foaming begins and it becomes viscous enough to accommodate the steeper declination angle of the lower section 76 without significant flowing down the pour plate. When the foam has substantially reached its final height, the paper 232 passes over the transition plate 82 onto the horizontal second portion 28 of the conveyor 22. The foam is still retained by the side fences until it reaches the end of the second portion 28. The foam is then set to freestanding form as it moves down to the third portion 29 of the conveyor 22 and then to the saw 30 where the foam is cut into blocks of predetermined lengths. As shown in Figure 5, when a narrower foam block is ' desired, the motor 228 rotates the worm gear shaft 226 mounted above the side fences 32 and the brass nuts 224 and 224a are moved inwardly toward the center of the shaft. The side fences are then moved closer together and simul- - taneously the side panels 178 and 188 slide inwardly on the tracks 172, 174, and 176 and 182, 184, and 186 along the center tracks 138, 140, and 142. The mixing head pours liquid foamable material onto the paper 232 as the paper 232 moves downstream along the conveyor 22. The outer edges 234 of the paper 232 is folded upwardly and the cutter 238 cuts the excess height off the outer edges to retain a lip 235 of approximately one inch. The foam 11 foams in the same manner as previously discussed and is retained by the now closer side fences 32. The excess paper 237 cut by the paper cutter, 238 is moved upwardly along paper 35 as the foam rises therealong. Different foams, having different foaming rates, must be accommodated to achieve the flat top which is desired in foam blocks. Adjustments can be made to the foaming head by moving it longitudinally with respect to the conveyor by operation of motor 70 which moves the mix¬ ing head frame 12. The height of the mixing head can also be adjusted by the operation of the handle 46 connected to worm gear 45. In addition, the inclination of the upper section 74 and lower section 76 of the pour plate 72 can be ad¬ justed so that the relative rise of the side paper 35 can be increased or decreased as shown in Figures 2 and 3. The operation of worm gears 96, 98, and 100 adjust the height and inclination of the upper section 74 and lower section 76 of the pour plates 72 with respect to the side fence 32. Adjustments to the inclination of the upper section 74 and lower section 76 of the pour plate 72 may be desired even when the same foam is used if the side fences 32 are differently spaced apart. The vertical lip 235 of the paper 232 is slightly spaced from the side fences so that friction between the two papers 35 and 232 is minimized. The side fences 32 can be adjustably spaced from the side panels and vertical lip 235. As shown in Figures 5 and 6, the nuts 218 can be threaded along the shaft 212 to horizontally move the brackets 216 and consequently the side fences 32 relative to the side panels 78 and 88 to bring the side fence closer to the vertical lip 235 or slightly farther away from the vertical lip 235. As the paper 232 moves downstream, it floats on a thin film of gas supplied through the plurality of aper¬ tures 208 through the cover plate and central panel. The thin film reduces drag on the conveyor until the paper 232 flows into the second portion 28 of the conveyor. In this fashion, a continuous foam molding apparatus can be adjustable to make flat foam blocks of different widths and heights. The side fences are free to move in and out without interference from the sloped pour plate therebetween. The sloped pour plate is correspondingly adjustable to retain its outer edges adjacent the side fences in a plurality of positions while retaining a substantially flat surface width wise suitable for receiv¬ ing foaming reagents thereon. Reasonable variation and modification are possible within the scope of the foregoing disclosure, drawings, and the apended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.";"CLAIMS 1. An apparatus for continuously molding a foam¬ able material comprising: - a conveyor support having a flat upper surface por¬ tion at a declination to the horizontal slight enough to substantially preclude liquid foamable reactants from flowing therealong, a flat lower surface portion joined to the upper portion and at a declination to the horizon- tal greater than that of the upper portion; and a longer horizontal curing portion joined to the lower portion; the conveyor support being of a length to permit substantially complete foaming of the foamable reactants thereon; means operatively associated with said conveyor support for conveying the foamable material over the conveyor support from the upper portion to the horizontal curing portion thereof; means mounted above the conveyor support upper por¬ tion for supplying unfoamed liquid foam reactants to the conveying means at the upper surface portion of the con¬ veyor support; means for controlling the upper contour of the molded foam including side wall surfaces moving along adjacent the conveying means and at an inclined angle with respect to the upper and lower portions of the con¬ veying means; and means connected to the supplying means for adjust¬ ing the longitudinal position of the supplying means to adjust the lay-down point of the foamable materials on the conveyor with respect to the upper portion of the conveyor support. 2. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 and further comprising: means for adjustably moving at least one side wall surface in a direction transverse to the plane of the side wall surfaces to control the width of the space between the side wall surfaces; and means for adjusting the width of the upper and lower portions of the conveyor support to correspond to adjustments to the side wall position. ""_ 3. An apparatus as defined in claim 2 wherein: a first portion of the conveyor support is longitu¬ dinally divided into at least two spaced platforms: means are attached to each platform for sliding the platforms with respect to each other in a horizontal direc- tion transverse to the length of the conveyor whereby gaps are formed therebetween; means for maintaining the outer edges of the plat¬ forms adjacent the side walls as the platforms slide with respect to each other; and means positioned between the platforms for covering the gaps between the platforms such that the covering means and platforms form a substantially flat surface in the direction transverse to the length of the conveyor. 4, An apparatus as defined in claim 3 wherein: the conveying means includes a flexible conveying surface supported by the platforms and covering means; and means connected to the upper portion of the con¬ veyor support upstream from the side walls for fitting the flexible conveying surface between the side walls. 5. An apparatus as defined by claim 4 wherein the fitting means includes a cutting means for cutting excess width from the flexible conveying surface. 6. An apparatus as defined in claim 5 and further comprising: means connected to the upper portion of the con- veyor support for folding the outer edges of the flexible conveying surface upwardly to form a retaining lip; and the cutting means is positioned to cut excess height from the retaining lip to minimize drag between the lip and foamable material. . An appara us as e ne n c a m an urt er comprising: means connected to the first portion of the plat¬ forms for controlling the height of the upstream and down- - stream ends of the first portion of the conveyor support. 8. An apparatus as defined in claim 7 and further comprising: means connected to a longitudinal midsection of the platforms and cover means for hinging the upper sections of the platform and cover means to the lower sections of the same; and means connected to the platforms adjacent the hinge means for controlling the height of the midsection of the platforms and cover means. 9. An apparatus as defined in claim 4 and further comprising: means extending through at least one of the plat- ' forms and cover means for passing a gaseous stream under the flexible conveying surface to form a gaseous cushion between the platforms and cover means, and conveying sur¬ face. 10, An apparatus as defined in claim 9 wherein the passing means includes an inlet passage in the bottom sur¬ face of one platform and a plurality of small apertures in the top surface of the platform in fluid, communication with the inlet; a plurality of apertures extending through the cover means in fluid communication with the apertures in the platforms; a blower means is operably connected to the inlet for blowing air through the inlet and apertures to form an air cushion under the flexible conveying surface. 11. An apparatus as defined in claim 3 wherein: a left platform and right platform are each slidably OMPI fe?NATiO connecte by t e s ng means o a centra p a orm; the cover means is a thin top sheet attached to the central platform, extending over the side edges of the cen¬ tral platform, overlapping the inner side edges of the left - and right platforms to cover the gaps between the edges of the central and left and right panels. 12. An apparatus according to claim 1 and further comprising means to adjust the vertical position of the liquid supply means with respect to the upper surface por¬ tion of the conveyor support to maintain constant the spac¬ ing of the liquid supply means with respect to the upper surface portion of the conveyor support at different longitudinal adjusted positions of the liquid supply means with respect to the conveyor support upper portion. 13. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein: the supplying means includes a mixing head mounted above the conveying means; and means for traversing the ■ upper portion of the conveyor with the mixing head.. 14. An apparatus as defined in claim 1 wherein the longitudinal position adjusting means for the liquid sup¬ ply means includes a frame mounting the supplying means, the frame movably mounted on a track means adjacent and which is parallel to the conveying means such that the frame is movable in the direction of the conveying means. 15. An apparatus as defined in claim 14 and fur- ther comprising motor means operably connected to the frame for moving the frame in the longitudinal direction of the conveying means. 16. A method for continuously molding foamable material on a conveyor having longitudinally movable side walls, the method comprising the steps of: laying mixed and unreacted liquid foamable reactants down on a conveyor surface which is oriented at a . I UR OM I V ? horizontal declination slight enough to preclude signifi¬ cant flow of the liquid reactants down along the conveyor surface; moving the conveyor surface along the slight hori- - zontal declination while the reactants commence foaming; thereafter moving the surface down a steeper declination whose length and slope generally conform to the degree of rise of the foam as it moves down the steeper declination; moving the side walls at an inclined angle with re¬ spect to the movement of the conveyor .surface down both the slight and steeper declinations so that the side walls move upwardly with respect to the conveyor surface as the foam rises; moving the surface and the side walls parallel to each other subsequent to completion of the foaming; and adjusting, in the longitudinal direction, the lay- down point of the foamable reactants on the conveyor sur¬ face at the slight declination so that the foaming reactants foam sufficiently thereon to maintain their position on the surface as the surface moves the reactants down along the steeper declination and to substantially complete foaming of reactants on the steeper declination.";DILLARD J;EDGE IND INC;1978
+WO-1979000190-A1;19790419.0;19781005;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;26067365.0;A61F7;A61G7;A61F7;A61F   7/02, A61F   7/02A, K61F   7/00A;HEATING PAD;A heating pad intended for being carried on the body, in particular for patients suffering from rheumatic and other ailments which make it necessary for some parts of the body to be kept warm. The pad consists of an envelope (1) provided with an insert (2) consisting of one or more flexible sheets (3) of Plastics material, each sheet being provided on one face or both with a protruding pattern of plastics material consisting of a great number of air- or gas-filled bubbles or small bodies (4). The insert (2) preferably consists of a plurality of interconnected thin, flexible sheets (3) which on one face are provided with a great number of evenly distributed, preferably circular, hollow air-filled protuberances (4) of soft plastics material. The heating pad, which may have any convenient shape and size, can be provided with a belt (5) of elastic material, whereby it can be fastened in the desired position on the body of the carrier. It can also form part of garments, e.g. be inserted in the shoulder region, the back and/or the front part of a waistcoat or jacket.;"Heating pad Technical field The present invention relates to a heating pad inten¬ ded in particular for patients suffering from rheumatic and other ailments which make it necessary for some parts of the body to be kept warm. Background of the invention Electric heating pads, in particular, have hitherto been used for that purpose. Such pads, however, cannot be used when the patients are out of doors oτ when they are moving around. One has to use, instead, an insulating ma¬ terial of one kind or another, e.g. camel-hair articles, but one cannot thereby keep a sufficiently high temperature of the skin in the sick regions. • Mattresses and sitting pads provided with inserts of foamed plastics for protection from cold are known, cf. for instance the German OS No. 2 033 981 and No. 2 30793S. The inventor has, in connection with the development of the present invention, examined whether this material could be used for heating pads to be carried on the body, but it has proved that said material does not give an adequate thermal effect. Description of the invention It has now been found, according to the 'invention, that an adequate thermal effect can be achieved by u^ of a special insulating material which is characterised by a great number of air- or gas-filled bubbles or small bodies. The heating pad according to the invention, which is based upon this recognition, consists of an envelope pro¬ vided with an insert of insulating material, and the cha¬ racteristic feature of the invention is that the insert consists of one o more flexible sheets of plastics mate¬ rial, each sheet being provided on one face or both with a protruding pattern of plastics material consisting of a great number of air- or gas-filled bubbles or small bodies. When the heating pad is being used, warm air will be stored in these small bubbles, and- the heating pad will consequently be in a position to retain the body heat to such an extent that, under the pad, a skin temperature of e.g. up to 36.5 C can be reached. The surface area of the air-filled pattern can advantageously amount to at least 20 of- the surface of the sheets. When use is made of a plurality of sheets, these are preferably welded together at their edges, so as to cons¬ titute an insert consisting of coherent sheets. The envelope is made preferably of soft fabric, e.g. flannel, and is preferably detachable, e.g. provided with a ""bur""-type fastener. Preferred embodiment. A particularly suitable heating pad consists, accor¬ ding to the invention, of a plurality of interconnected thin, flexible plastics sheets which on one face are pro¬ vided with a great number of evenly distributed, preferably, circular, hollow air-filled protuberances- of soft plastics material. Such a. material is manufactured, for instance, by the firm of NPE Emballage A/S, Haslev, Denmark. Description of drawing In the drawing. - Fig. 1 shows schematically, on a reduced scale, an embodiment of the heating pad according to the invention seen from the face intended for contact with the body of 5 the user, a corner of the envelope having been removed so as to make it possible to see the upper insert sheet, and Fig. 2 shows schematically, on a reduced scale, the same embodiment in perspective, a corner being shown open 0 so as to allow a view of the insert which is also open. In the drawing, 1 is an envelope, e.g. of flannel. 2 (Fig. 2) is an insert consisting of thin, flexible, transparent plastics sheets 3 which are provided on one face with a great number of protuberances 4 evenly dist- 5 ributed, consisting of air-filled bubbles of thin soft plastics material. The sheets are welded together at their edges. In the embodiment shown, the sheets are disposed so that one surface - the one facing the body of the user - shows protuberances, while the other surface is smooth. 0 The heating pad is provided with a belt 5 of elastic material, whereby the pad can be fastened in the desired position. 6 (Fig. 1) represents a ""bur""-type fastener, e.g. the fastener sold under the trade name of Velcro. 5 In the embodiment shown, the surface area of the soft air-filled protuberances constitutes about 25 of the sheet area. Their height, in natural size, is about 2 mm. In order to attain a suitably high skin temperature, it has proved sufficient for the insert to have a total 0 thickness of just under 1 cm, and since the sheets are extremely light, the heating pad is very pleasant to wear and does not hamper the working ability. It has also to be mentioned that a pattern as the one shown allows an adequate ventilation between the heating 5 pad and the skin, which contributes to the comfort in use. The heating pad according to the invention may, of course, have any shape and size, as it can be intended -BϋREA T OMPI for use in different regions of the body, and it can also form part of garments, e.g. be inserted in the shoulder region, the back and/or the front part of a waistcoat.";Patent Claims 1. A heating pad consisting of an envelope 1 pro¬ vided with an insert 2 of insulating material, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the insert 2 consists of one or more flexible sheets 3 of plastics material, each sheet having on one face or both a protruding pattern of plastics material consisting of a great number of air- or gas-filled bubbles or small bodies 4. 2. A heating pad according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the insert 2 consists of a plurality of interconnected thin, flexible sheets 3 which, on one face, are provided with a great number of evenly distributed, preferably circular, hollow air- filled protuberances 4 of soft plastics material. REAT OMPI _;PETERSEN K;MERCATOR REKLAM OCH MARKNADSFO, MERCATOR REKLAM OCH MARKNADSFOERING AB;1978
+WO-1979000192-A1;19790419.0;19781009;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20332509.0;B23Q11;B24B55, B01D21;B01D21, B23Q11, C10M175;B01D  21/00+/10, B23Q  11/10B, C10M 175/04;METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR CLEANING CUTTING FLUID;A method and an arrangement for cleaning cutting fluid used for metal machining. The cutting fluid is withdrawn from the collecting tank (1) at a metal cutting machine by means of vacuum and conveyed to a central cleaning plant by way of a container (3) connected to a vacuum pump. From the cleaning plant the cutting fluid is returned to the collecting tank (1) at the metal cutting machine. The cleaning plant may with advantage comprise a separation tank (6), where separation takes place by gravity and a centrifugal separator (8).;"Me hod and arrangemen or c ean ng cu ng u Technical field The present invention relates to a method of cleaning cutting fluid usedfer the metal machining, at which the cleaning of the cutting fluid takes place in a central cleaning plant and an arrangement for carrying through the method. The cleaning plant cleans the cutting fluid from a number of collecting tanks. In connection with metal machining cutting fluids have been used since long for lubricating and cooling. The cutting fluid shall cool the tool used for the cutting, the workpiece and the formed chips and reduce the friction by forming a lubricating film between the sliding surfaces. Usually thecutting ' fluid contains among all corrosion protecting agents, emulsifiers and bac- tericides. Every metal cutting machine has in a collecting tank a supply of cutting fluid and from the tank the cutting fluid is pumped to a nozzle and sprayed over the workpiece and the tool. When the cutting fluid passes the cutting spot it brings along larger and smaller metal chips. The larger metal chips are sscarated by passing the fluid through some kind of strai¬ ning means, for example a plate or a case provided with small openings, on its way to the collecting tank. The cutting fluid is in addition to the metal chips often contaminated by oil, which spreads as a surface layerover the cutting fluid. In spite of the bactericides a growth of bacteria may take place under the film of oil, which results in very ill-smelling breaking down products. The staff handling the metal cutting machines run the risk of infections on arms and hands as a consequence of the fact that the cutting fluid is contaminated with bacteria, solid particles and oil. Background art Earlier contaminated cutting fluid has been cleaned centrally by conveying the cutting fluid through pipelines in and below the floor to a cleaning plant in connection with a central tank. Contaminants of metal have been separated by passing the cutting fluid through different types of filter. Oil has been removed from the surface of the tank by means ofa bandskimmer. It is very difficult to remove all of the oil without bringing alonga large part of cutting fluid, which makes the method uneconomical. -BUREAU OMPI According to the invention a method and an arrangement for cleaning of cut ting fluid is now proposed which may easily be installed in existing engi¬ neering plants without any expensive changes or rebuildings and which implies that important advantages are achieved for the staff at the metal cutting machines, which no longer have to be exposed to ill-smelling gases and skin irritation by metal chips and oil in the cutting fluid. Disclosure όf_invention The method according to the invention .is characterized mainly in that conta minated cutting fluid by means of vacuum is conveyed from the collecting tank at the cutting place to a container, which is connected to a vacuum pump. From the container the contaminated oil is conveyed to a cleaning plant and is thereafter returned to the collecting tank. By sucking thecat ting fluid in this way from the collecting tank to the cleaning plant it i possible to avoid bulky transporting arrangements in and below the floor o an expensive manual handling and also to avoid the use of pumps which may be damaged by the small metal particles which follow the cutting fluid. A cleaning system according to the invention is also very flexible. It may easily be adapted to the location of the cutting machines in the plant and further cutting machines may easily be connected to the cleaning plant. Th cleaning of the cutting fluid may take place continuously when the metal cutting machine is working. It is also possible to suck the cutting fluid the cleaning plant at shorter or longer intervals. According to the method of the invention the main part of the cutting flui is brought to circulate in order to cool and lubricate the tool and the wea piece, while a lesser part of the content in the collecting tank is sucked away and conveyed to the cleaning plant. This indicates that if some error should occur in the cleaning plant there is anyhow enough fluid to make metal cuttin 'possible. In order to convey the cutting fluid back to the cutting place the cleaned cutting fluid is put under pressure, when the cutting fluid has passed the cleaning plant. The contaminated cutting fluid is according to the invention with advantag cleaned by passage through a separation tank. In this separation iahk asepa¬ ration by means of gravity takes place since light contaminants, as oil, collected in the upper part of the separation tank whereas metal chips and OMP heavy contaminants sink to the bottom of the separation tank. ?rom T e sepa¬ ration tank a first fraction containing cutting fluid and light is withdrawn and this fraction is led to a separator, for example a centri¬ fugal separator. The cleaned cutting fluid withdrawn from the separator is together with a second fraction from the separation tank mainly containing cutting fluid conveyed to a second tank in which the collected cutting fluid is put under pressure and returned to the collecting tank at the cutting place. Owing to this combination of cleaning steps an efficient cleaning of the contaminated fluid is obtained with relatively simple means as well as an essential reduction of the amount of bacteria, solid particles and oil in the cutting fluid. According to the invention an arrangement for carrying through the described method of cleaning cutting fluid is also suggested. This arrangement mainly comprises a pipeline arranged to be placed under vacuum, which pipeline at one end opens under the surface in a collecting tank for cutting fluid and in its other end is connected to a container, which in its turn is connected to the vacuum pump. The arrangement also comprises a cleaning plant for con¬ taminated cutting fluid which has been sucked away from the collecting tank • and a second pipeline by the aid of -which cutting fluid is returned to the collecting tank. The proposed arrangement is further preferably provided with a second tank for cleaned cutting fluid, which is connected between the cleaning plant and the second pipeline, which second tank is provided with means in order to put the cutting fluid under pressure. The cleaning plant according to the invention suitably comprises a separa¬ tion tank with a tangential inlet for contaminated cutting fluid and a first outlet for a first fraction comprising cutting fluid and light contaminants and a second outlet for a second fraction consisting mainly of cutting fluid. """" The first fraction is led to a separator, for example a centrifugal separa¬ tor, and from this a heavy phase containing cleaned cutting fluid and a light phase containing light contaminants are withdrawn. The outlet for heavy phase from the separator and the second outlet of the separation tank are connected to the second tank mentioned above. The separation tank is with advantage designed such that in its centre there is arranged an insertion with walls which inside the insertion define two fluid chambers delimited from the fluid chamber in the separation tank. The_ first of these fluid chambers has an inlei- which consists of a brim inlet from the fluid chamber in the separation tank and an outlet which extends through the fluid chamber in the separation tank. The second fluid chambe has an inlet which is connected to the fluid chamber in the separation ta in such a manner that the same liquid level is obtained both in the sepa¬ ration tank and in the second fluid chamber and an outlet which extends o of the separation tank. Alevel-holding means is arranged to sense the liqu level of the second fluid chamber and supply clean fluid when the level sinks. Brief description_of_drawings The proposed method of cleaning cutting fluid and an arrangement for carr ing through this method are described closer with reference to the enclos drawing, figure 1 of which shows a flow chart of a preferred embodiment o the invention and figure 2 of which schematically shows an embodiment of separation tank used for the described embodiment. In the flow chartobvio details like valves have been omitted. Best mode of carrying out the invention In Fig. 1 a number of collecting tanks for cutting fluid at cutting machin are shown. From the collecting tanks 1 contaminated cutting fluid is con¬ veyed to a container 3 > "" by way of a pipeline 2. The pipeline 2 may with a vantage be arranged at some height over the metal cutting machines, in th same way as in a pipeline milking plant. The container 3 is connected to vacuum pump 4 and by means of this the container 3 and the pipeline 2 are put under vacuum. At each connection the pipeline 2 ends just below the su face in the collecting tank. The cutting fluid contaminated with oil is sucked on to the cleaning plant, while the heavier metal particles remain the bottom of the collecting tank. From the container 3 the contaminated cutting fluid is conveyed to the separation tank 6 by way of a pipeline __ The inlet for cutting fluid is arranged such that the cutting fluid is giv a tangential movement in the separation tank. Light contaminants are at th gathered near the surface in the middle of the separation tank and from there a fraction is withdrawn which is directed to a separator 8 by way o a pipeline 7- The mixture of cutting fluid, sludge and metal particles, which are separated in the separation tank β, is conveyed to pipeline 7 b way of pipeline 7a. __. the shewn .embodiment of the invention the separator consists of acentri¬ fugal separator but it is also possible to separate light contaminants from the cutting fluid by means of a skimmer, while heavy contaminants are sepa¬ rated by means of filter. Through the light phase outlet 9 of the centrifugal separator .oil and other light contaminants are withdrawn and through the sludge outlet ~ a solid con- _ taminats. The obtained heavy phase which contains cleaned cutting fluid is conveyed to a second tank 11 for cleaned cutting fluid by way of a pipeline 10. A second fraction from the separation tank which mainly contains cleaned cutting fluid is also transported to the tank 11 by way of "" a pipeline 12. The cutting fluid is put under pressure by means which not are shown and returned by way of the pipeline 13 to the collecting tanks 1 at the cutting machine. Also pipeline 13 may be arranged over the machines. The collecting tanks are with advantage provided with, liquid level indicators (not shown in the drawing) in order to hinder that the tanks overflow. There is also a throttling at the inlet of pipeline 2 in order to control the amount of air sucked into the vacuum system (not shown in the drawing) . In Fig. 2 there is shown the separation tank 6 with a tangential inlet 1 connected with the pipeline ~ , In the separation tank β there is also arranged an insertion with two coaxial, cylindrical walls 15, 16 and a bottom 17. In the insertion these walls separate two fluid chambers 18, 19 delimited from the fluid chamber in the separation tank. In this embodiment the insertion consists of two coaxial cylinders but it may of course be de¬ signed in some other way as long as the in- and outlets of the insertion are designed such that the same flow conditions that are described below areob¬ tained. The upper edge 20 of the cylindrical wall 15 is arranged such that the edge is situated just below the liquid level in the separation tank. _ e inlet to the fluid chamber 18 consequently consists of an annular brim inlet over the edge 20. The fluid chamber 18 also has an outlet 21, which extends through the separation chamber and is connected to the pipeline 7« Inside the wall 1β there is a second fluid chamber 19. In this second fluid chamber 19 there is arranged a pipe 22, the lower part of which is fastened to the bottom of the insertion and the upper end of which is situated at the same level as the edge 20. Through this pipe the fluid chamber 19 is connectedto the fluid chamber in the separation tank. In the bottom 17 of the insertion there is also arranged an outlet 25 from the fluid chamber 19 which is con¬ nected to the pipeline 12. A level sensing means (not shown in the drawing) for example a float, is also arranged in the fluid chamber 19, which means - B UREAU OMPI A - >_. wWiIpPoO .»,y 4 c r- actuate a valve 24 in a feed pipe 25 for clean cutting fluid. In the bottom of the separation tank there is also an outlet pipeline 26 for sludge sepa¬ rated in the separation tank, which pipeline is connected to the pdpeli e 7a. The separation tank according to the invention is intended to work in the following way. When the contaminated cutting fluid is conveyed tangentiall into the separation tank light contaminants are gathered in the middle of the tank and flow over the brim inlet into the fluid chamber 18. Heavy con taminants on the other hand sink towards the bottom of the tank and are collected there. Owing to the fact that the inlet to the fluid chamber 1 is arranged on a certain depth in the separation tank the cutting fluidthat is collected in the fluid chamber 19 will be relatively clean. According to the invention the cleaning of the cutting fluid takes place i no less than four steps. The first step consists of the preliminary sepa¬ ration of heavier metal contaminants in the collecting tank, while an uppe fraction of the collecting tank is sucked to the cleaning plant. Step two consists of the passage of the container 3 n which a certain part of the heavy particles are gathered at the bottom of the container, which partLc_---s intermittently are withdrawn from the bottom. Step three consists of the cleaning in the separation tank which is described above. Step four consists of the cleaning in the centrifugal separator from which, apart from the tw liquid phases, a sludge phase consisting of small metal particles is with¬ drawn continuously or intermittently, which metal particles have not been separated in earlier separation steps. According to the invention a reduction of the amount of bacteria is obtaine This effect has also been shown experimentally, since measurements have shown that the amount of bacteria, when cleaning according to the mveition, has diminished from 10 bacteria/ml to 10 bacteria/ml, which is considere as a satisfactory value. That the amount of bacteria has diminished is sup¬ posed to depend on the fact that around the metal particles there is a thin film of oil, in which a growth of bacteria takes place, hen the small metal particles are separated a certain amount of bacteria accordingly follow them. -\_Λ_ ' EA OMPI";1. Method of cleaning cutting fluid used for metal machining, at which the cleaning takes place in a central cleaning plant, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that contaminated cutting fluid is withdrawn from a collecting tank at a metal cutting place by means of vacuum, that the cutting fluid by means of vacuum is conveyed to a container, which is connected to a vacuum pump, that the cutting fluid from the container is transported to the cleaning plant and from this is returned to the collecting tank at the metal cutting place. . Method according to claim 1 , c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the main part of the cutting fluid is circulated for cooling and lubricating of the tool and the workpiece, while a smaller part of the content in the col¬ lecting tank is sucked away and conveyed to the cleaning plant. 3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the cutting fluid is put under pressure when it is returned from the clea¬ ning plant. 4. Method according to claim 1-3, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that 'the contaminated cutting fluid in the cleaning plant is brought to pass a separation tank in which a separation due to gravity takes place, that a fraction containing cutting fluid and mainly light contaminants is withdrawn from the separation tank and is led to a separator, for example a centri¬ fugal separator, and that the cleaned cutting fluid that is withdrawn from the separator, together with a fraction withdrawn from the separation tank, which mainly contains cutting fluid, is led to a second tank in which the collected cutting fluid is put under pressure and returned to the collect¬ ing tank. 5. Arrangement for carrying through the method according to claim 1 , c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it contains a first pipeline (2) arranged to be put under vacuum which in one end opens under the surface in a collecting tank (l) for cutting fluid and in its other end is connected to a container (3) , which is connected to a vacuum pump (4) , a cleaning plant for contaminated cutting fluid which has been sucked away from the collect¬ ing tank and a second pipeline (13) by means of which cutting fluid is re¬ turned to the collecting tank. 6. Arrangement according to claim 5 > c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that a second tank ( l) for cleaned c ttin fluid is connected between the clean ing plant and the second pipeline (13). which second tank (11) is provide with means to put the cutting fluid under pressure. 7. Arrangement according to claim 6,_ c h a r a c t e r i z e d in th the cleaning plant comprises a separation tank (β) with a tangential inle for contaminated cutting fluid and a first outlet for a first fraction co prising cutting fluid and light contaminants, a second outlet for a secon fraction consisting mainly of cutting fluid, a separator (8), for example centrifugal separator, to which the first fraction is conveyed and from which a heavy phase consisting of cleaned cutting fluid and a light phase consisting of light contaminants are withdrawn at which the outlet for hea phase and the second outlet from the separation tank are connected to the said second tank (11). 8. Arrangement according to claim J , c h a r a c t e r i z e d in th in the centre of the separation tank there is arranged an insertion with walls (15, 16) which inside the insertion delimit two fluid chambers (18,1 separate from the fluid chamber in the separation tank, where the first separate fluid chamber (18) has an inlet consisting of a brim inlet from t fluid chamber in the separation tank and an outlet (21) which extends ' ■ through the separation tank, while the second separate fluid chamber (19) has an inlet (21) which is connected to the fluid chamber in the separati tank in such a way that the same liquid level is obtained both in the sep ration tank and in the second fluid chamber (19) end an outlet (23) which extends out through the separation tank, at which a level-holding means i arranged to sense the level of cutting fluid in the second fluid chamber ( and an outlet (25) which extends out through the separation tank, at whic a level-holding means is arranged to sense the level of cutting fluid in ih second fluid chamber (19) and supply new cutting fluid, when the level sinks. -BU R O;LEE H;ALFA LAVAL AB, LEE H;1978
+WO-1979000196-A1;19790419.0;19781010;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25283556.0;G08B13;;G08B13;G08B  13/26;PRE-INTRUSION DETECTION DEVICE;"An intrusion detection unit is disclosed which comprises a capacitance having an ""active"", field, the coupling of which is significantly increased when an intruder comes into conductive relation with a doorknob. The unit is hung on the inside doorknob and is so arranged that the doorknob is the transmitting element of the capacitor, while a separate plate is the receiving element of the capacitor. The capacitor field is maintained actively charged by a battery driven oscillator which operates at a substantially uniform frequency and amplitude. The intrusion detector circuit is complete in itself and is not externally grounded by the intruder. The signal receiving portion of the circuit incorporates a square law amplifier, and also has means for adjusting the reference level to which the signal is compared.";"-1- PRE-INTRUSION DETECTION DEVICE BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a device for providing a pre- intrusion signal, particularly of the type which warns when an intruder is trying to ,open a door to gain en- try. It is primarily designed to he associated with a doorknob, and to detect the proximity of an intruder's hand to the doorknob. The detected signal can then sound a warning alarm, or actuate any suitable pro¬ tective device. More specifically, I have invented a simple, highly practicable, battery-operated electrical device which can be hung on the inside of the doorknob, and which is fully self-contained, i.e., it requires no elect¬ rical power source or an external ground. Many devices of this general type have been proposed, but the problems inherent in such detection devices have not heretofore been satisfactorily solved. Such devices, as a practical matter, do not provide an adequate intrusion signal unless they are externally connected, thereby losing the benefits and conven¬ ience of a self-contained unit. The prior art devices intended to solve the problem have fallen into two general categoriess (1) ""Passive"" devices - which are arranged to pick up electromagnetic or electrostatic fields generated externally, and which respond to the additional antenna effect created by an intruder; or (2) ""Ground Capacitance"" devices - which utilize oscillator circuits, and which exper¬ ience altered circuit values when an intruder estab- lishes an external capacitance relative to an external earth ground. Of the two prior art types, the ""ground capacitance"" devices appear to be more numerous. The prior art devices of the ground capacitance type are represented by the following U.S. patents: Bagno ■ W'ϊrr ' 3,199,096; Fontaine 3,623,0635 Do in et al 3,697,971; Gehman 3,706,982; Atkins 3,735,379; Guetersloh 3,829, 850; Bolle et al 4,021,679; and Tanaka et al 4,030,037. The intrusion-detection systems of each of the listed patents share certain attributes. They each rely on an external ground capacitive effect which occurs when the intruder is physically coupled to the oscillator. Also they each use changes resulting from such extern¬ al ground capacitive effect to alter internal circuit values, such as oscillator output levels or frequen¬ cies, thereby causing an output signal. In such sys¬ tems, the human capacitance represents a capacitive loading on the oscillator. The prior art devices of the passive type are repre- sented by U.S. patents Dettling et al 3,771,152 and Geiszler et al 3 > 956,7^3 * A device of this type relies on the ""antenna effect"" of an intruder in causing a change in the received signal from an electromagnetic or electrostatic field. The detector signal increases because the intruder constitutes, in effect, an ex¬ tension of the antenna, which is receiving ""passively"" the pickup from the field. In other words, the device functions by detecting the change in the charge on the antenna. Both of the types of intrusion detectors discussed a- bove have serious functional problems. They can oper¬ ate satisfactorily if they are externally connected, or grounded, e.g., if they are plugged into an avail¬ able electrical system. But it is important, as a practical matter, that the detector unit be self-con¬ tained. When such prior art detectors are self-contained, they inherently have very weak signal changes to respond to. This is true because, whether the intruder forms an antenna or a capacitor, the himan effect represents a very small addition to the existing antenna or to the existing capacitance. This is particularly serious in view of the wide range of doorknobs, metallic door frames and metallic ornamentation commonly associated with door openings. The change in signal level caused by the intruder is relatively small, substantially less than 5% of the total signal level, and it is very difficult to detect reliable. Where the device is battery-operated, the reference to earth ground is' substantially non-existent, and can on¬ ly be described as a.' current leakage; thus increasing the problem of small signal change detection.. In other words, the grounding required to complete the circuit, of which the intruder forms a part, exists only to the extent of leakage; and the intrusion signal is thus minimized by the high impedance of that circuit. - As discussed in several of the prior art patents, noise is a significant problem in units which function by using a change in capacitance to vary the frequency or amplitude of an oscillator. The extraneous causes of signal changes, such as temperature change, humidity change, household 6θ-cycle current, ets. , can cause spurious detector responses. This results in part from the weakness of the detected intrusion signal, and in part from the fact that the presence of noise causes the oscillator to change frequency or amplitude. In the light of the deficiencies in prior art devices, and after extensive experimental efforts, I have con- eluded that, in order to have a successful battery-op¬ erated device for detection of a human contact with, or proximity to, a doorknob, it is necessary to gen¬ erate and detect a strong signal by relying on a ground system within the detection instrument itself, WREAZ O PI - - thereby avoiding the necessity of working with a very small signal limited to a leakage path to earth ground. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION To obtain the result just discussed, I have invented an intrusion detector -incorporating a fundamentally differ¬ ent concept. A capacitance effect is used to detect in¬ trusion but the capacitor is complete within the self- contained circuit of the detector. The detector circuit includes a capacitor formed by a transmitting element and a cooperating receiving element, the transmitting element being driven by a suitable os¬ cillator, shich maintains a stable frequency and ampli¬ tude. One of the capacitor elements, preferably the transmitting element, is electrically in contact with the doorknob, so that an intruder's hand on or near the doorknob significantly increases the coupling of the capacitor. This results in the transfer of a substantial¬ ly increased signal to the capacitor receiving element, • which causes actuation of a protective device, such as an alarm. The effect of the intruder's touching the doorknob is to enlarge the size of the transmitting element and/or to decrease the distance between the transmitting and receiving elements of the capacitor. If the transmit- ting and receiving elements are spaced apart sufficient¬ ly, the normal capacity between them is low and gener¬ ates a weak electrostatic field. This field is sub¬ stantially increased when an intruder touches the door¬ knob, causing a signal change to be generated which may be in the neighborhood of 20 of the original signal, as compared to a signal change of, say, 2% in the prior art devices. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is an elevation view, partly in cross-section, -BUR OM , A> showing my intrusion detecting unit mounted on a door¬ knob; Figure 2 is. a block diagram showing the components Of the electrical circuit of the intrusion detecting unit; Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing, the electrical circuit in greater detail;and Figure 4 is a graphic representation of the electrical signals at various stages in the circuit of the pre- ceeding figures. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMEN { In Figure 1, a doorknob having an outer knob 11 and an .inner knob 13 is shown extending through a door 15. Hanging from the inner knob 13 is a self-contained, battery-operated intrusion detector unit 17. The unit 17 is suspended from the inner knob by a metallic chain 19, which constitutes a conductor between the circuitry of the unit and the metallic doorknob. Within the unit 17 are a battery 21, a capacitive receiving element 23, a printed circuit board and electronic assembly 25, and an alarm 27. As will be discussed in greater detail later, a funda¬ mental aspect of this intrusion detector unit is the reliance on an internal capacitance, which is charged by an oscillator to create an electrostatic field, and which is caused to develop a significant signal change when an intruder contacts, or comes into proximity with, one element of the capacitor. The two elements of the capacitor are the doorknob 11- 13 and the plate-like metallic element 23. Although either of the two capacitor elements could constitute the transmitter, with the other functioning as the re¬ ceiver, I have found it convenient to use the doorknob as the transmitting element of the capacitor and the element 23 in unit 17 as the receiving element of the capacitor. The transmitting and receiving elements could also be variously described as conductors, as capacitor plates, as antennas, or al transmitting and receiving electrodes. Figure 2 shows the basic circuit components. An oscil¬ lator 31, which is powered by battery 21, is electrical¬ ly in contact with the doorknob 11-13 via metallic chain 19. The oscillator 31 ""drives"" the doorknob as the transmitting element of the capacitor, thereby generating an electric field between the doorknob and the receiving element 23- The receiving element 23 of the capacitor responds to the strength of the electro¬ static field, or capacitance, between itself and the doorknob. The field signal from receiving element 23 is fed to an amplifier 33 which sends the amplified signal to a de- tector-and-filter 35, which yields a DC signal pro- ■ portional to the incoming signal. A voltage comparator 37 compares the incoming signal with a reference level, and provides an OFF/ON signal which triggers a bell os¬ cillator 39 when an intruder's presence is detected. Triggering of the bell-oscillator 39 causes an alarm 41 to sound, and to continue sounding, as long as, and whenever, an intruder is touching or almost touching the doorknob. Figure 3 shows diagramatically the details of the cir¬ cuit. The oscillator 31 s preferably a square wave os¬ cillator because the high level of harmonic signals thus generated will constitute a stronger signal and will be received and detected more easily. The oscil¬ lator 31 is shown as an operational amplifier config¬ ured as a square wave oscillator, and buffered by an inverter ^3. This buffering causes the oscillator to provide a consistent signal, not affected in either BU OM frequency or amplitude by what occurs in the subsequent circuitry. This aspect is directly contra to most prior art devices, which rely on changes in the frequency and/ or amplitude of the oscillator to trigger the intrusion warning. The frequency of the "" oscillator 31 should be selected to minimize noise interference, such as 60- cycle noise. The signal from the buffered oscillator 31 is fed by chain 19 to doorknob 11-13, where it develops an electrostatic field between the doorknob, as the trans¬ mitting element, and the receiving element 23• The re¬ sulting signal from element 2 is fed to an operation¬ al amplifier 33 configured as a DC amplifier, which is preferably a square law ampli ier in order to enhance discriminability. With a square law amplifier, the change in received signal is augmented as a function of X . For a signal difference of a ratio of 2/l, square law amplification yields a ratio of 4/1, thus providing a substantially greater signal change than could be obtained by linear amplification and detect¬ ion. This is accomplished without additional power drain. The signal from amplifier 33 is then rectified and filtered by detector filter 35 and isolated by an op- erational amplifier 45 configured as a voltage fol¬ lower. The signal then is fed to voltage comparator 37, where it is compared with a reference signal 7• The reference signal 4 is variable so that it can be man¬ ually adjusted to provide optimum functioning of the intrusion detecting device. When an intruder touches the doorknob 11-13, the coup¬ ling between the doorknob transmitting element and the receiving element 23 is increased, thereby increasing the signal levels at the amplifier 33, detector-filter -BUREΛIT OMP1 wipo Ay 35, and buffer 45. Thus the comparator 37 is driven high and an inverter 49 is driven low, which starts operation of the bell oscillator 39. The bell oscil- ■ ■ lator 39 drives a Darlington pair 51 high and low in alternating sequence. An alarm 53 n the emitter cir¬ cuit of the Darlington pair is activated in an altern¬ ating sequence. Figure 4 shows graphically the stages in the signal generation of the intrusion detector device. The left side of the figure represents the normal signal level and the right side of the figure represents the signal level when a person is touching the doorknob. Line A in the figure shows the square wave signal generated by oscillator 31, which remains constant in frequency and amplitude. Line B represents the signal received by the receiving element 23, which responds to the electrostatic field between it and the transmitting element, doorknob 11- 13- The received signal amplitude B is dependent on ■ * the distance apart and on the relative size of the transmitting and receiving elements. When the doorknob is touched, the received signal is increased as shown. Line C represents the amplified signal from amplifier 33; and Line D represents the rectified and detected signal from detector-filter 35- The resulting signal drives the voltage comparator 37- When the rectified signal exceeds the variable (adjustable) reference lev¬ el signal 47, the signal of comparator 37 goes ""high"", as represented on Line E; and the signal from inverter 4 goes ""low"", as represented on Line F. This starts the bell oscillator 39, which produces an alternating signal, as shown on Line G. This alternating signal is fed to the Darlington pair 51, which drives the alarm, as represented on Line H. The operation of my intrusion detecting device is doubt¬ less abundantly clear at this point, but a brief recap¬ itulation is in order, coupled with a summary of the primary features and advantages. The battery, oscillator, and capacitor (which includes the doorknob and the metallic receiving element) are included in a self-contained, complete-in-itself cir¬ cuit, which is not grounded externally at any time. The oscillator drives the transmitting element (the doorknob) of the capacitor, thereby creating and maintaining an ""active"" electrostatic field between it and the receiv¬ ing element. The power requirements are small because current is needed only to charge the capacitor. The os¬ cillator output is maintained constant in frequency and amplitude, thereby minimizing noise problems which tend to result if the oscillator signal is not coherent. The signal received by the receiving element of the cap¬ acitor is amplified and detected downstream. When an in¬ truder reaches for the doorknob, the coupling, or cap- acitance, between the transmitting and receiving ele¬ ments of the capacitor is very significantly increased, because the intruder's body enlarges the size of the transmitting element and/or decreases the distance be¬ tween the transmitting and receiving elements. This relatively large increase in coupling in the capacitor causes an easily detectable change in the received sig¬ nal, which is amplified, detected, and used to trigger an indication of the intruder's presence. The sensitiv¬ ity of the alarm is adjustable by the user, who can vary the reference signal level by moving a manual con¬ trol element. The coupling effect of the intruder on the capacitor directly triggers the alarm without affecting the os¬ cillator. The receiving element of the capacitor ""sees"" JUREA I OMPI the change in signal amplitude due to the coupling ef¬ fect. The normal coupling of the transmitting and receiv¬ ing elements, when an intruder is not present, could be characterized as a ""loose"" coupling. The intruder causes this coupling to ""tighten up, "" and this change direct¬ ly triggers the alarm. It is my view, based on the developmental work in con¬ nection with this invention, that the herein described device is the only practicable means of providing a doorknob intrusion alarm, if the device must be bat¬ tery driven and if it must be isolated from an extern¬ al grounding field. This results primarily from the very substantial increase in the signal change caused by the intruder's presence; and this in turn is due to the functional difference between devices in which the in¬ truder is part of an external, high resistance ground¬ ing system and the present device, in which the in¬ truder increases the capacitive coupling in an intern¬ ally-grounded circuit. Another bebefit results from the noise avoidance which is permitted by the use of a stable oscillator, the values of which are not altered to activate the intrusion detector. Since the transmit¬ ted and received signals are coherent in phase and frequency, external noise has an insignificant effect. The following claims are intended not only to cover the specific embodiments disclosed, but also to cover the inventive concepts explained herein with the maximum breadth and comprehensiveness permitted by the prior art. -BUR O . A,";"CLAIMS 1. A self-contained intrusion detector unit comprising: means for generating alternating electrical energy powered by a source within the detector unit; means driven by said generating means for transmit¬ ting into an electrostatic field; means capacitively coupled to said transmitting means for receiving electrical energy from said electro¬ static field; the capacitive coupling effect between said- trans¬ mitting means and said receiving means being altered by the presence of an intruder in proximity thereto; and means responsive to such alteration of the capaci¬ tive coupling effect to provide an intrusion signal. 2. The intrusion detector of Claim 1 which also comp¬ rises, means for adjusting the sensitivity of the in¬ trusion signal response to alteration of the capacitive coupling effect. 3. The intrusion detector of Claim 1 wherein the pre¬ sence of an intruder alters the capacitive coupling ef¬ fect between the transmitting means and the receiving means without coupling to earth ground. 4. An intrusion sensing electrical circuit comprising: means for providing an electric field comprising transmitting and receiving elements; means for driving the transmitting element to main¬ tain an active electric field; and means for changing the effect of the electric field on the receiving element when an intruder comes into electrical conducting relation with one of said elements. 5. The intrusion sensing circuit of Claim 4 wherein there is no external grounding even when an intruder is present. 6. The intrusion sensing circuit of Claim 4 wherein the transmitting element includes a doorknob. 7. The intrusion sensing circuit of Claim 4 wherein the driving means is an oscillator which operates at a substantially uniform frequency and amplitude. 8. That method of detecting the proximity of an intrud¬ er to a doorknob which comprises: establishing and maintaining an electrostatic field between two spaced conductive elements in a self-con¬ tained circuit, one of which elements is in conductive relation to the doorknob; receiving a signal change from said field when an intruder is in conductive relation with the doorknob; and converting said signal change into an indication of the intruder's presence. 9. The method of Claim 8 wherein the coupling between the two conductive elements is increased whenever an intruder is in conductive relation with the doorknob. 10. A complete-in-itself intrusion detecting device de¬ signed to be suspended from an inside doorknob compris¬ ing: a metallic transmitting element which constitutes part of an active capacitance, and which includes the doorknob; a battery-powered, continuously-transmitting oscil- ^ OM A W1 lator in conductive relation with the transmitting el¬ ement and arranged to charge the electrostatic field of the capacitance; a metallic receiving element which constitutes part of the active capacitance and which is spaced suffic¬ iently from the transmitting element to provide norm¬ ally a weak although active electrostatic field; the capacitive coupling and signal level between said transmitting element and said receiving element being increased significantly by an intruder coming into con¬ ductive relationship with said doorknob; signal-receiving means for amplifying and detecting the signal level received by said receiving element; and intrusion-indicating means responsive to the signal level from the signal-receiving means to provide an in¬ dication of intrusion when said signal increases to a level higher than a reference signal. 11. The intrusion detecting device of Claim 10 wherein the oscillator is a square wave oscillator which is buf¬ fered from the capacitance to insure substantial uni¬ formity in the frequency amd amplitude of its output. 12. The intrusion detecting device of Claim 10 wherein the presence of an intruder changes the signal level without causing a coupling to earth ground. 13 * The intrusion detecting device of Claim 10 wherein the signal-receiving means includes a square law ampli¬ fier to provide signal difference augmentation without power drain. 14. The intrusion detecting means of Claim 10 wherein the intrusion-indicating means includes means for ad- I J URE OMPI justing the voltage level of the reference signal, thereby varying the sensitivity of the device. ϊΛJR O ■ , wi";SWEENEY J;SWEENEY J;1978
+WO-1979000202-A1;19790419.0;19781010;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25285009.0;F22D5;F22D5;F22B35, F22D5, F22D11;F22D  11/00, F22D  11/06, R01K 136/06;METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FEEDING CONDENSATE TO A HIGH PRESSURE VAPOR GENERATOR;A mechanical arrangement to reduce drastically the energy consumption for pumping condensate to feed high pressure vapor generators for power generation, industrial processing, and heating systems. Involved is a method to pump the condensate into one condensate receiver (6) located at the suction side of the condensate feed pump (3), and to bleed high pressure vapor from the vapor generator (202) into the condensate receiver (6) for imposing a pressure head upon the condensate therein to be approximately the same as that in the generator (202), and thus the pressure difference between the suction side and the discharge side of the pump (3) is drastically reduced while pumping the condensate into the generator (202), with the result that the energy consumption of the pump (3) is also drastically reduced. The receiver (6) is full of high pressure vapor while the condensate therein is drained by the pump (3), and the high pressure vapor means energy. Further new methods are involved to reduce the vapor pressure in the receiver (6) by returning the vapor to the system or to utilize it, as disclosed in the application. Generally speaking, at least two closed receivers (5, 6) operated in series are required for the method of restoring the vapor in the receivers (5, 6) to the generator (202) after the condensate is pumped into the generator (202). The invented receivers (5, 6) are also designed for condensate heating with almost no energy consumption.;"METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR FEEDING CONDENSATION TO A H IGH PRESSURE VAPOR GENERATOR This invention relates to methods and apparatus for feeding condensate to a high pressure apparatus such as a vapor generator, and more specifically, the invention relates to methods and apparatus for feeding condensate to boilers, nuclear reactors, and heat exchangers. There are basically only two ways to solve the current energy crisis. The first is to increase energy sources, and the second is to reduce energy consumption. This invention is concerned with practical applications of the latter. The traditional method of returning condensate to a high pressure vapor generator is by pumping against the pressure head in the generator with a higher pressure head cf the feeding pump. This consumes much energy, as for example, a steam turbine power plant with a steam boiler of 2,4000 psig. pressure usually uses two pumps in series to feed the condensate into the boiler. The first pump pumps the condensate through a series of heaters into a deaerating tank, and the second pump pumps the condensate into the boiler, usually the end of the suction pipe cf the second pump is i the deaerating tank, and usually two additional heaters are empoloyed between the second pump and the boiler tank. The second pump requires more than 2,700 psig. pressure head to overcome the pressure head in the bciler, the friction loss in the heaters and piping, and the water head due to the difference in level between the water level in the boiler and the water level in the suction side of the second pump. An obj ct of this invention is to reduce greatly the power used to pump the condensate to the high pressure vapor generator by utilizing the techniques herein dis¬ closed. Other objects, uses, and advantages will be ob¬ vious or apparent from a consideration cf the following detailed description and the application drawings in which like reference numerals indicate like parts thrσghout the several views. In the drawings : Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation of an energy saving condensate feeding system in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic elevational and sectional view of one of the basic energy saving conden- sate receivers which is usually connected to the last feeding pump, in accordance with the invention; Figure 3 is a view similar to that of Figure 2 illustrating the other basic energy saving condensate re¬ ceiver used in accordance with the invention; Figure 4 is a fragmental alevatiσnal view of a liquid fluid sprinkling arrangement employed in the re¬ ceivers of Figures 2 and 3; Figure 4A is a diagrammatic sectional view taken substantially along line 4A--4A of Figure 4; Figure 5 is a view similar to that of Figure 1 showing a modified arrangement of the embodiment of Figure 1; Figure 5A is a fragmental view showing a varia¬ tion in the embodiment of Figure 5; Figure 6 is a view similar to that of Figures 1 and 5, illustrating a further form of the invention em¬ ploying three of the indicated condensate receivers; and Figure 7 is a view similar to that of Figure 1 illustrating yet a further embodiment of the invention employing multiple pressure vessels. However, it is to be distinctly understood that the specific drawing illustrations provided are supplied primarily to comply with the requirements of the Patent Laws, and that the invention is susceptible of modificatio O that will be obvious to those skilled in the art, and that are intended to be covered by the appended claims. Preferring to Figure 1, the condensate feeding system A of this embodiment comprises condensate receiv- ers 5 and 6 that are constructed in pressure vessel form from suitable material, such as steel, that will withstand internal pressures of up to 8,000 psig., depending upon the operating pressure. In situations where the quantity of oxygen in the processed fluid is enough to cause rust, stainless steel having a thickness in the range of from approximately 1/8th inch to approximately 1/2 inch can be used at all wetted parts of the receivers or vessels, as well as the inner surfaces of the piping employed in con¬ nection with the same. Stainless steel piping and fittings can be used wherever it is financially feasible. All valves, except check valves, shown in Figure 1, 5, 6 and 7 are of the gradually opened automatic type, -other automa¬ tic or manual valves can be employed in parallel with any such automatic valve as a standby valve in case of e er- gency. One shut off valve shall be installed at each side of an automatic valve. A condensate feed line 25 connects to the re¬ ceiver 5 near its top and contains a check valve 100. A pump 1 in the feed line 25 is operative to pump condensate to the receiver -5 from a suitable source, such as vessel 200 (the condensate in vessel 200 being supplied, for in¬ stance, from steam operated turbines utilizing system A). A vent line 26 extends upwardly from the top of the receiver 5 and contains a check valve 112 and a shut off valve 12. A branch line 32 extends from the line 26 to make available processing vapor for external work. The line 32 contains a shut off valve 20 and a check valve 120. The check valves 112 and 120 prevent fluid flow back into the vessel 5. A condensate discharge line 27 leads from the bottom of the receiver 5 (at fitting 27A, see Figure 2) to the receiver 6 near the top thereof for feeding condensate into receiver 6. The line 27 contains a shut off valve 15 and a check valve 115. Fluid (vapor, con- densate, or both) , inlet line 29 connects to the top of the receiver 6 and discharges into a distributor means which will be described hereinafter. The line 29 is supplied with fluid either from vapor generator 202 (re¬ presented by square) through the line 33 or with heating fluid through the line 34. These lines contain the re¬ spective shut off valves 16, 17, and check valves 116, 117, respectively. A vapor discharge line 31 extends upwardly"" from the top of the receiver 6 for carrying vapor to the line 28. The line 31 contains shut off valve 14. The line 28 connects to receiver 5 near the bottom of same and serves to provide a way to equalize the pressures between re¬ ceivers 5 and 6. A branch line 35 extending from the line 31 serves as a source to supply vapor from receiver 6 to other processing equipment. Line 35 contains shut off valve 19 and check valve 119. Line 28 extends outwardly, as at 36, from the point where it connects line 31: line 36 connects to a source of heating fluid which may be vapor, condensate or a mixture of both (such source can be a turbine discharge in some cases) . Line 36 extends from line 28 and contains shut off valve 13 and check valve 113 which permits flow only in the direction toward the receiver 5 from the indicated source of heating fluid. Each of the lines 34, 35 and 36 for purposes of disclosure is intended to represent one fluid pipe or multiple fluid pipes in parallel, and each of the said multiple pipes are to contain a shut off valve and a check valve identical to those shown for the respective lines 34 , 35 and 36 . Line 37 extends from the bottom of the receiver 6 (as from fitting 37A, Figure 2) to pump 3 which pumps condensate from the receiver 6 to the vapor generator 202. 5 Line 37 contains shut off valve 18 and check valve 118, the latter permitting flow only in the direction from the receiver 6 to pump 3. Referring now to Figure 2, which shows a de¬ tailed section through the receiver 6 , it will be noted 0 that the line 29 connects at fitting 29A to a vertically disposed distributor tube 40 having multiple openings 41 in the lower part of same. The lower end of the tube 40 is sealed and secured to the bottom of the vessel forming receiver 6 by means of suitable supports 42. The primary 5 liquid level, indicate ' d at 43, represents the lowest level to which the vessel or receiver 6 is to be filled with condensate. The line 31 (Figure 1) connects with fitting 3LA of the receiver 6, and the fitting 37A at the bottom of receiver 6 connects with line 37 (Figure 1). A dis- 0 tributor 44 extends horizontally across the receiver 6 at the upper part of same and connects to the line 27 through the fitting 27A. Each of all said fittings is a fitting of an opening of the shell 203. The distributor 4-4 is in the form of tube 44A having a multiplicity of holes 45 formed 5 in same about its circumference, within receiver 6. The receiver 6 also has affixed to its upper end one or more sprinkler devices 54 (see Figures 2, 4 and 4A) ; each device 54 comprises a trough 54A having a multiplicity of holes 55 formed in and along the lower portion of same 0 through which condensate supplied to sprinkler 54 is to flow by gravity to condense heating vapor above level 43 in order to reduce the vapor pressure in vessel 6. The troughs 54A extend across the receiver and have their ends 56 suit¬ ably affixed to the receiver so that all condensate supplied to same drains out through holes 55. Condensate is supplied to the troughs 54A by their receiving condensate sprayed upwardly through distributor 44 when condensate is forced to distributo ' r 44. Alternately, troughs 54A may be replaced by tubes or containers connected to an opening in the receiver shell. The tubes or containers have vent openings at the top and multiple holes at the bottom for sprinkling. The sprinklers can be made of aluminum or stainless steel to meet the requirement of each application. The distributor tubes 40 and 44 are made of stainless steel or extra hard tungsten alloy or equiva¬ lents so that they will adequately handle any pressurized fluid passing through the openings of same. They may be suitably fixed within the vessel 6 in their indicated positions. All parts inside the receiver should be so fastened to the wall of same in such a way that maximum expansion can be absorbed without causing any damage. The horizontal tube type distributor 44 can be supported by a larger drainable tube welded to the said wall. The end of the distributor is inside said drainable tube for free expansion. It is important that the outlet openings 41 in the distributor 40 be located below the primary liquid level 43 of the condensate in the receiver 6. Receiver 6 may contain two or more such distributors 40, ' as desired. The distributors 40 and 44 are arranged so that the only outlet for the vapor supplied to the re¬ ceiver is through the openings 41 and 45. Receiver 6 is basically defined by encompassing wall structure 203 suitably sealed and reinforced to withstand the operating pressure of any particular case. The receiver 5 (Figure 3) has a pair of hori¬ zontally disposed vertically spaced, tubular distributors 46 and 48 that contain openings 47 and 49 respectively -W .4, distributed along the entire length of the respective distributor tubes 46 and 48 within receiver 5. The distributor tube 46, which is of the same general type as distributor 44 (Figure 2) , is connected with line 25 through fitting 25A. Distributor 48 located adjacent the bottom of the vessel forming receiver 5 is a tube similar to distributor 44 and is connected with the line 28 through the fitting 28A. Line 26 is connected with the fitting 26A at the top of receiver 5, and the line 27 is connected with the fitting 27A at the bottom of receiver 5. Receiver 5 is also equipped with one or more of the sprinkler devices 54 that are operably associated with distributor 46 in the same manner as with distributor 44 of receiver 6. Receiver 5, like receiver 6, is basically de¬ fined by encompassing wall structure 205 suitably sealed and reinforced to withstand the operating conditions con¬ templated by any particular application. Thermal insula¬ tion is required outside the wall 205. It will be apparent that the vapor and conden¬ sate distributors shown in Figures 2 and 3 may be of other suitable distributing shapes that will effect adequate dispensing of the fluids involved within the respective vessels for purposes of condensing the vapor in same. ' In operating the system shown in Figure 1, the condensate accumulating in the equipment involved (for instance, a condensate tank), represented by vessel 200, and which is to be supplied to the vapor generator 202 by the practice of the invention, is pumped by the pump 1 from the vessel 200 through the line 25 into the distri¬ butor 46 of receiver 5. The condensate passes through the distributor openings 47 into the chamber 206 defined by wall structure 205 to fill the vessel 5 up to the primary liquid level 43A. An automatic air vent arrangement of a O PI suitable type is provided for receivers 5 and 6; same air vents are arranged to automatically release the air con¬ tained within the receivers 5 and 6 when the receiver in¬ volved is being charged with condensate in the first operating cycle. This may be done in any suitable manner. After the first cycle the receiver 5 is filled with vapor and then the receiver 5 is charged with condensate. The relatively cooler condensate shall cool the vapor through the distribution of distributor 46, and thus both the vapor pressure in the receiver and the pumping energy consumption are reduced. When the liquid level 43A is reached in receiver 5, pumping is discontinued, and this may be achieved by employing a timer or suitable sensing device la which operates to discontinue the pumping action of the pump 1 when the level 43A is reached. The heating fluid which may be steam at 270 degrees F. , is introduced into the condensate now within the vessel 5 through line 28 and the perforated tube 48, and valve 13 is closed. The temperature of the condensate within receiver 5 will thereby be raised for example from approximately 180 degrees F. to approximately 215 degrees F. During the filling of the receiver 5 and the heating of the condensate, the valves 12 and 20 are closed so that no liquid or vapor escapes from the receiver 5. The valve 12 is opened briefly (about two seconds) to release to the atmosphere air trapped in receiver 5, when the condensate reaches approximately 215 degrees F. After the condensate of receiver 5 has been heated to approximately the temperature level indicated and trapped air has been released, valve 14 is opened to balance the pressures of receivers 5 and 6 (except for the first operating cycle of the system there is high pressure steam remaining in receiver 6 from the previous cycle) ; the valve 15 is opened, and the condensate flows by gravity from the receiver 5 through line 27 into receiver 6, and specifically, through its distributor 44. The condensate is discharged through the distributor openings 45 into the chamber 207 defined by wall structure 203 of receiver 6. During the flow of condensate through the line 27, the valve 14 of line 31 is opened so that the pressure of receivers 5 and 6 remains equalized. After the con¬ densate in receiver 6 reaches the level indicated at 43, the receiver 6 is isolated from receiver 5 by closing the valves 14 and 15. Heating fluid, for example, in the form of steam at approximately 320 degrees F. is then introduced into the condensate in receiver 6 through lines 34 and 29, by opening valve 16, and it discharges into said receiver 6 through its tube 40 and its openings 41. By this procedure the temperature of the condensate in vessel 6 is raised, for example, from approximately 240 degrees F. to approximately 280 degrees F. During this period the valves 17, 18 and 19 remain closed. Valve 20 shall be opened to release vapor from receiver 5 for outside processing after said receiver is drained. This reduces the pressure inside receiver 5, and thus reduces the power requirements of pump 1. To equalize the vapor pressure between the vapor generator 202 and the receiver 6, vapor from the vapor generator 202 is bled into the line 33 by opening valve 17. This high pressure vapor passes into tube 40 and is dis¬ charged through the openings 41 in the tube 40 and imposes on the condensate in vessel 6 a pressure approximately equal to that existing within the vapor generator. It is understood that the high pressure vapor is not limited by its source. It can be bled from any adequate source, and it can be bled into the receiver with¬ out passing through a distributor to impose a vapor pressure in said receiver. It is now possible to pump the heated condensate from the vessel 6 to the vapor generator 202. At this point, the valve 18 is opened and the pump 3 is actuated to pump the condensate into the vapor generator 202, directly or indirectly. After the receiver 6 has been drained, valves 17 and 18 are closed and the valve 19 may be opened to releast vapor from the receiver 6 for external work of any useful character. System A as shown in Figure 1 may be operated in continuously repeating cycles of the type indicated to convey condensate from the receiver 200 to vapor genera¬ tor 202. Lines 35 and 32 and the related valves can be omitted in some cases. Referring now to Figure 5, a system B is illus¬ trated-that is similar to system A except that a pump 2 is utilized in the line 27 to replace the shut off valve 15. This facilitates moving the condensate from the receiver 5 to receiver 6 at a faster rate than that afforded by gravity. The reference numerals of Figure 5 that are identical to those of Figures 1 to 4 indicate like parts. Figure 5A shows that pump 3 pumps the condensate to ' pressure vessel 204 and said condensate is charged from vessel 204 to the generator. Referring to Figure 6, the system C, is similar to that of Figure 5 except that an additional receiver 4 that is arranged in the same manner as receiver 5, has been added. Line 32 in this embodiment connects line 26 at the top of receiver 5 to the lower portion of receiver 4 at its fitting which corresponds to fitting 28A of receiver 5. The pump 1 pumps condensate through the line 25 into the receiver 4 up to the primary liquid level of same. A distributor 48 such as the one. shown in Figure 3 is used to distribute the vapor to heat the condensate in receiver 4. The vapor in receiver 5 is the left over vapor from the previous cycle when said receiver is drained and isolated. The temperature of the condensate may be raised, for example, from about 100 degrees F. to about 130 degrees F. in vessel 4. The pump 2 in line 25 pumps condensate from vessel 4 to vessel 5 through check valve 100 and fitting 25A. Apart from these differences, the operation of the apparatus shown in Figure 6 is the same as that described for the apparatus shown in Figure 1. The operating systems shown in the drawings can be used in fossil and nuclear fueled power or industrial plants. The selection of the specific arrangement em¬ ployed should be based on the particular applications in each case. The word ""condensate"" refers to steam conden¬ sate or the condensate of any other vapor as the motive fluid, whenever it is applicable. In the case of utilizing the method involved in the apparatus shown in Figure 5, in a steam turbine fossil fuel power plant with a steam generator of 2,400 psig. pressure, steam is extracted from the turbines in six stages in which the steam temperature of the extract is approximately 150 degrees F., 190 degrees F. , 240 degrees F. , 380 degrees F., 460 degrees F. , and 540 degrees F. During the operation, the vapor retained in the condensate receiver 6 should be approximately at 2,400 psig. pres¬ sure immediately after the receiver 6 is drained. Pump 1 can be used to pump condensate from a condenser, a deaerating tank, or a heat exchanger. For purposes of description, it is assumed that pump 1 is connected with condenser 200, and the pump 1 is to pump condensate at approximately 90 degrees F. from the condenser 200 into the receiver 5, up to the indicated predetermined water level 43A. A pre-set timer or float switch la is employed OMPI . A, WIPO v in the controls for pump 1 to shut off pump 1 when level 43A has been reached. Valve 13 represents three automatic valves in parallel and each valve with a check valve 113 is in separate piping. All three pipes are as shown as line 36; each pipe is connected to a source of steam extract. The first valve 13 is operated to release steam at 150 degrees F. into receiver 5 to heat the condensate in same up to approximately 130 degrees F. , and the second valve 13 releases 190 degrees F. steam into receiver 5 to heat the condensate up to approximately 170 degrees F. ; the third valve 13 releases steam at approximately 240 degrees F. to heat the condensate of receiver 5 up to approximately 210 degrees F. ; then all the. three valves 13 are closed. Valve 12 is open for approximately two seconds to release trapped air in the vessel 5 to the atmosphere. Valve 14 is operated to release steam at not more than 2,400 psig. (received from generator 202 in previous cycle) from the receiver 6 into receiver 5 through a line 28, 31 and distributor 48, and this heats the con¬ densate of vessel 5 up to approximately 300 degrees F. At this point, the vapor pressure in both receivers is balanced. While valve 14 remains open, in the form of Figure 5, pump 2 -pumps the condensate from receiver 5 into receiver 6. Valve 14 and pump 2 is shut off when the receiver 5 is drained. Valve 16 represents three automatic valves 16 in parallel in the manner similar with valve 13. The lines 34 are connected to sources of steam extract. When the condensate has completely been transferred to receiver 6, and said receiver is isolated, the first valve 16 of this series is open to release steam of 380 degrees F. into vessel 6 to heat the condensate of receiver 6 up to approximately 340 degrees F. , and the second valve releases stea of 460 degrees F. to heat the condensate up to approximately 420 degrees F. The third valve releases steam of 540 degrees F. to heat the condensate up to approximately 500 degrees F. ; all three valves are then shut off. Such steam is released to the condensate through distributor 40 (Figure 2) . Valve 17 is opened to release the superheat or saturate steam from the steam generator 200 at 2,400 psig. into the receiver 6 through distributor 40 and to raise the pressure in the receiver 6 up to approximately 2,400 psig. Valve 18 is then opened, and the pump 3 pumps the heated and pressurized condensate in receiver 6 into the steam generator 202, while valve 17 remains open. Valves 17, 18, and the pump 3 are shut off by a suitable pre-set timer arrangement immediately after the receiver 6 is drained. Valve 19 may be opened at this point for re¬ leasing a portion of the steam now present in the vessel 6 for use in supplying steam for other processing needs, and the valve 19 shall then be closed. Valve 20 may also be opened for approximately 2 to 4 seconds to release the steam in receiver 5 for outside process use immediately after the receiver 5 is drained. This operation reduces both the pressure in the receiver 5 and the horsepower requirements of pump 1 for the next cycle of the system. Valves 19 or 20 can be omitted when operation of the valve is not feasible in some cases. In the indicated steam turbine power plant, the pump 1 in Figure 5 can be connected to a deaerating tank instead of a condenser and a few condensate heaters can be installed in line 25 in series between the condenser and the deaerating tank. Pump 1 can also be used to pump condensate from a series of heaters and receiver 5 is used to remove trapped air by opening the valve 12 for approximately 2 TUREAT-- OMPI to 4 seconds. The rest of the operation is in accordance with the same principle as stated before. The liquid capacity of the vertical piping be¬ tween receiver 5 and pump 2 and that between valve 118 and pump 3 shall be large enough to prevent the vapor in the pipe from getting into the suction side of the pumps. The size of said vertical pipes can be enlarged. A liquid container can be installed at said vertical pipes instead of enlarging the pipe size. Timers can be used to control the operation of any automatic valve or any pump. Two timers can be used in parallel for any critical operation point. Whenever it is applicable, a float switch in any receiver or a flow switch downstream of any receiver can be used in parallel with related timers to stop the related pump operation. The control means for the various valves and pumps are schematically represented by similar respective reference characters with subscript a, i.e., la, 3a, 12a, 18a, etc. The piping arrangement employed shall provide space for any piping or equipment thermal expansion. In some cases where the condensate is available at adequate temperature and pressure, it can be released into one receiver through its distributor and controlled by a valve and timer. This saves the energy of pumping. All the automatic valves in the system shall be opened at an adequate speed to prevent a harmful impact of the vapor or liquid. The piping arrangement shall minimize such impacts by using piping of adequate size and adequate length. The size of a distributor 40, 44, 46 and 48 shall be large enough and the end of a distri¬ butor shall be strong enough to take any possible impact. In some cases, when the heating vapor is re¬ leased into the condensate in a vessel 5 or 6, a portion of the vapor reaches the top of the receiver and gradually builds up a vapor pressure. This pressure may slow down the process of releasing heating fluid. Open top sprinklers 54 as shown in Figures 2 to 4 can be used to reduce this vapor pressure. The said sprinklers are filled with comparatively cooler condensate through the conden¬ sate distribution of distributors 44, 46. Said sprinklers operate by gravity to sprinkle the condensate slowly through the small openings 55 at the bottom of the sprink¬ lers (see Figure 4) . The sprinklers are in operation until the end of the heating vapor releasing into the related receiver 5 or 6. The comparatively cooler sprinkled con¬ densate cools the indicated vapor that reaches the top of the receiver (5 or 6) , and causes a portion of such vapor to be condensed; thus the pressure of such vapor is re- duced. Whenever it is feasible, a motor forced sprinkler system can be used to replace the open top gravity sprinkler illustrated. In such case, a motor operated pump is used to pump comparatively cooler condensate from any adequate source into such sprinklers. Except for air releasing piping, all equipment and piping that contains the condensate in the system shall be insulated to preserve energy. In an exemplary case of an industrial plant con¬ densate feeding system arranged in accordance with system B (Figure 5), a 1,000 psig. steam boiler supplies all process steam to the plant. Almost all steam condensate • is returned to the boiler room, and 40 per cent of such condensate is at approximately 190 degrees F. when it reaches a condensate deaerating tank in the boiler room; such tank is connected with the suction side of pump 1 and equipped with a suitable air releasing valve and piping. Two types of equipment in said plant discharge steam mixed with condensate and the discharge fluid tem¬ perature shall be 350 degrees F. and 450 degrees F. BGREA£T OMPI When the system shown in Figure 5 starts to operate, the pump 1 pumps the condensate from the deaer¬ ating tank into the receiver 5 to the primary liquid level. Valve 13 * is open to release the said fluid of 350 degrees F. temperature into such receiver 5 through dis¬ tributor 48, and to heat the condensate up to approxi¬ mately 320 degrees F. ; valve 13 is then closed. Valve 14 is opened to release not more than 1,000 psig. steam in the receiver 6 (the steam remained in the receiver from previous cycle) into the receiver 5 through the distribu¬ tor 48, and the vapor pressure in the two receivers shall then be balanced. Pump 2 shall then pump the condensate in receiver 5 into the receiver 6, and both valve 14 and pump 2 shall then be shut off. Valve 16 is opened to release the fluid of 450 degrees F. through the distribu¬ tor 40 of vessel 6 to heat the condensate in receiver 6 up to approximately 410 degrees F., and the valve 14, 16 shall then be shut off. The valves 19, 119, 12 and 112 remain closed, and the valve 20 is employed to release steam into the deaerating tank and to heat the condensate therein. The air releasing valve of such tank shall re¬ lease air from the tank with adequate timing, by utilizing a timer to meet each particular requirement. The rest of the operation shall be the same as stated previously. In a system there may be more than two receivers in series instead of the two receivers shown in Figures 1 and 5. Generally speaking, to transport the condensate by pumping is faster than by gravity drain. The receiver should be larger when the process timing is prolonged. This invention is susceptible of many embodi¬ ments utilizing the principles herein described. To avoid prolixity, detailed description of many of the numerous possible embodiments has been omitted. However, Figures 6 and 7 are provided to show two additional embodiments. Figure 6 illustrates a system in which another receiver 4 and a pump are added to the system shown in Figure 1. The receiver 4 is located upstream of the receiver 5 and the process between receiver 4 and receiver 5 is the same as it is between receivers 5 and 6 shown in Figure 5. Said receivers 4 and 5 are constructed in the way as shown ' in Figure 3, but each receiver is built to meet its particular operating condition. Figure 7 shows an arrangement that keeps pumps 2 and 3 in continuous operation. This involves the vapor generator 202 receiving the condensate continuously. In accordance with this arrangement, at least three receivers 6A 6B and 6C are required, and such receivers are then oper¬ ated in a rotational way to keep the pumps in operation continuously. Each of the receivers 6 operates in the same way as previously stated, and the indicaffed rotation¬ al sequence involves means that before the valve of one receiver 6 is closed, the identical valve of the other receiver 6, which is next in rotational order, shall be fully opened. Timers should be employed to control this operational feature involved. It is advisable to have a standby receiver 6 with all the fittings required avail- able. The control system can be arranged so that the standby receiver 6 is available for use to replace any of the receivers 6 being utilized. A system which is similar to the one shown in Figure 7 is to replace each of the receivers 6 with a two receiver system as shown in Figures 1 and 5. The term ""pump 3 pumps condensate into the vapor generator"" includes all the ways that can be used to pump condensate into said generator 202 ' directly or indirectly. The indirect way means that the pump pumps the condensate into a pressure vessel and from that vessel the conden¬ sate is drained or pumped into the generator as shown in Figure 5A. If the said vessel is used and the vessel has enough capacity of storage, the generator can receive a continuous condensate supply without using the suggested rotational methods described. Quite a number of minor changes may be employed as desirable or necessary r to meet a particular need but the basic principles of the methods herein disclosed are the same. The term high pressure vapor used in this disclosure includes all types of vapor which have at least 50 psig, operating pressure. The generator can be a heat exchanger, a boiler or a nuclear reactor. The piping and the valves used in accordance with the invention shall be such as to withstand the pres¬ sures and temperatures of the operational conditions en¬ countered. Stainless steel can be used in a delicate rust free operation. Steel pipe ϊfianufacturers provide all particular details for any particular requirement, The term ""generator"", ""a pump"", ""a tank"", and ""a receiver"" as used herein indicates at least one of such equipment, but these terms are not limited to mean just one equipment component thereof. When a distributor is used to distribute rela- tively cool condensate into a receiver, said condensate can cool the relatively hotter vapor therein, and thus the vapor is cooled and the vapor pressure is immediately reduced. This operation is used to reduce the conden¬ sate pumping energy by reducing the pump pressure head requirements. The foregoing description and the drawings are given merely to explain and illustrate the invention and the invention is not to be limited thereto, except inso¬ far as the appended claims are so limited, since those IJU O y^ W skilled in the art who have the disclosure before them will be able to make modifications and variations there¬ in without departing from the scope of the invention. -BUREAT "" OΛ.PI";"- What I claim Is : 1. A high efficiency energy saving condensate feeding system for feeding condensate into a high pressure vapor generator of more than 100 psig vapor pressure, com¬ prising first and a second energy saving high pressure vess filled with the same kind of vapor as is generated by said generator and said vapor in said first vessel being high pressure vapor of which the energy content is to be restore to the system, a high pressure vapor source, means for charging condensate into said second vessel to fill said second vessel up to a substantial liquid level in said seco vessel, means for selectively isolating said second vessel, a vapor distributor with multiple openings under the liquid level in said second vessel, .means for releasing high press vapor in said first vessel into said second vessel and to inject said vapor into the condensate in said second vessel through said vapor distributor for reducing the vapor press by condensing said vapor and to preserve the energy content of said vapor, means for charging said condensate from said second vessel into said first vessel, means for isolating said first vessel from said second vessel, means for bleedi high pressure vapor from said high pressure vapor source in said first vessel to build up a pressure head in said first vessel for assisting condensate feeding into said.generator, means for charging said condensate from said first vessel i said generator until said first vessel is selectively draine while said vapor bleeding means is selectively in operation; and means for selectively isolating said first vessel from said high pressure vapor source. 2. A system according to claim 1, comprising a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said second vessel; and means for charging relatively coole condensate through said condensate charging line into said 'BUR O secono vessel and to inject said , condensate through said multiple openings of said condensate distributor into the vapor in said second vessel to condense said vapor for re¬ ducing the vapor pressure. 3. A system according to claim 1, comprising a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said first vessel, and means for charging relatively cooler condensate from said second vessel into said first vessel and to inject said condensate into said vapor in said first vessel through said multiple openings of said condensate distributor to condense said vapor fcr reducing the vapor pressure. 4. A system according to claim 3, comprising a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said second vessel, and means for charging relatively cooler condensate through said condensate charging line into said second vessel and to inject said condensate into said vapor in said second vessel through said multiple openings of said condensate distributor to condense said vapor for reducing the vapor pressure. 5. A system according to claim 1, including at least one valved releasing line leading from a source of used process vapor to at least one of said pressure vessels, a vapor distributor with multiple openings under the liquid level in said one vessel, valve means in said used vapor releasing line for releasing said used process vapor into said one pressure vessel and to inject said vapor into the condensate therein through said vapor distributor for pre¬ serving the latent heat of said used process vapor by con- densing said vapor in said condensate, after said one vessel is charged with condensate. 6. A system according to claim 5, including, sprinkler means in the top portion of said one vessel for sprinkling relatively cooler condensate to cool the vapor above the condensate liαuid level in said one vessel for reducing the vapor pressure in said one vessel while said used process vapor is injected into said condensate. 7. A system according to claim 5, including a condensate distributor in said one vessel, and at least one open top gravity operated sprinkler in the top portion of said one vessel for receiving relatively cooler condensate distributed by said condensate distributor, said sprinkler being adapted for sprinkling relatively cooler condensate to reduce the vapor pressure above the liquid level in said one vessel, while said vessel is subjected to said used vapor releasing. 8. A system according to claim 7, wherein said condensate distributor has multiple openings for shower distribution of the condensate therefrom to cool the top portion of said vessel. 9. A system according to claim 1, including a thir pressure vessel, a condensate communication line leading from said third vessel to said second vessel, a vapor pressure balancing line leading from second vessel to said third vessel, means for charging condensate into said third vessel up to a predetermined primary liquid level, a vapor distributor in said third vessel, fourth valve means in said balancing line for releasing vapor from said second vessel into said third vessel through said vapor distributor for injecting said vapor into the condensate in said third vessel to condense said vapor, a condensate distributor with -multiple openings in said second vessel, fifth valve means for feeding condensate from said third vessel into the second vessel through said communication line and said condensate distributor, and fourth and fifth valve means being operable for isolating said second vessel from said third vessel. 10. A system according to claim 1, wherein said high pressure vapor bleeding means bleeds said vapor from said vapor generator. 11. A condensate receiver functioning as an energy saving high pressure vessel capable of withstanding over 100 psig internal operating pressure, said vessel comprising a pressure resisting shell defining a pressure chamber, at least one elongate substantially straight tube high pressure vapor distributor disposed in said chamber and attached to an opening in said shell, and said distributor having multiple openings below.a liquid level in said chamber for injecting and substantially distributing high pressure vapor into the condensate in said chamber and said liquid level being the liquid level at the time that the • vapor distributor starts operation, at least one elongate substantially straight tube condensate distributor disposed in said chamber and attached to an opening in said shell, and having multiple openings for injecting a spray shower of condensate into the vapor in said chamber and some of said openings being directed toward the top portion of said shell for impinging the condensate onto the top portion of said shell for cooling said top portion of said shell to prevent heating said vapor by said top portion of said shell, and for reducing the vapor pressure by condensing said vapor. 12. A pressure vessel according to claim 11, including at least one fluid distributor having multiple openings under liquid level in said chamber for releasing and injecting condensate from an external source into relatively cooler condensate in said chamber for energy con¬ servation. 13. A pressure vessel according to claim 11, wherein said vapor distributor and said condensate distributor are connected to respective supply lines having slow opening . automatic valves therein; and an adjustable preset timer connected to each of said valves for operating each of said valves. 14. A pressure vessel according to claim 11, wherein said vapor distributor comprises more than one tubular member extending substantially horizontally with¬ in said chamber. 15. A pressure vessel according to claim 11, including at least one open top gravity operated conden¬ sate sprinkler means in the upper portion of said chamber for reducing vapor pressure above said liquid level in said chamber; and the location of the top opening of said sprinkler being located for receiving an adequate volume of sprayed condensate from said condensate distributor. 16. A pressure vessel according to claim 11, including condensate sprinkler means in the top of said chamber for reducing vapor pressure above said liquid level in said chamber while said high pressure vapor dis¬ tributor is in operation, 17, A high efficiency energy saving method for feeding condensate into a high pressure vapor generator of more than 100 psig vapor pressure, comprising providing first and second energy saving high pressure vessels and filling said generator, and the vapor in said first vessel being high pressure vapor of which the energy content is to be restored to the system, charging condensate into said second vessel and filling the second vessel up to a substantial liquid level in said second vessel, selectively isolating said second vessel, releasing said gigh pressure vapor in said first vessel into said second vessel and in¬ jecting said high pressure vapor into the condensate in said second vessel through a vapor distributor with ulti- pie openings under the liquid level in said second vessel and thereby reducing the vapor pressure and condensing said vapor and preserving the energy content of said vapor charging said condensate from said second vessel into said first vessel, isolating said first vessel selectively from said second vessel, bleeding high pressure vapor from a -BU O .-A. W high pressure vapor source into said first vessel and building up a pressure head in said first vessel and thereby assisting condensate feeding into said generator, charging said condensate from said first vessel into said generator until said first vessel is selectively drained while said vapor bleeding is selectively in operation;and selectively isolating said first vessel from said high pressure vapor source. 18. A method according to claim 17, which comprises charging relatively cooler condensate into said second vessel through a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said second vessel; and injecting said condensate through said openings into said vapor in said second vessel and thereby reducing the vapor pressure and condensing said vapor. 19. A method according to claim 17, which comprises charging said condensate from said second vessel into said f-irst vessel through a condensate distributor with multiple .openings disposed in said first vessel; and injecting said condensate through said openings into said vapor in said first vessel and thereby reducing the vapor pressure and condensing said vapor. 20. A method according to claim 19, which comprises charging relatively cooler condensate into said second vessel through a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said second vessel, and injecting said condensate through said openings into said vapor in said second vessel and thereby reducing the vapor pressure and condensing said vapor. 21. The method according to claim 17, comprising partially releasing vapor from said first vessel for process work outside of said first vessel immediately after said first vessel is drained and isolated. 22. A method according to claim 17,comprising partially releasing vapor from said second vessel for outsi process work immediately after said first vessel is drained and isolated. 5 23. A method according to claim 17, comprising releasing used process vapor into the condensate of at least one of said vessels through a vapor distributor there with multiple openings; and thereby condensing said vapor in said condensate for preserving the latent heat of said lø used vapor. 24. A method according to claim 17, comprising releasing condensate of relatively high temperature into the condensate in one of said vessels through a fluid distributor therein; and thereby heating the condensate in 15 said one vessel. 25. A method according to claim 23, comprising sprinkling relatively cooler condensate from at least one condensate sprinkler in the top of one of said vessels, and thereby cooling vapor in said one vessel and reducing the 20 vapor pressure in said one vessel. 26. A method according to claim 25, which com¬ prises releasing said used vapor into said one vessel thro at least one vapor distributor therein from different vapo sources of different temperatures and such releasing being 25 in multiple stages. 27. A method according to claim 17, comprising charging said condensate from said first vessel into an additional pressure vessel, and then charging condensate fr said additional pressure vessel into said vapor generator. 30 28. A method according to claim 27 , comprising charging condensate into said generator at a predetermined speed as a non-stop continuous operation . - 29. A method according to claim 17, comprising effecting all the operations, except charging condensate into said second vessel and pumping, by opening an auto¬ matic valve for fluid releasing and closing one or two auto- matic valves for said isolating, controlling each valve with a respective adjustable preset timer connected thereto, and controlling each valve by means of a respective adjustable preset timer connected thereto. 30. A method according to claim 23, comprising operating at least three- sets of said vessels in an order of rotation,and thereby maintaining continuous releasing of said used vapor into said vessels. 31. A method according to claim 17, comprising operating at least three sets of said vessels in an order of rotation, and thereby maintaining continuous condensate feeding to said generator from said vessels. 32. A method according to claim 17, which com¬ prises bleeding vapor from said high pressure vapor source into the condensate in said first vessel through a vapor distributor therein with multiple openings and thereby heating said condensate and imposing a pressure head in said first vessel. 33. A method according to claim 20, which com¬ prises sprinkling condensate from at least one open top sprinkler in the top of said one vessel for reducing the vapor pressure above the liquid level in said one vessel. 34. A method according to claim 17, including providing a third pressure vessel in series with said second vessel, charging condensate into said third vessel p fill same up to a predetermined primary liquid level, releasing and injecting vapor from said second vessel into said con¬ densate in said third vessel through a vapor distributor with multiple openings to condense said vapor in said condensate for reducing the vapor pressure in said third vessel; and charging said condensate from said third vessel into said second vessel. 35. A method according to claim 17, which com¬ prises bleeding superheated vapor into said first vessel from said high pressure vapor source to build up said vapor head. AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 13 March 1979 (13.03.79)) 1. A high efficiency energy saving condensate feeding system for feeding condensate into a high pressure vapor generator of more than 100 psig vapor pressure, com¬ prising a first and a second energy saving high pressure vessel filled with the same kind of vapor as is generated by said generator and said vapor in said first vessel being high pressure vapor of which most of the energy content is to be restored to the system, means for charging condensate into said second vessel to fill said second vessel up to a substantial liquid level in said second vessel, means for selectively isolating said second vessel, a vapor distributor with multiple openings under the liquid level in said second vessel, means for releasing high pressure vapor in said first vessel into said second vessel and to inject said vapor into the condensate in said second vessel through said vapor distributor for reducing the vapor pressure by condensing most of said vapor and to preserve the - energy content of said condensed vapor, means for charging said condensate from said second vessel into said first vessel, means for isolating said first vessel from said second vessel, means for bleeding high pressure vapor from said high pressure vapor generator into said first vessel to build up a pressure head in said first vessel for assisting condensate feeding into said generator, means for charging said condensate from said first vessel into said generator until said first vessel is selectively drained while said vapor bleeding means is selectively in operation; and means for selectively isolating said first vessel from said high pressure vapor source. 2. A system according to claim 1, comprising a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said second vessel; and means for charging relatively cooler condensate into said second vessel and to inject said condensate through said multiple openings of said condensate distributor into the vapor in said second vessel to condense said vapor for reducing the vapor pressure. 3. A system according to claim 1, comprising a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said first vessel, and means for charging relatively cooler condensate from said second vessel into said first vessel and to inject said condensate into said vapor in said first vessel through said multiple openings of said condensate distributor to condense said vapor for reducing the vapor pressure. 4. A system according to claim 3, comprising a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said second vessel, and means for charging relatively cooler condensate into said second vessel and to inject said condensate into said vapor in said second vessel through said multiple openings of said condensate dis¬ tributor to condense said vapor for reducing the vapor pressure. 5. A system according to claim 1, including at least one valved releasing line leading from a source of used process vapor to at least one of said pressure vessels, a vapor distributor with multiple openings under the liquid level in said one vessel, valve means in said used vapor releasing line for releasing said used process vapor into said one pressure vessel and to inject said vapor into the condensate therein through said vapor distributor for preserving most of the latent heat of said used process vapor by condensing most of said vapor in said condensate, after said one vessel is charged with condensate. 6. A system according to claim 5, including, sprinkler means in the top portion of said one vessel for sprinkling relatively cooler condensate to cool the vapor above the condensate liquid level in said one vessel for reducing the vapor pressure in said one vessel while said used process vapor is injected into said condensate. 7. A system according to claim 5, including a condensate distributor in said one vessel, and at least one open top gravity operated sprinkler in the top portion of said one vessel for receiving relatively cooler condensate distributed by said condensate dis¬ tributor, said sprinkler being adapted for sprinkling relatively cooler condensate to reduce the vapor pressure above the liquid level in said one vessel, while said vessel is subjected to said used vapor releasing. 8. A system according to claim 7, wherein said condensate distributor has multiple openings for shower distribution of the condensate therefrom to cool the top portion of said vessel. 9. A system according to claim 1, including a third pressure vessel, a condensate communication line leading from said third vessel to said second vessel, a vapor pressure balancing line leading from second vessel to said third vessel, means for charging condensate into said third vessel up to a substantial liquid level, a vapor distributor in said third vessel, means in said balancing line for releasing vapor from said second vessel into said third vessel through said vapor dis- tributor for injecting said vapor into the condensate in said third vessel to condense most of said vapor, a condensate distributor with multiple openings in said second vessel, means for feeding condensate from said third vessel into the second vessel- through said communication line. 10. A high efficiency energy saving condensate feeding system for feeding condensate into a high pressure vapor generator of more than 100 psig vapor pressure, com¬ prising a first and a second energy saving high pressure vessels filled with the same kind of vapor as is generated by said generator and said vapor in said first vessel being high pressure vapor > a high pressure vapor source, means for charging condensate into said second vessel to fill said second vessel up to a substantial liquid level in said second vessel, a vapor distributor with multiple openings under the liquid level in said second vessel, means for releasing high pressure vapor in said first vessel into said second vessel and to inject said vapor into the condensate in said second vessel through said vapor distributor for reducing the vapor pressure by condensing most of said vapor and to preserve the energy content of said condensed vapor, means for charging said condensate from said second vessel into said first vessel, means for isolating said first vessel from said second vessel, means for bleeding high pressure vapor from said high pressure vapor source into said first vessel to build up a pressure head in said first vessel for assisting condensate feeding into said generator, means for charging said condensate from said first vessel into said generator until said first vessel is select¬ ively drained while said vapor bleeding means is select¬ ively in operation; and means for selectively isolating said first vessel from said high pressure vapor source. 11. A condensate receiver functioning as an energy saving high pressure vessel capable of with¬ standing over 100 psig internal operating pressure, said vessel comprising a pressure resisting shell defining a pressure chamber, at least one elongate substantially straight tube high pressure vapor distributor disposed in said chamber and attached to an opening in said shell, and said distributor having multiple openings below a liquid level in said chamber for injecting and substantially distributing high pressure vapor into the condensate in said chamber and said liquid level being the liquid level at the time that the vapor distributor starts operation, at least one elongate substantially straight tube con¬ densate distributor disposed in said chamber and attached to an opening in said shell, and having multiple openings for injecting a spray shower of condensate into the high pressure vapor in said chamber and some of said openings being directed toward the top portion of said shell for impinging the condensate onto the top portion of said shell for cooling said top portion of said shell to prevent heating high pressure vapor in said shell by said top portion of said shell, and for reducing the vapor pressure by condensing some of said vapor. 12. A * pressure vessel according to claim 11, including at least one fluid distributor having multiple openings under liquid level in said chamber for releasing and injecting condensate from an external source into relatively cooler condensate in said chamber for energy conservation. 13. A pressure vessel according to claim 11, ' wherein said vapor distributor and said condensate distributor are connected to respective supply lines having slow opening automatic valves therein; and an adjustable preset timer connected to each of said valves for operating each of said valves. 14. A pressure vessel according to claim 11, wherein said vapor distributor comprises more than one high pressure tubular member extending substantially horizontally within said chamber. 15. A pressure vessel according to claim 11, including condensate sprinkler means in the top of said chamber for reducing vapor pressure above said liquid level in said chamber while said high pressure vapor distributor is in operation. 16. A condensate receiver functioning as an energy saving pressure vessel, said vessel comprising a pressure resisting shell defining a pressure chamber, at least one vapor distributor disposed in said chamber and attached to an opening in said shell, and said dis¬ tributor having multiple openings below a substantial liquid level in said chamber for injecting relatively higher pressure vapor into the condensate in said chamber and said liquid level being the liquid level at the time that the vapor distributor starts to operate, at least one high pressure condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said chamber and attached to an opening in said shell for injecting ' a spray shower of relatively cooler condensate into high pressure vapor in said chamber to reduce the vapor pressure, and at least one open top gravity operated condensate sprinkler means in the upper portion of said chamber and the location of the top opening of said sprinkler being located for receiving a volume of sprayed condensate from said con- densate distributor. 17. A high efficiency energy saving method for feeding condensate into a high pressure vapor generator of more than 100 psig vapor pressure, comprising provid¬ ing first and second energy saving high pressure vessels and filling said vessels with the same kind of vapor as is generated by said generator, and the vapor in said first vessel being high pressure vapor, charging conden¬ sate into said second vessel and filling the second -BU 0 A, WI vessel up to a substantial liquid level in said second vessel, selectively isolating said second vessel, re¬ leasing said high pressure vapor in said first vessel into said second vessel and injecting said high pressure vapor into the condensate in said second vessel through a vapor distributor with multiple openings under the liquid level in said second vessel and thereby reducing the vapor pressure and condensing most of said vapor and preserving the energy content of the condensed vapor, selectively charging said condensate from said second vessel into said first 'vessel, isolating said first vessel selectively from said second vessel, bleeding high pressure vapor from a high pressure vapor source into said first vessel and building up a pressure head in said first vessel and thereby assisting condensate feeding into said generator, charging said condensate from said first vessel into said generator until said first vessel is selectively drained while said vapor bleeding is selectively in operation; and selectively isolating said first vessel from said high pressure vapor source. 18. A method according to claim 17, which comprises charging relatively cooler condensate into said second vessel through a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said second vessel; and injecting said condensate through said openings into said vapor in said second vessel and thereby reducing the vapor pressure and condensing some of said vapor. 19. A method according to claim 17, which comprises charging said condensate from said second vessel into said first vessel through a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said first vessel; and injecting said condensate through said openings into said vapor in said first vessel and thereby reducing the vapor -36- pressure and condensing most of said vapor. 20. A method according to claim 19, which comprises charging relatively cooler condensate into said second vessel through a condensate distributor with multiple openings disposed in said second vessel, and injecting said condensate through said- openings into said vapor in said second vessel and thereby reducing the vapor pressure and condensing some of said vapor. 21. The method according to claim 17, compris- ing partially releasing vapor from said first vessel for process work outside of said first vessel immediately after said first vessel is drained and isolated. 22. A method according to claim 17, comprising partially releasing vapor from said second vessel for outside process work immediately after said- first vessel is drained and isolated. 23. A method according to claim 17, comprising releasing used process vapor into the condensate of at least one of said vessels through a vapor distributor therein with multiple openings; and thereby condensing most of said vapor in said condensate for preserving the latent heat of said condensed used vapor. 24. ' method according to claim 17, comprising releasing condensate of relatively high temperature into the condensate in one of said vessels through a fluid distributor with multiple openings therein; and thereby heating the condensate in said one vessel. 25. A method according to claim 23, comprising sprinkling relatively cooler condensate from at least one condensate sprinkler in the top of one of said vessels, and thereby cooling vapor in said one vessel and reducing the.vapor pressure in said one vessel, during said used vapor releasing. 0M 26. A method according to claim 23, which com¬ prises releasing said used vapor into said one vessel through at least one vapor distributor therein from different vapor sources of different temperatures and such releasing being in multiple stages. 27. A method according to claim 17, comprising charging said condensate from said first vessel into an additional pressure vessel, and then charging condensate from said additional pressure vessel into said vapor generator. 28. A method according to claim 27, comprising charging condensate into said generator from said pressure vessel at a predetermined speed as a non-stop continuous operation. 29. A method according to claim 17, comprising effecting all the operations, except charging condensate into said second vessel and pumping, by opening an auto¬ matic valve for fluid releasing and closing' one or two automatic valves for said isolating, controlling each valve by means of a respective adjustable preset timer connected thereto. 30. A method according to claim 23, comprising operating at least two sets of said vessels in an order of rotation, and thereby maintaining continuous releasing of said used vapor into said vessels. 31 A method according to claim 17, comprising operating at least two sets of said vessels in an order of rotation, and thereby maintaining continuous condensate feeding to said generator from said vessels. 32. A method according to claim 17, which com¬ prises bleeding vapor from said high pressure vapor source into the condensate in said first vessel through a vapor distributor therein with.multiple openings and thereby heating said condensate and imposing a pressure head in said first vessel. 33. A method according to claim 25, which com¬ prises sprinkling condensate from at least one open top sprinkler in the top of said one vessel for reducing the vapor pressure above the liquid level in said one vessel. 34. A method according to claim 17, including providing a third pressure vessel in series with said second vessel, charging condensate into said third vessel to fill same up to a substantial liquid level in said third vessel, releasing and injecting vapor from said second vessel into said condensate in said third vessel through a vapor distributor with multiple openings to condense most of said vapor in said condensate; and charging said condensate from said third vessel into said second vessel. 35. A method according to "" claim 17, which com¬ prises bleeding superheated vapor into said first vessel from said high pressure vapor source to build up. said vapor head. O kA>_. WIP";CHEN T;CHEN T;1978
+WO-1979000204-A1;19790419.0;19781010;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20332568.0;F16K27;;F16K27;F16K  27/08;PROTECTIVE HOOD FOR VALVES WITH HAND WHEELS;A protective hood, mainly cylindrical, having an end wall (8) at one end and being open at the other end, intended for fitting over valves for conduits, said valves being of the type fitted with a hand wheel. The hood (1) is made of a fabric (7), such as glass fibre fabric, able to keep out solid contaminating particles but permeable to gas and, further, heat resistant, tensioned over a frame of metal wire (10) wound to coil spring shape, so that for transport and storage the hood can be kept axially compressed to a height several times smaller than when it is expanded by the spring action of the frame. At its upper, closed end the hood is fitted with fastening means, such as clamps (13) or the like, intended to be passed over the spokes (4) of the hand wheel for retaining the hood over the valve.;Protective hood for valves with hand wheels In process industries, e.g. the cellulose industry, extensive conduit systems are used which are fitted with shut-off and control valves, such as, for example, wedge valves and similar types of valve, usually fitted with a hand wheel and manually operated. The valves are often located in an environment where, after some time, they become heavily coated with contaminants on their outside. The valves and their hand wheels are often more or less totally caked with or buried in contaminating particles which, apart from making the operation of the valves more difficult to the operators, can also cause corrosion and damage to valve spindles and bearings. It is therefore known to fit the valves with protective hoods, which are usually made of sheet metal and more or less specially made from one application to another with regard to sizes and means for attaching them to the valves. These hoods are expensive and show other disadvantages as well. They become heavily dirtied on their outside and are also time-consuming and clumsy to fit and remove, which makes them unattractive to handle, so that the operators of the valves tend to neglect re-fitting the hoods after once having removed them. Further, it is costly, space-consuming and impractical to stock and keep in re- serve the necessary number of all the various hood sizes, since it is a question of large numbers - there may be thousands of valves in one single plant. The object of the present invention is to provide a protective hood which is light, inexpensive, simple to fit and remove, has a re- pelling effect on contaminating solid particles falling down on it and requires little space for transport and storing. This has been obtained by giving the protective hood the characteristics set forth in the accompanying Claims. The invention is described in closer detail with reference to the enclosed drawing. Fig. 1 in the drawing shows a side elevation of a protective hood fitted over a wedge valve shown partly in side elevation and partly by outlines. Fig. 2 is a perspective sketch of the hood in the expanded position and fig. 3 a perspective sketch of same when compressed for transport or storage. In the drawing the numeral 1 designates a hood in accordance with the invention, 2 is a valve fitted with a hand wheel 3 with spokes 4, a nut 5 for retaining the hand wheel, and a valve spindle 6. The hood 1 is made from a fabric 7, which is suitably heat resistant and can, for example, be a glass fibre fabric. The fabric should be dense enou to give efficient protection against penetration of contaminating sol particles but should be permeable to rising air streams produced in¬ side the hood in cases where hot media are transported in the conduit on which the valve is fitted. The hood is made in the form of a cylinder, open at one end and fitted, at the other end, with an end wall 8 with a central opening 9 The fabric of the hood is tensioned over a frame consisting of metal wire 10 wound to helical spring shape, to which the fabric is fastene at suitable points, e.g. by sewing the fabric around the wire, the spring action keeping the hood expanded in the axial direction. At th end of the hood where the end wall 8 is provided, the hood is fitted with four rods 11, arranged like the spokes of a wheel and inter¬ connected by a ring 12 defining the central opening of the end wall, to which ring the fabric of the end wall is fastened. The rods 11 are fitted with two fork-shaped clamps 13 intended to be passed over the spokes 4 of the hand wheel. The hoods in accordance with the invention are suitably made in a number of different sizes corresponding to different standard sizes of valves and their hand wheels. Since the frame is made in the form of a helical spring, the hoods can, for transport and storage, be compressed in the way shown in fig. 3 and can then suitably be kept in this position either direct by their packaging or, for example, by a pair of clamps 14 or similar. In this way the hoods require a mini¬ mum of transport and storage space, which is of great importance within process industries where large numbers of hoods may be needed. When a hood is to be fitted over a valve, the helical spring of the frame is released, so that the hood is expanded to its full length, whereupon the hood is fastened by passing the clamps 13 over the spokes 4 of the hand wheel of the valve. It is suitable to have the size of the hood in the axial direction so adjusted that the bottom edge of the hood will seal - under light spring pressure - against the projecting flange 15 of the valve housing or a corre¬ sponding surface. A valve spindle 6 can be passed through the central opening 9 of the hood. The ring 12 defining the central opening seals against the hand wheel nut 5 or a corresponding part, depending on the type of valve. ^JREALT OMPI _«&/__ IPO Since the fabric of the hood is permeable to gas, the outside of the hood will to a considerable extent be self-cleaning in the many cases where hot media are transported in the conduits and the heat 80 from these media causes rising currents of air inside the hood. The permeable hood will also function as a protection against bodily in¬ juries caused by jets of steam or other hot media escaping from the valve, since the hood will act as a brake and spreader and, at the same time, is less inclined to be thrown off the valve due to the pressure 85 than is a completely impermeable hood. liϋREATr OMPI . _;"Claims 1. A protective hood for fitting over valves for conduits, said valves being of the type fitted with a hand wheel and said hood being substantially cylindrical, open at one end and provided with an end wall at its other end, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n t h a t the hood (1) is made of a fabric (7), such as glass fibre fabric, able to keep out solid contaminating particles but permeable to gas and, further, heat resistant, tensioned over a frame of metal wire (10) wound to coil spring shape, so that for transport and storage said hood can be kept axially compressed to a height several times smaller than when the hood is kept expanded by the frame due to its spring action; and in that, at the upper, closed end of the hood, the frame is fitted, on its inside, with two or more clamps (13) or similar, intended to be passed over the spokes (4) of the hand wheel for re¬ taining the hood over the valve. 2. A protective hood as claimed in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r¬ i z e d i n t h a t the height of said hood (1), i.e. its axial extension, is so adjusted that the lower, open end of the hood will seal, under light spring pressure, against a flange (15) of the valve housing or a corresponding surface. ""BOREAi OMPI";PERSSON A;PERSSON A;1978
+WO-1979000205-A1;19790419.0;19781011;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25285908.0;F16K3;F02M69, F16K5, F16K27;F02M69;F02M  69/24;A CARBURETOR FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES;In the operation of some types of fuel injected carburetors, it is necessary that the air valve and fuel valve be of simple construction and controlled by common linkage. In the instant carburetor the air valve (40) is operatively connected to the fuel valve (15) by common linkage (12). When the engine is idling, fuel flows only from pressurized line (18), through flats (19), into annular space (17) and into the intake manifold (23). When it is desired to increase the operational speed of the engine, the common linkage (12) is rotated causing the air valve (40) to further open and simultaneously causing the fuel valve (15) to move upwardly. This upward movement uncovers fuel orifices (16), which allows the fuel from line (18) to be injected through orifices (16) and (22) into the intake manifold (23). All the while, fuel continues to be injected via annular space (17). Likewise, when it is desired to decrease the operational speed the common linkage is oppositely rotated causing the air valve to close and causing fuel valve (15) to move downwardly blocking some orifices.;"A CARBURETOR FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Background of the Invention and Prior Art Statement This invention relates to a device for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine. More particularly, this in¬ vention relates to an improved device for injecting fuel into the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine. The prior art discloses in a number of instances the injection of fuel into the intake manifold or similar air intake conduit of an internal combustion engine. The prior art also discloses fuel injectors of numerous different constructions. Exemplary of such prior art, from all of which the present in¬ vention is patentably distinguishable / are the following U.S. patents. U.S. Patents 1,869,821, 1,931,541, 1,995,601, 2,089,989, 2,910,057 and 4,026,259 all disclose fuel supply devices for internal combustion engines in which the fuel is in¬ jected into an intake manifold or similar air supply conduit. Moreover, in some instances, a valve for controlling the air supply and means for controlling the flow rate through the fuel injection means are controlled by a common linkage from the throttle of the motor vehicle in which the internal combustion engine is installed. However, the fuel injection means in each instance are notably different from the device of the present invention which will hereinafter be described. OMPI U.S. Patents 3,702,175 and 3,982,694 are representa¬ tive of the great diversity of constructions of fuel injection nozzles disclosed in the prior art. However, prior art fuel injection nozzles, such as those of these two patents, are notably different from the device of the present invention as will hereafter be described. It is an object of the invention to provide a device for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine which can serve as a replacement for a conventional carburetor without otherwise substantially altering the engine. It is a further object of the invention to provide a device for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine whi is substantially simpler and less expensive than conventional a device for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine which results in higher gas mileage and a lower level of pol¬ lutants in the exhaust gases than a conventional carburetor o fuel injection system. Other objects and advantages of the invention will b apparent from the following description thereof. Brief Description of the Invention According to the invention, there is provided a devi for supplying fuel to an internal combustion engine comprisin shell, a tube received in the shell and a rod received in the tube with a sliding fit. A plurality of orifices are provide in the tube at intervals along at least a portion of the leng of the tube. The rod is insertable in the tube to an extent sufficient to block the orifices and retractable to an extent sufficient to leave the orifices unobstructed. The number of orifices left unobstructed increases in proportion to the ext to which the rod is retracted. The rod includes means for co nection to a linkage from a motor vehicle throttle for effecting axial movement of the rod. An annular space is defined between the exterior wall of the portion of the length of the tube having orifices and the portion of the length of the interior wall of the shell facing the orifices. Means are providing defining passages for admitting liquid fuel into the annular space. The fuel is ejected from the device solely through the annular space when the rod is inserted in the tube to an extent sufficient to block the orifices. Some of the fuel also passes from the an¬ nular space through the orifices to the interior of the tube from whence the fuel is ejected from the device when the rod is retracted to an extent sufficient to leave orifices unobstructed. The volumetric flow of the fuel into and through the tube in¬ creases as the number of orifices left unobstructed is increased by increasing the retraction of the rod. The device as hereinabove defined is to be used in com¬ bination with means for admitting air to the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine, the air admitting means including means defining a passage for the air and a valve for controlling passage of the air through the air passage. There is also pro¬ vided a common linkage to the valve and the rod for simultan¬ eously opening the valve and retracting the rod and simultan¬ eously closing the valve and inserting the rod, the linkage including means for connection to a motor vehicle throttle. In practice, the device is intended to be used on the intake manifold of the engine, in the same position as a con¬ ventional carburetor, for supplying fuel and air to the intake manifold. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is an isometric view of a device according to the invention for taking the place of a conventional carburetor; Fig. 2 is a cross section taken on section line 2-2 of Fig. 1, but with the device installed on an intake manifold shown in phantom; and Fig. 3 is a cross section taken on section line 3-3 o Fig. 1, but with the device installed on an intake manifold shown in phantom, Detailed Description of a Preferred Embodiment The combination apparatus shown in Figs. 1-3 is funda¬ mentally a combination of a fuel supply device 10 and air supp means 11 simultaneously controlled by a common linkage 12. Th linkage 12 is ""common"" in the sense that it is shared by the f supply device 10 and air supply means 11. The fuel supply device 10 includes a shell 13, a tube received in the shell 13 and a rod 15 received in the tube 14 with a sliding fit. A plurality of orifices 16 is provided in the tube 14 at intervals along at least a portion of the lengt of the tube 14. In particular, the orifices are in a helical array of 360° extending from level A to level B of the tube 14 The rod 15 includes means 15a for connection to a linkage from motor vehicle throttle. In particular, the connection means 1 is an upper portion of the rod 15 of enlarged diameter in whic is provided a slot 15b for receiving an end of a lever of the linkage. The lower part of the means 15a also provides a shoulder 15c for abutting against the upper end 14a of the tub 14 thereby to limit downward sliding of the rod 15 into the tu 14. With reference to Fig. 2, it is seen that when the should 15c of the rod 15 is abutting against the upper end 14a of the tube 14, the lower end 15d of the rod 15 and the lower end 14b of the tube 14 meet. It is also seen in Fig. 2 that with the 15 thus fully inserted in the tube 14, the rod 15 is blocking the orifices 16 in the tube 14. With reference to Fig. 3, it seen that as the rod 15 is progressively retracted from the t 14, and in particular as the lower end 15d of the rod ' 15 rises above level B of the tube 14, first the lowermost of the orifices 16 at level B and then, in addition, orifices at higher levels are, one by one, left unobstructed. Hence, the number of orifices 16 left unobstructed increases in proportion to the ex¬ tent to which the rod 15 is retracted. An annular space 17, which is too small to actually clearly appear in Figs. 2 and 3, is defined be¬ tween the exterior wall of the portion A to B of the length of the tube having orifices 16 and the portion of the length of the interior wall of the shell 13 facing the orifices 16. The an¬ nular space 17 is merely the result of the external diameter of the tube 14 being slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the shell 13. Also provided are means 18 and 19 defining pas¬ sages for admitting liquid fuel into the annular space 17. In particular, the means 18 is a fuel supply line, and the means 19 is a flat milled onto the surface of the tube 14. The tube 14 is externally threaded and the shell 13 is internally threaded from level C to level D. Thus, the tube 14 is screwed into the shell 13. A radial bore 20 is provided through a wall of the shell 13. The radial bore 20 is internally threaded. An end portion 18a of the fuel supply line 18 is externally threaded. Consequently, the fuel supply line 18 is screwed into the bore 20. The flat 19 extends from level E, i.e., approximately at the top of the internal diameter of the fuel supply line 18 to level D, i.e., the lower end of the threads. Thus, the flat 19 communicates between the fuel supply line 18 and the annular space 17, which extends from level D to the level of the lower end 13a of the shell 13. In practice, a plurality, for example, four or five, identical flats 19 are provided around the circumference of the tube 14 to assure that one of these flats 19 is in align¬ ment with the bore 20 regardless of the angular displacement of the tube 14 relative to the shell 13. From the foregoing, it can readily be seen that at all times that fuel is flowing through the fuel supply line 18, fuel will flow into the annular space 17 due to communication from the fuel supply line 18 to the annular space 17 by means of a flat 19. The fuel which flows through this path exits from the device 10 at the juncture of the tube 14 and the shell 13 at th lower end 13a of the shell 13 as a spray which is in a frusto- conical configuration emanating from the aforesaid juncture. This takes care of the fuel requirements of the engine when idling. As the driver depresses the throttle, through a mechan cal linkage which will hereinafter be described, axial movemen is imparted to the rod 15 which retracts the rod 15 from the t 14. Hence, a progressively increasing number of orifices 16 is left unobstructed. The orifices 16 communicate between the an¬ nular space 17 and the interior of the tube 14. Hence, some o the fuel also flows through the orifices 16 into the. interior of the tube 14. Fastened onto the lower end 14b of the tube 14 is a spray cap 21 having orifices 22. The fuel which flows to the lower 14b of the tube 14 enters the spray cap 21 and exits the cap through the orifices 22 in the form of a spray. All the while, fuel continues to be sprayed in the other mode, too. The furt the rod 15 is retracted, the greater the rate at which fuel is supplied to the engine and, consequently, the more the vehicle accelerates. The fuel is sprayed into the intake manifold 23 the engine. The rod is provided with a pair of O-rings 24 and seated in respective annular grooves in the rod 15. When the 15 is fully inserted in the tube 14, the O-ring 24 is slightly above the highest orifice 16 and the 0-ring 25 is slightly bel the lowest orifice 16. When the rod 15 is retracted to the maximum extent effected by the linkage from the throttle, the ring 25 is in about the same position as the 0-ring 24 was in when the rod 15 was fully inserted in the tube 14. The O-ring 24 and 25, hence, prevent fuel vapors from seeping upwardly ou of the fuel supply device 10. To this same end, an O-ring 26 provided in an annular recess 27 provided in the upper end 13 of the shell 13. The interior surfaces of the O-ring 26 are i OMPI <$ IPO - 7 - contact with the outer face of the tube 14 and, hence, the 0- ring 26 prevents the seepage of fuel fumes upwardly out of the device 10 through the interface of the internal threads of the shell 13 and the external threads of the tube 14. The fuel supply device 10 and air supply means 11 are mounted in a housing which constitutes part of the air supply means. The housing includes a base plate 27 having a hole 28 bored through each of its corners for mounting onto the top of an intake manifold 23 in the same manner as a conventional car¬ buretor, which the present invention replaces. The housing is further constituted of a cylindrical side wall member 29 and a disc-shaped cover 30. The cover 30 is releasably held onto the cylindrical side wall member 29 by means of four screws 31. The fuel supply line 18 passes through a bore 32 provided in the cy¬ lindrical side wall member 29. The tube 14 passes through a bore 33 provided through the center of the.cover 30. The 0-ring 26, which seals off the escape of fuel from the interface of the- internal threads of the shell 13 and the external threads of the tube 14, also prevents the escape of fuel vapors through the interface of the bore 33 and the upper portion of the tube 14. The lower portion of the shell 13 is provided with external threads 13b. The base plate 27 is provided with openings 34 communicating between the interior of the housing of the device according to the invention and the interior of the intake mani¬ fold 23. Through the remaining central area 27a of the base plate 27 is provided an internally threaded bore into which the externally threaded lower end of the shell 13 is screwed. An O- ring 35 is provided at the shoulder 13c of the shell 13 situated immediately above the threaded portion of the shell 13. The 0- ring 35 is also in contact with the base plate 27 and seals off the interface of the external threads 13b of the shell 13 and the internal threads provided in the bore through the central portion 27a of the base plate- 27. An air inlet conduit 36 com¬ municates with the interior of the housing through an opening 37 in the side wall member 29. Communicating with the air inlet conduit 44, for controlling the flow of air therethrough, is a butterfly valve assembly 38. The butterfly valve assembly com¬ prises a section of conduit 39 in which a butterfly valve 40 is mounted on a pivot pin 41 which is received in journal bearings 42, 43 on the walls of the conduit section 39. Additional air inlet conduit.44 may be provided on the upstream side of the butterfly valve assembly 38. The conduit 44 may communicate wi a conventional automotive air filter at the location of which a first enters the air intake system of the motor vehicle. The linkage 12 includes a shaft 45 which is journalled in a block 46 fastened to the cover 30 by means of screws 47. rod 48 extends from the throttle (not illustrated) to a crank assembly 49 connected to one end of the shaft 45. Fastened to the shaft 45 at an intermediate point is a lever 50. The lever 50 engages the rod 15 by being received in the slot 15b in the rod 15. To the other end of the shaft 45 is connected a lever which, in turn, is pivotally connected to a crank assembly 52 which it actuates. With reference to Fig. 1, it is seen that pushing the rod 48 toward the crank ssembly 49 by means of de¬ pressing the throttle causes the crank assembly to angularly di place in the clockwise direction, thereby angularly displacing the shaft 45 in the clockwise direction, which causes the lever 50 to lift the rod 15 and causes the lever 51 and crank assembl 52 to open the butterfly valve 40 thereby to effect the simul¬ taneous introduction of air and increased quantities of fuel into the intake manifold 23, resulting in acceleration of the engine. As usual, the throttle is provided with a spring, so .. that when one takes one's foot off the throttle, the rod 48 wil move away from the crank assembly 49, thereby causing the lever 50 to push the rod 15 down again and the lever 51 and crank as¬ sembly 52 thereby to close the butterfly valve 40 again, re¬ sulting in deceleration of the engine. While the invention has been described by reference to specific, preferred embodiment thereof, it is to be understood that modifications and variations thereof which would be obviou to one skilled in the art are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the hereto appended claims. - ~ WREA t";WHAT I CLAIM IS : 1. A device for supplying fuel to an internal combus¬ tion engine comprising a shell, a tube received in the shell and a rod received in the tube with a sliding fit, a plurality of orifices in the tube at intervals along at least a portion of the length of the tube, the rod being insertable in the tube to an extent sufficient to block the orifices and retractable to an ex¬ tent sufficient to leave the orifices unobstructed, the number of orifices left unobstructed increasing in proportion to the extent to which the rod is retracted, the rod including means for con¬ nection to a linkage from a motor vehicle throttle for effecting axial movement of the rod, an annular space defined between the exterior wall of the portion of the length of the tube having orifices and the portion of the length of the interior wall of the shell facing said orifices, and means defining passages for admitting liquid fuel into the annular space, whereby the fuel is ejected from the device solely through the annular space when the rod is inserted in the tube to an extent sufficient to block the orifices and some of the fuel also passes•from the annular space through the orifices to the interior of the tube from whence the fuel is ejected from the device when the rod is re¬ tracted to an extent sufficient to leave orifices unobstructed, the volumetric flow rate of the fuel into and through the tube increasing as the number of orifices left unobstructed is in¬ creased by increasing the retraction of the rod. 2. The combination of a device according to Claim 1 and means for admitting air to the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine, the air admitting means including means de¬ fining a passage for the air and a valve for controlling passage of the air through the air passage. BURE OMPI 3. The combination of Claim 2 and a common linkage t the valve and the rod for simultaneously opening the valve an retracting the rod and simultaneously closing the valve and i serting the rod, the linkage including means for connection t motor vehicle throttle. 4. The combination of Claim 1 and an internal combu tion engine intake manifold, the device communicating with th interior of the intake manifold for the injection of fuel thr the device into the intake manifold. 5. The combination of Claim 2 and an internal combu tion engine intake manifold, the fuel supplying device and th air admitting means communicating with the interior of the in take manifold for the simultaneous injection of fuel and admi sion of air into the intake manifold. 6. The combination of Claim 3 and an internal combu tion engine intake manifold, the fuel supplying device and th air admitting means communicating with the interior of the in take manifold for the simultaneous injection of fuel and admi sion of air into the intake manifold.;BERNECKER G;BERNECKER G;1978
+WO-1979000208-A1;19790419.0;19781013;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25285947.0;B21K5;;B21C3, B21K5, B22F7, B30B11;B21C   3/02D, B21C   3/18;WIRE DRAWING DIE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME;In the past, wire drawing dies employing blanks having polycrystalline aggregate of synthetic diamond cores have been shrink-fitted in the casing. Such shrink-fitting of the blank has required a substantial amount of skilled labor and has resulted in excessive breakage of the synthetic diamond core. Accordingly it has been desirable to provide a wire drawing die employing a synthetic hard, wear-resistant material, and a method of making the same which eliminates shrink-fitting of the blank in the casing. In accordance with the method a wire drawing die (10) is produced by providing a metal casing (12) with a cavity (18) having an undercut (22) adjacent the bottom (20), a first layer (51) of metal powder is deposited in the cavity (18), a metal blank (38) having a core (40) formed of a synthetic hard, wear-resistant material is placed on the first layer (51) and a second, layer (54) of metal powder is deposited in the cavity covering the first layer (51) and the blank (38). A cylindrical plug (24), having a cavity (30) formed in one end, is inserted in the casing cavity (18) with a close slip-fit and pressure is applied to the other end of said plug (24) to thereby compress the metal powder layers. The casing (12) is heated to a temperature which is sufficient to melt the metal powder but is less than the thermal degradation temperature of the core (40) thus forming a body of molten metal which encapsulates the blank (38). The casing (12) is cooled to solidify the metal body and thereby secure the plug (24) and blank (38) in the casing cavity (18).;"WIRE DRAWING DIE AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to wire drawing dies and methods of making such dies, and more particularly to a wire drawing die employing a synthetic hard, wear- resistant material and the method of making the same. Description of the Prior Art Natural diamond wire drawing dies have been manu¬ factured for many years and typically comprise a metal casing in which the diamond is mounted, the casing in turn being adapted to be mounted in a wire drawing machine. U.S. Patent No. 2,171,323 discloses one prior method of making a diamond wire drawing die. In another, more re¬ cent method of making a diamond wire drawing die, a flat- bottomed cavity is machined in the casing and a layer of powdered metal is deposited in the cavity, the diamond placed thereon, and additional powdered metal is depos- ited over the diamond. Powdered metal is then deposited in the cavity of a metal plug which is then inserted in the casing cavity. The casing is then heated, as by in¬ duction heat or gas firing and pressure is applied to the plug thereby to solidify the metal powder to encapsulate the diamond. The usual countersunk openings are then machined in the back side of the casing and in the plug and ' the die opening is drilled through the diamond. U.S. Patent No. 3,978,744 discloses another more recent method of making natural diamond wire drawing dies. OMPI Polycrystalline aggregates of synthetic diamond have recently become available and an annular sintered tungsten carbide blank having a core of polycrystalline aggregate of synthetic diamond is sold by the General Electric Com- pany under the trademark ""Compax"". In the past, wire drawing dies employing blanks having polycrystalline aggregate of synthetic diamond cores have been shrink- fitted in the casing; however, such shrink-fitting of the blank has required a substantial amount of skilled labor and has resulted in excessive breakage of the synthetic diamond core. Furthermore, a Compax blank in the form of a segment of a circle has recently become available which, because of its configuration, does not permit such shrink- fitting in the casing. Still further, the General Electric Company has even more recently introduced another synthe¬ tic hard, wear-resistant metal suitable for use in wire drawing dies, .that material being polycrystalline cubic boron nitride sold under the trademark Borazon. It is ""'therefore desirable to provide a wire drawing die employing a synthetic hard, wear-resistant material, and a method of making the same, which eliminates shrink-fitting of the blank in the casing and reduces breakage of the core. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the method of the invention, in its broader aspects, a metal casing is provided, a cylin�� drical cavity is formed in the front casing side which has a bottom spaced from the back casing side, and the side wall of the cavity is unde cutted adjacent the bottom. A first layer of metal powder is deposited in the casing covering the bottom, a metal blank having a core formed of a synthetic hard, wear-resistant material is placed on the first layer with the core concentric with the cavity, and a second layer of metal powder is deposited in the cavity covering the first layer and the blank, the metal powder of both layers having a melting point lower than the thermal degradation temperature of the core. A cylindrical plug is provided having opposite ends and with its outside diameter so related to the inside diameter of the casing cavity as to provide a close slip fit therein. A cylindrical cavity is formed in one end of the plug having a bottom spaced from the other plug end, the in¬ side diameter of the plug cavity adjacent the bottom thereof being greater than at the one plug end. The plug is inserted in the casing cavity with the plug cavity facing the second metal powder layer until the plug cavity bottom engages the second layer. Pressure is applied to the other end of the plug thereby to compress the metal powder layers, and the casing is heated for a time and at a temperature sufficient to melt the metal powder but at a temperature less than the thermal degradation te - perature of the core thus forming a body of molten metal which encapsulates the blank. The pressure and heating is terminated and the casing is cooled to solidify the metal body thereby to secure the plug and blank in the casing cavity. Countersunk openings are formed in the back side of the casing and the other end of the plug which respectively extend through the metal body to the core, and a die opening is drilled through the core communicating between the countersunk openings. It is accordingly an object of the invention to pro- vide an improved method of making a wire drawing die. Another object of the invention is to provide an im¬ proved wire drawing die. A further object of the invention is to provide an improved method of making a wire drawing die employing a synthetic, hard, wear-resistant material, such as poly¬ crystalline aggregate of synthetic diamond or a polycrys¬ talline cubic boron nitride. Yet another object of the invention is to provide an improved wire drawing die employing a synthetic, hard, wear-resistant material, such as polycrystalline aggregate of synthetic diamond or a polycrystalline cubic b'oron nitride. -BUREATT OMPI. ~ fa W1P0 _ > The above-mentioned and other features and objects of this invention and the manner of attaining them will become more apparent and the invention itself will be best understood by reference to the following description of an embodiment of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the method of the invention;- Fig. 2 is a top view taken generally along the line 2-2 of Fig. 1 but before insertion of the plug in the casing cavity; and Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the finished wire drawing die of the invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring first to Fig. 3 of the drawing, the im¬ proved wire drawing die of the invention, generally indi¬ cated at 10, comprises a cylindrical metal casing 12, preferably, but not necessarily, formed of stainless steel, having flat, parallel, front and back sides 14, 16. Cylindrical cavity 18 is formed in front side 14 of casing 12 and has flat bottom 20 spaced from and paral¬ lel with back side 16. The side wall of cavity 18 is undercut adjacent bottom 20, as at 22. Cylindrical plug 24 having top and bottom ends 26, 28 is closely fitted in cavity IS with its bottom end 28 spaced from bottom 20. Plug 24 has cavity 30 formed in its bottom end 28 having flat bottom 32 parallel with bottom 20 of cavity 18. Cavity 30 in plug 24 defines annular flange 34 which is inclined inwardly away from the side wall of cavity 18 so that the inside diameter of cavity 30 is greater at its bottom 32 than at bottom end 28 of plug 24. The cavity defined between bottom 20 of casing cavity 18 and bottom 32 of plug cavity 30 is filled with body 36 of solidified metal which encapsulates blank 38 ■ BURE OfΛPI ^fa W1P0 and secures plug 24 in cavity 18 by virtue of the in¬ wardly inclined annular flange 34 thereon. In the il¬ lustrated embodiment, blank 38 forms a segment of a circle, as shown in Fig. 2, and may be of the type sold by the General Electric Company under the trademark Compax. Blank 38 is typically formed of sintered tungsten carbide and has core 40 therein formed of polycrystalline aggre- ' gate of synthetic, i.e., man-made diamond. Alternatively, core 40 may be formed of polycrystalline cubic boron nit- ride. Blank 38 encapsulated in metal body 36 is spaced from bottom 20 of casing cavity 18 and bottom 32 of plug cavity 30 and has flat surfaces 42, 44 respectively paral¬ lel with cavity bottoms 20, 32. Core 40 has die opening 46 therethrough concentric with cavity 18. The usual countersunk openings 48, 50 are formed in back side 16 of casing 12 and end 26 of plug 24 and respectively ex¬ tend through metal body 36 to core 40 to communicate with die opening 46. In one specific embodiment of the wire drawing die shown in Fig. 3 and described above, casing 12 has a di¬ ameter of 1-1/8 inch and a thickness of .360 inch. Cavity 18 has a depth of .260 inch and an inside diameter of .312 inch. The inside diameter of cavity 30 of plug 24 at bottom 32 is .262 inch and the depth of cavity 30 is .050 inch. Bottom 32 of plug 24 is spaced from bottom 20 of cavity 18 by about .125 inch. Referring now to Figs. 1 and 2 of the drawings, in the method of making wire drawing die 10, cylindrical cavity 18 is machined in front side 14 of casing 12, as with a screw machine, and undercut 22 is machined, as with a lathe. Layer 52 of suitable metal powder, to be hereinafter described, is then deposited in cavity 18 covering bottom 20 to a level slightly above undercut 22 and slight pressure is applied on layer 51 with a plane plunger (not shown) so that top surface 52 is plane and parallel with cavity bottom 20. Blank 38 having core 40 therein is then placed on top surface 52 of layer 51 and adhered thereto by a suitable adhesive, such as sodium silicate, which will vaporize under high temperature. Blank 33 is located so that core 40 is concentric with cylindrical cavity 18. A second layer 54 of metal powder is then deposited in cavity 18 to cover blank 38 to a depth of about .060 inch. The metal powder of which both layers 51, 54 is formed has a melting point slightly less than the ther- mal degradation temperature of the core 40, i.e., slightly less than about 1200°F in the case of a core 40 formed of a polycrystalline aggregate of synthetic diamond. A metal powder composed of, by weight: 45% cu 45% ni 10% Easy-Flow 45 brazing alloy, which is composed of: 45% ag 15% cu 16% zn 24% cd which has a melting point of 1125° F. has been found to be suitable for the purpose. Plug 24 is machined from suitable metal, such as stainless steel, and has an initial length greater than in the finished die. The outside diameter of plug 24 is so related to the inside diameter of cavity IS as ' to pro¬ vide a close slip fit. Cavity 30 is machined in end 28 of plug 24 so as to provide the inwardly inclined annu- lar flange 34. Plug 24 is then inserted in cavity 18 and casing 12 until bottom 32 of cavity 30 engages powder metal layer 54 and pressure, which may be on the order of 800 p.s.i. gauge, is applied on end 26a of plug 24, as by ram 56, thereby to compress powder metal layers 51, 54. Casing 12 is then heated, as by being placed within induction heating coil 58, the temperature being brought up slowly to a level sufficient to melt the metal powder but not • to exceed 1200° F. In the specific embodiment described, a heating time of about one minute is sufficient to melt the powder metal layers 51, 54 to form molten metal body 36 encapsulating blank 38. Following termination of the heating, the pressure is maintained for an additional short period of time, such as about thirty seconds in the specific embodiment described, in order sufficiently to solidify metal body 36 to secure plug 24. Following further cooling of casing 12 and plug 24, end 26a of plug 24 is machined so as to be flush with front side 14 of casing 12, as shown in Fig. 3. Counter¬ sunk openings 48, 50 are then machined following which, core 40 is drilled to form die opening 46. While the invention has been described in connection with use of die blank 38 which is a segment of a circle, it will be readily understood that an annular die blank may be employed. It will further be understood that while a specific metal powder composition is described, other metal powders may be employed so long as the melting point does not exceed the thermal degradation temperature of the core 40, the pressure and temperature, and the time of application of pressure and temperature in part depending upon the specific metal powder used. While there have been described above the principles of this invention in connection with specific apparatus, it is to be clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of the invention.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. The method of making a wire drawing die com¬ prising the steps of: providing a metal casing having front and back sides; forming a cylindrical cavity in said front casing side having a bottom spaced from said back casing side, and undercutting the side wall of said cavity adjacent said bottom; depositing a first layer of metal powder in said cavity covering said bottom; placing on said first layer a metal blank having a core formed of a synthetic hard wear-resistant material with said core concentric with said cavity; depositing a second layer of metal powder in said cavity covering said first layer and blank; said metal powder having a melting point lower than the thermal degradation temperature of said core; providing a cylindrical plug having opposite ends and its outside diameter so related to the inside diame¬ ter of said casing cavity as to provide a close slip fit, forming a cylindrical cavity in one of said plug ends having a bottom spaced from said other end, the inside diameter of said plug cavity adjacent said bottom there¬ of being greater than at said one plug end; inserting said plug in said casing caviity with said plug cavity facing said second metal powder layer until said plug cavity bottom engages said second layer; applying pres- sure to said other end of said plug thereby to compress said first and second metal powder layers, and heating said casing while maintaining said pressure for a time and at a temperature sufficient to melt said metal pow¬ der, but at a temperature less than the thermal degra- dation temperature of said core, thereby to form a body of molten metal encapsulating said blank; terminating sai pressure and heating and cooling said casing to solidify said metal body thereby to secure said plug and blank in said casing cavity; forming counter-sunk openings in said back side of said casing and said other end of said plug which respectively extend through said metal body to "" URE OMPI. W1P0 said core; and drilling a die opening through said core communicating between said countersunk openings. 2. ' The method of Claim 1 wherein said casing sides are substantially flat and parallel, said first metal pow- der layer being deeper than the height of said undercut and filling the same, and comprising the further step of smoothing the top surface of said first layer prior to placing said blank therein so that said top surface is level and parallel with said back casing side. 3. The method of Claim 2 wherein said blank is ad¬ hered to said top surface of said first metal powder layer. 4. The method of Claim 3 wherein said, casing cavity bottom and plug cavity bottom are flat and parallel with said back casing side. 5. The method of Claim 4 wherein said plug cavity defines an annular flange with the side wall thereof and which is inclined inwardly away from the wall of said casing cavity. 6. The method of Claim 4 wherein said blank is a segment of a circle with substantially flat, parallel opposite sides, one of said blank sides being adhered to said top surface of said first layer. 7. The method of Claim 1 wherein said synthetic material is chosen from the group consisting of poly- crystalline aggregate of synthetic diamond and a poly¬ crystalline cubic boron nitride. 8. A wire drawing die comprising: a metal casing having front and back sides, said front casing side having a cylindrical cavity formed therein, said casing cavity having a bottom spaced from said back casing side and having its side wall undercut adjacent said bottom; a cylindrical plug closely fitted in said casing cavity and having opposite ends; one of said plug ends facing and being spaced from said cavity bottom, said one plug end having a cylindrical cavity formed therein, said plug cavity having a bottom spaced from said other plug end, the inside diameter of said plug cavity adjacent said bottom being greater than that at said one end, said plug cavity bottom being spaced from said casing cavity bottom thereby defining another cavity therebetween which includes said undercut; a body of metal solidified filling said other cavity thereby securing said plug in said casing cavity; and a metal blank having a core formed of synthetic hard, wear-resistant material encapsulated in said metal body with said core concentric with said casing cavity; said back side of said casing and said other end of said plug having countersunk openings therein respectively ex¬ tending therethrough and through said metal body to said core, said core having a die opening therethrough communi¬ cating between said countersunk openings. 9. The die of Claim 8 wherein said casing has sub¬ stantially flat, parallel sides, said blank and core having substantially flat, parallel opposite sides respec¬ tively parallel with said casing sides. 10. The die of Claim 9 wherein said blank is a seg- ment of a circle. 11. The die of Claim 9 wherein said plug cavity de¬ fines an annular flange with the side wall thereof and which is inclined inwardly away from said casing cavity side wall. 12. The die of Claim 8 wherein said synthetic material is chosen from the group consisting of a polycrystalline _ aggregate of synthetic diamond and a polycrystalline cubic boron nitride. OMP .fa WIP";BIEBERICH P;FORT WAYNE WIRE DIE INC;1978
+WO-1979000212-A1;19790419.0;19781013;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20332572.0;F16K1;F16K5, F16K47;F16K1, F16K5, F16K17, F16L55;F16K   1/40;VALVE WITH A HELICAL SPRING AS VALVEMEMBER;A valve for closing or controlling a fluid flow, comprising a control element (4), which for controlling the fluid flow provides for a variable passage area through the device. In order to provide a valve having a simple design and a reliable function, the control member of the valve is constituted by a helix (4), the variable passage area being constituted by the area between the convolutions of the helix.;"Valve with a herical spring as valvemember The present invention relates to a valve for closing or controlling a fluid flow. Many different constructions of valves for closing or con¬ trolling fluid flows are previously known. The object of the present invention is to provide a new valve which has a larger field of application, is easier and cheaper to manufacture and is in certain respects also better than the previously known valves. In order to comply with this object, the valve according to the present invention is characterized in that the variable passage area is con¬ stituted by the area between the convolutions of a helix. In a preferred embodiment of the valve according to the invention this is provided with means for reducing the pressure drop of the fluid flow when this flows through the area between the convolutions of the helix. In a valve of this kind the generation of vibrations and noise in the valve caused thereby are obstructed, which vibrations can arise at great pressure drops over the helix. The valve can be designed so that the convolutions of the helix directly engages each other when the valve is closed, but especially when the valve is designed as a shut-off valve it is preferred to form the con¬ volutions of the helix from rubber or another material. The characteristic of the valve, i.e. the variations of the passage area in relation to the distance between the ends of the helix, can be given substantially any desired function, for example by forming the helix as a conical helix, or by changing the cross sectional size of the con¬ volutions of the helix at different portions thereof. - UREAU O Pl _ , WIPO Λ In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the helix is provided in a passage-way ofthe valve body of a tap or ball valve in order to provide in the valve a flow control device which is activated when the valve is opened. Thereby, there is provided a combined shut-off and flow control device for for example water pipe .systems. The invention is described in the following with reference to the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 is a sectional view of a valve according to the invention. Fig. 2 is a sectional view corresponding to Fig. 1 of an other embodiment of the valve according to the invention. Figs. 3a and 3b show different positions of a valve according to the inventio intended to be used as a flow control device. Fig. 4 shows a valve according to the invention designed as a check valve. Fig. 5 shows a further embodiment of a valve according to the invention designed as a flow control device. Fig. 6 is an axial section of a tap valve includin a valve according to the invention. Fig. 1 is an axial section of a valve according to the invention, the device being connected with a pipe 2. The control element of the valve is constituted by a helix 4 having one end connected with a shoulder 6 of the pipe 2 and supporting at its other end a pressure plate 8. The pressure plate 8 constitutes a flow resistance having a predetermined passage area. The fluid flow through the pipe 2 takes place in the direction of the arrows, and thus, the fluid flows between the convo- lutions of the helix. Thereby, the helix will determine the passage are of the valve in dependency of the area between the convolutions. The flow of fluid through the pipe actuates the pressure plate 8 which is exposed to a greater pressure from the fluid when the fluid flow is in¬ creased, so that the plate 8 is forced to the right which in turn bring about a compression of the helix 4. The compression of the helix 4 provides for a reduction of the passage area between the convolutions of the helix in turn providing for a throttling of the fluid flow. When the fluid flow is reduced, the helix forces the pressure plate 8 to the left in the figure, so that the passage area between the convolutions of the helix is increased and also the fluid flow is thereby increased. /"" U 0 The valve according to Fig. 1 is suitable for being used as an auto¬ matic shut-off valve which is actuated at an unusually great flow through the pipe 2, for example because of a pipe fracture down-stream from the flow control device. If such a pipe fracture takes place, the helix 4 will be compressed to a closed position and will be maintained in this position because of the pressure difference in the pipe at each side of the flow control device. Fig. 2 shows an automatic flow control device which is included in a pipe 10. In the pipe 10 there is provided a plate 12 firmly connected with the pipe wall and supporting one end of a helix 14. Radially out¬ side the helix 14, the plate 12 is provided with passage openings 16. At the end opposite to the plate 12, the helix supports a pressure plate 18, which is guided for an axial movement in the pipe 10. The plate 18 is provided with a central inlet opening 20. The plate 12 as well as the plate 18 form flow resistances having predetermined passage areas for reducing the pressure drop over the helix 14. If said pressure drop is too great, there is created vibrations in the helix in turn leading to noise. The flow control device according to Fig. 2 works according to the same principles as the device according to Fig. i. Thus, the flow control device according to Fig. 2 maintains a constant flow in the pipe by the fact that the passage area between the convo¬ lutions of the helix is reduced when the flow and the pressure on the plate 18 increase so that the flow is again reduced and vice versa. Figs. 3a and 3b show a flow control device corresponding to the device of Fig. 2 ' positioned in a pipe 22. Thus, the control device according to Figs. 3a and 3b comprises a plate 24 supporting a helix 26 and being formed with passage openings 28 peripherally outside the helix. At the opposite end in relation to the plate 24, the helix 26 supports a pressure plate 30 having a central passage opening 32. The plates 24 and 30 constitute flow resistances having predetermined passage areas for reducing the pressure drop over the helix 26. The flow control device according to Figs. 3a and 3b differs from the flow control de- vices according to Figs. 1 and 2 by the fact that the helix is conical. -BUREAT * OMPI This fact provides that the control device according to Figs. 3a and 3b obtains an other characteristic than flow.control devices having a cylindrical helix. In a flow control device having a cylindrical helix, the variation of the passage area is proportional to the variations of the length of the helix, while a flow control device having a conical helix has another characteristic. Thus, an increased pressure on the plate 30 of the helix 26 will reduce the distance between the ends of the helix by initially compressing the convolutions having the greatest diameter. Thus, a compression of the helix from the position shown in Fig. 3 initially provides for a relatively rapid reduction of the passage area, as the convolutions having the greatest diameter is force against each other, while in the lower control region, i.e. at small passage areas, there is provided a greater accuracy of the control of the flow. By forming the helix in a suitable way with regard to the diameter of the convolutions and/or the sectional size of the convo¬ lutions at different positions of the length of the helix, it is possib to provide a flow control device having any desired characteristic. The plate 24 is provided with a central opening 33 having a relatively smal diameter which provides for a more even passage of the fluid through the control device and obviates the closing of the flow control device at pressure shocks. Fig. 4 shows a device according to the invention which is designed as a check valve. The valve is provided in a pipe 34 and comprises a plate 36 connected with the pipe and having one end of a helix connected thereto. The other end of the helix supports a plate 40. The plate 36 has a central passage opening 42. The plate 40 has less outer diameter than the inner diameter of the pipe 34 for which reason there is formed an annular passage opening 44 around the plate 40. The flow directions through the valve are shown by means of arrows. Thus, it is apparent that the valve according to Fig. 4 is in all essential respects formed in the same way as the device according to Fig. 1, with the exception that the flow directions through the devices are opposite. A fluid flow through the valve in the directions of the arrow forces the plate 40 to the right according to Fig. 4, so that the helix 38 is retained in an extracted position and the fluid flow takes place between the con¬ volutions of the helix. If the fluid flow takes place in the opposite direction or the fluid flow terminates, the plate 40 is moved to the left in Fig. 4 in dependency of the strength of the helix so that the area between the convolutions is closed and a flow in the opposite direction is thereby obstructed. Dependent on the pretensioning of the helix 38 in the direction of contracted position, it is possible to provide for an opening of the valve at any desired flow in the direction to the right or to provide for a closing at any desired flow in the di- rection to the left in the figure. The flow control device shown in Fig. 5 comprises a valve housing 46 having an annular projection 48 and a locking ring 50 positioned in a groove in the housing. In the housing there is provided a conical helix 52 adapted to control the fluid flow through the control device ac¬ cording to the same principles as described above. At its small end, which is positioned up-stream, the helix 52 is connected with a flow resistance 54 in the form of a washer having a cylindrical edge portion 56, said washer being movable to the left in the housing acainst the action of the helix 52. The passage area of the flow resistance 54 is predetermined by the fact that the resistance is formed with two open¬ ings 57. In addition to the flow resistance 54 having a predetermined passage area the flow control device according to Fig. 5 includes a flow resistance having a variable passage area. The flow resistance having a variable passage area comprises a valve means 58 and a valve seating 62 constituted by a conical element 60. The element 60 is by means of an edge flange 64 fixed between the helix 52 and the projection 48. Thus, the valve means 58 is supported by the washer 54 and is moved together therewith, as the washer 54 is moved more or less to the left according to Fig. 5 dependent on the passage of the fluid through the flow control device. Dependent on the position of the washer 54 and thereby of the valve means 58 in relation to the valve seating 62 the passage area through the flow resistance having a variable passage area will variate. Together the flow resistance having a predetermined passage area and the flow resistance having a variable passage area cooperate for maintaining a substantially constant pressure difference over the helix 52 at different flow rates. Thereby, vibrations of the helix 52 and noise accompanying said vibrations will be quite elimi¬ nated in the valve. In spite of the fact that the flow control device according to Fig. 5 includes an extremely well developed control technique, the device consists of simple elements which in a fast and easy way can be mounted without use of screws or other fastening means requiring time for its mounting. This fact is a great advantage. In mounting a flow control device according to Fig. 5 it is only necessary to position the ele¬ ment 60 with its flange 64 in engagement with the projection 48, po¬ sition the helix with the thick end thereof against the flange 64, position the washer 54 with the valve means 58 positioned thereon inside the helix and finally position the locking ring 50 in the groove in the valve housing. Fig. 6 shows a flow control device of the kind shown in Fig. 5 included in the valve housing 66 of a tap valve 68. The valve housing 66 forms the housing of the flow control device, and thus, the elements forming the flow control device according to Fig. 5 are positioned in the passage opening 70 of the valve means 66. Therefore, the different ele¬ ments of Fig. 6 have the same reference numerals as in Fig. 5 with the addition ""a"". The valve means 66 is in a conventional way rotatably positioned in the valve housing of the valve 68, and thus, the valve shown in Fig. 6 constitutes a combined closing and flow control valve. The housing of the valve 68 is provided with openings 72 which allow that the flow control device can be made available for service and/or adjustment in the closed position of the valve means 66. In order to prevent fluid flow through the valve 68 if the valve means should by mistake have been so positioned that the fluid flows in the direction from the element 60a to the washer 54a, there is between said washer and the locking ring 50a provided a further washer 72 having a central opening 74. It is recognized, that fluid flow can take place - U ~ m • *7 ■ in the intended direction only when the washer 72 is present, as the washers 54a and 72 thereby are positioned at a distance from each other, but not in the opposite direction, as said washers thereby sealingly engage each other. Also in the embodiments of the device according to the invention de¬ scribed above, a washer of the same kind as the washer 72 can be present. The invention can be modified within the scope of the following claims. For example it can be preferred to provide a valve according to the invention with a control means consisting of a spring thread covered by an elastic material. The flow control device according to the invention is especially well suited for being used in hot water heating systems. To such systems there are connected a number of radiators and in order to provide for a correct functioning of the system .he flow of water to each radia¬ tor has to be adjusted. By providing a valve of the type shown in Fig. 6 in connection with each radiator it is possible to adjust the flow of water to each radiator by positioning a flow control insert in each valve providing for the correct and desired flow through that valve.";C L A I M S 1. A valve for shutting off or controlling a fluid flow, character¬ ized in that the variable passage area of the valve is constituted by the area between the convolutions of a helix positioned in a valve housing. 2. A valve as claimed in claim 1, characterized by means for reducing the pres-sure drop of the fluid flow at the flowing through the area- between the convolutions of the helix. 3. A valve as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that said means comprises a flow resistance having a predetermined passage area. 4. A valve as claimed in claim 2 or 3, characterized in that said means comprises a flow resistance having a variable passage area. 5. A valve as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that the end of the helix positioned down-stream is non-movably connected with a housing and the end of the helix positioned up-stream is connected with the flow resistance having a predetermined passage area and together therewith is movably arranged in the housing in such a way that the fluid flowing through the housing acts for displacing the flow resistance in a direction for compressing the helix. 6. A valve as claimed in claim 4 and 5, characterized in that the flow resistance having a variable passage area consists of a valve means and a valve seat, said means or said seat being positioned on the flow resistance having a predetermined passage area for being dis¬ placed in a direction for reducing the passage area of the flow resistance having a variable passage area when the flow resistance having a predetermined passage area is displaced in a direction for compressing the helix. 7. A valve as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said helix is of conical shape. -B- O .<&,. V7 8. A valve as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the helix consists of a thread covered with an elastic material. 9. A valve as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the helix is positioned in a passage opening in the valve means of a tap or ball valve for constituting therein a flow control device which is acting when said valve is in its opened position. -BUREAU OMPI;DERMAN K, SOEDERBERG R;DERMAN K, SOEDERBERG R, SOEDERBERGS ING BYRA, SOEDERBERGS INGENJOERSBYRA AB;1978
+WO-1979000213-A1;19790419.0;19781013;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;27420303.0;H04N5;;G11B27, H04N5;G11B  27/00V, G11B  27/026, G11B  27/028, G11B  27/10A1, G11B  27/34, H04N   5/781, H04N   5/937, S11B  27/026;VIDEO EDITING SYSTEM;A record and playback system for video information, e.g. video frames successively presented at a standard frame rate, each frame having first and second video fields, and for playing back the video information in a desired sequence to produce a video output signal, providing either slow motion or normal motion effects. A frame recorder has a rotatable recording medium (22), first and second transducer means (24, 25) for recording and playing back video frames in recording tracks on the recording medium. and means (27) rotating the medium at frame rate such that a video frame is recorded in each of the recording tracks. A field store (111) can store a field of video information replayed from the recorder. A switch is connected to a field store and to the recorder for providing at the switch output video information from the field store or the recorder in response to a delay field signal. The switch changes switching state and the transducer means are stepped to provide at the switch output replayed video information in the same sequence in which it was recorded or, alternatively, in a sequence different from that in which it was recorded, with the sequence of fields within the frames properly ordered for interlace. The video recorder system also includes a circuit providing a cue display signal (C-2) on a video monitor which is indicative of the progression of the transducer means to successive tracks during both recording and playback.;"SLOW MOTION VIDEO RECORDING AND PLAYBACK SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to video recorders of the type which provide a relatively limited recording capacity and which are capable of replaying the recorded video information either in real time or in a variable speed, slow motion replay mode. Such recorders are parti¬ cularly adapted for use in televising or recording sporting events where a continuous video recorder of a substantially greater capacity may be used to provide a recording of the entire event. A recorder of the type to which the present invention is directed is selectively employed to record portions of the event which are later replayed , either at normal speed or in a manner to produce a slow motion effect. The standard NTSC color video signal used in the United States consists of a succession of video frames, each frame consisting of two video interlaced fields.each of- which consists of a series of horizontal lines of video information, separated by horizontal line timing.pulses. Each frame contains a field of a first type, termed an odd field, Ξnd a field of a second type, termed an even field. In order to produce the desired interlace between the-two fields of a frame, the beginning of each even field occurs at a time'offset by one half video line time with respect to the horizontal timing pulses, while the beginning of each odd field occurs with no offset. Color video signals include a chroma component. The phase of the chroma component at the end of each field will lag the phase of the chroma at the beginning of the field by 90°. Thus, it is seen there are frames of video information of a first type in which the chroma component varies in phase from 0° to 180° and frames of a second type in which the chroma component varies from 180° to 360°. In order for successful operation of a recorder, the recorder must provide during replay successive frames which alternate in frame type, with each of the frames containing a field of a first field type and a field of a second field type. A typical prior art slow motion recorder is shown in U. S. Patent No.' 3,637,928, issued January 25, 1972, -to Poulett. .The Poulett recorder uses four video recording disc surfaces with four corresponding record/playback heads- to record, respectively, the four fields making up the frames of the first and second frame types. Each of the. recording disc surfaces is rotated at the field rate and, during recording and playback, the record/playback heads are moved to predetermined recording ' tracks on the disc sur¬ faces. During playback, the sequence in which the fields- are replayed may be varied in order to produce various slow motion effects. Another recording device is shown in publication B 347,661, published March 16, 1976, under the Second Trial Voluntary Protest Program, with Iyama, et al as inventors. The Iyama, et al recorder records only single fields and reproduces them in such a manner that they are interlaced ; into frames for display. A major problem- ith respect to video recorders operating at 3600 r.p. . (the field rate in- the NTSC system) i s -the limitation which this imposes on the recorder storage capacity, since only one field can be stored in each recording tra,ck. Another problem with such disc recorders is that excessive wear of the disc and transducer heads may occur over a period of time. U. S. Patent No. 3,518,366, issued June 30, 1970, to Phan, discloses a video recording system capable of reproducing video information in a slow motion format. The Phan system uses a single recording disc which is rotated at the. frame rate (1800 r.p.m.) of the video signal. A plurality of frames of -video information are recorded on one side of the disc in a spiral recording track. . A pair of record/replay transducers cooperate with a single circular recording track on.the opposite side of the disc to construct a single frame from a field which is replayed- from the spiral recording track. This synthesized frame, having identical fields, is replayed a number of times under control of a slow motion.timer in order to produce a slow motion video output signal. The Phan system is somewhat limited in flexibility, however, since it is'capable <J>f providing slow motion reproduction rates only at integer multiples of the rate at which the information is recorded,-- U. S. Patent No. 4,058,840, issued November 15, "" 1977, to Kasprzak, and assigned to the assignee of the pre¬ sent invention, discloses a video frame recorder which. includes control circuitry to re-record a field from one- half of a disc recording track onto the other half of the recording track such that an interlaced frame, consisting of two identical fields, is produced for replay. Although using , a disc frame recorder, the Kasprzak system is not capable of providing slow motion video signals during--- replay. In video recorders of the type to which the pre¬ sent invention is directed, it is advantageous that th operator of the recorder have provided to him a visual indi— cation of the recording operation and, during replay,- a. visual indication of the replay Operation. A recorder of the type to which the present invention is directed permits short portions of a video signal to be recorded and then replayed, with or without an altered time base effect as desired by the recorder operator. This type of recorder typically has a relatively short real time storage capacity and thus video information is continuously recorded over previously recorded video information. When used to provide slow motion instant replay of a sporting event, for example, a recorder of this type will typically be left in the record mode. The operator may note an event of interest to which he may later wish to return. In the past, a recording indicator has typically been provided in the form of a dial arrangement which rotates as the transducer heads are stepped to successive recording tracks.= The operator will know that if the event of interest occurred while the dial .pointer was directed to a certain point on the dial, he may replay the event of interest by operating the recorder during replay- such that the dial pointer again is directed to this point on the dial. With such an arrangement, how- ever, it is necessary for the operator to view the- indicator dial and, simultaneously, the video monitor. The operator must take care, as well, that the re¬ corder not be left in the record mode for a period-- sufficient to result in new video information being- recorded over the video information showing the event of interest. Therefore, the operator must watch the dial pointer closely.and may be distracted ■ - and miss an event which he would otherwise prefer to . record. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, a slow motion recording and playback system is provided in. which a usage display is generated in the form of a- dot which appears on the video monitor at the per— imeter of the monitor. At the beginning of the re¬ cording process, the dot may, for example, appear at the upper left-hand corner of the screen and, during- recording, the dot will progress in a clockwise manner. around the periphery. The stationary dot will also appear in the upper left-hand corner to indicate the point at which recording began. When recording is terminated, a third dot will appear at the termination point, so that the operator will not continue on be- . yond this point during replay. The system further pro— vides for placing a stationary cue dot at a point along the periphery of the monitor when an event of interest in noted, such that the operator may return to this point later for viewing during replay. mation consisting of video frames successively pre¬ sented at a standard frame rate, each of the frames-- including a first video field of a first field type and a second video field of a second field type, and for playing back the video information in a desired sequence to produce a video ' output signal providing either slow motion or normal motion effects when viewed on a monitor, utilizing frame recorder. The 0 frame recorder has rotatable recording medium, trans¬ ducer means for recording and playing back the video frames in recording tracks on the recording medium, and means for rotating the medium at the standard frame rate and for stepping the transducer means- at-' 5 the standard frame rate such that a video frame may ¬ be recorded in each of the recording tracks . A field delay means is responsive to the recorder for storing- a fiέld of video information and providing the stored field at its output. 0 Stepping means step the transducer means dur¬ ing playback to recording tracks on the recording medium in accordance with a sequence control signal * A switch means provides video output signals at its switch output and connects the switch output to the - 5 field delay means output or, alternatively, to the frame recorder in response to a delay field signal-— Logic means , responsive to the field reference signal and the playback rate signal, provides the sequence control signal to the stepping means and, further, 30- provides the delay field signal to the switch means. The video information is thereby replayed as re¬ corded or in a different sequence from that in which it was recorded, the sequence of fields within the frames of the replayed video information being such 35 that it consists of alternately presented fields of a first field type and a second field type. The video recorder and playback system may fur¬ ther comprise means for generating the playback rate signal at a rate which is less than the field rate of the video information which is stored, whereby the replayed video information will provide a slow motion effect when viewed on a monitor. ~ ~' The video recorder and playback system further includes means for generating a direction indicating signal, with the logic means including means respon¬ sive to the direction indicating signal for altering the sequence control signal. The transducer means may be stepped by the altered sequence control signal to tracks on the medium in a sequence which is reversed from the sequence in which the fields of video in¬ formation were recorded, whereby the replayed video information will provide a reverse motion effect when viewed on a monitor. The video recorder and playback system may further include means for terminating the playback rate signal, whereby the replayed video information will produce a stop-action effect when viewed on a monitor. . The switch means provides its output to a chroma in- verter which inverts the chroma component <zf£ the video signal applied thereto in response to a chroma invert signal. The logic means will supply the chroma invert signal to the chroma inverter, whereby the sequence of frames and sequence of fields within the frames of the replayed video information is such that it con- • sists of alternately presented video frames of a first and second frame type, with each of the frames includ¬ ing a first video field of a first field type and a second video field of a second field type. The video information recorded may be divided into segments with a cue signal means providing a cue signal at selected times during recording of the seg¬ ments of video information. A means for generating a clocking signal as successive segments of video infor- mation are recorded or replayed provides an output to a counter means which cyclically assumes successive count states in response to the clocking signal. A latch means is responsive to the counter means and to . the cue means for storing the count state of the counter means upon receipt of each of the cue signals. Means is provided for generating a cue display signal in response to the latch means whereby the cue dis- play signal may be superimposed upon the video infor¬ mation as it is replayed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the record— ing system of the present invention, including a moni- tor and control console arrangement, and Fig. 1A is- an enlarged view of the monitor and console; Fig. 2 is a block diagram representation of the recorder and associated control circuitry; Fig. 3 is a schematic representation of the.- time base correction and field store portion of the present invention; .Fig. 4 is an electrical schematic representation? showing the input control and associated logic Fig. 5 is an electrical schematic representation showing the sequencing logic; Fig. 6 is a timing diagram useful in ' under¬ standing the operation of Fig. 5; Fig. 7 is an electrical schematic representa¬ tion showing a chroma invert control circuitj Fig. 8 is a schematic representation of the ^ interface logic circuit; Figs. 9A and 9B, when assembled with Fig. 9A to the left of Fig. 9B, form an electrical schematic represen- tation of the stepper control logic for sequencing the position of the transducer heads; Figs. 10A, 10B, IOC and 10D, when assembled with Pig. 10A above 10B and Fig. IOC above 10D, with Figs. -10A and 10B to the left of Figs. IOC and 10D, form an elec¬ trical schematic representation of the cue display logic; Fig. 11 is an electrical schematic representation of logic circuitry used with the circuit of Fig. 10 for displaying a cue signal; and "" Fig. 12 is an electrical schematic representation of control logic for controlling the auto search function. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT . Fig. 1 shows the overall recorder system of the present invention. A control console 10 includes the various operator control switches and a cathode-ray tube display 12. The control logic 15 is shown diagrammatically as removed from the console 10, although some of the logic may actually be incorporated within the console. The video- frame recorder 20 includes a two-sided rotatable recording disc 22, and upper and iower transducer means 24 and 25.for recording and playing back video frames in circular record¬ ing tracks 26 on the upper and lower surfaces of disci Th disc recorder also includes a drive motor 27 which provides- a means for rotating the disc 22 at the video frame rate. As discussed previously, the standard NTSC color video signal includes video frames of a first and a second frame type. Frames of the first type include a chroma com¬ ponent the phase of which is 0° at the beginning of the :"" frame and 180° at the end of the frame. ""Frames of the second type include a chroma component the phase of which i 180° at the beginning of the,frame and 360° at the end of t frame. Video frames of the first frame type are recorded on the upper surface of the disc 22 by the transducer 24, while yideo frames of the second frame type are recorded on the lower surface of the.disc 22 by transducer 35. Drive motor 27 includes a drive amplifier and a motor feedback tachometer. Means for stepping the upper an lower transducer means to successive tracks 26 on the disc 22 include stepper controllers 30 and 32. The transducer heads are conventional and each includes an erase head gap which precedes the record/play¬ back portion of the transducer head. Each recording surface on the disc 22 is capable of storing a video frame in each of the 300 circular recording tracks 26, thus providing a total of 600 frames of storage, or approximately 20 seconds of video picture information storage in the NTSC system. Camera -35 is one typical source of video information to be recorded. Video information which is stored and played back by the recorder is provided on output 36, typically for use by a television station or network. The video frame recorder system of the present invention includes circuitry for monitoring and displaying a video indication of the progression of the transducers 24 ■ and.25 to successive tracks 26 on the disc 22 during both • the recording process and the playback process. The opera-s.. tor commences the recording operation by depressing an appropriate record switch on the console 10. Successive frames of the video signal will then b recorded alternately on the upper and lower recording surfaces of the disc 22. The transducer heads 24 and 25 are stepped alternately while the opposite transducer head is recording in a fashion such- that heads skip every other track as they move progres¬ sively inward toward the center of the disc. At the outer limit of head motion, after each .of the heads has covered 150 tracks on its associated recording surface, a limit control, such as a photocell detector, detects the position of the heads and reverses the operation of the steppers 30 and 32. At this point the heads will. commence stepping inwardly toward the center of the disc, • with the heads being aligned with the tracks which were skipped during their outward stepping progress. Each trans¬ ducer head will therefore record on the odd numbered tracks as it is stepped radially inward, and will record on the even numbered tracks as it is stepped radially outward. A track counter which is reset by the photocells at the outer head stepping limits will keep track of the movement of the heads to reverse their direction of movement at the inner head stepping limit, causing the heads to step outwardly and record over the previously recorded information on the odd numbered tracks. When the operator presses the recording switch on the console 10, a cue display dot C-1 will appear upon the cathode-ray tube at a point on the periphery of the tub corresponding to the position of the heads at that time. As the recording process progresses, a moving cue dot C-2 will be generated and will leave the stationary dot C-1, • indicating to the operator the progress of the recording operation. The dot C-2 will move in a clockwise fashion around the periphery of the cathode-ray tube display 12 in synchronism with the movement of the transducer heads 24-- and 25 across the recording surfaces of disc 22. The moving dot C-2 will traverse the entire periphery of the cathode-ray tube during one full recording sequence, which is equal to 20 seconds of real time video information. The operator will at the same time observe on the cathode— ray tube the video signal which is being recorded. Should the operator determine that a point of interest has been reached during the recording process, a cue button on the console 10 may be depressed resulting in the generation of a dot C-1' which will momentarily coinci W ith the progressing dot C-2 but which will be stationary on the cathode-ray tube display, indicating this point of interest. The cue 3ot C-1 will at this point no longer be displayed. When the recording operation is terminated, a further cue mark C-3 will be generated which will remain on the cathode-ray tube, indicating the point at which recording as terminated. The dots C-1 ' and C-3. are- displayed on the cathode-ray tube during the playback of th recorded video information. The moving dot C-2 is also displayed during playback, providing an indication of whic portion of the recorded video information is then being replayed. An auto search mode is also provided, which is initiated by the appropriate control buttons on the console 10 to step the recorder rapidly, such that the dot C-2 is returned to be coincident with dot C-1 or C-1'. The trans¬ ducer heads 24 and 25 are thereby positioned appropriately for replaying the event of interest which was. indicated - by dot C-1 or C-1* . Playback of recorder information from the video recording disc 22 may be accomplished in either the forward or reverse direction and at either normal or slow motion rates. If the slow motion mode of playback is chosen, the rate at which the playback occurs is controlled by a sliding control 37- by which the operator can vary the rate at which the transducers • 24 and 25 are stepped across the surfaces of the disc 22. It will be understood that in such a slow motion playback mode the frames of video information will be- provided successively to the cathode- ay tube monitor 12 and to the video output line 36 at the conventional NTSC frame rate of 30 frames per second. The sequence of frames in slow motion playback will, however, include frames having identical video infojrmation in order to effectuate the slow motion playback effect. The details of the operator control of : - the recorder during record and playback are disclosed - more completely in U. S. patent application Serial No. 842,247, filed October 14, 1977, and assigned to the - assignee of the present invention, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. The signal handling and control logic is shown schematically in Fig. 2. Video information is applied to an input processor 40, which includes a filter 42, a sync strip circuit 44, and a switch 46. The input video is applied to line 48 and is filtered by filter 42 which has a bandwidth of approximately 4.5 MHz. An external sync signal, applied to line 50, may typically be derived from station sync. Switch 46 applies either the input video or the external sync to the sync strip circuit .44 which, in turn, provides a disc sync output on line 52. The sync signal is also applied to the clamp circuit 54 of the modulation unit 56. The modulator 58 is a-standard automatic frequency control modulator which clamps the modulating frequency to a specific reference frequency, typically 7.9 MHz. The modulator output goes to lines 60, 62 and 64 The line 60 is used when it is desired to bypass the recor ing system completely, at times other than during playback as well as during certain test operations. The output of the modulator 56 is also -applied to record/playback ampli¬ fiers 66 and 68. ■ These amplifiers cooperate with trans¬ ducer heads 24 and 25, respectively, during both recording and playback. • Inputs 70 and 72 to the amplifiers control the sequencing and operation of the amplifiers during the recording and playback modes of operation. Equalizers 74 and 76 receive the video outputs from the amplifiers 66 an 68,. respectively, and provide these video outputs to a switch 78. Equalizers 74 and 76 equalize the reproduced video signal such that the correct amplitude and phase response is obtained during playback. Switch 78 switches- in synchronism with the alternating operation of the trans ducer heads 24 and 25 during both recording and playback- The output from switch 78 goes through switch 80 to a demodulator and filter circuit 82. Switch 80 will be switched into its lower switch ing position during playback, and will be switched into its upper position during recording so that the monitor may be provided with the video signal at the same time that it is recorded onto the disc 22. A dropout detector circuit 84 detects when a portion of the video signal is missing and provides an output to line 86 when this occurs to initiate drop out correction, as discussed below. The filters, modulators, demodulators, amplifiers, dropout detector, and equalizers, are all well known in the art and are inco porated into most prior art video disc recording systems. Also standard in video disc recorders is a servo control for controlling rotation of the disc 22. This control includes the motor 27, having a tachometer, the servo circuit 88, and drive amplifier 90. Control logic circuit 92 provides control signals to the aforementioned circuitry to control circuit operation. The manner in which the control logic 92 controls operation of the system is determined by input information applied through the console 10. The video output from the recorder is applied through the demodulator filter circuit 82 to a time base corrector circuit 94, the details of which are discussed below. This circuit performs a number of functions, including correcting for time base errors and, simultan¬ eously, providing a slow motion playback sequencing of reproduced video fields. The time base corrector circuit 94 includes digital storage, termed a field store, for storing video fields as required to produce a slow motion- effect. The time base corrector circuit 94 includes cir¬ cuitry which adjusts the type of frame and field provided at its output such that the frame and field types will agree with those which are required for proper synchronization wfth the station signal. Time base corrector 94 also includes a dropout circuit which corrects the video inform^- ation in the event of occurrence of a dropout condition. The corrected video, provided at output line 96, is supplied for use as the television station signal. The corrected video is also supplied to a cue video amplifier 98 which adds a cue display signal from the control logic 92 on line 100 and to produce a- control display video output on line 102 for display by the cathode-ray tube included in the - control console 10. Control logic 92 provides four control signals to the time base corrector circuit 94. A delay line command signal is provided when an odd field is retimed such that it becomes an even field. The VCO invert signal is provided to a voltage controlled oscillator in the time base corrector to compensate for discontinuities in the stripped burst signal to which the time base corrector circuit is locked. The chroma invert signal controls inversion of the chroma component of the output video signal by the time base cor- rector in order to maintain the proper chroma phase rela¬ tionship. The delay field signal controls insertion of a field store into the video signal channel in the time bas corrector when the recorder is in the slow motion or freeze modes of operation. The upper and lower stepping control circuits 30 and 32 are identical and are well known in the art. In general they each comprise a stepping motor which drives a mechanism, such as a lead screw, to move the transducer heads radially along the recording surfaces of the disc 22. Each stepping motor includes a plurality of drive coils which are selectively energized in a predetermined sequence to rotate the lead screw driving mechanism,. Reference is now made to Fig. 3 in which the time base corrector circuit of the present invention is diagram— matically illustrated. Video information is applied to an input video processing circuit 103 from the demodulation an filtering circuit 82 (Fig. 2) . The burst portion of the video signal is stripped by the circuit 103 and applied -to the phase locked loop circuit.104. A phase detector 105 compares the output phase of the voltage controlled oscil¬ lator 106 to the stripped burst signal to hold the oscil¬ lator output locked to the burst signal. A VCO invert command controls switch 107 to invert selectively the voltage controlled oscillator 106 output. Inversion of the oscillator output is necessary where a single frame is played repetitively, since this will result in a dis¬ continuity in the burst portion of the video signal in each successive frame. The output of oscillator 106 on line 108 is a 14.3 MHz clock signal which clocks the time base corrector circuit. An analog to digital converter 109 converts the video information into digital form and supplies it to a four line storage circuit 110. Circuit 110 corrects slight time base fluctuations in the reproduced video signal and . provides the time base corrected video signal at its output to a field store circuit 111 which is capable of storing an entire field of video information. The output of circuit 110 is also applied to line 112 which provides a bypass around the field store circuit 111 to a switch 113. The output of the field store 111 is applied to a one line delay 114 and also to a line 115 which provides a bypass around the delay 113 to a switch 116. The switching state of switch 116 is controlled by a delay line command on line 117, while the switching state of switch 113 is controlled by a delay field command signal, also termed a READ FIELD STORE (R.F.S.) on line 118. If it is desired to display repetitively a single field, for instance, the frame in which this field appears ' will be repetitively replayed from the disc recorder and processed through the various circuits until it reaches the output of circuit 110. Assuming that the first field of'- the frame is to be supplied to the monitor repetitively, the switch 113 will initially be switched to its upper- switching position, providing the first field at its output. Simultaneously, the first field will be loaded into the - field store 111. As the second field of the frame is sup¬ plied to the input of the field store 111 and also to line 112, the switch 113 will be switched into its lower switch¬ ing position and, neglecting for the moment the operation of delay 114 and switch 116, the first field of the frame will then be read out of the field store 111 and applied to switch 113. After this operation is complete, the switch 113 will again be switched to its upper switching position,-- as the first field of the frame is supplied to line 112. Thus, by actuation of the switch 113, the first field of the frame will be repetitively applied via switch output to line 120. The video information in digital form is clocked into and out of the field store 111 in synchronism with the station reference timing. Thus a field which was originally odd as recorded onto the disc will be read out of the field store 111 at the appropriate time to change the field into an even field if an even field is required by the station reference timing. . A delay line command on line 117 will result in the switch 116 being switched into its upper switching stat and the output of the field store 111 delayed by one hori¬ zontal line time. It will be appreciated that adding the one line delay will result in each line of the delayed fiel being shifted downward on a monitor by a distance equal to the vertical inter-line spacing of a field. Since a field in the NTSC system includes 262 1/2 lines of video inform¬ ation, changing an odd field into an even field will result in a vertical shift of the horizontal video lines on the monitor in a direction which is opposite to the vertical shift experienced when an even field is changed into an odd field. In either case, the vertical shift experienced will be equal in magnitude to one-half of the vertical inter-lin spacing of a field. To avoid shifting lines of video both upward and downward on the monitor as successive frames of video infor ation are reconstructed, one line delay 114 is inserted int the video charihel by switch 116 as the even fields are- changed into odd fields and the one line delay is removed- as the odd fields are changed into even fields. This will, in turn, result in a shift of video lines on the monitor- which is always downward. Thus the undesirable jumping effect between frames which would otherwise result is- eliminated. A one line- delay 132 is provided and is switched into the signal path to repeat the previous line when a dropout condition is detected. The video signal is then- -. provided to a chroma inverter 134 which separates the chrom component from the balance of the video signal and inverts it when necessary. As previously discussed, video frames in the NTSC system are either of a first type, in which the chroma phase goes from 0° at the beginning of the frame to 180° at the end of the frame, or of a. second type, in which the chroma phase goes from 180° at the beginning of the frame to 360° at the end of the frame. It will be appreci-; ated that conditions will arise, especially in slow motion or freeze modes of operation, in which the chroma phase of the video signal provided .on line' 120 will be opposite that required for proper chroma phasing with the station or net¬ work signal. A CHROMA INVERT signal is generated when necessary by the control logic, resulting in the chroma component being inverted. The chroma inverter circuits are well known in the art. After correcting for chroma phase dis¬ continuity, the video signal is converted to analog form by means of converter 138, and processed by circuit 140. Video processing circuit 140 adds sync and burst signals to the- reproduced video signals. The sync generator and timing- reference generator circuit 141 provides reference sync and reference 14.3 megahertz signals to the storage controller- 142, which in turn controls operation of circuit 110. Cir¬ cuit 141 supplies an advanced sync signal to the servo loop which rotates the recording disc. The advanced sync signal is used during playback to compensate for timing delays in the video "" processing circuitry by reading recorded video advanced in time by an appropriate period. Circuit 141 also provides the necessary timing signals to the field store clock 143, delay 132, chroma inverter 134, converter 138, and processing circuit 140. Reference is now made to Fig. 4 which shows a por— tion of the control logic of the present invention. ' The circuitry.of Fig. 4 includes a plurality of switches labeled N, SM, FZ, R, >, , Q, A, S , -^, < <^ , FRAME, EDIT, and S'BY. Each of these switches is located on the console 10 (Fig. 1) and each of these switches is connected to ground. An asterisk is associated with the right-hand side of each switch and indicates that a bias potential is applied to this side of the switch via a pull-up resistor. The output from each switch will therefore be high whenever the switch is open and will be at ground potential only when the switch is closed. Similarly, light emitting diodes are labeled as FRAME, EDIT, S'BY, SERVO, TALLY, F D^=- , REV ^ REC, FZ, S, N, and RST. Each of these light emitting diodes has associated therewith a driver which will hold the anode of the diode at ground until the associated switch is closed. When a function is selected and a switch closed, a appropriate light emitting diode will receive current through an associated driver. It should be noted that asterisks are associated with the anode of each of the ligh emitting diodes, indicating that a DC bias potential is applied at this point through a pull up resistor to assist the driver in energizing the diode. The light emitting diodes are positioned on the console 10 (Fig. 1) and provid an indication of the selected function. A pair of latches 144 and 146 are provided in the circuit in order to ""debounce"" the switch outputs. Latch: 144 is normally disabled by a high output from AND gate 148- to the data disable input. When one of the switches asso¬ ciated with latch 144 is closed, the AND gate 148 will pro¬ vide a low output to latch 144, thereby permitting the latc to change state in response to the signals supplied to its D_, D,, D 2 , and D^ inputs. The Q., Q,, C and Q 3 outputs- of latch 144 will latch to the signal level provided at inputs D Q , D, , D_ and D~, respectively. The latch 144 is clocked by the signal, which is a field reference signal.- occurring every 1/60 of a second. Once a switch is depressed and latch 144 changes state, it will not be enabled by a clock signal to change state until the next successive F N pulse. By the time this occurs, any trans¬ ients occurring as a result of switch bounce will have died out. The functions controlled by the switches are as follows. The ' N switch provides for operation of the recorder at the normal video rate. The SM switch provides, for slow motion operation of the recorder. The FZ switch is a freeze switch which causes the recorder to replay only a single field or frame. Subsequent actuation of the FZ switch will cause the recorder to replay each successive field or frame, also in a freeze mode. The R switch is the record- function switch. The~!> switch controls forward O.MPI Φ?Λ'AT10 playback,- while the -<L switch controls reverse playback. The Q switch causes a cue dot to be displayed upon the cathode-ray tube monitor 12 (Fig. 1) . The A switch is an auto search function switch. The RST switch is a reset switch which is used to return the transducer heads to their initial positions at the periphery of the recording disc, in the event that they should somehow become unsynchronized from the system controls. The r ^ switch is a fast forward search switch, and the ^ ""^switch is a fast reverse search switch. The last two switches control manual searching in .which the transducers are rapidly stepped to successive track loca— ' tions under operator control. The FRAME switch, if closed, will cause the recorder to play back a complete frame of - two. interlaced fields. Normally -this switch will not be closed when slow motion operation is desired, since the picture content of two successive fields may differ suffi¬ ciently to cause a jitter effect as these fields are repetitively displayed. The EDIT switch permits a portion of a video input signal to be recorded onto the disc. When the EDIT switch is closed, the operator -may record- ideo- information onto the disc by closing simultaneously the N switch and the R switch. As soon as these switches are- opened, recording.will cease. By closing the FZ an R switches simultaneously, single frames of video information- will be recorded. The S'BY switch is a stand-by switch, which will cause the transducer heads to be retracted from the surface of the video recording disc. AND gate 150 provides a low signal to latch 144 whenever either the N switch or the switch is closed. This insures that recording is always accomplished at normal, speed. Similarly, whenever the A switch, the RST switch- the^> \ > switch or the <<1switch is energized, the AND gate Ϊ52 will provide a low signal to latch 144. AND gate 152 therefore assures that after the auto search, the reset, the fast forward search, and the fast reverse search functions are chosen, the recorder will be left in the freeze mode of operation. NAND gates 154 and 156 form a flip-flop which is set or reset depending upon whether the forward or reverse mode of operation is chosen. AND gate 158 will set this flip-flop when either the R switch or the > switch is closed. Similarly, the flip-flop will be reset when the T switch is closed. Latch 146 is a momentary latch arrangement. The Q.-Q outputs will only go low for as long as the switches associated with latch 146 are closed. Latch 146 is also clocked by a field rate signal to ""debounce"" the switch outputs. The S output from AND gate 162 is a playback rate- signal which controls the rate at which successive fields- of video information are reproduced, both in the normal and slow motion modes of operation. A slow motion oscillator 164 provides an oscillator output on line 166 which is controlled in frequency by the setting of variable resistor 168 and can be varied from 960 Hz to 0 Hz. The lever 37 (Fig. 1} on the console 10 of the recorder unit provides a means of adjusting resistor 168. A divide-by-16 counter 170 supplies pulses to line 172 which vary between 60 Hz and 0 Hz. These pulses are applied to the clock input of flip- flop 174, via AND gate 176 when the FZ switch is not closed. Each of the pulses on line 172. will cause the flip-flop 174 to set since the D input of the flip-flop is attached to a DC bias. The next successive frame pulse F will reset the flip-flop 174. The monostable multi-vibrator 178 will the - supply a pulse, via AND gate 180, to the S output. It will be appreciated that should the reset and clock inputs of the flip-flop 174 receive pulses simul¬ taneously, the desired pulse output from the flip-flop will not occur. In order to avoid this situation, OR gate 182 will provide an enabling input to the multi-vibrator 184. If these pulses occur simultaneously, ' the multi-vibrator 184 will apply an output to OR gate 186 and this will, in turn, cause the flip-flop 174 to be set. The OR gate 186 will also maintain the flip-flop 174 in a set state when- ever the normal mode of operation is selected. The pulse output from the flip-flop 174 will, therefore, be synchron¬ ized with, the field rate signals F . Fig. 5 illustrates a portion of the logic cir- 5 cuitry controlling the sequencing of the playback process. A flip-flop 188 provides an A output which is indicative of the type of field required by the station timing. Simi¬ larly, a flip-flop 190 provides a B output which is indica¬ tive of the type of frame required by the station timing. 10 -Flip-flops 188 and 190 are clocked by a field reference signal and flip-flop 190 -receives a frame reference signal on its D input. ' Field reference pulse F„ occurs at the field rate and is approximately 40 microseconds in duration. Thus flip-flops 188 and 190 specify by their outputs the- 15 type of frame and field which must be provided by the recorder in order for the recorder output to be used by the- station. Flip-flops 192, 194, 196, and 198, provide C* , D', C and D signal ojitpύts, respectively. Flip-flops 192— • 20. 198 specify the type of frame and field which is presently being provided by the recorder. The difference in the states of the flip-flops 192-198 with respect to flip-flops 188 and 190, therefore, determines the processing which must be performed upon the playback frames and fields in order to 25 provide the desired types of frames and fields at the' recorder output. The S pulse signal is applied through INVERTER 200 to clock the flip-flop 192 and through AND gate 202 to clock the flip-flop 194. It will be recalled from the discussion above with- respect to Fig. 4 that the 30 s pulses are provided at the'rate at which successive recorded fields are to be replayed. The Q output of flip-- flop 192 is applied to an EXCLUSIVE OR gate 204 along with a F/R signal. EXCLUSIVE OR gate 204 will enable the AND gate 202 only on alternate S pulses so that the flip-flop 194 35 will change output states in synchronism with the flip-flop 192, but.-at half the rate. The F/R signal indicates whether the forward or reverse mode of operation has been selected and is derived by circuitry described below. The flip-flops 196 and 198 are clocked by the field pulses and assume the state of flip-flops 192 and 194 5 respectively, but with a one field or frame delay. Stated another way, flip-flop 196 will assume the state which flip flop 192 had previously assumed during the previous field interval. Similarly, flip-flop 198 will assume the state which flip-flop 194 had assumed during the previous frame 10 interval. OR gates 206 and 208 and INVERTERS 210 and 212 are enabled by the N "" signal to set and reset flip-flop 192 in synchronism with flip-flop 188 when the normal mode of operation is selected. The flip-flops 196 and 198 provide C and D signals which indicate the field and frame typ 15 being read out of the field store, while the flip-flops 192 and 194 indicate the field and frame type being read directly from the video disc. EXCLUSIVE OR gate 214 enables AND gate 216 to provide an R.F.S. signal (read field store) to the switch 20. 113 (Fig. 31 when it is desired to read video information •out of the field store.- AND gate 218 provides the delay line command which determines the switching state of switch 116 (Fig. 3) . Both of these outputs are in turn enabled only when the play command (P.CMD.) signal is present. 25 Flip-flop 220 provides a U/L output which deter¬ mines whether a track on the upper surface of the recording disc or a track on the lower surface of the recording dis is to be read. Flip-flop 220 is also toggled during recording to control the surfaces upon which the frames of 30 video information are recorded. The read command (R.CMD.) is applied to AND gates 222 and 224 and, in conjunction wit the U/L and U/L signals, specifies whether the upper surfac of the disc (R.U.) or the lower surface of. the disc (R.L.) is to be read. 35 AND gates 226 and 228 provide signals to control erasing on the upper surface of the disc (E.U.) and on the lower surface of the disc (E.L.) under control of the erase OMPI . command signal (E.CMD.). As discussed previously, each of the transducer heads includes an erase gap which slightly precedes the recording gap of the head and which erases previously recorded video information from the recording track prior to the recording operation. Separate control of the erasing function is required in order to terminate erasing slightly before the recording process is terminated. This, in turn, is necessary in order to prevent small unrecorded gaps on the recording tracks. A chroma invert circuit is responsive to a plural¬ ity of signals and provides a chroma invert signal (CHROMA- INV.) at its output when it is necessary to invert the chroma phase of a frame which is replayed by the recorder. The chroma invert circuit is shown in greater detail in Fig. 7. Fig. 6 illustrates the respective timing between the signals generated by the circuit of Fig. 5. Note that the C and D signals lag the C and D 1 signals by one field time. Note further that the C signal will change* state. only upon the occurrence of an S pulse. The D' signal changes state on each alternate S pulse. A pair of time lines marked as S. U. and S. L. show ' the points in time at which the upper and lower transducer heads are stepped, respectively. These do not correspond to a specific signal in the circuit of Fig. 5. Note that the upper head will be stepped on negative -going transitions of the U/L signal,-- while the lower head will be stepped on the positive going transitions of the U/L signal. Reference is now made to Fig. 7, illustrating the chroma invert circuit of Fig. 5 in greater detail. The CHROMA INV. signal is provided by OR gate 230 via INVERTER 231 unless AND gate 232 is disabled by either the R.CMD. signal or the FRAME signal going low and causing the output of AND gate 234 to go low. Should the output of AND gate 234 go low, AND gate 236 will be enabled, via INVERTER 238, such that the CHROMA INV. signal is controlled by the VCO INV. The VCO INV. signal will, in turn, be high when¬ ever the B and U/L signals are equal in value. Fig. 8 illustrates the interface logic whic;n pro vides many of the control signals needed for operaticm. Most of the input signals are received from the controller circuitry of Fig. 4. Flip-flops 240 and 242 and associate circuitry are provided to control resetting of the trans¬ ducer heads to their initial positions on the outer record ing tracks when the reset function is selected. The ϋnput UO is supplied by a photocell at the outer track position of the upper transducer head and the input LO is provided from a photocell at the outer track position of the lower transducer head. The NAND gate flip-flops 244 and 245 wil be set as the heads with which they are associated reach their respective outer track positions. When both of the heads have reached their outer track positions, the U3 and LD signals will go low and NAND gate 248 will reset flip- flops 240 and 242. ' The U/L signal is applied to line 250 and asses to the U/L' and U/L' outputs via NAND gates 252 and 254, except when modified by oscillator 256. When any of the ASR, -<<:, ASF, and ->- signals go low, the oscillator 25 which provides an output at approximately eight times the frame rate of the video signal, will be switched on. Additionally, the oscillator 256 will be switched on by flip-flop 242 when the reset- mode of operation is selected A low signal on the output of AND gate 258, designated SCH will switch on the oscillator 256. The frequency of the oscillator output on line 260 is divided by two by flip-fl 262 and the resulting signal applied to the U/L' and U/L* outputs via NAND gate 254. The U/L' signal controls the stepping of the transducer heads. The effect of the oscil lator circuit is to cause the transducer heads to step at approximately four times their normal stepping rate when the auto search, reset, fast forward or fast reverse func¬ tions are chosen. Flip-flop 264 is set by AND gate 266 when the forward direction of operation is selected. It will be noted that all of the reverse functions, including the reset function, will override the forward functions, causi the flip-flop 264 to be reset on the F/R CK pulse. The record—command, R.CMD., is provided by flip-flop 268 and is ■ generated by the comparison of the D 1 signal with the U/L signal in EXCLUSIVE OR gate 270. AND gate 272 provides the erase command signal, E.CMD., on its output and under con¬ trol of the flip-flop 274, terminates the erase operation prior to the termination•of recording to insure that no blank portions of the recording track on the disc remain- after a record operation. NAND gate 276 and ' INVERTER 278 provide the play command-,- P.CMD. The flip-flop.274, in conjunction with the. ssociated gating, also provides the „ and F N signals. The RETRACT signal is provided whenever the stand-by mode of operation is selected, as indicated by the S'BY signal, to cause the transducer head to be removed from the disc recording_surfaces. Reference is now made to .Figs. 9A and 9B which, when assembled with Fig. 9A to the left of Fig. 9B, illus— * trate schematically the circuitry which controls the means for stepping the transducer heads 24 and 25 (Fig. 1) across the recording surfaces of the recording disc during the recording and playback modes of operation. As mentioned . previously, movement of the transducer heads may be effectu¬ ated by means of stepping motors which rotate threaded shafts upon which- the transducer heads are mounted. As the stepping motor associated with a transducer head is rotated to successive positions, the associated transducer head will be moved to successive tracks on the recording disc. - Outputs Ul, U2, U3, and U4 are provided to the stepping motor associated with the upper transducer head. Similarly, outputs Ll, L2, L3, and L4, are provided to the stepping motor associated with the lower transducer head. The U3 and U4 signals are the inverse of the Ul and U2 signals, while the L3 and L4 signals are the inverse of the Ll and L2 signals. The direction of rotation of each motor is dependent upon the phase relationship of the signals applied to the motor. As an example, Ul will initially go high causing the motor to rotate incrementally in a forward direction. U2 will then go high, causing the motor to rotate an additional increment in the forward direction. will then go low, causing a third increment of rotation i the forward direction. Finally, U2 will go low and the motor will be rotated one increment further in the forwar direction. It is seen, therefore, that the U2 signal lag the Ul signal by 90°. If it is desired to rotate the mot in the reverse direction, the phase relationship between the Ul and U2 signals will be reversed such that the Ul signal will lag the U2 signal by 90°. In order to provide the proper phasing between the Ul and U2 signals and the Ll and L2 signals, flip-flo 280, 282, 284, and 286 are provided. Flip-flops 280 and 284 are clocked by the U/L 1 and U/L' signals, respectivel As can be seen, EXCLUSIVE OR gates 288 and 290 cross coup the Q outputs of the flip-flops to provide for alternate state change by these flip-flops. The phasing between th W signal from flip-flop 280 and the Y signal from flip-fl 284 is determined by the F/R signal which is applied to EXCLUSIVE OR gates 288 and-290. Each time the X and Y signals change state, the associated stepping motor would be stepped by an amount sufficient to move the transducer head associated therewith to the'next recording track. A discussed previously, however, the recording format used the present invention is one in which each transducer, hea is stepped sequentially to every other recording track on the recording disc during the inward movement of the tran ducer head and each head is stepped to the intermediate recording tracks during the outward movement of the trans ducer head. In order to provide for stepping of the moto by two increments such that every other track is recorded or played, flip—flops 282 a d' 286 provide X and Z signals respectively, which are timed by monostable multi-vibrato 292 and 294. Thus the X signal will follow the W by a pr determined time delay, and the Z signal will follow the Y signal by a predetermined delay in order to provide the double stepping action of the transducer heads. The W signal is provided on line 296, the X sig¬ nal is provided on line 298, the Y signal is provided on line 300, and the Z signal is provided on line 302, to the stepping motors by way of circuitry to be discussed below.. Additionally, the X signal is provided on line 304 and the Z signal is provided on line 306 for use by circuitry which, specifies whether the odd or even numbered tracks on the disc are to be played or recorded. Monostable multi-vibrators 308, 310, 312, and 314 control EXCLUSIVE OR gates 316 and 318. EXCLUSIVE OR gate 316 will invert the X signal output on line 298 afte a period of time determined by the multi-vibrators 308 and 310. This tends to reverse the operation of the stepping motor momentarily, thus providing a breaking action -for the step- ping motor which eliminates over-shooting of the desired track location. Multi-vibrators 312 and 314 provide an identical control operation in conjunction with EXCLUSIVE OR gate 318. Application of the W, X, Y, and Z signals to "" the - stepping motors is accomplished under the control of the data selector 320. Selector 320 will ' provide the X fi , X,, X_, and 3 inputs to its Z Q , Z_, Z 2 , and Z_ outputs,, respectively, when the A control input is high. Similarly r selector 320 will connect the Y fl , Y, , Y ? , and Y- inputs to its Z , Z,, Z_, and Z, outputs, respectively, when it ' s B control input is high. The A and B controls for the selec¬ tor 320 are provided by the F/R and R/F signals, respec¬ tively. As is clear, when the forward mode of operation is selected, the W signal will appear at the output Z-, the X signal will appear at the output Z 1 , the Y signal will appear at the output Z_, and the Z signal will appear at the output Z_. When the reverse mode of operation is selected, the W signal will appear at output Z-, , the X signal will appear at output Z . t the Y signal will appear at output Z_, and the Z signal will appear at output Z_. The outputs of the selector 320-are applied to the stepping motors via AND gates 321, 322, 323, and 324. ' These AND gates are controlled by the UD and LD signals to disable operation of the stepping motors when the transducer heads are returned to their outermost position after the reset function is selected. A latch 325 controls operation of EXCLUSIVE OR gate 326 which provides an additional single step rotation of the stepping motor, independent of the W and x stepping signals, when the upper transducer head has reached the end of its range of travel, either at the inner or outer recording track on the upper surface of the disc. This additional step provides for stepping of the transducer hea to the tracks on the disc which were skipped during the previous pass of the transducer head across the disc sur¬ face. Similarly, flip-flop 327 controls operation of an EXCLUSIVE OR gate 328 to provide for a single step at each end of the range of movement of the lower transducer head. The photocell adjacent the outer track for the upper trans¬ ducer head provides a signal on-line 330 when the upper transducer head has reached its outer limit. A counter, no shown, is counted up as the upper head is stepped to suc¬ cessive tracks. When the counter reaches a predetermined count, the upper head will have been stepped to its inner most recording track. The counter will then apply a low signal to line 332. Similarly, the photocell and counter associated with the outer and inner positions, respectively of the lower transd cer head provide signals on lines 334 and 336, respectively, when the limits of travel of the ' . lower transducer .head are reached. The signals on lines 330-336 are then combined with the W, X, Y, and Z signals to gate the flip-flops 325 and 327 on and off in dependence upon- the direction of movement of the transducer heads whic has been selected.,' Figs. 10A-10D, when assembled, illustrate the cue display logic of the system of the present invention. Cue location binary counters 338, 340, 342 and 344, when enable by low going signals on their CI inputs, will count the U/L pulses provided to their clock inputs. The negated carry oυt CO-.output of counters 338 and 342 provides the carry in CI inputs for counters 340 and 344, respectively. Counters 338 and 340 are connected to count in tandem such that their outputs, indicated as LOC. n and LOC. ^, provide an indication of the X coordinate on a monitor of a cue dot corresponding to the track which is currently being recorded or replayed on the recording disc. Similarly, the counters 342 and 344 are connected to count in tandem such that their outputs, indicated as LOC. Y- and LOC. Y, , provide an indica— 0 tion of the Y coordinate on a monitor of a cue dot corres¬ ponding to the track on the recording disc which is cur¬ rently being recorded or replayed. The U signal is supplied' to the up/down inputs of the counters in order to cause them to count forward or backward in dependence upon the 5 direction of operation of the recorder. The XC "" and ΫC signals control operation of the counters such that the counters 338 and 340 will count up to 86 while the count state of counters 342 and 344 remains 0. The counters 342 and 344 will then ' count up to 64, while 0 the count state of counters 338 and 340 remains 86. The counters 338 and 340 will then count down from 86 to 0, while the count state of counters 342 and 344 remains 64. Counters 342 and 344 will then count down from 64 to 0, while the count state of counters 338 and 340 remains at 0 5 As will be understood, therefore, the count in the counters will define, in Cartesian coordinates, a rectangular path around the periphery of the cathode-ray tube display. The XC and ΫC "" signals are generated by the circuitry of Fig. 11, described below. 0 Latches 346 and 350 will store the output of the counters upon receipt of a strobe pulse ' on line 352. When the- recording operation is initiated, the R signal will go low and monostable multi—vibrator 354 will cause NAND gate 356 to provide a strobe pulse to counters- 346 and 350. A strobe -- pulse will also be provided by NAND gate 356 when the cue switch is depressed, causing the Q signal to go low. When the record operation has terminated, the strobe signal will be removed from line 358 causing the counters 360 and 362 to store the coordinate counts of the counters 338, 340, 342, and 344 at the point at which recording ' .is terminated It will be appreciated that the instantaneous count in counters 338, 340, 342, and 344 will be an indica tion of the track on the recording disc which is currently being recorded or replayed. It will be noted that the counters have a total of 300 unique counting states. Sinc the counters are clocked by the U/L' signal at 1/2 the fra rate, each of the 300 counting states will correspond to t of the 600 tracks on.the recording disc. The outputs from the counters and latches are multiplexed to digital-to-analog converters 364 and 366, which apply analog signals to output lines 368 and 370, respectively. The multiplexing operation is controlled by the Dl, D2, and D3 signals. Each of the Dl, D2, and D3 signals will go low for one field in a four field sequence During the fourth field time, none of the Dl, D2, and D3 signals will be low. When the Dl signal goes low, latches 368, 370, and 372 will provide the instantaneous count of the counters 338, 340, 342, and 344 to the converters 364 and 366. When the D3 signal goes low, the ' latches 360 and 362 will provide the count stored therein to the converter 364 and 366. Since the latches 360 and 362 will be strobe o during the entire recording process, this count will on differ from the instantaneous count of the counters after the termination of recording. When the D2 signal goes low the latches 346 and 344 will provide the count stored ther in to the converters 364 and 366. Counters 346 and 350 wil initially contain a count corresponding to the cue display of the tracks upon which recording was initiated. If an event of interest should be noted during the recording process, however, and the CUE control on the console depressed, the CUE signal will go low, once again enabling latches 346 and 350 to store the instantaneous count of t counters. The latches 346 and 350 will thereafter provide an indication of the tracks corresponding to the event of interest. It will be noted that-the initial recording cue display will be lost. However, by providing additional latching circuitry, display of both the initial recording position and the event of interest may be accomplished. The analog outputs 368 and 370 from the D to A converters 364 and 366 are supplied to amplifiers 372 and 374. Switches 376, 378, -380, 382, 384, and 386 will demul¬ tiplex the amplifier outputs under control of the Dl, D2, and D3 signals. Each switch will connect its data input to its data output upon receipt of a high signal at its control input. Capacitors 388, 390 and 392, will therefore be charged to potentials which are proportional to the X coordinates of the cue display dots. Similarly, capacitors- 394, 396, and 398 will be charged to potentials which are proportional to the Y coordinates of the cue display dots. A ramp function V χ is provided to line 400. The V χ signal on line 400 increases linearally from 0 to a predetermined potential level during each field interval.- A ramp function V γ is applied to line 402. The V y signal on line 402 increases from 0 to a predetermined potential level during each horizontal video line time. The signals V and V γ are synchronized with the video being displayed to the control monitor. Comparators 404, 406, and 408 compare the X coordinate voltages from capacitors 388, 390, and 392 to the signal on line 400 and, when, the potentials are equal, trigger the associated one of mόnostable multi-vibrators 410, 412, and 414. Similarly, the comparators 416, 418, and 420 trigger the monostable multi-vibrators 422, 424, and 426, when th signal on line 402 and the potentials stored in capacitors 394, 396, and 398 are equal. When the multi—vibrator 410 triggers simultane¬ ously with the multi-vibrator 422, the NAND gate 428 pro¬ vides a low signal on its output, indicating that the timing is correct for display of the first cue dot. When the multi-vibrator 412 and the multi-vibrator 424 trigger simultaneously, NAND gate 430 will provide a low signal on its -output -indicating that the timing is proper for display of the second cue dot. Finally, when "" the multi-vibrator 414 and the multi-vibrator 420 fire simultaneously, NAND gate 432 will provide a low signal on its output, indicat that the timing is correct for display of the third cue d NAND gate 434 and INVERTER 436 will provide a CUE display signal when any of the cue dots is to be displayed. Fig. 11 illustrates the decoder logic which is used to provide the XC and ΫC signals and the U signal to the counters in Fig. 10. Fig. 11 also illustrates the lo for deriving the Dl, D2, and D3 signals from the field an frame signals A and B, respectively. The outputs from counters 338 and 340 in Fig. 10 are applied to NOR gate 4 and, with some inversion to NOR gate 494. Similarly, NOR "" gate 496 receives the outputs from counters 342 and 344, while the NOR gate 498 receives these outputs with one bi inverted. NOR gate 492 will provide -a high output when t X coordinate counter state equals 0; NOR gate 494 will pr vide a high output when the X coordinate counter state equ'als 86; NOR gate 496 will provide a high output when t Y coordinate counter state equals 0; and NOR gate 498 wil provide a high output when the Y coordinate count equals Thus the NOR gates 492-498 define the corners of the rectangular path traversed by the cue dot on the cathode- tube monitor during recording and playback- The U output signal controls whether the counters count up or down Reference is now made to Fig. 12 which illustra the circuitry controlling the auto search mode of operati When in this mode of operation, the means for replaying ^ recorded video will be returned to the record location on the magnetic recording medium associated with a cue signa Counters 500 and 502 are connected to receive count enabl pulses on line 503 which will cause the counters to chang count state upon eceipt of each pulse. W pulses are applied to the count enable inputs of .the counters from flip-flop 280 (Fig. 9) . When the recorder system is opera in the reverse mode of operation, the PE inputs of the counter will receive an enabling pulse via NAND gates 504 BURET. , . O^PI and 506 whenever the recording operation is initiated or the cue switch depressed. When this occurs, the P, , P~, P_ , and P. inputs of the counters 500 and 502 will receive a predetermined count of 150 via the lines connected to ground and to the V potential and a count of 150 will be loaded into the counters. The counters will have been enabled into their down-counting mode by the low going F/R signal on a line 508. The counters will now count down to zero as the transducer heads are stepped. When a zero count is reached, the transducer heads will have been stepped through one complete cycle across all of the record¬ ing tracks on the disc. The counter 502 will at this point apply alow-going pulse to its carry output CO which,- through INVERTER 510 and NOR gate 512, will again load a count of 150 into counters 500 and 502. The counting down process will then begin. The counting state of the counters 500 and 502 therefore provides an indication of the position of the transducer heads. Similarly, whέn the recorder system is operating • i n the forward mode of operation, the counters will be counted up from zero to 150, the count direction being controlled by the F/R signal on line 508. When the counters 500 and 502 reach a count of 150, all of the inputs to NOR gate 514 will go low. When this occurs, a reset signal will be applied to the counters 500 and 502 via NAND gates '516 and 518, NOR gate 520, and INVERTER 522. The reset pulse will reset the counters to zero and the counters will begin to count upward in synchronism with the W pulses applied to their count enable inputs. Whenever the record operation is initiated or the cue switch dlosed, gates 504 and 506 will load counters 500 and 502 with a count of 150. This will be detected immediately by the NOR gate 514 and the counters will therefore be reset to zero. Thus closing the cue switch or initiating a recording operation results, in effect, in resetting the counters to zero, when the counters are in their forward coun mode. A count detector 524 provides a low-going signal to a line 526 whenever the "" count state of counters 500 and 502 is greater than 76. It will be appreciated that when the count in counters 500 and 502 is greater than 76, the recorder will have stepped to a point in its recording cycle which is more than half way through the cycle from the point at which the cue switch was closed or recording initiated. It is desirable, therefore, that the recorder operate in the forward direction until the desired cue 10 position is reached, since such operation will result in t shortest search time. Similarly, a high signal on line 52 indicates that a count less than 76 is in counters 500 and 502 and that, therefore, the recorder should operate in th reverse direction during the auto search mode of operation 15 When the auto search mode is selected, the A "" signal will go low, clocking the flip-flop 528 such that a high signal will be applied to line 530, indicating that t auto search mode is selected. A flip-flop 532 receives th signal on line 526 which indicates the direction which the 20. search is to take. If a forward direction is selected by the decoder 524, the flip-flop 532 will be clocked such th a high signal is applied to line 534. The NAND gate 536 will thus provide a low signal at its output. Similarly, when the reverse direction of search is selected by the 25 decoder 524, the flip-flop 532 will provide a high * signal at its Q output to line 538. This will result in a low signal at the output of NAND gate 540. The « signal wi set flip-flop 532 and the "" >S- signal will reset flip-flop . 532 such that the ASR and ASF signals do not conflict with 0 the <5Ξ - and ._>.>- signals when the manual search of operati is selected. The system will continue to provide the appropri ASR and ASF signals until there is a coincidence of the Cl and C2 "" signal outputs. As seen from a review of Fig. 10, 5 this will occur when the moving cue dot display is coincid with the cue dot display associated with either the initia tion of recording or the occurrence of an event of interes Coincidence of the Cl and C2 signals indicates that the recorder system has been Returned to the appropriate point and this results in resetting the flip-flop 528 via NOR gate 542, thus terminating the auto search operation. The integrated circuits which for a part of the circuitry illustrated in the drawings have all been labeled as to their respective standard integrated circuit part numbers. One source of these integrated circuits is Motorola Semiconductors, Phoenix, Arizona 85036. It should be appreciated that while a recording system adapted specifically for recording and playback of video information in the NTSC format has been disclosed, the * recording system of the present invention may be used with video information in other video formats by simple modifi- cation of the chroma processing circuitry. While the form of apparatus herein described constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to this precise form of apparatus, and that changes may be made • therein without departing from the scope of the invention.";"1. In a video recording system incorporating a recording device with limited recording capacity, a console with a monitor to display continuing video information for choice of events to be recorded and played back, and a record control on the console allowing an operator to start and stop the recording device, the improvement comprising a usage circuit synchronized with the recording device to provide a usage signal in video form correspond— ing to the progress of operation of the recording device, said usage circuit having an output to the monitor producing a display of recording device usage on the monitor along with the video information being recorded, a cue control on the console coupled to said usage circuit to produce a cue video signal at the occur¬ rence of a recorded event which.it is anticipated to repla and said usage circuit including a memory continuing the cue video signal as the usage video signal progresses. 2. A video recording system as defined in claim.1, wherein the usage signal produces a moving usage dot on- said monitor, and said cue control produces a cue dot in a stationary position along the path of the usage dot.. 3. A video recording system as defined in claim 2, wherein the usage signal moves the usage dot along the periphery of said monitor. 4. A Video recording system as defined in any of claims 1, 2 or 3 wherein the recording device operates in loop fashion to record, upon command, video information for a predetermined time previous to the current video display on the monitor. 5. A yideo recording system as defined in claim 4, including controls on the console to start and stop the recording device, and a memory in said usage circuit providing a continuing video dot corresponding to the usage dot location at the time recording is stopped. 6. A video recording system as defined in claim 5, wherein the memory also provides a continuing video dot corresponding to the usage dot location at the time recording is started. 7. A video recording system as defined in claim 6, wherein the stationary dot corresponding to start of recording is replaced by the cue video dot upon actuation of the cue control. 8. A video recording system as defined in any of claims 1-7, wherein said usage circuit includes storage registers storing location information identifying a plurality of video frame locations within a recording of the program made on said recording device, one of said registers being operative to store- - cue location by actuating the cue control in the record mode, and means for converting the registered location information and the usage signal into a video signal for simultaneous display with the video program. 9. A yideo .recording system as defined in claim 8 wherein another one of said registers operates to store location information corresponding to the usage signal at the time the operator switches off the record mode. 10. A video recording system as defined in claim 8, wherein said one register operates to store location information corresponding to the usage signal at the beginning of actuation of the record control. 11. A video recording system as defined in claim 10, wherein the cue location is later stored in said one register in place of the begin record information. 12. A video recording system as defined in any of claims 1-11, wherein the recording device is a video frame disc recorder including at least one record/playback head and a step controller connected to move said head to record and playback different video frames from different circular tracks, an up-down counter, clock means driving said step controller and said counter means in synchronism, said storage registers being connected to receive location information from said counter, and said converting means receives location information both from said counter and said storage registers. BUR ■ 3 >, ft\' O 13. A video . recording system as defined in claim 12, including a control for operating said clock means in the playback mode at normal, fast, and slower than normal rates to play back the recorded video information at the standard viewing rate or at slower rates variable to stop motion, and to search the recording at higher than normal rate. 14. A video recording system as defined in any of claims 8-13, including an auto-search control on the console operating to switch the recording device from record to playback mode and to drive the recording device rapidly to the cue location stored in said one register. 15. A system as defined in any of claims 8-13 in which said cue control includes means for storing the output of said one storage register, - means for -providing a vertical signal, means for providing a horizontal signal, means for comparing the outputs of said storing means with said horizontal and vertical signals, and gate means responsive to said comparing means 0 for providing the cue video signal at the appropriate vertical and horizontal ' display time. 16. A video recorder and playback system for storing video information consisting of video frames successively presented at a standard frame rate, each of said frames including a first video field of a first field type and.a second video field of a second field type, and for playing back said video information in a desired sequence to produce a video output signal providing either slow motion or normal motion effects when viewed on a monitor, comprising: a frame recorder having a rotatable recording medium, transducer means for recording and playing back video frames in recording tracks on said recording medium, and means for rotating said medium at said standard frame rate and for stepping said transducer means at said standard frame rate such that a video frame may be recorded in each of said recording tracks, means for providing a field reference signal and a playback rate signal, field delay means, responsive to said recorder, for storing a field of video information and providing said stored field at its output, stepping means for stepping said transducer means during playback to recording tracks on said recording medium in accordance with a sequence control signal, switch means for providing said video output signal at its- switch output, said switch means connecting said switch output to said field delay means output or, alternatively, to said recorder in response to a delay field signal, and logic means, responsive to said field reference signal and said playback rate signal, for providing said sequence control signal to said stepping means and for providing said delay field signal to said switch means, whereby video information may be replayed as recorded or in a different sequence from that in which it was recorded, the sequence of fields within the frames of the replayed video information being such that it consists of alternately presented fields of a first field type and a second field type. 17. The video recorder and playback system of claim 16, further comprising means for terminating said playback rate signal, whereby the replayed video information will provide a stop action effect when viewed on a monitor. 18. The video recorder and playback system of claim 16 for storing video information consisting of alternately presented video frames of a first and a second frame type, each of said frames including a first video field of a first field type and a second video field of a second field type, and for playing back said video information in a desired sequence in "" response to a playback rate signal, in which said frame recorder includes a rotatable recording medium defining first and second recordingr surfaces, and first and second transducer means for recording and playing back video frames in recording tracks on said first and second recording surfaces of said medium, such that video frames of the first frame type are recorded on said first surface of said medium and video frames of the second type are recorded on said second surface of said medium. 19, The video recorder and playback system of claim 18, further comprising: means for providing a frame reference signal, a chroma inverter connected to said switch output for inverting the-chroma component of a video signal applied thereto in response to a chroma invert signal, means for stepping said first and second transducer means to successive recording tracks on said recording medium in accordance with said sequence control signal, and in which said logic means is responsive to said frame reference signal, said field reference signal, * and said playback rate signal, for providing said sequence control signal to said means for stepping, for providing said delay field signal to said switch means, and for providing said chroma invert signal to said chroma inverter, whereby video information may be replayed in a sequence other than that in which it was recorded on said frame recorder, with the sequence of frames and the sequence of fields within the frames of the replayed video information being such that it consists of alternately presented video frames of first and .second frame types, each of said frames including a first video field of a first field type and a second video field of a second field type. v W TlO 20. The video recorder and playback circuit of claim 19, further comprising means for terminating said playback rate signa,! such that the video information replayed consists of alternately presented frames of said first and second frame types, each of said frames including a first field of a first field type and a second field of a second field type with the video information in the replayed fields being identical, whereby the replayed video information will provide a stop action effect when viewed on a monitor. 21. ' The video recorder and playback system of claim 16 or 19, further comprising means for generating said playback rate signal at a rate which is less than the field rate of the video information which is stored, whereby the replayed video information will provide a slow motion effect when viewed on a monitor. 22. The video recorder and playback system of claim 16 or 19, further comprising: means for generating a direction indicating signal, and in which said logic means further includes means responsive to said direction indicating signal for altering said sequence control signal such that said transducer means may be stepped to tracks on said medium in a sequence which is reversed from the sequence in which said fields of video information were recorded, whereby the replayed video information will provide a reverse motion effect when viewed on a monitor.";BOUSSINA T, CROSNO P, HERZOG W, KASPRZAK V, STRATTON B;ARVIN IND INC;1978
+WO-1979000215-A1;19790419.0;19781005;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20332607.0;B07C5;B65G57;B07C5, B65G57;B07C   5/14, B65G  57/18;METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SORTING AND STACKING TIMBER;The timber (2) is sorted and stacked automatically with bed laths (15) between the layers of timber in a combined sorting, stacking and lath laying machine in which there are both individual lath laying devices (17-23) outside the sorting partitions (8) under the sorting table and also buffer stores (24) between adjacent partitions (e.g. 8a and 8b), and, to permit automatic laying of laths during the stacking of timber in the partition, the timber (2) that is to be laid off at a given partition (8a), instead of being directly laid in it, is laid in a buffer store (24) between the desired partition (8a) and the preceding partition (8b) in the feed direction of the timber, the timber (16b) being retained in the buffer store while laths are being laid in the desired partition (8a), after which the timber (16b) in fed out over the laid laths (15).;"Procedure and machine for sorting and stacking timber The procedure for sorting and stacking sawn timber in sorting partitions arranged under a sorting table or sorting plane is a known one. Insofar as machines for such sorting have been proposed, it has generally been thought sufficient to stack timber for packaging and despatch. It is thus a matter of dried and trimmed timber, the combined sorting and stacking machine thus constituting a final step in the handling process. It may sometimes be desirable, simultaneously with the stacking of the timber in the sorting partitions, also to lay bed laths between the various layers of timber. Such a desire arises, for example, at small sawmills where it is uneconomical to provide sorting, machines both before and after the drying plant. It is- there desired, instead, to trim and sort the newly sawn timber and at the same time stack it for drying in a subsequent dryer. But this necessitates that the timber is first sorted in a sorting machine and then stacked in a lath laying machine or that the laying of laths is done manually. After being dried the timber is passed over a one-piece feeder to a packaging machine. The object of the present invention is to attempt to accomplish sorting in partitions simultaneously with automatic lathing of the timber stacked during sorting. The attempt has been made to make use of the experience gained from stacking of timber in lath laying machines. The chief difficulty experienced in recent times is that, owing to the continuous operation of the machines used in the earlier part of the process, the feed of sawn timber. OMPI ,fa WIPO frj must proceed continuously, whereas, on grounds of time, the automatic feed of bed laths must take place batchwise. It has proved that the time between feeding of two sawn pieces of timber is too short to allow laying of the required number of bed laths between the various layers of timber. By way of exemple a common feed speed is 30 pieces of timber per minute, so that there is only two seconds available for the laying of laths between two layers of timber, which is too short in view of the mass of the lathing and the distance it must be advanced on mechanical grounds. -The present invention is characterized principally in that, outside each sorting partition in a sorting machine, there is arranged a lath laying device which, with the aid of two endless feed chains situated along the sides of the sorting partition, inserts transversely the required number of laths for laying in the partitions of the sor¬ ting machine. ^ At the same time, to allow for the operation of the lath laying device also without obstruction of stacking of tim¬ ber that is in progress between adjacent partitions, there is arranged a buffer store for the sawn timber where it can be laid up and retained during the time taken for the lath laying device to lay the required number of laths between one layer of timber and the next. The invention will be apparent from the subsequent claims. Through the invention, accordingly, there is provided a combination machine which, in simplicity and cheapness of price, far surpasses all known sorting and stacking machines. It therefore has its given application, as noted, for small sawmills, where it can be placed before the dryer in order to deliver to it lathed stacks and, after drying of the timber, to be used as sorting and -BΪJRE _ OMPI ? . W1PO packaging machine. Owing to its simplicity and labour- saving proper ties, and very low production cost, however, its use also for large-scale production and in large sawmills has the manifest advantage that a number of parallel-working combination units can be arranged, so that, in the event of a machine fault, there need be no risk of stoppage of the entire production, as is the case at a mill with a single large series of machines or a single large combination machine. The advantage of the invention accordingly is that, when planning new plant or modernizing old plant, the conditions can be created for a flexible and adaptable production flow that is less sensitive to the occurence of machine faults. The invention will now be described with reference to the attached drawings, on which Fig. 1 shows schematically in cross-section an embodi¬ ment of a sorting, stacking and lath laying machine according to the invention, viewed from the side, while Fig. IB shows, also schematically, the same embodiment of the invention viewed from above, Fig. 2 shows a cross-section of a detailed drawing of parts of two adjacent sorting partitions with, between them, a buffer store according to the invention, Fig. 3 shows the same detailed drawing, viewed from above, from which the placing of the feed chains of the lath laying device is more clearly apparent, and Fig. 4 shows schematically the lath laying device viewed in cross-section. The embodiment of a sorting, stacking and lath laying machine shown in cross-section in Fig. 1 exhibits a sorting OMPI ^SNATlO^ plane or table with endless feed chains 6, each of which passes over turntables at the ends of the sorting .table. As appears from Fig. IB, the embodiment shown is imagined to have four such feed chains. At the feed chains 6 are transversely fastened bars 5 in which are suspended bearing hooks 4 for the timber. The timber 2 is fed in from a one- piece feeder 3 with shorter feed chains onto the central supervisory position 7. From these feed chains the timber 2 passes piece by piece into the bearing hooks 4 when the latter are carried by the lower members of the sorting table feed chains out over the sorting partitions 8 below the sorting plane. The direction of movement is that shown by the lower arrow in Fig. 1. In the various sorting parti¬ tions 8 there are hoists or the like 9 on which the timber will be stacked under stepwise lowering of the hoist plane 10. The sorting table rests on pillars Ig situated between the various partitions, and outside the partitions, as is seen from Fig. lb, there are lath laying devices 20-33 furnished with lath feed chains 17 situated along the sides of the partitions and passing round the pillars 19 between the par¬ titions and over horizontal turntables 18. These lath feed chains 17 have carriers attachments 21 which are brought forward under the ends of lath magazines 22, of which there is one in front of each partition. The attachments 21 are situated opposite one another on opposing feed chains 17 in each partition and, since the feed chains are driven synchronously by means of pinions 18b (Fig. 2) allotted to the partitions, the laths 15 can thus be carried forward over the hoist plane 10 in the partition transversely to the longitudinal direction of the laths 15. The construc¬ tion of the lath feed device is described further on in greater detail in connection with Figs. 3 and 4. Apart from the lath laying devices 20-23 outside the various partitions, the invention provides also between adjacent partitions 8, e.g. partitions 8a and 8b (Figs. 2 and 3) , buffer stores 24 for the sawn timber 2 to allow for the operation of the various lath laying devices 20-23 without obstruction of the ongoing timber stacking in the partition, e.g. 8a, to which a given buffer store 24 is alotted. The various buffer stores 24 are in each particular case situated between the partition concerned, e.g. 8a, and a partition (e.g. 8b) in .front of it viewed in the direction of the timber feed (lower arrow in Fig. 1) . Instead of depositing the timber from the feed conveyor 6 and the hooks.4 directly on the hoist plane 10 in the desired par- tition, e.g. 8a, however, the pieces of timber 2 are laid in the buffer store 24 in front of the desired partition 8a and adjoining the front edge of the buffer store 24, i.e. the edge adjoining the partition 8b ahead-of it, as marked by 16b in 'Fig. 2, while the lath laying device passes laths 15 out over the hoist plane 10 into the desired partition 8a. As appears from Fig. 2, there is on the bars 5, in which the bearing hooks 4 are suspended in the four feed chains 6 side by side, an attachment 26 (one for each hook) on a common shaft 26a perpendicular to these chains 6, the attachments being furnished with a spring-loaded catch designed to engage in the edge of the deposited pieces of timber 16b and carry them forward into buffer store 24 in the direction towards the desired partition 8a until they bear against a stop 27 which is in operating position while laying of laths is proceeding in the partition. As soon as the laying of laths has been completed, the stop 27 is released and layers of timber laid in the buffer store are drawn in over the laths 15 laid in partition 8a. If, as shown in Fig. 2, stacking is in progress also in the preceding partition 8b and if a layer of timber 16 is on a level with the buffer store of partition 8a, this does not prevent movement of the attachment 26, as its end is spring-loaded and the layer of timber is stopped ' by store 24. On the other hand the stop 27 has at that time been released, so that the layer of timber 16b can- be pushed out over hoist plane 10 of the sorting partition 8a. The stops 25, of which there is one for each of the hooks 4 of the four feed chains 6, are brought up into stop posi¬ tion -.under, for example, electric or hydraulic drive from the central supervisory position 7 in conjunction with classification of the various pieces of timber. As soon as the stops 25 have pushed off the piece of timber 16a, des-- tined for the desired sorting partition, e.g. 8a, from hook 4, the stops 25 are lowered again to unoperational position, as shown in Fig. 3, so that the laid-off piece of timber 16a can be brought by attachment 26 up against stop 27 on the buffer store 24. There are at least two stops 27 along the length of the buffer store 24. These stops 27 are also assumed to be mounted in round bars below the level of the buffer store 24, by means of which the stops 27 can be turned down side¬ ways to unoperational position. ' This is assumed to be done with an electrically controlled hydraulic device, not shown in the drawing, which comes into operation as soon as the last piece of timber 16 has been brought down onto the hoist plane 10, as the piece of timber 16 then actuates an electric contact, also not shown on the drawing. -The elec¬ tric contact also serves to start the lath laying device 20-23 so that laths 15 are carried out over the hoist plane 10 or an already laid layer of timber 16 by means of the lath feed chains 17. When the last lath 15 has passed out from the lath magazine 22 and reached its intended position it actuates an electric contact, not shown in Fig. 2, which under the action of said hydraulic device, returns the stop 27 to operational position. When the last lath actuates the electric contact, the drive for the lath laying device ""BU EA OMPI 20-23 is also stopped. The construction of the lath laying device will be seen from Figs, lb, 2, 3 and 4. In front of each partition 8 there is a lath magazine 22 and, associated with each lath magazine, there are two screw feeders 22a (Figs. 3 and 4) , to which laths 15 are fed from a lath magazine 15a common to the entire sorting machine. The screw feeders 22a con¬ tinuously fill up the various lath magazines 22 with laths 15. As earlier noted, there is on each side of every par¬ tition 8 a lath feed chain 17 the feeding part of which is on the inner side of the partition, e.g. 8a, while the return- art passes back over turntable 18 on the rear side of the pillars 19. Both parts slide preferentially on one or more stay plates 20, the stay plate 20 under the feeding part having either hatches 23 at the points where the lath is to be brought down to the hoist plane or earlier laid timber plane, or folding hatches 23a. It is also conceiv¬ able to arrange solely folding supports at the aforesaid depositing points. As appears especially from Figs. 3 and 4, the lath feed chains 17 have attachments 21 which, when the feeding parts -of the feed chains 17 pass under the lath magazine 22, take up the ends of the lowermost lath 15 and move it out, transversely to its longitudinal direktion over the hoist plane 10 in the stacking partition. • By, in this way, alternatively laying out laths 15 and pieces of timber 16b over the hoist plane 10 and stepwise lowering this plane, the timber can be gradually stacked so that, in sorting partition 8a, one obtains a stack 13 as partly shown in partition 8b. When the hoist plane 10, which in partition 8a is shown in the form of- a roll 10, which can be raised and lowered by means of a ' vertical hoist device 9 actuated by a screw, has been brought down to its lowest position, the stack in partition 8a has also been completed. ijυREA r- 0MP1 _ S ^ ATl C g> In partition 8b the hoist plane is shown in the form of an endless chain 12 carried by a beam, the chain being raisable and lowerable by means of a hoist device ' 9 in the form of a nut which can be moved up and down by a vertical screw. A hoist plane of this kind is suitable when it is desired to feed out the final stacks in the longitudinal direction of the sorting machine in order to obtain a num¬ ber of stacks 13a outside the end of the machine, as shown in Figs. 1 and lb. Alternatively the stacks of timber 13 can be brought out sideways if the hoist plane is made in the form of endless chains moving perpendicular to the direction of movement of the timber feed chains 6. The stacks of timber 13b fed out at the side of the sorting machine can then obtain positions as shown in Fig. lb. The drive for the lath feed chains 17 is shown in Figs. 3 and 4. With a pinion 18b one of the leading wheels 18 can be driven over a gear-wheel 18a, so driving each of the chains 17 along the side of each partition 8. When the laths 15 have been brought by the attachments 21 up to the positions shown in Fig. 3, hatches 23a under the ends, of the laths can be lowered. By means of a link sys¬ tem 23b it can also be ensured that this takes place simul taneously. Although the invention has been described with reference t one of its embodiments, it can nevertheless be arbitrarily varied within the scope of the following claims. -BΪTREA _ OMPI . W1P0";"C L A I S 1. Procedure for sorting and stacking from a sorting plane in a sorting and stacking machine sawn timber with bed laths between each two layers of timber in a number of sorting partitions situated under the plane, the tim¬ ber (2) , after passing a central supervisory position (7) and there being classified (possibly by individual electric marking) according to class, dimension, grade or the like for sorting into a given partition, being transported hori¬ zontally, transversely to the feed direction in said plane, out over the sorting partitions (9) and, consequent on said individual classification, being laid off adjacent to the desired partition, characterized in that the timber (2) , in order to allow for automatic laying of laths during ' the stacking in the partition (8) , is laid off in a buffer store (24) situated between the desired partition (8a) and the preceding- partition (8b) in the direction of feed of the timber, the timber (16a) being retained in the buffer store while laths are being laid in the sorting partition (8a) , thereafter being directly fed out over the laid laths (15) . 2. Procedure according to claim 1, characterized in that the pieces of timber (2) from the buffer store (24) are carried out by timber carriers attachments (26) , driven by- timber feed chains (6) , sideways over a hoist or the like (9) in the desired partition (8a) until a layer of timber (16) has been formed, whereupon, during continued laying off of sorted pieces of timber (2) in the buffer store (24) the laths (15) are carried out into position over the al¬ ready laid layer of timber (16) , possibly lowered with the hoist plane (9) , and finally the pieces of timber (16b) laid and retained in the buffer store (24) during the lay¬ ing of laths are thereafter carried by the attachments (26) possibly one by one, out over the laid laths (15) to form a OMPI . -- W W 1 1 P P 0 0 l^ new layer of timber, which is then lowered to make space for -renewed laying of laths and formation of the next layer of timber (16) as described above. 3. Procedure according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the pieces of timber (2, 16b) are laid off in the buffer store (24) adjoining the edge furthest from the de¬ sired partition (8a) and are gradually brought by the attachments (26) up against a stop (27) , operative during laying of laths, at an. edge adjoining the desired partition (8a). 4. Procedure according to claim 1, 2 or 3, characterized in that the pieces of timber (2) , during their transport in the sorting plane, are transported in the known manner in hooks (4)- suspended in timber feed chains (6) , from which hooks the pieces of timber are laid down in the buffer store ""(24) allotted to the partition (8a) selected through the individual marking. 5. Sorting and stacking machine for implementation of the procedure according to one or more of claims 1-4, contai¬ ning a sorting plane in which.the pieces of timber (2) are fed piece by piece, transversely to the direction of move¬ ment of timber feed chains (6) situated in the sorting plane, for sorting and stacking in a number of sorting par¬ titions (8) placed under the sorting plane, and a central supervisory position (7) for individual classification (e.g. electrically) of the pieces of timber (2) according to class, dimension, grade or the like, characterized in that the partitions (8) of the machine, in order to allow for laying of laths during stacking in a particular machine * partition ( 8a) , apart from having a vertically adjustable hoist plane (10) in the known manner, also have a buffer store ( 24 ) for the sorted pieces of timber ( 16a) destined to the desired partition ( 8a) , the buffer store lying bet¬ ween the desired partition ( 8a) and the preceding partition ( 8b) -BUREA OMPI fa 1P0 4 l in the direction of feed of the timber, in the which store (24) the pieces of timber (2, 16a) are brought to bear against a stop (27) so as to be retained in the. store (24) while laths are being laid over the hoist plane by a lath laying device associated with each partition to prepare for the reception of a layer of timber (16) . 6. Sorting and stacking machine according to claim 5, char¬ acterized in that, after laying of laths, the pieces of timber (16b) collected in the buffer store (24) are moved out by lath feed chains (17) with lath attachments (21) in the lath laying device (17-23) , after release of the stop (27) , sideways over the laths (15) laid out in the hoist plane (10) . 7. Sorting and stacking machine according to claim 5 or 6, characterized in that the timber feed device (4, 6) of the sorting plane is so arranged or controlled in relation to the buffer store (24) that the pieces of timber (2) are laid off in the buffer store (24) , first adjoining its edge furthest from the desired partition (8a) , and are gradually brought by the attachments (26) up to the stop (27) , which is operational during the laying of laths, at the edge adjoining the desired partition (8a) . 8. Sorting and stacking machine according to claims 4-7, characterized in that the feed chains (6) of the sorting plane are provided with hanging hooks (4) on which the timber (2) is transported from the supervisory position (7) and laid down in the buffer store (24) allotted to the par¬ tition (8a) selected through the individual marking, e.g. by controlled removal of the pieces of timber (2) by means of a stop (25) from the respective hooks (4) . 9. Sorting and stacking machine according to claims 4-8, characterized in that, on release of the stop . (27) , the pieces of timber (16a) laid in the buffer store (24) are fed forward to the hoist olane (9) of the desired sor irrøTF"". OMPI 12 partition (8a) by timber attachments (26) , preferably elastic, placed on the timber feed chains (6) . 10. Sorting and stacking machine according to claim 9, . characterized in that corresponding timber attachments (26) on mutually parallel timber feed chains are placed o a common shaft (26a) so as to feed the pieces of timber (16a) forward in parallel with one another. 11. Sorting and-stacking machine according to claims 4-10, characterized in that the lath laying device (17-23) driv forward the laths (15) with suitable distribution, trans¬ versely to their longitudinal direction and with the ends resting in lath attachments (21) on the feed members (17) out over the hoist plane by means of two endless chains (17) moving synchronously with one another, the feed mem¬ bers of which, essentially on a level with the buffer sto (24) , run horizontally along the sides of each sorting partition (8) . 12. Sorting and' stacking machine according to claim 10, characterized in that the lath attachments (21) interact with hatches (23) or retracting ' means (23a) , one or more, through which the ends of the laths (15) can be released for vertical movement downwards. 13. Sorting and stacking machine according to claim 12, characterized in that the lath feed chains (17) interact with their lath magazines (22) situated outside the sorti partitions (8) , in the which magazines the laths (15) are placed in a vertical stack one on the other, the lath ' attachments (21) of the feed chains (17) , on passage unde the ends of the magazine (22) , being able through contino lowering of laths (15) , to take up the lowermost lath (15 in order to move it out over the hoist plane (10) . . 14. Sorting and stacking machine according to claims 10- characterized in that the stop (27) of the buffer store is automatically released as soon as the last piece of timber in a layer (16) has been laid in position and is reactiva¬ ted when the last lath attachments (21) on the lath chains (17) have left the lath store and all laths (15) have come into position.";WICKMAN E;WICKMAN E;1978
+WO-1979000225-A1;19790503.0;19781023;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25292586.0;F24J3;;F24J2, F24J3;F24J   2/20E, F24J   2/24D;INFLATED FLEXIBLE SOLAR COLLECTORS;An inflatable collector for solar energy is provided in which superposed layers of plastic sheet material (18, 19) a heat sealed to one another to provide a pair of layers providing an absorber unit in which the upper layer (19) is pigmented to absorb solar radiation and the pair of layers are sealed to one another in a pattern providing a continuous elongated path. Fluid is supplied to one end of this elongated path and at least one transparent layer (25) is provided overlying the pair of layers, to provide a return space (21) above the pair of layers, and valve means (22) are provided to interconnect the end of the elongated path remote from the fluid supply end with the return space so that fluid heated in the elongated path is further heated in the return space before being withdrawn from the collector.;"INFLATED FLEXIBLE SOLΛR COLLECTORS DESCRIPTION Technical Field The present invention relates to inflated flexible solar collectors. Background Art The need for low cost, durable and efficient collectors for solar energy to enable the heating of homes, factories and swimming pools is well known, and this is the objective of this invention. Disclosure of Invention In accordance with this invention, an inflatable collector for solar energy is provided in which super¬ posed layers of plastic sheet material are heat sealed, taped or glued to one another to preferably provide at least one lower layer of static air for insulating the underside of the collector, a pair of layers above the lower layer providing an absorber unit, the upper of said pair of layers being pigmented to absorb solar radiation and the pair of layers being sealed to one another in a pattern providing a continuous elongated path through the absorber unit. Fluid is supplied into one end of the elongated path and at least one layer of transparent sheet material overlies the absorber unit to provide a return space above the pair of layers, and means interconnect the end of the elongated path remote from the supply end with the return space so that fluid heated in the elongated path is further heated in the return space before being withdrawn therefrom. A feature of the invention is the double pass of the fluid being heated with respect to the upper layer of the heat absorber unit which provides the heat absorbing surface. This double pass increases the temperature of the fluid which is removed from a collector of given size and flow capacity. It is also important to insulate the collector from the air and from the underlying support. For this purpose, OMPI ' pairs of layers are used both above and below the absorber unit, and these are inflated with static air. Another feature of the invention is the employment of a pair of inflated transparent layers which are sealed together in parallel lines to form ribs which insulate the hot fluid return while it simultaneously provides improved resistance to wind damage and improved absorption of solar energ . The above features of this invention may be used alone or preferably in combination with one another. Other and further features of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the drawings. Brief Description of Drawings FIG. 1 is a perspective view with portions cut away showing an illustrative inflatable collector for solar energy constructed in accordance with the invention; FIG. 2 is a cross-section taken at the line 2-2 of FIG. 1 to further show the disposition of the layers; FIG. 3 is a cross-section taken on the line 3-3 of FIG. 1 showing the inlet and outlet structures and the check valves used to inflate the overlying layers and the lower layers which insulate the collector; FIG. 4 is a sectional view diagraramatically illus¬ trating an alternate form of the invention of simplified cons ruction; and FIG. 5 is another cross-section on the line 3-3 of FIG. 1 showing preferred construction at the air inlet and outlet zone. Referring more particularly to FIG. 1, the numeral 10 identifies an inflatable solar energy collector formed by a plurality of flexible plastic layers which are sealed together at their peripheries 11 to form a mattress-type structure. The periphery 11 is preferably reinforced with a wire, rope or semi-ridged plastic pipe 12 and portions of the sealed periphery are notched out at 13 to enable the collector 10 to be tied down with ropes, rubber binders or stakes. Referring first to the lowermost layers 14 and 15, these are inflated thru check valve 30 when the fluid being heated is air (see FIG. 3) and optionally given structural stability by securements 17. The layers 14 and 15 are normally constituted by black-pigmented thermoplastic, and they serve, especially when inflated, to insulate the underside of the collector. Above the insulating layers 14 and 15 are layers 18 and 19 which together provide an absorber unit. Layer 19, and optionally also layer 18, is pigmented, preferably with solar selective coatings or pigments, to absorb solar energy. Layers 18 and 19 are sealed in a pattern which forms a continuous elongated path 29 which may be termed a serpentine path. Layer 19 is formed with small slits 20, which allow fluid to pass through and agitate the contents in the return space 21 which overlies the layer 19. Valve means 22 allow the fluid between layers 18 and 19 to pass through layer 19 at the remote end of path 29 and enter return space 21 below layer 25. The fluid in the return space 21 is further heated and removed through outlet 23, which is positioned near the cool air inlet 24. The fluid in the structure shown in FIG. 1 is preferably air, but water can be used, especially when the underlayers are not inflated. The overlying layers 25 and 26 are of clear plastic material to allow solar energy to pass through and reach the pigmented layer 19. On the other hand, infra-red radiation emitted by layer 19 is reflected by the layers 25 and 26, and these layers may be treated to maximize reflection of infra-red radiation in order to keep it from escaping from the collector. The layers 25 and 26 are sealed together in parallel lines to provide ribs 27 and these layers are inflated with some of the cold air enter¬ ing at 24 via check valve 30. Ribs 27 provide structural stability and also serve to enhance absorption of solar radiation. This occurs because solar radiation which strikes the ribs at an angle can be reflected off the surface of a rib remote from the radiation into the near surface of the adjacent rib. The radiation striking the near surface of any rib hits it at a steeper angle and penetrates the layer 26 more easily. A relief valve 28 may be used to deflate the overlying layers 25 and 26, and a similar relief valve can be used to deflate the lowermost layers 14 and 15. The inflated layers 14 and 15 and 25 and 26 remain inflated when the fan blowing air through air inlet 24 is shut off, so the unit retains its strength and wind resistance when not in operation. The plastic layers are preferably .006 inch or thicker for mechanical integrity. Referring more particularly to FIG. 2, a portion of the solar energy collector 10 is shown in cross-section to better show the air agitators 20 and the valve means 22 which allow the contents of the absorber unit to pass from between layers 18 and 19 to the return space 21 be¬ tween layers 19 and 25. This cross-section also shows how layers 14 and 15 join together to form an inflated insulative underlayer which can be parallel or spot secured as shown at 17 to add rigidity to the collector. Referring more particularly to FIG. 3, cold air enters the collector via a venturi tube 24 which is the sole source of air in the collector 10. This air under pressure causes inflation of the paired upper layers 25 and 26, and the paired underlayers 14 and 15. This is achieved by connections containing check valves which extend from tube 24 through layers 25 and 15 as shown. This connection and check valve assembly is identified by numeral 30. Cold air indicated by arrow 31 passes below pigmented layer 19 and above optionally pigmented layer 18 and the contact with heated layer 19 heats the air. Agitator slits 20 allow small amounts of heated air held between layers 18 and 19 to bleed into the return space 21 and agitate the air in the return space, this air moving as shown by arrow 32 toward the hot air outlet 23. In the preferred structure shown in FIG. 5, the air inlet and air outlet are shown in phantom, and the pressure of the air near the inlet opens flap valves 40 and 41 which cover aligned openings 42 and 43, respectively, to inflate the upper and lower units of the solar mattress. The layers surrounding the openings 42 and 43 are heat sealed to one another as indicated at 44, so that static air is confined where it is desired. FIG. 5 also shows a grommet 45 used to seal the margin 46 of the mattress via protective U-shaped marginal area 47. FIG. 4 shows an optional embodiment of the invention which is characterized by a simplified construction. In this form of the invention, only a single overlying layer 26 is used, and cold air inlet 24 inflates the insulating area 36 between the transparent layer 25 and the overlying layer 26. The action is the same as shown in the previous figures in that some air entering the absorber unit between layers 18 and 19 via tube 24 inflates the insulating area 36 by means of a tube and check valve assembly 30. The air is heated in the absorber unit where it follows a serpentine path indicated by arrow 34 and finally reaches valve means 22 at the end of the path. The partially heated air rises through the valve means 22 into the return air space 21 where it is further heated and agitated by undulations 33 in layer 19. The return air follows a return serpentine path 37 back to the hot air outlet 23. In this simplified construction, the four layers 26, 25, 19 and 18 are sealed at their peripheries 11 which is reinforced by wire, ropes or tubing 12. The underlying layers are omitted in this simplified construction. When a liquid, such as water, is heated, the insulating area 36 is separately inflated with air. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention The solar collector may include thermostats for operating the air supply fan only when the sun is shining, ty wi p o and other operational features may be added for special purpose. The plastic materials used may be of any type such as polyethylene, Mylar, Tedlar or any suitable flex¬ ible, sealable plastic. The dimensions may be any shape or configuration, but generally rectangular is best.";WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. An inflatable collector for solar energy comprising superposed layers of plastic sheet material which are secured to one another to provide at least one lower layer for insulating the underside of the collector, a pair of layers above...said lower layer providing an absorber unit, the upper of said pair of layers being pigmented to absorb solar radiation and said pair of layers being sealed to one another in a pattern providing a continuous elongated path through said absorber unit, means for supplying a fluid into one end of said elongated path, at least one layer overlying said absorber unit, said overlying layer being transparent and providing a return space above said pair of layers, and valve means interconnecting the end of said elongated path remote from the supply end with said return space whereby fluid heated in said elongated path is further heated in said return space, and means for withdrawing heated fluid from said return space. 2. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 1 in which said fluid is air. 3. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 1 or 2 in which a pair of lower layers is used to insulate the underside of the collector, said lower layers being sealed to one another and inflated with air. 4. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 1 or 2 in which a pair of transparent layers overlie said absorber unit, said transparent layers being sealed to one another and inflated with air. 5. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 4 in which said transparent layers are sealed to one another in parallel spaced apart lines to form a series of inflated ribs. 6. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 2 in which said pigmented layer is slit to provide vents along the length of said elongated path to agitate the air in said return space. 7. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 2 or 6 in which a pair of lower layers is used to insulate the underside of the collector and a pair of transparent layers overlie said absorber unit, each of said lower layers and said transparent layers being sealed to one another and inflated with air. 8. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 7 in which the means for supplying air to said elongated path includes means comprising a check valve for maintaining the inflation of said lower layers and said transparent layers. 9. An inflatable solar collector as recited in any of claims 1, 2 or 6 in which said elongated path is pro¬ vided by parallel seal lines which form a serpentine path. 10. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 9 in which said pigmented layer is also sealed to said overlying transparent layer to provide a return space. 11. An inflatable solar collector as recited in claim 1 or 2 in which said heat sealed layers provide tie down areas at the margins thereof. 12. An inflatable solar collector as recited in any of claims 1, 2 or 6 in which the heated fluid is withdrawn from said return space at a point close to the fluid supply means. 13. An inflatable solar collector as recited in any of claims 1, 2 or 6 in which said superposed layers of plastic sheet material are heat sealed to one another. -B , \ f;CROMBIE L, CROMBIE T;CROMBIE L, CROMBIE T;1978
+WO-1979000229-A1;19790503.0;19781023;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10432252.0;H01M10;H01M6;H01M6, H01M10;H01M  10/04D, H01M   6/48, T01M   6/48;ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERIES;A multicell spirally wound electric storage battery, preferably of lead-acid type is provided in which the cells are coaxial and are divided from each other by partitions disposed transverse to the said axis and the cells are interconnected by portions of the plates which pass through the said partitions. A method of making the battery is also disclosed which involves winding the battery from strips of electrode and forming the partitions from hot melt adhesive during the winding process.;". 1. ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERIES TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to electric storage batteries and provides a novel multicell structure as well as a novel form of intercell separation and 5. interconnection of plates between different cells. BACKGROUND ART Spirally wound single cells are known, see for example British Patent Specification No. 1531225. The present invention has as an object the 10. provision of a multicell spirally wound lead acid battery. Whilst developed particularly for so called sealed cell applications for the lead acid electro¬ chemical system it is applicable also to flooded cell 15. systems and is not excluded from applicability to other electrochemical couples such as alkaline systems e.g.using nickel cadmium active materials. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention there is 20. provided a multicell spirally wound electric storage battery in which the cells are coaxial and are divided from each other by partitions disposed transverse to the said . axis and the cells are interconnected by portions of the plates which pass through the said 25. partitions. In a preferred form of the invention the cells are of annular form and are arranged around a central former. The battery may further include a seal between each partition and the former, outer container 30. means enclosing the outer circumference of the annular O PI . 2. cells, a seal being provided between the said outer container means and the outer peripheral edge of each partition. The battery may further include a seal between 5. each partition and the former, outer container means enclosing the outer circumference of the annular cells, a seal being provided between the said outer container means and the outer peripheral edge of each partition. In a preferred embodiment electrolyte 10. access and venting means are provided in the former for each cell. Each current conducting element in one cell is preferably integral with a current conducting element of opposite polarity in an adjacent cell. 15. The plates may comprise current conducting elements of expanded metal and preferably the majority of the mesh elements extend transverse to the length of the strip so as to shorten the current pathways between adjacent cells. 20. The portion of the plates which extends through the partition is preferably apertured and the apertures are filled with the material of the partitions. In this form of the invention each plate has a pair of active material carrying portions extending along 25. its length with an intercell connector portion located therebetween, the intercell connector portions having a greater cross sectional area of metal per unit length than the active material carrying portions. A preferred form of the invention provides a 30. battery with two or more cells in which each cell OMPI comprises first and second layers of conducting mesh carrying active material, separated by a separator, the cells being disposed edge to edge with an intercell connector between one layer of each cell, 5. provided by a gap part of the mesh not carrying active material, and integral with the layers on either side of it carrying active material, and each constituting a plate of a respective cell. The electrolyte impervious partition between 10. adjacent cells can pass through the intercell connector in the perforations in the mesh not carrying the active material. Preferably each cell is in the form of a coil with the first and second layers constituting the cell plates 15. being annular, or part annular and concentric with each other. The cells are disposed side by side along the axis of the coil with the plates of adjacent cells disposed edge to edge with one another. The invention also extends to a novel method of 20. making a battery in accordance with the invention which comprises providing a number of longitudinally extending electrode affording members with a positive active material strip along one side and a negative active material strip along the other side, direct electrical 25. interconnection being provided between the strips of opposite polarity along the full length of the electrode member, either continuously or discontinuously, a partition region free of active material being disposed between the two active material strips, and providing 30. one positive terminal strip having a continuous current fjU E cT OMPΪ take off band along one edge and a negative active material strip electrically connected thereto along the other edge, a partition region free of active material being disposed between the take off band and the active 5. material strip, and one negative terminal strip having a continuous current take off band along one edge and a positive active material strip electrically -connected thereto along the other edge, a partition region free of active material being disposed between the take off 10. band and the active material strip, overlapping positive active material strips with negative active material strips, with interleaved separator material and covering the free face of at least all the negative strips or at least all the positive strips with separator material, 15. presenting one end of the overlapped strips to the surface of a former and winding the assembly around the former into a pack, with separator material between contacting faces of active material, the partition region being supplied with partition polymer material 20. compatible with the material of the former and effective to produce an electrolyte impervious seal therewith, the partition polymer material being supplied in such condition and or shape as to form a continuous electrolyte impervious seal with its own juxtaposed 25. surface between each turn of the spirally wound pack whereby an annular electrolyte impervious partition between adjacent cells is formed in the fully wound cell, the partition polymer material being supplied to the partition region either before the assembly 30. is wound round the former, or whilst it is being wound round the former and providing an outer . 5 , container forming a electrolyte impervious seal with the outer peripheral edge of each partition between the cells. Thus, in one form of the method, the partition 5. region is provided continuously with hot melt adhesive in a hot adhesive state immediately prior to the moment when the portion of the region which is being supplied with hot melt adhesive is pressed against the outer surface of the hot melt adhesive in 10. the barrier region previously supplied and already wound. The former is preferably provided with electrolyte access and venting means disposed opposite each cell. The access and venting means may be a single hole 15. for each cell which is occluded by a resilient lining tube. Alternatively separate electrolyte access and venting means may be provided for each cell. 20. BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION "" The invention may be put into practice in various ways and a number of specific embodiments will be described to illustrate the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: 5. Figure 1 is a perspective view of an individual grid element; Figure 2 is a cross-section of an array of two terminal grids and two intermediate grid elements prior to winding; 10. Figure 3 is- a perspective view of the arrangement shown in Figure 2 showing the central perforated • former around which the element assembly is wound, Figure - is a view in the same sense on a reduced scaie showing the finally wound construction 15. wrapped in εn encapsulating plastic εheeτ;; Figure 5 is a longitudinal cross section of a former for use in the invention and shows a flexible liner which provides the seal for the vents to * individual cells; 20. Figure 6 is a cross section of the wound path showing a stepped former; Figure 7 shows an alternative arrangement of stepped former; Figure 8 shows in diagrammatic cross section 25. a modified form of sealing arrangement between cells in which the intercell conductor is provided with a channel section in which the sealant is located; Figure 9 is an enlarged cross section to scale of the arrangement shown in Figure 2; 30. Figure 10 is a vertical cross section of a fully fsUREΛc _O PI wound and encased battery in accordance with the invention; and Figure 11 is a diagrammatic longitudinal section of apparatus for carrying out the winding of the battery. 8. Referring now to Figure 1 , the grid strip comprises a perforated strip grid,preferably a slit expanded mesh grid, having a plastic member 20 extending down its length along its centre, this 5. being the basic form of the grid element referred to as an intermediate grid element above. Terminal elements are similar except that one half of the expanded mesh is replaced by a longitudinal selvedge of solid metal to which the current take-off 10. tabs or members are connected. The end element thus has a central continuous plastic member 20 which will eventually constitute the cell partition. The positive half of the expanded grid "" strip is labell 21 and the negative half of the expanded grid strip 22. 15. It should be noted the expanded grid strip 21, 22 extends right through the partition element 20 providing continuous electrical inter-connection between the positive and negative elements of each grid element and thus minimising intercell connector 20. resistance. Referring again to Figure 2, the multi¬ element assembly is made up by overlapping the positive strip 21 of one individual grid element with the negative strip 22 of another individual grid element, the elements having their members 20 running 25. parallel to each other. A separator 25 is placed between the juxtaposed positive and negative elements and separator material is also provided on one or other of the back or front faces of the whole assembly so that when wound the elements are also 30. separated from other in the wound assembly. In the 'BUREA _OMPI Figure 2, arrangement this is done by providing an envelope of separator material around each of the negative elements 22. This envelope extends up to the edge of each member 20 and if desired can either 5. be left open at its ends or sealed at its ends by an appropriate adhesive, or in the case of a thermoplastic separator element, by welding. If the separator material is thermoplastic then it may also extend across the intercell elements 20 and 10. be sealed to it so as not to interfere with the integrity of the intercell seal. Clearly the polymer used in the separator must be compatible with that used in the member 20 so that an effective seal is formed. There may be some 15- advantages also in enveloping the positive plate so that in arrangements where the plates are orientated in the battery in use in a vertical plane the bottom of the envelope around the positive will act to retain any active material shed from the ' 20. positive and thus minimise bridging of the plates in the individual cells. Referring now to Figure 3, the assembly shown in Figure 2 is shown in position prior to winding around a central former 30. This is made of a tube of a resin compatible with and 25. effective to form a seal with the resin of the member 20. For example the members 20 may be a polyolefin e.g. a polyethylene based hot melt composition and then the tube 30 will be made of a compatible polyolefin based composition. The tube 30 is provided 30. with holes 31 extending through its wall and positioned -βU EΛ T OMPI 10 . so as to be juxi-aposeα to the overlapped grid elements 21 and 22. Grid elements 21 and 22 are preferably- perforated prior to assembly into the configuration shown in Figure 2 and the perforations 42 are spaced from the 5. end at which the winding has started in such a way as to be essentially juxtaposed to each other although exact overlap is not needed. Logarithmic spacing of the holes would therefore -be appropriate. Clearly the separator must not be punched since otherwise treeing 10. through between the positive and negative plate could very readilj- occur. The punching of the grid strips is done after pasting. These holes 42 provide a duct 43 through which electrolyte entering the cell through the holes 31 in 15. the former 30 can more readily gain access to the intεrio: of each cell. The tube jp is preferably provided with a step as shown in the cross-section in Figure 5 since this assists in the location of the multi-element assembly shown in Figure 2 at the beginning of the 20. winding operation. Indeed it night be that a # slit would be formed or a notch formed in the former 30 so as to positively grip the ends of the multi-element assembly and further assist automatic winding of the array. Figure 6 identifies the step by the reference 25. ^-0. .An alternative stepped arrangement is shown in Figure 7 in which the thickness cf the tube is built up on its external diameter so that its internal profile is circular. This is of advantage in connection with the sealing arrangement which is 30. shown in Figure 5 and can conveniently be used to provide a sealed form of battery using this inventive concept. The arrangement shown in Figure , Figure 5 and Figure 7 can have its electrolyte 1 1 . content added to it after winding and this permits dry winding which is advantageous from the point of view of retaining the strength of the separator material and ease of handling. The electrolyte 5. may be added to the battery by injecting a measured quantity of electrolyte into the central tube 32 of the former 30 and then either allowing the electrolyte to percolate outwardly or preferably rotating the assembly around the longitudinal axis 10. of the tube 30 so as to force the electrolyte out under centrifugal force into the individual cells. After this measured volume of electrolyte has been taken up, or if preferred after decanting any surplus not absorbed by the assembly, the central 15. tube 32 of the tube 30 can have a close fitting rubber sleeve 35 pushed into place and this will then act as a pressure release valve during any gassing which may occur during high overcharge conditions during use of the cell but at the same 20. time will prevent electrolyte leakage of any substantial extent between the individual cells. In an alternative arrangement the assembly is wound with the paste wet. It should be explained that a variety of tech- 25. niques are available with regard to the sequence of operations in making up and wάnάing the cell elements. One possibility is to paste the strips leaving an open region between the positive and negative strips, then apply the hot melt adhesive to 30. the strip between the positive and negative pastes OMPI • ■■ WIPO and then wind the assembly with the paste wet. Another alternative is to dry the paste prior to applying*the hot melt adhesive. A further alternative is that instead of hot melt adhesive one could 5. use some other form of activatable resin composition capable of forming a seal with the resin of the tube 30. It should be appreciated that the portion of the mesh between the positive and negative paste strips will be fully inter-penetrated by the members 20 so 10. as to form an effective seal between the positive and negative halves of the individual cell element. In a further alternative the region around which the member 20 is formed could be an unperforated, unexpended strip extending down the centre of the the 15. mesh element. Two other possibilities for forming the member 20 are to form a basic strip of polymer whic may or may not be sealable to the polymer of the element 30 down the central portion of the element before pasting, achieve the pasting and 20. then clean the surface of the member 20 ready for attachment to the tube 30. An alternative to this possibility is to apply a masking film e.g. a masking tape or some polymer film which will adhere to the polymer of the member 20 in this form, paste 25. the element, remove the masking film and then achieve the sealing. A further modification to this alternative is to apply a bead of hot melt adhesive or other resin of improved compatability and sealing properties with the polymer of the member 30 after 30. pasting has been carried out. Figure 9 shows a cross- O PI 13. section to scale of the arrangements shown schematically in Figure 2. The members 20 here are shown as being formed either of hot melt adhesive or of epoxy resin. The structure when using hot melt adhesive utilises 5. its good sealing properties with lead when held under compression. In a further arrangement shown in Figure 8 the sealing of successive turns of members 20 is facilitated by the forming of the conductor in the region of the member 20 with a V or other duct 10. section and filling this section with the hot melt ad esive immediately prior to the moment of the members 20 being juxtaposed to each other so that the resin in one duct is pressed into the back of the preceding duct. Apparatus appropriate for carrying 15. out this aspect of the invention will be described below. Figure 10 shows a vertical cross-section of a fully wound and encased battery assembly. It will be seen that the cell elements are wound around 20. central former 30 with positive and negative plate elements being juxtaposed and separated by separator sheets 25. The positive tabs 23 are connected to a radial terminal bar 37 which has an axially extending positive take off tab 36 positioned 25. adjacent one end of the tube 30. The negative take off tabs 24 are similarly connected to a terminal bar 8 affording a tab 39. The regions 20 are fused both to the tube 30 and to each other to form an integral intercell partition between adjacent cells, 30. there being three cells stacked one above the other 14. in disc form in the battery. The tube 30 has electro¬ lyte introduction holes 31 and it will be seen that these are juxtaposed to perforations formed in the pasted positive and negative plates which form more 5- or less continuous radially extending channels 40 shown in dotted lines in the right hand half of the drawing. The wound assembly is encapsulated in an appropriate sheet 41 which may be of a polymer compatible with the resin 20 so as to be heat sealed 10. thereto or could merely be a shrink wrapped can. In addition a further shrink wrapping could be provided outside. In a further alternative the member 41 is both shrink wrapped and heat sealed simultaneously to the outer ring of the members 20 and the 15- material 41 may be of the order of .005"" τhick. The wrapped assembly would then be placed within an appropriately dimensioned outer canister and appropriate end seals provided, for example by • potting in hot melt adhesive or epoxy resin or 20. forming a close fitting dish nesting over the terminals and take off lugs and then potting in an appropriate resin. It should be appreciated that the central core of the former 30 may be provided with appropriate venting means for example the rubber 25. tube 35 described above with reference to Figure 5. The cell can then be provided with a small aperture at one or both ends rather than needing a separate venting arrangement to be incorporated within the end closure. Of course additional venting provisions at 30. the ends of the cell are not υrecluded and in 15 . environments where flame proofing is required these venting arrangements can be provided. Indeed, if overally dimensions are critical this venting or additional venting could be located within the ends 5. of the tube 30. The method of assembly of the battery described above is as follows: Referring to Figure 3 four strips of lead sheet are expanded, preferably the expansion method being 10. such as to ensure that the majority of the strands run transverse to the length of the strip rather than along the length of the strip. For the Figure 3 arrangement two strips will be terminal strips having one expanded portion and one solid edge 15. portion and the other two strips will be expanded on both sides. The negative terminal stπp is then pasted with positive active material on its left hand side and the two intermediate strips with • negative active material on the right hand side and 20. positive active material on the left-hand side and then the left-hand edge strip is pasted v/ith negative active material on the right hand side. Alternatively a universal paste can be used. The first strip is then fed to a conveyor belt and separator material 25. folded round the positive strip from a feed coil. The second strip is then overlapped onto the enveloped positive, its positive enveloped v/ith separator material and the third strip laid down with its negative strip over-lapping the previous enveloped 30. positive strip. The positive strip of this cell 16. element is then enveloped in separator and left-hand edge strip laid down with its negative laid over the positive of the previous cell element. The multi-element assembly is then fed along a conveyor 5. 100 as shown in Figure 11 beneath a multihead hot melt adhesive supplying station 111 positioned closely before the location of the core 30 in a winding mechanism having a belt 110. Four ribbons of hot melt adhesive composition are laid down on the 10. unpasted regions between the positive and negative paste strips of the multi-element assembly. Figure 11 shov.'s the winding mechanism which we prefer to use. The core 30 is of the form shown in Figure 7 having an external step against which the 15. input end of the multi-element assembly is butted. The hot melt adhesive is squeezed between the outside surface of the former 30 and the multi¬ element assembly by the tensioning force of the'wind¬ ing mechanism. Thus the winding mechanism has an 20. upper front roller 105 and a lower front roller 106 the upper one of which is mounted on springs, as may be the lower one if desired, so that variable tension can be applied to the belt as it passes round the major proportion of the circumference of 25. the former 30. The tensioning of these rollers also permits them to move apart as the radius of the wound pack increases as the winding progresses. The belt then passes round tv/o rear rollers, upper 107 and lower 108, and around a tensioning idler roller 30. 109 as well. It will be appreciated that the ribbon 17 . of hot melt adhesive is carefully juxtaposed to the unpasted area of the multi-element assembly. Once the pack has been wound to its specified dimensions it is ejected from the winding mechanism 5. and secured in place by either an adhesive wrapper or by the adhesive effect of the ribbon of hot melt adhesive. If an adhesive wrapper is used this can merely be attached to the end of the multi-element assembly and then the winding mechanism will 10. automatically wind this round the pack. The secured pack is then ejected and may be shrink wrapped prior to placing into the protective canister. Whilst the cell has been described as being cylindrical, thus having a circular cross section, 15. it will be appreciated that the advantages of ease of assembly and reduced intercell connector lengths can still be obtained even when other cross sections are used. 20. 25. . 18. The cells may be filled by immersion in electro¬ lyte and evacuation of air from the assembly. Alternatively the electrolyte could be injected into the cells, e.g. , under pressure. It is desirable for each cell to have at least two vents, one through which the electrolyte could be introduced and one through which the air could escape. If necessary, one or both of the vents can be sealed after introduction of the electrolyte and charging. Reference has been made above to expanded lead material, whilst this is preferred the electrode pairs could be made from thin cast grid form or wrought form or from fibrous supports provided with electrically conductive coatings or deposited conductors such as are dis- closed in the present applicants British applications Nos. 9876/76 and 15664/76. The grids are preferably 0.1 to 1.0 rams thick especially 0.5 to 0.8 mm thick. The preferred alloy is a lead calcium tin alloy prefer¬ ably containing 0.075 to 0.13 e.g., 0.08 to 0.09% calcium and 0.34% to 0.79% tin e.g., 0.4 to 0.8 of tin. Alternative alloys include 99.9% lead and antimonial alloys such as those disclosed in United States patents Nos. 3879217 and 3912537. As mentioned above, the individual electrode element or electrode pairs are preferably pasted with a universal paste composition since half of the electrode pair has to be converted to positive active material in one cell and the other half of the electrode pair has to be converted to negative active material in the adjacent cell. The mid point of the strip is left unpasted right . 19 . across its width for a few rams e.g., 0.5 to 10 rams or is cleaned after pasting, since this is the region at which it will pass from one cell to the other and the region where it it wished for the barrier or potting compound to form a seal. One suitable universal paste composition comprises; 60lbs of Hardinge grey oxide 12 grams of fibre 82 grams of Vanisperse CB (a lignosulphonate material) 3.47 litres of water 1.93 litres of 1.400 sp. gravity sulphuric acid. This is readily converted electrochemically in the cell either to positive or negative active form. Details of Vanisperse C.B. are given in British patent specification No. 1396308. Any desired separator material may be used such as a dense fibrous material e.g. fibreglass or a microporous polymer sheet e.g. , PVC but thin separator materials are preferred. Especially for (so called) sealed cells, the separator is selected to have a good moisture retention, a good rate of wicking i.e., it picks up and permits liquids to wick rapidly through it by capillary action and a good gas (especially 0_) permeability so as to retain electrolyte within its pores readily and also permit rapid passage of gas through it even when contain¬ ing electrolyte. Dense glass fibre mats are especially satisfactory in these respects, for example, non-woven mats of very fine short staple glass fibres e.g, 0.2 to 10 microns in diameter and having surface areas of 0.1 to 20 square metres per gram of silica are very suitable. Dense mats made from such fibres, whilst being flexible and having high electrolyte absorption properties, also can have porosities as high as 85 to 95%. Alternatively the separator material 25 may be about 0.2 rams thick a'nd have a tensile strength in the 2 2 machine direction of 150 Kgs/cm and 130 Kgs/cm in the transverse direction an average pore size of 1 micron and an elongation at break of 100% in the machine direction. Such a material is madeby biaxially stretch¬ ing a chill roll cast film of high density polyethylene and is sold by the Sekisui Chemical Co. as PCM separator film. The separator material may thus have a thickness in the range 0.1 to 0.3 rams, a tensile strength of 15 to 200 preferably 50 to 160 Kgs/cm 2 , an elongation at break of 50 to 150%, a Gurley stiffness of 1 to 50 mg preferably 5 to 20 mg and a pore size of 0.1 to 10 microns preferably 0.5 to 5 microns. Any potting material which has an adequate resistance to attack by acid and can ' form an electrolyte resistant seal with lead may be used for the partitions between cells and for the seals, but epoxy resins and polyolefin based hot melt adhesives are satisfactory. Suitable polyolefin hot melt adhesives include those comprising: A. A high molecular weight polyolefin component .21. e.g., polyethylene or polypropylene providing viscocity to the melt and cohesive strength to the solid, B. as a tackifying agent, a synthetic or natural resin, e.g., a wood resin or a derivative thereof to add tack and fluidity and premote wetting action, C. a plasticizer, e.g., a paraffin wax to lower the viscocity of the mixture for easier application, and D. a small amount of an a tioxidant. One suitable proprietory hot melt adhesive is that sold by Eastman Kodak as EASTOBOND A381S which is a polyolefin based material. Aς3.2_ As an alternative to universal paste the positive expanded mesh may be made and pasted separately from the negative expanded mesh of each electrode pair and they may be joined by a continuous seam weld 1 - 5 rams wide by means of overlapped perforated solid selvedges 2 to 10 rams wide. The selvedge can have 1 circular perforation 1 - 5 mms in diameter each 1 cms. Each positive mesh before pasting preferably has more lead e.g., 5 to 20% more lead, than the negative mesh. The positive electrodes may be pasted with the following paste composition: 1000 kgs Activematerial comprising 40% lead and 60% lead monoxide, 297.9 litres water, 156.1 litres sulphuric acid (1.4 sp.gr.) and 4.5 kgs of amorphous silica (Gasil 23) . The negative electrodes may be pasted with the following paste composition: 1091 Kgs. leady oxide, 302 kgs. of Vanisperse CB lignosulphonate, 5.5 kgs. of Barium sulphate, - B U EAU O PI WIP0 .22. 0.23 kgs. of Fibre, 0.57 kgs. of antioxidant (stearic acid), 1.8 kgs. of carbon black, 122 litres of water and 70 litres of sulphuric acid (1.4 sp.gr.). . . INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The battery system of the . present invention may be used for conventional sealed cell applications such as in hand held powered tools where the ability to function in any orientation is required. It may also be used when appropriately dimensioned as a car starter battery and may be either sealed or flooded for this application. It-may also be used for floating charge standby applications. IJΪJRΏTΓ OMPI";. 24 . CLAIMS 1. A multicell battery characterised in that it is spirally wound, the cells are coaxial and are divided from each other by partitions disposed transverse to the said axis and the cells are interconnected by portions of the plates which pass through the said partitions 2. A battery as claimed in Claim 1 in which the cells are of annular form and are arranged around a central former. 3. A battery as claimed in Claim 2 including a seal between each partition and the former, outer container means enclosing the outer circumference of the annular cells, a seal being provided between the said outer container means and the outer peripheral edge of each partition. 4. A battery as claimed in Claim 2 or Claim 3 in which electrolyte access and venting means are provided in the former for each cell. 5. A battery as claimed in Claim 4 in which the access and venting means is a single hole for each cell which is occluded by a resilient lining tube located inside the former. 6. A battery as claimed in any one of Claims 1-5 in which the plates comprise current conducting elements of expanded metal and the majority of the mesh elements extend transverse to the length of the strip so as to shorten the current pathways between adjacent cells. OMPI 7. A battery as claimed in any one of Claims 1-6 in which the portions of the plates which extend through the partitions are apertured and the apertures are filled with the material of the partitions. 8. A battery as claimed in any one of Claims 1-7 in which each plate has a pair of active material carrying portions extending along its length with an intercell conductor portion located therebetween, the intercell conductor portions having a greater cross sectional area of metal per unit length than the active material carrying portions. 9. A method of making a multicell electric storage battery of spirally wound construction as claimed in Claim 1 which comprises providing a number of longitudinally extending electrode affording members with a positive active material strip along one side and a negative active material strip along the other * side, direct electrical interconnection being provided between the strips of opposite polarity along the full length of the electrode member, either continuously or discontinuously> a partition region free of active material being disposed between the two active material strips, arid providing one positive terminal strip having a continuous current taken off band along one edge and a negative active material strip electrically connected thereto along the other edge, a partition region free of active material being disposed between the take off band and the active material strip, and one negative terminal strip having a continuous current take off band along one edge and a positive active material .26 . strip electrically connected thereto along the other edge, a partition region free of active material being disposed between the take off band and the active material strip, overlapping positive active material strips with negative active material strips, with interleaved and separator materia3/covering the free face of at least all the negative strips or at least all the positive strips with separator material, presenting one end of the overlapped strips to the surface of a former and winding the assembly around the former into a pack, with separator material between contacting faces of active material, each partition region being supplied with partition polymer material compatible with the material of the former and effective to produce an electrolyte impervious seal therewith, the partition polymer material being supplied in such condition and or shape as to form a continuous electrolyte impervious seal with its own juxtaposed surface between each turn of the spirally wound pack whereby an annular electrolyte impervious partition between adjacent cells is formed in the fully wound cell, the partition polymer material being supplied to each partition region either before the assembly is wound round the former, or whilst it is being wound round the former and providing an outer container forming a seal with the outer peripheral edge of each partition between the cells. 10. A method as claimed in Claim 9 in which the partition region is provided continuously with hot melt adhesive in a hot adhesive state immediately prior to the moment when the portion of the region which is being supplied with hot melt adhesive is pressed against the outer surface of the hot melt adhesive in the partition region previously supplied and already wound. OMPI;PEARSON E;CHLORIDE GROUP LTD, PEARSON E;1978
+WO-1979000230-A1;19790503.0;19781023;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20332667.0;C02C5;B01D35;B03C1, C02F1;B03C   1/00B, B03C   1/015, B03C   1/025, C02F   1/48K, C02F   1/52, C02F   1/52F;A METHOD AND AN AGENT FOR CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF WATER BY MEANS OF CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION AND MAGNETIC SLUDGE SEPARATION;A method and an agent for chemical purification of water is provided, especially waste water with subsequent magnetic sludge separation. A precipitation agent comprising as component aluminium sulphate and/or iron sulphate is used together with a magnetic material for the purification. In order to provide uniform distribution of the magnetic material in the agent composition it is added to the aluminium and/or iron sulphate component of the composition when said component is in the form of a melt or solution prior to crystallization of said composition.;"A METHOD AND AN AGENT FOR CHEMICAL PURIFICATION OF WATER BY MEANS OF CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION AND MAGNETIC SLUDGE SEPARATION The present invention relates to a method-and an agent for chemical pu¬ rification of water, especially wastewater with subsequent magnetic sludge separation. A precipitation agent or precipitant based on alumi¬ nium sulphate or iron sulphate is used together with a magnetic material for the purification. In chemical purification of wastewater, a chemical is added to the water which is precipitated in the wastewater in the form of flocculated che¬ mical compounds. The primary task of the added chemical is to precipi- tate the phosphates dissolved in the wastewater, which would otherwise result in fertilization of the receiving body of water. Furthermore, metals present in the water are precipitated to a large extent. The floes have the ability of thereby effectively binding any substances suspended in the wastewater. By this treatment there is thus obtained a clear water, to a large extent liberated from suspended substances, bac¬ teria, viruses, metals and phosphates. The content of oxygen-consuming organic substance falls considerably in this treatment. The sludge formed in the process sketched above, and containing the i - purities, is separated in conventional wastewater treatment plants by sedimentation or flotation. These operations are relatively voluminous since they cannot be carried out at high surface load. Sedimentation is 3 2 generally carried out at a surface load as low as about 1 m /m x h and 3 2 flotation at a maximum surface load of about 5-10 m /m x h. As an alternative to this conventional sedimentation or flotation, mag¬ netic separation has been brought in, which enables the removal of par¬ ticles down to colloidal size from many types of wastewater. The basic technique was originally developed at the end of the sixties in con- nection with the solution to the problem of removing ~ ry fine paramag¬ netic discolouring particles from kaolin clays used in the production of paper. It was quickly appreciated that the new technique was not limited solely to the treatment of kaolin clays, and could also be used for treating wastewater. It was then found that with the technique of ag- OMPI -A linn--- netic sludge separation the surface load could be increased substant- 3 2 ially also, right up to about 50-200 /m x h. This has the advantage that magnetic sludge separation requires less space than conventional sludge separation. To obtain an approximate idea of the differences, a plant for magnetic sludge separation can be compared to a plant hav¬ ing the same capacity for sedimentation, the former requiring at most 1/10 as great a space as the latter. Attempts have been made to utilize conventional flocculation agents in combination with magnetic material for purifying wastewater in a more effective and less voluminous way. Mechanical blending of, for example, aluminium sulphate and magnetic material has been used for this purpose, but it has been found difficult to provide even distribution of the mag¬ netic material in the floes formed. Such even distribution of the magne- tic material is necessary for the sludge separation to be carried out in an effective manner. According to the invention it has now been surprisingly found that if a composition is used as precipitant, this composition being obtained by adding the magnetic material to the flocculation chemicals of the preci¬ pitant when it is in the form of a melt or solution* very uniform dist¬ ribution of the magnetic material in conjunction with flocculation can be obtained, and thereby a more effective separation of the floes formed as well. The precipitants of interest in conjunction with the invention are aluminium sulphate and/or iron(II)sulphate. A preferred flocculant is aluminium sulphate which, when it is present as a melt, easily allows itself to be blended with the magnetic material, whereby the crystalli¬ sation of the melt under stirring leads to the formation of a composi¬ tion based on aluminium sulphate in which the magnetic material is very evenly distributed. Iron(II)sulphate is also amenable to be transferred into a melt or solution, but in this case some water must be added for maintaining the right water content, to compensate for the water which . is driven off by vaporization in connection with melting the iron sul¬ phate. By ""magnetic materials"" are meant here and in the following such mate¬ rials which are attracted by magnets, i.e. materials that can be sepa- -xZVREAΪ O PI rated with the help of magnetic fields. Magnetic materials thus com¬ prise ferromagnetic materials, which are attracted already by relati¬ vely weak magnets, and paramagnetic materials which can be attracted by stronger magnets, e.g. of the high-gradient type which can achieve a magnetic flux density of about 2 tesla (20000 gauss) and above, or such superconductive types with a maximum magnetic flux density of 10-15 tesla. Included in the ferromagnetic materials are iron, nickel and cobalt, as well as certain alloys and oxides of these substances. Such magnetic materials based on iron are, of course, to be preferred due to their easy availability and low price. The use of iron oxides is especially preferred. The magnetic material used in the present inven¬ tion thus expediently consists of magnetite or other magnetic iron ox¬ ide, such as the iron oxide obtained in magnetite - yielding roasting of pyrites or other materials containing iron sulphide. Seen in percent by weight, the magnetic material preferably constitu¬ tes the minor portion of the composition, e.g. 1-50 percent by weight, suitably 2-30 percent by weight and especially 3-10 percent by weight of the composition. The invention thus relates to a process for chemical purification of water with subsequent magnetic sludge separation, and to an agent for carrying out this method. Remaining characterizing features of the in¬ vention are apparent from the patent claims. The invention will now be described in detail by means of non-restricting examples in conjunction with the appended drawing, which diagrammatically shows a system for magnetic separation used in the development of the technique according to the present invention. The apparatus shown diagrammatically on the attached drawing is based on a Sala-HGMS magnetic separator (from Sala International, Sala, Sweden). The central portion of the plant consists of a magnet generally denoted by the numeral 1, provided with a matrix-containing through- flow tube 2 having a diameter of about 10 cm and a length of about 15 cm. In the present experiments, a matrix 3 of expanded metal was used, i.e. a metal given a wire-netting-like appearance, which was packed complet- ely randomly. The magnet was otherwise conventionally provided with an iron core 4 and a magnet winding 5. Vertically above the matrix 3 there is arranged a flocculation vessel 6 provided with a propeller st rrer 7 and interior baffles, not shown. This flocculation vessel 6 is connected to the matrix 3 by means of a pipe 8. In the embodiment in question, the flocculation vessel 6 has a volume of about 20 liters while the pipe 8 has a bore of about 10 mm. Associated with the magnetic separator there is a current supply unit 9, a heat exchanger 10 for cooling water, and a control panel 11 for regu¬ lating valves etc. The current supply is adjustable in eight steps, and the magnetic flux density achieved is in the range 0-2.0 T (tesla). The water flow through the apparatus is regulated by a throttle valve 13 in the outlet pipe 12 downstream of the magnet. The valve 13 is controlled by the control panel 11 through regulator 14. Purified water leaves the apparatus as indicated by arrow 15. The load is given in meters per hour (m/h) calculated on the cross sectional area of the through-flow tube. Side pipes 16, 17 with associated shut-off valves 18, 19 controlled by the control panel 11 through regulators 20, 21 are arranged for counter flushing, to clean the matrix. Water is lead to pipe 16 as indi¬ cated by arrow and out from pipe 17 as indicated by arrow. When per¬ forming counter flushing the pipes 8, 12 are shut off by shut-off valves 13, 22 associated with regulators 14, 23. The regulators 14, 20, 21 and • 23 are controlled via conduits from control panel 11 as indicated at 24. The current supply to magnet 1 and control panel 11 is taken from current supply unit 9 as indicated by conduits 25. The heat exchanger 10 cools outgoing cooling water from the magnet 1 as indicated by conduit 26 and may also influence the power supply as indicated by connection 27. So-called ""beaker experiments"" were carried out using 1-liter glass beak¬ ers provided with gate sti rers with the object of finding out whether addition of magnetic material has any disturbing effect on the floccula¬ tion. The flocculation chemicals were added as a 10 percent by weight so- lution during a quick admixture of 5-10 seconds, whereafter stirring was reduced to a peripheral speed of the stirrer of about 0.1 m/sec, for a ρUREΛ ? s J)MPI_ flocculation period of 10 minutes. After 10 minutes sedimentation, 100ml samples were decanted for analysis with respect to turbidity (JTU; Jackson Turbidity Units) and total phosphorus (P tot ) in mg/1. The experiments in the magnetic separation apparatus described above were carried out in batches in such a way that the whole system was filled with drinking water up to the bottom of the flocculation vessel 6. All valves were subsequently closed and 5 liters of wastewater was transferred to the flocculation vessel. Dosing of the chemicals was car¬ ried out with a 10 percent by weight solution during a rapid admixture for 10 seconds. Stirring was thereafter reduced to the lowest possible, i.e. about 30 revolutions per minute for 5 minutes for flocculation. The water is thereafter allowed to pass through the magnetic separator under gravity, and samples for analysis were taken out after 3 liters of water had passed through the magnetic separator. The experiments were carried out at varying loads and with varying magnetic flux density. In the per- culation tube, the load was thus varied between 62 and 470 meters per hour and the magnetic flux density between 0.07 and 1.60 T. It was found that the purification effect deteriorated with increased load or falling flux density. The values selected for the experiments represent suitable experimental conditions in the apparatus used. After each experiment, the current supply was cut off and the matrix was flushed clean by means of the counter flushing arrangement. Samples taken were analyzed for turbidity and total phosphorus. Some of the experimental results are given in the tables 1-3 below. The flocculation chemicals used in the experiments are wastewater grade alu¬ minium sulphate (AVR), to which, while in the form of a melt had been added 5 percent by weight of magnetite or 1-20 percent by weight of iron oxide (JOX). AVR is a special chemical for wastewater purification, con¬ taining active aluminium, iron and silicon compounds. Its chemical com¬ position is as follows: Al appr. 7 % Fe "" 3 % Sulphuric acid deficiency "" 1 % Waterinsoluble "" 2.5 % Active substance 3.2 moles/kg Aluminium is present as Al 2 (S0 4 ) 3 • 16-17 H 2 0 Iron is present as Fe 2 (S0.) 3 • 9 H 2 0 The water-insoluble part consists mainly of silicate mineral. The AVR with the addition of magnetic material has been produced in the laboratory especially for these experiments. A mechanical mixture of AVR and magnetic material has been prepared, as well as a mixture con¬ sisting of magnetic material added to the final solution in connection with the normal AVR-manufacture. The AVR solution or melt, and the mag¬ netic material are blended by stirring for 5 minutes, after which the melt is allowed to solidify while forming the solid crystalline product with the magnetic material uniformly distributed therein. The product is crushed and dissolved in water to a content of about 10 percent by weight for use as a flocculation chemical. The magnetite used in the experiments is of laboratory quality, puriss (Kebo). The iron oxide (JOX) comes from a sulphuric acid factory and 2+ contains 65.8 % ^ e +0 » 0-5 % being Fe . For a magnetic flux density of 0.15 T the iron oxide contains 24.5 % magnetic material. Wastewater used for the experiments was collected daily from Sala Mu¬ nicipality Wastewater Treatment Works, which is a conventional plant 3 working with postprecipitation and an AVR dosage of 75 g/m . Table 1 Experiments with biologically purified wastewater Experiment Chemical Pt.ot. mιg/1 Turbidity JTU 1 Untreated water 0.59 9.8 2 75 mg/1 AVR 0.15 12 3 75 mg/1 AVR + 5 % magnetite 0.18 12 4 0.08 4.5 5 0.20 8.5 Experiment 1 relates to assessment of the unpurified wastewater without any treatment. Experiments 2 and 3 relate to beaker experiments, experi- ent 2 solely using conventional flocculating agent (AVR) and experi¬ ment 3 being performed in beakers with AVR containing 5 percent by weight magnetite in a fused-in homogeneous form. Sludge separation takes place here by sedimentation. Experiment 4 relates to the use of the same flocculation agent as in Experiment 3, but carried out with magnetic se¬ paration. Finally, Experiment 5 relates to magnetic separation carried out with a solely mechanically blended composition of AVR and magne¬ tite. During the magnetic separation a load of 62 m/h and a magnetic flux density of 0.47 T were used. The effect of applying the technique according to the present invention is directly apparent from a comparison between the Experiments 4 and 5, where Experiment 4, according to the table, gives substantially better purification, both with regard to the figure for P. . and for turbidity. Table 2. Further experiments carried out with varying compositions. Load: 62 m/h Magnetii : flux density: 0.47 T Experiment Chemicals 1 P tot m /] Turbidity JTU 6 Untreated water 0.72 11 7 75 mg/1 AVR, plus 5 % fused-in magnetite 0.07 4.2 8 75 mg/1 AVR plus 5 % fused-in ground magnetite 0.17 4.0 9 75 mg/1 AVR plus y 1 % fused-in JOX 0.32 18 10 75 mg/1 AVR plus 1 % fused-in ground JOX 0.38 17 11 75 mg/1 AVR plus 1 % JOX, mechanical blend 0.43 18 12 75 mg/1 AVR plus 5 % fused-in JOX 0.12 6.1 13 75 mg/1 AVR plus 5 % fused-in ground JOX 0.13 6.7 14 75 mg/1 AVR plus 5 % JOX, mechanical blend 0.35 20 15 75 mg/1 AVR plus 10 % fused-in JOX 0.20 8.2 16 75 mg/1 AVR 0.29 23 x) Iron oxide The technical effect on applying the technique according to the present invention will be seen from this table, i.e. in comparing between the examples 13 and 14, for example with fused-in and mechanically blended iron oxide. It is also apparent from the table that the use of 5 percent by weight of ferromagnetic material gives the best effect. In Experi¬ ments 8, 10 and 13 magnetic material was used which was ground for 8 minutes in a shatter box mill. This grinding operation did not appear to have any substantial effect. Table 3. The effect of the time for adding magnetite in experiments with biologically purified wastewater. Load: 62 m/h Magnetic flux density: 0.47 T Chemical dosage: 75 mg/1 AVR + 3.75 mg/1 magnetite Magnetite addition tot mg/1 Turbidity JTU 1 minute before adding AVR 0.15 12 Fused-in into AVR 0.07 "" 6.5 1 minute after adding AVR 0.16 13 The advantage with fusing-in the magnetite into the aluminium sulphate will"" be seen immediately from these experimental results, compared with separate addition, independent of whether the latter takes place before or after the addition of aluminium sulphate. Tentative experiments have shown that the use of paramagnetic substances, such as oxides and hydroxides of manganese, chromium and tri-valent iron (hematite) give similar results to the above for ferromagnetic substan¬ ces. However, a higher magnetic flux density and/or lower water flow rate is required when using paramagnetic substances, than for the use of ferromagnetic additives to achieve the same amount of purification. Further experiments have shown that the grain size of the magnetic ma- UREAZ OMPI terial used has an influence of great importance on the purifying re¬ sult. Thus, small grain sizes have shown to provide that no substantial sedi- mentation of the magnetic material occurs and that all floes which are formed at the chemical precipitation will contain magnetic material. The importance of the grain size is illustrated of the following results, ■ which have been obtained when performing a chemical precipitation of biologically purified waste water and a subsequent magnetic sludge sepa¬ ration. The waste water had previous to the precipitation a content of total phosphorus (P t t ) of 2.3 mg/1 in test run I and 1.1 mg/1 in test run II, respectively. The precipitation was carried out by means of 150 mg/1 AVR containing 5% by weight fused-in magnetite. The magnetic flux density of the used magnet was 0.1 T and the surface load was approxi¬ mately 100 m/h. The grain size is given as the grain size median, i.e. 50% by weight of the material has smaller grain sizes than the median value. Magnetic material Phosphorus content grain size separated u mg/1 I II 2.5 1.30 0.50 8 0.70 0.35 16 0.60 0.25 30 0.50 0.25 75 0.40 0.20 The obtained results unequivocally exhibit that the purifying effect in¬ creases with decreasing grain size and with increasing P. . previous to precipitation and that the grains should be at least below 8 Aim, prefer¬ ably below 3 i-m in size. It has also been found possible to incorporate activated carbon into the precipitant composition while in a molten state, the carbon also being evenly distributed in the crystallized product. The advantage of having activated carbon in the product is that it has the ability of absorbing dissolved organic compounds out of the wastewater, these compounds not being usually removed in chemical purification. Since such compounds are often of a toxic nature, it will be seen that treatment of wastewater with active carbon is of great value. It has been found that a composi¬ tion of the kind described hereinbefore, containing about 10 percent active carbon, apart from about 5 percent magnetite, for example, and at a dosage of 75 mg/1 has the ability of removing up to 3 mg per liter dis¬ solved organic substance, in addition to the amount removed by a composi- tion not containing activated carbon.";"CLAIMS : - 1. A method of chemically purifying water with subsequent magnetic sludge separation, the purification being carried out while using a crystalline precipitant based on A!,,(SO.), and/or FeSO., together with a magnetic material, characterized by using as a precipitant a compo- sition which, for attaining uniform distribution of the magnetic mate¬ rial in the composition, is obtained by adding the magnetic material to the A1 2 (S0.) 3 or FeSO. component of the precipitant when it is in the form of a melt or solution prior to crystallization. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the magnetic material consists of magnetite or other magnetic iron oxide, such as is obtained in magnetite yielding roasting of pyrites. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the magnetic material constitutes 1-50, preferably 2-30, and especially 3-10 percent by weight of the composition. 4. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the magnetic material has a grain size median substantially below 8 ^ιm, preferably below 3 yum. 5. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is used as precipitant a composition also containing activa¬ ted carbon. 6. A precipitant for carrying out the method according to claim 1, for chemical purification of water with subsequent magnetic sludge separation, purification being carried out while using a crystalline precipitant based on A1 2 (S0.) 3 and/or FeSO,, together with a magnetic material, characterized in that it consists of a composition which, for attaining uniform distribution of the magnetic material in the com¬ position, has been obtained by the addition of the magnetic material to the A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 and/or FeSO^ component of the precipitant when this is in the form of a melt or solution before crystallization. 7. A precipitant as claimed in claim 6, characterized in that the mag- JUREATΓ OMPI netic material consists of magnetite or other magnetic iron oxide, e.g. obtained in magnetite yielding roasting of pyrites. 8. A precipitant as claimed in claim 6 or 7, characterized in that the magnetic material constitutes 1-50, preferably 2-30, and especially 3-10 percent by weight of the composition. 9. A precipitant as claimed in any of the preceding claims, character¬ ized in that the magnetic material has a grain size median substant- ially below 8 urn, preferably below 3 um. 10. A precipitant as claimed in any of claims 6-9, characterized in that the composition also contains activated carbon. AMEN L (received by the International Bureau on 2 March 1979 (02.03.79)) 1. A method of chemically purifying water with subsequent magnetic sludge separation, the purification being carried out while using a crystalline precipitant based on A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 and/or FeSO-, together with a magnetic material, characterized by using as a precipitant a solid, crystalline composition which, for attaining uniform distribution of the magnetic material in the composition, is obtained by adding the magnetic material to the A1 2 (S0.) 3 or FeSO. component of the precipitant when it is in the form of a melt or solution prior to crystallization. 2. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the magnetic material consists of magnetite or other magnetic iron oxide, such as is obtained in magnetite yielding roasting of pyrites. 3. A method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the magnetic material constitutes 1-50, preferably 2-30, and especially 3-10 percent by weight of the composition. 4. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the magnetic material has a grain size median substantially below 8 μm, preferably below 3 μm. 5. A method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, characterized in that there is used as precipitant a composition also containing activa¬ ted carbon. 6. A precipitant for carrying out the method according to claim 1, for chemical purification of water with subsequent magnetic sludge separation, purification being carried out while using a crystalline precipitant based on A1 2 (S0.) 3 and/or FeSO., together with a magnetic material, characterized in that it consists of a solid, crystalline com¬ position which, for attaining uniform distribution of the magnetic mate¬ rial in the composition, has been obtained by the addition of the mag¬ netic material to the A1 2 (S0.) 3 and/or FeSO. component of the precipi¬ tant when this is in the form of a melt or solution before crystallization. f -BUREAU O PI y. STATEMENT UNDER ARΗCLE 19 This is in reply to the international search report of 1979-01-18. Considering the documents found in the inter¬ national search report we file a new page 11, where we have made the following amendments: The words ""solid, crystalline"" have been inserted in our claim 1 line 4 after ""as a precipitant a - "" and in our claim 6 line 30 after ""it consists of a - "". These amendments are based upon what is said on page 6 line 12 in the description, and are made for the purpose of showing in a more clear way how the invention differs from the prior art. Further, the amendments have only a minute impact on the description since one of the essential objectives of the invention is the use of a solid agent as a precipitant. However, to uniform the description and the claims the words ""solid, crystalline"" could be inserted on page 2 line 28 after ""the formation of a - "", even though it is said on page 2 l ne 26-28 that the melt is crystallized. lϊU EA^ OMPI";SIGVARD H;BOLIDEN AB, SIGVARD H;1978
+WO-1979000260-A1;19790517.0;19781101;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20332748.0;G01S3;H04N7, G01S7;G01S3, G01S13, G06T1, H04N5, H04N7;G01S  13/72B, G01S   3/786C1;CORRELATION FOLLOWER FOR TRACKING AN OBJECT;A correlation follower comprising an image sensor (1) adjustable sideways and in height with a limited field of view, which is cyclically scanned by the sensor the output signal of which reflects the image content within the field of view and a video correlator (3) for controlling the alignment of the sensor in dependance of the output signal of the image sensor. The video correlator (3) has two addressable memories (12, 14) the one of which is a real time memory (12), i.e. in this memory a section of the field of view is stored for each cycle. The other memory is a reference image memory (14) and is updated with the content or the real time memory (12). During the correlation the contents of the memories are displaced in relation to each other and an error signal, corresponding to the position of displacement for which maximum correlation is achieved, is made to control, through said control circuits, the alignment of the sensor. To make the tracking process insensitive to disturbancies and image elements which appear momentarily in the field of view for each scanning cycle only a part of the positions of the reference image memory (14) are updated by selection the addresses to said positions randomly or according to a predetermined rule of selection. By that the positions which are updated during one cycle in positions are distributed over the entire area of the memory.;"Correlation follower for tracking an object Technical field The present invention relates to a correlation follower for track¬ ing an object, comprising an image sensor having a limited field of view and arranged to scan said field of view cyclically and to supply, in preselected form, a video signal representing the field of view, a video correlator with two addressable memories, one of which has the object of storing in digital form for each scanning cycle one section of the field of view, while the other memory is arranged to be updated with the content of the first memory, said video correlator being arranged to produce, once the image sensor has been so aligned that an object is encompassed within the sec¬ tion, an error signal controlling the alignment of the image sen- sor with the object, said error signal corresponding to a dis¬ placement of the section in the first memory relative to the sec- tion in the other memory, for which displacement a maximum corre¬ lation is achieved between the contents of the memories. Background art By correlation one can get, according to a predetermined rule of evaluation, a measure of how well the contents of the memories coincide at different relative displacements. Essential for the correlation and hence also for the tracking process is the way in which the other memory, subsequently referr- ed to as the reference image memory, is updated. At known corre¬ lation followers, see e.g. US Patent No. 3 828 122, updating is brought about in the course of one single scanning cycle, either periodically the updating process being repeated after a certain number of cycles, or when the maximum correlation drops below a preselected value. If an image element irrelevant to the track¬ ing process appears momentarily in the section the former updat¬ ing alternative entails the danger of the reference image memory being updated precisely when the image element appears, which may jeopardise the tracking process. With the other updating alternative the appearance of the image element may trigger up- « dating of the reference image memory. This leads in practice to tracking of the irrelevant image element. The object of the present invention is to bring about such updat¬ ing of the reference image memory that the above disadvantages are avoided and this is enabled in that the video correlator has means arranged to select at each scanning cycle addresses of posi¬ tions in the latter memory for the purpose of updating said memory randomly or according to a predetermined rule of selection so that said memory at each scanning cycle is updated only partly and in positions that are distributed over the area of the memory. Description of the drawing The invention is further explained below with reference to the attached drawing in which fig.l is a block diagram showing schema¬ tically the design of a correlation follower, fig.2 is a block diagram showing the design of a video correlator and fig. is a block diagram showing how updating is effected according to the invention. Description of a preferred embodiment In fig. 1 an image sensor of known type and consisting of a TV or IR camera with a field of view restricted in space is design- ated 1. The sensor is mounted on a platform 2 capable of being adjusted both sideways and in height and is so designed as to scan the field of view cyclically and to supply a video signal which reflects the image content within the field of view in electric form. The video signal is supplied, via a video corre- lator 3 connected with the sensor 1, to a monitor 4 on screen 5 of which the sensor's field of view is displayed. A cursor is superimposed over the video signal in the video correlator 3, the position of which on the monitor screen 5 is shown as a window 6 which an operator can move, with the aid of a control lever 7, to any position on the screen. Also the size of window 6 can be varied with the aid of control lever 7 and the said size OM so selected that the image 9 of an object 8 on screen 5 fits exactly within the window. In this way the effect of inter¬ ference from the surroundings of the object can be minimised, i.e. irrelevant background contrasts are screened off. Using control lever 7 the operator can also align the sensor 1 with object 8 and get the correlation follower to lock on the latter. In this process aligning signals from control lever 7 are trans¬ mitted via the video correlator 3 to an electronic platform system 10 in.which the aligning signals are converted into control signals for aligning the platform 2 and hence the sensor 1 both laterally and in height. After locking on, the sensor 1 tracks the movements of the object 8, whereby an error signal is extract¬ ed from the video signal of sensor 1 by means of a correlation process, which will be discussed in connection with fig. 2, the said error signal being converted in the electronic platform system 10 into control signals for aligning the sensor 1 as de¬ scribed above in connection with control lever 7. In fig. 2 twin-line arrows illustrate a flow of image information. This flow of information reaches an analog/digital-converter 11 from an image sensor of the above described type which is not shown in the figure. The A/D-converter 11 is designed to convert an analog video signal from the image sensor, the amplitude of which corresponds to the contrast at each point within the field of view of the sensor, to a digital signal containing in binary coded form the same data as the video signal. A part of the digital signal corresponding to the said section of the field of view of the sensor is read, during each scanning cycle, into a memory 12, designated henceforth as the real time memory. The reason for the designation ""real time memory"" consists in the fact that the information stored in the real time memory in real time corresponds to the image content in the scanned section. From the real time memory 12 the flow of image information passes, on the other hand, via an updating date 13 to a memory 14, which is the above-mentioned reference image memory, and on the other hand to a correlation computing circuit 15 which also receives OMPI image information from the reference image memory 14 forming an output from the latter. In the same way the designation ""refer¬ ence image memory"" points to the fact that this memory is to serve as a reference during the correlation process. The flow of image information is controlled by a control logic 15 in accordance with the result of the correlation circuit measure¬ ment as will be described below. As previously stated the image sensor can be made to lock on to the object, by means of- the control lever 7. When this is the case the content of the real time memory 12 is copied, during one scanning cycle, into the reference image memory 14. In the course of each scanning cycle, i.e. with each image read into the real time memory 12, the contents of the two memories are compared in the correlation computing circuit 15, the said con¬ tents being placed in different positions relative to one another. The comparison may be effected in accordance with any known method of correlation by means of which a factor of merit is calculated for each relative position of the image information in the two memories 12, 14. The relative position in which the highest factor of merit, i.e. the maximum correlation, occurs, is stored in a memory 17. Depending on the relative position in which maximum correlation is achieved the control logic 16 controls the flow of image information, i.e. the correlation computing process and the updating of the reference image memory 14. The control logic 16 has also the object to regulate, in response to signals from the control lever 7, the arrangement of window 6 and to supply error signals to the electronic platform system 10. Updating in accordance with the invention of the reference image memory 14 will now be explained with reference to fig. 3 in which as before twin-line arrows illustrate the flow of image informa¬ tion. In fig. 3 which shows especially how the real time memory 12 and the reference image memory 14 are addressed and the latter memory OM is updated, 18 designates an address counter by means of which partial elements in the memories 12, 14 are addressed sequenti¬ ally via the address correction circuits 19 och 20, respectively, so that these are passed through line for line until all partial elements have been covered. The address correction circuits 19, 20 are controlled by memory 17,as regards the relative displace¬ ment between the contents of the memories at which the highest factor of merit is achieved as described above. The amplitude values in the partial elements addressed during this process in the respective memory are read into an amplitude logic 21 or a balancing circuit in which, according to a special characteristic of the invention, the amplitude values in corresponding positions are combined with one another, it being stated according to a criterion applying to each combination of amplitude values with which amplitude value the addressed position in the reference image memory 14 is to be updated. Such a criterion may be, for instance, that with quick or large changes in contrast, i.e. with large amplitude differences between the contents in the addressed partial elements, a mean value should be formed by means of which the partial element in the reference image memory is updated. This is equivalent to a certain filtration which prevents track¬ ing of any image element which suddenly appears in the field of view. If the amplitude values in two corresponding positions are equal, updating will of course take place with this value, i.e. the content of the partial element in the reference image memory remains unchanged. According to the primary characteristics of the invention updating shall occur randomly or according to a predetermined rule of selection so that during each scanning cycle the memory is up¬ dated only partly and in positions that are distributed over the area of the memory. This is achieved by that the amplitude value stated in accordance with the above criterion being fed to the addressed partial element in the reference image memory 14 via a gate 22 controlled by a prime or random number generator 23. With prime number generation the control operates in such a way as to ensure that the gate 22 is opened for each p-th of the partial elements addressed by the address counter 18, p being a prime number the size of which is selected with a view of the required updating rate. Should p be set to 1 this would mean that the entire reference image memory 14 would be updated during one single scanning cycle as described above. Therefore the prime number is at least equal to 3. With random number genera¬ tion the gate 21 is opened once the address counter 17 has counted forward s partial elements, s being a random number, e.g. from a table of random numbers. Whenever the gate 21 is opened a new random number is supplied. In this case the updating rate varies owing to selection of different mean values for the table of random numbers. By that the updating is carried out according to the invention and thus is neither related to the result of the correlation nor carried out periodically, it is achieved that with great probabi¬ lity the reference image memory will not contains disturbing image elements and such that suddenly occur in the field of view of the sensor. This means that a correlation follower, the updating of the reference image memory of which is carried out as described above, is difficult to disturb and therefore the tracking of an object can be carried out with high accuracy. It is obvious that the invention can be modified in many ways within the scope of the inventive idea. It is possible, for instance, to utilize the video signals from a radar station for tracking an object. Further the updating may be carried out according to some other rule of selection than described above, e.g. according to a fixed pattern that is moved successively over the area of the memory. , . WI";"Claims 1. A correlation follower for tracking an object, comprising an image sensor having a limited field of view and arranged to cyclically scan said field of view and to supply, in a preselected form, a video signal corresponding to the field of view, and a video correlator with two addressable memories one of which has the object of storing in 'digital form for each scanning cycle a section of the field of view while the other memory is arranged to be updated with the contents of the first memory, said video correlator being arranged to produce, once the image sensor has been so aligned that an object. is encompassed within the section, an error signal controlling the alignment of the image sensor with the object, said error signal corresponding to a displacement of the sec¬ tion in the first memory relative to the section in the other memory for which displacement a maximum correlation is achiev¬ ed between the contents of the memories, c h a r a c t e r-.. i s e d . in that the video correlator (3) has means (21, 22) arranged to select, for the purpose of updating the other memory (14), addresses of positions in the latter memory "" randomly or according to a predetermined rule of selection so that the other memory (14) for each scanning cycle is up¬ dated only partly and in positions that are distributed over the area of the memory. 2. A correlation follower according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r¬ i s e d in that, the video correlator (3) is arranged to select the addresses to the positions of the memory for the updating so that of addresses generated in a certain sequence each p-th is selected where p is a prime number. 3. A correlation follower according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e r- i s e d in that the video correlator (3) is arranged to read while updating each selected position in the other memory (14) , the contents stored in that memory and at the corresponding . IjlJREA t OMPI position of the first memory (12), to combine the contents of the said positions with one another and to state, in accordance with the criterion applying to each combination of contents, with which value the selected position in the other memory (14) is to be updated. BUR OA? ,< wip";JONSSON R, LUDVIGSSON G, WARNSTAM L;JONSSON R, LUDVIGSSON G, SAAB SCANIA AB, WARNSTAM L;1978
+WO-1979000261-A1;19790517.0;19781027;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25303618.0;C05D9;;C05D9;C05D   9/00;COMPOSITION AND PROCESS FOR A GRANULAR PLANT NUTRIENT;Granular, free-flowing, slow release plant nutrient compositions suitable for use in growth media are prepared by treating granules of a calcined clay, such as montmorillonite, attapulgite, sepiolite chlorite or vermiculite, with one or more solutions of salts of iron, boron, molybdenum, chloride, manganese, zinc, copper and sulphur. Optionally, the salt solutions may contain a sequestering agent.;"APPLICATION FOR LETTERS PATENT FOR NUTRIENT COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND PROCESSES The present invention relates to certain free flowing plant nutrient compositions containing calcined clay granules having various plant nutrients attached thereto, a method for their preparation and a process for their use. During recent years there has been a rapid increase in the use of growing and potting media (here- inafter called ""growth media"") for plants containing little or no natural mineral soil. Growth media are generally mixtures of an organic material such as peat or tree bark with inorganic granular materials such as sand, perlite, or exfoliated mica. They have desirable air relations for commercial plant growing operations and are usually relatively free of insects and diseases compared to many natural soils. Additionally, they are easier to handle and ship due to lightness. Since it is the soil minerals that supply the majority of minor nutrients, typically growth media are deficient or devoid of one or more of these nutrients . Minor plant nutrients, i.e., those elements used in -βUREΛϋ OMPI amounts ranging from several hundred parts per million to trace quantities, are commonly referred to as micro- nutrients. Micronutrients are iron, zinc, manganese, copper, boron, molybdenum and chlorine. One of the current ways of supplying micro¬ nutrients to growth media is to apply a shot gun mixture of these micronutrients in salt form. However, because these mixtures are of different particle sizes and densities, they tend to segregate, and thus, are not uniformly distributed in the growth media. Another method of supplying certain of these micronutrients is to apply them as their metal chelates. These chelates are in ready available form for plant uptake or foliar absorption. In general, they are used to cure an acute problem and are not effective for long term problems because leaching readily removes those chelates from the media. Thus, they must be applied repeatedly, making them expensive. Additionally, ionic micro¬ nutrients can not be supplied as chelates. Another alternative is to employ virtually insoluble microfrits which are widely accepted as slowly available sources of micronutrients. However, the rate of release of these nutrients is variable, non-predictable, and may be inadequate. Also, the density and fineness of these frits makes uniform incorporation into growth media difficult. Plant nutrient compositions suitable for providing plant micronutrients to growth media should possess certain characteristics which include (1) essentially uniform chemical and physical properties; (2). ability to be easily incorporated into the growth media; (.3) suitable means for micronutrient retention - • gυ O l and release; (.4) favorable density and particle size so that they are compatible with the growth media, and (.5) a low risk of causing micronutrient imbalances, for example, too much manganese causes iron deficiency. An object of this invention is to provide plant nutrient compositions containing micronutrients which have essentially uniform chemical and physical properties, have a suitable means for micronutrient retention and release, have a low risk of providing m icronutrient imbalances, are compatible with growth media and can be easily incorporated into such media. Another object of this invention is to pro¬ vide slow release plant nutrient compositions. Another object of this invention is to pro- vide plant nutrient compositions containing micro¬ nutrients and the macronutrient sulphur. The plant nutrient compositions of this invention include calcined clay granules as carriers having attached thereto micronutrients and the macro- n utrient sulphur. The importance of sulphur is that it is used by plants in amounts comparable to phosphorus and should be present in amounts to provide a nitrogen: sulphur ratio of about 12:1 in order to metabolize protein. Most high analysis fertilizers are nearly evoid of sulphur. Calcined clay granules are utilized in the practice of this invention. It is to be understood herein that the term calcined clay means that it has been heated at elevated temperatures to effect bonding among individual particles. In general the clay should be calcined at a sufficiently high temperature i.e., 500 C. to 750 C. to insure dimensional staBility wet or dry and should be capable of absorbing about 30 to 45% by weight of aqueous liquid and still maintain flowability of individual granules. It is desirable that such granules be largely composed of what is called three platelet or 2:1 layer silicate minerals. The most widely distributed 2:1 clay is montmorillonite which is an essential component of what is called bentonite. Similar clays are attapulgite, sepiolite, chlorite and vermiculite. All of these clays to some degree have a permanent negative charge by isomorphous substitution of a lower valence cation for aluminum in the middle (octahedral) layer or aluminum for silicon in the outer Ctetrahedral) layer. The result of these quirks of nature is structural negativity not influenced by pH.. For example, selected calcined clays have a permanent cation exchange capacity in the range of 15-25 milliequivalents per 100 grams. To be compatible with and allow even distribution throughout the commonly used growth media, which generally have a density of from about 0.3 to about 0.8 gm. cc and a particle size of from about 0.1 to 10 mm, the clay granules generally have a bulk density from about 0.4 to Q.8 grams per cc with a particle size from about 4 to about 50 mesh (U.S. standard seive) . The following micronutrients are attached to the calcined clay granules: iron, zinc, manganese, copper, molybdenum, boron and chlorine. The macro- nutrient sulphur is also attached. The micronutrients and macronutrient are present in a form suitable to nourish plants. Thus, they may be present in ionic form or combined as molecules, e.g., Fe +2, Fe+3, Zn+2, Mn +2, Cu+2, H 2 B0 3 -1, HB0 3 -2, B0 3 -3, Ho0 4 -2 , Cl-1, S0 4 -2, FeS0 4 , ZnSO. , FeCl- and ZnCl.. The plant nutrient compositions of this invention exhibit plant nutrient composition character¬ istics which include having essentially uniform physical and chemical properties, having a suitable * *- * means for nutrient retention and release, having a low risk of providing nutrient imbalances, being free flowing, having reduced dustiness, being compatible with growth media and being easily incorporated into growth media. 5 The micronutrients and the macronutrient sulphur are present in the plant nutrient compositions of this invention in plant nutrient amounts, i.e., when such compositions are used in plant nourishing amounts, sufficient micronutrients and the macronutrient are 0 present to nourish plant growth. Nutrient amounts include, for example, in the case of iron an amount of from about 0.1 to about 5.0 weight percent, in the case of manganese an amount from about 0.05 to about 1.0 weight percent, in the case of zinc an amount from 5 about 0.02 to about 2.0 weight percent, in the case of copper an amount from about 0.05 to about 0.5 weight percent, in the case of sulphur an amount from about 1.0 to about 5.0 weight percent, in the case of boron an amount from about 0.02 to about 0.03 weight percent, 0 in the case of molybdenum an amount from about 0.0005 to about 0.0010 weight percent and in the case of chlorine an amount from about 0.1 to about 3.0 weight percent. All values are on an elemental basis, basedon the total weight of the plant nutrient composition. When the compositions of this invention contain cations they are attached to the negatively charged exchange sites until the charges are satisfied. Excess cations, anions and combined molecules, if present, are absorbed by physical forces and held on the internal and external surfaces of the granules. Usually, the ferrous ion, if present, oxidizes in part to ferric ion and this ion forms a coating on the granule which it is believed acts as a barrier to the free egress of the absorbed ions. To insure ease of incorporation and a more uniform dispersion throughout the growth media, the bulk density of tile compositions of this invention is generally in the range from about 0.5 to about 1.2, preferably from about 0.8 to about 1.0 grams per cc and the particle size of the composition is in the range from about 4 to about 50 mesh U.S. standard seive. The compositions of the present invention are prepared by a method which comprises mixing with the calcined clay granules under ambient conditions a solution or suspension containing the micronutrients and the macronutrient, sulphur. Advantageously, the solutions in highly concentrated form are sprayed on tumbling granules. Usually, the micronutrients and sulphur in their water soluble salt form are dissolved in water to form the solution or suspension to be applied to the clay granules. Often, because of -fϋ O incompatibilities, (e.g., salting out, reaction, pre¬ cipitation) more than one solution or suspension is employed. In an especially preferred embodiment, a first solution containing ferrous chloride, boric acid, ammonium molybdate or other suitable soluble, iron, boron, molybdenum or chloride salts is applied by spraying to the calcined clay granules. The con¬ centration is from about 25% to about 35% on a dis¬ solved solids basis. Next a second solution containing manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate and copper sulfate or other suitable manganese, zinc, copper or sulphur salts is applied by spraying to the calcined clay granules. By applying the micronutrients in this manner, interaction between iron and copper and salting out is prevented. Advantageously, a sequestering agent is contained in the solutions. Such sequestering agents include citric acid, tartaric acid, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid, ethylene diamine di (o-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid), etc. in sequestering amounts, usually from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight based on the total weight of the product composition of this invention. When present in the plant nutrient composi¬ tions of this invention, the sequestering agents tend to accelerate the release of iron and other metallic ions. The process of using the plant nutrient compositions of this invention comprises applying the compositions to the growth media in plant nourishing amounts , i . e . , an amount sufficient to nourish plant growth. Typically such a plant nourishing amount is in the range of about 1 to 20 lb. per cubic yard of medium. The compositions are conveniently applied by mixing the correct quantity with the media. It is believed that when the plant nutrient compositions of this invention are incorporated into the growth media they will equilibrate with the solution bathing the roots and the media. The plant roots exchange protons and bicarbonates for the needed ions in solution which in turn exchange with the micro¬ nutrients on the clay granules to supply nutrients to complete the cycle. This is nature's method of sustain¬ ing the vegetation of the planet and will work equally well for any plant growing in a growth media. The invention is further illustrated by the following illustrative examples which are not in limitation of the invention. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated. EXAMPLE I 1000 g. of 16 to 30 mesh calcined meta-bentonite clay granules were sprayed, while tumbling, as follows: 1. With a first solution composed of 109 g. FeCl 2< H 2 0, 1.71 g. H 3 B0 3 , and 0.02 g. (NH.) fi Mo 7 O ..H„0 made to a total volume of 200 ml with deionized water. 2. With a second solution composed of 23 g. MnS0 4 . H O, 67 g. ZnS0 4 .7H 2 0, and 19 g. CuS0 4 .5H 2 0 made to a total volume of 200 ml with deionized water. The resulting product weighed 1524 g. and flowed freely. It was extracted in 1:1 HC1 and the elements converted to soluble form and analyzed by official methods of the Association of Agricultural Chemists. Chlorine was extracted in nitric acid and determined separately also by official methods. The product was found to contain the following micro¬ nutrients. Percents are by weight on an elemental basis Fe - 2.61% Zn - 1.00% Mn - 0.52% Cu - 0.33% B - 0.02% Mo - 0.0005% Cl * - 2.64% The clay granules contributed 0.69% Fe. EXAMPLE II 656 lb. of 16 to 30 mesh calcined attapulgite clay granules were sprayed while tumbling, as follows: First, with a solution composed of 117 lb. ferrous chloride solution (17.5% Fe) , 1.20 lb. boric acid (17.5% B) , 6 g. ammonium molybdate (54% Mo) , and 53.5 lb. water. Second, with a solution composed of 29 lb. zinc sulfate (.36% Zn) , 18.3 lb. manganese sulfate (27.3% Mn) , 11.8 lb. copper sulfate (25.4% Cu) , and 113.2 lb. water. The resulting product weighed 1000 lb. and flowed freely. Upon analysis by official methods the product was found to be: Fe - 2.90% Zn - 1.04% Mn - .50% Cu - .29% B - .02% Mo - .0007% S - 0.96% Cl — 2.58% The clay granules contributed 0.90% Fe. ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY Extractions 10 g. of the composition of this invention made according to Example II were shaken 30 seconds in 250 ml IN ammonium acetate at pH 3.0. After filtering, the extract.was dried on a steam bath and redissolved in 1:1 HC1 for analysis by official methods. Results showed the following availability of nutrients : Fe - 1% Zn - 73% Mn - 82% Cu - 47% B - 90% Mo - 33% Cl and S were not determined. Similarly, another 10 gram sample was extracted ac¬ cording to official procedures using water and Na 2 EDTA. Results indicated that 100% of Cl, Mo, B and 80% of the S were recovered in the water and are available. 60% of the added Fe, 100% of the Zn, 98% of the Mn, and 70% of the Cu were recovered in the EDTA extract and are available. Leaching From Potting Mix The composition of Example II incorporated in a 1:1 peat-perlite at 5 lb. per cubic yard of mix was equilibrated 'gυR E Λc OMPI at field capacity for 24 hours, then leached with 1/2- inch increments of water daily for 5 days. The extract was composited and showed: Nutrient % leached from mix Fe 0% Zn 16% Mn 27% Cu 2% B 64% Mo 98% Plants Marigolds were grown for 3 months in an untreated peat-perlite mix and a mix treated with 2.5 lb. of the composition of this invention per cubic yard. Analysis of the plants indicated the following concentrations of elements: Concentration in ppm (means of 4 replicates) Fe Zn Mn Cu B Treated 158 137 170 22 39 Untreated 150 76 100 12 22 Six genera of foliage plants (Paim, Aralia, Aphelandra, Spathiphyllum, Peperomia, and Calathea) were grown for 15 weeks in an untreated 1:1 peat-pine bark medium and in a treated one using the composition of this invention at a rate of 5.0 lb. per cubic yard. Each treatment was replicated six times on each plant and the mean values over all plants is as follows : Concentration in ppm (means of 36 plants) Fe Zn Mn Cu B Treated 60 95 176 10 47 Untreated 55 51 90 34 -BUR E ΛI OMPI y> WIPO Λ";WHAT IS CLAIMED: 1. A granular, free-flowing plant nutrient composition suitable for use in growth media exhibiting plant nutrient composition characteristics including having essentially uniform chemical and physical properties , a bulk density of from about 0.8 to about 1.0 gram per cc and a particle size of from about 4 to about 50 mesh consisting essentially of calcined clay granules having attached thereto in nutrient amounts the nutrients iron, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, copper, boron, chlorine and sulphur. 2. A composition according to Claim 1 wherein said clay is selected from among montmorillonite, attapulgite, sepiolite, chlorite, and vermiculite. 3. A composition according to Claim 2 wherein said clay is montmorillonite. 4. A process for preparing the composition of Claim 1 which comprises applying to the calcined clay granules a first solution containing soluble salts to provide the nutrients iron, boron, molybdenum and chlorine and thereafter applying to said granules a second solution containing soluble salts to provide the nutrients manganese, sulphur, zinc and copper. 5. A process according to Claim 4 wherein the salts in the first solution are FeCl„, H^B0_ and CNH.),Mo 7 O , and in the second solution are MnSO . , ZnS0 4 , and CuS0 4 . 6. A process according to Claim 5 wherein the first solution additionally contains in a sequester¬ ing amount a sequestering agent selected from among citric acid, tartaric acid, ethylene diamine tetra 5 acetic acid, and ethylene diamine di (o-hydroxy phenyl acetic acid) . 7. A process for treating growth media to provide plant nutrients which comprises applying to said media in plant nourishing amounts the composition of Claim 1. 8. A granular, free-flowing plant nutrient composition suitable for use in growth media exhibiting plant nutrient composition characteristics including having essentially uniform chemical and physical c properties, the nutrients being slowly releasable, having a bulk density of from about 0.8 to about 1.0 gm/cc and a particle size of from about 4 to about 50 mesh U.S. standard seive consisting essentially of granules of calcined montmorillonite clay having 10 attached thereto about 1% by weight of sulphur, about 0.02% by weight of boron, about 2.60% by weight of chlorine, about 0.3% by weight of copper, about 0.50% by weight of manganese, about 0.0006% by weight of molybdenum, about 1.0% by weight of zinc and about 5 2.0% by weight of iron.;BARDSLEY C;MALLINCKRODT INC;1978
+WO-1979000262-A1;19790517.0;19781031;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25304054.0;C02C1;C02C5, C02C1;C02F3;C02F   3/12J, C02F   3/20E3, C02F   3/30B, C02F   3/30D;FLOW CONTROL APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR AN OXIDATION DITCH;In closed circuit aeration liquid sewage treatment systems, a need exists for a device and method for preventing back-mixing of aerated liquid into the intake of the aerator, and for aerating the sewage efficiently at least once per circuit-flow cycle by bringing the air and all of the liquid into singly occurring contact. The invention comprises a barrier (22), which divides an aeration ditch (10) into an intake channel (75) and a discharge channel (77), and at least one submerged aerating pump (28) which pumps sewage in circuit from the intake channel to the discharge while it is being aerated by a supply of compressed air. Back-mixing of aerated liquid to the intake channel is thereby completely prevented, and the oxygen transfer efficiency to the liquid is thereby increased. By independently controlling the submerged pump speed and the amount of compressed air, the aerobic/ anaerobic ratio can be varied through seasonal temperature changes.;"Description Flow-Control Apparatus and Process For An Oxidation Ditch Technical Field This invention relates to gas-liquid contacting devices and the use of such devices in liquid treatment systems . The invention additionally relates to oxygen- absorption processes requiring repeated and prolonged air-liquid contact in sequential stages . The invention especially relates to methods and apparatus for aeration purrping of wastewater such as sewage within aerobic purification systems of the looped channel type , such as oxidation ditches . Background Art This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Serial No. 649,995, filed January 19, 1976, entitled ""FLOW CONTROL APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR AEROBIC SEWAGE TREATMENT"" of John Hager Reid, which is now pending. Many liquid treatment processes, commonly termed aerobic processes, supply bacteria and other bio-organisms with dissolved oxygen for treating aqueous wastes such as municipal sewage, cannery wastes, dairy wastes, meat-processing wastes, and the like. Such aerobic processes are commonly accelerated by concentrating and activating the bio-organisms, termed bio-mass or activated sludge, and returning this sludge to be mixed with incoming wastewater which supplies food for the organisms. Activated-sludge processes for aerobic treatment of wastewaters have followed two main lines of development: vertical-flow aeration basins and. circuit-flow oxidation ditches. Vertical-flow aeration basins are typically aerated on a large scale with one or more impeller-type aerators which are vertically mounted and disposed at the surface of the liquid, as discussed in Water & Wastes Engineering, September, 1975, pages 76-79, using an aerator such as is described in U.S. Patent No. 3,479,017 and producing a uniform dissolved- oxygen (D.O.) content of 2.0 mg/liter. Such impeller aerators are frequently mounted within and at the upper open end of a draft tube extending partially or entirely to the bottom of the basin so that the aerator can more efficiently pump liquid from the bottom of the basin, having a depth up to 40 feet, and disperse it over the surface of the basin, there¬ by improving vertical circulation over a wide area. When fitted with a gear reducer to spin a nine-foot diameter impeller at low speeds, oxygen transfer efficiencies of 3.5 pounds 0 2 /hp/hour have been approached. In an early oxidation-ditch process, Dutch Patent 87,500 discloses horizontally mounted rotors having brush surfaces for adding oxygen to sewage and causing the sewage to flow for a period of time in a closed-loop circuit within an ovally laid-out ditch, the liquid then being clarified by settling and excess sludge being removed. In subsequent develop¬ ments directed to adding oxygen to sewage and inducing circuit-flow circulation in oxidation ditches, U.S. Patent No. 3,336,016 discloses an S-shaped duct, U.S. Patent No. 3,510,110 the combination of a longitudinal partition and a vertically disposed surface aerator which is adjacent thereto, and U.S. Patent OM No. 3,846,292 a plurality of subsurface ejector aerators, Finally, U.S. Patent No. 3,900,394 discloses a sewage purification process, to be carried out in a circuit-flow oxidation ditch having an impeller-type aerator at one or both ends, which comprises sequential aeration of incoming sewage, aerobic decomposition and depletion of its oxygen content, introduction of additional sewage to the oxygen-starved bacteria, and, simultaneously, aerobic decomposition and denitrifica- tion of the additional sewage as the bacteria break down its nitrates. A circuit-flow oxidation ditch is a complete mix system operating in plug-type flow. It can be designed to operate with recycled sludge on a food-to-micro- organism ratio (F/M) varying over a possible range of 0.01 to 5.0, depending upon space, cost, and process design requirements. If operating at a low F/M ratio of 0.01-0.2, it is an extended aeration system, produc¬ ing small quantities of sludge. If operating at a medium F/M ratio of 0.2-0.5, it is a conventional system. If operating at a high F/M ratio of 0.5- 2.5, it is a high-rate activated sludge system, producing large quantities of sludge. Moreover, it can even be operated as an activated lagoon with no recycled sludge, having F/M ratios above 2.5. An oxidation ditch may also shift through a wide F/M range, representing all three of these systems, as it begins operation as a high-rate activated sludge system, with no built-up sludge, and gradually builds up its recycled sludge to a mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) content of 3,000 ιrg/1 where extended aeration can generally be considered to begin. OMPI There are now three main types of aeration apparatuses in use within circuit flow oxidation ditches of varied depth and variety of layouts, such as an oval- shaped racetrack and a plurality of looped or end- less channels. These are: 1) horizontally shafted surface aerators, 2) vertically shafted surface aerators, and 3) eddy-jet type subsurface aerators. Horizontally shafted surface aerators are of two general types: 1) brush, cage, or rotor aerators, such as those manufactured by Lakeside Equipment Corporation, Bartlett, Illinois, and Passavant Corporation, Birmingham, Alabama, which have a maximum power input of about 50-60 horsepower, and 2) aeration discs, such as those manufactured by Envirex, Incorporated, Waukesha, Wisconsin. Each type transfers 2-3.25 pounds of oxygen per shaft horsepower per hour from air to the mixed liquor. Slow-speed surface aerators are used in looped channel designs known as Carrousel, developed by Dwars, Heederik Verhey, of A ersfoort, the Nether- lands, as an improved form of the basic oxidation ditch. Each aerator is mounted vertically in the rounded end of a deep channel having a central partition that is positioned close to the aerator to create within the channel a uniform turbulent flow that is both longitudinal and spiral in nature. Such a surface aerator transfers 3-4 pounds of 0 2 /hp/ hr from air to mixed liquor. f O -5- An eddy-jet system is known as deep channel jet aeration, sold by Penberthy Division of Houdaille Industries, in which air jet headers are mounted near the floor of a 20-foot deep channel to provide propulsion and high-efficiency aeration at an oxygen transfer efficiency of 3-4 pounds O^/hp/hr. Greater transfer efficiencies are needed in order to conserve energy and minimize the cost and number of aeration devices which are needed in' an oxidation ditch. When oxygenating water with air, the necessary driving force increases non-linearly as the dissolved- oxygen content of the water increases. Frequency of liquid-gas contact is consequently quite important from an efficiency viewpoint even though mixing of liquid parcels having various contents of dissolved oxygen soon produces a uniform average oxygen content. More specifically, if a portion of the liquid, initially having zero dissolved oxygen, contacts a gas such as air several times, it at first absorbs oxygen very readily but increasingly slowly thereafter. Vertical circulation causes some aerated water to be directly back-mixed into the intake of the aerator. Thus, energy is wasted by attempting to re-aerate water that has already been aerated. A need consequently exists for a flow control method and means for minimizing vertical circulation and turbulent mixing and for bringing liquid and gas into singly occurring contact. These prior-art systems using surface aerators are generally plagued with aerosol spray and misting, freezing problems in cold weather, dependence of mixing and power consumption upon oxygen demand, excessive noise, dependence of power consumption upon liquid-level variations, and the need for floating aerators to compensate for variations in the liquid level. The eddy-jet system requires excessively high blower pressure to introduce air at the bottom of a deep channel and requires the operation and maintenance of a plurality of circulation pumps to force or inject mixed liquor through the submerged jets. These problems could be minimized or obviated by using a submerged turbine to provide subsurface aeration, but there is no means available for mounting a submerged turbine within an oxidation ditch so that plug-type flow can be generated, channel velocity can be accurately controlled, back mixing can be avoided, and complete mix can be attained. In order to facilitate mass transfer of oxygen from air bubbles into the mixed liquor and thence into the microorganisms, it is also desirable to avoid the prior-art environment of relative quiesence and to provide instead a means for shearing all of the bacterial floe within an oxidation ditch into smaller particles, such as by forcing all of the mixed liquor past a shear-type pump means or a bubble-splitting and mixing means, at least once per circuit- flow cycle. However, no means exists in the prior art for requiring all of the mixed liquor to pass through either such means. In addition, bacterial activity can be enhanced by increasing the dissolved-oxygen content of the mixed liquor at least once per circuit-flow cycle, OM such as by generating pressures upon the air bubble-mixed liquor mixture that are greater than the hydraulic pressure within the channel of the oxidation ditch. Again, no such practical means exists for an oxidation ditch. Disclosure of Invention It is therefore an object of this invention to provide a means for mounting a submerged turbine within an oxidation ditch. It is also an object to provide a means for preventing vertical circulation and back mixing of aerated liquid from the discharge of a submerged turbine within an oxidation ditch to the intake thereof. It is further an object to provide a means for completely mixing return sludge, wastewater feed, and air at the intake of a submerged turbine within an oxidation ditch. It is still further an object to provide a means for generating plug-type flow within an oxidation ditch, from the discharge of a submerged turbine mounted therewithin to the intake thereof, without back ixing of aerated liquid. It is likewise an object to provide a means for accurately controlling flow velocity within the channel of an oxidation ditch, from the discharge of a submerged turbine mounted within the ditch to the intake thereof, without backmixing of aerated liquid. It is another object to provide a means for generating pressures upon liquids and air being pumped by said submerged turbine that are greater than the hydraulic pressure at the bottom of the channel in the oxidation ditch. It is still another object to provide a means for maintaining a generated pressure upon a liquid¬ air mixture, for a selected distance and/or during a selected time interval, that is greater than the hydraulic pressure at the bottom of the channel in the oxidation ditch. It is an additional object to provide a means for maintaining, throughout the entire aerobic portion of the oxidation ditch, a generated pressure upon a liquid-air mixture that is greater than the hydraulic pressure at the bottom of the channel in the oxidation ditch. it is a still additional object to provide a means for continually forcing, at least once per cycle, all of the mixed liquor within an oxidation ditch past a shear means for shearing bacterial floe into smaller particles. it is moreover an object to provide variable velocity control, so that the ditch velocity can be controlled over a wide range, and independently variable aeration control, so that the dissolved-oxygen content of discharged liquor can also be varied over a wide range, independently of the flow rate in the oxidation ditch. It is furthermore an object to provide a means for controlling the lengths of the aerobic and anoxic zones within the channel of an oxidation ditch in order to adjust and control the relative populations of heterotrophic aerobic and heterotrophic facultative (denitrifying) OM bacteria and autotrophic (nitrifying) bacteria in order that the operation of the ditch will respond to seasonal temperature changes. In accordance with these objectives and the principles of this invention, 'apparatuses and methods are herein described that provide a submerged turbine, a mounting means for the turbine, a feed means for compressed air, a feed means for return sludge, a feed means for raw wastewater, a barrier means for: (a) forcing all mixed liquor through the intake of the submerged turbine on the upstream side of the barrier means, (b) prevent¬ ing back mixing and vertical circulation of aerated liquid' to the turbine intake, and (c) accumulating all aerated liquid on the downstream side of the barrier means, and a discharge duct from the turbine to the down¬ stream side of the barrier means which passes beneath the barrier means, preferably at a greater depth than the floor of the oxidation ditch channel. This discharge duct comprises a curved discharge section connected to the turbine, a first straight section connected to the curved discharge section, an updraft section connected to the straight section, a second straight section connected to the updraft section, and a terminal duct connected to the second straight section and disposed on the downstream side of the barrier means. • The discharge duct may contain throughout any selected portion of its length a bubble- splitting and mixing means, such as the structures described in U.S. Patents 3,782,694; 3,635,444; 3,643,927; 3,664,638; 3,751,009; 3,733,057; 3,643,927; and 3,7^24,300, or an interfacial surface generator, such as the -5 structures described in U.S. Patents 3,358,749; 3,394,924; and 3,406,947. The discharge duct may also be extended in the direction of flow for a sufficient distance that subs¬ tantially all of the aerobic activity of the- 10 ditch occurs within the discharge duct and under a selected hydraulic pressure that is greater than the pressure corresponding to the depth of the channel. The term, oxidation ditch, is currently 15 used for relatively shallow oval-shaped basins in which mixed liquor is continuously circulated by horizontally mounted surface aerators, such as cage rotors and disc rotors, and other terms, such as looped channel and endless 20 channel, are currently used for deep basins in which the mixed liquor moves back and forth through a plurality of side-by-side channel portions which have adjoining walls and semi- cylindrical ends providing connections between 25 adjacent channel portions. However, the term, oxidation ditch, is employed herein as a general term encompassing both shallow and deep basins, whether circular, oval, or looped in any endless configuration. ' 30 in such a closed-circuit oxidation ditch, this invention comprises at least one flow- control apparatus which provides repetitive aerobic treatment to all of the mixed liquor within the channel of the oxidation ditch. The -βUR OM flow-control apparatus comprises a barrier which is sealably attached to the sides of the oxidation ditch and divides the mixed liquor into upstream liquor within an intake channel and downstream liquor within a discharge channel. The flow-control apparatus also comprises at least one submerged turbine, which is disposed to receive the upstream liquor and pump it downwardly. Each submerged turbine is attached to the bottom and/or sides of the oxidation ditch and/or the barrier and comprises a motor, a speed-reduction means, a. turbine shaft, turbine blades, at least one air sparge ring, and a downdraft tube surrounding the blades. A discharge duct is connected to the down¬ draft tube, leads downwardly to any desired depth, curves in a downstream direction, and leads upwardly to a discharge point within the discharge channel. Preferably, the discharge duct reaches a greater depth than that of either the intake channel or the discharge channel. The flow-control apparatus of this invention provides separate control of mixed-liquor flow velocity and of mixed-liquor aeration. This operating characteristic is partly possible because the pumping capacity of the turbine is decreased only to a slight extent by varying the amount of air that is introduced to the sparge ring and is increased to a significant extent by introduction of compressed air to any of the sections of the discharge duct. By selectively shifting the proportions of air introduced to the sparge ring and to the discharge duct, the flow rate can be varied by at least 50 percent, and by varying: a) operation of the turbines singly or in parallel, b) the speeds of the turbines, c) the total amount of air, and d) the propor¬ tion of air between the sparge ring and the discharge duct, it is readily possible to vary the flow rate over a range of from 0.5 ft/sec to at least 3.0 ft/sec while maintaining a desired dissolved-oxygen (D.Q.) output or to vary the D.O. output while maintaining a desired flow rate or to vary both properties in any desired combination, while operating all turbines at a constant speed. One consequence of this capability is that the lengths of the aerobic and anoxic zones within the oxidation ditch can be varied as desired, particularly in accordance with seasonal temperature changes. If the flow rate is maintained constant and the D.O. level is decreased, for example, the aerobic zone is shorter and the anoxic zone is longer so that the mixed liquor is subject to aerobic and anoxic conditions for correspondingly timed aerobic/anoxic ratios. If the flow rate is increased, for example, while the D.O. level remains constant, the aerobic zone is maintained for the same time interval but throughout a greater distance so that a smaller remaining distance is in the anoxic state. Thus, the timed aerobic/anoxic ratio is increased. Brief Description of Drawings The accompanying drawings enable the invention to be better understood. Figure 1 is a plan view of an oval-shaped oxidation ditch having an island and a double- turbine flow-control apparatus of this invention, disposed athwart one straight channel. Figure 2 is a sectional elevation, taken approximately in mid-channel and looking in the direction of the arrows 2-2 in Figure 1. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional elevation of the oxidation ditch shown in Figure 1, looking in the direction of the arrows 3-3 in Figure 1, toward the turbines and the barrier. Figure 4 is a plan view of a portion of an oxidation ditch, similar to the ditch of Figure 1, having a triple-turbine flow-control apparatus which is disposed athwart a straight channel. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention The flow-control apparatus 20 of this invention, as shown in Figures 1-3, is installed athwart a channel of an oxidation ditch 10 having an island 11, inner edge 12, and outer edge 14. Such a channel typically has a floor or bottom 15, sloping inner side 16, and sloping outer side 18. The flow-control apparatus 20 comprises a barrier 22, a pair of turbines 28 and 30, which are preferably low-speed, vertically mounted, electrically driven turbines, and respective discharge ducts 29 and 60. The barrier 22 comprises a top 23, an upstream side 24, a dσwnstream side 25, and a pair of handrails 26. Barrier 22 is suitably an earthern ber which is covered on its exposed surfaces with a layer of gunnite. Turbine 30, as clearly seen in Figure 2, comprises a - motor 31, a speed reducer 32 which is connected there¬ to, a vertically disposed shaft 33, propeller blades 35 at the bottαn end of shaft 33, a coaxially disposed slap ring 36, a stabilizer cylinder 37 into which the slap ring 36 loosely fits, an intake funnel 38 which 0 is disposed above the blades 35, and a dσ ndraft tube 39 which surrounds the blades 35, slap ring 36, and stabilizer cylinder 37. • The turbines 28 and 30 are connected by a walkway 43 and a pair of handrails 41. Turbine 30 is mounted on 5 columns 42 and is equipped with vertically disposed diffusers 47 and a horizontally disposed baffle stabilizer ring 45. An air sparge ring 53, with air openings facing the turbine blades 35, is mounted beneath the turbine blades and is connected to an air delivery line 52. Air delivery 0 line 51 is connected to turbine 28. As shown in Figure 1, a raw feed (wastewater) line 56 is connected to an anoxic delivery line 57 and to turbine delivery line 58 which supplies both turbines 28, 30. As seen in Figure 2, wastewater line 58 is controlled by a 5 valve 59. Return sludge line 54 likewise supplies both turbines 28, 30. As seen in Figure 2, delivery line 54 to turbine 30 is controlled by valve 55. As is known in the art, a portion of the mixed liquor flows continuously into clarifier 83 from 0 which streams 85 of clarified liquor and of settled sludge are discharged. All of the clarified liquor and a portion of the sludge are sent to disposal facilities, and the remainder of the sludge flews through return sludge line 54 to turbines 28, 30. Barrier 22 is also sealably attached to sides 16 and 18 and floor 15 of the channel in which it is disposed and which it divides into intake channel 75 and discharge channel 77. As seen in Figure 2, the mixed liquor in this channel may vary over range 44 in height, from high liquor level 48 to low liquor level 49, so there is always at least a minimum submergence depth 46 for intake funnel 38, a depth that is necessary to prevent cavitation. Discharge duct 60 for turbine 30 is connected to downdraft tube 39, curves down¬ wardly and forwardly beneath barrier 22 and curves upwardly again to empty into discharge channel 77 where it converges slightly with discharge duct 29. Discharge duct 60 comprises curved discharge section 61 which is connected to downdraft tube 39, first straight section 63 which is connected to section 61 and is horizontally disposed, curved updraft section 65 which is connected to straight section 63, second straight section 67 which is connected to section 65, and terminal duct 69 which is connected to section 67 and is curved downwardly so that discharge of aerated mixed liquor and air is essentially parallel to the floor 15 of the discharge channel 77 which is consequently in a constantly turbulent state. Discharge duct 60, which is usually exactly like discharge duct 29, may readily be lengthened to any desired extent by inserting a plurality of straight sections 63 and/or by decreasing the angle of curvature of sections 65, 69 and inserting a plurality of straight sections 67. Moreover, the efficiency of oxygen-to- liquor transfer may be enhanced, particularly as the bacteria absorb the dissolved oxygen, 5. by installing a plurality of bubble-splitting devices in the straight sections 63, 67 so that fresh interfacial surfaces are being continuously and rapidly generated, the air is prevented from coalescing into 10 large bubbles and is instead split into small bubbles, and the liquid films surrounding individual bacteria and bacterial floes are thinned, whereby oxygen transfer from the liquor into the bacteria is enhanced. /Additional 15 compressed air may be delivered to the discharge ducts 29 and 60 as illustrated for duct 60 in Figure 2 wherein auxiliary air delivery line 71, controlled by valve 72, delivers air to sparge tube 76 in first straight 20 section 63 and auxiliary air delivery line 73, controlled by valve 74, delivers air to sparge tube 78 in second straight section 67. By selectively adjusting the valves (not shown in the drawings) for lines 51 and 25 52 and the valves 72 and 74, the flow rate through the discharge ducts 29 and 60 and the aeration of the mixed liquor may be selectively controlled, thereby changing the length of aerobic zone 79 and consequently 30 the timed aerobic/anoxic ratio. This procedure is useful in response to changes in tempera¬ ture, pH, BOD, and nitrogen load. The flow-control apparatus of this invention may be of any desired size and may have any number of turbines in side-by-side relationship, as illustrated in Figure 4 for a triple-turbine installation. In a straight channel, having sizes 109 and floor 101, of oxidation ditch 100, the sides 109 become farther apart and steeper to define the much broader floor of an intake channel 105 which is separated from a discharge channel-107 by flow-control apparatus 90, comprising barrier 91, turbines 97, and discharge ducts 96. Barrier 91 ccmprises top 93, sides 95, and downstream bottom edge 94. Discharge channel 107 has sides 113 which gradually converge and become less steeply sloped to define a channel floor 101 of normal channel width. A clarifier 99, similar to clarifier 83 in Figure 1, receives a continuous flow of mixed liquor and discharges streams (not shown in the drawings) of settled sludge and clarified liquor. The submerged turbine which is preferred for use in the flow-control apparatus of this invention is an axial-flow Serial DAT aerator which is manufactured by Mixing Equipment Company, Inc. , Rochester, New York, equipped with a down-flow, high-efficiency impeller and a sparge ring which is mounted imnediately below the iitpeller, both being surrounded by a vertically disposed and relatively short draft tube. Such a submerged turbine is preferably mounted within the intake channel at a selected distance below its surface at lew water level but may satisfactorily be mounted within the barrier itself, in the island, or in the outer side area, provided that the intake of the turbine is always in flow communication with the intake channel and exposed to sufficient intake head. A conventional up-flow type of submerged turbine, having its impeller at the end of a terminal duct 69, is also suitable, but this type is preferably mounted in the discharge channel with its intake connected to the terminus of the discharge duct, so that it pulls (rather than pushes) the mixed liquor through the discharge duct from the intake channel to the discharge channel. A sparge means may be located in the downdraft tube (within the intake channel) and/or at another place in the discharge duct, such as in the first straight section and/or immediately below the impeller. Another pulling type of aerator is a surface aerator which can be located on the 'top of an updraft tube which is connected to the terminus of the discharge duct. The surface aerator is preferably floatingly supported within the discharge channel. A primary sparge means may also be located within the discharge duct to supply primary aeration. Any of these devices is a satisfactory pump means for moving the mixed liquor through the discharge ducts 29, 60, 97 along the flow path which each interconnected pump means and discharge duct provides, in combination, between the intake channel 75, 10S and the discharge channel 77, 107. Moreover, a down-flow submerged turbine, at the inlet end of the discharge duct, may be combined with either an up-flow submerged turbine or a surface aerator at the outlet end thereof, and a sparge means can additionally be mounted within the discharge duct, "" so that if air is introduced within either or both turbines, there will be as many as three or even four points of aeration. The advantage of such combinations is that the speed of reaction of the micro-organisms under pressure is utilized, whereby the aerobic portion of the ditch may be greatly shortened. The aeration means for introducing air to the mixed liquor being pumped from the intake channel to the discharge channel comprises a source of compressed air, a sparge means for producing air bubbles, and a delivery means for moving the compressed air from the source thereof, such as a blower or air compressor, to the sparge means. The sparge means shown beneath the impeller or turbine blades in Figure 2 consists of a primary sparge ring 53a and a secondary sparge ring 53b, both being fed by delivery lines 52 with separate valves (not shown in the drawings) for each sparge ring 53a, 53b. Each ring has five- radially aligned sparging fingers which are angularly displaced (i.e., offset) so that ima and secondary fingers are not in vertical alignment. Under low to moderate BOD loads, the sparge means 53a, 53b is operated by using the upper or primary ring 53a only. Under heavy BOD loads, both rings 53a, 53b are preferably utilized. When supplementary air or industrial oxygen is desired, as when BOD loads are very heavy, or when it is desirable to substitute discharge duct aeration for turbine aeration because of flow rate considerations, sparge tubes 76, 78 in first straight section 63 and in curved updraft section 65, respectively, are utilized by adjusting valves 72, 74 which selectively admit compressed air (not shown in the drawings) into auxiliary air delivery lines 71, 73 and thence into sparge tubes 76, 78. The compressed air, liberated as bubbles, is swept along through the discharge ducts 29, 60 to fo__m a mixture of relatively low density so that the velocity of upwardly translational movement through sections 63, 65, 67 and duct 69 is markedly increased by an air-lift pumping effect acting in addition to the purrping effect of the sxbmerged turbine propeller. The sparge tubes 76, 78 and their respective air delivery lines 71, 73 are removably mounted within respective casing pipes 66, 68 which are sealably attached to discharge duct 60, as shown in Figure 2, as by welding. Air delivery lines 71, 73 are preferably straight pipes, and sparge tubes 76, 78 may be trans¬ versely disposed within discharge duct 60. Mixed liquor rises approximately to level 49, as in the channels 75, 77 of the oxidation ditch 10, within the annular spaces between the casings 66, 68 and the air delivery lines 71, 73. If one of the sparge tubes 76, 78 ever becomes clogged or requires maintenance, a OM union at the top of its delivery line can be opened so that the assembly can be lifted out of its casing for cleaning the sparge tube. As a means of conserving power consumption by the air compressors, each discharge duct 29, 60 may be W-shaped by connecting an additional recurved duct to duct 69, followed by a third straight section, another curved section, a fourth straight section at the lowest depth, still another curved section, a fifth straight section, and a final recurved section as the terminus in the discharge channel 77, just above floor 15. Preferably, barrier 22 is widened sufficiently so that top 23 extends above present duct 69 at the center or hump of the ""W"", and air delivery lines, like lines 71, 73 but much shorter, terminate in sparge tubes like sparge tubes 76, 78 within duct 69, being removably mounted within casings similar to casings 76, 78. Power is conserved because less pressure is needed to force compressed air to the center hump of the ""W"". The additional distance under pressure also enables the bacterial propulation to utilize dissolved oxygen for a longer time while enabling a secondary supply of oxygen to be transferred from the compressed air to the mixed liquor. In Figure 1, aerobic zone 86 extends from the turbines 28, 30 to a short distance, such as 50-100 feet, downstream therefrom. This relatively short-length aerobic zone represents overall oxygen-starved process conditions, probably with relatively high F/M values in the range of 0.5-0.7. Extension 87, around the bend, represents an additional length of aerobic activity in the channel of the oxidation ditch 10. The combined distance of zone 86 + zone 87 indicates a reasonable amount of dissolved oxygen in combination with lower F/M values in the range of 0.2-0.5. The remainder of the channel is at an anoxic level of about 0.1 mg/1 or less of dissolved oxygen. This combined distance, divided by the remainder of the distance along the channel, produces a timed aerobic/anoxic ratio that is heavily biased toward denitrifying. Extension 88, downstream in the opposite side of the ditch 10, represents still additional aerobic activity. The combined distance of zone 86 + zone 87 + zone 88 indicates optimum quantities of dissolved oxygen are being introduced into the flow path for the mixed liquor. This combined distance, divided by the remainder of the distance along the channel to the turbines 28, 30, gives a timed aerobic/ anoxic ratio that is generally ideal for combined nitrification and denitrification. Moreover, when the incoming wastewater feed is added via line 57, just above the floor 15 of the channel in the return bend, organic food sources are maximized for any heterotrophic facultative denitrifying bacteria that are present in the circulating mixed liquor. In addition, any nitrate oxygen that /-BUR OM is available in the circulating mixed liquor for carbonaceous BOD reduction is utilized as fully as possible. ' More importantly, any nitrate oxygen that is available in the circulating mixed liquor is utilizable for oxidation of any hydrogen sulfide that is present in the feed waste such as an anaerobic lagoon effluent. Such utilization is performed by certain denitrifying bacteria that are present in the anoxic environment of the return bend. These bacteria utilize nitrate oxygen as their oxygen source and hydrogen sulfide as their food or energy source. By such utilization, hydrogen sulfide in the wastewater feed from the anaerobic lagoon is used to maximize denitrification and to minimize consumption of free dissolved oxygen for chemical and biological oxida¬ tion of hydrogen sulfide, thereby enabling free dissolved oxygen to be used to a maximum extent for biological BOD removal and nitrification. Locating the inlet pipe or an inlet flow diffuser or distribution pipe just above or along the floor 15 of the return bend, where turbulence naturally occurs, enhances opportunities for hydrogen sulfide to mix with the mixed liquor and minimizes its -> likelihood of escaping to the atmosphere. By inspection of Figure 2, the high water level 48 differs from the low water level 49 by height 44, and the lower water level 48 is above the impeller 35 by submergence depth 46 which is the minimum under which the turbines 28, 30 can operate without cavitation. In the oxidation ditch of this invention, the barrier 22, 91 does not function as a dam as might be supposed, but instead is used to control and direct the pumping action and pumping capabity of the submerged turbines 28, 30, 97 so that they create the desired velocity of flow within the channel of the oxidation ditch by enabling pumped mixed liquor to be accumulated in one portion (i.e., the discharge channel 77, 107) of the channel of the ditch and thereby to build up as much head as necessary for pumping the mixed liquor as far and as rapidly as desired. The barrier 22, 91 also completely pre¬ vents backmixing of aerated mixed liquor, thereb : (1) increasing the log mean driving force across the intakes and discharges of the submerged turbines 28, 30, 96 and discharge ducts 29, 60, 97, thereby decreasing the energy required for dissolving a given quantity of oxygen in the mixed liquor and increasing the oxygen transfer efficiency and (2) preventing short-circuiting of the mixed liquor with resultant stagnant areas in other parts of the channel. From an energy standpoint, substantially no input power is used for pumping against a static lift. Instead, substantially all input power is used for overcoming dynamic OMP losses caused by: 1) hydraulic friction ' created by circuit flow past the walls 16, 18 and floor 15 of the channel of the ditch 10; 2) hydraulic turbulence in the channel bends.; and 3) hydraulic friction created by the sparge rings 53a, 53b, curved sections 61, 65, 69 and straight sections 53, 67 of the discharge ducts 29, 60. The mixed liquor is also believed to be pushed or propelled only part of the distance around the channel of the oxidation ditch and is then pulled the remaining distance to the intakes of the submerged turbines 28, 30, 97. The downdraft submerged turbine aerator offers the following process control advantages for use in the oxidation ditch process for treatment of wastewater: independent control of oxygen supply and mixing; easier control of power consumption to match oxygen demand; no aerosol spray and minimizing of misting; no freezing problems during cold weather . operation as typically occurs with rotor aerators, brush aerators, disk aerators, and other surface aerators presently used in oxidation ditches; minimal noise; minimal effect of liquid level variations upon power consumption; and easy compensation for variation of liquid level in the oxidation ditch without the need for floating aerators. The invention may be more thoroughly understood by study of the following examples, with reference to the drawings. Example I An oxidation ditch as shown in Figures 1-3 was designed and constructed to treat waste¬ water effluent from an anaerobic lagoon used for pretreatment and flow equalization of raw wastewater produced by a poultry processing plant. This anaerobic effluent was anticipated to have the following characteristics: Biochemical oxygen demand, BOD(5)= 800 mg/1 Total suspended solids, TSS = 304 Ammonia nitrogen = 40 mg/1 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen, TKN = 62 mg/1 . pH = 6.4 Total phosphorus = 6-20mg/l The average daily flow of anaerobic lagoon effluent was anticipated to be 221,000 gallons per day (0.221 million gallons per day - MGD) , 7 days per week, 24 hours per day. The maximum average BOD(5) loading into the oxidation ditch was calculated as follows (mg/1 = #/million #) : (0.221 MGD) (8.34 #/gal.) (800 mg/1) = 1475 #BOD(5)/day. The maximum average TKN loading into the oxidation ditch was calculated as follows: (0.221) (8.34) (62 mg/1) = 114#/day The maximum oxygen demand at process or field conditions for an extended aeration process operated for maximum degree of nitrification was calculated as follows, assuming a design conversion factor of 1.4 # oxygen/#BOD(5) + 4.5# oxygen/#TKN applied: 1.4(1,475) + 4.5(114) = 2,578# oxygen/day. OMP - The oxygen required at standard conditions (20°C, one atmosphere, zero dissolved oxygen) , assuming a design conversion factor from process to standard of 1.6, was calculated as follows: 1.6 x 2,578 = 4,125# oxygen/day; 4,125# oxygen/day . -. JJ. / ■_. ~ 24 hours/day = 172# °*Ygen/ho r Assuming that two downdraft submerged turbines would be needed to satisfy this total- oxygen requirement, each turbine had to provide 86# oxygen/hour. The submerged turbine manufacturer recommended selection of two 40-hp turbines, each with a 15 hp blower to supply approximately 213 scfm to an air sparge assembly disposed directly below each turbine impeller. The volume of the oxidation ditch was calculated so that at high water level, with 6,000 mg/1 of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) in its channel, it would be possible to maintain a food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M) of 0.033 (out of a feasible range of 0.01 to 2.0), as follows: 1,475# BOD(5)/day . (8.34) (6,000# MLSS/million #mixed liquor) [.033# BOD(5)/#MLSS] ' 0.87 million gallons. A ditch volume of 900,000 gallons, equalling 120,304 cubic feet, was selected, and the volumetric loading was calculated as follows : ., .75.^(5)/^ ft . . _ 2 _ 25f BOD(5)/1 , 000 £t 3 The overflow device for the oxidation ditch was then designed so that the ditch operating level could be adjusted to control volume in OMPI . A- WW11PPOO Λ in the ditch between 600,000 gallons and 900,000 gallons. The channel cross-sectional dimensions were next determined, using the turbine manufacturer's estimate that a 40-hp turbine would pump approximately 46,500 gpm, equalling 103.65 ft /sec . With two such turbines in operation, the total pumping rate would be 207.3 cubic feet per second. Using a desired circulation velocity of 1.0 ft/sec with both turbines in operation at high water level, the cross-sectional area for the channel was determined to be 200 square feet: 207.3 cfs/200 ft 2 = 1.04 fps. The channel was then designed with a trapezoidal cross section as seen in Figure 3 (although rectangular, square, round, oval, or other shapes could be substituted) to furnish this flow * rate. The channel length in the oxidation ditch was then calculated: 120,304 ft 3 /200 ft 2 = 601.5 feet. To compensate for the width of the earthen barrier 22, a distance of 20 feet was added to the ditch, giving 621.5 feet. Then the hydraulic head loss in the channel caused by wall friction was calculated by the Manning Equation for open channel flow (using n = 0.03 for a gunnite concrete liner and R = area/wetted perimeter = 200/38.19 = 5.24) : Head loss = [(Velocity x n)/(1.49 x R 0 ' 67 )] 2 = 0.00005 ft/ft of ditch. Head loss = (601.5) (0.00005) = 0.029 ft = 0.35 inch. The additional hydraulic head loss caused by flow turbulence around the two bends was also calculated: bend head loss = 2 (V 2 /2g) = 0.0336 feet. The total hydraulic head loss is the sum of these losses, equalling 0.75 inch or 0.06 feet. Each 40-hp turbine provides a flow of 46,500 gpm at a total developed hydraulic head of 2.45 feet. Adding 0.06 feet to this operating head normally has an insignificant effect on the pumping capacity of the submerged turbine, so that revising the ditch cross-sectional area in order to maintain a minimum average velocity of 1.0 fps is not necessary. This treatment is intended to reduce BOD(5) to less than 20 mg/1, TSS to less than 20 mg/1, ammonia nitrogen to less than 2 mg/1, and pH to 6-9. Example II An oxidation ditch, similar to but smaller than the ditch of Example T, was designed and constructed to treat wastewater effluent (sewage) from a school. This effluent had the following characteristics: Biochemical oxygen demand, BOD(5) = 200-250 mg/1 Total suspended solids, TSS = 200-250 mg/1 Ammonia nitrogen = 15 - 25 mg/1 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) = 20 - 30 mg/1 pH = 7.0 Total phosphorus = 6 - 20 mg/1 The average daily flow was 0.055 MGD, 7 days per week, according to the diurnal flow cycle of normal domestic waste. Following the procedure of Example I, calculations gave the following results, using the higher values of each range: 115# BOD(5) per day; 13.8# TKN; 223#/day of oxygen required at process conditions; 357#/day of oxygen required at standard conditions; 15#/hr of oxygen per turbine (one 10-hp submerged turbine required) ; 30 scfm of air (one 2- hp blower required); 4,000 mg/1 MLSS; 70,000 gallons, equalling 9,357 ft 3, at high water level, and 50,000 gallons at low water level; 3 12.3# BOD(5) /l,000 ft as the volumetric loading; 7,500 gp or 16.7 cfs as the turbine pumping rate; 1.11 fps as the flow rate in the channel; 2 15 ft as the flow area; 624 feet as the ditch length and 10 feet as the barrier width; and 2.50 inches of head loss for the channel + 0.46 inch of head loss for the bends, equalling 3.0 inches total head loss which would reduce the turbine pumping capacity to about 7,200 gpm or 16.05 cfs, causing the flow velocity in the channel to be 1.07 fps. Example III After 71 days of continuous operation with no sludge wastage, the oxidation ditch of Example I was analyzed for dissolved oxygen. At the ends of ' the ducts 29,60 in discharge channel 75, the dissolved oxygen (D.O.) was 0.6 mg/1; 50 feet downstream from the turbines 28, 30, the D.O. was 0.3 mg/1; and in the OM channel on the opposite side of the island, the D.O. was 0.1 mg/1. There was no filamentous growth, but the effluent from the clarifiers was cloudy because of suspended and colloidal material, representing unconsumed organic food. In general, the oxidation ditch seemed to be deficient in oxygen and microorganisms. Example IV The oxidation ditch of Example I had been operated with discharge of overflow mixed liquor to the flow dividing unit 83 and thence to one of a pair of hopper clarifiers through lines 85, with no sludge wastage for 80 days. The following data was obtained from composite tests of anaerobic effluent and of clarifier overflow: INFLOW OUTFLOW 250 ,000 gpd flow (7 days , 24 hrs/day) 250, 000 gpd 1, 045 BOD (5) , mg/1 83 220 TKN 45 NH. Nitrogen 43 These results correspond to an oxygen demand of at least 7,000 pounds of oxygen per day or at least 292 pounds of oxygen per hour at standard conditions when the operat¬ ing level in ditch 10 was at 8.5 feet with two turbines in operation and about 227.5 sc≤ of air being injected under each turbine. These oxygen-transfer results are about 70% greater than those anticipated by the manufacturer of the turbines. Example V The manufacturer of the submerged turbines used in the oxidation ditch of Example I stated that the recommended air supply rate of 216 scfm (standard cubic feet per minute) was about 80% of the maximum air supply rate that the turbine could handle without flooding, so that the flooding rate would be 270 scfm for either turbine. The turbine 28 (single-speed) and the turbine 30 (two-speed) were each connected to a separate positive displacement blower capable of delivering 233 scfm at 7.0 psig. However, the blowers could be connected for delivering their combined output to the upper sparge ring (53a in Figure 2) beneath either turbine. Because of friction caused by inadequate size of a single sparge ring, it was estimated that 430-460 scfm could be delivered to the flow path of either turbine, about 65% greater than the flood point air supply rate or about 111% greater than the operat¬ ing air supply rate recommended by the manufacturer of the turbines. The oxidation ditch of Example I has an operating depth that is variable from 7.5 feet (58 inches of turbine impeller submergence) to 10.5 feet deep (94 inches of turbine iπpeller submergence) . With the depth at 8.5 feet, about 455 scfm from both flowers were injected from the upper sparge ring of turbine 28 (single speed) , with turbine 30 (dual speed) operating at top speed but O ungassed. It was anticipated that flooding of turbine 28 would occur and that the air valves could then be closed until the turbine could handle the air being injected. However, there was no flooding of turbine 28. Example VI Dual-speed turbine 30 in the oxidation ditch of Example I was shut off, and the oxidation ditch circulation velocity was allowed to slow down from about 2 fps to about 1 fps which turbine 28 could maintain alone. With all air from both blowers being injected through the upper sparge ring of turbine 28 and with ditch depth still at 8.5 feet, it operated without flood¬ ing and continued to do so for 1-1/2 hours when the test was discontinued. Example VII Both single-speed turbine 28 and dual- speed turbine 30 in the oxidation ditch of Example I were operated (turbine 30 being at top speed) to increase ditch velocity to about 2 fps, with depth at 8.5 feet, and all of the compressed air supply from both blowers (455 scfm) was injected under the impeller of dual-speed turbine 30. It did not flood. Example VIII Single-speed turbine 28 was shut down. After the ditch velocity had slowed to about 1 fps, all air was again injected under impeller 35 of dual-speed turbine 30, operating at top speed with the operating depth at 8.5 feet. After about seven minutes under these conditions, turbine 30 flooded or stopped pumping. Example IX With the oxidation ditch of Example I at an operating level of 8.0 feet, all air (455 scfm) was supplied to turbine 28 with turbine 30 at top speed but ungassed. Turbine 28 flooded. The other successful tests at 8.5 feet (i.e., the tests of Examples VI and VII) were attempted, but flooding occurred in each instance. Example X The level in the oxidation ditch of Example I was raised to about 9.75 feet (64 inches of submergence) . All successful tests at 8.5 feet were easily reproduced. Moreover, when all air (455 scfm) was supplied to dual-speed turbine 30 (operative at top speed) , with turbine 28 shut down and the ditch velocity at about 1 fps (thus reproducing Example VIII except for the depth) , turbine 30 did not flood. Example XI Each turbine 28, 30 is operated to pro¬ duce a flow velocity in the channel of the oxidation ditch 10 of Example I of about 2 fps. About 460 scfm of compressed air is sparged below the turbine blades 35 "" SUR OM through both sparge rings 53a, 53b of each turbine. Neither floods, and the clarifier outflow is clear, indicating that all organic food is consumed. Because it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that innumerable variations, modifications, applications, and extensions of these embodiments and principles can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, what is herein defined as such scope and is desired to be protected should be measured, and the invention should be limited, only by the following claims. • BUREAtT OMPI";"Clai s 1. In a closed-circuit oxidation ditch comprising a wastewater inlet, an outlet to a clarifier, a return sludge inlet, and an endless channel having a bottom, opposed sides, and a substantially uniform cross- sectional area in which a circulating mixed liquor, containing a bacterial floe including heterotrophic aerobic, hetero- trophic facultative and autotrophic microorganisms, circulates translationally at a circulation velocity sufficient to maintain said floe in suspension, said floe utilizing wastewater entering said channel through said wastewater inlet as a food source at a food-to-microorganism ratio by weight of 0.01 to 2.5 pounds of five-day biochemical oxygen demand per pound of mixed liquor suspended solids, the impro.vement comprising a flow-control apparatus which provides repetitive aerobic treatment at least once per circuit-flow cycle to all of said mixed liquor within said endless channel and comprises: A. a barrier which is sealably attached to said bottom and said sides and is disposed athwart said endless channel to divide said mixed liquor and said endless channel into upstream liquor within an intake channel and downstream liquor within a discharge channel; ' UR OM B. an axial-flow pump, comprising a down-flow impeller, an intake funnel which is disposed above said impeller and in flow connection with said upstream liquor, an air sparge means for producing air bubbles which is disposed beneath said impeller, and a downdraft tube surrounding said impeller and said air sparge means; C. a mounting means for mounting said axial-flow pump in said flow connection with said upstream liquor; D. an aeration means for creating a liquid-air mixture, comprising said air sparge means, a source of compressed air, and a delivery means for moving said compressed air from said source to said air sparge means; and E. a discharge duct which connects said downdraft tube to said discharge channel, whereby operation of said axial- flow pump and said aeration means: 1) forces all of said mixed liquor to flow through said discharge duct, 2) creates a liquid-air mixture within said discharge duct, 3) transfers oxygen from said liquid-air mixture to said all of said mixed liquor to form an aerated mixed liquor as said downstream liquor, 4) completely prevents back-mixing of said aerated mixed liquor to said intake channel, 5) is capable of controlling said upstream liquor at an anoxic level of about 0.1 mg/1 or less of dissolved oxygen, and 6) increases the log mean driving force for oxygen transfer across said intake funnel and the discharge end of said discharge duct, thereby decreasing the energy required for dissolving a given quantity of oxygen in said mixed liquor and increasing the oxygen transfer efficiency, while providing said repetitive aerobic treatment to said all of said mixed liquor within said endless channel and translationally circulating said mixed liquor at said sufficient circulation velocity to maintain said bacterial floe in said suspension. 2. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 1 wherein said barrier means is an earthen barrier having a trapezoidal cross section and covered with a layer of gunnite. 3. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 1 where¬ in said flow-control apparatus comprises at least two said axial-flow pumps, at least two said mounting means, at least two said aeration means, and at least two said discharge ducts in side-by-side relationship. OM The improved oxidation ditch of claim 3 wherein said discharge ducts converge toward said discharge channel. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 1 wherein said discharge duct passes beneath said barrier at a greater depth than said bottom of said endless channel, whereby a pressure is generated upon said liquid- air mixture that is greater than the hydraulic pressure at said bottom. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 5 where¬ in said discharge duct is flow-connected to said downdraft tube, leads downwardly to a selected depth, curves in a downstream direction for a selected distance, and leads upwardly to a discharge point within said discharge channel. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 6 wherein said discharge duct is extended in the direction of flow of said mixed liquor within said discharge channel for a sufficient distance that substantially all of said repetitive aerobic treatment occurs within said discharge duct and under a selected hydraulic pressure that is greater than the pressure corresponding to the depth of said channel. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 6 wherein said discharge duct comprises a • curved discharge section which is connected to said downdraft tube, a first straight section which is connected to said curved discharge section, an updraft section which is connected to said first straight section, a second straight - section which is connected to said updraft section, and a terminal duct which is connected to said second straight section and is disposed in said discharge channel. 9. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 8 wherein said air sparge means comprises at least one air sparge ring. 10. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 9 wherein said air sparge means comprises a primary sparge ring and a secondary sparge ring which are disposed athwart • the flow of said mixed liquor through said downdraft tube. 11. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 8 wherein said aeration means comprises a sparge tube which is disposed within said discharge duct to provide supplementary air when BOD loads are very heavy and when it is desirable to substitute discharge duct aeration for pump aeration because of flow rate considerations, so that the velocity of upwardly translational movement through said discharge duct is increased by an air-lift pumping effect acting in addition to the pumping effect of said down-flow impeller. 12. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 11 wherein said sparge tube is transversely disposed within said discharge duct. 13. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 11 wherein said sparge tube is removably mounted within a casing pipe which is sealably attached to said discharge duct. OM ■ 41- 14. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 12 wherein said casing pipe is attached to said first straight section. 15. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 13 wherein said casing pipe is attached to said updraft section. 16. The improved oxidation ditch of claim 13 wherein a plurality of said sparge tubes are removably mounted within a plurality of said casing pipes, one said casing pipe being attached to said first straight section and another, said casing pipe being attached to said updraft section. 17. In an activated sludge process for aerobically treating a continuous stream of wastewater by continuously admixing said stream with a quantity of circulating mixed liquor which: (a) contains a biomass including heterotrophic aerobic, heterotrophic facultative, and autotrophic micro¬ organisms which exist at least partially as a bacterial floe and for which said wastewater is a food source at a food-to-microorganism ratio by weight varying over a range of 0.01 to 2.5 parts of five-day biochemical oxygen demand per part of mixed liquid suspended solids, (b) flows translationally within the endless channel of an oxidation ditch at a circulation velocity that is sufficient to maintain said floe in in a state of suspension therewithin without interruption by a clarification, zone within said channel so that said admixing occurs once per circuit- flow cycle of said oxidation ditch, (c) is "" diminished by a portion thereof being continuously discharged to a settling means for separating clarified liquor from settled sludge, and (d) is increased by at least a part of said settled sludge being continuously returned to said channel, the improvement comprising the following steps A. providing a barrier means, disposed within said channel, for dividing said mixed liquor and said channel into upstream liquor within an intake channel and downstream liquor within a discharge channel; B. providing a discharge duct which connects said upstream liquor to said downstream liquor; C. providing a pump means for pumping all of said upstream liquor through said discharge duct from said intake channel to said discharge channel; D. providing an aeration means for introducing compressed air to said all of said intake liquor passing through said discharge duct; and E. operating said pump means and said aeration means in order to: 1) cyclically force all of said mixed liquor through said discharge duct, 2) form a liquid-air mixture within said discharge duct, 3) transfer oxygen from said liquid- air mixture to said all of said mixed liquor to form an aerated mixed liquor as said downstream liquor, 4 ) completely prevent backmixing of said aerated mixed liquor to said intake channel , and 5 ) increase the log mean driving force across the intake and discharge ends of said discharge duct, thereby decreasing the energy required for dissolving a given quantity of oxygen in said mixed liquor and increasing the oxygen transfer efficiency while providing said repetitive aerobic treatment to said all of said mixed liquor within said endless channel and trans lationally circulat- ing sa ia mixed liquor at said sufficient circulation velocity to maintain said bacterial floe in said state of suspension. The improved activated sludge process of claim 17 wherein said food-to-microorganism ratio varies over the range of 0 . 01 to 0. 2 and said mixed liquor has at least 3 , 000 mg/1 of mixed liquor suspended solids , whereby said oxidation ditc operates as an extended aeration system. 19. The improved activated sludge process of claim 17 wherein said returned part of said settled sludge enters said intake end of said discharge duct. 20. The improved activated sludge process of claim 17 wherein at least a portion of said discharge duct is at a greater depth than the depth of said discharge channel. 21. The improved activated sludge process of claim 20 wherein said discharge duct is extended at said greater depth for a sufficient distance that substantially all of said repetitive aerobic treatment occurs within said discharge duct and under a selected hydraulic pressure that is greater than the pressure corresponding to said depth of said discharge channel. 22. The improved activated sludge process of claim 17 wherein said pump means is a shear-type pump means for shearing substantially all of said bacterial floe into smaller particles. 23. The improved activated sludge process of claim 22 wherein a shear means is additionally provided within said dis¬ charge duct. 24. The improved activated sludge process of claim 19 wherein said pump means is an axial-flow pump, comprising a down- flow impeller, an intake funnel which -β - O is disposed above said impeller and' in flow connection with said upstream liquor, an air sparge means for producing air bubbles and forming said liquid-air mixture, and a downdraft tube surrounding said impeller and said air sparge means, said intake funnel and said downdraft tube being connected as said intake end of said discharge duct. 25. The improved activated sludge process of claim 24 wherein said air sparge means comprises at least one sparge ring which is disposed below said down- flow impeller within said downdraft tube. 26. The improved activated sludge process of claim 25 wherein a plurality of said pump means, said aeration means, and said discharge ducts are provided and wherein said aeration means further comprises at least one sparge tube which is removably disposed within each said discharge duct. 27. The improved activated sludge process of claim 26 wherein by varying the proportion of said compressed air fed to each said sparge ring and each said sparge tube, said velocity is varied by at least 50 percent. 28. The improved activated sludge process of claim 27 wherein said oxidation ditch is selectively operable: A. to provide aerobic and anoxic zones within said channel -BU EAT- OMPI -A. for combined nitrification and denitrifica- tion of said wastewater; and B. to vary the lengths of said aerobic and anoxic zones in accordance with seasonal temperature changes. 29. The improved activated sludge. process of claim 28 wherein said oxidation ditch is selectively operable by varying: (a) the operation of said impellers singly or in parallel, (b) the speeds of said impellers, (c) the total amount of said compressed air, and (d) the proportion of said compressed air between said sparge rings and said sparge tubes, whereby: (1) said velocity is variable over a range of from 0.5 ft./sec. to at least 3.0 ft./sec. while maintaining a selected dissolved-oxygen out¬ put from said discharge ducts , or (2) said dissolved-oxygen output is variable while maintain¬ ing a selected velocity, or (3) both said velocity and said dissolved-oxygen output are variable in any desired combina- tion while operating all said turbines at a constant speed. -BU -47- 30. The improved activated sludge process of claim 29 wherein said continuous stream of wastewater is delivered to said channel within said anoxic zone and upstream of said intake channel in order to enable certain of said microorganisms, that are present in said anoxic zone and use nitrate oxygen as their oxygen source and hydrogen sulfide as their energy source, to maximize denitirifica- tion. and to minimize consumption of free dissolved oxygen for chemical and biological oxidation of said hydrogen sulfide, thereby enabling said free dissolved oxygen to be used to a maximum extent for biological BOD removal and nitrification, by utilizing nitrate oxygen that is available in said circulating mixed liquor for oxidation of said hydrogen sulfide that is present in said continuous stream of wastewater. 31. The improved activated sludge process of claim 30 wherein said anoxic zone is at an anoxic level of about 0.1 mg/1. or less of dissolved oxygen.";REID J;REID J;1978
+WO-1979000263-A1;19790517.0;19781101;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;4007553.0;F03C3;;F03C2, F04C15;F03C   2/30C, F04C  15/06;HYDRAULIC MOTOR WITH VANES AND CONSTANT DISPLACEMENT;A constant displacement reversible hydraulic vane motor capable of being used in power hydraulic systems, hydrostatic transmissions, and the like. In existing motors with vanes mounted in the rotor and inlet and exhaust passages in the housing great sophistication in the grinding, assembly, and maintenance of the system is required. The simplified motor of this invention has a rotor (2) with a symmetric lobular outline which is engaged by vanes (22) to (29) mounted in a circular housing (1). The fluid to drive the motor enters through groove (10), orifices (12) and passages (20) and exhausts through passages (19), orifices (13) and groove (11) all in the rotor. Fluid supplied through the rotor enables the motor to operate at uniform speed without torque oscillation.;"HYDRAULIC MOTOR WITH VANE S AND CONSTANT DI SPLACEMENT . a) TE CHNICAL F IELD : This application for the privilege of invention refers to a hydraulic revertible motor, with vanes, an only rotor and constant displacement, applicable to powerful hydraulic sys¬ tems, hydrostatic transmission, etc. b) BACKGROUND ART: The hydraulic motors which are technically more similar to the invention are the hydraulic motors with vanes made by Norwinch and by Brattvaag both of Norwegian origin. Norwinch low pressure hydraulic transmission normally works in closed circuit. The motor itself consists of a cylindrical rotor where eight sliding vanes (radial) are placed and alternately linked two by two by means of an also sliding arched spindle (the vanes are not rigidly linked to that spindle but only in contact with it); the case has an approximately elliptical shape and both the oil inlet and outlet in it. The vanes are always kept in ' contact with the case, because when one vane is contracted (position in which the rotor and the case are in contact) , it pushes the linking spindle which, at the same time, expels the ""opposite"" vane, always following the housing curve. The Brattvaag hydraulic motor consists of a cylindrical, square or even dodecagonal rotor where the vanes are placed radially. The number of vanes varies from 4 to 12, depending on the motor. For this motor the housing has various shapes depending on the respective rotor. The vanes are always kept in contact with the housing walls by means of the pressure of the oil that is sent through the rotor grooves up to the interior of the vane chambers, causing, thus, the tendency to expel them. In both motors great sophistication is required in the plants, assembly and maintenance of the systems. c) DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION: The present motor has its sliding vanes in compartments in- -BU REΛ OMPI ™° side the motor casing and a fluid injection system through grooves in the rotor itself. This characteris ic allows a hy drostatic suspension of the rotor inside the housing, no mat ter what the load conditions are. It works "" in a either closed or open oil circuit with an oil reservoir, an oil hea exchanger, a control valve system and a hydraulic pump, gear ings or axial or radial pistons with enough power for the desired use . The motor speed variation can be achieved by using either a variable outflow pump or adequate outflow regulating valves. On figure 1, we can see on the housing (1) the bolt-holes (14) for the screws (21), one of the vane operation circuit grooves (15), the vanes (22) to (29) in their chambers, the rotor (2) , the side oil grooves (10) and (11), communicant . orifices (12) and (13) of the internal and external grooves (11), (10), the axle (4) and the internal passages (19) , (20 linking the communicant orifices (12), (13) to the rabbets (18) on the non-cylindrical faces of the rotor (2). On figure 2, we can see the rotor (2) and its side grooves (10) , (11) which enable the hydraulic pressure balance on th sides of the rotor, the oil inlet (16) into the external grooves (10) the passing screws (21) for fixing the lids (5) and (6), to the casing (1) of the motor, one vane (24), the oil circuit side grooves (15) for actioning the vanes, the oil supply tube (17) for that circuit, the bearings (8), the chambers for the retainers (9) , the bearing covers (7) and the axle (4) . Description of the behaviour principle of the hydraulic moto at issue: Based on figure 1, suppose that the external grooves (10) of the rotor (2) are connected to the hydraulic pump of the sys tem. Obviously, the internal grooves (11) of the rotor (2) will be in communication with the motor outlet. No matter the angular position of the rotor (2), the vanes (22) to (29) will be leaning on the sliding surface of the rotor (2). The communicant orifices (12) of the external grooves (10) are connected to the rotor (2) rabbets by means of internal passages ( . 20) . The oil coming from the pump passes through the e-xternal grooves (10), communicant ori¬ fices (12) and internal passages (20) . In this way the flow ,, is retained by the vanes (22) and (26) and the resultant ρres_ sure acting on the faces of the rotor (2) will cause its clockwise revolving movement, until the vanes (23) and (27) lean on the internal circumferential trail of the rotor (2) . At that moment these ones will prevent the oil flow, assuring the continuity of the rotor movement. Because of the movement of the rotor (2) , the dammed up oil which is between the vanes (22) to (29) forces its way-out b ' the "" nternal pas¬ sages (19)"" through the internal grooves' (11) communicant ori. fices (13), towards the motor outlet. To achieve the gear reversion of the motor it is enough to invert the outlet and inlet by means of a directional valve inserted in the hydraulic circuit of the system. The contact between the vanes and the sliding trail of the rotor is provided by the vane operation oil circuit along the side grooves (15). This circuit is pressurized by the mo- tor itself. The completely hydraulic circuit allows the vanes and rotor wastage without affecting the total capacity of the motor, thus increasing the endurance ' of the equipment. The fluid injection, . system through the s-ide grooves of the rotor keeps the same diameter grooves -under the same pressure on both sides of the rotor so that., no matter the load condi¬ tions, the rotor will be hydraulicall.y balanced axlewise, re¬ ducing the wastage By mechanical friction and increasing the efficiency of the motor. We have thus, a hydraulic motor of extremely smooth operation., completely uniform speed and without any torque fluctuation whatsoever. As in the present motor the areas under the same hydraulic pressure are always opposite as far as the longitudinal axle is concerned, there is no radial tension on the traction axle. d . ) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The descriptive figures below show constructive details of this invention and are component parts of this privilege ap- OMPI . wipo v , plication. Figure - n. 1 shows the motor axlewise without the side lid and with the vanes and the rotor. Figure n. 2 shows a longitudinal cut of the motor. • 5 e) BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The invention must be performed so that there be a minimum vane and rotor wastage without affecting the total efficien¬ cy of the motor. Therefore the contact surface of the rotor vanes must have the same radio so as to make the finishing 10 easy by means of face grinding as well as its ulterior assem bly. On the other hand, the geometric configuration of the rotor, the rabbets on its non-cylindrical surfaces, and the vane arrangement in the case must enable the alternation of the vanes in restraining the oil flow to be carried out in a 15 uniform and smooth way. f) INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention provides a new hydraulic vane motor, extremely simple and with exceptional operational character¬ istics in any duty conditions, especially adequate for equip 20 ment that demand wide speed range without the least torque oscilation. It is advisable in equipment that needs smooth actioning at high speed and accuracy in reply, high degree of reliability and system denseness. Apart from that, it permits great plan 25 flexibility, as for example in sugar cane grinding equipment cranes, etc. Thus, this invention solves the problems for all the uses where high torque and low rotation are need which have up to the moment been solved through extremely sophisticated 30. imported equipment as previously described or by complex me¬ chanical systems which are far from being reliable and safe. OMPI 4 A WIPO";CLAIMS 1 - A HYDRAULIC MOTOR WITH VANES AND CONSTANT DISPLACEMENT, characterized by the fact of having an only symetrical lobular outline rotor (2), assembled in a circular case (1) with chambers for the vanes (22) to (29) and oil supply sys¬ tems through the rotor (2) allowing the operating under a perfectly uniform speed regime without torque oscilation. 2 - A HYDRAULIC MOTOR WITH VANES AND CONSTANT DISPLACEMENT, according to claim 1, characterized by the fact that the ro- tor (2) has oil side grooves (10) and (11) , on both sides to enable the hydrostatic suspension of the rotor (2) at the most different duty conditions, assuring correct self-loca¬ tion of the rotor (2) between the two covers (5) and (6) with the least mechanical wastage. 3 - A HYDRAULIC MOTOR WITH VANES AND CONSTANT DISPLACEMENT, according to claims 1 and 2, characterized by having rabbets (18) on the non-cylindrical surfaces of the rotor, which ena¬ ble the alternation of the vanes in retaining the oil flow without damaging the continuity of the traction torque. 4 - A HYDRAULIC MOTOR WITH VANES AND CONSTANT DISPLACEMENT, according to claims 1, 2 and 3, characterized by having a hy¬ draulic circuit for vane operation (22) to (29) as the only operation means, pressurized by the very inlet line of the motor, constituted by two grooves (15), one on each side of the casing (1) imediately above the vanes (22) to (29) and linking all the vane chambers.;OLIVEIRA H;OLIVEIRA H;1978
+WO-1979000264-A1;19790517.0;19781101;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;4007554.0;F03C3;;F03C2;F03C   2/30C;HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MOTOR WITH LOW SPEED AND HIGH TORQUE;A hydraulic pressure motor with low speed and high torque for applications in mechanical engineering mainly in large-sized equipment, hydrostatic transmissions, and the like. Current hydraulic motors have countless moving components and a high degree of sophistication so that the complexity of the system requires careful maintenance and high cost. The constant displacement motor of this invention is extremely simple, long-lasting, and capable of use under the most severe conditions. It has two similar rotors (4) which operate in separate axially spaced chambers. The rotors are displaced from each other by 90` and are engaged by sluice-valves (7) which separate the pressure chambers of the motor. Cuts (13) on the rotor (4) or casing (1) provide pressure relief and allow sluice-valve (7) withdrawal without lateral pressure thereon. The displaced rotors (4) assure smooth operation.;"HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MOTOR WITH LOW SPEED AND HIGH TORQUE. a) TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention refers to a hydraulic motor with high torque and low speed particularly adequate for large-sized units in applications that demands potential power and where endurance, reliability and simplicity in the maintenance of the equipment are of real importance. Potential power hydraulic systems are widely used in a large number of applications due, mainly, to the versatility, reli¬ ability and operational characteristics, b) BACKGROUND ART The hydraulic motors that develop high torque are generally provided with radial pistons (Staffa, Sundstrand and others) and they operate at much higher pressure. Those motors have countless moving components and a great sophis ication to reduce the efficiency loss because of the mechanical fric¬ tion of its components. The complexity of the system brings about a much more care- ful and expensive maintenance. The ver .manufacturing of those motors is rather complex and at high cost so as to garantee acceptable levels, of performance. Apart from that, there are vane hydraulic motors, such as the ones made by the Norwegian firms Norwinch and Brattvaag which are the more similar ones to the one herein presented. The Norwinch low pressure hydraulic transmission generally works in a closed circuit. The motor itself consists of a cylindrical rotor where eight sliding vanes are placed and linked two by two alternately by means of an also sliding arched spindle (the vanes are not attached to that spindle but just in contact with it). The case has an approximately elliptical shape including both the oil inlet and outlet. The vanes are always kept in contact with the case and when a vane is contracted (posi- tion in which the rotor and the case are in contact) , it pushes the linking spindle which expels the ""opposite"" vane, always following the case curve. The Brattvaag hydraulic motor consists of a cylindrical, square or even dodecagbnal rotor in which the vanes are ra¬ dially placed. The number of vanes varies from 4 to 12 de¬ pending on the motor. In this motor the case has a differ- • 5 rent shape depending on the respective rotor. The vanes are always kept in contact with the case walls by means of the pressure of the oil which is sent into the vane chambers through the grooves in the rotor and which tends to expel them. 0 In both cases, the project is highly sophisticated as -w-e .a-s- the piston motors demand a fairly complex manufacturing process and a careful and expensive maintenance. c) DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION Like all hydraulic motors, no matter its kind, the present 5 invention is the traction operating part of a potential power hydraulic motor, which must have a hydraulic pump which will generally be the positive displacement type,with vanes, gearings, axial pistons, etc. This pump is responsi¬ ble for the fluid supply of the hydraulic motor through a 0 hydraulic circuit that may have an oil reservoir, filters, safety and relief valves, outflow regulating valves, direc¬ tional valves, etc. The hydraulic pump of the system can be operated through any known means (eletric engines, internal combustion en- 5 gines, turbines, etc) as far as it is adequate to its poteri tial power and operation characteristics. The motor in question has constant displacement and a se¬ ries of constructive characteristics which make it quite - strong, extremely simple and capable of bearing the most 0 severe load conditions in all kinds of equipment. Its con¬ ception allows a fairly smooth and uniform operation at a rotation rate of Ir.p.m. under full load conditions. The operating principle of this motor is fairly simple. The two chambers in the motor are fed by two independent fluid 5 circuits. Each chamber has two opposite oil inlets and out¬ lets, linked to one another by each of the head-shafts. The rotors in the chambers are displaced at 90 . The sluice-valves are totally devised according to the de¬ sign on figure 3. The fluid coming from the pump fills the volume of the rotor (4) lobule; the case (1), the main cov¬ er (2) and the sluice-valves (7) . The load on the shaft brings about the hydraulic pressure in the chamber. This pressure is limited by the characteristics of the pump and the structural dimension of the motor. As the fluid pres¬ sure acts on the rotor (4) it provides a force component * perpendicular to the shaft bringing about the traction torque . Because of the rotation movement of the shaft and the rotor (4) the sluice-valve (7) will be withdrawn at the start of the rotor (4) ascendant curve. At this stage a rabbet on the ro¬ tor (4) or on the case (1) causes a pressure relief in the chamber and the sluice-valve (7) whose main function is that of a reaction plate, acquires free movement in its seat, without lateral pressure effect. The start of the sluice-valve (7) withdrawn in one rotor (4) shows the. start of the other rotor operation, displaced at 90 , whose valves are actioned by the oil pressure on the inlet. In this way, the rotors (4) work alternately assuring the continuity of the movement. The oil ejection takes place si¬ multaneously to its admission, through the rotor (4) lobule, by means of the outlet orifice in the rear part of the valve (7). d) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The motor is basically formed by a case with two different chambers, each of them with its rotor and separate by an in¬ ternal wall, as shown on the attached figures: Figure 1 - shows an axlewise view of the motor case; Figure 2 - shows a lateral view of the casing lead-shaft; Figure 3 - shows the rotor in its chamber; Figure 4 - shows a cut of the upper part of the set; Figure 5 - shows an expanded view of the motor with its main components in one of the chambers. In figures 4 and 5, we can see the case (1), the main covers (2), the bearing -covers (3), two rotors (4), the head-shaft covers (5), the axle (6), the sluice-valves (7), t he bearings (8), the sealing-rings (9) and (10), the stud-bolts (11) for fixing the covers to the case (1) and the bearing cover scre (12), the rabbets (13), the chambers (14) the lateral guides (15) of the sluice-valves (7). e) BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The following constructive details which identify the concept of the present invention, should be pointed out: The sluice-valves (7) which separate the pressure chambers from the oil chambers run on lateral guides in the case and cover of the motor and have just & seesaw movement. Such a la eral guide arrangement assures a better rigidity of the valve apart from allowing the manufacturing of larger and more dura ble components so that higher torque and more safety for the motor components are achieved. Another peculiar characteristic of this motor are the rabbet on the rotor (4) and/or the case (1) . Such rabbets provide th pressure relief, in one of the chambers together with the re¬ sultant torque decrease which is immediately assured by the other chamber rotor, displaced at 90 . Thus, the sluice-valves (7) when in movement are not laterall actioned by the operation pressure of the motor. This characteristic allows really lower wastage levels of the sluice-valves (7) and of the sliding area of the rotors (4) increasing the endurance of the set. Another characteristic of this motor is that the rotor (4) outline curve is such that the load of one rotor (4) can be transferred to the other with extreme smoothness and really low speed fluctuation. It is clear that the ' motor shaft is no radially actioned. Therefore, it is not submitted to flexure because the chamber under the same pressure are opposite shaftwise. Apart fro that, the geometry of the rotors enables an easy me¬ chanical balance. It is also understood that the traction torque obtained on the shaft, is a consequence of the geom- etry and size of the motor as well as the pressure differen¬ tial between the pressure and the oil oulet chambers. The efficiency of the set depends mainly on the fairly reduced mechanical friction as a result of the very low number of ov ing components and on the perfect internal sealing between the zones of high and low pressure which can be obtained through accuracy.in the components grinding. f) INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The present invention due to its simple conception with low number of components, easy to manufacture and constructive solutions that search for more enduring components, and espe¬ cially adequate for large-sized units for application of high torque and at low speed allowing the research of new fields in the application of high powered hydraulic systems also attending to the utility needs of highly reliable equip¬ ment, low cost manufacturing, simple maintenance, and also capable of replacing conventional actioning systems with effi_ ciency acquisition and therefore less power-consumption.";CLAIMS 1 - A HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MOTOR WITH LOW SPEED AND HIGH TORQU which differs from the existent vane motors (Norwinch and Brattvaag) principally due to the fact that these have vari- ous vanes radially placed on the rotor and always kept in co tact with the case through mechanical means (Norwinch) or hy draulic pressure in a highly sophis icated way, thus, causing difficulties as far as the plant and assembly are concerned, while the hydraulic motor in question is characterized by having two rotors (4) with double outline assembled on the same shaft (6) separate by an .internal wall, with four hori¬ zontal sluice-valves (7) , placed laterally on the case (1) making the manufacturing process and assembly simple and at low cost. 2 - A HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MOTOR WITH LOW SPEED AND HIGH TORQU according to claim one characterized by having internal cuts or rabbets (13) on the case (1) or on the rotor (4) to pro¬ vide a bleeding in the oil flow every 1/4 of a rotation, wit the consequent fall in the internal pressure permitting in this way the withdrawal of the sluice-valves (7) to their respective chambers (14) to be carried out without the par¬ ticipation of the lateral pressure. 3 - A HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MOTOR WITH LOW SPEED AND HIGH TORQU according to claims one and two, characterized by having the chambers (14) of the sluice-valves (7) built in the case (1) 4 - A HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MOTOR WITH LOW SPEED AND HIGH TORQU according to claims one, two and three, characterized by hav ing semi-cylindrical sluice-valve (7) chambers on the later al guides (15) of the case (1) and principal covers (2) and according to the shape of the sluice-valves (7) . 5 - A HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MOTOR WITH LOW SPEED AND HIGH TORQU according to claims one, two, three and four, characterized by having the same hydraulic pressure in the opposite volume in relation to the shaft (6) during the operation of the mo- tor. These volumes are held by the rotor lobule (4) of the case (1) principal cover (2) and sluice-valves (7) . OMP;OLIVEIRA H;OLIVEIRA H;1978
+WO-1979000266-A1;19790517.0;19781018;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25305643.0;C08L23;C08L23;C08L23, C09J123;C09J 123/16+B2, C09J 123/18+B2;HOT MELT,PRESSURE SENSITIVE ADHESIVES;Blends of compatible tackifying resin with substantially amorphous olefin copolymers containing a C<u3>u to C<u5>u linear //c-olefin and 40 to 60 mole percent of a C<u6>u to C<u10>u linear //c-olefin which are useful as hot-melt, pressure-sensitive adhesives. The unmodified copolymer bases resins have melt viscosities in the range of > 75,000 cp up to 1,000,000 cp at 190`C. The addition of the compatible tackifying resins to the copolymer base resin causes an addition to improved coatability as well as substantial increases in probe tack and peel adhesion values of the copolymers.;"HOT-MELT, PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES Background of the Invention This invention relates to hot-melt pressure- sensitive adhesive compositions having a novel combination of properties. More specifically, the invention relates to blends of compatible tackifying resins with substantially amorphous olefin copolymers containing a C to C,- linear α-olefin and 40 to 60 mole percent of a Cg to C, Q linear -olefin which are useful as hot-melt, pressure-sensitive adhesives. Description of the Prior Art In U.S. Patent 3,954,697 propylene/higher 1- olefin copolymers containing 40 to 60 mole percent higher 1-olefin and having melt viscosities up to 75,000 cp (measured by ASTM D1238) were coated by hot-melt techniques on backing materials and they were disclosed as having good pressure-sensitive adhesive properties. However, copolymers with melt viscosities greater than 75 * 000 cp are difficult to coat and the coatings have striations in them. The copolymers with melt viscos¬ ities greater than 75 * 000 cp have not been useful as pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesives prior to our in¬ vention. Summary of- the Invention In accordance with our invention, we have found that blends of copolymers having melt viscosities greater than 75,000 cp and containing amorphous olefin copolymers containing a C~ to Cj- linear α-olefin and 40 to 60 mole percent of a Cg to C-, Q linear α-olefin with compatible tackifying resins are useful as pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesives. The addition of the tackifying resin to the copolymer having a melt viscosity greater than 75,000 cp results in a substantial reduction of the melt viscosity and an unexpected improvement in the adhesive properties so that the blends can be used as pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesives. For example, the addition of compatible tacki¬ fying resins to substantially amorphous olefin copolymers derived from a monomer selected from propylene, 1-butene or 1-pentene with 40 to 60 mole percent of a higher α-olefin of 6 to 10 carbon atoms and having a melt viscosity greater than 75,000 cp causes an unexpected increase in the shear adhesion failure time in addition to substantial increases in probe tack and peel adhesion values of the copolymers. Detailed Description of the Invention The hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive com¬ positions of our invention contain from 50 to 95 weight percent of the olefin copolymer and from 5 to 50 weight percent of a compatible tackifying resin. Preferred com¬ positions contain 60 to 90 weight percent of the olefin copolymer and 10 to 40 weight percent of a compatible tacki¬ fying resin. The compatible tackifying resins useful in the adhesive compositions of this invention can be a hydrocarbon resin such as DAC-B hydrocarbon resin prepared according to the process disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,701,760 as well as other hydrocarbon resins, polyterpenes or synthetic poly- terpenes, and the like. One such DAC-B hydrocarbon tacki- fying resin is a hydrocarbon resin having a softening point of 100°C. and available commercially as Resin H-100 from Eastman Chemical Products, Inc. Other hydrocarbon tackifying resins can be prepared by the polymerization of monomers consisting primarily of olefins and diolefins and. include, for example, the residual by-product monomers resulting from the manufacture of isoprene. These hydro¬ carbon tackifying resins typically exhibit a Ring and Ball softening point of from 8θ°C. to 135°C; an acid number of 0-2, a saponification value of less than 1; and an iodine value of 30 to 100. Examples of such commercially available resins based on a C^-olefin fraction of this type are ""Wingtack"" 95 and ""Wingtack"" 115 tackifying resins sold by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, the Sta-Tac and Betaprene A or H resins sold by Reichhold Chemical Corporation, Arkon resins sold by Arakawa Forest Chemical Industries, and Escorez resins sold by Exxon Chemical Co. Also other suitable tackifying resins are the terpene polymers such as the polymeric, resinous mat- erials obtained by polymerization and/or copolymeriza- tion of terpene hydrocarbons such as the alicycllc, monocyclic, and bicyclic monoterpenes and their mix¬ tures, including alloocimene, carene, isomerized pin- ine, pinene, dipentene, terpinene, terpinolene, limonene, terpentine, and various other terpenes. Particularly use¬ ful starting materials are terpene mixtures containing at least 20 percent by weight beta-pinene and/or lim¬ onene or dipentene (race ic limonene), and the ""sul ate terpentine"" obtained as a by-product in the sulfate pulping process. Commercially available resins of the terpene type include the Zonarez terpene B-Series and 7000 Series resins from Arizona Chemical Corp. and Nirez resins from Reichhold Chemical Corp. The typical properties reported for the Zonarez terpene resins in- elude Ring and Ball softening points of 55 to 125°C. (ASTM E-28-67), color of 2 to 3 (Gardner 1963, 50* in heptane), acid number of less than 1 (ASTM D465-59), saponificatlon number of less than 1 (ASTM D464-59) and specific gravity at 25°C. of 0.9β to 0.99 (ASTM DI963- 61). The hydrocarbon resins, polyterpenes, or other compatible tackifying resins can be used either alone or in combination. The operable concentration of these tackifying resins is 5 to 50 weight percent. The preferred concentration range for these compatible tackif¬ ying resins is 10 to 40 weight percent. Incom¬ patible tackifying resins such as those based on wood rosin esters or polyindene are not useful in the prac¬ tice of this invention since blends containing them are grainy and hazy. Furthermore, the presence of the incom¬ patible tackifying resins reduces the tack of the co¬ polymers to a very low level. The base copolymers for the blends of this invention may be made according to the procedure des¬ cribed in U.S. Patent 3,954,697. Operable melt vis¬ cosity limits for these copolymers include >75,000 cp up to 1,000,000 cp, with the preferred melt viscosity range being >75,000 cp to 850,000 cp at 190°C. Such copolymers contain 40-60 mole percent higher-1-olefin and for all practical purposes are essentially amor¬ phous. For example, these useful copolymers show little or no crystallinity by either X-ray or DSC tech- niques. It was also found that Tg and density measure¬ ments are useful for the characterization of useful copolymers. One suitable method for measuring the Tg (glass transition temperature) of polymers is by Dlf- ferential Scanning Calorimetry [John Mitchell and Jen Chlu, Anal. Chem. Annual Reviews, 4_3 267R (1971); . J. O'Neill and R. L. Fyans, ""Design of Differential Scanning Calorimeters and the Performance of a New System"", paper presented at the Eastern Analytical Symposium, New York City, November, 1971]. Density of polymers is determined in a density gradient tube (ASTM Method D1505). The copolymers used in our adhesive have a density of< 0.86 and a Tg between the Tg of poly¬ propylene (or poly-1-butene) and the Tg of the higher poly-1-olefins. For example, polypropylene has a Tg of about -20°C. and poly-1-hexene has a Tg of about -50°C. (J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Editors, ""Polymer Hand¬ book"", Intersclence Publishers, New York City, 1966). Useful propylene/1-hexene copolymers containing 40-60 mole percent 1-hexene normally show Tg values of -30 to -45°C. If the copolymer is too ""blocky"" (i.e., con¬ tains relatively long segments of propylene), the co¬ polymer will have a density of >0.86 and it will show a Tg value greater than -25°C. The NMR spactra can also be used to charact- erize the pressure-sensitive adhesives of this inven¬ tion. For example, carbon-13 NMR spectra of operable propylene/1-hexene/l-octene copolymers determined in a mixture of o-dichlorobenzene and deuterobenzene as solvent and hexamethyldisiloxane as an internal standard shows a single peak at 12.2 ppm. and a multiplicity of peaks centered at about 19 * 7, 18.9 and 18.1 ppm. The single peak at about 12.2 ppm. is due to the presence of the methyl group in the side groups of the 1-hexene and 1-octene monomer units. The three sets of multi- plets are due to the methyl side groups of the propy¬ lene monomer units. There are three sets of mul iplets since there are triads of propylene monomer units pre¬ sent in all three possible types of stereoregular con¬ figurations (e.g., Ill or ddd triads, ddl or lid triads, and Idl or did triads). These new pressure-sensitive adhesive polymers appear to be multlblock copolymers of higher 1-ole in and propylene (or 1-butene or 1-pentene) wherein the propylene (or 1-butene or 1-pentene) blocks are partly stereoregular and partly heterotactic segments which are predominantly >20 monomer units long and wherein the higher 1-olefin blocks are incapable of crystallization at least over the temperature range of -20 to 180°F. We believe these substantially amorphous copolymers contain a very low order of polypropylene- type (or 1-butene type or 1-pentene type) crystallinlty which accounts for their good cohesive strength in pressure-sensitive adhesive applications. This structural interpretation of these co¬ polymers is in accord with the following measurable parameters: Density range, g./cc. 0.85-0.86 Tg range, °C. (glass transition -30 to -45 temperature) Tm (crystalline melting point) No measurable Tm by DSC-1B instrument. A weak endotherm at about 40-45°C. can sometimes be detected with DSC-2 instrument. The type of catalyst and the polymerization conditions required to provide such copolymers are quite limited. In general, the best results have been ach¬ ieved by using catalyst systems which provide poor stereo-regulation in the polymerization of propylene or 1-butene. Combinations of Et-,A1 with AATiCl., with Al/Ti molar ratios ranging from about 1:1 to 5:1 have been found to be useful. ' It is also generally desir¬ able to conduct the polymerization at relatively high temperatures such as from 140 to 170 C, preferably 150°-l6θ°C., to provide copolymers having adequate pres¬ sure-sensitive adhesive properties. If catalysts which provide highly steroregu- lar propylene homopolymer are used to copolymerize propylene or 1-butene or 1-pentene, with hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, and decene, multiblock copolymers are often formed which contain crystallizable propylene or 1-butene or 1-pentene segments. Such copolymers usually have inadequate pressure-sensitive adhesive properties. Examples of highly stereospecific catalysts (for the polymerization of propylene) which provide these results OMPI include EtAlCl 2 /Bu 3 /TiCl 3 , EtAlCl 2 /HPT/TiCl 3 , and EtgAlCl/ HPT/TiCl 3 catalysts (Bu.N 3 tributyla ine; HPT = hexa- methylphosphoric triamide). Unmodified copolymers with melt viscosity greater than 75,000 cp are not generally useful as hot-melt, pres¬ sure-sensitive adhesives since they do not coat well on backing materials with currently available hot-melt coat- ers. The following test methods were used to evaluate the hot-melt, pressure-sensitive adhesives of this inven¬ tion. 1. The melt viscosities of the adhesives were determined according to ASTM Procedure D1238. 2. The glass transition temperatures of the ad- hesives were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (Perkin-Elmer DSC-2 instru¬ ment) operating over the range of -70 C. to +200°C. 3. The Ring and Ball softening points of the tackifying resins were determined according to ASTM Procedure E28. 4. The probe tack values of the coated tapes were determined according to the method as described by Testing Machines, Inc., A ityville, New York, the manufacturer of the Polyken Probe Tack Tester (Model TMIδO-2). The probe tack values were determined at 23°C. with the Polyken Probe Tack Tester using a 0.5 cm diameter probe, 100 g/cm contact pressure, two-second contact time, and 2 cm/second separation speed. 5. The l8θ° peel adhesion values of the coated tapes were determined according to the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council's PSTC-1 test. The amount of adhesive residue left on the stainless steel testing panels when the bonds were tested was also noted. 6. The shear adhesion failure times of the coated tapes were determined according to the Pressure Sensitive Tape Council's PSTC-7 test. 7. The bleed-through (staining) resistance of the adhesives was determined by coating the adhes¬ ives from the melt (190°C.) 0.001 to 0.002 inches thick on 60 pound Kromekote paper with a heated doctor blade. The coated paper tapes are then aged at 70°C. in a forced draft oven, and the degree of bleed-through on the paper backing was visually observed periodically up to four weeks. 8. The thermal stabilities of the adhesives were de¬ termined by heating the adhesives to 177 C. in the presence of air for 24 hours in a Brookfield Thermosel viscometer. As a measure of thermal stability, the melt viscosities of the adhesives were determined with the viscometer at 177°C. after 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours and differences from, the initial melt * viscosity were noted. Char and film formation were also noted. 9. The compatibilities of the various base copoly¬ mers with the tackifying resins were determined by melting samples of each blend between glass microscope slides on a Mettler hot stage attach- ment for a microscope. The temperature of the melt was raised to 150°C, photomicrographs were made, and phase separation (if any) was noted. The following examples show the unpredlcted and surprising advantages obtained when compatible tackifying resins are used as modifiers according to this invention. For example, the addition of compatible tackifying resins to substantially amorphous olefin copolymers of and-olefin selected from propylene, 1-butene, and 1-pentene and a higher σ-olefin of 6 to 10 carbon atoms and having a melt viscosity greater than 75,000 cp at 190 C. causes an unex¬ pected increase in the shear failure time in addition to tsTT E OMPI substantial increase in probe tack and peel adhesion values of the copolymers. It should be noted that the values ob¬ tained will depend somewhat on the degree of homogenization of the blend as well as on the thickness and smoothness of the polymer coating. Thus, the pressure-sensitive proper¬ ties of the blends of this invention may vary by as much as 10-25* depending on the blend method and on the quality of the coating. The pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions of this invention were prepared by blending together the two components in the melt at a temperature of l6θ°C. to 200°C. until a homogeneous blend was obtained. Various methods of blending materials of this type are known and any method that produces a homogeneous blend is satisfactory. These components blend easily in the melt and a heated vessel equipped with a stirrer is all that is required. For exam¬ ple, a Cowles stirrer provides an effective mixing means for preparing these hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhesive compositions. In addition to the copolymer and tackifying resin it is desirable for the hot-melt pressure-sensitive adhes¬ ive composition to contain 0.1 to about 1.5 percent by weight, preferably 0.25 percent to 1.0 percent by weight, of one or more stabilizers or antioxidants. Antioxidants that are effective for each of the various components can be used. Such antioxidants include, for example, ""Ionox"" 220 and 330 [tris(di-t-butyl-p-hydroxybenzyl)-trlmethyl- benzene], ""Dalpac"" 4C2 [2,6-di(t-butyl)-p-cresol], ""Nauga- white"" (alkylated bisphenol), ""Butyl Zimate"" (zinc dibutyl dithiocarba ate) and ""Ethyl"" 702 [4, '-methylene bis(2,β-di-tert-butylphenol)]. A particularly effective antioxidant is Irganox 1010 which is identified as pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy- phenyl)propionate]. There are numerous uses for the pressure-sensi¬ tive hot-melt adhesives of the present invention. One such use is in the construction of women's sanitary napkins. A strip of the pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesive may be applied to the polyethylene shield of the napkin and then protected by a release sheet. At the time of use, the re¬ lease sheet is removed and the napkin is held in place by adhering the pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesive to the undergarment, thus eliminating the need for belts and pins. Removal of the napkin is quick as it strips cleanly from the garment. Another use of the pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesives of this invention is in the construction of floor tiles having a preapplied adhesive for the do-it-yourself market. The pressure-sensitive hot-melt adhesive is thinly coated onto the undersurface of such floor tiles and cov¬ ered with a protective release sheet. Quick and permanent installation of the floor tiles is accomplished by removing the release sheet and pressing the tile into place. This technique of installing floor tiles can be extended to oth¬ er types of coverings such as wall tiles and ceiling tiles. Other major uses for the pressure-sensitive adhesives in- elude their use on tapes and labels. This invention can be further illustrated by the following examples. EXAMPLE 1 Poly(48-propylene-co-52-[l-hexene]) [30g; 100,000 cp at 190°C. by ASTM D1238; Tg - 31°C], 10 g of Wingtack 95 tackifying resin (a synthetic polyterpene hydrocarbon type tackifying resin based on a Cj- olefin fraction; Ring and Ball softening point = 100+5°C, iodine number = 30, specific gravity = 0.93); and 0.1 g of Irganox 1010 anti- oxidant (pentaerythritol tetrakis[3-(3,5-ditertbutyl-4- hydroxyphenyDpropionate]) were melt blended at 170 C. for 30 minutes under an atmosphere of nitrogen. The clear com¬ patible blend was removed from the mixer and allowed to cool to 23°C. At 23°C, the blend was very tacky to the touch. The melt viscosity of the blend was 31,800 cp at 190°C. The blend had a glass transition temperature (Tg) _ OMPl of -20 U C . A sample of the blend was maintained at 177 C. for 24 hours in contact with air. The sample did not change in melt viscosity during this period and it did not show any evidence of char formation or film formation on the surface of the melt. The blend was coated from the melt (190°C.) 0.001 +0.0002 inch thick onto Mylar film (0.001 inch thick) using a heated doctor blade. The resulting pressure-sensitive Q tapes were transparent and had a probe tack value of 1139 g/0.5 cm diameter probe and a 180 peel adhesion value of 4.2 pounds/inch-width after the tapes were aged for 24 hours at 23°C. and 0? relative humidity. No adhesive res¬ idue was left when the coated tapes were ' peeled from the 5 stainless steel test panels. The tapes had shear adhesion failure times of greater than 10,000 minutes when using a 1000 g static load per square inch of bond area. The probe tack and l8θ peel adhesion values were not changed when the tapes were aged for one week at 50 C. Coated tapes 0 made using 60 pound Kromekote paper were aged in an oven at 70 C. for four weeks. These aged paper tapes showed no evidence of bleed-through. Similarly good results were achieved using Wingtack 115 tackifying resin (Ring and 3all softening point = 115-120°C, molecular weight = 1400 to 5 1500) Instead of Wingtack 95. The unmodified poly(48-propylene-co-52-[l-hexene]) had a probe tack value of 04 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a l8θ° peel adhesion value of 3-7 pounds/inch-width, and a shear adhesion failure time of 6476 minutes. 0 EXAMPLE 2 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 38 g of pol (48-propylene-co-52-[l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 100,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 2 g of Wingtack 95 to prepare a blend having a melt viscosity 5 of 72,000 cp at 190°C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 7 7 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 3.9 pounds/inch, and a adhesion failure time of 8250 minutes. EXAMPLE 3 <■ The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 3^ g of poly(50-propylene-co-50-[l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 240,000 cp at 190°C. was melt blended wit 6 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend with a melt viscosity of 110,000 cp at 190°C. This blend was compatible and pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a . probe tack value of 810 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 3-3 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of greater than 10,000 minutes. EXAMPLE 4 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 26 g of poly(50-propylene-co-50-[l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 240,000 cp at 190°C. was melt blended with 14 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend with a melt viscosity of 42,000 cp at 190°C. This blend was com¬ patible and coated tapes had a probe tack value of 903 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, peel adhesion value of 4.3 pounds/ inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of greater than 10,000 minutes. EXAMPLE 5 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 20 g of a poly(50-propylene-co-50-[l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 821,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 20 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 150,000 cp at 190°C. The blend was permanently tacky and coated tapes had a shear adhesion failure time of greater than 10,000 minutes. EXAMPLE 6 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 20 g of poly(50-propylene-co-50-[l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 1,000,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 20 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 182,000 cp at 190°C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend were permanently tacky and has a shear adhesion failure time of greater than 10,000 minutes. Because of the very high melt viscosity of the unmodified copolymer, pressure-sensitive tapes could not be made using the unmodified copolymer. EXAMPLE 7 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 E of poly(50-propylene-co-50-£l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 76,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 24,500 cp at 190°C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1070 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 4.4 pounds/ inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of greater than 10,000 minutes. The unmodified poly(50-propylene-co-50-[l-hex- ene]) had a probe tack value of 560 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 3-2 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 5,560 minutes. EXAMPLE 8 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(59-propylene-co-4l-[l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 90,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 g of Zonarez 7100 resin (a polyterpene type tackifying resin; Ring and Ball softening point = 100°C.) [ASTM E28-67, color 3 (Gardner 1963, 50? in heptane) and specific gravity at 25°C. of 0.97 (ASTM D1963-61)] to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 28,700 cp at 190°C. Pres¬ sure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1090 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion val- ue of 4.9 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of greater than 10,000 minutes. EXAMPLE 9 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(42-propylene-co-58-[l-hexeneJ) having a melt viscosity of 108,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 g of Eastman resin H-100 tackifying resin (a DAC-B hydrbcarbon type tackifying resin; Ring and Ball softening point » 10Q°C.) to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 36,000 cp at 190°C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1120 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 4.5 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 7,500 minutes. EXAMPLE 10 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that a 30 g of poly(50-propylene-co-9-[l-butene]-co-4l- [1-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 105,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 g of Wingtack 95 resin to pro¬ vide a blend having a melt viscosity of 32,800 cp at 190 C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1210 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 4.8 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 8,350 minutes. EXAMPLE 11 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(50-[l-butene3-co-50-[l-hexene]) having ' a melt viscosity of 125,000 cp at 190°C. is blended with 10 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 39,^00 cp at 190°C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1300 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 5.1 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 200 minutes. The unmodified poly(50-[l-butene]-co-50-[l-hex- ene]) had a probe tack value of 790 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 3.7 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 85 minutes. EXAMPLE 12 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 S of poly(50[l-pentene]-co-50-l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 87,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 S of Wingtack 95 reβin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 29,500 cp at 190°C. Pressure-sensitive tape made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1245 g/0.5 O PI W1PO cm di&meter probe, a peel adhesion value of 4.9 pounds/ inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 180 minutes. # The unmodified poly(50-£l-ρentene]-co-50-[l- • hexene]) had a probe tack value of 780 g/0.5 cm diameter c probe, a peel adhesion value of 3 * 5 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 70 minutes. EXAMPLE 13 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(30-propylene-co-10-[l-butene]-co-10- 10 [l-pentene]-co-50-[l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 350,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 109,000 cp at 190 C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack vlaue of 1190 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a 15 peel adhesio ' value of 5.4 pounds/inch, and a shear adhe¬ sion failure time of 6,210 minutes. EXAMPLE 14 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(55-propylene-co-25-[l-hexene]-co-20- 20 [1-octene]) having a melt viscosity of 270,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 79,000 cp at 190°C. Pres¬ sure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1330 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion 25 value of 4.3 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 2,200 minutes. The unmodified poly(55-propylene-co-25-[l-hexene] -co-20-[l-octene]) had a probe tack value of 580 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 3 * 1 pounds/inch, 30 and a shear adhesion failure time of 1,025 minutes. EXAMPLE 15 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(55-propylene-co-20-£l-hexene]-co-15- [l-octene3-co-10-[l-decene]) having a melt viscosity of 35192,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 63,000 cp at 190 C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1210 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 4.6 pounds/inch, and a shear ad¬ hesion failure time of 1640 minutes. The unmodified poly(55-propylene-co-20-£l-hexenej -co-15-£l-octene]-co-10-£l-decenej) had a probe tack value of 710 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 3.4 pounds/inch, and shear adhesion failure time of 750 minutes. EXAMPLE 16 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(50-propylene-co-25-£l-hexeneJ-co-25- £l-heptenej) having a melt viscosity of 82,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 g of Wingtack 95 resin to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 26,100 cp at 190°C. Pres- sure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 1115 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion val¬ ue of 4.2 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 9,670 minutes. The unmodified poly(50-propylene-co-25-£l-hexene] -co-25-£l-heptene]) had a probe tack value of 735 g/0.5 cm diameter probe, a peel adhesion value of 3.5 pounds/inch, and a shear adhesion failure time of 4,950 minutes. The following examples (Examples 17 and 18) show that incompatible tackifying resins are not operable in the practice of this invention. For example, the addition of incompatible tackifying resins such as Foral 105 resin (a wood rosin ester tackifying resin and Picco 6100 (a polyindene type tackifying resin) to the olefin copolymers caused the coatings to be grainy and hazy and reduced the probe tack values of the blends to such a low level that they were no longer useful as pressure-sensitive adhesives. EXAMPLE 17 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(.48-propylene-co-52-£l-hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 100,000 cp at 190°C. was blended with 10 K of Picco 6100 resin (a polyindene type tackifying OMPI * resin; Ring and Ball softening point * 1Q0°C.) to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 45,000 cp at 190°C. Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 180 g/0.5 cm diameter probe. EXAMPLE 18 The procedure of Example 1 was repeated except that 30 g of poly(50-propylene-co-9-£l-butene]-co-4l-£l- hexene]) having a melt viscosity of 105*000 cp at 190°C, was blended with 10 g of Foral 105 resin (a pentaerythri- tol ester of hydrogenated rosin; Ring and Ball softening point = 105 C.) to provide a blend having a melt viscosity of 39*500 cp at 190°C Pressure-sensitive tapes made with this blend had a probe tack value of 265 g/0.5 cm diameter- probe.";We Claim: 1. An adhesive composition capable of being used as a hot-melt, pressure-sensitive adhesive characterized by a blend of (1) 95 to 50 weight percent of a substantially amor¬ phous olefin copolymer containing a C-, to C_- linear alpha-olefin and 40 to 60 mole percent of a higher alpha-olefin of 6 to 10 carbon atoms, said copolymer having a melt viscosity greater 0 than 75,000 to 1,000,000 centipoise at 190°C, and (2) 5 to 50 weight percent of a compatible tackify- . ing resin. 2. An adhesive composition according to Claim 1 _c wherein the compatible tackifying resin is a hydrocarbon tackifying resin. 3. An adhesive composition capable of being used as a hot-melt, pressure-sensitive adhesive characterized by a blend of 0 (1) 90 to 60 weight percent of a substantially amor¬ phous copolymer containing a C-, to C_- linear alphaolefin and 40 to 60 mole percent of a higher alpha-olefin of 6 to 10 carbon atoms, said copolymer having a melt viscosity greater 5 than 75,000 to 1,000,000 centipoise at 190°C, and (2) 10 to 40 weight percent of a compatible hydro¬ carbon tackifying resin. 4. An adhesive composition according to Claim 3 Q wherein said compatible hydrocarbon tackifying resin is a polyterpene resin. 5. An adhesive composition according to Claim 3 wherein the hydrocarbon tackifying resin has a Ring and Ball softening point of from 8θ°C. to 130°C, an acid num- 5 ber of from 0-2, a saponification value of less than 1, and iodine value of from 30 to 10Q. 6. An adhesive composition according to Claim 5 wherein said hydrocarbon tackifying resin is DAC-B hdyro- carbon,resin.;JOYNER F, MCCONNELL R, TROTTER J;EASTMAN KODAK CO;1978
+WO-1979000285-A1;19790531.0;19781113;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10444138.0;B24B13;;B24B13;B24B  13/02;MACHINE FOR SMOOTHING AND/OR POLISHING LENS FACES;A machine for smoothing and/or polishing lenses has a holder (8) which is carried on a slide (24). The slide is guided for movement in two mutually perpendicular directions, both of which are perpendicular to a main axis (27) of the machine. The slide is moved in a plane perpendicular to the main axis along a curved path which results from the combination of two orbital motions produced by cams (32, 35). One cam (32) is secured to the main shaft (28) and rotary motion is transmitted to the other cam (35) by an element (33) which rotates about the axis of the main shaft and is driven from the main shaft through a transmission means which has a velocity differing from unity.;"Title: Machine for smoothing and/or polishing lens faces THIS INVENTION relates to a machine for smoothing and/or polishing a non-spherical curved face of a lens, which -face has a different curvature at different angular positions about an optical axis of the lens. Such a face is referred to herein and in the art as a ""cylindrical"" face but it will be understood that the term embraces forms which cannot "" be generated by the rotation about an axis of a straight line which is parallel to that axis. Background art: To smooth and polish a cylindrical lens face, the face is rubbed on a layer of an abrasive on. a complementary face of a tool. Relative movement of respective reference axes of the lens and tool must be controlled to avoid changing the curvature of the face of the lens and the relative movement must change throughout the operation to avoid the formation of marks on the face of the lens. Known machines for smoothing and polishing cylindrical faces of lenses have complex driving means for moving one of the tool' and the lens relative to the other in a manner such that the locus of a point on the lens relative to a point on the tool shows little regularity. These known driving arrangements cause abrupt changes of direction of the tool or lens and elements of the driving means undergo rapid changes in velocity. These elements must be robust and accordingly are fairly massive. During operation, the known machines are subjected to severe vibration which is accompanied by excessive noise and by deterioration of the machine. The inertia of moving parts results in variations between the pressure under which the tool contacts the lens at different places on the face of the lens and these variations in pressure result in changes in the curvature of the lens face. A further disadvantage of the known machines is that the driving means is not capable of controlling relative movement of the reference axes of the tool and lens sufficiently accurately. Inaccuracy in such control also leads to changes in the curvature of the lens face. Disclosure of the Invention: According to a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a machine for smoothing and/or polishing lenses comprising at least one pair of relatively movable holders arranged for holding respective ones of a tool and the workpiece which are to be rubbed together by relative movement of the holders, constraining means for maintaining respective reference axes of the holders parallel to a reference plane and driving means for causing said relative movement of the holders wherein the constraining means comprises a first slide, means for guiding the first slide along a first rectilinear path relative to a body of the machine, a second slide and means for guiding the second slide along a second rectilinear path relative to the first slide, the second path being transverse to the first path. Preferably, said paths are perpendicular to each other. According to a second aspect of the invention, there is provided a machine for smoothing and/or polishing lenses comprising at least one pair of relatively movable O holders arranged for holding respective ones of a tool and a workpiece which are to be rubbed together by relative movement of the holders, constraining mea_ns for maintaining respective reference axes of the holders parallel to a reference plane and driving means for causing said relative movement of the holders, wherein the driving means comprises first and second elements which are rotatable about a main axis at respective different speeds, the first element defining an auxiliary axis offset from the main axis to move around the main axis when the first element rotates and an output element mounted for rotation about the auxiliary axis, the second element being so associated with the output element as to move the output element around the auxiliary axis when the second element moves around the main axis. The main axis may be fixed with respect to a body of the machine and there may be provided means for connecting one of the holders with the output element for displacement therewith relative to the main axis. The other holder may occupy a fixed position with respect to the main axis and the body of the machine. There may be provided coupling means for coupling the second element to the output element, the coupling means being adapted for transmitting rotary drive from the second element to the output element and for accommodating relative displacement of the second element and output element radially of the axis about which one of these elements rotates. The coupling means may comprise a roller which is movable along a slot. The driving means may include transmission means for transmitting rotary motion between^the first element and the second element with a velocity ratio other than unit . There may be provided a main shaft on which the first element is secured and the transmission means may comprise a lay shaft which is driven from the main shaft and from which drive is transmitted to the second element. The lay shaft axis is preferably fixed with respect to the main axis. Brief description of the drawings: One example of an embodiment of the invention will now be described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein:- FIGURE 1 shows diagrammatically a side elevation of a machine for smoothing and/or polishing a lens face, FIGURE 2 shows diagrammatically .a cross section of certain parts of the machine on the line 2-2 of Figure 1, FIGURE 3 shows diagrammatically a cross section of further parts of the machine on the line 3-3 of Figure 1, and FIGURE shows a cross section of the parts shown in Figure 2 in a plane containing a main axis of the machine. The- machine comprises a body 1 which remains stationary during operation of the machine and may stand on a bench so that the machine is at a convenient height for loading lenses and tools into the machine. On the body, there is provided a vice 2 for holding one of a lens and a tool which are to be rubbed together. In the particular example shown, a smoothing or polishing tool 3 is clamped in the vice and is held thereby in a fixed position relative to the body 1. The vice can be opened by means of a hand wheel 4 for substitution of the tool 3 by a different tool. On an upwardly facing convex face of the tool 3* there rests a lens having a downwardly facing, concave face which is to be smoothed or polished. On the surface of the lens remote from the tool, there is a metal pallet 6 to which the lens is secured, for example by pitch or by a low-melting point alloy. In an upwardly facing surface of the pallet 6, there are formed two recesses in which there engage a pair of spigots 7- The spigots are provided on a lens holder 8 which is supported on one end of a lever 9 for pivoting movement rel ative to the lever about a horizontal axis 10 which extends from front to rear of the machine. The lens holder may take various know forms, one of which is that of a yoke. The lever 9 is supported for pivoting about a horizontal axis 11 which is perpendicular to the axis 10. For urging the lens 5 towards the tool 3 and establishing a predetermined pressure at the interface between the lens and tool, there is provided a piston and cylinder unit whereof the piston 12 is connected through the intermediary of a universal joint 13 with an end of the lever 9 remote from the lens holder 8. The cylinder 1 of the unit is connected at its end remote from the lever 9 with the body 1 through the intermediary of a further universal joint 15. The machine further comprises driving means for causing movement of the lens holder 8 relative to the body 1 and the tool i n horizontal directions to rub the faces of the lens and tool together, and constrain¬ ing means for maintaining respective reference axes l6 and 17 of the vice 2 and lens holder 8 parallel to a reference plane. This reference plane is parallel to the opposed surfaces of the jaws of the vice 2 between which the tool 3 is gripped and contains the reference axis of the vice. The constraining means comprises a set of first slides 18 to 21 and a pair of rectilinear bars 22 and 23 for guiding the first slides along respective rectilinear paths relative to the body 1. The bars 22 and 23 are parallel to each other, are secured to the body 1 and are arranged with their lengths extending from fro3it to rear of the machine. The slides 18 and 19 are slidable along the bar 22 and the bars 20 and 21 are slidable along the bar 23. The constraining means further comprises a second slide 2 and a pair of rectilinear bars 2 and 26 for guiding the second slide along a rectilinear path trans- verse to the bars 22 and 23. In the particular example shown, the bars 25 and 26 are perpendicular to the bars 22 and 23. Each of these bar's is perpendicular to a main axis 27 of the machine which extends in the same general direction as that in which the vice 2 and lens holder 8 are spaced apart. The bars 5 and 26 are carried by the first slides 18 * to 21 for movement there¬ with. Opposite end portions of the bar 2 are secured in respective apertures in the slides 18 and 20 and opposite end portions of the bar 26 are secured in respective apertures in the slides 19 and 21. The bars 25 and 26 extend through respective apertures in the second slide 24 with a sliding fit. The slide 24 is thus constrained against turning about any axis relative to the body 1 but is free to undergo limited movement relative to the body in all directions perpendicular to the main axis 2 . The pivot by which the lever 9 s supported for pivoting about the axis 11 is carried by and is fixed with respect to the second slide 24 so that the lever 9 can turn relative to the body 1 only about the axis 11 and the lens holder 8 can turn relative to the body only about the axes 10 and 11 which are perpendicular to each other and to the main axis 27. The lens 5 is constrained against turning about the- main axis 27 or any axis parallel thereto. The driving means comprises a main shaft 28 which is supported in bearings 29 on the body 1 for rotation about the main axis 27, the latter being fixed with respect to the body. For driving the main shaft, there is provided a motor 30 having an output shaft which is connected with the main shaft by a belt and pulley drive 31. On the main shaft, there is carried a first element in the form of a cam 2 which is keyed to the shaft for ro¬ tation therewith about the main axis 2 and a second element in the form of a pulley 33 which is rotatable about the main axis 27 independently of the main shaft 28. The periphery of the cam 32 is eccentric with respect to the main axis 2 and defines an auxiliary axis 3^- offset from the main axis. An output element in the form of .a cam 35 is arranged to rotate about the auxiliary axis, running on the periphery of the first cam 3 . Preferably, a ball bearing is interposed between the cams 32 and 35 but this bearing has been omitted from the drawing for clarity of illustration. For transmitting displacement of the output cam 35 to the second slide 24, there is provided a ring 36 which is secured to the second slide and runs on the output cam. Again, a ball bearing is preferably interposed between the cam 35 and the ring 3 but this bearing has been omitted from the drawing for clarity. The interface between the output cam 35 and the ring 36 is eccentric with respect to the auxiliary axis 34. Accordingly, if the output cam 35 is turned about the auxiliary axis it causes the ring 36 and the second slide 24 to be * displaced along a circular path relative to the auxiliary axis- For turning the output cam 35 about the auxiliary axis, there is provided transmission means for transmitting rotary motion from the main shaft 28 to the pulley 33 and coupling means for transmitting that motion from the pulley to the output cam. The coupling means couples the output cam and pulley 33 together for rotary motion but is adapted to accommodate relative displacement of the pulley and output cam radially of the auxiliary axis 34. In the pulley 33 . there is formed a radially extending track 50 in which there is engaged a roller 37. The roller is carried on a spindle 38 secured to the output cam 35. If the pulley is rotated about the main axis 27 . the roller 37 s carried around that axis and so turns the output cam about the auxiliary axis 3 , the roller moving along the track in the pulley towards and away from the auxiliary axis to accommodate the eccentricity of the axes. The transmission means comprises a lay shaft 39 supported by bearings 40 on the body 1 for rotation about an axis which is fixed relative to the body and is parallel to the main axis 27. A belt and pulley drive 42 is provided for transmitting drive from the main shaft 28 to the lay shaft and a further belt and pulley.drive 43 is provided for transmitting rotary drive from the lay shaft to the pulley 33• It will be noted that the pulleys of the drives 31 » 42 and 43 each rotates about a respective OM axis which is fixed relative to the body 1 so that there is no variation in the tension of the drive belts during operation of the machine. The respective velocity ratios of the belt and 5 pulley drives 42 and 43 are such that the overall velocity ratio of the transmission means differs from unity. The speed of rotation of the pulley 33 is less than that of the first cam 32. We have found that a transmission means having a velocity ratio of 4l6:19 gives satisfactory 10 results. As the main shaft 28 rotates, the auxiliary axis 34 is carried around the main axis 27 by the first cam 32. This motion is transmitted through the output cam 35 to the ring 6 and the second slide 24. An additional, 15 but slower, rotary motion is applied to the ring 36 and slide 24 by rotation of the output cam 35 about the auxiliary axis 34. in the manner previously described. The motion of the slide 24 is therefore the resultant of combining two circular motions of different frequency 20 and the lens holder 8 executes a corresponding motion relative to the vice 2. Because the motion is produced by combining continuous rotary motions, neither any element of the driving means nor the lens 5 s subjected to abrupt changes of direction or rapid changes in •25 velocity. A further advantage provided by the fundamentally rotary motion produced by the machine described, as compared with the fundamentally reciprocating motions provided in known machines, is that a greater degree 30 of rubbing is produced by a circular motion of given throw than is produced by a reciprocating motion of the same throw. This enables a relatively small throw to be used in the machine described and this enables proper contact to be maintained between the lens and tool with rocking of the lens about the axis 10 and rocking of the lens about an axis defined by the spigots 7 through only relatively small angles. If a single machine is to be used on different occasions for smoothing and for polishing lenses, then we prefer that the eccentricity of the first cam 32 and the eccentricity of the output cam 35 should be adjustable β "" We have found that good results are achieved if, for smoothing, the eccentricity of the first cam 32 is 33 m and the eccentricity of the output cam 35 is 10 mm. For polishing, we have found that a first cam with an eccentricity of 57 mm and an output cam with an eccen¬ tricity of 10 mm provides good results. To enable the eccentricity of the first cam 32 to be adjusted, this cam is formed in two parts, namely an inner part 44 and an outer part 45. The inner part 44 is keyed to the main shaft 28 and the outer part 45 s releasably clamped to the inner part by a clamping screw 46. ' When the clamping screw is slackened, the outer part can be adjusted relative to the inner part about an axis which is offset from the main axis 27 to adjust the eccentricity of the periphery of the first cam relative to the main axis. Similarly, the output cam 35 formed in two parts, namely a lower part 47 and an upper part 48. The lower part 47 runs on the first cam 3 and carries the spindle 38. The ring 36 runs on the upper part 48 and the parts 47 and 48 are releasably clamped together by a clamping screw 49 * "" When the clamping screw is slackened, the eccentricity of the ring 6 with respect to the auxiliary- axis 34 can be adjusted. The range of adjustment of the OM cai s 32 and 35 s limited by the respective forms of the components of these cams so that it is not possible to set the machine in a condition in which a moving part of the machine will foul some other part of the machine during operation. Industrial applicability: The driving means and constraining means of the machine combine to cause the lens 5 to move smoothly relative to the tool 3 along a curved path which has no abrupt changes of direction, brings about a relatively large amount of rubbing contact between all parts of the lens face and the tool and controls the relative movement so that the reference axis 17 of the lens is maintained in the reference plane containing the reference axis l6 of the tool. Although the machine is especially useful for smoothing and polishing cylindrical faces of lenses, both convex and concave faces, the machine is also useful for smoothing and polishing part-spherical faces of lenses. As in known machines for smoothing and polishing lenses, there may be provided means for feeding a slurry of abrasive particles in a liquid coolant to the inter¬ face between the lens 5 and the tool 3 and there may further be provided a housing in which the vice 2, tool 3 lens 5 and lens holder 8 are disposed. Such housing would prevent the abrasive slurry being thrown away from the machine and would enable the slurry to be collected and re-used in a known manner. Since the housing and slurry feed means form no part of the present invention, they have been omitted from the accompanying drawings and will not be more particularly described.";Claims : 1. A machine for smoothing and/or polishing lenses comprising at least one pair of relatively movable holders (2, 8) arranged for holding respective ones of a tool (3) and a workpiece (5) which are to be rubbed together by relative movement of the holders, constraining means for maintaining respective reference axes (l6, 17) of the holders parallel to a reference plane and driving means for causing said relative movement of the holders characterised in that the constraining means comprises a first slide (l8 -2l) , means (22, 23) for guiding the first slide along a first rectilinear path relative to a body (l) of the machine, a second (24) slide and means (25, 26) for guiding the second slide along a second rectilinear path relative to the first slide, the second path being transverse to the first path. 2. A machine according to claim 1 further characterised in that the first path is perpendicular to the second path. 3 - A machine according to claim 1 or claim 2 further characterised in that the means for guiding the first slide comprises at least one rectilinear element (22, 23) * along which the first slide is slidable and in that the means for guiding the second slide comprises at least one further rectilinear element (25, 26) along which the second slide is slidable. 4. A machine according to any preceding claim further characterised in that the first and second paths are both perpendicular to an axis (27) of the machine. 5. A machine for smoothing and/or polishing lenses comprising at least one pair of relatively movable holders (2, 8) arranged for holding respective ones OM - of a tool (3) and a workpiece (5) which are to be rubbed together by relative movement of the holders, constraining means for maintaining respective reference axes (l6, 17) of the holders parallel to a reference plane and driving means for causing said relative movement of the holders characterised in that the driving means comprises first and second elements (32, 33) which are rotatable about a main axis (27) at respective different speeds, the first element defining an auxiliary axis (34) offset from the main axis (27) to move around the main axis when the first element rotates and an output element (35) mounted for rotation about the auxiliary axis (34), .the second element (33) being so associated with the output element (35) as to move the output element around the auxiliary axis when the second element moves around the main axis. 6. A machine according to claim 5 further characterised in that the main axis (27) is fixed with respect to a body (l) of the machine and there is provided means (36, 24, 9) connecting one of the holders (8) with the output element (35) for displacement therewith relative to the main axis. 7. A machine according to claim 5 Q1 ~ claim 6 further characterised by means (37 . 38) for coupling the second element (33) to the output element (35)j the coupling means being adapted for transmitting rotary drive from the second element to the output element and for accommodating relative displacement of the second element and the output element radially of the auxiliary axis (34). 8. A machine according to claim 7 further characterised in that the coupling means comprises a roller (37) movable along a slot (50). 9. A machine according to any one of claims 6 to 8 further characterised by the provision of transmission means (39 . 42, 43) for transmitting rotary motion from the first element (3 ) to the second element (33) with a velocity ratio differing from unity. 10. A machine according to claim 9 further characterised by a main shaft (28) on which the first element (32) is secured and by a lay shaft (39) comprised by the trans¬ mission means, there being provided first drive means (42) for transmitting rotary drive from the main shaft to the lay shaft and second drive means (43) for trans¬ mitting rotary drive from the lay shaft to the second element (33). 11. A machine according to claim 10 further characterised in that the lay shaft is supported by bearings (40) for rotation about an axis which is fixed with respect to the axis (27) of the main shaft (28). 12. A machine according to any one of claims 5 to 11 further characterised in that the constraining means comprises a first slide (l8-2l), means (22, 23) for guiding the first slide along a first rectilinear path relative to the body 1 of the machine, a second slide (24) and means (25, 26) for guiding the second .slide along a second rectilinear path relative to the first slide, the second path being transverse to the first path. 13. A machine according to claim 12 further characterised in that said first and second paths are each perpendicular to the main axis (27). OMPI;EADON ALLEN S;DOLLOND AITCHISON SERVICE, EADON ALLEN S, DOLLOND & AITCHISON SERVICES LTD;1978
+WO-1979000286-A1;19790531.0;19781108;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25310453.0;E04F17;F01N7, F01N1;F01N1, F02C7, F16L9, F16L55, F24F13;F01N   1/00B, F01N   1/02, F02C   7/045, F16L  55/027J, F16L   9/21, F24F  13/24, R01N   1/00B1, R01N 490/15B;PACKLESS SILENCER;The acoustical gas flow silencer field, e.g. heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems, engine intakes and exhausts, process blowers and compressors, etc. In the prior art, silencers were constructed using an absorbtive material, which was both expensive and inefficient. The device described herein is a packless silencer, and accomplishes the desired end of dampening undesired noise in a manner both more economical and efficient than heretofore known. The invention described is a resistive sheet type of duct liner or duct silencer, i.e., a liner or silencer in which acoustical flow resistance is concentrated in a thin face sheet (14a) separating the flow passage and acoustical cavity (16) the invention disclosed is a means for applying inexpensive perforated facings (14) and (14a) similar to those in a conventional packed silencer, to provide resistive sheets which are effective in terms of noise dissipation and in terms of self-noise (noise generated by flow through the flow passages).@00;"BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conventional silencer* of the type in which the silencer is inserted into the flow of gas to attenuate noiae traveling in thegas stream have generally relied upon viscous friction in the pores of a cavity filler material. A conventional silencer typically includes a duct member within which is positioned one or more silen¬ cer elements consisting of a perforated facing plate be¬ hind which is positioned a filler material, βuch as foam, rockwool, fiberglass or other fibrous acoustically absorb- tive bulk material. The filler may be referred to as packing. Because these packed duct silencers rely on absorption by the packing, the perforated facing sheet ia designed to provide optimum sound access from the flow passage to the packing material. Face sheet open face area in these silencers are typically 207. and more. The use of packing to absorb acoustical noise introduces problems in many applications. The packing tends to erode under high velocity conditions; the pack¬ ing may absorb toxic or flammable substances or micro¬ organisms; the packing is subject to attack by chemicals; and in the event of fire, some otherwise desirable pack¬ ings may provide fuel or produce toxic gases. It has been known for nearly thirty years that, by using face sheets with suitable acoustic flow resis¬ tance in lieu of conventional perforated face sheets, broad band acoustical absorption could be obtained with¬ out the use of packing. In order to overcome packing problems, silen¬ cers have been designed in which the required acoustic resistance was provided by thin resistive sheets rather than by packing. The resistive sheets of these con¬ structions have been structually self-supporting sintered materials or laminates of fabrics (metals, glass or syn- thetic), felts (metal, synthetic or organic) or sintered materials (metal or ceramics) - typically supported on a structural perforated sheet. These silencers have found very limited use due to their high cost. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention overcomes the shortcom¬ ings of the prior art by making use of a commercially available perforated face sheet having an open area in the range of 2 to 107. to provide suitable acoustic flow resistance which is enhanced by the flow present in the silencer passages as a normal consequence of its use. By proper choice of perforation geometry in a thin sheet of stainless, cold rolled, galvanized steel, aluminum or other metallic or synthetic material, broad band noise dissipation of a useful magnitude can be ob¬ tained without the use of packing and without generating unacceptable levels of self-noise. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a perspective view illustrating a packless acoustic silencer of the present invention; Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 2-2 in Figure 1; Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a series arrangement of silencers in accordance with the present invention; Figure 4 is a cross-sectional view of a silencer of Figure 1 joined with a silencer of the same type, but with cavity depth chosen to enhance performance at a higher frequency; Figure 5 is a cross-sectional view of two silen- OM .A < . cers of Figure 4 joined by a transition member designed to reduce restriction to air flow while further supple¬ menting high frequency performance; Figure 6 is a cross-sectional view of two silen- cere of Figure 1 joined by a transition member with a splitter; Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of a triple tuned silencer in which each of three modules provides broad band performance but each of which is tuned for peak performance at a different frequency; and Figures 8-11 are graphs of various silencer performance correlations as function of octave band fre¬ quency. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT While this invention is susceptible of embodi¬ ment in many different forms , there is shown in the draw¬ ings and will hereinafter be described in detail a pre¬ ferred embodiment of the invention, and modifications thereto, with the understanding that the present disclo- ' sure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiments illustrated. Figures 1 and 2 show a packless acoustic silen¬ cer 10 which includes a four sided duct member 12. With- in the duct is positioned a pair of opposed facing panels 14 having a generally flattened semi-elliptical shape. The opposing flat portions 14a of each panel are per¬ forated to provide a plurality of holes h which open to chambers (or cavities) 16 formed behind each panel and separated by partition walls 18. Silencer 10 is adapted to be placed in a duct system, e.g. heat, ventilating and air conditioning duct. The gas flow, e.g. air, is in the direction indicated by the arrow although gas flow may also be reversed. Duct member 12 may be made of galvanized sheet metal or other materials . Facing panel 14 is made from galvanized or stainless steel or other metallic or non-metallic, struc¬ turally stable material. Advantageously, the perfora- tions have a hole diameter as small as is economically available from a conventional perforation punching pro¬ cess. A diameter of 0.032 or 0.046 inch is suitable for 26 gauge material, applicable to an air conditioning silencer; and 0.125 is suitable for 11 gauge steel which might be used in a gas turbine silencer. Advsn- tageouflly, the spacing of the perforations h is suπh that an open are* ratio of less than 207-, preferably in th p range of 2 to 107. is achieved along the face panels. The thickness of rhe face, panel may be in the range of 26 gauge to 11 gauge (0.018 to 0.12 inch). Lighter gauges of corrosion resistant material might be used if provision is made for structural support and stiffening. Heavier gauge might be used in some spe¬ cial applications, but probably with a loss of sound dissipation efficiency. The perforated panel or sheet 14 is character¬ ized by its hole diameter d, , hole separation S, and sheet thickness t. The acoustical (dynamic) impedance of the sheet Z , consists of a resistive part R B and a reactive (mass reactive) part Xs * The acoustical im- pedance of the air cavity 16 behind the sheet depends upon the depth d and the spacing between partitions S . The impedance of the cavities 16 is mainly reac¬ tive, representing a stiffness at low frequencies with a corresponding reactance X . The attenuation of the silencer may be express¬ ed in terms of an imoedance Z which is the sum of the sheet impedance Zs„ and the cavity J reactance. The total resistance is equal to the sheet re- sistance 8„ and the total reactance X is the sum of the εheet and cavitv reactance, X ■ Xβ„ + Xc... Attenuation is a complex function of R and X. As a design suide, it has been found that optimization of the attenuation is approximately equivalent to maxi- mization ofthe following quantity: R_ R s"" + < X s + X c Thus. Rs cannot be too small or too large and ^ X s + X c^ cannot b β t0 ° large. Optimization of the resistive factor for silen¬ cers suited to the applications Dreviously noted is ob¬ tained with an acoustic flow resistance. Rs„ ■ - in the range of 1 to 4 <?r. where θc is the characteristic re- siεtance of gas. e.g. air. -- t 1 being density and c being the speed of sound for the particular application. This resistance in prior art silencers has been provid¬ ed by the viscous friction in the pores of resistive sheet materials. In the. present invention, however, an optimum flow resistance is produced bv interaction of mean flow in the duct with the perforated facing panel. The mechanism, through which mean flow υroduces an optimum resistance, is related to an acoustically induced de- flection or ""switching"" of some of the mean flow in and out of the perforations. This switchinε requires energy which is taken from the sound field. This effect, first observed by C.E. McAuliffe in 1950. Study of Effect of Grazing Flow on Acoustical Characteristics of an Aper- ture, M.S. Thesis. Department of Naval Architecture, M.I.T.. can be expressed as an equivalent acoustic re¬ sistance of the sheet. In addition, the total attenuation depends on the width π of the Rilencer flow passage and the length . In utilizing a perforated sheet chosen to pro- vide (in conjunction with mean flow) the desired pro¬ perties for dissipation of sound, a serious problem arises which, until the present invention, prevented theuse of perforated sheets to form a packless βilen- cer. The problem, initially referred to as ""whistle"", has to do with the self-noise which was produced by interaction of flow with the sound and with the per¬ forations in the sheet. The self-noise produced by a silencer depends on the flow speed and on the geometrical parameters of the perforated sheet. Theoretical analysis has provided some guide¬ lines for optimization of attenuation. However, there is at present no reliable theoretical analysis from which the level of self-noise can be predicted, and applicants have had to rely on experimental studies to establish self-noise characteristics. A combined theoretical and experimental inves¬ tigation, involving tests of over a hundred configura- tions , has led applicants to a range of design para¬ meters which yield the maximum possible attenuation with self-noise acceptable even in critical HVAC appli¬ cations which do not complicate, or significantly in¬ crease the cost of,the perforated resistive sheet. Experimental investigation confirmed that op¬ timum properties of sound dissipation are obtained with perforated open areas in the range of 2.5 to 107.. A correlation of self-noise level with mean flow velo¬ city and percent open area, and a correlation of peak self-noise frequency with mean flow velocity and the perforation geometry have been found. Discovery of a correlation of self-noise level with perforation geo¬ metry permits the reduction in self-noise of as much as 30 decibels by choices of perforation geometry that still fall within the ranee of economically producible OMPI and commercially available perforated metal sheets. The appended graphs, Figures 8-11, illustrate some of the significant correlations that appli¬ cants have obtained. Figure 8 shows self-noise for packless silencers with various face sheet perforation diameters but otherwise of identical configuration and construction and at the same mean flow velocity. The perforated face sheet in each was 26 gauge with a 2-1/27. open area. The perforation diameters ,032, ,046, .062, .078, .094. .125 and .188. The air flow speed is 1500 feet per minute (FPM) . Figure 9 shows self-noise under similar condi¬ tions as described above except that the two silencers compared have perforations of the same diameter (.125 inch) but have different perforation geometries in that thickness of the perforated sheets is different (26 gauge and 11 gauge) with flow at 1000 FPM. Figure 10 shows calculated packless silencer attentuation for an effective face sheet flow resis- tance of 2 ^c versus actual performance of a silencer constructed according to this invention. Figure 11 shows attenuation of three silencers constructed according to this invention with 1. 2.5 and 7.27. perforated face open areas. This graph illustrates loss of performance with open area less than 27.. The silencer 10 as previously discussed re¬ places a length of duct work in a gas passage. Although the face panels 14 are illustrated as being on opposite sides of the flow chamber, the entire flow passage may be faced with perforated face panels of the type des¬ cribed, e.g. rectangular or cylindrical duct with a packless duct liner. In some applications, it may be desirable, de¬ pending upon allowable flow restriction and acoustical requirements, to arrange several silencers in series. Some of these arrangements are Illustrated in Figures 3-7, wherein corresponding numerical designations indicate corresponding elements. Figure 3 illustrates a tandem arrangement of three silencers 10 which provide a convenient means of extending the effective lenizth of the silencer through the use of standard silencer modules. Figure 4 illustrates a combined silencer which includes a first silencer 10 and a second silencer 20 in tandem. Silencer 20 is similar in structure to silen¬ cer 10 except that its flow passage includes a splitter element 25. Splitter 25 is generally of a flattened elliptical shape and provides perforated facing panels 25a adjacent the gas flow passages. The center of splitter 25 includes cavity partitions 25b. The proce¬ dure for selecting the hole size and open area of the face sheets is as previously described. Cavity depth and flow passage width are chosen to optimize attenua¬ tion at a higher frequency for silencer 20 than for silencer 10. This combination provides better dynamic insertion loss (DIL) in some octave bands than does a combination of two silencers of configuration 10 so that design flexibility may be increased if acoustic noise tn these octave bands is critical in the appli- cation. Figure 5 illustrates a silencer combination of silencers 10 and 20 joined by a transition member 30. Member 30 provides a tapered transition from silencer 10 to silencer 20 and includes perforated face panels 34 and a centrally disposed generally triangular shaped splitter 35 having perforated facing panels 35a adjacent the flow paths and a central longitudinal partition wall 35b. The transition member 30 is useful in improving DIL in the higher frequencies and in reducing flow restriction. OMP < Figure 6 illustrates a pair of silencers 10 joined by a hi?h frequency transition member 40. This arrangement, similar to that shown in Figurt 5, supple¬ ments DIL of similar silencers in tandem, transition member 40 includes lateral perforated facing panels 44 which define a cavity 46 with longitudinally disposed partitions 48. A central splitter 45 of flattened el¬ liptical βhape includes perforated facing panels 45A and a longitudinal partition wall 45b. Figure 7 illustrates A triple tuned silencer arrangement wherein the flow passage width is progres¬ sively reduced by a factor of 1/2 through three silen¬ cers, as indicated in the figure. This arrangement has application in situations where e^en broader range DIL is desired. The arrangement includes a silencer 10' having a flow passage width of d joined to a single splitter silencer 20' having two flow passages each d/2 in width. Finally, silencer 50 includes three splitters 55 which further divide the flow oassages to a width of d/4. Each splitter 50 includes a pair of Derforated facing panels 55a and central longitudinally disposed partition wall 55b. The duct wall also Includes per¬ forated facing panels 54. From the above description, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that other modifi¬ cations may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope and spirit thereof as pointed out in the appended claims.";"WE CLAIM: 1. A packless acoustic silencer comprising facing panel mean* separating fluid flow patha from adjacent acoustical cavities; βflid facing panels being perforated sheets having an open area in the range of 2-10 percent, said open area causing a switching action of the mean fluid flow in and out of the perforations, whereby the acoustic energy of the air flow is reduced. 2. The silencer of Claim 1, wherein said per- forationβ have an effective diameter in the range of from about .032 inch to 0.125 inch respectively for sheet thicknesses from 26 gauge to 11 gauge, 3- The silencer of Claim 2, wherein said per¬ forations are circular in shape. 4. The silencer of ClAim 2, wherein said facing panel is between 1/64 to about 1/8 inch in thickness. 5. The silencer of Claim 1, further including at least one splitter element having perforated facing panels with a percent open area in the range of 2-10 per cent. 6. The silencer of Claim 1, further including a second silencer joined in tandem therewith. 7. The silencer of Claim 6, further comprising a transition silencer located between said silencer and said second silencer. ' 8 The silencer of Claim 7, wherein said tran¬ sition silencer is tuned for optimum dynamic insertion loss spectra appropriate to the intended application. 9. A packless acoustic silencer comprising facing panel means separating fluid flow paths from adjacent acoustical cavities, said facing panels being perforated sheets having an open area in the range of 20 per cent, said open area causing a switching action of themean fluid flow in andout of the perforations, where- by the acoustic energy of the air flow is reduced. O PI . A< •_- WIPO 10. The silencer of Claim 9, wherein said per cent open area is in the range of 2 to 10 ptr cent.";HIRSCHORN M, INGARD U, MORGAN J;INDUSTRIAL ACOUSTICS CO, IND ACOUSTICS CO INC;1978
+WO-1979000297-A1;19790531.0;19781114;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;27127032.0;B21D51;C10M3, B65D25;B21D22, B21D51, C10M105;B21D  22/20B, C10M 105/32, M10M 207/281, M10M 207/282, M10M 207/283, M10M 207/286, M10M 290/04, M10N 240/402, M10N 240/403, M10N 240/404, M10N 240/405, M10N 240/406, M10N 240/407, M10N 240/408, M10N 240/409;METHOD OF MAKING METAL CONTAINERS;A precoated stock material for use in forming a drawn and ironed container and a method of forming such container is disclosed herein. In the past, water soluble lubricants applied to the stock material during drawing and ironing had to be removed to produce an acceptable surface for subsequent coatings or decorations. This often involved use of harsh chemicals which, in some cases, involved potential health hazards. Recent efforts aimed at use of partially cured coatings containing lubricants applied prior to drawing and ironing have been unsuccessful in the sense that production rate is unacceptable and the coating is often removed during ironing. In this invention, the stock material initially has a layer of lubricant applied to at least one surface of the metal base with the lubricant consisting essentially of a Fatty acid ester of a mono or polyhydric alcohol and having a distribution of less than 0.5 mg./cm.<s2>s (3 mg./in.<s2>s). The method contemplates applying the layer of lubricant to a metal stock, such as aluminum, black plate or tinplate, cutting a disc from the metal stock, and transforming the disc into a drawn and ironed container without additional lubricant being applied to the tooling. In one version of the invention, a black plate stock material has a curable polymeric coating applied to one surface which is then partially cured and a layer of lubricant is applied to the other surface.;"METHOD OF FORMING SEAMLESS CONTAINERS Background of the Invention The present invention relates generally to containers and more particularly to an improved stock material for making containers and a method for forming seamless drawn and ironed containers from the improved stock material. The use of a two-piece container for packaging beer and/or carbonated beverages has become very popular in recent years. The two-piece container consists of a container sidewall or body that has a unitary end wall at one end thereof. The second piece for the con¬ tainer consists of an end which is seamed to the open end of the container. In the formation of drawn and ironed containers, a finished container is produced by initially cutting a disc from a sheet or coil of stock material and substan¬ tially simultaneously transforming the disc into a shallow cup in a conventional cupping machine that forms part of a can manufacturing line. The shallow cup is then converted into a drawn and ironed container in a body maker wherein the shallow cup is reformed into a cup of different dimensions and then passed through a plurality of ironing rings that cooperate with a punch to decrease the wall thickness of the reformed cup and produce a seamless container. Alternatively, the cup may initially have a diameter substantially equal to the final diameter so that the reforming or redrawing in the body maker is not necessary. In most commercial machinery utilized for forming the cups and then converting the cups to drawn and ironed containers, a lubricant-coolant is utilized in the cupper for providing the necessary lubricity between the surface of the sotck material and the tooling. The body making machinery also incorporates mechanism for flowing a lubricant-coolant to the surface of the container and to the ironing dies utilized in cooperation with the punch. Conventionally, the lubrican coolant consists of a mixture of water and an emulsified oil or emulsified synthetic lubricant, such as a com¬ mercially available Texaco 591 product. One of the difficulties with utilizing the water soluble emulsified oils in the cupping as well as the drawing and ironing tooling is subsequent cleaning of the finished con- tainers to remove the emulsified oils from the surfaces thereof. In order to produce an acceptable surface that can subsequently be coated and/or decorated, it is necessary to utilize harsh chemicals and washing tempera¬ tures as high as 72° C to remove the undesired emulsified oils. Furthermore, it has been determined that some emulsified oils may become toxic which presents a po¬ tential health hazard. Presently, most drawn and ironed containers are formed from aluminum because of the relative ease in fabric ' ability of the container. Because of the cost of aluminum, manufacturers are constantly striving to find an acceptable substitute for aluminum which can be manufactured at a competitive cost. One acceptable alternative for the drawn and ironed aluminum container is commonly referred to as tinplate. This material includes a base plate of low carbon steel, such as black plate which has both ' sur¬ faces covered with a thin layer of tin. The tin coating acts as a low friction, ductile material during the ironing process and also resists corrosion. While tinplate has been found to be an acceptable alternate for aluminum, the availability of this material is limited and the cost is high. OMP WIP Bethlehem Steel Corporation also has continued its development efforts for producing a beer and carbonated beverage container from black plate using conventional machinery by applying organic coating to the black plate which can then be drawn and ironed at a price which is competitive to the present day tinplate or aluminum container. To this end, a proposed process is disclosed in United States Patent No. 4,032,678. This process contemplates the formation of special organic coating systems that enable container manufacturers to produce drawn and ironed beer and soft- drink cans from black plate. The foregoing patent describes two coating concepts that have been developed for black plate, one of which consists of admixing a thermosetting coating and a lubricant and applying this mixture to both sides of the black plate blank and partially curing the mixture before the blank is con¬ verted into a finished container. The other concept contemplates supplying the coating-lubricant mixture to only the one side of the blank (the side forming the outside of the can) , and applying a coating lubricant alone to the other side of the blank (the side that forms the inside of the can) , However, while such process is acceptable in laboratory trials at slow speeds, actual tests have shown that the partially-cured coating having the lubricant mixed therein, while allowing drawing and ironing of the container, is not acceptable for making cans at commercial production rates and most of the coating is removed during the ironing process when containers are manufactured at rates of more than 150 containers per minute. It was also determined that the coating was removed in the form of large flakes or long narrow strips which would be introduced into the coolant and would rapidly clog up the filtering system for the coolant. These flakes or strips would also be carried by the container to downstream areas of the container processing line which disrupted the proper processing of the containers. Summary of the Invention It has been determined that all lubricants in the cooling fluid can be eliminated by applying a thin layer of an organic ester to the stock material before the cupping operation is initiated. According to the present invention, a metal base of stock material that is to be used for forming a drawn and ironed seamless container first has a thin layer of lubricant applied to at least one surface of the metal stock or blank and a disc is cut from the metal blank and formed into a shallow cup without the use of any additional lubricant or coolant. The shallow cup is then further drawn and ironed to produce a seamless container which again is done without the use of any additional lubricant in the liquid coolant, such as water, in the drawing and ironing machine. More specifically, the thin layer of lubri¬ cant consists essentially of a fatty acid ester of a mono or polyhydric alcohol and the layer has a distribu- tion or thickness preferably less than 0.5 mg./cm. 2 (3 mg./in. ) . It has been determined that applying a single 2 layer of less than 0.5 mg./cm. of an organic ester to one surface only of black plate, tinplate or aluminum by a commercial lubricator eliminates the need for any subsequent lubrication in the cupping machine as well as the body maker. According to another aspect of the invention, a black plate container can be formed by initially applying a layer of curable polymeric coating on a surface of the black plate which will become the external surface of a container, partially curing the coating within certain critical limits, and applying the lubri- cant to the other surface of the black plate. The curable polymeric coating is applied in 2 an amount of about 0.2 (1) to about 0.7 mg./cm. (4 mg./ 2 in. ) of blank area. It has also been determined that the optimum thickness of the coating should be about 0.3 (2) to about 0.5 mg./cm. 2 (3 mg./in.2) on the surface of the metal plate. The coating can be cured to the desired degree by continuously feeding the coated stock through an oven to achieve a temperature for the metal portion of the strip of more than about 204 degrees C • but less than the degradation temperature for the applied coating and maintaining the strip within the oven for a time period of approximately one minute. The partial curing may also be accomplished by baking the coated blank at a temperature of approximately 177 degrees C for a period of approximately- 10 minutes. The present process is particularly well suited for the manufacture of containers from pure ferrous metal such as black plate of tin-free steel stock. Description of the Invention In its broadest aspect, the present inven¬ tion contemplates precoating a metal sheet or coil with , a thin layer of lubricant to one surface only of the metal sheet or coil, cutting a disc from the metal sheet or coil with the lubricant applied to one sur- face, forming a shallow cup from the disc subsequently ΪΛJR E AIΓ OMPI < WIPO Λ> redrawing and ironing the shallow cup into a full sized container. Stated another way, a stock material, such as an aluminum, black plate, or tinplate metal sheet or 5 coil, has a layer.of lubricant consisting essentially of a fatty acid ester of a mono or polyhydric alcohol applied to one surface of the stock material to a thick- ness of less than 0.5 mg./cm. 2 (3 mg./in, _>) and pref- erably about 0.2 mg./cm. (1 mg./in. ) and the pre- 10 treated stock material is then utilized in forming a seamless drawn and ironed container that has a bottom wall and an integral sidewall in conventional cupping and body making machinery that is presently utilized for making such containers. By applying the lubricant 15 to the stock material before a disc is cut therefrom, all additional lubricants in the drawing and ironing process can be eliminated and it is only necessary to provide the body maker with a water coolant that has a small amount of rust inhibitor therein to maintain 20 the tooling below a predetermined temperature. One lubricant that is suitable for carrying out the present invention is a fatty acid ester of a mono or polyhydric alcohol. A commercially available lubricant of this type is produced by Mobil Chemical '25 Company under the designation S-6661-003. More specifically, this ester is made from a monomeric polyhydric alcohol having three to six hydroxyls and a 14 to 20 carbon fatty acid. The Mobil lubricant was successfully applied 30 to one surface of black plate, tinplate and aluminum plate by a lubricator to produce a thin layer of lubricant having a thickness or distribution of less than 0.5 mg./cm. ~ (3 mg./in.2). on the surface of the stock material that ultimately becomes the inside OMPI . W1P0 of the container. If necessary, to produce the desired thickness of the layer, it may be necessary to either thin, the fatty acid ester with a solvent before it is applied to the surface of the stock material, or simply by heating the material before it is applied by the lubricator. A further alternative form of heating would be to heat the rollers that form part of the lubricator. When black plate is used as the base mate- rial, it is preferably pretreated by applying an organic or polymeric coating to at least one surface thereof and partially curing the coating. Curable organic or polymeric coatings suitable for the purposes of the present invention are exemplified by the curable epoxy resins, e.g., the glycidyl poly- ethers of polyhydric phenols, the epoxy novolac resins, the glycidyl ethers of aliphatic polyols, the cycloaliphatic epoxy resins, and the like, the curable vinyl resins, the curable epoxy-urea-formaldehyde resins, and similar curable polymers. Preferred for the present purposes are the curable epoxy resins having a chain of alternating glycidyl and divalent phenolic units united through an ether oxygen and having glycidyl units in the terminal positions of the chain. The ether oxygen (as distinguished from the oxirane or hydroxy oxygen) is linked to the primary carbon atoms of the glycidyl units. These particular epoxy resins are glycidyl polyethers of polyhydric phenols. Exemplary are the reaction products of epichlorohydrin with a dihydric phenol represented by the general formula as follows: wherein n can have a value of 1 to about'20, wherein R can be wherein R 1 can be 10 Suitable dihydric phenols for reaction with ""epichlorohydrin to produce the aforementioned resins are 20 -resorcinol, catechol, the polynuclear phenols such as 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, 25 2,2-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)butane, 1,1-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropane, 3,3-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl)pentane, and the like. Preparation of the foregoing products is well 30 known in the art and generally involves heating the dihydric phenol with epichlorohydrin at a temperature of about 49 degrees C to about 199 degrees C in a basic reaction medium. The desired molecular weight -BUR OMP W1P of the reaction product is obtained by varying the relative amounts of the phenol and epichlorohydrin. In addition, a portion of the foregoing reaction product can be combined with a reactive modifier to increase toughness, flexibility, elonσa- tion and/or adhesive peel strength. A particularly preferred modifier is a xylene-formaldehyde resin condensed with the aforementioned reaction product. A particular preferred curable polymeric composition for the practice of the present invention comprises a 4,4'- isopropylidene-diphenol-epichloro- hydrin resin having a portion of the resin condensed with a xylene-formaldehyde resin. A curable polymeric composition of this type is available commercially from Mobil Chemical Company under the designation S-9019-001. The degree of cure of the applied curable coating for drawing and ironing is very important. The applied coating should be about 50 to about 75% cured before drawing and ironing, and preferably about 60 to about 70% cured. Stated in another way, the coating should be cured to a degree so that about 25% to about 50% of the coating constituents are extractable, preferably about 30 to about 40% of the constituents are extractable by methylene chloride In the extraction test, the coating was extracted in the following manner: 1) Each coated metal disc was weighed and the total weight was recorded. 2) Each coated disc was then soaked in methylene chloride for thirty minutes. 3) The discs were dried in an oven at 107 degrees C for thirty minutes . 4) Each disc was again weighed. 'BUREATJ' OMPI . fa W1PO . 5) The total weight loss for each disc was determined, ie, step 1-4, 6) The percent extraction was then determine using the following formula: Percent Extracted = weight loss in (5) x 100 total weight of coating Actual comparisons were made between black plate that was coated on one side only with a partially cured organic coating, with and without having an internal lubricant mixed with the organic coating. Contrary to the teachings of the above Bethlehem patent, actual tests snowed that containers formed from black plate coated with the organic coating, but without having an internal lubricant mixed with the coating, retained substantially more coating on the finished container than when the internal lubricant was present in the organic coating. Furthermore, production formability was enhanced by applying a thin layer of lubricant to the other surface of the blank. Example I Laboratory tests were conducted by applying a layer of approximately 0.2 mg./cm. 2 (1.25 mg./in. 2 ) of the above Mobil lubricant on one surface of a sheet of tinplate stock material. The sheet of stock mate¬ rial was then cut and formed into a shallow cup in a conventional manner without the addition of any further lubricant or without any water. The cups with the layer of lubricant on the inner surface, were then reformed into finished containers in a conventiona body maker where only water alone or water with 0.05% rust inhibitor was circulated through the tooling used in producing the finished container. Some containers were made using "" a water-emulsion oil mixture for the coolant. 'B J OM Container ' s made from the organic ester pre- applied sheets or coils consistently showed better cleanability when water alone was used as the coolant. In all instances the containers made without the emulsion oil lubricant had a smooth and uniform surface appearance. Example II Aluminum stock material in the form of plates was coated on one side with an organic ester, such as the Mobil lubricant, to produce a layer on one surface 2 having a distribution of approximately 0.2 mg./cm. (1.25 mg./in. ). These plates were then converted into cups and subsequently cans utilizing a commercially available cupper and body maker. In converting the plates into cups, the plates were positioned so that the lubricated surface became the internal surface of the cup and no additional lubricant or water was needed to produce satisfactory cups from the plates. The cups were then converted to finished containers in the body maker utilizing -only tap water. Several thousand of such cups and containers were produced and inspection of the finished containers showed that the containers had a shiny outside surface and a scratch-free inside sur¬ face. The containers were then cleaned using several standard cleaners with less than the present standard recommended concentration to remove all of the lubri¬ cants from the container surfaces. Example III A coil of black plate stock material was cut into sheets and each of the sheets was coated on one surface with Mobil S-9019-001 organic coating to 2 produce a layer of approximately 0.5 mg./cm. (3 mg./ in. 2 ) and the plate was baked at 177 degrees C for five minutes to partially cure the coating. A Mobil S-6661-003 lubricant was then roll-coated with a thin layer (0.4 mg./cm. ) on the other surface of the sheets to produce a thin layer of lubricant. The sheets were then stacked and delivered to a cupping machine and during this process some of the lubricant was transferred to the coated, partially-cured surface of the sheets. Discs were then cut from the "" sheets and con¬ verted into shallow cups using commercial cupping equipment without the use of any water or additional lubricant. The shallow cups had the layer of lubricant on the inner surface and the organic coating on the outer surface. The cups were then converted into drawn and ironed containers in a commercial body maker. Some containers were formed from cups using only water aa the cooling agent while other containers were formed using a lubricant-coolant. This lubricant-coolant ' was a water and emulsified oil mixture which included about 15% of a Texaco 591 emulsified oil. In all instances, the containers formed with water alone had as good or better surface appearance then those formed using the lubricant-coolant mixture. Example IV A coil of dry black plate was coated with a Mobil S-9019-001 organic coating to produce a layer of approximately 0.55 mg./cm. ~ (3.25 mg./in.2). The coated coil was passed through an oven that had three temperature zones so that the metal surface temperature reached approximately 216 degrees C to partially cure the coating. The coil with partially- cured coating was then subjectee to an extraction test and it was determined that 34% of the coating was extracted, ie, the coating was about 66% cured. The other surface was roll-coated with Mobi_l S-6661-003 lubricant to provide a coating thickness car less than 0.3 mg./cm. 2 (2 mg./in,?), The material was then cupped without the use of any water or additional lubricant. The cups were then drawn and ironed using water only as a coolant in the body make r. The cups were converted into containers without difficulty, and the containers were run through the remainder of a can making line without difficulty. The cure of the partially-cured organic coating was completed after the drawing and ironing step, as the containers were passed through the remainder of the container processing line. The above tests establish that drawn and ironed containers can be formed from coated black plate, aluminum or tinplate by precoating the stock material with a thin layer of an organic ester lubricant and the drawn and ironed containers can be formed without the use of water or emulsifiable oils in the cupper and using only water as a coolant in the body maker or drawing and ironing machine. It is believed that elimination of the water emulsion oils from the process and substitution of the organic ester results in a cost savings of approximately 50% in the lubricant alone and also provides additional savings in the use of milder cleaners and lower cleaning temperatures. It has also been established that the organic ester lubricant provides better lubrication for the tooling than the water-lubricant mixture. This is believed to result from the fact that the lubricant is initially located directly between the tooling and the container surface interface and also from the fact that the organic ester lubricants withstand the high .temperatures encountered during ironin of the metal body without deterioration. Also, applying the layer of lubricant to the surface which becomes the inner surface of the container is believed to aid in stripping the ironed container from the punch. Of course, if desired, both surfaces of the stock material could be coated with a lubricant and/or the distribution or thickness of the layer or layers could be increased. However, tests have shown that increasing the thickness of the coating on one surface only will not increase the efficiency of the opera¬ tion but will increase the cost without any addi¬ tional benefits. Respecting the two-sided coating with lubricant, it was determined that the additional coating on the second side increased the costs without deriving any benefits from the increased cost. In other words, tests showed that one side coated mate¬ rial would have enough lubricant transferred to the other side- during the processing of the stock material and in the cupper and body maker to eliminate the need for applying lubricant to the second side. While the manner of applying the lubricant to the stock material is not critical in carrying out the present invention, the lubricant is pref¬ erably applied as the stock material is fed to the cupping machine. When the lubricant is applied to a stock material which also has an organic coating applied to one side, such as Example III, the coating and lubricant could simultaneously be applied to opposite sides of the stock material with a lubricator and the material could then be passed through an oven to partially cure the organic coating. It has been determined that the heating of the lubricant in the JUR OM oven has no deleterious affect on the lubricant. Of course, the lubricant could also be applied in other ways. For example, ' it would be possible to apply the lubricant to the stock material in the cupping machine as the discs are being severed from the stock: material and the appended claims are intended to cover such alternate method of application.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS; 1. A method of forming a seamless container having a bottom wall and an integral sidewall from a sheet of metal stock material by cutting a disc from said stock material drawing said disc into a cup and substantially reducing the sidewall of said cup to produce a drawn and ironed container, characterized by applying a thin layer of lubricant to said stock material before said disc is cut from said stock material, and forming said seamless drawn and ironed container without applying any additional lubricant to said stock material. 2. A method as defined in claim 1, character ized by said layer of lubricant being applied in an amount not exceeding 0,5 mg./cm. 2 . 3. A method as defined in claim 2, character ized by said layer of lubricant having a thickness of approximately 0.2 mg./cm. - 4. A method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3 characterized by said lubricant consisting essentially of a fatty acid ester of a polyhydric or monohydric alcohol. 5. A method as defined in claim 4 , characte ized in that said metal is aluminum. 6. A method as defined in claim 4, character ized in that said metal stock material is tinplate. 7. A method as defined in claim 4, further characterized by applying a layer of polymeric curable OM coating free of any lubricant to the other surface of said metal stock material and heating said material to partially cure said coating before cutting said disc and subsequently heating said seamless drawn and ironed container to fully cure said coating. 8. A method as defined in claim 7, in which said metal stock material is black plate and said coating is present in an amount of about 0.2 to 0.7 mg./cm. 2 . 9. A container produced by the method defined in claims 1 through 8. 10. A metal stock material having a lubricant as defined in claims 1 through 4. ""BU EAU OMPI AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 9 May 1979 (09.05.79)) 1. A method of forming a seamless container having a bottom wall and an integral sidewall from a sheet of metal stock material by cutting a disc from said stock material, drawing said disc into a cup and substantially reducing the sidewall of said cup in a multistage ironing process to produce a drawn and ironed container, characterized by applying a thin layer of 2 lubricant of at least "" 0.2 mg./cm. to at least one surface of said stock material before said disc is cut from said stock material, and forming said seamless drawn and ironed container, and maintaining at least some of said lubricant on said surface throughout said multi¬ stage ironing process. 2. A method as defined in claim 1, character¬ ized by said layer of lubricant being applied in an 2 amount not exceeding 0.5 mg./cm. . 3. A method as defined in claim 2 character- ized by said layer of lubricant having a thickness of 2 approximately 0.2 mg./cm. . 4. A method as defined in any one of claims 1 to 3 characterized by said lubricant consisting essentially of a fatty acid ester of a polyhydric or monohydric alcohol. 5. A method as defined in claim 4, character¬ ized in that ' said metal is aluminum. 6. A method as defined in claim 4, character¬ ized in that said metal stock material is tinplate. 7. A method as defined in claim 4, further characterized by applying a layer of polymeric curable coating free of any lubricant to the other surface of said metal stock material and heating said material to partially cure said coating before cutting said disc and subsequently heating said seamless drawn and ironed container to fully cure said coating. 8. A method as defined in claim 7, in which said metal stock material is black plate and said coating is present in an amount of about 0.2 to 0.7 2 m ./c . . 9. A container produced by the method defined in claims 1 through 8. -BUREAU OMPI STATEMENTUNDERARTICLE19 There is submitted herewith an amended set of claims in the above application comprising new pages 16 and 17. Please enter these amended claims into the above application in accordance with the rules pertaining to Patent Cooperation Treaty applications. -BUR OM";HESSEL W, MISRA S, OPENCHOWSKI R, ZENGER R;NAT CAN CORP, NATIONAL CAN CORP;1978
+WO-1979000306-A1;19790531.0;19781116;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;27127171.0;G01N33;G01N31;G01N27, G01N31, G01N33;G01N  33/92;DETERMINATION OF LDL CHOLESTEROL IN BODY FLUIDS;A method for determining the level of LDL cholesterol in body fluids is disclosed wherein a plant lectin which is a specific agglutinating agent for LDL is employed to selectively agglutinate LDL thereby separating LDL cholesterol from other soluble cholesterol fractions.;"Description Determination of LDL Cholesterol in Body Fluids Technical Field This invention is in the field of clinical assay techniques. Background Art Lipoproteins are complex particles consisting of protein and lipid which are found in the circulatory - system- One of their functions is to carry water insol¬ uble substances, such as cholesterol and cholesterol esters, for eventual cellular utilization. "" While all cells require cholesterol for growth, excess accumula¬ tion of cholesterol by cells is known to lead to certain diseases including atherosclerosis. It is known that the amount of total serum cholesterol can be correlated with the incidence of atherosclerosis. However, there are a variety of classes of lipoproteins in serum which can be classi- fied by their density. These classes include very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) , low density lipoproteins (LDL) , and high density lipoproteins (HDL) . All of these li oprotein classes contain varying amounts of cholesterol, and a total serum cholesterol determina- tion is a complex average of the amount that each lipo¬ protein class contributes to the total lipoprotein population of the serum. It has long been suspected that specific lipo¬ protein classes were more closely associated with the progression of heart disease, including atherosclerosis. In fact, more recent studies have implicated LDL as the class of lipoproteins responsible for the accumulation of cholesterol in cells whereas HDL has been shown to be important in the removal of excess cholesterol from cells. Additionally, the correlation of atherosclerosis and the levels of LDL cholesterol is much higher than a similar correlation between atherosclerosis and total serum- cholesterol levels. Conversely, there seems to be a negative correlation of atherosclerosis and HDL cholesterol levels. See, Gofman, J. W. , Jones, H. B. , Lindgren, F. T., Lyon, T. P., Elliot, H. A., and Strisower, 3., ""Blood Lipids and Human Atherosclerosis, Circulation, 2_:161-178 (1950) ; Barr, D. P., Russ, Ξ. M., and Ξder, H. A., ""Protein-Lipid Relationships in Human Plasma, II, In Atherosclerosis and Related Conditions,"" Am.. J. Med. 11:480-493 (1951) ; Nikkila, E., ""Studies on Lipid Protein Relationships in Normal and Patholog¬ ical Sera and Effect of Heparin on Serum Lipoproteins,"" Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. Supplement., 5_;1-101 (1952); Jencks, W. P., Hyatt, M. R. , Jetton, M. R. , Hattingly, T. W., and Durrum, E. L-, ""A Study of Serum Lipoproteins in Normal and Atherosclerosis Patients by Paper Electro- phoretic Techniques, J. Clin. Invest., 3.' 980 ~ 99 0 (1956) , and Miller, G. J. and Miller, N. E., ""Plasma-High-Density Lipoprotein Concentration and Development of Ischemic Heart Disease (technical note) , Lancet, 1_, (7897) 16-19 (1975) . Despite the desirability of determining LDL cholesterol levels from other lipoprotein cholesterol levels, a technique suitable for use in clinical labor¬ atories has not heretofore existed. The method most often used relies upon the interaction of heparin in the presence of calcium to precipitate both LDL and VLDL. See Burstein, M. and Scholanick, H. R. , Adv. Lipid Res . , 11, 67 (1973) . To separate the LDL and VLDL fractions, ultracentrifugation techniques, which are time consuming and expensive, have to be employed. Thus, a long existing need has existed for a simple, inexpensive, quantitative methodology to determine LDL cholesterol levels in blood plasma or other body fluids so that patients can be given a better assessment of their potential cardiovascular risk than that provided by presently used total serum cholesterol level assays. Disclosure of the Invention This invention relates to the discovery that certain plant lectins act as specific agglutinating agents for LDL contained within body fluids such as blood plasma, blood serum, lymphatic fluid, etc. Be¬ cause of this , LDL can be isolated from other lipo- proteins, such as HDL, and VLDL, by agglutina ing the LDL with a lectin. Thereafter, the cholesterol content of isolated LDL can be determined. Agglutination is a clumping together of LDL particles which causes then to precipitate. While not wishing to be bound by this theory, it is believed that suitable lectins react with sugar residues -of the glycolipids contained in the outer surface of LDL but not the other glycoproteins . This apparently results in a type of crosslinking which causes the agglutina- tion and precipitation. Best Mode of Carrying Out the Invention While most of the. work described herein has been done with lectin isolated from castor beans (Ricinus Communis) , it is believed that many other plant lectins * - could also be used. Since lectins are ubiquitous plant proteins, there is a wide variety from which to choose. Those lectins which are specific for galactose residues are preferred. In addition to castor bean lectin, peanut lectin is known to be specific for galactose residues. Those skilled in the art will know, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experi¬ mentation, other lectins which selectively agglutinate LDL, especially those specific for galactose residues. On the other hand, all lectins are not satisfactory, For example, wheat germ lectin has been found ineffec¬ tive in causing selective agglutination of LDL. Other lectins, such as concanavalin A, when linked to a Sepharose 4B column, do retard the migration of LDL but also retard migration of VLDL. See McConathy, W. J. and Alaupovic, P., FEBS Letters, 41, 174(1974) . This is believed to occur because concanavalin A inter¬ acts with mannose residues of the glycoproteins . It has been found that LDL can be selectively pre- cipitated from blood serum at 25°C by castor bean lec¬ tin. At lower temperatures, such as 4°C, some VLDL is also precipitated. Thus, the agglutination reaction should be carried out at a temperature sufficient to provide selective agglutination and precipitation of LDL. The agglutination reaction can be carried out by adding a standard solution of lectin to blood serum at a sufficient temperature. The amount ' of time required for the reaction depends upon the concentration of the lectin, amount of LDL present, and other such factors. In practice, the time course of agglutination of LDL by a particular .lectin at a particular temperature can be plotted at varying concentrations of the lectin to provide an indication -of the time required for the re- action to co to comoletion. Measuring the amount of - £ agglutination can be easily done by optical methods, such as by measuring the absorbance of light at 450 nanometers . After agglutination has occurred, the resulting agglutinated precipitate can be separated from the blood plasma by centrifugation at low speeds for short periods of time, such as 2 minutes. The precipitates can be resolubilized, if .desired, by relieving the agglutination. This may be done, for example, by adding a. sugar such as galactose or lactose, that competes with the sugar residues of LDL for the lec¬ tin. The resolubilized cholesterol content of the LDL can then be easily determined by known techniques, including optical techniques. One skilled in the art will recognize that the LDL cholesterol content of the body fluid may be determined directly by analyzing the precipitate formed upon the agglutination of LDL with lectin or indirectly by analyzing the supernatant for HDL chol- esterol following centrifugation. In the indirect method of determining LDL cholesterol, the cholesterol remaining in the supernatant following agglutination (HDL + VLDL) is substracted from the total cholesterol (HDL + LDL .+ .VLDL) present in the body fluid. If nec- essary or desirable, corrections can be made for chol¬ esterol bound to other species, suchas that bound to chylomicrons. A particularly convenient procedure for carrying out the method described herein is by means of a kit intended for the determination of LDL cholesterol in a body fluid, such as plasma or serum. Such a kit would include a reagent containing a plant lectin which was a specific agglutinating agent for LDL. The lectin reagent might also contain a stabilizer - and/or preservative for lectin, such as glycerol or proteins such as bovine serum albumin. In a preferred embodiment,, this plant lectin reagent would be lyo- philized and a reconstituting reagent containing an aqueous base or a water-miscible solvent would also be included in the kit. The reagents may optionally also contain buffers for maintaining the reconsti¬ tuted reagent system at a controlled pH and preserv¬ atives and/or stabilizers intended to prevent deteri- oration of the material prior to use. Although, buffers are not considered a critical component of the kit reagents, most preferably a pH of about 5.4 to 8.7 would be used in carrying out the present method. Although the reconstituting reagent preferably would contain water as a solvent, a water-miscible solvent may partly or wholly be used to replace the water. Water-miscible solvents are well known to those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, glycerine, alcohols, glycols, or glycol ethers. In addition to the reagent containing lectin, the kit might optionally contain an additional reagent for use in the measurement of cholesterol. Such re¬ agents are well known to those skilled, in the art. Such cholesterol determining reagents may contain sulfuric acid in combination with other chemicals such as ferric chloride or ferric perchlorate. Alternately, completely enzymatic reagents for the determination of cholesterol are available. A cholesterol determining reagent based on either the chemical or enzymatic pro- cedure would be satisfactory for use in the present kit. Where it is desirable to measure the LDL choles¬ terol directly, the kit may also contain a resolubiliz- ing reagent comprising lactose in an aqueous solvent. This invention can be further illustrated by the following specific example. EXAMPLE 1 Ricinus Communis beans were obtained from Stokes Seeds, Buffalo, New York. The Ricinus Communis lectin (RCA) was isolated from the beans according to the method of Nicolson and Blaustein as modified by Podder et al. See, G. L. Nicolson and J. Blaustein. Biochem. Acta, 266, 543 (1972) ; and S. K. Podder, A. Surolia, and B. K. Bockhawat. Eur . J. Biochem. , 44 , 151 (1974) . Plasma lipoproteins were obtained by preparative ultracentrifugation from plasma of normal male blood donors. See, R. T. Hatch and R. S. Lees, Adv. Lipid Res . , 6_, 2 (1968) . LDL was collected between 1.025 and 1.050 g/ml and washed at 1.050 g/ml; HDL was col¬ lected between densities of 1.063 and 1.21 g/ml; and VLDL was collected between densities of 1.006 and 1.019. The purity of the different lipoprotein frac- tions was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis. Protein content was estimated by the method of Lowry et al . using crystalline bovine serum albumin (Sigma) as standard. See, 0. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosen- brough, A. L. Farr, and R. J. Fandall, J. Biol. Chem. , 193, 265 (1951) . Total cholesterol was estimated using ferric acetate-uranium acetate and sulphuric acid-ferrous sulphate reagents. See, A. C. Parekh and D. H. Jung, Anal. Chem, 42, 1423 (1970). The time course for the development of the agglu- tination of isolated LDL was followed by the increase in the turbidity of a solution using 450 nanometer light. At 25°C, the agglutination reaction reached eσuilibrium within 30 minutes. The agglutinated LDL ' * was then removed by low speed centrifugation. The equilibrium levels of turbidity could be related to the actual amount of LDL in the agσlutinated complex. A plot illustrating the relation between turbidity at 450 nm and the amount of LDL cholesterol that was not pelleted by low speed centrifugation was made. This cholesterol represented the percentage of LDL not agglutinated. At saturating levels of RCA, greate: than 95% of the LDL cholesterol was agglutinated and removed by low speed centrifugation. When other serum lipoproteins (HDL and VLDL) were treated with the lec¬ tin, no agglutination occurred at 25°C; however, with VLDL some agglutination occurred at 4°C. The agglutination of LDL was relieved by adding a solution of 4 mM lactose. This reversed the agglu¬ tination and the LDL became soluble so that the LDL cholesterol level could be determined by standard techniques. See, A. C. Parekh and D. H. Jung, Anal. Chem., 4_2, 1423 (1970) . When a soluble mixture was placed on a gel elec- trophoresis slab, only a single component was observed with a mobility equal to that of LDL. However, when the agglutination .reaction was carried out at 4°C, some VLDL, in addition to LDL, ■ was observed by gel electrophoresis . Those skilled in the art will recognize many equivalents to the specific steps, materials, tech¬ niques, etc. described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be included within the following appended claims. Industrial Applicability This invention has industrial applicability in clinical laboratories ' in the determination of LDL chol¬ esterol levels in blood plasma or other body fluids .";"CLAIMS 1. In a kit for determing LDL cholesterol in a body fluid, the improvement characterizing including in said kit a reagent containing a lectin which is a specific agglutinating agent for LDL. The improvement of Claim 1 wherein said reagent containing a lectin has been lyophilized and the kit additionally contains a reconstituting reagent containing an aqueous based or water-miscible solvent. 3. The improvement of Claim 2 additionally including a cholesterol determining reagent. 4. The improvement of Claim.3 additionally including a resolubilizing reagent comprising lactose in an aσueous solvent. In an assay for determining the LDL cholesterol level in a sample of blood "" plasma, the improvement comprising isolating LDL from other lipoproteins in said sample of blood plasma by selectively agglutinating LDL with a plant lectin and there¬ after determining the amount of cholesterol in said agglutinated LDL. 6. An improvement of Claim 5 wherein said plant lectin comprises Ricinus Communis bean lectin, 7. An assay for determining the LDL cholesterol level in a sample of blood plasma, comprising: B RE T a. agglutinating LDL in said sample of blood plasma with a plant lectin; b. separating agglutinated LDL from other lipoproteins in said sample of blood plasma; and, c. determining the amount of cholesterol in said agglutinated LDL. 8. An assay of Claim 7 wherein the amount of agglu¬ tinated LDL cholesterol is determined by first relieving agglutination to resolubilize LDL cholesterol and subsequently detecting said re¬ solubilized LDL cholesterol. 9. An assay of Claim 8 wherein said resolubilized LDL cholesterol is detected by an optical method. 10. An assay of Claim 9 wherein said optical method for determining the amount of resolubilized LDL cholesterol is an optical absorbance technique. 11. An assay of Claim 10 where in the agglutination of LDL cholesterol is relieved by contacting said agglutinating said LDL cholesterol with a sugar. 12. An assay of Claim 11 wherein said sugar comprises galactose or lactose. 13. A method of Claim 12 wherein said plant lectin com¬ prises Ricinis Communis bean lectin.";SEARS B;UNIV BOSTON, TRUSTEES OF BOSTON UNIVERSITY;1978
+WO-1979000321-A1;19790614.0;19781124;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25319963.0;B07B13;;B07B13;B07B  13/11B;PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING PARTICLES BY RELATIVE DENSITY;A process and apparatus wherein a size-classified bed of particles is fluidized by agitating a supporting surface (50) with a gyratory motion to fluidize the particle bed. Particles are contacted with surfaces, e.g., vertically projecting surfaces (51, 62, 66, 68) movable with the supporting surface and defining two or more annular regions so as to impart sufficient fluidity to allow the particles to move within the particle bed and distribute themselves according to their relative densities. Particles are then permitted to move through openings (52, 70, 72) between these annular regions whereby the more dense particles tend to accumulate in one of the annular regions and particles of lesser density are displaced into the adjacent annular region (s). Provision is made for continuously extracting from the aggregate particle mass either or both those particles of lesser density and those of greater density whereby a continuous selective separation of particles according to density takes place. Various configurations are used to define annular regions within the particle bed and the flow of the more (or less) dense particles may be either radially inward or outward between such annular regions, depending upon the nature of the gyratory motion, and upon other factors more fully described herein, such as the dimensions of the annular regions, particle size and density and the frequency and amplitude of gyration.;"PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING PARTICLES BY RELATIVE DENSITY Related Applications This application is a continuation-in-part of my earlier application Serial No. 663,247, filed March 2, 1976 and now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation- in-part of application Serial No. 552,704, filed Febru¬ ary 24, 1975 and now abandoned, all three such applica¬ tions having the same title. Field of the Invention This invention relates to the separation and classification according to relative mass and/or density of particles contained in an aggregate mass .of particles of various relative masses or densities. In particular, it relates to an improved process wherein gyratory motion is used to energize the particles to fluidize the par¬ ticle bed. It is particularly useful in the separation of dry particulate ores and minerals, where the process can be applied to upgrading. For example, the invention readily separates dense particles, such as gold, lead or other metal particulates from less dense sand or gravel of the same particle size. The invention is especially effective in separating dense particles from a homogen¬ eous flowable bed of particles of different density. Known processes for separating and classifying particles contained within an aggregate particle mass are truly numerous. Many of these processes are limited to separating particles according to size (classifying) or weight while others are effective in separating par- tides in accordance with their densities, irrespective of the size of-the particle. The present invention per¬ tains to the latter type of separation process, but can be used in combination with the other types of separa¬ tion techniques. One of the oldest methods for separating heavier materials from lighter crushed materials is the riffle board, or riffle pan in which crushed ore, for example, is placed upon a corrugated surface set at an incline and flushed with water. During separation, the riffle board is moved back and forth in directions nor¬ mal to the corrugations, or is otherwise vibrated so as to create relative motion between the particles and the riffled surface. The lighter ore tends to carry over the corrugations (riffles) farther from the point of feed than the heavier minerals, and the crushed materials therefore are carried by the water over the edge of the riffle board at different points. A serious disadvantage in the riffle board type of separation process is its requirement for a con- tinuous flow of fluid over the riffles and a high degree^ of unselectivity in attempting to separate out even the heaviest particles. In addition, the riffles are neces¬ sarily restricted in dimension and thus a limit is placed on the amount of material which may be separated in a given amount of time. Another technique for grading crushed ore par¬ ticles is found in U.S. Patent 3,349,904. There a rota¬ ting screen in the form of an inverted cone receives the aggregate particle mass while air is simultaneously blown upward through the screen to create an upward pressure. Heavier metal particles are intended to over¬ come the upward air blast pressure and be separated out of the mass by falling through the screen, while lighter rock particles are thrown upwardly and outwardly to the periphery of the screen due to centrifugal force. The major disadvantage in attempting to separate particles by this method is the high degree of complexity of the apparatus and the essential requirement for a source of pressurized air. Another obvious limitation is that material sized larger than the screen openings , even if having the selected density, cannot be handled. Further- - - more, although it may be possible to separate materials whose densities are grossly disparate, it is believed that the process is not sufficiently selective where the density of the desired material (such as crushed .ore) approaches the density of the waste material unless the particle size is carefully controlled. Processes such as that disclosed in U. S. Patent 2,950,819 use a gyratory separator (or ""classi¬ fier"") in which the particle mass is placed upon a vibratory screen which is designed to pass particles of all sizes smaller than the screen openings and irre¬ spective of the particles' densities. Separators of this type are usually operated to cause all over-size parti¬ cles, to move to the periphery of the screen and be dis- charged. It is possible, however, to operate such devices such that over-size particles do not discharge due to a tendency for them to move radially inwardly to the center of the screen where they are retained as is shown, for example, in U.S. patent No. 3,794,165 (FIGS. 7-10). In certain cases these separators are used to remove or recover particles entrained in a liquid wherein the liquid passes through the screen and the par¬ ticles are trapped by the vibratory screen and flushed down an outlet at the screen's center. In all cases, so far as is known, gyratory separators have not been adapted to or operated for separating particles in accordance with their relative ■ densities. Even in cases where particles are retained on the vibratory screen, no provision was made for separately segregating or extracting those remaining particles according to their density. One of the most widely used methods at present for extracting, ore particles of selected density from a larger particle mass is the so-called ""flotation"" process. This process is a wet process because it uses water as a carrier of the ore particles. The ore is first finely crushed into powdered form and then dispersed in the water carrier while oil or some other different liquid is passed upwardly through the aqueous flotation medium. Particles, depending upon their densities, are attracted to the liquid substance and are carried off and collected. Although the flotation process is capable of upgrading the crushed ore by a factor of 907o, while re¬ taining 907β of all the minerals, it is usually desirable that the ore be ground into extremely small particle size, e.g., No. 400 mesh (400 particles per inch). The production cost of mining and crushing ore to a state this fine is expensive. It is known, for example, to account for almost one-half the mining and recovery costs of certain metals. Furthermore, the process is usable only where there is an ample source of water, a resource which is often unavailable in sufficient quan- tity for carrying out the flotation step, and it is also polluting if the water carrier waste is discharged back into the source without cleaning. A yet more venerable separation method is gold panning, where a prospector places a small sample of placer in a shallow metal pan and gently swirls the pan to rid it of low density particles while retaining the heavier ones, This procedure is mentioned here because it is still in use by both amateurs and professionals. Panning is sometimes used in the field, for example, in order to separate gold dust from gravel cores drilled from the earth. As might be expected, panning is slow, tedious and unrewarding except for the most skilled prospectors. Still another known separation technique is __,O P| - based upon a mechanical concentrator known as the Denver Mechanical Concentrating Pan which duplicates the hand panning motion. This device consists of a series of classifying screens under which are placed several pans specially coated to trap the fine heavy materials (e.g., gold) . The first pan is metal coated with mercury to amalgamate free gold; the remaining pans receive the overflow from the first and are coated with a rubber matting covered with screening which acts like a riffle. The entire assembly is driven with an eccentric motion in order to swirl the material in water, which is added along with the particle mixture, to settle the mineral. Like other processes, this technique requires a flow of water and its collection capacity of the heavier fines is limited by the amalgamation and riffle capacity of the concentrating pans. It thus must be stopped period¬ ically and emptied of the' concentrated minerals. A similar principle is used in devices such as shown in U.S. Patent No. 1,141,972 to Muhleman, where a rotary tilting motion is imparted to a pan having a riffled floor surface. Concentrated ore is extracted from a hole in the center of the pan floor. Again, the motion of the pan is such that the waste material swirls about the edge of the pan and is discharged whereas heavier material gravitates toward the center due to the tilting. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for separating particles in accordance with their masses or densities and which may be carried out in a dry particle bed. Another object of the invention is to avoid some of the disadvantages of particle separation tech¬ niques previously used, while permitting the use of uncomplex apparatus. ϋRH-4^ OMPI Yet another object of the invention is to pro¬ vide novel apparatus and processes wherein particles are separated in defined annular regions in a particle bed. Among the additional objects of the invention is to provide methods and apparatus for separating par- tides by efficiently converting gyratory motion into a controlled motion of particles within a particle bed. More broadly, it is an object of the invention to pro¬ vide a novel way of fluidizing a dry particle bed where- by the movement and flow of particles within the fluid¬ ized bed is controlled in a way which permits segregation of particles according to relative mass or density. Summary of the Invention These and other objects of the invention are attained by disposing an aggregated mass of particles, which may have different densities, upon a supporting surface so as to form a particle bed. The particle bed is then fluidized by agitating the surface, together with other particle-contacting surfaces, with a gyratory motion having a circularly eccentric component and a vertical vibratory component sufficient to reduce the resistance of the particle bed to a degree that the par¬ ticles can move through the bed in desired directions, e.g., radially circularly and vertically. In the disclosed embodiments, particles in dif¬ erent annular (or circular) regions of the bed are con¬ tacted with annular reaction surfaces (e.g., vertically extending rings) movable with the supporting surface. These annular surfaces provide areas of frictional con- tact with the particles sufficient to impart to them a net energy or momentum causing particles of selected density to move through restricted openings to one of the annular regions for collection or removal. This OMPI movement of the particles comprises a net circularly inward or outward movement whereby particles of selected density move via the restricted openings from one annular region to another. The reaction surfaces may comprise, for example, •one or more concentric cylindrical walls or simply a high friction or grooved portion of the supporting sur¬ face. Particles are then permitted to move across the boundary between such regions whereby the energy or momentum of, for example, the more dense particles causes them to move inwardly or outwardly to the collection region and there displace particles of lesser density. Similar particle action can be obtained with a vertical column wherein the particle energy and/or pres- sure may vary from the bottom to the top of the column, and either the more dense or less dense particles can be induced to move from lower to higher levels in the column, where they may be extracted, as is hereinafter described. One phenomenon present in the invention is the tendency of more dense particles to move to given vertical levels in the bed, and this action is taken advantage of in some modes of operation. In accordance with other aspects of the inven¬ tion, the circular motion of the particle mass is con- trolled and directed by elements placed in the bed in order to accommodate a continuous addition of particles to the bed while extracting the particles of selected ^ densities. In general this motion is circular, but its direction and speed can be controlled to achieve a desired isolation of more dense particles from the less dense ones. The process is effective for upgrading other¬ wise uneconomic or marginally economic particulate ores and minerals. -For example, although extraction of the more dense particles in accordance with certain embodi¬ ments can result in extraction of less dense particles as ' BURH4^ O well, the extracted composite mass will be substantially upgraded to a degree where further separation or. ecovery of the dense particles becomes commercially feasible by known techniques. Description Of The Drawings For a complete understanding of the invention, together with the further purposes and advantages thereof, reference should be made to the following detailed inspec¬ tion of preferred embodiments, and to the drawin , where- in: FIG. 1 is a perspective view in partial cross- section of an apparatus which may be used for carrying out the process of the invention; FIG. 2 is a plan section view of the FIG. 1 apparatus; FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional views taken along the lines A,B-A,B of FIG. 2; FIGS. 3 and 4 are fragmentary plan section views of the FIG. 1 apparatus showing alternative forms of its particle bed-supporting surface; FIGS. 3A and 4A are cross-sectional views along the lines A-A in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively; FIGS. 5 and 6 are respective plan section views of the apparatus of FIG. 1 showing different modifica- tions thereof for carrying out various operations in accordance with the process of the invention; FIGS. 5A-5B and 6A are cross-sectional views, taken along the lines A-A and B-B of respective FIGS. 5 and 6, and include pictorial representations of particles for explaining how they are separated therein; FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional plan view of an apparatus demonstrating further aspects of the process according to the invention wherein extraction of less dense particles occurs in a particle column; Bl)RE ^ OMPI FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional elevation view of the arrangement of FIG. 7, taken alon the line 8-8; and FIG. 9 is a perspective view in partial cross- section of a two-stage separation apparatus for separ- ating particles by density in accordance with the inven- • tion. Detailed Description Of Preferred Embodiments In the process to be described, particles of selected density (e.g., most dense particles) contained in a mass of classified particles of various densities are separated by giving the particle mass a sufficient degree ' of fluidity to allow the particles to move within the bed and to distribute themselves according to their densities. Specifically, the particle bed is fluidized by agitating a supporting surface for the particle bed with a gyratory motion effective to cause particles of selected density to move in a generally circular path from one annular region to another for collection or removal. The manner in which this is achieved will be explained in the ensuing description. When the particle ted is ""fluidized"", it assumes many properties of a true fluid. For example, it flows and exerts ""fluid"" pressure, and it may exert a positive or negative buoyant force upon submerged ob- jects so as to create a particle flow up or down in the vertical direction. Additionally, the particle bed expands due to increased spacing between particles, thereby offering less resistance to the movement of par¬ ticles through the bed and permitting a relocation of classified particles based on their densities. Referring now to FIG. 1, the vibratory device for carrying out the process includes a cylindrical base 11 and a plurality of compression springs 13 circumfer- entially spaced about the upper rim 13a of the base for supporting a flat table 14. This table carries at its . center a cylindrical motor mount 15 which extends down into the center of the base 11. The motor 17 is sup¬ ported within the cylindrical motor mount 15 by a pair of annular flanges 18, such that the motor is rigidly affixed to the table 14. Vibrations induced by the motor are therefore transmitted directly to the table. A cylindrical spacing frame 20 secured by a clamping ring 21 at the periphery of the table, extends upwardly for supporting the upper section of the apparatus. The upper section comprises a particle-support¬ ing table 22, constructed for example of one-eighth to one-quarter inch thick steel or aluminum plating, and an upstanding cylindrical rim 23 provided with a discharge opening 24 leading to the discharge spout 26. The open- ing is disposed slightly above the level of the plate 22 so as to form an arcuate shoulder 24a preventing spill- out of any particles resting on the surface of the plate. The entire upper section is similarly clamped by the ring 27 to the rim of the lower frame 20. A shaft 30 extends from each end of the motor to which weights 31, 32 are fixed. It will be seen that the weights project horizontally outwardly from the shaft 30, and the radial angle between the axes of the two weights is adjustable by shifting the angular posi¬ tion of the weight 32 on the shaft 30. In this manner, the upper weight 31 can be made to lead the position of the lower weight 32 by an adjustable angle. Adjust¬ ment of these weights alters the characteristic of the resultant vibratory motion, as is understood by those skilled in the art. • Preferably, the weight 32 is adjusted so as to provide a substantial lead angle, e.g. , of about 80°-90°. This appears to bring about the maximum fluidity in the particle bed creating a sufficient weightlessness or inter-particle spacing so as to mini- mize the resistance of the particle bed to particle movement therewi hin, and to impart an upward thrust to the bed, so that particles of greater density will move upward by the absorption of greater energy than particles of lesser density. By ' the same token, this weight set¬ ting imparts an inward thrust, or throw, to particles contacted by the plate and the annular rim 23. On the - other hand, a weight setting of 0° lead angle imparts an outward thrust to the particles on the plate, and re¬ sults in less upward thrust to the particles. The movable components of the separator assem- bly, as shown in FIG. 1, assume a gyratory motion, i.e. , the motion has both a circularly eccentric component and an oscillatory vertical component. The combination of these two motion components enables energy imparted to the moving elements to be converted with maximum effi- ciency into the sought-after motion of particles placed upon the table element 22. In general, the components are sufficient in magnitude to reduce the resistance of the mass to translational movement of the particles. Increasing the lead angle of the upper weight 31 tends to increase the vertical oscillatory component of gyra¬ tory motion, as does increasing the size of the weights. Higher weight sizes also accentuate the eccentric motion displacement from center. Increasing the mass of the lower weight 32 produces a greater upward thrust and permits the use of a deeper particle bed. In carrying out the process of the invention with the device of . FIG. 1 (which will be understood is representative of the kind of device usable) together with certain additional elements to be described, par- tides are placed upon the table 22, as indicated by the arrow 35, and may be extracted, for example, through the opening 24 and spout 26, as indicated by the arrow 36 Other locations for extraction are also possible. Des¬ criptions of various gyratory devices of this type, commonly referred to as separators, will be found in U.S. Patent Nos . 3,794,165, 3,399,771 and 2,950,819. As earlier mentioned, the circular eccentric motion combined with the vertical oscillatory motion causes the particle mass placed upon the table 22 to move radially either toward the table's center or toward the periphery, depending on the angular displacement of the eccentric weights 31 and 32. If the surface 22 were a relatively smooth one, particles could also tend to move in a slow migratory circular motion in the same direction as the eccentric motion, i.e., in the direction of revolution of the motor weights 31, 32. The particle bed, in this case, does have a certain degree of fluid¬ ity which can be enhanced and particle flow controlled by making use of the natural tendency of individual par- tides to spin in a direction counter to the direction of circular eccentricity, with the particle spin axis being generally normal to the supporting table 22. It has been found that this spin tendency can be converted into a circular motion of the particle mass. Moreover, the circular motion can be used to control the flow of particles within the fluidized bed. This conversion of particle spin into a circu¬ lar translational motion is accomplished by contacting the particles with a reaction surface of sufficient area. This surface may comprise surface portions at the bottom of the particle bed having components of projection normal to the plane of the surface. When the spinning surface of a particle contacts such vertical surface portions, the particles react against them and, in essence, bounce off them and thereby are given transla¬ tional circular motion. The reaction surface might also and desirably will include a cylindrical wall wherein the particles react against the inner surface of the wall and are given additional energy of linear motion. From tests conducted with vibratory devices like that depicted in FIG. 1, it appears that an effi¬ cient configuration, of the surface supporting the par¬ ticle bed is one which is provided with a series of con¬ centric grooves, scorings, or projections 40 which are contacted by the particles at the bottom of the particle bed. These grooves, scorings, or projections clearly indicate in the plan view of FIG. 2, may be spaced apart by any desired amount, the closer spacings generally giving a higher degree of fluidity to the particles. I have found that inter-groove spacings of between 1/4 inch and 3/4 inch.provide the desired fluidization of a par¬ ticle bed containing particles of between 1/16 inch and 1/8 inch in diameter. As discussed hereinafter, the reaction surface might also comprise an annular vertical surface surrounding a region of the particle bed, or a combination of annular surfaces, or an annular surface in conjunction with the supporting surface grooves and pro¬ jections. The cross-sectional view of FIG. 2A shows the shape of triangular grooves which are cut into the sur¬ face of the supporting surface 22. In the modified form of surface, seen in FIG. 2B, the particle-contacting sur¬ faces comprise projections rising from the surface 22a wherein each projection has a generally rectangular cross-:section with rounded upper edges. Yet another form of particle contacting projec¬ tions is seen in FIGS. 3 and 3A. There, the upper sur¬ face 22a of the supporting table has a multitude of irregular smaller projections 41 extending upwardly. In FIGS. 4 and 4A, projections in the form of a multitude of rectangular mutually orthogonal cleats are present for contacting particles at the bottom of the particle bed and imparting to them a translational circular motion. The surface configurations of FIGS. 3, 3A and 4, 4A are not as efficient as those shown in FIGS. 2A and O PI ~ ~ ™ 2B in imparting a circular motion to the particle mass, and the rotational velocity of the particle mass on surfaces such as these is much less than the configura¬ tions of FIGS. 2A and 2B. When an aggregate mass of particles is placed upon the supporting table 22 having the surface configu¬ ration illustrated, for example, in FIG. 2A, and with the eccentric-weights 31, 32 set for a 90° lead angle, the particle mass is given a high degree of fluidity with a strong net inward movement and accumulation of par¬ ticles, as well as a circular motion counter to the direction of the eccentric component of gyration. In the embodiments described herein, for reasons which are not thoroughly understood, particles of highest relative density in a classified particle bed generally tend to ove with other particles into a collection region and remai there. Particles of lesser density are displaced in that region by the highest density particles, It is believed that this region is the point of lowest total pressure. To investigate this phenomenon in more detail, reference is made to FIGS. 7-8. FIGS. 7-8 illustrate a basic yet effective con¬ figuration of the apparatus for carrying out the separa¬ tion process of the invention. FIG. 7 is a plan view similar to FIG. 2 showing a bed supporting table element 43 and circumferential rim 44 which are understood to be affixed to the gyratory separation device of FIG. 1 in place of the elements 22, 23. The machine used in this case is one available from Russel Finex Company, Mount Vernon, New York, equipped with a 3/4 hp motor at 1140 rpm. The eccentric-weights 3i, 32 were set to provide for an inward ""throw"" of the particles. FIG. 8 is an elevational view in cross-section of this configuration. The table surface 43a is option- ally provided with a series of circular projections 43b similar -to those shown in FIG. 2A. These projections • 'BUREΛ^ OMPI ~~~ ~ are present only in the annular region next to the rim 44 and, together with the rim, are effective to induce counter-eccentric circular motion of the particles in that region. The remaining portion of the surface 43a is essentially smooth, offering little frictional contact with the particles. The particles in the bed supported by this part of the table will ordinarily follow a slow circular path in the same direction of the eccentric motion component of gyration. Another annular rim 44a of smaller diameter is affixed to the element 43 so as to form an annular channel 44b which serves as a temporary collection zone for upgraded material, as will be explained. Extending upwardly from a level adjacent the central portion of the surface 43a is a smaller annular rim, or collar, 45 which is spaced from the surface to form a narrow annular gap 45c, thus providing an area of limited communication between the interior and exterior of the collar. The collar 45 is affixed to the table 43 by any suitable means (as by brackets, not shown) so as to be movable therewith. Extending upwardly midway into the space at the interior of the collar is an extraction duct 45d, only a portion of which has been illustrated, leading to points outside the particle bed contained on the table 43. The collar provides a reaction surface 45e for particles at its interior so as to impart to them a counter-eccen¬ tric circular motion. Associated with the rim 44a is a chute 44c for the introduction of raw material to be processed, indicated by the arrows 46 designating the direction of raw material flow (FIGS. 7 and 8) . The chute 44c may be flexibly coupled to the rim 44a and supported externally of the agitator, if desired, to reduce imbalance of the gyratory table 43a. Material introduced into the chute flows through rectangular orifice 44d leading into the ^BΪJRE ^ O region of higher circular particle velocity in the fluid¬ ized bed of particles. Extraction of more dense par¬ ticles occurs through the exit hole 48a and exit chute 48b leading from the annular collection zone 44b , as shown by the arrows 47d. In several runs using this configuration, mixed particles containing, for example, ungraded beach sand and lead shot particles of greater size to be separated were added through the chute 44c to the aggregated par- tide mass in the annular outer region of the bed, as in¬ dicated by the shaded arrows 46. Added particles flowed onto the fluidized bed surface through the opening 44d in the rim 44a. Particles in that outer annular region of the fluidized bed were contacted by the reaction surface provided by the rim 44a and the surface projections 43b. This resulted in a transfer of energy to the particles in that region so as to induce a circular translational particle motion counter to the direction of eccentric gyration, as noted earlier. This motion is shown by the shaded arrows 47a in FIG. 7. (Particles are not illus¬ trated in FIG. 8.) Particles in the adjacent inner annular region, however, had a very much lower velocity of rotation, sometimes even in the direction of the eccentric gyration (as shown) . The velocity of the cir- cular motion (indicated by the white arrows 47b) in this adjacent region is thus negative relative to (i.e., less than) the counter-eccentric velocity in the outer annular region. As a result of the foregoing, a boundary (shown by the phantom line in FIG. 7) between these two velocity regions appeared to establish a natural barrier to the inward movement of the lead shot particles, even though the eccentric-weights were set to provide an inward throw, or thrust, upon the particle mass as a whole. Thus, the denser particles tended to remain in the region of highest circular particle velocity. The densest particles (shown black in FIG. 8) thus displaced less dense (white) particles. The densest particles also had a tendency to migrate toward the surface of the bed. The reasons for this are not perfectly understood; however, this may occur because of their greater upward inertia provided by the upward thrust of the gyratory table ele¬ ment 43. It may also be the result of the small vertical gradient in circular velocity which increases from bottom to top of the bed. In any case, even those dense par- tides which may be present in the region inward of the barrier tend to move both to the surface and outwardly to the outer annular region adjacent the rim 44a. Advan¬ tage is taken of these phenomena in the extraction of the densest particles. To this end, the rim 44a includes one or more slots 44e cut into its upper edge through which particles in the upper stratum of the fluidized bed can flow into the collection zone 44b. This extraction path is shown by the shaded arrow 47d. From the channel 44b, the particles flow into the opening 48a and extraction duct 48b. While only one slot 44e has been illustrated, it is possible to provide further similar slots in the rim 44a, mutually spaced circumferentially. Use of the extraction scheme shown in FIGS. 7-8 will result in some removal of less dense particles along with the densest particles; however, the extracted mix¬ ture is considerably upgraded, containing a much higher percentage of the desired dense material, for example, a particulate mineral. The upgraded material can, bf course, be recycled through the same procedure for fur- ther upgrading, recycling taking place either in another stage (not shown) below that illustrated, or in a sepa¬ rate apparatus. In FIGS. 7-8 less dense particles, displaced by the dense particles, migrated inwardly from the inlet opening 44d to the adjacent annular region from which _OMPi_ ■ particles (shown black in FIG. 8) thus displaced less dense (white) particles. The densest particles also had a tendency to migrate toward the surface of the bed. The reasons for this are not perfectly understood; however, this may occur because of their greater upward inertia provided by the upward thrust of the gyratory table ele¬ ment 43. It may also be the result of the small vertical gradient in circular velocity which increases from bottom to top of the bed. In any case, even those dense par- tides which may be present in the region inward of the barrier tend to move both to the surface and outwardly to the outer annular region adjacent the rim 44a. Advan¬ tage is taken of these phenomena in the extraction of the densest particles. To this end, the rim 44a includes one or more slots 44e cut into its upper edge through which particles in the upper stratum of the fluidized bed can flow into the collection zone 44b. This extraction path is shown by the shaded arrow 47d, From the channel 44b, the particles flow into the opening 48a and extraction duct 48b. While only one slot 44e has been illustrated, it is possible to provide further similar slots in the rim 44a, mutually spaced circumferentially. Use of the extraction scheme- shown in FIGS. 7-8 will result in some removal of less dense particles along with the densest particles; however, the extracted mix¬ ture is considerably upgraded, containing a much higher percentage of the desired dense material, for example, a particulate mineral. The upgraded material can, of course, be recycled through the same procedure for fur- ther upgrading, recycling taking place either in another stage (not shown) below that illustrated, or in a sepa¬ rate apparatus. In FIGS. 7-8 less dense particles, displaced by the dense particles, migrated inwardly from the inlet opening 44d to the adjacent annular region from which OMPΪ they were removed, as follows: As the volume of less dense particles in the adjacent region builds up, these particles reach the gap 45c at the collar 45 and travel to the collar's interior. There they are contacted by the collar surface 45e and - are induced to rotate in the counter-eccentric direction (arrows 47c) . Particles outside the collar 45 were forced inwardly into the higher (counter-eccentric) velocity flow (arrows 46a in FIG. 8). Once inside the collar, particles not only move circularly, but also flow upwardly toward the spout 45d, where they are extracted. In review, particles of highest density accu¬ mulated and were extracted from the outer annular region next to the rim 44, while particles of less density moved inwardly in the adjacent region and eventually were extracted from the particle column bounded by the collar 45. The theoretical explanation for the behavior . of the particles is not entirely understood. It is be- lieved, however, that the particles move in the fluidized bed under the influence of pressure differentials which are established by a combination of forces including those resulting from the circular translational motion, the inward thrust generated by the eccentric motion of - the plate together with the apparently greater upward in¬ ertia of the more dense particles. Thus, in some instan¬ ces, the particle motion seemed to comply with the laws of dynamic energy of motion. Whether the apparent highest relative velocity in the region of accumulation to dense particles is a causative factor of that accumu¬ lation or simply an observed phenomenon in this embodi¬ ment is not certain. Where the particle bed has appreciable depth, the ""hydrostatic"" pressure also may be taken into account as in, for example, the interior of the column bounded by the collar 45. Dynamic pressure and the constant fURE^ Λx»r_¥ they were removed, as follows: As the volume of less dense particles in the adjacent region builds up, these particles reach the gap 45c at the collar 45 and travel to the collar's interior. There they are contacted by the collar surface 45e and are induced to rotate in the counter-eccentric direction (arrows 47c) . Particles outside the collar 45 were forced inwardly into the higher (counter-eccentric) velocity flow (arrows 46a in FIG. 8). Once inside the collar, particles not only move circularly, but also flow upwardly toward the spout 45d, where they are extracted. In review, particles of highest density accu¬ mulated and were extracted from the outer annular region next to the rim 44, while particles of less density ~'' moved inwardly in the adjacent region and eventually were extracted from the particle column bounded by the collar 45. The theoretical explanation for the behavior of the particles is not entirely understood. It is be- lieved, however, that the particles move in the fluidized bed under the influence of pressure differentials which are established by a combination of forces including those resulting from the circular translational motion, the inward thrust generated by the eccentric motion of ' the plate together with the apparently greater upward in¬ ertia of the more dense particles. Thus, in some instan¬ ces, the particle motion seemed to comply with the laws of dynamic energy of motion. Whether the apparen highest relative velocity in the region of accumulation to dense particles is a causative factor of that accumu¬ lation or simply an observed phenomenon in this embodi¬ ment is not certain. Where the particle bed has appreciable depth, the ""hydrostatic"" pressure also may be taken into account as in, for example, the interior of the column bounded by the collar 45. Dynamic pressure and the constant ^BUREΛ / ^ - addition of dynamic energy to the particles by agita¬ tion are further factors tending to. complicate the ana¬ lysis. For example, if a strong inward momentum is im¬ parted to particles at the rim 44e, a sufficient dyna- ic inward pressure may be exerted on all particles (in- , eluding dense particles) , and this could cause an un¬ desired loss of some of the dense particles to the cen¬ ter of the bed in the FIGS. 7-8 arrangement. For this reason, it is desirable to adjust the dimension of the annular gaps below the collar 45, as well as the col¬ lar height, such that the flow into the particle column is gentle enough not to disturb the essentially circu¬ lar flow at the bed's perimeter. Although the configuration shown in FIGS. 7-8 , represents one on a laboratory scale, using a 22 inch diameter table 43 driven by a 3/4 hp motor (weights set at maximum amplitude) wherein the projections 43b ex¬ tended inwardly approximately 2 inches from the rim and the collar 45 was 6 inches in diameter and set 1/2 inch from the table surface 43a, small lead shot admixed with sand resulted in almost 1007o recovery of all lead shot with a flow rate through the apparatus of 2000 pounds per hour. Certain further experiments with the apparatus revealed various facets of particle behavior, including their ability to separate in the fluidized bed. In one experiment a cylinder, similar to the collar 45 and about 4-1/2 inches in diameter and 6 inches high, was fixed to the table 43 and filled with sand. A second, smaller cylinder of about 3 inches in diameter was in¬ serted into the sand to a depth of four inches and r.p.m. readings were taken inside the sand. Within the smaller collar, the circular motion of sand measured about 10 r.p.m'-. (94 inches/minute at the periphery). In the two-inch space below the inserted collar the -20- εpeed measured about 45 r.p.m. (636 inches/minute at the periphery). When lead shot was added to the sand, all the lead shot was recovered from the sand at the bottom of the fixed cylinder where the greatest velo- city was present. When the inserted smaller collar was • removed, the lead shot rose to the top one-quarter of the bed inside the cylinder. FIGS. 5- nd 6 illustrate how further physical elements can be made to react with the particle bed so a s to obtain controlled flow of the particle mass. The plan view of FIG. 5 and the corresponding cross-sectional elevation view of FIG. 5A shows the loca¬ tion of flow controlling elements. A cylindrical col¬ lar or ring 51 extends upwardly from the center of the ~"" ' particle supporting surface 50. This collar has a verticle gap 52 extending down to the surface 50, such that particles are free to enter the region inside the collar 51 through the gap 52, but not underneath the collar as in the embodiments of FIGS. 7-8. A second collar in the form of an annular ring 54 radially spaced from the collar 51 likewise extends upwardly from the particle-supporting surface. It will be understood that the top surface 50 of the plate 49 bounded by the collars 51, 54 includes the annular grooves or ridges ' (not, shown) of the type depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B. Particles are added to the particle bed either at the center of the open collar 51, as illustra¬ ted by the designation X-, in FIG. 5A, or at the location designated X^, which is between the collar 51 and the ' annular ring 54. Particles added to the particle bed at either location assume a circular motion both in the . annular region at the interior of the ring 51 and in the annular region between the ring 51 and the ring 54, due to the eccentric gyratory motion of the surface 50 and rings 51, 54, which provide reaction surfaces to convert the particle spin energy into rotational translational energy of the particle mass. Any denser particles which are in the annular region between the rings 51 and 54 will tend to migrate toward the interior of the collar 51, and will do so upon reaching the gap 52. Thus, there is an exchange of dense particles for less dense particles at the center of the fluidized bed, with the result that denser particles trade positions with the less dense particles and tend to remain there. As more particles are added to the central portion of the particle bed, a point is reached when the less dense particles begin to overflow the impedi¬ ment of the annular ring 54. These overflowing parti- cles reach the annular region radially outside the ring 54, and, finally, the discharge opening 58 and the ex¬ tracting spout 60. Thus a continuous flow may be es¬ tablished by adding particles continuously to the cen¬ ter of the bed, and extracting the overflowing less dense particles from the spout 60. For continuous flow operation the diameters of the rings 51, 54 are selected as noted already so as to maintain a higher rotational particle flow inside the ring 51 than in the region be¬ tween rings. This flow relationship aids the tendency of particles to migrate toward the center of the bed where the dense particles may exchange position with the less dense particles and be collected. This inward migration that is aided by the circular flow relation¬ ship is caused by the angular displacement of the eccen¬ tric weight setting which, in all of the embodiments described herein, is 80°-90° lead to provide a net in¬ ward throw of the particles to the center. The par¬ ticle flow in the vertical plane from the central point, where particles are added-, to the extraction spout 60 is seen in the illustration of FIG. 5A, the black particles representing the densest particles and the white particles representing less dense particles. In the drawings the more dense particles are shown to he resting at the bottom of the bed. This is a simpli¬ fied case, and in practice the more dense particles may be suspended at levels below the surface due to the ef¬ fects previously noted, namely, the greater upwards inertia given the dense particles. In one embodiment, the various elements of the vibratory apparatus depicted in FIGS. 5 and 5A may have the following dimensions and characteristics: Collar 51 (diameter) 4 inches Opening 52 (width) 1-1/2 - 2 inches Annular ring 54 (diameter) 7 inches Plate 49 (diameter) 18 inches Outer frame 62 (height) As desired Motor hp 1/4 Motor rpm 1140 Weight lead angle 80°-90° The configuration of FIGS.. 5 and 5A was suc- cessfully used to obtain nearly 1007o recovery in two minutes' time of 35 No. 2 lead shot from one gallon of sand ranging in particle size from between 1/16"" and 1/8"" diameter. The shot, after separation, was con¬ centrated at the center of the fluidized bed in a volume of less than 57o of the volume of starting material add¬ ed to the fluidized bed. In the process which has been described, it is not absolutely essential that the annular regions defined by the rings be perfectly circular or that they have common centers. It should accordingly be under¬ stood that the term ""concentric"", as used herein, desig¬ nates configurations wherein annular regions surround each other successively oμtwardly of the center of motion, FIG, 5, in conjunction with FIG. 5B illustrates yet another arrangement of elements by which a different effect of the fluidized bed may be realized. In FIG. 5, the phantom lines represent a further annular ring 63 generally concentric with the open ring 51 and close¬ ly spaced to this ring so as to form therewith a narrow annular channel 65.- The ring 63 extends only partially into the fluid bed so as to leave a narrow cylindrical gap between the bottom portion 63a of the ring and the surface 50 of the gyratory plate 49. More¬ over, the ring 63 is not affixed to the table element 63, but is loosely held in place by suitable means or spacers (not shown) . As a consequence, the ring 63 does not transmit energy to the particles; in fact, it ex¬ tracts energy from and slows down the particles bounded thereby. Particles are added to the particle bed at the interior of the open ring 51 (at point X-,) , as best seen in FIG 5B. The effect of the intermediate annular ring 63 is to induce a flow of the particles from the center of the ring 51, through the opening 52 in that ring, and thereafter underneath the intermediate ring 63 and into the annular region between the ring 63 and the ring 54. As before, denser particles tend to remain at the in¬ terior of the rings 51,54. Less dense particles, never¬ theless, are swept out through the op.ening 52, under- neath the ring 63, and over the collar 54. When opera¬ ted in this manner, the apparatus of FIG. 5 accomodates continuous feeding of particles to the particle bed at the center of motion and continuous extraction of the lighter (less dense) particles at the periphery of the particle bed. The close spacing of the rings 51 and 63 (which may be in the range of .25""-.75"" when handling particles up to .25"" in diameter) appears to slow con¬ siderably the circular particle motion in the channel 65. reduction in the rotational velocity of particles in- side the ring 51 is also observed when the ring 63 is _ ιm_ inse ted. It is important to note that the floating ring 63 exerts yet another influence, and that is to slow down the particle velocity more at the upper level of 5 the bed than at levels immediately above the surface 50. The most dense particles tend to remain within the col¬ lar 54 at the bottom of the fluidized bed rather than being caught up in the overflow and swept out into the adjacent region outside the collar 54. It is according- 10 ly possible to control the velocity gradient vertically in the fluidized bed by such means as the floating ring 63 or other selective energ -extracting elements which contact the particles. In FIG. 5B, as the spacing between the ring 63 15 and the surface 50 is increased, there is a concomitant ~"" lessening of drag and reduction of ""pressure"" in the annular channel 65; and a lesser rate of flow of par¬ ticles from the interior of the ring 51 to the exterior of the ring 63 occurs. 20 At this juncture, it should be pointed out that the flow of particles in the bed can also be induced radially inwardly in the same manner. If, for example, the ring 63 were larger in diameter such that a narrow annular channel were formed adjacent the inner surface 25 of the ring 54, particles would flow radially inwardly underneath the ring 63 and toward the center of the par¬ ticle bed. It has been found that, with the configura¬ tion of annular rings shown in FIGS. 5 and 5B, reason¬ ably good recovery of the densest particles is achieved. 30 FIGS. 6 and 6A illustrate a different configu¬ ration of physical elements for controlling and direct¬ ing particle flow. In this configuration also, a plu¬ rality of generally concentric annular regions is estab¬ lished between the concentric rings 61, 66 and 68; how- "" > - > ever, the entire surface 50 is.provided with particle- reactioή projections of one of the types represented in FIGS. 2A, 2B, 3A and 4A. In one embodiment which was found to be effective, the rings 66, 68 were dimensioned so that the circular particle velocity progressively increases from the outer to inner regions of the bed. • The rings have respective openings in their vertical walls so as to permit radially inward migration of the particles in the- fluidized particle bed. Thus, the ring 51 is provided with an opening 52, the ring 66 has an opening 70 and the ring 68 has an opening 72 through which the particles may flow. The arrows in FIG. 6 outline the general flow pattern of particles within the particle bed. As best seen in FIG. 6A, particles are continuously added to the particle bed in the annular —"" region between the rings 51 and 66 (this location being designated by ""X"" in FIG. 6). The arrangement of open rings of the foregoing configuration results in a circular motion of the parti¬ cle mass within the annular region inside the ring 51, as well as within the regions be ' tween the rings 51 and 66, between the rings 66 and 68 and between the ring 68 and the outer frame 62. In operation, with the configuration of ele¬ ments shown in FIGS. 6 and 6A, the relatively dense ' particles tend to migrate inwardly. The more dense particles collect inside of the ring 51, whereas less dense particles are displaced in the particle mass radially outwardly through the respective openings 52, 70 and 72 into the outer annular regions. If desired, the height of the rings 66, 68 may be reduced in order to facilitate removal of the less dense particles by permitting them to flow over the top of these rings. In one preferred configuration of elements following the"""" arrangement of FIGS. 6-6A, five circular concentric rings were used. Each ring with the excep- "" BURE cT J3 PI_ "" - - tion of the outer one, had a narrow vertical aperture serving as an area of communication between adjacent channels in the particle bed. The aperture in the center ring was 3/8"" wide and 2"" high; the apertures in the re- maining apertured rings were 3/8"" wide and 1-1/2"" high, • as measured .from the smooth floor of the plate 49, The dimensions of the rings were as follows: Diameter Height Innermost ring #1 5 inches 7 inches Ring #2 7-1/2 inches 2 inches Ring #3 9-1/2 inches 2 inches Ring #4 11 inches 2 inches Ring #5 * 12 inches 2 inches The inter-ring spacing (i.e., transverse channel dimen- - sion) thus progressively increased from the outer peri¬ phery to the inner ring as follows: 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch, 1 inch, 1-1/4 inches. In several tests using a batch of 100 pounds of -30+15 mesh silica sand containing a few grams of .11 inch diameter lead shot, more than 907. of the lead shot was collected and recovered in less than 10 pounds of sand in the region inside the center ring, using a test flow rate (rate at which sand/lead shot mixture is added to the particle bed) of 30 pounds per minute. "" , The sand/lead shot mixture was added at the point illustrated in FIGS. 6-6A. To facilitate the addition of the particle mixture at this point, a har¬ row apron, extending horizontally from the center.ring at a height of 2-1/2"" above the plate 49, was used to break the fall of particles into the particle bed. Means may be used to guide the particles onto the apron as, for example, a cylindrical collar affixed to and spaced outwardly from the center ring. In this five-ring embodiment, the mode of operation and the manner of separation occurred as des- cribed in connection with FIGS. 6-6A. The circular ve¬ locities of particle flow, however, were difficult to measure. There was an apparent counter-eccentric parti¬ cle flow in the channels at lower levels of the particle bed, to the extent that flow could be measured with a probe thrust into the bed. However, the surface of the particle bed in the channels between rings exhibited con¬ siderable agitation, or turbulence, and no reliable veloc¬ ity measurement could be made. In the center ring, how- ever, there was a counter-eccentric circular motion that was observably faster than the apparent circular velocity in the channel adjacent this ring. During operation, the apertures in the rings were below the surface of the particle bed, and less -_, ense particles flowed radially outwardly over the tops of the 2-inch high rings for continuous extraction of the less dense particles from the region defined between the non-apertured 12-inch ring and the rim 62. To achieve the rate of separation specified above, a ""Kason"" vibratory machine (similar to FIG. 1) was equipped with a 1/3 hp motor operating at 1140 r.p.m. , and with a weight setting of 90° lead loaded to capacity of the machine. Thus, in the embodiments of FIGS. 6, 6A, it will be seen that the flow of particles is generally radially inward. The migration of particles is restric¬ ted between adjacent annular regions except at peri¬ pherally displaced openings (72, 70, 52) between these adjacent regions. This configuration forces particles migrating within the fluidized particle bed from one annular region to another annular region to follow a circular path before reaching an opening interconnecting adjacent regions. As a result, the particles are given a longer residence time in the fluidized bed and, conse- quently, the more dense particles have adequate time to separate out as they travel progressively inwardly. - - The process of the invention is ideally suited not only for separating particles in a single operation, but also for separating particles in separate stages. One apparatus in which multi-stage separation can be accomplished is illustrated in FIG. 9. There, in two •separation stages 80, 81 are vertically superimposed so as to be agitated by a common eccentric agitator of the type described above in connection with FIG. 1. The first stage is comprised of the elements shown in FIG.6 and like numerals (followed with a prime mark) have been assigned to the various elements. In addition, the upper stage 80 is provided with a central opening 83 through the plate 49 for passing the separated heavy particles to a chute 85 leading to the second (lower) ""~ ""stage 81, this stage including a pair of concentric rings 86, 87 extending upwardly from the bed-supporting plate 84 having circumferentially spaced vertical gaps 88, 89 similar in configuration and location to the rings 51, 66 in FIG. 6. Though not shown in FIG. 9, the central opening should be provided with a flow restric¬ tive element such as a low standpipe or collar such as shown in FIG. 8. Separation in the two stages takes place as described above in connection with FIG. 6. In order to extract the scalped waste material • fro the first stage, a domed plate 90 disposed under¬ neath the plate 49*receives less dense particles dis¬ charged from the openings through the plate 49 and leads them to the discharge spout 92. As clearly illustrated, the chute 85 passes through the sloping plate and de- posits the more dense particles from the first stage in the annular region between the rings 86, 87. The less dense particles and waste material from the second stage exit from the lower discharge spout 93. It will he understood that combinations of stages other than that shown for illustrative purposes - - can be effectively used, and that further separation of the extracted less dense materials can be similarly effected in the same manner in a second stage of separa¬ tion. Moreover, it is preferable that all particles in the particle bed be classified beforehand so that an evenness of particle size is obtained. This ensures that dense particles to be separated will have greater mass than the less dense particles. To that end, apparatus for carrying out the process may incorporate conventional separation screens. Although the invention has been described with reference to specific processes and apparatus which have been carried out successfully on a small scale using experimental apparatus, it should be understood that the process is not limited to any specific appara¬ tus for carrying out the invention. There are numerous ways in which a fluidized bed might be controlled for separating particles of specified relative density by the use of specially designed elements placed within the fluidized bed. For example, the flow-controlling ele¬ ments might be made sloping and may take forms other than those disclosed herein to fit particular needs. Addi¬ tionally, the bed-supporting surface need not be per¬ fectly planar, and might have the form of an inwardly or- outwardly sloping conical wall, or yet other types of sloping geometries for taking advantage of gravitational force on the particle mass. As a further example, the bed-supporting plate can be covered wit a resilient layer which can be depressed slightly by the weight of the particles thereon so as to obtain the desired con¬ version of spin into translational circular particle movement. . It-,should also be noted that while the inven¬ tion is ideally suited for separation in a dry particle bed, i.e., one in which no supplemental fluid flow is 0MP _ -30- required, separation can be effected though the particle surfaces are wetted as long as particle mobility is not eliminated by such wetting. Furthermore, the term ""particle"" herein is not used in its strictly literal sense and does not necessarily connote minute or small particles, since the invention might be applied to separation and classification of fragmentary materials over a great range of sizes including stone, rock and minerals (e.g., coal) in chunk form. It should be un- derstood that where the term particle velocity is used, reference is being made to the velocity at levels below the surface of the particle bed. In some instances, for example, particles on the surface appear to flow in a direction opposite to particles below the surface. No attempt has been made to suggest all fore¬ seeable modifications and variations which might occur to those skilled in the art. Thus, for purposes of explanation, all embodiments and operative process modes described above have employed vibratory machines wherein the eccentric weights were set to provide a substantial lead angle. But other weight settings can be used. Thus I have also used a 0° lead angle to achieve separa¬ tion. In that case the dense particles collected in the outermost channel at the periphery of the particle bed ' . Circular velocity of the particles could not be measured, and it is quite possible that the particles were influenced more by the net radially directed thrust imparted to them by the eccentric component of gyratory motion than by any forces the circular velocity may have exerted. All such modifications and variations are in¬ tended to be encompassed by the appended claims.";". process or separat ng part c es o se ecte relative density from an aggregated mass of particles of se¬ lected size having different densities, comprising the steps of: disposing the aggregated mass of particles upon a supporting surface to form a particle bed; agitating the supporting surface with a gyratory motion having a circularly eccentric motion component and an oscillatory vertical component suffi¬ cient to fluidize said bed and thereby substantially reduce the resistance of the particle bed to transla- tional movement of particles therewithin; contacting the particles in said bed with vertical reaction surfaces movable with the supporting surface and defining at least two annular regions within the bed, one of said regions forming a zone for the re¬ tention .of particles of relatively greater density said supporting and reaction surfaces providing areas of contact with said bed sufficient to impart to the par¬ ticles forces causing them to move in paths having a net radial direction component; providing a restricted area of communication through at least one vertical reaction surface between adjacent annular regions so as to permit particles in said fluidized bed to move across at -least a portion of the boundary between said annular regions, whereby par¬ ticles of greater relative density move through said restricted area of communication into one. of said annular regions for collection, particles of less rela¬ tive density being displaceable from said collection region into an adjacent annular region. 2. The particle separation process of claim 1, further comprising the step of: extracting from the fluidized bed at least a portion of the ^ less dense particles at a given location within said adjacent region. 3. The particle separation process of claim 1, further comprising: OMPI — -32- adding particles to said fluidized bed in one annular region while extracting less dense particles from said fluidized bed in a different annular region. 4. The particle separation process of claim 1, wherein said adjacent region surrounds said collec¬ tion region, the process further comprising! adding particles to said fluidized bed in one of said annular regions, and extracting less dense particles from the bed in another of said annular regions, whereby particles of greater relative density collect in the fluidized bed in said collection region while particles of lesser rela¬ tive density tend to be displaced outwardly from said collection region into said other annular region for extraction. 5. The particle separation process of claim 1, further comprising: adding particles to said fluidized bed whereby added particles of greater relative density tend to migrate into said collection region while particles of lesser relative density tend to be displaced therefrom by the particles of greater relative density and move into other annular regions, and , extracting particles of less relative density ' from one of said other annular regions. 6. The particle separation process of claim 1, further comprising: adding particles to the fluidized bed in an adjacent region while• extracting particles from said collection region. 7. The process of claim 1, wherein said collection region is located generally in the center of gyratory motion of the fluidized particle bed. OMPI - -33- 8. The particle separation pi-ocess of claim 7,- further comprising: extracting particles of lesser relative den¬ sity from said fluidized bed at a radial location re- mote from said collection region. 9. The particle separation process of claim 8, wherein: said extraction occurs at the periphery of the fluidized bed. 10. The particle separation process of claim 1, wherein said collection region surrounds said ad¬ jacent region, the process further comprising: extracting relative less dense particles from said fluidized bed at a location in an adjacent region displaced inwardly from said collection region. 11. The particle separation process of claim I, wherein: the reaction surface containing the restricted area of communication comprises an annular wall . substan- tially surrounding at least a portion of said fluidized bed. 12. The particle separation process of claim II, further comprising: extracting at least some of the more dense particles from said collection region at a vertical level approximating the top of the fluidized bed. 13. The particle separation process of claim 11, wherein: said restricted area of communication comprises a relatively narrow vertical opening extending through said annular wall. 14. The particle separation process of claim 11, wherein: said restricted area of communication comprises a narrow horizontally extending opening at a level be- neath the surface of the particle bed. 15. The particle separation process of claim 1, wherein: said vertical reaction surfaces define a plu- rality of annular regions, each reaction surface between adjacent annular regions being provided with a limited area of communication for the movement of particles within the bed from one annular region to another. 16. The particle separation process of claim 15, wherein: each limited area of communication is circum- ferentially displaced from the limited areas of communi¬ cation in adjacent vertical reaction surfaces. 17. The particle separation process of claim 15, wherein: the radial dimensions of said adjacent annular regions "" progressively increases in the radial direction toward said collection region. 18. The process of claim 1, wherein: the eccentric motion component of gyratory motion is so characterized that a net radial ' inward thrust is exerted thereby upon the particle mass, and said collection region is located radially inwardly of at least one adjacent annular region. 19. The particle separation process of claim 1, wherein: the eccentric motion component of gyratory motion is so characterized that a net radially outward thrust is exerted thereby upon the particle mass, and "" said collection region is located radially outwardly of at least one adjacent annular region. 20. The particle separation process of claim 1, wherein: the characteristic of gyratory motion and the dimensions of said reaction surfaces are such as to in- -35- duce a circular translational motion of the particle mass in at least one of said annular regions at a greater rate than in an adjacent region, and wherein particles are induced to move radially in said 5 fluidized bed from a region having a relatively low rate of circular particle motion to an adjacent annular region having a relatively high rate of circular motion, the particles of relatively greater density accumulating in said annular region having a relatively high rate of 0 circular motion. 21- -The particle separation process of claim 3 11 1, wherein: said vertical reaction surface having said limited area of communication laterally confines the I fluidized bed in said adjacent annular region such that particles therewithin form a particle- column, said limi¬ ted area of communication being at a lower level of the bed, the process further comprising: extracting particles reaching a. given vertical 20 location in said column above said limited communication area. 22. The particle separation process of claim 21, wherein: said confining vertical reaction surface is 25 dimensioned to induce a circular translational motion of the particles in said column. 23. The particle separation process of claim 21, wherein: said column is disposed generally at the center 30 of gyratory motion and particles of selected relative density will migrate thereinto, while particles of dif¬ ferent relative density remain outside of said column. 24. The particle separation process of claim 21, further comprising: 35 providing a particle extraction passage in -36- said column leading from a first level vertically above the bed supporting surface downwardly to a second level below said bed supporting surface; and permitting at least certain of the particles reaching said first level to enter and thereby be ex¬ tracted from said bed through said extraction passage. 25. The particle separation process of claim 24, wherein: said extraction passage is disposed generally at the center of said particle column, 26. The particle separation process of claim 21, wherein: said area of communication comprises a gap between the bed supporting surface and the vertically extending surface. 27. The particle separation process of claim 1, wherein: the gyratory motion is of such, nature and the vertical reaction surfaces are so dimensioned as to in- duce a circular translational motion of the particles in the fluidized bed within said collection region, whereby particles of relatively greater density are caused to move in a circular translational path within said collection region. 28. The particle separation process of claim 7, further comprising: extracting said particles of relatively great- er density from the upper level of the fluidized bed in said collection region. 29. The particle separation process of claim l λ wherein the oscillatory vertical component of gyra¬ tory motion imparts to the particles of greater relative density an upward movement sufficient to enable them to accumulate at a level of the fluidized bed above the supporting surface. 30. The particle separation process of claim 29, further comprising: extracting said particles of greater relative density at the upper level of the fluidized bed. 31. The particle separation process of claim • 1, wherein the supporting surface is substantially im¬ pervious to the passage therethrough of particles to be separated. -32. The particle separation process of claim 1, wherein: the fluidized particle bed is substantially dry. 33. The process of claim l. wherein: individual particles in said fluidized bed tend to spin in the direction of said circular motion; said reaction surface includes portions having projection components normal to the bed supporting sur¬ face, and the particles at the bottom of the bed con- tact said portions so as to react with said spin ten¬ dency to cause said circular motion of the particle mass. 34. The process of claim 33, wherein: said surface portions comprise a plurality of concentric circular deformations normal to the plane of the supporting surface upon which the particle bed is disposed. 35. A process for separating particles of selected density from an aggregated mass of classified particles having different densities, comprising the steps of: disposing the aggregated mass of particles upon a supporting surface to form a particle bed; agitating the supporting surface with a gyra- tory motion having a circularly eccentric motion com- -38- ponent and an oscillatory vertical component suffi¬ cient to fluidize the particle bed and thereby to sub¬ stantially reduce the resistance of 'the particle bed to translational movement of particles therewithin; contacting the particles in said fluidized bed with a plurality of vertical reaction surfaces moveable with the said supporting surface and defining (a) an innermost collection region and (b) at least one annular region surrounding said collection region, said supporting and reaction surfaces, in combination with said gyratory motion, having a surface area of frictional contact with said bed sufficient to impart to the particles a net circular and radially inward movement toward said collection region; providing restricted areas of communication between adjacent regions so as to permit particles of greater relative density in said fluidized bed to move through said restricted areas of communication, whereby particles of greater relative density move into and accumulate in said collection region and whereby particles of lesser relative density may be displaced from said collection region into the said surrounding region. 36. The particle separation process of claim 35, further comprising: extracting particles of lesser relative den¬ sity from one of said surrounding annular regions. 37. A process of separating particles of selected relative density from an aggregated mass of classified particles having different densities, com¬ prising the steps of: disposing the aggregated mass of particles upon a supporting surface to form a particle bed; agitating the supporting surface with a gyra- tory motion having a circularly eccentric motion co po- _0MPI - - nent and an oscillatory vertical component suffi¬ cient to fluidize said bed and thereby substantially reduce the resistance of the particle bed to transla-. tional movement of particles therewithin; 5 contacting the particles in said bed with • vertical reaction surfaces associated with the support¬ ing surface and defining a plurality of annular regions in said fluidized.bed, said supporting and reaction sur¬ faces, in combination with said gyratory motion, ener- 10 gizing the particles in said annular regions to cause particles of relatively greater density to move in paths having a net circular direction component and a net radial direction component; providing restricted areas of communication 15 between adjacent annular regions so as to permit par¬ ticles to move through said restricted areas from one annular region to an adjacent annular region; and • . permitting particles of greater relative den¬ sity to move in said paths of motion through said res- 20 tricted areas of communication into one of said regions for collection, while permitting particles of rela¬ tively less density to move into another of said annular regions. 38, The particle separation process of claim 25"" 37, further comprising: adding particles to said fluidized bed in one annular region and extracting relatively less dense particles from a different annular region. 30 39. The process of claim 37, wherein: the particle bed is maintained at a height at least as great as said vertical reaction surfaces, there¬ by to enable relatively less dense particles to move from one annulat region to the next over the tops of 35 said vertical reaction surfaces. ""BURHΛ ___O P_ - - 40. The process of claim 39. wherein said particles of greater relative density move in paths having a net inward direction component, the collec¬ tion region being the innermost annular region, and relatively less dense particles are displaced out- 'wardly, at least some of said relatively less dense particles being displaced outwardly over the tops of said vertical reaction surfaces. 41. A process for the separation of particles of selected density from an aggregated mass of classi¬ fied particles having different densities, comprising: disposing the aggregated mass of particles upon a supporting surface to form a particle bed; laterally confining the particles in the bed with vertical reaction surfaces so as to establish a plurality of annular channels for the fluidized par¬ ticles; providing restricted areas of communication between adjacent channels; agitating the supporting and reaction sur¬ faces with a gyratory motion having a circularly eccen¬ tric component and an oscillatory vertical component, said motion being such as to fluidize the particle bed and ^hereby reduce the resistance of the particle bed - to translational movement of the particles therewithin, and to induce a net radial and lateral movement within the annular channels of particles of selected density; and permitting said particles of selected rela- tive density to pass, through said restricted areas of communication by virtue of said radial and lateral move¬ ment so as to accumulate in a collecton zone defined by one of said channels. 42. The particle separation process of claim 41 t wherein: - - said collection zone is disposed at the center of motion of the supporting surface, and the net radial movement of the particles of selected density is inward. 43. The particle separation process of claim 1, further comprising: extracting from one of said annular channels particles having a density predominantly different from the selected density. 44. The particle separation process of claim 41, wherein: particles are extracted from an annular chan¬ nel separated from the collection zone by at least one intermediate annular channel. 45. The particle separation process of claim 41, wherein: particles of selected relative density which accumulate in the collection, zone are those of greater relative density. 46. The particle separation process of claim 41. wherein: the collection zone is constituted of the out¬ ermost annular channel and the net radial movement of particles of selected density is outward. 47. Apparatus for separating particles of selected relative density from an aggregate mass of classified particles having different densities, com¬ prising: means providing a surface for supporting the aggregated mass of particles constituting a particle bed; means supporting said surface means for at least limited lateral and vertical motion; means for agitating said supporting surface with a gyratory motion having a circularly eccentric motion component in an oscillatory vertical motion compo- -42- nent sufficient to fluidize the particle bed and thereby substantially reduce the resistance of the particle bed • to translational movement of relatively more dense par¬ ticles therewithin; reaction surface means associated with the supporting surface defining a plurality of annular chan¬ nels, said reaction surface means and supporting means providing an area of frictional contact with the par¬ ticle bed sufficient to energize the relatively more dense particles so as to cause them to move through the bed in paths having a net circular component and a net .radial component; said reaction surface means providing res- . tricted areas of communication between adjacent annular channels and being so configured to permit said rela¬ tively more dense particles to pass therethrough into an adjacent channel and there displace particles of relatively less density. 48. The apparatus of claim 46, wherein: said supporting surface means includes por¬ tions of the supporting surface having projection com¬ ponents in planes normal to the plane thereof and dimen¬ sioned to contact the particles. 49. The apparatus of claim 48, wherein: said surface portions comprise a plurality of concentric circular deformations normal to the plane of the supporting surface. 50. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein: said supporting surface is substantially im- pervious to the passage of particles therethrough. 51. The apparatus of claim 47, further com¬ prising: means for continuously extracting particles reaching a predetermined location in one of said adjacent annular channels. -43- 52. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein: said reaction surface means comprise a plu¬ rality of generally concentric rings extending upwardly from the particle-supporting surface, 53. The apparatus of claim 47,. herein: said restricted areas of communication are circumferentially displaced. 54. The apparatus of claim 47, wherein the ^ reaction surface means includes: - at least one particle-confining surface ex¬ tending upward from the supporting surface at the boun- • dary between adjacent annular channels to define a collection zone at a central region within said con- . fining surface and having an opening therethrough for ~ the movement of particles between regions interior and exterior thereof. 55. The apparatus of claim 54, further com¬ prising: a second particle-confining surface radially 0 spaced from said first confining surface so as to define therewith an annular particle flow channel whereby particles of relatively greater density are free to move circularly and radially within said annular channel and through said opening into the collection zone. 5 56. The apparatus of claim 54, wherein: said opening defines a generally horizontal gap of narrow dimension located adjacent the supporting surface, whereby particles may move through such gap into the annular region bounded by the particle-confining sur- 0 face. 57. The apparatus of claim 47, further com¬ prising: particle confining means extending upwardly from a level near the supporting surface in one of said 5 annular channels and having an opening to permit par- _^BU E ^ O -=: 3 03 P It Tt t→- to cr σ* rt P- TJ rt P» P « to ro t a ro O P ft o ro 3 P r J cu cu 3 P tr a TJ cn P» rt ro a P 01 cn ro P- t→ Hi 3 cu ro < to P* 01 P t→ to ro CO ro P Hi P 1 o O v u rt 01 Q P « o ro Hi o Hi z rt rt 3 3 r ro rt O P- ) TJ P P CO < a tr P l→ T ) P. rt CO Ui o to 3 ro rt¬ ro 3 to 3 o P « P- TJ ro OO a P* ro rt ro rt O H rt¬ rt CO 01 to t→ • Hi u to rt rt ro <! ro rt Tt t P* o fc!"" rt ro fc!"" a P> cr ro rt r to a rt P a Hi CO O 01 VJ ro a CO 0P H. rt¬ PJ o t→ OP fc!"" P» to 3 rt t fc_"" •• P ro a a 3 Hi h- P to P a t→ u OP P « O P* tr -u P* rt VJ 01 0P ro to cu rt VJ a 4 P* P « 3 cn cu 3 P « cr ro to o P rt rt S TJ ro N ro 3 O rt P« a o Hi a 4 3* a rt o t→ a to ro P o £ a_ ro X Tl 3 r cu rt Z a σ 4 <i 01 vj 01 Hi o P> P CO rt to cu VJ 3 P' ro 3 tJ * rt ro . D 4 to rt ro rt rt a OP a VJ CO ro O cu P. TJ tr Hi fc!"" rt 0P OP CD cu rt P * 3 ro to a o rt Hi fc!"" VJ rt rt rt o 0P ro P. rt Hi to a ro rt ro ro Hi OP P- o o rt OP rt OP P- rt 01 rt o 3 Hi 3 rt tr P- P tr rt rt¬ Hi rt T) ro o P» % 3 ro 3 ro ro to rt tr to rt a ro o o u rt 3 tr ro rt ro 01 3 <J TJ to ro ro rt P* rt OP to . to 3 a to P* P"" a tr Hi tr σ 4 rt TJ to rt OP 01 a P rt rt t→ rt to CO 0P ro rt¬ P* O Q P- ro P- rt ' CO P. rt Tl ro ro o rt ro ro to rt p 3 CO a_ 3 a OP rt Z P 1 P* o 3 OP rt P- u a 4 rt o P « . ro P Hi 01 to to o Hi cr rt 01 P» P « rt¬ Ct rt rt 01 ro rt tr ro TJ rt ro P- O to tr P- to P- p. σ o 3 P- t ro rt a r rt 3 a Hi Cu to a 4 ro rt 01 3 to rt rt ro rt cu P « to o 03 a O rt ro tr •• • o 01 Hi to Tt P « OP 01 ro P» rt 01 P « 3 ro P P* 3 ro tr TJ Cu TJ a P* o TJ cr CD ro O to J p. ro a 1 ro Hi rt ro u 1 rt O aP of communication by virtue of said radial movement so as to establish particle flow from one of said adjacent annular channels to the other. 59. The process of claim 58, wherein said restricted area of communication is a gap defined be¬ tween the bottom portion of the intermediate reaction surface and the supporting surface. 60. In an apparatus for separating par¬ ticles of selected relative density from an aggregate mass of classified particles having different densities, the combination of: means providing a surface for supporting the aggregated mass of particles constituting a par¬ ticle bed; means supporting said surface means for at least limited lateral and vertical motion; means for agitating said supporting sur¬ face with a gyratory motion having a circularly eccentric motion component in an oscillatory vertical motion component sufficient to fluidize the particle bed and thereby substantially reduce the resistance of the particle bed to translational movement of rela¬ tively more dense particles therewithin; reaction surface means associated with the supporting surface defining an annular region, said reaction surface means and supporting means pro¬ viding an area of frictional contact with the particle bed sufficient to energize the relatively more dense particles so as to cause them to move through the bed in paths having a net radial component; intermediate surface means defining with said reaction surface means at least two adjacent annular channels for fluidized particles, said inter¬ mediate surface. means being movable independently of said reaction surface means; and -46- said intermediate surface means defining a restricted area of communication between adjacent annular channels and being so configured to permit said relatively more dense particles to pass through the boundary defined thereby from one adjacent channel into the other. 61. The apparatus of claim 58, wherein said restricted area of communication is a gap defined between the lower portion of said intermediate surface Q means and said supporting surface.";HAIGHT W;HAIGHT W;1978
+WO-1979000323-A1;19790614.0;19781013;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10452254.0;C25B9;C07D303;C07D303, C25B3, C25B9;C25B   3/02, C25B   9/06B, C25B   9/18;ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND PROCESS;An electrochemical cell comprises a housing (1, 2) divided by a perforated generally horizontal plate (3) into an upper chamber (4) and a lower chamber (5). Bipolar electrodes (19, 21) are disposed in the upper chamber (4) above perforations (23) in the plate (3), between electrolyte inlet and outlet weirs (11, 13) for flowing electrolyte over the plate (3). The lower chamber (5) is a gas-supply chamber for passing a gas, e.g. propylene, up through the perforations (23), so as to bubble the gas through electrolyte (e.g. NaBr solutions) on the plate (3) and into the upper gas-collection chamber (4). A reactor may be formed by stacking several cells with their electrolyte flows in cascade. The cell is particularly suitable for electro-organic syntheses involving a gaseous reactant.;"ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND PROCESS Technical Field The invention relates to electrochemical cells r particularly for carrying out electrochemical reactions involving a gaseous reactant or in which gas is supplied for another purpose such as purging or sweeping away a product of reaction, or as a buffering agent or to inhibit unwanted reactions. The invention is more specifically, but not exclusively, concerned with an electrochemical cell for electro-organic synthesis, for example the electro¬ chemical oxidation of unsaturated and poly- nsaturated hydrocarbons, The electrochemical production of propylene oxide is particularly interesting, and will be discussed in greater detail by way of example. Background Art In the electrochemical production of propy¬ lene oxide, propylene is converted to propylene halohydrin by reaction with, halogen generated ±n situ by the anodic oxidation of _.he halide salt of an alkali metal in aqueous solution. The propylene halohydrin is converted to propylene oxide by reaction with the hydroxyl group at the cathode from which hydrogen is -liberated. The general'scheme of reaction when sodium bromide is used as the electrolyte is: Anode 2 Br "" . 3r, + 2 e C 3_.H,6_ + Br2. + H2_0 + HBr Cathode 2 H-0 f- H- + 2 OH- - 2e , C 3 H 6 BrOH + OH *- C 3 K_0 + H„0 + Br Overall C3-H6- + H20 —^ C3-H6.O + H2 In principle, only water, propylene and electrical energy are consumed in the formation of propylene oxide and hydrogen. The halide electrolyte, sodium bromide, is continuously oxidized and re¬ generated within the cell for further use, although losses of bromine may be caused by the formation of hypobromite and bromine gas. - The advantages of this electrochemical route, which obviates the production of waste calcium chloride encountered in the conventional chemical process, have long been recognized but attempts to implement it have not proved to be very effective. French Patent Specification No. 1,375,973 and ~ i. German Auslegeschrift No. 1,258,856 proposed the use of diaphragm cells in which propylene halohydrin is . generated at a porous anode and passes through the diaphragm into an alkaline catholyte in a porous cathode where it is saponified to propylene oxide. However, these cells are complex and the efficiency low. U.S. Patent Specification No. 3,394,059 proposed carrying out the halohydrin process in a non- divided cell, preferably a flowing mercury cathode cell, in which propylene was simply bubbled into the electro- lyte. Again, the performance was poor and F. Beck (IUPAC XXIVth International Congress, Hamburg, 1973, Vol.5, ""Applied Electrochemistry"", pages 111-136) has claimed an improved performance using a capillary gap cell. In this, propylene dispersed in a dilute NaBr electrolyte is supplied through a central hole 5 in a pile of electrode discs and flows radially out¬ wards between the discs. The gap between the elec¬ trode discs was made small CO•2 to 0.5 mm), to enable * low bromide concentrations to be handled with low ohmic losses. A current efficiency of 70% or just Q above and an energy consumption of Q.23 - 0.30 kwh/ gmol propylene oxide are reported for a small capillary gap cell, but scaling up this cell for- industrial production would involve difficulties. Fleischmann et al, (.Symposium on Electro- 5 chemical Engineering _I, Newcastle 1971, Editor J.D. Thornton) have studied the synthesis of propylene oxide using a bipolar packed bed cell. The cell consisted of a packed bed made up of a mixture of conducting and non-conducting particles. The Q conducting particles become bipolar by using dilute electrolyte in the cell and applying sufficient voltage gradient between the contact electrodes so as to over¬ come the resistance drop in the electrolyte. Using glass coated with graphite as the conducting particles 5 and glass beads as the non-conducting particles, all particles having a diameter of about.0.05 cm, the energy consumption o .such a cell was found to be high, in the range of 2.5 - 3 kwh/gmol propylene oxide. A bipolar rod flow cell was used by King et al, 0 CTrans. Inst. Chem. Eng. , 53, 1975) for the production of propylene oxide. The cell consisted of vertical rows of electrically—conductive rods, separated from one another by a small gap. The electrolyte was fed to the top rods, flowed downvmrds over the vertical 5 rows and was collected from the bottom rods for re- ""gUR£_ £^ circulation. The gaseous reactant, propylene, was passed up the space between the vertical rows, in continuous contact with the electrolyte film. The current efficiency of this cell was of the order of 70% and the energy consumption is estimated in the range 0.35 - 0.4 kwh/gmol propylene oxide. R.E. . Jansson et al. have developed a bipolar electrochemical pump cell for which an energy yield below 0.2 kwh/gmol of propylene oxide is claimed (Journal of App. Electrochemistry, 7, (1977) , 437-443) for trial experiments on a laboratory scale using a cathode rotating at 3000 rpm with an electrode gap of 0.25 mm. However, the structure is not easily scaled-up for industrial production. Various other cell structures designed to provide a gas supply to the electrolyte are also known. For example, in the electrowinning of metals such as copper, it is well known to supply a gas through bubble tubes situated below the electrodes in order to agitate the electrolyte (e.g. see U.S. Patent Specification No. 3,875,041 and the earlier patents referred to therein). Another suggestion made in U.S. Patent Specification No. 3,259,049 was to provide electrolyte agitation in an electroplating tank using a hollow, flat manifold which is placed in the electrolyte, under the electrodes, and has a perforated upper surface for bubbling gas up into the electrolyte, the gas being supplied to the manifold via a gas flow tube. In contrast to the fixed bubble- tube arrangements, the entire manifold structure was made removable to facilitate periodic cleaning to remove fragments which may block the perforations in the manifold. Disclosure of Invention An object of the invention is to provide an B 0 i\ "" AΓ > ORIGINAL electrochemical cell specifically (but not exclusively) for the production of propylene oxide and which can be designed to meet up. to the following requirements better than the previously proposed cells: 1) Simplicity of the mechanical construction; 2) Good heat and mass transfer characteristics; 3) Simplicity of operation and continuous operation; 4) ' Good gas-liquid contact; and 5) Good mixing of anolyte and catholyte products. 0 According to the invention, in its simplest form, an electrochemical cell comprises electrodes disposed over a perforated generally horizontal plate, an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte outlet spaced apart on opposite sides of the electrodes across the 5 perforated plate, and a cell housing which is divided by the perforated plate into an upper chamber and a lower chamber. The lower chamber is a gas supply chamber from which, in use, gas passes up through perforations in the plate and bubbles through electro- Q lyte on the plate to collect in the upper chamber. The electrolyte inlet and electrolyte outlet of the cell are each advantageously formed by a weir. The top of the inlet weir is higher than the top of the outlet weir which in turn is higher than the top of the 5 electrodes. Hence, by controlling the supply of fresh electrolyte to the inlet weir, the electrolyte is made to flow over the inlet weir and between the electrodes as it passes across the perforated plate, while spent or reacted electrolyte flows out over the outlet weir at a 0 chosen rate.' These weirs may be formed by upstanding plates integral with or fixed on the perforated plate. The electrodes, advantageously a bipolar array of vertical plate-like electrodes 'disposed in spaced parallel relationship to provide channels between the ^-^ -^ y- electrolyte inlet and outlet,, may rest on the perforated plate which.,, in this instance, will be made of electric¬ ally insulating material. The perforations in the plate can be arranged in rows each spaced about mid-way between 5 adjacent electrodes. Perforations in the form of gen¬ erally circular bores having a diameter of about 1 mm hav been found satisfactory, but- perforations of other form and size can be used. The bottom of the lower chamber of the cell Q housing can serve as a receptacle for a pool of spent or reacted electrolyte which flows via a downcomer tube leading from the aforementioned outlet weir into the * pool from which electrolyte is removed via an outlet and may be recycled. Fresh electrolyte can be supplied to 5 the aforementioned inlet weir via an incomer tube which extends down through the upper chamber of the cell housi into the electrolyte retained by the inlet weir. The upper and lower chambers may be formed by upper and lower sections of a box-like cell housing, the 0 sections being separated by .the aforesaid plate which is perforated only in the region under the electrodes. A • rectangular enclosure for the electrodes may thus be formed by the side walls of the upper housing section fitting against upstanding plates forming the inlet and 5 outlet weirs. These side walls can carry inset termina electrodes of the electrode array. The invention also concerns an electrochemical reactor formed by stacking several cells according to th invention in a column whereby the gas-collection chamber Q of each cell (except the top one) forms the gas-supply chamber for the cell above. In other words, the per¬ forated plate of each cell (except the lowest one) forms the top of the gas-collection chamber of the cell below. With this arrangement, in operation, gas passes up 5 througb. the cells from the bottom of the column to the top, bubbling through the electrolyte in each cell. Preferably, the electrolyte outlets and inlets of the successive cells are connected in cascade so that the electrolyte ' flows down the column from one cell to the 5 next, the electrolyte flowing across the perforated plate of each cell from the inlet to the outlet and then down to the inlet of the cell below. Each cell of such a reactor can have the aforementioned preferred features of a single cell unit, such as the electrolyte Q inlets and outlets being formed By weirs. Another aspect of the invention is a method of carrying out an electrochemical process or reaction using a cell according to the invention, this method comprising passing gas up through the perforations in 5 the plate s o that it bubbles into the electrolyte on the plate. Depending on the reaction, the method may be operated continuously, i.e. continuously, supplying gas, electrolyte and electric current, or discontinuously, i.e. with an intermittent supply of gas, electrolyte and/ 0 or current. Yet another aspect of the invention is a method of carrying out an electrochemical process or reaction using a reactor formed by a column of cells according to the invention, this method comprising flowing 5 electrolyte down the column from. one cell to the next and across -the perforated plate of each cell, and passing gas up through the perforations in the successive plates so that the gas bubbles through the electrolyte on each plate. This method may also be operated continuously Q or discontinuously. The gas may be a reactant or a mixture of reac.ants, or may serve another purpose, for instance an inert purge gas such as nitrogen may be used to sweep away a product of reaction, or a buffering agent such as 5 CO- or .NH_ may be used to control the pH of the electro- -Bϋkt^ OΛ1PI lyte, for example to inhibit unwanted reactions. In addition to the preparation of propylene oxide, the cell according to the invention could be used in the electro-synthesis of other products such as the formation of butylene oxide from butene. Another important application is the electro¬ chemical treatment of some effluent gases. Generally speaking, many applications concern the situation where one or more of the reactants is a gas and where mixing of anolyte and catholyte is advantageous or inconsequen¬ tial. Brief Description of Drawings Embodiments of the invention are shown, by way of example, in the accompanying drawings, in which: Fig. 1 is a cross-section of a cell along the line I-I of Fig. 2; Fig. 2 is a cross-section along the line II-II of Fig. 1; Fig, 3 is a sectional view of the cell of Figs. 1 and 2 along the line III-III of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a cut-away view similar to Fig. 1, of part of a column formed of several cells connected in cascade. Best modes for carrying out the Invention The cell of Figs. 1 to 3 comprises a generally rectangular box-like housing composed of an upper section 1 and a lower section 2. A plate 3, fixed between flanges 34 of the upper and lower sections 1,2 divides the housing into an upper chamber 4 and a lower chamber 5. The joints between the flanges 34 and the plate 3 are sealed by gaskets 6. The upper chamber 4 has an electrolyte inlet section 7, an electrode section 8 and an electrolyte outlet section 9. • The inlet section 7 comprises an incomer tube 10 which passes through the top 35 of the 5 upper section 1 and extends down to near the plate 3, between an upstanding plate 11 and three side walls 36 -of the section 1. The plate 11, which is integral with the plate 3, extends across the width of the chamber 4 and forms an inlet weir which, in use, holds a pool of 10 electrolyte at a level 12, this electrolyte being del¬ ivered via the incomer tube 10. The electrolyte outlet section 9 comprises an outlet weir plate 13 which also extends across the width of the chamber 4, but is formed by one wall of an 15 enlarged square end 14 of a downcomer tube 15 which passes through a hole 16 in the plate 3. The square end 14 is fitted in a corresponding square recess defined by the side walls 36 of the upper section 1 and an upstanding plate 17 integral with the plate 3. The 20. top of the outlet, weir plate 13, is lower than the top of the inlet weir plate 11 and, in use, it maintains electrolyte in the electrode section 8 at a level 18. In the electrode section 8 are disposed seven electrodes 19 in .the form of plates held in spaced 25 parallel relationship in vertical grooves 20 in the plates 11 and 17. The electrodes 19 are disposed between two terminal electrodes 21 which are inset in the side walls 36 through which pass current leads 22. The plate 11 at one end of the spaced electrodes, and 30 the plates 17 and 13 at the other end define, with the side walls 36 of the section 1, an electrolyte receptacle whose' bottom is formed by a perforated central part of the plate 3. The perforations in the plate 3, indicated at 23, are in the form of circular holes or bores having 35 a diameter of about 1mm, arranged in eight rows each of -10- seven equally-spaced holes disposed mid-way between the adjacent electrodes 19 or 19 and 21. The upper, housing section 1 also comprises, in its top 35, a gas outlet pipe 24 for the removal of 5 gas from the upper chamber 4. In the lower chamber 5, the downcomer tube 15 extends near to the bottom, below the level of an upstanding wall 30 which forms a trap or weir holding a pool of outgoing electrolyte at a level 31. In the 0 bottom of the lower section 2 is an outlet pipe 32 for removing the electrolyte which has flowed over the weir wall 3Q. The lower housing section 2 also has a gas inlet pipe 33 for delivering gas into the lower chamber 5. Electrolyte in the bottom of the chamber 5 prevents this 15 gas from escaping via the outlet pipe 32 or the down¬ comer tube 15, so that the gas passes up through the perforations 23 in the plate 3 and bubbles into the electrolyte between the electrodes 19, and 19 and 21 in the electrode section 8. 20. To operate the cell, the electrolyte outlet pipe 32 is connected to the incomer tube 10 by an electrolyte circulating system, and the gas outlet pipe 24 is connected to the inlet pipe 33 by a gas circula¬ ting system. The electrolyte is circulated at a chosen 25 rate so that fresh electrolyte from the incomer tube 10 flows over the inlet weir, namely the plate 11, across the electrode section _, i.e. through the parallel channe defined between the electrodes 19, and 19 and 21, and out over the outlet weir plate 13. The gas is also cir- 30 culated at a chosen rate, which can be adjusted independently of the electrolyte flow rate. It passes from -the lower chamber 5 up through the perforations 23 and bubbles through the electrolyte between the electrodes 19, and 19 and 21 into the upper or gas-collection chambe 35 4. When all of the flows have been set up, current is supplied to the electrodes 13 and 21. In some instances, i.e. when the gas is a reactant, current is supplied to the electrodes as the gas is supplied, and the operation -is advantageously continuous, i.e. with constant electrolyte and gas flowrates. In other instances, however, it may be advantageous to operate discontinuously, i.e. with an intermittent flow of electrolyte or .gas or both, with- current supply during the appropriate phase.- The product of the electro- chemical reaction may be taken off as a gas and removed from the gas stream before recirculating, or may be : taken off dissolved in the electrolyte, in which case it is removed from the electrolyte before recycling. For the production of propylene oxide, the product will partition itself between the electrolyte and the gas phase and may therefore advantageously be removed through- -the σas outlet pipe 24 and separated by conden¬ sation . Industrial applicability A cell as shown in Figs. 1 to 3 was used for the production of propylene oxide. The electrodes were plates of graphite each 6.3 cm high, 8.3 __. long and 0.3 cm thick ' and spaced apart by ' a distance cf about 4 ___. The electrolyte, 5 litres of 0.2M or 0.2K aBr solution, was flowed at a constant rate, in the range from about 20 3 to 45 cm /sec. Propylene gas was also circulated, using a supply of fresh propylene at. a constant rate in the 3 range from about 5 to 40 cm /sec. Before supplying a constant current (.at from 1 to 2A and a constant voltage from 25 to 4QV) , the propylene was circulated for several minutes, to remove air from the cell housing and to saturate the electrolyte solution. Operation was carried out at ambient temperature and atmospheric , . pressure and the pH of the electrolyte was maintained between about 11. and 12 by ^_V ^ adding HBr solution. Gas and liquid samples were checked at 1/2 hourly intervals. In some instances, a foaming agent ( . ""Decon"", Trademark) was added with a view to promoting rapid mass transport of the reactants to the electrodes, and to increase the solubility of propylene. The results showed a high current efficien about 80.%, and a low energy consumption, 0.2 to 0.3 "" kwh/gmol of propylene . oxide when operating at low temperature, low current and low gas flowrate using dilute NaBr. For the epoxidation of 1-butεne using th same cell, an energy consumption of 0.26 kwh/gmol of butylene oxide was achieved at a current efficiency approaching that obtained with propylene oxide. These performances may be improved by optimizing the cell dimensions and process conditions and, possibly, by operating at elevated pressures. As shown in Fig. 4, several cells similar to that of Figs. 1 to 3 can be stacked in a column with the electrolyte flow system connected in cascade. In Fig. 4, the same parts are designated by the same references as before, some parts of the intermediate cells -being designated by double references. The upper section 1 of the housing of the top cell and the lower section 2 of the housing of the bottom cell are exactly the same as the upper and lower sections 1 and 2 of Figs. 1 and 2. However, in the reactor column, the perforated plate 3 forming the bottom of one cell also forms the top of the gas collection chamber 4 of the cell below and its perforations 23 act as the gas outlet for that chamber; the downcomer tube 15 for the discharge of electrolyte from one cell forms the incomer tube 10 of the cell below; the gas collection chamber 4 of eac cell (except the top one), forms the gas supply chamber 5 for the cell above; and so- forth. In operation of this reactor column, gas is supplied at the bottom of the column, via the inlet pipe 33, passes up through the successive cells, bubbling up through the electrolyte in each electrode section 8, and is removed from the top of the column via the outlet pipe 24. Electrolyte is supplied at the top 35 of the column via the top incomer tube 10 and, as indicated by the arrow, cascades down from one cell to the next, flowing across the electrode section 8 of each cell, and is removed from the bottom of the column via the outlet pipe 32. As before, current is supplied to the electrodes of each cell and the operation may be continuous or discontinuous. Many variations may be made to the described embodiments. Various electrode materials can be used, depending on the reaction: ..in particular, dimen- sionally-stable metal electrodes will be preferred for some reactions. Also, the electrodes need not be bipolar. In some instances, spaced parallel electrodes can be disposed transverse to the general direction of flow of electrolyte across the perforated plate. Various shapes and sizes of perforations can be provided in this plate and, instead of being disposed between the adjacent electrodes, for certain reactions these per¬ forations could lead into porous or foraminous electrodes disposed on the perforated plate. Instead of the preferred electrolyte inlet and outlet weirs, other means could be provided to enable a flow of the electrolyte generally across the perforated.plate, while maintaining a given electrolyte level. OΛ.PI";"CLAIMS 1. An electrochemical cell, comprising electrodes disposed over a perforated generally hori¬ zontal plate, an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte outlet spaced apart on opposite sides of the electrodes across the perforated plate, and a cell housing which is divided by the perforated plate into an upper chamber and a lower chamber, wherein the lower chamber is a gas supply chamber for passing gas via the perforations in the perforated plate through the electrolyte located above the plate in the upper chamber. 2. The electrochemical cell of Claim 1, wherein the electrolyte inlet and the electrolyte outlet are each- formed by a weir, 3. The electrochemical cell of Claim 2, wherein the top of the electrolyte inlet weir is higher than the top of the electrolyte outlet weir which is higher than the top of the electrodes. 4. The electrochemical cell of Claim 2 or 3, wherein the weirs are formed by plates upstanding from the perforated plate. 5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, comprising a bipolar array of vertical plate-like electrodes disposed in spaced parallel relationship to define channels between the electrolyte inlet and the electrolyte outlet. 6. The electrochemical cell of claim 5, wherein the bipolar electrodes rest on the perforated plate, which is made of electrically-insulating material, and wherein the perforations in the plate are arranged in rows spaced about mid-way between adjacent electrodes. 7. The electrochemical cell of claim 2, wherein a bottom part of the lower chamber forms a receptacle for a pool of reacted electrolyte, and a downcomer tube leads from the electrolyte outlet weir -~_ _} R E O to the bottom part of the lower chamber, for the delivery of reacted electrolyte to the pool. 8. The electrochemical cell of claim 7, comprising an incomer tube extending down through the upper chamber, for the delivery of fresh electrolyte to the electrolyte inlet weir. 9. The electrochemical cell of claim 1, wherein the upper and lower chambers are formed by respective separate upper and lower sections of a box-like cell housing, the housing sections are separated by and secured to the periphery of the plate and the per¬ forations are disposed in the plate only in the region under the electrodes. 10. The electrochemical cell of claim 9, wherein the.upper housing section has facing side walls which fit against upstanding plates forming electrolyte inlet and outlet weirs to define a rectangular enclosure for the electrodes. 11. The electrochemical cell of claim 10, comprising a bipolar array of vertical plate-like electrodes disposed in spaced parallel relationship to define channels between the electrolyte inlet and electrolyte outlet weirs, said electrode array including terminal electrodes inset in said facing side walls of the upper housing section. 12. An electrochemical cell, comprising: a cell housing; a perforated generally horizontal plate dividing the cell housing into an upper chamber and a lower chamber; electrodes disposed in the upper chamber ~ over perforations in the perforated plate; and means defining an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte outlet spaced apart on opposite sides of the electrodes across '_ _T EA7 the perforated plate to maintain electrolyte on the perforated plate at an intermediate level of the upper chamber so as at least partially to immerse the electrodes and define a gas-collection space in the upper chamber above the electrolyte; the lower housing chamber constituting a gas supply chamber for passing gas up through perforations in the plate so as to bubble the gas through the electrolyte on the plate and into the gas-collection space 13. An electrochemical reactor comprising (I) a plurality of cells, each cell comprising (i) electrodes disposed over a perforated generally horizontal plate and (ii) an electrolyte inlet and (iii) an electrolyte outlet spaced apart on opposite sides of the electrodes across t perforated plate, and (.II) a reactor housing in which the cells are stacked in a columnar arrangement, the perfora- ted plates of the cells dividing the reactor housing into superimposed chambers, each perforated plate being dis¬ posed over a gas-supply chamber for passing gas up throug perforations in the plate to bubble through electrolyte on the plate and collect in the chamber thereabove and which (.except for that of the top cell) forms the gas- supply chamber for the cell above. 14. The electrochemical reactor of claim 13, wherein the electrolyte inlet and the electrolyte outlet of each cell are formed by weirs. 15. The electrochemical reactor of claim 14, wherein the top of the electrolyte inlet weir of each cell -is higher than the top of the electrolyte outlet weir which is higher than the top of the electrodes. 26, The electrochemical reactor of claim 14 or 15, wherein the weirs are formed by plates upstanding from the perforated plates, 17. The electrochemical reactor of claim 13, wherein each cell comprises a bipolar array of vertical plate-like electrodes disposed in spaced parallel relationship to define channels between the electrolyte inlet and the electrolyte outlet of the cell. 18. The electrochemical reactor of claim 17, wherein the electrodes rest on the perforated plate of the associated cell, each plate is made of electrically- insulating material and the perforations in each plate are arranged in rows spaced about mid-way between the respective adjacent electrodes. 19. The electrochemical reactor of claim 14, comprising downcomer tubes for delivering electrolyte from the electrolyte outlet weir of each cell (.except the lowest one) to the electrolyte inlet weir of the cell below. 20. The electrochemical reactor of claim 19, wherein a bottom part of the lowest chamber forms a receptacle for a pool of reacted electrolyte and a further downcomer tube leads from the electrolyte outlet of the lowest cell to the bottom part of the lowest chamber, for the delivery of reacted electrolyte to the pool. 21. The electrochemical reactor of claim 2Q, comprising an incomer tube extending down through the top chamber, for the delivery of fresh electrolyte to the electrolyte inlet weir of the top cell. 22. The electrochemical reactor of claim 13, wherein the respective sections of the reactor housing are separated by and secured to the periphery of the respective horizontal plates, which are perforated only in the regions under the electrodes of the respective cells of the reactor. 23. The electrochemical reactor of claim 22, wherein each housing section Cexcept the lowest one) has facing side walls which fit against upstanding plate forming electrolyte inlet and outlet weirs to define a rectangular enclosure for the electrodes of the respecti cell. 24. The electrochemical reactor of claim 23, - wherein each cell comprises a bipolar array of vertical plate-like electrodes disposed in spaced parallel rela¬ tionship to define channels between the electrolyte inle and outlet weirs of the cell, each electrode array including terminal electrodes inset in the facing side walls of the respective housing section. 25. An electrochemical reactor comprising: . a reactor housing; a plurality of mutually-spaced perforated generally horizontal plates disposed in superimposed relationship to divide the reactor housing into superimposed chambers; electrodes disposed in each chamber (.except the lowest one) over perforations in the respective plate; means defining an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte outlet spaced apart on opposite sides of the electrodes across each perforated plate to maintain elec¬ trolyte on the perforated plate at an intermediate level of the respective chamb so as at least partially to immerse the respective electrodes and define a gas- ' collection space in the chamber above the electrolyte; each chamber (except the top one) con¬ stituting a gas-supply chamber for passing ga up through perforations in perforated plat at the top of the chamber to bubble the ga through the electrolyte on the plate and into the gas-collection space in the chamber thereabove and which (except for that of the top cell) forms the gas- supply chamber for the cell above; - and means connecting the electrolyte outlets and inlets of successive cells in cascade to flow electrolyte down the reactor from the electrolyte outlet of one cell to the electrolyte inlet of the cell below. 26. A method of carrying out an electrochemical process or reaction in an electrochemical cell comprising electrodes disposed over a perforated generally hori- zontal plate, an electrolyte inlet and an electrolyte outlet spaced apart on opposite sides of the electrodes across the perforated plate, and a cell housing which is divided by the perforated plate into an upper chamber and a lower gas-supply chamber, the method comprising passing gas from the gas-supply chamber up through per¬ forations in the plate to bubble through electrolyte on the plate and collect in the upper chamber. 27. A method of carrying out an electro¬ chemical process or reaction in an electrochemical reac- tor comprising (I) a plurality of cells, each cell comprising (_i) electrodes disposed over a perforated generally horizontal plate and (.ϋ) an electrolyte inlet and (iii) an electrolyte outlet spaced apart on opposite sides of the electrodes across the perforated plate, and (II) a reactor housing in which the cells are stacked in a columnar arrangement, the perforated plates dividing the reactor-housing into superimposed chambers, each perforated plate being disposed over a gas-supply chamber for passing gas up through perforations in the plate to bubble through electrolyte on -the plate and collect in the chamber thereabove and which (except for that of the top cell) forms the gas-supply chamber for the cell above, the method comprising flowing electrolyte down the columnar reactor from one cell to the next and across the perforated plate of each cell, and passing gas up through the perforations in the successive plates so that the gas bubbles through the electrolyte on each plate. 28. The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the gas is a reactant in the electrochemical reaction. 29. The method of claim 26 or 27, wherein the gas is propylene and the electrolyte is a halide salt of an alkali metal in aqueous solution.";GOODRIDGE F, PLIMLEY R;GOODRIDGE F, PLIMLEY R;1978
+WO-1979000325-A1;19790614.0;19781113;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25322250.0;G01V1;;G01V1;G01V   1/133;SEISMIC SOURCE FOR USE UNDER WATER;A seismic source (10) is described which drives one or more jets of high velocity water into an underwater environment and then abruptly terminates the jets. The momentum of the free jet columns generate vapor cavities in the water away from the housing (12) of the source which cavities collapse coherently to generate the seismic signal. A piston (22) and a valve sleeve (38) are slidably mounted in a cylinder (14) in the housing. The piston seals off a volume of gas on its rearward side. The forward side of the piston defines one surface of a chamber (24). The chamber receives high pressure water from an inlet. In its rearward position the valve sleeve seals a set of jet apertures (60) in the side of the cylinder. In its forward position the valve sleeve opens the apertures, exposing the chamber interior to the exterior underwater environment. With the valve sleeve in its rearward position with the apertures sealed, the high pressure water entering the chamber (24) moves the piston to its rearward position and compresses the gas. The sleeve (38) is hydraulically actuated upon command to abruptly open the jet apertures, enabling the piston to move forwardly under the pressure of the compressed gas, driving the water through the jet apertures so as to form the jets. The piston (22) enters the interior (40) of the sleeve (38) near the forward end of its stroke and, concurrently, abruptly terminates the jets. To re-arm the source, the sleeve is actuated to close the jet openings whereupon the high pressure water resets the piston (22). Upon the next command, the valve sleeve (38) is again actuated to open the apertures and the next seismic signal is generated.;"Description Seismic Source for Use Under Water The present invention relates to seismic sources and particularly to a seismic source of the type which generates seismic signals by means of the collapse of vapor cavities formed when a free jet column of water is launched into an underwater environment. The invention is especially suitable for use in providing an improved seismic source of the so-called ""water-gun"" type wherein a high velocity water jet is abruptly terminated, as it leaves the housing of the source, to generate a cavity or void away from the housing which cavity collapses to produce a pressure transient, providing a seismic signal. Water gun seismic sources which have heretofore been used require an air compressor which supplies compressed air to a fast-acting valve. When the valve is released, the compressed air is applied to drive a piston which forces water through a nozzle for developing the jet. The compressed air also cocks or resets the piston of the gun. The charge of compressed air for firing the gun is lost each cycle, leading to inefficient operation and long cycle times (i.e., low firing rates), for example, one shot every eight seconds for a large gun. In addition, the nozzle which forms the jet is located along the axis of the piston, the jet must be deviated by 90° into a number of secondary jets in order to minimize the recoil of the gun on firing. The deviation process leads to further inefficiencies in operation, -for example due to turbulent flow in the secondary jets. It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved seismic source of the type which develops one or more free jet columns of water in order to generate a seismic signal in which the fore- going disadvantages are obviated. It is a further object of the invention to provide an improved seismic source of the water gun type which is actuated by high pressure water rather than by compressed air as the energy source and thus provides higher operating efficiency than water gun sources which have heretofore been suggested. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an improved seismic source of the water gun type which can provide opposed jets for recoil elimination without the need for jet deviation, thus affording more efficient operation than water gun type sources heretofore proposed. It is a still further object of the present invention to provide an improved seismic source of the water gun type which is precisely controllable in time of firing and may be used in arrays contain¬ ing a multiplicity of sources which can be operated simultaneously or in precise time sequence. Briefly described, a seismic signal source provided by the invention for use under water contains a housing having a cylinder. A piston is εlidably disposed in the cylinder for travel in forward and rearward directions and divides the cylinder into first and second chambers on the forward and rearward sides of the piston. The second chamber has a gas trapped therein which is compressed when the piston travels in the rearward- direction. High pressure water is supplied to the first chamber. A water jet forming aperture extends through the housing into the first chamber. This aperture may be one of a pair of apertures which are di_ "" aSm.etrically opposite each other. A valve member is slidably disposed in the first chamber in porting relationship with the jet aperture for opening the aperture to enable the pis- ton to travel under the force of the compressed gas in the forward direction to drive a jet of water through the aperture. No jet deviation is involved since the jet is developed in an aperture whose axis • is already at 90° to the direction of travel of the piston. The piston is also disposed in porting relationship with the jet aperture for closing the aperture, after the opening thereof by the valve member, to terminate the jet and generate a vapor cavity in the water outside the housing. The collapse of this cavity produces the seismic signal. To this end the* alve member may be a sleeve which receives the piston in sealing relationship such that the aperture is closed as the forward edge of the piston enters the sleeve. The valve member is actua- ted to close the jet aperture after the jet is termi¬ nated. This enables the pressurized water in the first chamber to drive the piston in the rearward direction thereby resetting the source. Upon command the valve is actuated to open the aperture and the next seismic signal is then generated. The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention as well as a presently preferred embodiment thereof will be more apparent from a reading of the following descriptions in connection with the accompanying drawings in which: PIGS. 1 through -4 are sectional views of a seismic source embodying the invention each showing the source in a different position during the cycle of operation thereof and FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the source shown in - FIGS. 1 through 4; the section being taken along the line 5-5 in FIG. 1. Referring more particularly to the drawings, the water gun 10 has a cylindrical housing 12 having a bore which forms a closed cylinder 11. The cylinder has regions of different diameter which forms steps 16 and 18. A cylindrical groove 20 is located in the inner wall of the cylinder 14 below the step 18. The step 18 is tapered in part and in part forms a li . A piston 22 is slidably disposed in the cylinder 14 and divides the cylinder into a first chamber 24 and a second chamber 26 on the forward and rearward sides thereof respectively. The outer wall of the piston has an inward taper 28 at the forward end 30 thereof. A ""0"" ring 32 seals the first chamber 24 from the second chamber 26. The rearward end of the piston has a large blind opening 34 therein for purposes of lightening the piston's weight. The step 16 serves as a stop for the travel of the piston in the rearward direction. A cylindrical stub 36 which extends upwardly from the bottom of the housing serves as a stop for the piston travel in the forward direction. A valve member 38 in the form of a cylindrical sleeve is slidably disposed in the first chamber 24 ' and fits into the groove 20. The opening 40 in the sleeve valve member 38 is of the same diameter as the piston. The rearward portion 42 of the sleeve 38 is of larger diameter than the forward portion 44 there¬ of and forms a step 46. The outer diameter of the portion 42 has a sliding fit in the groove 20 and a seal is provided by an ""0"" ring 48. The forward portion 44 has a sliding fit with the cylinder 14 and a seal is provided by another ""0"" ring 50. A -BU EΛTΓ OΛ.PI control chamber 52 is formed in the groove 20 between the wall of the housing 12 and the step 46 and outer diameter of the lower portion 44 of the valve sleeve member 38. 5 Electrohydraulic control means for the source which operate to actuate the valve sleeve member 38 Is provided by an electrohydraulic valve 54. This valve may include a spool which Is moved by a solenoid 56 operated by electrical command signals 10 applied thereto. The valve 54 switches pressurized hydraulic fluid between high and low pressures Indicated as P s and P R into the control chamber 52. This fluid is preferably water and may be supplied from a pump. The pressure P g is higher than the 15 pressure of the ambient water at the depth of operation. A suitable pressure is 2000 Pg. The high pressure side provides the fluid at the supply pressure P _ < _-> while th*e low pressure side or return pressure is P R . The return pressure may also come 20 from a reservoir which is connected to the return side of the pump. High pressure water, preferably at the same pressure P g and suitably supplied from the same pump is continuously applied to the first chamber 24. A 25 conduit through the bottom of the housing 12 which extends through the stop 36 provides access for the high pressure fluid to the first chamber 24. The ~~ upper end of the stop 36 has a notch 58 to prevent the sealing off of the high pressure water supply 30 to the chamber 24 when the forward end 30 of the . piston moves up against the stop 36. Compressed gas, suitably air, is supplied to the second chamber 26. Preferably the chamber 26 is sealed as by a stop cock after being filled with 35 compressed air to the desired pressure. As will become more apparent as the description proceeds the compressed air is used only as an energy storage means. It may be noted that for deep water .operation the chamber 26 may be sealed at the surface. This will provide sufficient air pressure in the chamber 26 for energy storage and for developing compressed air forces on the piston when the source is fired. The energy for cocking the piston (viz, resetting it in the position against the stop 16 as shown in FIG.l) Is supplied hydraulically by the high pressure water at P c . The high velocity jets are formed In apertures 60. These apertures are disposed at 90° to the direction of movement of the piston 22 (viz, perpendicularly to the axis of the cylinder 14). There are no apertures or nozzles to form the jet within the cylinder. The jet is formed at 90° to the direction of piston travel and jet deviation by 90° is not necessary. - The jet apertures 60 are disposed in pairs, two pairs being shown. The apertures are diametrically opposite to each other and the pairs of apertures are disposed with their axes in the same plane which is perpendicular to the axis of piston travel. The aperture 60 may be circular in cross section and typically may have areas in total of one- fourth to one-tenth that of the area of the forward end 30 of the piston 22. The major portion of the kinetic energy that is developed by the source 10 is in the jets, while only a small portion is associated with the motion of the piston 22. The configuration of -the source 10 provides for the generation of jet columns of desirably long lengths, since the forward stroke of the piston to the position where the jets are terminated may be made long. For example, the piston travel from the reset position shown in FIG.l to the jet orifices 60 may be several times the diameter of the piston. FIG. 1 shows the source armed for firing. The control valve 5 is not actuated (viz, the solenoid 56 has not received a command signal and is not pulled in). The spring 62 thus positions the valve so that water at supply pressure P„ is applied to the cavity 52. The valve member 38 is In Its rearward position with its rear end (the upper end as shown in the drawing) butted against the 'sealing lip 18 of the housing 12. Consider that the area of the upper end of the sleeve valve member 38 is about twice the area t _ of the lower end thereof within the cavity 24 and about twice the area of the step 46. Consider also a linear pressure drop across the sealing lip 18 when the valve is closed. Then the force due to the pressure on the lower end of the valve member and on the step 46 tending to close the valve is almost twice the force on the upper end of the valve member 38 tending to open the valve. The valve covers the jet orifices 60 and these orifices remain close until the valve 38 is actuated, upon command, in the forward direction. Prior.to such actuation, pressu¬ rized water has forced the piston 22 back against the stop 16 and the gas behind the piston in the chamber 26 is compressed. When a command signal is applied to the solenoid the valve 54 Is abruptly shifted to the position shown In FIG. 2. The pressure In the control cavity 52 then drops to P R . Even with a linear pressure drop across the sealing lip 18, large net forces in the forward direction are developed on the valve member 38 and It moves abruptly In the forward direc¬ tion (viz, downwardly) to the position shown in FIG. . The jet apertures 62 are opened. The piston accele¬ rates in the forward direction applying, approximately, the pressure of the compressed gas in the chamber 26 through the piston 22 to the water in the chamber 24. The water is driven through the jets and forms high velocity jet columns in the marine environment surrounding the housing 12. When the forward end 30 of the piston passes the jet apertures 60 and enters the opening 40 in the sleeve valve member 38 (see FIG. 3) the apertures 60 are abruptly closed due to the portingrelationship therewith of the piston 22. The jets are abruptly terminated, and free jet columns are launched into the water surrounding the housing 12. A set of vapor cavities is generated exterior to the outside wall of the housing 12. The coherent collapse of these cavities forms the pressure transient which provides the seismic signal. The taper 28 on the front edge of the piston is provided for controlling the deceleration of the piston as it enters the opening 4θ in the valve sleeve member 38. Accordingly, the deceleration is controlled and high pressures Inside the housing 12 are avoided. Since the piston 22 upon entering the valve sleeve opening 40 tends to seal off the region between the exterior walls of the piston which includes the apertures 60, the pressure on the upper end of the valve sleeve member 38 Is decreased below P„ enabling the valve to again close the aperture 60. Also the regions bounded by the apertures, the piston, the larger upper end of the valve member 38 and the portions of the housing 12 opposite to that upper end are at the pressure of the ambient sea water which is less than Pg. When P g is applied to the step 46, the valve member 38 is easily actuated upwardly to effect such closure. As shown In FIG. 4, the valve 4 is permitted to return to Its initial position (viz, the solenoid 56 ' BU £ s is de-energized) . The pressure in the control chamber 52 returns to P-. Both the valve 38 and the piston 22 move rearwardl . The valve stops when its upper end butts against the sealing lip lδ. The piston travels along its return stroke until it reaches the step 16. The source is then armed and ready for firing to produce the next signal when the next command is applied to the solenoid 56 of the control valve 54. From the foregoing description it will be apparent that there has been provided an improved seismic source. By means of hydraulic actuation and control considerable efficiencies are obtained and rapid firing is made possible. Variations and odifi- cations in the herein described source will undoubt¬ edly suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the foregoing description should be taken merely as illustrative and not in any limiting sense.";"Claims 1. A seismic signal source for use under water which comprises (a) a housing having a cylinder, (b) a piston slidably disposed in said cylin- der for travel in opposite directions and dividing said cylinder Into first and second chambers on opposite sides of said piston, (c) said second chamber having a gas trapped therein which is compressed when said piston travels in one of said directions, (d) means for supplying pressurized water to said first chamber, (e) a water jet forming aperture extending through said housing into said first chamber, (f) a valve member slidably disposed in said first chamber in porting relationship with said jet aperture for opening said aperture to enable said piston to travel under the force of said compressed gas in the other of said directions to drive a jet of water through said aperture, (g) said piston also being disposed in porting relationship with said jet aperture for closing said aperture after the opening thereof by said valve member to terminate said jet and generate a vapor.cavity in the water outside said housing, the collapse of which produces the seismic signal, and (h) means for actuating said valve member to -close said jet aperture after said jet is termi- nated to enable the pressurized water in said first chamber to drive said piston In said one direction to reset said source and for opening said aperture when the next seismic signal is to be generated. 2. The invention as set forth in Claim 1 wherein the axis of said jet aperture is disposed at about 90° to said direction of travel of said piston. 3. The Invention as set forth In Claim 2 wherein at least a pair of said apertures are provided which are disposed diametrically opposite to each other. 4. The invention as set forth in Claim 3 wherein said apertures are circular ports in the wall of said housing. 5. The invention as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said valve member is movable in opposite directions over a stroke which is substantially smaller than the travel of said piston. 6. The Invention as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said valve actuating means comprises fluid pressure operated means for developing hydraulic forces to move said valve member In said opposite directions, and electrohydraulic control means for controlling said fluid pressure means in response to command signals. 7. The invention as set forth in Claim 6 wherein said fluid pressure operated means comprises a control chamber defined by said valve member and the wall of said cylinder on which said valve member is slidably disposed, said valve member presenting to said control chamber a first surface area In a plane normal to the direction of movement of said valve member on which 'BυREΛ pressurlzed fluid forces are developed for moving said valve member, and said electrohy¬ draulic means comprising a valve for selec¬ tively applying pressurized hydraulic fluid at ' a higher and a lower pressure to said control chamber. 8. The invention as set forth in Claim 7 wherein said higher pressure Is the same as the pressure of the water supplied to said first chamber, and said valve member having at opposite ends "" thereof In said first chamber surface areas In planes normal to the direction of movement of said valve member, one of which is larger than the other. 9. The invention as set forth in Claim 8 wherein the larger end of said valve member is disposed adjacent to said jet aperture and Is disposed in overlapping relationship with said piston when said piston closes said jet aperture so as to define a region within said housing bounded by said aperture, said piston, said larger end of said valve member and the portion of said housing opposite to said larger end of said valve member, which region is at the pressure of the water surrounding said housing. 10. The Invention as set forth in Claim 1 wherein said valve is a sleeve the outer wall of which is disposed In sliding relationship with said housing and the inner wall of which defines an opening which receives said piston with the outer wall thereof in sealing relationship with said inner wall when said piston travels In said other direction to close said aperture and terminate said jet. 11. The invention as set forth in Claim 10 wherein the cross sectional area of said cylinder and the circumferential opening defined by the rear end of said sleeve and the sealing lip of said cylinder when said valve is in its forward position is much larger than the cross section area of said aperture such that said jet of water is formed in said aperture. 12. The invention as set forth in Claim 11 including means in said housing for limiting the travel of said piston in said one direction away from said valve member and in the opposite direction toward and into said valve member, said jet aperture being disposed between said limiting means such that the distance over which said piston travels to the position where it closes said aperture is at least about the diameter of said piston. 13. The invention as set forth in Claim 10 wherein said housing has a groove in the inner wail thereof, said sleeve having an upper end of larger outer diameter than the lower end thereof, said upper end being disposed in said groove and defining a control chamber therein, said aperture extending into said groove above said control chamber, the- upper end of said groove defining a sealing lip which closes said aperture when said sleeve moves upwardly, and said valve member actuating means comprising means for applying pressurized fluid select¬ ively at supply and return pressures to said control chamber such that the net forces on said sleeve are in an upward direction or in a downward direction. -βUREΛϋ"" OMPI 14. The invention as set forth in Claim 13 wherein the area of the upper end of said sleeve In a plane normal to the direction of travel of said valve is about twice that of the lower end of said sleeve,the area In a plane normal to the direction of movement of said sleeve presented by said sleeve to said control chamber is about half said area of the upper end of said sleeve, and said pressure supplied to said first chamber and said supply pressure are about equal to each other.";BOUYOUCOS J;HYDROACOUSTIC INC, HYDROACOUSTICS INC;1978
+WO-1979000326-A1;19790614.0;19781120;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25322542.0;A61F1;A61F9, A61B17, A61F1;A61F2;A61F   2/16B, A61F   2/16C, K61F   2/00L2;COATED INTRAOCULAR LENS AND THE LIKE;An intraocular lens or surgical tool used for eye surgery which is covered with a water-soluble adherent film coating (8, 17 and 18) that has a very slow dissolution rate which maintains at least 40% of the coating on the lens for at least 30 minutes, but not more than 24 hours, when submerged in an aqueous media simulating the surgical environment. Polyvinyl alcohol is an example of such coating that is dissolvable in water and provides swellable outer portions of the coating that are sluffable so as to be self-sacrificing in protecting against both static and sliding contact with a corneal endothelium.;"Description Coated Intraocular Lens and the Like Technical Field This invention relates to a specially coated intraocular lens that helps prevent damage to the corneal endothelium during surgical implantation. When the natural lens of the human eye becomes physically damaged or has some disease necessitating its removal, such as a cataract, it is often replaced with an artificial intraocular lens. During the process of surgically implanting such lens through an incision at the edge of the cornea, it has been found that static touching of the corneal endothelium with a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) lens or surgical tool, can permanently "" destroy a portion of the endothelial cells. It is generally recognized that the human endothelium, which is only one cell layer thick, cannot regenerate itself by producing additional cells. It appears that more damage is done to the corneal endothelium by a dynamic or sliding contact with such lens or tool during surgery as compared to a static or nonsliding contact with the endothelium. The corneal endothelium is very critical to the eye as it is a barrier between the outer layers of the cornea and the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber. After surgery, the location of the intraocular lens is such that, when in its proper position, it does not contact or damage the corneal endothelium. Background Art It has been suggested by others to coat the intraocular lens with methylcellulose (MC) or polyvinyl- pyrrolidone (PVP) . The following publications describe such coating. Kaufman, H.E. and J.I. Katz, ""Endothelial Damage From Intraocular Lens Insertion,"" Inv. Ophth. , Vol. 15(12), Dec. 1976, p. 996-1000 Kaufman, H.E. , Jeffrey Katz, et al, ""Prevention of Endothelial Damage From Intraocular Lens Insertion,"" Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. & Otol. , Vol. 83, Mar-Apr. 1977, p. 204-212 Kaufman, H.E. and J.I. Katz, ""Pathology of the Corneal Endothelium,"" Inv. Ophth. Visual Sci., Vol. 16(4), April 1977, p. 265-268 Fechner, P.U., ""Methylcellulose In Lens Implanta¬ tion,"" Jour. Amer. Intraocular Implant Society, Vol. 3(3 & 4), July-October 1977, p. 180-181 Kaufman, H.E. , Jeffrey Katz, et al, ""Corneal Endothelium Damage with Intraocular Lenses: Contact Adhesion Between Surgical Materials and Tissue,"" Science, Vol. 198(4316), Nov. 4, 1977, p. 525-527. While the above coatings of MC and PVP helped protect the corneal endothelium during surgery, they had several shortcomings. A supply of methylcellulose used by Dr. Kaufman in the above publications was obtained from him and tested. It was found to be a very poor film former and tended to ""bead up"" on the PMMA lens exposing edges of the lens. It has been found that MC has a very fast dissolution rate. Dipping of lenses in MC or PVP is useful to protect OMPI the corneal endothelium. However, because of the fast dissolution rate of these polymers and the difficulty of placing a controlled amount of such polymers on the lenses, the extent and length of time of protection is uncontrollable. Because of the wet and slippery nature of lenses dipped during surgery, the lenses are difficult to handle and a portion of the coating may drip off. In addition, MC and PVP solutions must be sterilized prior to dipping. The amount and type of contact with the corneal endothelium varies with the skills and techniques of different ophthalmic surgeons. It is highly desirable to have a coating that protects against both static and dynamic sliding contact. Disclosure of Invention The present invention overcomes the above problems by providing ah adherent film coating that dissolves very slowly in water. This coating is on an intraocular lens or ophthalmic surgery tool and is supplied in a dehydrated state to the ophthalmologist who rehydrates the coating immediately prior to surgery. This coating, such as polyvinyl alcohol, clings to the lens or the like and maintains at least 40% of the coating on the lens for at least 30 minutes when submerged in a water bath simulating the wet surgical site. The coating is dissolvable in approximately 24 hours or less after surgery so as not to remain on the lens. The present application deals with the the coated intraocular lens and surgical tools themselves. A related co-pending application by the same inventors entitled ""Method Of Treating Intraocular Lens Or The Like,"" filed in the United States of America on 30 November 1977, S.N. 855,962, deals with the method of coating, dehydrating, and rehydrating a lens or surgical tool. Brief Description of Drawings Figure 1 is a rear prospective view of an intra- ocular lens coated according to this invention; Figure 2 is an enlarged sectional view taken along line 2-2 of Figure 1 showing the coating in a dehydrated state; Figure 3 is an enlarged sectional view similar to that of Figure 2, but showing the coating in a hydrated state; Figure 4 is a sectional view schemati¬ cally showing the intraocular lens implanted within an eye; and Figure 5 is a fragmentary prospective view of coated tip sections of an ophthalmic surgery forceps. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Figure 1 shows the rear of a typical intraocular lens with an optic section indicated generally as 1. To this optic section are secured a pair of iris engaging retention loops 2 and 3 that include shank sections, such as 4, 5, 6, and 7 securing the loops to the optic portion of the lens. A lens coating shown as 8 covers the entire front surface of the optical portion 1 of the lens. It is the front surface of this lens that is most likely to contact the corneal endothelium during surgery. The coating covers a peripheral edge of the lens, as at 9, and can also include a circumferential band 10 on a back surface of the optical section 1, if desired. Thus, all portions of the intraocular lens that are likely to contact the corneal endothelium are adequately protected. The iris retention loops are not coated, because the coating bridges the loops and accumulates excessive material on the loops. It is desirable to keep the coating material to a minimum ' BUR£4 0Λ1PI a ount so it does not biologically interfere with the function of the eye and can readily be absorbed by the body. It is believed that such coating of this invention is removed from the eye through the continuous biological flushing of the anterior chamber. The dissolved material is eventually excreted through the urine or metabolized. Figure 2 shows the coating after it has been applied and dehydrated to remove substantially all of the water in the coating during the application step. The lens with the dehydrated coating is encased in a microbial barrier package and then sterilized. Thus, the sterile precoated lens with its dehydrated protective layer can be stored and shipped to the ophthalmologist. Because many different types of packages could be used, it is not believed necessary to schematically illustrate a package nor to illustrate the sterilizing equipment. In Figure 3, the dehydrated coating 8 has been submerged in an aqueous medium, such as a balanced salt solution. After a few minutes in the aqueous media, the dehydrated coating rehydrates and swells to a thickness at least 1/3 greater than its dehydrated thickness. This swollen coating has a property of sluffing off outer portions of the coating during sliding contact with the corneal endothelium. It also protects the endothelium from contact with the len's optical section 1 during static touch contact to the endothelium. The sectional view of Figure 4 shows a schematic of a human eye with the optical section 1 implanted and retained by loops 2 and 3 which are secured behind the iris 11. In Figure 4, the optical section 1 is shown in the eye's anterior chamber. It is understood that this invention could be used on anterior chamber ienses, posterior chamber lenses, and lenses that use retention means other than iris loops. Once the intraocular lens is implanted, aqueous humor within the anterior chamber 12 protects the corneal endothelium layer 13 and provides a cushion between such endothelium and the optical element of the lens. The cornea, which includes the endothelium, is shown generally at 14. In Figure 4, the coating 8 has been completely dissolved off optical element 1 after implantation. It is estimated that this dissolu¬ tion takes place within about 2-24 hours. In addition to an intraocular lens, the coating can be applied to ophthalmic surgery tools, such as the tip sections 15 and 16 of a forceps. A typical forceps might be a Von Graefe iris forceps. In Figure 5, the coating on such forceps is shown at 17 and 18. The coating described above has a dissolution rate sufficiently slow so that at least 40% of the coating remains on the lens or the surgical tool for at least 30 minutes when submerged in a water bath simulating the surgical environment. During surgery, the lens is at approximately room temperature, although at times it might be slightly higher, i.e. at body temperature. This slight temperature change is believed to be insignificant because much of the time during surgery the lens and tools are exposed to air temperature. After the coating is applied to the lens or the like, it is dehydrated until it is substantially dry and has a thickness of from 5 to 300 microns. Very successful results have been obtained with coating of approximately 100 microns thick. Plural coatings can be applied to build up this thickness. Once rehydrated ""BTSREA! / - OMPI - by the ophthalmic surgeon, the coating swells to a thickness of from 10 to 1000 microns. The hydrated coating is preferably at least 1/3 thicker than the dehydrated coating. A test was performed to determine the dissolution time of various water-soluble polymers coated on a PMMA intraocular lens as a function of time in a volume of liquid approximating that of the anterior chamber. Percent of weight loss of the coating as a function of time in the volume of water was calculated. The procedure involved placing a coated lens into a volume of approximately 0.2 ml distilled water. After a specified time, the lens was removed and placed on a filter pad and dehydrated for 2 hours and weighed. Weight loss was calculated and the procedure repeated until the coating had completely dissolved. The water bath was replaced with clean water after 1 hour of accumulative soak time to simulate the biological flushing action of the eye. The representative cumulative weight loss percents were plotted against cumulative time in the water bath. The following are the test results. %_ Coating Remaining Material Thickness No. of Coats After 30 Minutes PVP 156 μ 2 • 25% PVA 108 μ 3 75% HPC 122 μ 4 50% HPMC 98 μ 4 50% Dextran 200 μ 1 0% HES 236 μ 1 0% MC Poor fi .1m former; beaded up to expose edges of lens; and dissolved very quickly. OMPI \\ In the above tests, the abbreviations are as follows: HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) ; HPC (hydroxy- propyl cellulose) ; HES (hydroxyethyl starch) . Because methylcellulose as tested by Dr. Kaufman and other would not stick to the lens, it was disre¬ garded as a proper coating. It may be possible to blend methylcellulose with other adherent film formers or to specially treat the lens to get better adherents to approximate the coating film described in the present invention. It has been shown unaltered methylcellulose applied to an unaltered PMMA lens as in the work by Dr. Kaufman and others is a poor lens coating for the reasons specified above. While the most successful tests to date have been made with polyvinyl alcohol, other water-soluble and swellable polymers meeting the above criteria of the applicants could be used. Possible other polymers are hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, and Jaguars. Jaguar is a trade name of Stein-Hall Specialty Chemicals for their guar gum and guar drivatives. It is also possible to use mixtures of materials to form a coating that is both (1) an adherent film former and (2) has a slow dissolution rate to maintain at least 40% of the coating on the lens or the like for at least 30 minutes according to this invention. During portions of the surgery, the coated intraocular lens or surgical tool is not in the wet surgical site, but is exposed to air. It is important that the coating in its swollen hydrated state does not quickly dehydrate when subjected to air. It is been found that the polyvinyl alcohol coating will maintain its swollen hydrated state for at least 20 minutes when exposed to ambient air. The intraocular lens or surgical tools can be conveniently coated by dipping into a 5% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol. Preferably, two dip coats are applied allowing the lens or tool to air dry between dips. In the above description, a specific example has been used to illustrate the invention. However, it is understood by those skilled in the art that certain modifications can be made to this example without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.";Claims 1. A device having a surface likely to contact a corneal endothelium during ophthalmic surgery, characterized by: a water-soluble adherent film coating on such surface for protecting the corneal endothelium, and this coating has a dissolution rate sufficiently slow so that at least 40% of the coating is maintained on the device for at least 30 minutes when submerged in an aqueous media at room temperature that has a volume simulating that of aqueous humor. 2. The device according to Claim 1, wherein the device is an intraocular lens and the aqueous media is approximately 0.2 ml of water. 3. The device according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the coating is in a dehydrated state with a thickness of 5 to 300 micron. 4. The device according to Claim 3, wherein the dehydrated coating is sterile. 5. The device according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the coating is a swellable polymer. 6. The device according to Claim 1 or 2, wherein the coating is in a swollen hydrated state with a thickness of 10 to 1000 micron and this swollen coating has a sluffable outer portion. 7. The device according to Claim 6, wherein the coating is capable of maintaining its hydrated state for at least 20 minutes when exposed to ambient air. 8. The device according to Claim 6, wherein the coating is dissolvable in the aqueous media in less than 24 hours to expose at least a portion of the underlying surface of the device. 9. An intraocular lens with an optical section, and this lens is characterized by: a polyvinyl alcohol coating on at least a portion of the optical section. 10. An ophthalmic surgery tool having a tip section, characterized by: a polyvinyl alcohol coating on at least a portion of the tip section.;KNIGHT P, LINK W;AMERICAN HOSPITAL SUPPLY CORP;1978
+WO-1979000327-A1;19790614.0;19781120;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25322545.0;A61F9;;A61F2;A61F   2/16B, A61F   2/16C, K61F   2/00L2;METHOD OF TREATING INTRAOCULAR LENS AND THE LIKE;A method of treating and intraocular lens (1) or ophthalmic surgical tool with a water-soluble adherent film forming material such as polyvinyl alcohol, in a liquid media after which the liquid media is evaporatively removed to provide a dehydrated coating (5 of Figure 3) that is both water-soluble and liquid swellable. The device is packaged and sterilized, such as by ethylene oxide, and supplied to the ophthalmologist. Immediately prior to its use in surgery, the ophthalmologist rehydrates the coating by submerging in a sterile aqueous bath causing the coating to swell into a soft sluffable cushion (5 of Figure 5) for protecting a corneal endothelium during both static touch contact and dynamic sliding contact with the coated lens or tool.;"Description Method of Treating Intraocular Lens and the Like Technical Field This invention relates to a method of coating an intraocular lens to protect a corneal endothelium during surgical implantation. Background Art H. E. Kaufman, M.D. and others have identified a serious problem in intraocular lens implantation dealing with the destruction of corneal endothelium cells. It is generally recognized that the corneal endothelium will not regenerate itself and is extremely important as a boundary layer between the outer layers of the cornea and the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber of the eye. The corneal endothelium is. extremely delicate in that the endothelium is only one cell thick. The intraocular lenses commonly implanted ate of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) material which has excellent optical qualities and biocompatibility once it is surgically implanted. Once implanted the location of the intraocular lens is such that, when in its proper position, it does not contact or damage the corneal endothelium. There is a continuous washing or flushing of the anterior chamber including the corneal endothelium. During surgical implantation of an intraocular lens, the cornea is surgically opened and the intra- ocular lens manipulated in place frequently with retention loops placed behind the iris. Sometimes the manipulation includes puncturing the iris with a minature saftey pin type prong or clip to attach the lens to the iris. During the surgical implantation and manipulation, it frequently happens that the corneal endothelium is staticly touched or dynamically scraped with a PMMA lens or surgical tool. Dr. Kaufman and others have recognized the problem of corneal endothelium damage during surgery and have proposed dipping the lens in a coating of methylcellulose (MC) or polyvinylpyrroli- done (PVP) . These coatings were applied by the ophthalmologist immediately prior to surgery as a wet and slippery coating on the lenses. Dipping of the lenses in MC or PVP is useful to protect the corneal endothelium. However, because of a fast dissolution rate of these polymers and the difficulty cf placing a controlled amount of such polymers on rhe lenses, the extent and length of the protection is uncontrollable. Because of the wet and slippery nature of the lenses dipped during surgery, the lenses are difficult to handle and a portion of the coating may drip off. In addition, MC and PVP solutions must be sterilized prior to dipping. Subsequently, Dr. Fechner (citation below) published , the results of a repeat of the Dr. Kaufman et al experiments with a complicated attempt to sterilize methylcellulose in very small quantities to keep it from coalescing and changing viscosity. In practice, the complicated procedure described for the sterile methylcellulose coating is not feasible for the ophthalmologist to perform in the operating room. The background publications by Dr. Kaufman et al explaining the corneal endothelium damage during intraocular lens implantation and experiments with methylcellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone coating are as follows. OMP Kaufman, H.E. and J.I. Katz, ""Endothelial Damage From Intraocular Lens Insertion,"" Inv. Ophth. , Vol. 15(12), Dec. 1976, p. 996-1000 Kaufman, H.E., Jeffry Katz, et al, ""Prevention of Endothelial Damage From Intraocular Lens Insertion,"" Tr. Am. Acad. Ophth. & Otol. , Vol. 83, Mar-Apr. 1977, p. 204-212 Kaufman, H.E. and J.I. Katz, ""Pathology of the Corneal Endothelium,"" Inv. Ophth. Visual Sci., Vol. 16(4), April 1977, p. 265-268 Fechner, P.U., ""Methylcellulose In Lens Implanta¬ tion,"" Jour. Amer. Intraocular Implant Society, Vol. 3(3 & 4), July-October 1977, p. 180-131 Kaufman, H.E., Jeffrey Katz, et al, ""Corneal Endothelium Damage with Intraocular Lenses: Contact Adhesion Between Surgical Materials and Tissue,"" Science, Vol. 198(4316), Nov. 4, 1977, p. 525-527. Disclosure of Invention The present invention includes a method of pre- coating an intraocular lens or surgical tool with a liquid media containing a water-soluble adherent film forming material, such as polyvinyl alcohol, and then removing the liquid media by evaporation. The lens or tool with its firmly adherent dry coating is then packaged and sterilized, such as by ethylene oxide. Immediately prior to its use in surgery, the ophthalmologist rehydrates the lens or tool simply by dipping it into a sterile liquid of normal saline or a balanced salt solution. This swells the coating OKPI ' into a spongey sluffable protective layer that protects the corneal endothelium during static touch contact as well as dynamic sliding contact with the coated lens or surgical tool. After implantation, the continual flushing action of the anterior chamber of the eye removes the coating from the lens in a period of several hours. The present application deals with the method of treating the intraocular lens or surgical tool. A related application by the same inventors is entitled ""Coated Intraocular Lens anό the Like,"" filed in the United States of America on November 30, 1977, S.N. 855,961, relates to the coated lens and surgical tools themselves. Brief Description of Drawings Figure 1 is a rear prospective view of an intra¬ ocular lens which has been coated according ' to such process; Figure 2 is a schematic view showing the dip coating step of the process; Figure 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the lens after its coating has been dehydrated; Figure 4 is a schematic view showing the lens submerged in a liquid during the rehydrating step; Figure 5 is an enlarged sectional view showing the swollen coating in rehydrated state; and Figure 6 is a prospective view of an ophthalmic surgery forceps with the rehydrated coating on such tip sections. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Figure 1 shows a typical intraocular lens with an optical section shown generally at 1 with a pair of looped sections 2 and 3 that are joined to the optical section by shank portions, such as at 4. The optical section 1 has a coating 5 that covers its • BURH OMPI . IA *yIΛ , WiPO entire front surface, its outer edge, and a circumfer¬ ential band 6 at its rear portion. If desired, circumferential band 6 could be eliminated with the coating covering only the optical section's front and peripheral edge. It is preferable that loop sections 2 and 3 not be coated, because such coating tends to bridge the loop sections and introduce more coating material into the eye than is actually needed. The front and peripheral edges of the optical section 1 are those areas of the intraocular lens most likely to contact the corneal endothelium. The method of making the intraocular lens of this invention includes forming the lens, and then dipping only that portion intended to be coated in a water solution of the water-soluble material. Excellent results have been obtained by dip coating the -lens in a 5% aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol. Although 5% concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used, the concentration could be varied from 1% to 60% depending upon the thickness of coating desired and the number of dips. Preferably two dip coats are applied with an air drying step between the coats. Once the complete coating has been applied, the water or other liquid media is removed by evaporative drying. A substantially dry very adherent film remains on the lens. It is important that the coating material be a good film former and not ""bead up"" to expose certain uncoated areas of the lens. Polyvinyl alcohol is an excellent film former. The lens as shown in Figure 3 with its substan¬ tially dry coating is then packaged and subjected to sterilization, such as by ethylene oxide. Because there are many different package designs that could be used, it is not believed necessary to schematically show a package nor to illustrate the equipment for sterilizing such packaged lens. The lens in its packaged sterilized form with its dehydrated coating is supplied to the ophthalmolo- gist. Immediately prior to insertion of the lens, the ophthalmologist rehydrates the lens by submerging it in a sterile liquid, such as normal saline or a balanced salt solution. After this rehydration step, which takes approximately 1 to 10 minutes at room temperature, the coated lens has a swollen cushion as shown in Figure 5. Good results have been obtained with rehydration for 5 minutes. It is estimated that the hydrated coating has a thickness of approximately 10 to 1000 microns, while the dehydrated coating has a thickness of approximately 5 to 300 microns. Once the intraocular lens has been surgically implanted, the continuous biological flushing action - of the aqueous humor in the anterior chamber dissolves the coating from the lens. The coating is believed to eventually be excreted through the urine. Figure 6 shows a rehydrated coating 7 and 8 on tip sections 9 and 10 of an ophthalmic surgery tool that is likely to contact the corneal endothelium. An example of such tool is a Hirshman spatula. Once the intraocular lens or surgical tool has been rehydrated as explained above, it is important that a rehydrated film does not quickly dehydrate when exposed to air. It is been found that the polyvinyl alcohol in rehydrated form will maintain its rehydrated state in a time range of 20 minutes to 1 1/2 hours. In a typical intraocular lens implant, the cornea is surgically opened for about 1/2 hour. Also during the surgery, the coated lens or tool is flushed with liquid and also in contact with the aqueous humor of the anterior chamber which tends to delay a dehydration of the coating by air drying. The polyvinyl alcohol coating is much superior to the previously proposed methylcellulose or polyvinyl- pyrrolidone coatings. A sample of methylcellulose used by Dr. Kaufman as the basis for his publications was obtained from him. Tests showed that this material ""beaded up"" and exposed edges of the lens. It also dissolved too quickly. A polyvinylpyrrolidone coated lens was submerged in approximately 0.2 ml of water simulating a surgical site. Approximately 25% of PVP remained after 30 minutes. The polyvinyl alcohol performs exceptionally well as a coating for intraocular lenses or the like. It is hydrophiiic, soluble in water, swellable upon rehydration, an excellent film former, performs well on both static touch and dynamic sliding tests on the corneal endothelium has slower dissolution rate than other materials previously reported. It also does not dehydrate in the operating room for a period of 20 minutes after it has been rehydrated, and is easily cleared from the anterior chamber of the eye through biological processes. When the PVA is submerged in a simulated anterior chamber, i.e. 0.2 ml of water, approximately 75% of the PVA remains on the lens. Other water-soluble polymers besides polyvinyl alcohol meeting the above criteria could also be used. Examples of such other materials are hydroxy- propyl methylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose which retain approximately 50% of the coating weight when submerged in a simulated ocular surgical site as explained above. In this invention, it is preferable that the coating retain at least 40% of its weight after such submersion for 30 minutes. Should different materials meeting the above criteria be used, they would still be processed through the dehydrating, sterilization, and rehydrating step to provide very convenient precoated intraocular lenses and surgical tools to the ophthalmologist. This method could be used with anterior chamber lenses, posterior chamber lenses, and lenses which use retention means other than iris loops. In the previous description, specific examples have been used to describe the invention. However, it is understood by those skilled in the art that certain modifications can be made to these examples without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.";"Claims 1. A method of precoating a device having a surface likely to contact a corneal endothelium during ophthalmic surgery, characterized by: coating such surface with a liquid media containing a water-soluble adherent film forming material; and removing the liquid media from the surface to provide a substantially dry water-soluble film on the surface. 2. The method according to Claim 1, wherein the method further includes enclosing the precoated device in a microbial barrier package and steril¬ izing such package and device. 3. The method according to Claim 1, wherein the water-soluble coating is also water swellable, and the method further includes rehydrating the substantially dry water-soluble coating to a swollen state. 4. The method according to Claim 3, wherein the rehydration step is accomplished by submersion of the substantially dry swellable film in an aqueous bath for a period of 1 to 10 minutes. 5. The method according to anyone of Claims 1-4, wherein the precoating is performed on an intra- ocular lens for implantation in an anterior or posterior chamber of an eye. 6. The method according to Claim 5, wherein the intraocular lens has an optical section and one or more iris retention loops, and a major portion of the iris retention loops are free of water- soluble coating. 7. The method according to anyone of Claims 1-4, wherein the precoating is performed on an oph- thalmic surgery tool. 8. The method according to anyone of Claims 1-4, wherein the film forming material is polyvinyl alcohol. 9. A method of preparing a precoated device for ophthalmic surgery, characterized by: subjecting the device to an aqueous environment immediately prior to surgery to swell the coating into a soft cushion which firmly adheres to the device and has an outer sluffable portion; and removing the device from the aqueous environment for use in surgery. 10. A method of treating an ophthalmic surgical device, characterized by: precoating at least a portion of the device with a water-soluble and water swellable adherent film forming coating material dissolved in an aqueous media; dehydrating the precoated device to remove the aqueous media to provide a substantially dry coating of the material on the device; enclosing the precoated device in a microbial barrier package; sterilizing the package and enclosed precoated device; removing the sterile precoated device from the package; and rehydrating the substantially dry film by subjecting the film to an aqueous environ- ment immediately prior to surgery. OMPI A . WϊPO";KNIGHT P, LINK W;AMERICAN HOSPITAL SUPPLY CORP;1978
+WO-1979000331-A1;19790614.0;19781108;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20333075.0;B60S3;B64F5;B60S3, B64D15, B64F5;B64F   5/00B;A DE-ICING AND CLEANING SYSTEM FOR AIRCRAFTS;The problem to be solved is to provide rapid, efficient and safe de-icing and cleaning of primarily aircrafts. The problem is solved by a de-icing and cleaning system comprising one or more devices for spraying the object in question, preferably aircrafts, with a liquid or gas or irradiating the object, and means for sensing the position of the object in relation to said devices, which means are disposed to control said devices to automatically start and stop the spraying and irradiation in response to the position of the aircraft in relation to the devices.;"A de-icing and cleaning system for aircrafts . The factors defining the aerodynamic characteristics of an air¬ craft is on one hand the geometry of the supporting surfaces and on the other hand the surface smoothness of the supporting sur¬ faces . Rough surfaces may deteriorate the flying performance to a considerable degree . Ice and snow coatings may cause so rough surfaces that flying is rendered impossible . During flight the built-in de-icing system of the aircraft is sufficient but at ground intervals de-icing must be performed before start under unfavourable meteorological conditions . In certain cases it might be sufficient to sweep the wings clear of loose snow but more efficient actions are most often required. In general a hot mixture of water and gl col is sprayed, whereby the glycol provides a certain preventive effect, which is inten¬ ded to remain , until the aircraft has climbed into the air . Upon heavy snow fall the treatment must be performed immediately be¬ fore start. The spraying of the de-icing liquid is generally performed by a team consisting of a spraying machine operator and a driver , who drives the tank truck with the spraying machine . The spraying machine operator stands on a lifting platform, from v/hich he treats those portions of the aircraft which can be reached by the jet from the spraying machine . The truck is driven around the aircraft so that all portions of the aircraft can be treated. Under favourable conditions the aircraft is occupied for only about five minutes by the treatment but time studies have shown that on the average a team will work 45 minutes on each aircraft . It is not rare that .delays of air services occur because many planes are queueing to be de-iced. Th s , de-icing will frequent¬ ly cause a bottle-neck in the traffic capacity of the air port . The method has been critici zed, since excess glycol may penetrate into the ground and in the long run ruin the ground water. In order to reduce these risks special locations have been ar¬ ranged at 'the new air ports of Paris and Montreal , is to be performed. Through drainage sys tems the treatment liquid can be recovered and re-used . De-icinσ is performed by the aircraft by its own engines passing between two large scaffolds , on which 4 to 6 men are placed. By means of hand- operated jet nozzles the men spray the aircraft as it passes . In Sweden the authorities have developed an interest in the hea risks of the method for the s taff involved. Stricter safety dir tives have been issued. In US patent specification 791 024 a central de-icing installat is disclosed consisting of a pair of in the longitudinal direc¬ tion of the aircraft self-propelled towers on either side of th air-craft. Each tower is provided with a hinged boom, which ex¬ tends inwardly over the aircraft . By means of a plurality of hinges the boom is pivotable in the vertical plane . The boom carries a conduit with nozzles for spraying de-icing liquid or compressed., air. The installation is intended to operate so that the towers are driven in pairs externally of the wing tips alon the parked aircraft. The inwardly projecting boo ' ms and their hinges are actuated so that the nozzles of the conduit are lo- cated adj acent and directed towards the surfaces to be de-iced. The purpose appears to have been to solve the problem of rapid¬ ly spraying the necessary surfaces of the aircraft. The Canadian patent specification 150 370 discloses an installa tion for recovering and re-using de-icing liquid and arrangeme for spraying de-icing liquid. . In a system of ducts on the parking ramp the de-icing liquid ru off from the aircraft , is then collected and conducted in pipes to a purification plant. After having been analyzed in respect of dilution the liquid can either be rejected (should tie glycol content be too low) or else be treated by freezing or destina¬ tion so that the "" concentration of glycol is increased. If re¬ quired, fresh glycol is added to the solution , which is finally heated and stored in a s torage tank , until it is to be used again . The inventor of this sys tem appears to presume that a de-icing liquid should be used consisting of a solution of app¬ roximately equal parts of water and glycol . For the spraying of the de-icing liquid it is indicated that two or four vehicles should be placed at strategical locations on the de-icing ramp . Each vehicle is provided with a two-part boom, which is moved inwardly towards the parked aircraft. The boom carries a conduit with a nozzle , through which the liquid is sprayed onto the aircraft . The object of the present invention is to provide a more rapid , efficient and safe de-icing at a lower cost and without risks for the staff and the environment. It is discussed below how the 10 present invention , in preferred embodiments thereof , will ful¬ fil these requirements in comparison with other types of instal¬ lations . A more rapid de-icing is attained by having the aircraft to pass through a stationary de-icing installation , all surfaces of the 5 aircraft being treated as they pass the spraying device . Without time delay also downwardly and laterally directed surfaces are de-iced . The treatment time will be a fu n ction of the velocity of the aircraft through the installation and will depend only on the fact that the aircraft must spend sufficient time to be 0 sprayed with the required amount of treatment liquid . The dimen¬ sions of nozzles , valves , pumps , etc. included in the spraying device will thus determine the treatment time . The costs for sufficient dimensions of these standard articles are trivial in this connection and will hardly form any restricting factor. 5 If it is assumed that the aircraft is driven through the plant or ins tallation at a velocity of 6 km/h (fast walking speed) the treatment time will be 42 sec . for an aircraft with a length of 70 m. In plants according to US patent specification 791 024 the treat- 0 ment time will be equal to the maximum time required, for either moving the arrangement along the length of the aircraft , or for the operator to actuate all booms and valves . To be capable of treating the largest commercial airplanes of today the two in¬ terconnected towers mus t have a dis tance of about 65 m between 5 the support points on the ground and a free internal height of about 21 m. . Since the structure also mus t carry s torage tanks for the treatment liquid , driving engines , pumps , cabins for_ O.V.PI the staff, a plurality of large, movable booms, etc., it is evident that it will be of such dimensions that it cannot reas ably be moved as rapid as an airplane is running. The installa tion comprises a plurality of booms, which are to be moved and pivoted in a vertical direction at the same time as several te of valves are to be opened and closed. It is hardly possible f one operator alone to manage to perform all these operations w in a half minute or somewhat more, which are at disposition, i the plant is to be competitive. In installations according to the Canadian patent specificatio 150 370 a plurality of relatively conventional vehicles is use and the spraying is controlled manually. Consequently, the tre ment time will depend on the amount of vehicles and staff to b used. Said patent specification hardly provides any improvemen as compared with conventional methods in this respect. A more efficient de-icing is provided according to the present invention, on one hand, by the automatization of the spraying process and, on the other h-and, by the separation of the remed melting of snow and ice from the preventive spraying with glyc The automatization makes it possible for experts to define the absolutely most efficient treatment process in the form of a program and this process is then identically repeated at each treatment. The separation of remedying and preventive de-icing makes spraying of the airplane with concentrated glycol as the last treatment before start possible, concentrated glycol havin a longer remaining preventive effect than the 50% glycol soluti which is used at present and is supposed to be used according the two cited patents. Safety in flight will thus be increased both by the two feature of the present invention as mentioned above and by the rapidity of the process, which removes any temptation in situations hard to judge to refrain from de-icing for avoiding delays. The requirement of safer de-icing in this connection means that the process must not be dangerous to the aircraft and its cargo and that the operative reliability should be high. introduce any new type of risks for the aircraft . If the por¬ tals are made sufficiently wide , there will hardly be any risk of collision . The reliability in operation of the spraying de- vice will be high , since the number of movable parts is limited. The reliability of the apparatus recovering the treatment liquid will be high , since unmixed liquids are used, whereby simple and uncomplicated means can be utilized. Plants according to the US patent specification 791 024 are pro- vided ith a plurality of movable booms of subs tantial si ze , sup¬ ported by a movable structure . Since de-icing is to be performed immediately before start, the aircraft will be fully tanked and fully loaded when it is de-iced. A malfunction or an incorrect operation of any one of the many movable parts may therefor have disas trous consequences . Further , a large niamber of movable parts have an unfavourable influence on the reliability in operation . The Canadian patent specification 150 370 discloses a recovery- plant , the object of which is to analyze the treatment liquid which has run off and restore the glycol concentration to the values desired . All checking and control problems with the acco - panying risks of interruption of the service caused thereby are avoided by the use of unmixed liquids , which is according to the present invention . The total costs of de-icing can be separated into capital costs for the plant , operating costs in the form of staff costs , costs of material and other costs of operation and traffic costs for the aircraft treated. The sys tem according to the present invention affords lower . total cos ts than both methods presently used and the systems according to the mentioned patent speci fications for all airports , except poss ibly for such with the smalles t traffic . The sys tem according to the invention , due to the s tationary location and the simple design thereof , will be more economic to cons truct and maintain . The possibility of uti li zing the plants also for the ""cleaning of aircrafts will distribute the fixed • cos s s . ¬ duce the staff cos ts to a minimum. The recovery of the treatmen liquids will reduce both the consumption of liquids and the heating costs . The traffic costs for a treated aircraft can be assumed to be directly depending on the time during which the aircraft due to waiting or de-icing is prevented from performin useful traffic work . The great capacity of the system will keep these costs low . Finally , the improved safety in flight should be attached a considerable value , also in economic terms . Risks of health for the staff are eliminated, on one hand, by the automatization rendering all staff unnecessary , possibly with the exception of a supervisor, and, on the other hand , by the possibility of placing the staff indoors . The risks for the external environment are reduced, since all treatment liquid is circulating within a closed system. An exemplary , preferred embodiment of the invention will be des ribed below. The drawings comprise Fig. 1 * , which shows a fronta view of the sys tem according to the invention . Fig . 2 , illustra ting a prinicipal sketch of a programming assembly in the syste according to the invention , Fig. 3 , which shows a cir c it dia¬ gram of a part of the programming assembly , and Fig . 4 a princi pal diagram of a wind compensator in the system according to th invention . The aircraft to be de-iced is running through one or more sta- tionary portals 1 , see Fig. 1. Each portal supports a conduit 2 which is provided with a plurality of nozzles 3 directed toward the aircraft 10 . Through the nozzles the treatment liquid is sprayed onto the aircraft. The spraying is individually control led by means of a remotely controlled valve for each nozzle . If several different types of aircraft are to be treated, the conduit 2 must be designed in such a manner that the largest ' aircraft 10 can pass unimpeded therethrough . If a small aircraf is treated the conduit in this case will be far away from the aircraft , which causes action of wind and cooling of the liquid jets to be considerable . In order to avoid this disadvantage , t portal 1 may. support a plurality of different conduits , which a designed so that they closely conform with the profile of the aircraft as seen from the front. These conduits can be lifted in the portal. The conduit designed for the largest type of air¬ craft is fixedly mounted and when it is to be used, all other conduits are lifted thereover, so that they do not impede the pas¬ sage of the aircraft. When a smaller aircraft is to be treated, the conduit designed therefor is lowered into operating position. Treatment liquid is sprayed only through those nozzles 3 that are mounted on the conduit used for the occasion. At present it appears to be conventient to use two portals 1, one for the spraying with hot water and one for the spraying with non- diluted glycol. At the first portal all snow and ice is washed off by hot water. An abundant spraying will secure a good result with¬ out other disadvantages than increased heating costs for the water. At the second portal 1 the aircraft 10 will receive a showering of concentrated glycol, which prevents coatings of snow and ice until the aircraft is airborne. A thrifty and accurately directed spraying is desirable in order to avoid a film of glycol on the windows and glycol in the engines and in air conditioning instal- lations. The system according to the invention may also be designed with only one portal 1, if it is to be used for the spraying of only one liquid or with three or more portals, if it is intended for spraying the aircraft with a corresponding number of different liquids. The portals 1 are disposed over a roadway 11 for the aircraft 10 prepared for this puspose. The roadway is provided with a system of draining ducts 4, 5 for each portal. The draining ducts collect the liquid sprayed beside the aircraft or having run off the air- craft. The treatment liquid is conducted to a collecting tank 6 and therefrom to an installation 7 for purification and possibly heating or destination, before it is pumped into a storage tank 8. From the storage tank the liquid is again pumped 9 into the con¬ duit 2, when the next aircraft is treated. The distance between the portals is determined by how long dis- OKPI tance the wind can force the jets of liquid . The portals should be so far from each other that the different treatment liquids not mixed on the ground. By using unmixed and non-diluted liqui and keeping them separated from each other the recovery process can be made simple . The aircraft is driven along the roadway by its own engines or drawn by a tractor or by the roadway being provided with such a inclination that the aircraft will run along the roadway by its own weight, whereby the engines need not be in operation . It is also possible to design the system so that the aircraft i stationary , while the portal is displaceable along the aircraft (e . g. , on rails ) . A plurality of position sensors for the aircraft are provided along the roadway a-p i Fig . 2. The object thereof is to record how far the aircraft has reached on its way along the roadway and to provide a signal to open those valves which the aircraft has reached and to close those valves which the aircraft has pa sed. The position sensors may comprise pressure responsive mean in the roadway or photoelectric cells , which Eeact , when the air craft interrupts a light beam transversally of the roadway or metal detectors embedded into the roadway , e . g. , of the type co sisting of a coil , supplied with a high- frequency A. C . When a m tal object, e . g . an aircraft wheel , appears sufficiently close to the coil , the inductance thereof will change . The position sensing may also be performed by means of a range finder, loca¬ ted in the extension of the roadway in a direction forwards or backwards . Each range finder controls the actuating current to relays , wh ich open and close the valves 31-49 to the nozzles in the conduit. When the nose of the aircraft 10 has arrived in under the portal , the first range finder is triggered , which closes the actuating current to the relays that open the val¬ ves being di rected towards the nose of the aircraft , whereby the treatment liquid is sprayed onto the nose of the aircraft. As the aircraft passes in under the portal , the position sensor are triggered one by one and the sprayinq from the various nozz les is s tarted and interrupted , as the aircraft s urfaces pass b ( _ 0'V-PI e nozz es. or a conven e n a rc a r nozzles will be open and spraying all the time from the moment the nose tip arrives in under the portal until the most rear¬ ward tail tip has passed under the portal. The most external nozzles spraying the wing tips, on the other hand, will be open only from the moment the front edges of the wing tips pass the nozzles until the rear edges of the wing tips pass the nozzles. Which valves are to be opened or closed, when a certain position sensor is triggered, is determined by e.g. an electronic printed circuit card or the like, which is adapted to the type of air¬ craft to be treated. The printed circuit cards are made replace¬ able so that different types of aircraft can be treated. Fig. 3 shows in a section of a circuit diagram how the position sensors g,h, and i actuate the valves 31, 32, 33 and 34 through the- relays g31~, g32~, g33~, g34~, h31"", h32', h33~, h34"", i31~, i32"", i33 * and 134"". The nose wheel of the aircraft triggers the position sensor h, whereby the control circuit is .closed and the actuating current passes from the current source 20 through the relays h34"", h33~ and h32'. Fine lines in Fig. 3 indicate leads for the actuating current, and thick lines symbolize the operating current. The re¬ lays h32"", h.33"" and h34""then close the operating current from the source 22 of operating current to the valves 32, 33 and 34, which are opened so that the treatment liquid is sprayed through the nozzles. In the next moment the aircraft will leave the position sensor h, whereby the control circuit is opened and the relays h32~, h33 ' ', and h34~ will then be without current and break the operating current to the valves 32, 33 and 34, which will thus stop the spraying of liquid through the corresponding nozzles. As the air¬ craft leaves the position sensor h, however, it will trigger the position sensor , which, according to the circuit diagram, will open the valves 31 and 32 via the relays i31"" and i32"". The leads for the actuating current are assembled on a printed circuit card A and by means of contact members connected to the position sensors i ,h , g , the current source 20 and the relays i31'- 34 ' , h31 '- 34 "" , g31'- 34 ' in a pattern adapted to the type or aircraft to be treated. Fig. 2 shows the general design of the printed circuit card for a Boeing Model 747-200 with a span of 59 .64 m and a length of 70 . 66 m. A McDonnell- Douglas DC-9-21 has a span of 28. 45 m. The wing tips thereof will reach just outside the inner engines of B- 747 , and therefore a printed circuit card for a DC-9-21 would not on any occasion switch on the valves 31 , 32 , 33 , 47 , 48 and 49 , since they are located outside of the wing tips . When side wind the condition may be changed by the wind compensator , see the description thereof . A DC-9-21 is 31. 85 m long , and therefo all spraying of liquid is terminated, when the nose wheel actua¬ tes the position sensor i , since the aircraft is then completel past the portal . When tail wind or headwind, however, the wind compensator may change this condi t ion . The wind may cause a drift of the liquid, which has a long dis¬ tance to pass between the nozzle and the aircraft. In order to secure a favourable result of the treatment, a plurality of . printed circuit cards may be formed for each type of aircraft, which are modified so as to compensate for different wind direc¬ tions and wind forces . If the distance between the position sen¬ sors is 1 m and so strong a wind is blowing straight from behin that the drift of the jet of liquid will be 1 m, a printed cir- cuit card is used, which is modi fied in such a manner that those valves that should have been opened and closed by a certain po¬ sition sensor are actuated first by the next position sensor . Measuring instruments for wind force and wind direction are used for controlling the selection of printed circuit cards . In the most primitive embodiment this is performed by the per¬ son operating the de-icing plant reading the wind force and wind - direction and selecting a printed circuit card for the type of aircraft , adapted to the wind conditions . In a more automati zed embodiment one set of printed circuit cards is provided for each type of aircraft , each individual card being adapted to a cer¬ tain wind direction as well as to a certain wind force . Wind di¬ rection indicators and anemometers connect that particular prin- ' UR£ ted circuit card of the set which is adapted to the existing wind conditions. Such an arrangement would be capable of reac¬ ting to rapid variations of wind direction and wind force. The structural design of such a wind compensator is exemplified in Fig. 4. On the right hand side of Fig. 4 a wind compensator is shown, which comprises a wind direction indicator B and an anemometer C and a plate D supporting relays. On the left hand side of the figure there are shown two printed circuit cards, 0 and Nl, of totally thirteen printed circuit cards required in this example and the relay plate A with the relays h31' , h32', h33', g31', g32', g33'and g34'. To the far left the position sensors g,h, and i are shown. At the bottom of the illustration the valves 31, 32, 33 and 34 are shown. The wind direction indicator B comprises a centrally pivoted, rotatable contact arm 50 and a vane or the like (not shown) , which turns the contact arm a convenient number of contact plates 52, 54, 56, 58, one for each wind direction. In the Fig. 4 the use of four wind directions is shown, N,E,S and W but it is understood that more or fewer may be used. Via the contact arm an actuating current (fine, broken line) is supplied to one of the four contact plates and therefrom to the relay plate D. The anemometer C comprises a movable contact arm 60, a centri¬ fugal regulator or the like (not shown) , which moves the con- tact arm from one end position when no wind to the other end po¬ sition at maximum wind force, and a suitable number of inter¬ mediate contact plates, one for each wind force interval. In the embodiment illustrated four wind force intervals are used, 0 for no wind and III for maximum wind force, with the inter- mediate positions I and II, but more or fewer intervals can be used. Via the contact arm an actuating current (fine, continuous line) is supplied ^ to one of the contact plates and from there to the relay supporting plate D. On the relay supporting plate D the two control currents from the wind direction indicator B and the anemometer C are combined at a number of connecting points. If all wind directions should be combined with all wind forces, 4 x 4 = 16 connecting points would be required, but since the wind direction is unimportant at the wind force = 0, only thirteen connecting points are re- quired in the example, viz.: Will, SHI, EIII, NIII, WII, SII, EII, Nil, WI, SI, El, NI, and . 0. In each connecting point two series connected relays 24, 26 are provided. One relay 24 is actuated by the control current from the wind direction indicator B and the second 26 by the anemo¬ meter C. In order to allow the operating current (thick, broken line) from the operating current source 28 to pass through the connecting point in question it is necessary that both relays are closed. In a cut out section in the illustration of the con tact point Nil it is shown that the control current from the sector N of the wind direction indicator has closed one 24 of the two relays, while the second relay 26 breaks the operating current, since the anemometer is not in position II but in posi¬ tion 0. Each connecting or contact point (i.e. Will, SIII, EIII,....NI and 0) on the relay supporting or contact plate D is connected to one particular printed circuit card. There are thus thirteen printed circuit cards in the set but only the cards 0 and NI are shown in the illustration. The remaining eleven have -been omitte for the sake of clarity. In Fig. 4 it is shown by means of small arrows how the system is working. The wind direction indicator B points towards N and control current is_ supplied to the contact points NIII, Nil and NI. The anemometer C, however, indicates 0, whereby the deffec- tion of the wind direction indicator is unimportant. Via the con tact point 0 the printed circuit card 0 is connected. Since the position sensor h is triggered, the control current will pass through the relays h34 ' , h33' and h 32 ' , which will open the valves 34 , 33 and 32 . If a blast of wind should move the contact arm 60 of the anemo¬ meter C into position I , the two series connected relays 24 , 26 in the contact point NI would close , the printed circuit card NI being connected. According to the printed circuit card NI the two valves 31 and 32 are connected , when the position sensor is in the position h . The two farthest nozzles 31 (and 49 ) in the por¬ tal , see Fig. 2 , are thus spraying treatment liquid, in spite of the wing tips having still not arrived under the nozzles . However , the blast of wind drives the jet of liquid in the direction S (it is presumed that the aircraft is moving in the direction N) , where¬ by the jet of liquid will hit the wing tip , before it has arrived in under the portal 1. The movement of the aircraft 10 relative the portal 1 can also cause to start and stop the spraying by means of a plurality of sensors , which actuate the valves to the nozzles directly without the assistance of any programming assembly . A system operating in this manner can be designed so that a number of light sources are placed in the jet direction of the nozzles , preferably in the ground but other locations may also be used. The light sources are formed and directed so that they emit a narrow light beam towards a photo-electric cell placed adjacent each nozzle . The photo-electric cell controls the electrically operated valve be- longing to the nozzle . As long as the light beam between the light source and the photo-electric cell is unbroken , the valve is kept closed by the photo-electric cell . When an object breaks the light beam, the photo-electric cell reacts and -opens the valve to the nozzle , whereby the de-icing liquid is sprayed onto the ob ject. When the object has passed the light source and the nozzle , the light beam will again illuminate the photo-electric cell , which will then cause the valve to be closed 'and the spraying to be ter¬ minated. The photo-electric cell assembly used may also be of the type having a light source and a photoelectric cell mounted ad- j acent each other , wherein the photo-electric cell reacts to light which has been radiated from the light source and has been ref¬ lected from, an object in front of the light source . In addition to light, sound can also be used for sensing the p sition of the aircraft. A device of this kind is preferably fo med so that the sound source and the sound receiver are locate in line with the jet direction of the nozzle , one beyond that of the room in which the aircraft will move and the other adja the nozzle . As long as the sound can pass unimpededly between sound source and the sound receiver, the valve to the nozzle i kept closed but when an object arrives in front of the nozzle thus deteriorates the sound transmission , the valve will be op and the spraying of treatment liquid starts . This way of controlling the treatment without using programmin assemblies enables the treatment of any type of aircraft witho any preparations , such as , e . g. production of printed circuit cards or selection of printed circuit cards . The advantage res in the fact that the system does not need to be supervised by person but can be made completely automatic, that the cost of gramming assembly is avoided and that all types of aircrafts ( all other objects ) can be treated without any preliminaries . T treatment liquid will in this system reach all parts of an air craft located in front of a nozzle , even those parts which it possibly desirable to avoid treating, e . g. , windows and air in lets . This disadvantage may be of minor importance , if a liqui is used, which is harmless to those parts of the aircraft, e . g hot water. If other liquids are used, the disadvantages can be eliminated by directing no nozzle towards the region in which e . g. , the windows of the aircraft will pass . Above it was indicated that one or more liquids are to be used as de-icing medium. However , under certain conditions gases ma be used with advantage , such as , e . g. , water steam or glycol s The advantages of using steam instead of liquid is that the he energy content per unit weight is higher in steam. Thereby the required quantity of energy for melting snow and ice can be tr ferred to the aircraft with a smaller weight of de-icing mediu Hereby the drainage installations can be designed with smaller dimensions or possibly be completely eliminated. The jet of ste has also more heat energy in relation to its kinetic energy th a jet of liquid has . If too much kinetic energy is trans ferred to the aircraft , mechanical damage will occur in the form of buckles in the sheet metal . By using jets of steam the risk of mechanical damage of the aircraft is thus reduced. As an alter¬ native it is possible , with the same risk of damage , to allow the aircraft to pass more rapidly through the portal and still receive the necessary amount of heat energy . In addition to liquid and steam it is also possible to use ra¬ diation energy for de-icing , e . g . * , light within or beyond the range of wave-lengths which are perceptible to the human eye . The use of radiation energy will eliminate the risk of mechani¬ cal damage of the aircraft . No arrangements are required for col¬ lecting and treating de-icing liquid or condensed de-icing steam. Only melted snow or ice may need to be removed. Energy losses to the atmosphere are reduced to a minimum. As a source of radiation may be used e . g . a heating lamp , a so called infrared radiator , laser or microwave generator or the type used in microwave ovens . The radiation can be controlled by means of position sensors and with or without a programming assembly in the same manner as described above for the spraying with liquid or steam. The description has so far only treated arrangements for the removal of snow and ice from aircraft. However, there is a further type of coating on the surfaces of aircrafts which con¬ stitutes an inconvenience , namely dirt . Dirt in the form of dust , soot, crushed insects , excrement of birds , etc . is deposited on all surfaces of the aircraft, both during flight and when the aircraft is standing on the ground. This process of making dirty generally proceeds rather slowly and , therefor , constitutes no risk for the safety in flight . However , the dirt impairs the sur- face smoothness of the aircraft and increases the air drag and thereby the fuel consumption . Regarding the commerci al air traf¬ fic , in addition dirt makes the aircraft look uglier , counter¬ acting the impression of perfection which every air line company are seeking . Before the accumulation of dirt has become too serious , the ai r¬ craft is therefor cleaned. This is usually performed by manual brushing of the aircraft with cleaning means and the aircraft is rinsed with clean water afterwards . The staff doing the job uses movable stairs and other staf foldings in order to reach al parts of the planes . These scaffoldings must be moved frequentl which together with the primitive cleaning methods cause the pr cess to be both time consuming and costly . The arrangements described above for ejecting de-icing liquids can also be used for ejecting cleaning liquids . It is preferabl to first have the aircraft sprayed in a first portal with a suitable cleaning liquid, which dissolves the dirt, and in the next portal the aircraft is then rinsed with clean water. The liquid is transferred to the aircraft by a jet. The kinetic energy of the jet of liquid provides a processing of the layer of dirt or ice . This processing is intensified by having the je of liquid pulsate or oscillate and by vibrating the layer of di or ice by exposing it to sound of proper frequency . The frequen of the sound is varied cyclicly for the purpose of effectively affecting the layers or coatings with different natural vibrati frequencies . The sound is transmitted to the aircraft through the liquid column which is formed through the air by the jet. T sound producing means are mounted adj acent the nozzles on the c duit for the liquid in the portal . In comparison with the manual method described above , the clean in the system according to the present invention can be expecte to be somewhat less efficient , since the mechanical treatment o the dirt layer with a brush is eliminated. However, since the method will only require a fraction of the time necessary for t manual method, it is possible to repeat the cleaning much more frequently at the same cos t and thereby attain an equal total effect or in any case extend the intervals between necessary manual cleanings . Roadway or driving path , portals , position sensors , programming assemblies , pumps , valves , no zzles , supply conduits and drainag ducts may be common for de-icing and cleaning liquids , while it might be preferable to provide separate collecting tanks , treat- ment tan s an s torage an s or eac n o qu use . system arranged in this manner can be used alternatingly for cleaning and de-icing or aircraft. By utili zing the system in this manner for two separate pur¬ poses the economy thereof will be improved . The system according to the invention has been described above as adapted for de-icing and cleaning of aircrafts . However , the prin¬ ciples of the operation of the sys tem can be used in any system which objects are to be exposed to spraying or radiation . Systems according to the invention can thus be designed for automatic sur¬ face treatment of objects in a sequence by e .g . , sandblasting , zinc spraying , ground coating , finishing lacquering and drying with heat radiation . De-icing systems may be located at s trategic points along a railway network for automatic operation when re¬ quired for melting away snow and ice accumulated on the bogies of the trains and threatening to cause interruptions of the service . O: PI";Claims . 1. A de-icing and cleaning system for aircrafts, charac¬ terized in that one or more devices are provided to spray the aircraft with a liquid or gas or irradiate the aircraft and in that means are provided for sensing the position of the aircraf 5 relative said devices, said means being disposed to control sai devices to automatically start and stop the spraying or irradia tion in response to the position of the aircraft relative the d vices. 2. The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that 10 said devices for spraying or irradiating comprise conduits, whi via valves are in connection with nozzles or other spraying mem bers, said conduits being supported by rigid frames, arranged i one or more portals. 3- The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that 15 devices for spraying or irradiating comprise one or more radiat sources, which are supported by one or more rigid frames arrang in one or more portals. 4. The system as claimed in claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the shape of the frames is adapted to the profile of the 20 aircraft as seen from the front. 5. The system as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that the frame or frames are movable in relation to the portal. 6. The system as claimed in claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the number of portals is depending on the number of diffe- 25 rent liquids, gases or irradiations, by which the aircraft is t be treated. 7. The system as claimed in any of claims 1 through 3, char terized in that a programming assembly is provided for control ling said devices for spraying and irradiating the aircraft to 30 duce a selectively controllable spraying of liquid or gas throu the different nozzles or a selectively controllable irradiation . the aircraft by the different radiation sources, said programmi assembly being responsive to said means for sensing the positio of the aircraft. _35 8. The system as claimed in any of claims 1 through 3, char terized in that said means for sensing the position of the air craft directly control the devices for spraying and irradiating the aircraft to cause a selectively controllable spraying of liquid or gas through the different nozzles or a selectively controllable irradiation of the aircraft by the different ra¬ diation sources-. 9. The system as claimed in claim 7 or 8, characterized by means for sensing the actual wind force and wind direction to control the spraying of liquid or gas or the irradiation in res¬ ponse thereto. 10. The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said means for sensing the position of the aircraft comprise pres¬ sure responsive elements. 11. The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said means for sensing the position of the aircraft comprise photo¬ electric cells. 12. The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said means for sensing the position of the aircraft comprise me¬ tal detectors. 13. The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said means for sensing the position of the aircraft comprise sound producing and sound receiving elements. 14. The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said means for sensing the position of the aircraft comprise a range finding device located in the extension of the roadway along which the aircraft moves. 15. The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized by an in¬ clined roadway on which the aircraft moves, said inclination being such that the aircraft will be driven along the roadway by its own weight. 16. The system as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the roadway on which the aircraft moves, comprises one or more drainage systems for the collection of excess treatment liquid or condensed steam or melted snow or ice. 17. The system as claimed in claim 16, characterized in that said drainage systems conduct the collected liquid to suitable arrangements for treatment or storage of the liquid, until it is used again. 18. The system as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that sound generating means are disposed in the portal to detach coa¬ tings on the aircraft by transmitting sound of suitable frequency.;MAGNUSSON U, MAGSUSSON K;MAGNUSSON U, MAGSUSSON K;1978
+WO-1979000332-A1;19790614.0;19781128;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25324373.0;H01M8;;C25B11, H01M8;C25B  11/00, H01M   8/04;FLUIDIZED-BED ELECTRODES AND RELATED APPARATUS AND METHODS;The current-carrying capacity of a fluidized-bed electrode is enhanced by imparting increased velocities to the particles (3) suspended therein while maintaining a relatively low degree of bed expansion or voidage. This is accomplished in one embodiment of the invention (Fig. 2) by means of pairs of opposing jets of electrolyte impinging against each other so as to effect a highly turbulent motion of the fluidized particles while the net flow velocity of the supporting electrolyte is kept relatively low. In a second preferred embodiment (Figs 3 and 4), the electrolyte flow velocity may be as high as desired, but its direction preferably horizontal, is reversed at frequent intervals. The suspended particules get thereby intermittently packed against and retained by filters (10, 11) at the alternating outlet walls (6, 7). The alternating packing and expansion result in improved charge and mass transport, and hence in improved electrode performance. The above improvement is especially applicable to fluidized beds of activated carbon particles and of other materials whose specific gravity is not much higher than that of the supporting electrolyte.;"F3_UIDIZ--D-BED ELECTRODES D RELATED APPARATUS AND MEIHCDS --AQ OUND OF THE INVΣHTIQN This invention relates to fluidized-bed electrodes, especially air-depolarized cathodes, and to related apparatus and methods. This is a (Xintinuation-in-part of my co-pending applicaτicn Se- rial Number 813,""+83, filed July 7, 1977 (International Application No. PCT/US78/00030, filed 03 July 1978) which is incorporated herein by refer¬ ence. In said application, I have disclosed improved air-depolarized flu¬ idized-bed electrodes for use in various types of electrochemical process¬ es and apparatus, especially in power sources. One serious limitation of the fluidized-bed electrodes disclosed hereτofore is that the upward flow of the supporting electrolyte through the bed can not exceed a certain optimum value beyond which tne current- carrying capacity of the electrode decreases. This optimum flow corres¬ ponds to rather low bed expansions, usually about 10% or less. Higher bed expansions result in reduced interparticle contacts, and hence in re¬ duced charge transfer. To maintain the expansion sufficiently low and yet permit the electrolyte flow rate to be sufficiently high for adequate mass transDort, the specific gravity of the fluidized particles should prefer- 3 ably exceed that of the supporting electrolyte by at least 2 gm/cm . This liπ tation would preclude the use of activated carbon and of other relative¬ ly light materials in fluidized-bed electrodes. Yet activated carbon has several most desirable features, including a high active surface area per u- nit weight, a high catalytic activity, and low cost, which make it an es¬ pecially outstanding candidate material for the fluidized particles in air cathodes. It is an object of iψ invention to overcome the afore-outlined lim¬ itations of present fluidized-bed electrodes, and thereby increase their CT- rent-carrying capacity. It is also an object of rπy invention to permit the use of activated carton as the chief component of the fluidized-bed electro- des, especially air-depolarized cathodes. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly, my invention consists of imparting the desired hijh velo- ( _ ?MPI cities to the particles suspended in the fluidized-bed electrode while maintaining the bed expansion cr voidage optimally low. One way of a- chieving this is by causing opposing horizontal high-velocity inlet jets to impinge against each other, thereby causing their kinetic energy to be dissipated nto turbulent motions while the net vertical flew velocity of the supporting electrolyte is kept relatively low. ' An alternative way is to use a high unidirectional flow at any given time, but to reverse tne flow direction at frequent intervals. In tne latter case, the alternating inlets and outlets may extend over most of τhe length of the bed, so as to impart a substantially uniform average particle motion throughout the bed, and should comprise suitable filters to retain the fluidized particles with¬ in the electrode compartment. The rapid alternating flew causes intermit¬ tent partial packing of particles against the alternating outlets, and a rapid to and fro motion of the particles between the inlet and outlet sides. This yields frequent interparticle contacts and hence a high rate of mass and charge transfer. Since the particle velocities and interparticle contacts imparted by either of these types of flew do not determine the vertical bed expansion or the overall bed voidage, it thereby becomes practical to use activated car- bon and other relatively light materials as fluidized electrode catalysts. Tne high area/weight ratio of activated carbon is especially useful for ef¬ fecting adequate mass transport of oxygen in the fluidized-bed air cathode systems disclosed in my afore-cited co-pending application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING My invention may best be understood with the aid of the drawing, in which: Fig. 1 is a partial schematic magnified cross-sectional view of an electrochemical cell comprising a fluidized-bed electrode; Fig. 2 is a partial schematic view of section S-S of Fig. 1 accord- ing to one embodiment of my invention; Fig. 3 is a partial schematic view of section S-S of Fig. 1 accord¬ ing to an alternative embodiment of my invention; and Fig. . is a schematic diagram of a pump-and-valve system controlling the flow directions of Fig. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In Fig. 1 is shown an electrochemical cell 18 similar to those described in my afore-cited co-pending application. A single cαnpart- ment 28 comprises particles 3, preferably of activated carbon, in a flcw- ing electrolyte 16 contained between an outer air-permeable electrolyte- iEπper eable membrane 23 and an inner current-collecting grid 17. Near membrane 23, the surfaces of particles 3 become enriched with oxygen per¬ meating 1-hrough said membrane. This oxygen is electroreducεd as the particles approach grid.17. Electrolyte gap 19-, counter-electrode 20, insulating spacers 21, and end gaskets 22 substantially complete the electrochemical cell. As in πς. afore-cited co-pending application, electrode 20 nay be an anode consuming a hydrogen-rich fuel, a consumable metal anode forming part of a metal-air power source, or, in conjunction with a suitable diaphragm (not shewn) , an anode for the electro-oxidation of chloride ions in the r_-__nufacture of chlorine. "" According to one e_--oodi_τ_ant of my invention, the view of section S-S of Fig. 1, perpendicular thereto, would appear as indicated in Fig. 2. Jets of electrolyte, entering through pairs of opposite entrance nozzles 4 and 5 (situated at the eadwalls 6 and 7 of co-roartment 28) ' along the directions indicated by the horizontal arrows 1, 2, impinge against each other, and their kinetic energy is thereby dissipated into a swirling mo¬ tion, of which only a minor component contributes to an upward flow. The bed expansion and voidage can therefore be kept at an optimal low value while the fluidized particles maintain the rapid motions required for high rates of mass and charge transfer. According to an alternative embodiment of my invention, the view of section S-S of Fig. 1, perpendicular thereto, would appear as indicated in Fig. 3. Here the end walls 6 and 7 of corrmartmsnt 28 comprise vertical e- lectrolyte channels 8 and 9 separated from compartment 28 by filters 10 and 11. The latter also serve as flow distributors. During the first portion of a cycle, the electrolyte flews from channel 8 through filter 10 into compartment 28, and thence through filter 11 into channel 9, as in¬ dicated by arrows 12, 13. 3 the second portion of the cycle, the flew is reversed, as indicated by-the arrows 14, 15. Although -the flow directions 12, 13 and 14, 15 are horizontal in Fig. 3, it is also possible to use a configuration in which the entire Fig. 3 is turned around by 90° so as to yield an approximate¬ ly vertical reciprocating upward and downward flow. The reversal of flow directions may be effected by a special reciprocating pump (not shown) or by a unidirectional pump 24 acting in conjunction with an electronically programmed solenoid valve 25, as shown in Fig. 4. In the first portion of a cycle, valve 25 keeps the solid lines 26 and 27 open and the dotted lines 29 and 30 closed, thereby causing the flow through compartment 28 to be from right to left. In the second portion of the cycle, the links 26 and 27 are shut while lines 29 and 30 are opened, whereby the flow through com¬ partment 28 is reversed. Although the embodiments described herein are concerned prima- rily with fluidized air-depolarized cathodes, the improvements dis¬ closed herein are obviously applicable to numerous other types of e- lectrochemical reactors utilizing fluidized-bed electrodes, as is well known in the art. There will new be obvious to those skilled in the art many mo- difications and variations of the above-disclosed embodiments, which, however, will fall within the scope of my invention if defined by the following";"CIAIMS : 1. Apparatus cαπprising a fluidized-bed electrode, and means for in¬ creasing the kinetic energy of the fluidized particles in said elec¬ trode without seriously affecting the average bed expansion or voidage. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said means comprises pairs of op¬ posing jets of fluid impinging against each other and thereby impart¬ ing swirling motions to the particles of the fluidized bed. 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said means comprises a reciproca¬ ting flow system causing electrolyte to flow through said electrode in a to and fro motion with reversals in the direction of electrolyte flow occurring at frequent intervals in repeating cycles. 4. Apparatus of claim 1 wherein said fluidized particles comprise ac¬ tivated carbon. 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein aid fluidized-bed elec¬ trode is an air-depolarized cathode. 6. A method of increasing the curirent-carrying capacity of a fluidized- bed electrode which comprises increasing the kinetic energy of the flu¬ idized particles in said electrode without seriously affecting the av¬ erage bed expansion or bed voidage. 7. The method of claim S wherein said kinetic energy is increased by causing opposing jets of fluid to impinge against "" each other so as to impart swirling motions to the particles of the fluidized bed. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein said kinetic energy is increased by effecting a reciprocating flew of electrolyte ""through said electrode, with the direction of said flow reversing at frequent intervals in re¬ peating cycles. 9. The method of claim 6 wherein said fluidized particles comprise activated carbon. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein said electrode is an air-depolarized cathode. . OMPI";ZAROMB S;ZAROMB S;1978
+WO-1979000337-A1;19790614.0;19781201;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;26266664.0;H01H35;;F15B15, H01H35;F15B  15/10, H01H  35/26D;BELLOWS-OPERATED DEVICES;Bellows-operated device wherein a pressure to be controlled is applied to the interior of the bellows (30) which operates indirectly a push rod (34) which in turn may operate an electrical switch. In order to render the device fail-safe, the bellows (30) is secured to a pressure pad (32) which contacts a flexible diaphragm (37) The bellows (30) is mounted in housing (35) which is sealed by the diaphragm (37) which has a larger effective area than the bellows. Leakage of the bellows into the space there-around increases the overall pressure on the diaphragm which therefore tends to operate the push rod (34) to simulate an increase in the pressure being controlled.;BELLOWS OPERATED DEVICES This invention relates to bellows-operated devices. Bellows are prone to failure, particularly by starting to leak through cracks or pin holes, and it is known, for instance in German Patent Application No. 2,125,809, to attempt to make the bellows fail- safe by placing another bellows around the working bellows. Such an arrangement, however, effectively doubles the possibility of failure because the exterior bellows may also develop a leak which will have the same effect as a leak from the working bellows. This invention provides a bellows-operated device including a bellows having a fluid pre-s-sure connection to its interior and at one end contacting directly or indirectly a flexible diaphragm, and a closed housing surrounding said bellows and sealed by said diaphragm, the effective area of said diaphragm being larger than that of the bellows. The diaphragm may be connected to operate another device, ft.g. an electrical switch, in such a way that in normal operation increased pressure in the bellows places the switch in an 'off or safe condition. Should the bellows leak into said closed housing the increase .in pressure in the housing acts on the larger effective area of the diaphragm and tends to place said switch in said 'off or safe condition. , In a- preferred arrangement the closed housing is subjected to atmospheric internal pressure, so that should the diaphragm leak there is no appreciable effect on the pressure in the housing. • Two specific embodiments of the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is,a section through a irst embodiment of a bellows-operated switch in a normal operating position, Figure 2 is a section through the -switch of Figure 1 in a failed position, Figure 3 i-s a section through a switch arrangement of a second embodiment, and Figure is a section through a bellows-operated device for xise in the embodiment of Figure >. Referring first to Figures 1 and 2, the switch as shown has a microswitch 11 the button of which is operated by one end of a pivotted lever 12. A coil spring 13 opposes upv/ard movement of the lever, which movement tends to open circuit the switch 11. A pre-ssure tapping 15 i-s connected to the interior of a metal bellows 16, which thereby expands and contracts as the sensed pressure varies. The bellows carries a pressure pad 17, which contacts a flexible diaphragm 18, e.g., a textile fabric reinforced synthetic rubber diaphragm or ' a metal diaphragm. On the other side of the diaphragm is an operating member 19 comprising a chamfered disc part 20 which contacts the diaphragm and a button 21 which contacts a depression in the lever 12. Increasing pressure in bellows 16 moves the pressure pad and diaphragm upwardly which in turn pushes the operating member 19 upwardly and operates the switch 11 to open a circuit. The switch may therefore be used to maintain a pressure b-stween limits, the pressure being produced by means (not shown) powered through switch 11. Pressure tapping 15 forms one end of a housing 23 surrounding the bellows 16. The other end of the housing is closed by the diaphragm 18, the edges of which are clamped onto the housing. The diameter of the diaphragm is approximately twice that of the bellows. A space 2k is thereby formed about the bellows and this space is subject to a pressure below atmospheric by evacuation. This reduced pressure tends to pull the diaphragm 18 down substantially into the position shown in figure 1*, the bellows moving the diaphragm upwardly to open the switch as described above, against the resistance of the diaphragm. Should the bellows fail by beginning to leak, pressurized fluid will escape into space 2k. The degree of vacuum therein will therefore be reduced, the downward pull on the diaphragm will be reduced, until the diaphragm eventually moves up into the failed position shown in Figure 2. In this position the switch 11 is . permanently open circuit so that the apparatus to which it is connected cannot be operated. Should the diaphragm leak, air will leak into space 2k and again the diaphragm will move into the failed position. The embodiment of Figures 3 and k is similar to that of Figures 1 and 2, but shows the construction in more detail. Figure k shows the bellows operator part of the device, which Figure 3 shows the electrical switch part, the bellows part fitting onto the underside 5 of the switch part. Referring first to Figure k-. a metal bellows 30 has means 31 for attachment of a pre-ssure line so that the pressure is applied to the interior of the bellows. A pressure pad 3-2 is secured to the top of the bellows to move therewith and has a slightly rounded upper surface. -10 ' A flexible diaphragm 37 iβ moved'by said pressure pad so as to apply pressure to an operating button 33 secured to a push rod J>k. As shown in the drawing the bellows is mounted in a housing 35 which provides a T-section opening such that the effective diameter of the diaphragm is greater than that of the bellows, in this case of the order of 3 ∑ 1- 15 The housing 35 provides a space 36 around the bellows and on one side of the diaphragm and in this embodiment this space is not evacuated but normally subject to atmospheric pressure. Since the interior of the bellows is subjected to greater than atmospheric pressure, any leakage of the bellows into space 36 increases 20 the pressure on the underside of the diaphragm. Since the effective area of the diaphragm is greater than that of the bellows, the net effect is that the diaphragm is urged upwardly in the failed condition. When secured to the electrical switch part of Figure 3 t the push rod contacts a cranked lever kO pivotted at kΛ which may be rotated 25 upwardly against spring k2. Lever --+0 moves an adjustable actuator kj> which contacts the end of a rod kk which moves a member **+5 carrying electrical contacts 46, k7. Movement of push rod J>k therefore makes and breaks the contacts. The point of making and breaking the contacts may be adjusted by adjusting the position of pivot point kΛ by manual 30 rotation of knob k8 which thereby effectively selects the pressure at which the switch contacts change over. . While the invention has been described above as applied to a pressure-sensitive switch, it could equally well be applied to other devices, e.g. , pressure-operated valves. The pressure applied to the 35 interior of the bellows may as described be a direct bleed from a pressurized line or it may be related to a temperature sensed for instance by a phial positioned at a location of which the temperature is to be controlled.;CLAIMS: 1. A bellows-operated device of the kind having a bellows (16,30) with a fluid pressure connection to its interior characterized by said bellows contacting directly or indirectly a flexible diaphragm (18, 37) and having a closed housing (23, 35) surrounding said bellows and sealed hy -said diaphragm, the -pressure-effective area of said diaphragm being greater than that of the bellows. 2. A bellows-operated device as claimed in claim 1, further characterized by the effective diameter of the diaphragm (18, 37) being of the order of 2 to 3 times that of the bellows 06, 30). 3- bellows-operated device as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, further characterized by said housing being evacuated. k. A bellows-operated device as claimed in Claim 1 or .claim 2, further characterized by said housing (.35) providing a T-section interior space (36), the diaphragm extending across the top of the Ti and the bellows extending down the centre limb of the T. 5- A bellows-operated device as claimed in any of claims 1 to , further characterized by said diaphragm operating directly or indirectly a push rod (21, 3k) extending into an electrical switch compartment to operate switch means (11, 46, 47) therein. PR393 OM $ mP;MCGOWAN E;UNITED GAS INDUSTRIES LTD, UNITED GAS IND LTD;1978
+WO-1979000343-A1;19790614.0;19781205;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10456565.0;C22C19;C22C19, C22C38;C22C19, C22C38;C22C  19/00, C22C  19/07, C22C  38/60;IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO NICKEL-,COBALT-,AND IRON BASED ALLOYS;"The oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of a nickel-, cobalt- or iron-based alloy can be improved by including in the alloy composition a platinum group metal, viz. osmium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium, or palladium, and one or more platinum-complementing elements, viz. titanium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, zirconium, niobium and any of the lanthanide elements in balanced proportions. The resultant alloy composition consists of at least 5 weight percent of chromium, from 0 to 3 weight percent of carbon a component X, a component Z, and a balance of one or more of nickel, cobalt and iron together with incidental elements and impurities if any, wherein component X is one or more of (i) at least 2 weight percent in total of one or more of aluminium, titanium, tantalum and niobum; (ii) at least 5 weight percent in total of one or both of tungsten and molybdenum, and (iii) at least 60 weight percent of nickel, and component Z comprises m<up>u weight percent of one or more platinum group metals together with m<uc>u weight percent of one or more platinum-complementing metals with 0.1 </= m<up>u + m<uc>u </= 5 and 0.3 </= m<up>u/m<uc>u </= 20. The amount m<up>u of the platinum group metal is preferably from 50 to 95 percent by weight of the total (m<up>u + m<uc>u), and most particularly the amounts of the platinum group metal and the platinum-complementing metal are chosen to be in stoichiometric proportions with reference to intermetallic compounds which may be formed between them. The improved alloys are particularly suited to use for gas turbine engine components.";"SItie: Nickel-, Cobalt- and Iron-based Alloys, 2his invention relates to nickel-, cobalt- and iron-based alloys comprising those suitable for use at high temperatures under oxidising conditions or corrosive conditions, and more particularly, but not exclusivelyj is concerned with directionslly solidified nickel-based alloys for use in these conditions. Alloys capable of resisting oxidation, corrosion &_\- high mechanical stresses at elevated temperatures are increasingly required, particularly in the gas turbine field. In these applications slight increases in permissible blade temperatures have a considerable and very favourable effect upon engine output and efficiency. It is an unfortunate characteristic of gas turbine alloy development, however, that changes in alloy composition which lead to improved high temperature strength tend also to reduce the oxidation resistance of the alloys. Many of the strongest gas turbine alloys presently known have a relatively low resistance to oxidation and corrosion, -~so that they must be protected against high temperature attack, ie corrosion and oxidation, by coatings which either remain on the surface of the alloy components or are caused to diffuse into the body of the components on which they are deposited. Is is a dis¬ advantage of the various coating processes employed that they are costly, and that they tend also to have a deleterious effect upon the high temperature mechanical properties of the components to which they are applied. 3his invention seeks to provide high temperature nickel, cobalt and iron-based alloys having oxidation and corrosion resistance made good by controlled alloying additions which do not have any substantial adverse effect on the high temperature mechanical strengtii of the alleys in which they are incorporated and which, at least in some cases, lead to enhanced oxide scale adhesion. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided on alloy consisting of at least wt % of chromium, from 0 to 3 wt of carbon, a component X, a component Z, and a balance of one or more of nickel, cobalt and iron together with incidental elements and impurities if any, wherein component X is one or more of; (i) at least 2 wt # in total of one or more of aluminium, titanium, tantalum and niobium, (ii) at least 5 wt % in total of one or both of tungsten and molybdenum, and (iii) at least 60 wt of nickel; and component Z comprises m wt % of one or more platinum group metals (as herein defined) together with mc wt of one or more platinum-complementing metals (as herein defined) with 0.1 ^ a + ~~ ^^ 5 and 0-3 z__Z p / m Λ c^- 20 According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of modifying the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of a nickel based, cobalt based or iron based alloy, which comprises including in the alloy composition an amount m wt of a platinum group metal (as herein defined) together with an amount m wt % of one or more platinum comple- c menting elements (as herein defined), and wherein with percentages being relative to the alloy composition which is the product of the method. _ ,' v - WIPO In this specification, the expression ""platinum group metal"" should be taken to mean one of osmium, iridium, platinum, ruthenium, rhodium and palladium, and the expression 'platinum-complementing element"" should be taken to mean one of the following:- titanium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, hafnium, tantalum, zirconium, niobium, and any of the lanthanide elements (Ce to u). ""Incidental elements and impurities"" can comprise elements such as silicon, manganese and boron or, to a lesser extent vanadium, which elements are usually found in commercial iron-based alloys, and will also generally comprise small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. Nickel-, cobalt- and iron-based gas turbine alloys depend for their high temperature strength on carefully controlled micro-structures which generally contain, among several other phases, carbides based on K.(Mo)C, !K.(Eb)C or other transition element compounds. Otherwise, the micro-structures may contain less stable components, such as Cr-C . (It has been proposed to provide C ^C- in a directionally solidified alloy in the form of slender reinforcing fibres). If these strengthening carbides are to retain their integrity and reinforcing ability at high temperatures, the matrix of the alloy must have a low affinity either for carbon or for the metal from which the carbide is formed. Certain metals known for their solution strengthening capabilities have a high affinity for one or the other of the components of these strengthening carbides. Bieir addition has been shown to render the rein¬ forcing carbides less stable. Ems zirconium, for example, which strengthens solid solutions very effectively in other alloy systems, cannot, in general, be added safely to superallojs because of its.,very high affinity for carbon, which tends to decompose any titanium or niobium carbides in its vicinity. It is well known that reactive metals such as Y and La, when present in suitable concentrations, can improve the high temperature oxidation and corrosion resistance of nickel-, cobalt- and iron-based alloys. However, these elements have, like zirconium, a high affinity for carbon, tvlien they are present above a critical concentration level they have a tendency to attack the reinforcing constituents of the alloy in which they are incorporated. For example, consider a Ni-Ni-Al-Cr-C directionally solidified eutectic alloy which depends for its high temperature strength upon fine longitudinal fibres of Cr_C , ϋhe Applicants have found that rare earth metals such as yttrium, when present in excess in the alloy, tend to decompose these reinforcing fibres, thus limiting the high temperature mechanical properties of this material, although its oxidation resistance is improved. .Relatively small additions of one of the six platinum group metals (Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Ki, Pd) are known by the present resist n , c° Applicants to enhance the oxidation and corrosion/oi specific nickel-, iron- and cobalt-based alloys, particularly when the alloy to which additions are made is one of those which form a protective layer of aluminium oxide. Substantial additions of platinum group metals can rarely be made to such materials, however, because these metals have a tendency to decompose any carbides upon which the superalloy depends for mechanical reinforcement. This decomposition is caused, not because of the affinity of the platinum metals for carbon, which is very small, but because of their exceedingly high affinity for the metals which form stable carbides. Itis known, for example, that platinum and iridium are capable of decomposing lanthanum carbide at temperatures as low as 1000 C. When platinum additions are made, therefore, to the directionally solidified Ni-Ki_Al-Cr,C_ eutectic composite mentioned above, the aligned Cr-Cp reinforcing fibres are partly decomposed and carbon is OMPI ' 5 released in the form of graphite flakes. Biis leads to a deterioration in mechanical properties. Considerations such as those outlined above appear there¬ fore, at first glance, to preclude the use of the strongly 5 carbide-forming elements and of the carbide-decomposing elements as beneficial additions to existing high temperature nickel-, cobalt- and iron-based alloys. It has been found that, in accordance with the present invention, the above-mentioned carbide-forming and carbide- 10 decomposing groups of metals can in certain circumstances be jointly added to εuperalloys in quantities up to a total of 5% by weight without any deleterious effect upon structure or mechanical properties, and with some improvement in their resistance to oxidation and corrosion at high temperatures. 15 It is thought that this is possible because the platinum group (carbide-decomposing) metals have an affinity for the carbide- orming elements which is comparable to and in most instances higher than the affinity of these carbide-forming elements for carbon. The strengthening carbides can thus remain 20 "" stable, and the platinum group metals can therefore be safely added without detriment to the high temperature properties of nickel, cobalt- or iron-based alloys, provided that they are suitably associated with one or more of the platinum complement- - ing elements titanium, scandium, yttrium, lanthanum, hafnium, 257 tantalum, zirconium, niobium and any of the lanthanide elements - N (Ce to u). While the most beneficial effects are obtained when the composition of the component Z is stoichiometrically adjusted to provide for example the compounds listed below in ϊfeble 1, 30 precise adjustment is not essential, and preferably component Z contains between 50 and about 93# b weight of the platinum group metals. In any case, there must be more than about 0.025 wt % of a platinum group metal present in component Z (corres¬ ponding to a lower limit of 0.3 in the quantity ra » given a 3-5 lower limit of 0.1 in the σ tuantity ""(mp + mc). c TABLE I OMPl uhe present invention will now be illustrated by the followingExamples:- EXAMPLE 1 3b an alloy having a nominal composition (expressed in wt #) as set out below (incidental elements and impurities amounting to 1 wt #) various additions were made to give alloys A, B, C and D as shown in ϋ ble 2. TABLE 2 8 Alloys C and D are according to the invention. Ihe basic alloy and alloys A and B are for comparison. 3-he observations set out below were made on the ive alloy compositions given in .Cable 2. Kiσrostructure. Directional solidification of the basic alloy at a rate of 30Qnii--/hour in a temperature gradient of about 13°K m~ produced an ingot in which were present Cr- fibres well aligned within a gamma nickel matrix which contained equi-axed particles of gamma prime (Ni_Al). The alloys A and D contained yttrium in excess of that required for the formation of Pt_Y and, in addition to the phases mentioned above, these two alloys also exhibited an elongated eutectic-like constituent which tended to run parallel to the aligned carbide fibres. ϊhis irregular constituent is thought to contain an yttrium-carbon compound. Die alloy to which 1.96$ by weight of platinum(alloy B) had been added contained a quite different irregular phase. -Biis phase is thought to be pure graphite deposited due to the release of carbon on the formation of a highly stable platinum-chromium compound. { No additional phases or micro constituents were observed in the alloy to which the platinum and yttrium in the ratio needed to form the compound Pt ς Y (alloy C) had been added. (If the compound Pt ς Y retained its separate identity when added to the alloy it must, presumably, have been in the form of a dispersion too fine to resolve with the optical microscope). Ihe alloy displayed a regular aligned eutectic structure with thin fibres of Cr,C supported in a matrix consisting of nickel containing finely distributed particles of the compound Ni_Al. Oxidation Resistance. She basic alloy to which no addition had been made had a relatively poor resistance to oxidation when exposed to air at high temperatures either cyclically or under isothermal conditions O ϊhe initially formed scale of A1 3., εpalle-d readily and oxida¬ tion continued with the formation of Cr,,0_, nickel-chromium e- 3 spinels, and with internal oxidation. he addition of yttrium alone (alloy A) improved the oxidation resistance significantly by stabilising the layer of Al-,0- which formed initially. Even so, the A1_0_ scale which . 5 <_ $ formed was not completely tenacious, and cpalling occurred under tests carried out in a high velocity gas stream approxi¬ mating in composition and speed to the hot gas passing over the first stage blading in a gas turbine, when the alumina scale was removed as rapidly as it was formed leaving behind the more tenacious skin of nickel-chromium oxide. ϊhe alloy to which the εtoichio etrically adjusted Pt_Y addition has been made (alloy C) developed on oxidation testing in air a protective skin of alumina which was resistant to spa-i.li.ng when cycled in temperature and also when handled at room temperature. After exposure to air at atmospheric pressure for 1000 hours at 1000°C no measurable oxide skin was observed and the carbide fibres retained their integrity to the specimen surface. Hot salt corrosion resistance Specimens (in the form of cylinders 6mm dia x kh mm) of alloys A and C and of the basic alloy were tested in a gas burner rig in conditions of hot salt corrosion at a temperature of 850 C. A commercial superalloy designated IN 713 kO was also tested for purposes of comparison. Two specimens of each alloy were tested, ϋhe principal impurities in the fuel used in the burner were 0.15pp∑n sulphur and 50ppm sodium, the latter being introduced in the form of sodium carboxylite. In addition 50 aι of sodium chloride was injected into the air feed in the form of sea water, he specimens were removed and examined at 2k hr intervals and the tests were run for a total of 300 hrs. 10 At the end of the tests all the alloys showed distint evidence of attack although all of the eutectic-baεed alloys retained a more regular cylindrical shape than the IN 713 LC spec¬ imens, ϊhe latter was subject to internal attack along grain boundaries giving both more rapid and irregular corrosion than with the former which degraded by regular surface attack, ϊhe depths of penetration of the corrosion products, determined from transverse sections of the specimens are given in Table 3 below, from which it will be seen that the most corrosion resistant alloys are the basic (eutectic) alloy and the alloy C according to the invention. TABLE 3 Creep Behaviour Table 2 above shows the results of creep tests performed in air on the various alloys at 1000 C under a direct tensile stress of lOOmPa. ϊhe alloy C retained the mechanical properties of the yttrium doped alloy (alloy A) and both were substantially stronger containing ° at high temperatures than those/either Pt or Y (alloys B and D respectively) above the level required to form stoichiometric ~~ X. OMP • IP 11 EXAMPLE 2 3-he nominal compositions of the alloys studied are shown in Table 3« Alloy K is according to the invention and the remaining alloys are for comparison. TABLE ? Alloy Cr Al Pt Wt t % J 10 11 1 - ) K 10 11 0.9 0.3) L 10 11 - - ) H 10 11 - 1 ) N 10 11 - 0.3) balance cobalt Oxidation experiments were carried out in static air at 1 sphere pressure in a horizontal tube furnace, ϋheraogravi- metric measurements were performed in a Sartorius automatic recording raicrobalance at 1100 C. Eeεults are as set out below and as shown in Table k. Alloy Microstructure No microstructual differences between alloys J and L were observed. In alloy J, neither electron probe micro-analysis or optical examination were able to detect any intennetallics containing platinum. Alloy K (containing 0.3 Hf - 0.9 Pt) had a grain size smaller than alloy L and similar to that in Hf- containing alloys with no platinum (alloys M and N). Again, no platinum-containing intermetallics could be detected in alloy K and it would appear that the hafnium and platinum additions were both completely soluble in the alloy, at least at the concentrations used here. On oxidation of the samples of alloy , the hafnium usually oxidised internally, but there was no apparent segregation of the platinum. 12 Oxidation Kinetics .Figures 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings show the effect of Pt and Pt + Hf additions on the rate of weight gain of the basic Co-lOCr-llAl alloy L under isothermal oxidising conditions at 1100°C. Figure 1 shows that the addition of 1 #?t (alloy J) results in a slight decrease in the isothermal oxida¬ tion rate. Figure 2 is a plot of wt gain versus time each on a logarithmic scale. When measured over the period 10 to 100 h to avoid the initial transient stages of oxidation, the slope of the curve for alloy L has a value of 0.5 1 corresponding almost exactly to a parabolic rate law. 33ιe slope is reduced to 0.4 for the Co-lOCr-llAl-lPt alloy J. . For the alloys containing 0.3 wt Hf (alloys and N) the situation was rather different. Neither conformed to a parabolic rate law, the Co-10Cr-llAl-0.3Hf alloy N had a slope of 0.28 whilst for the alloy containing 0.9 P (alloy K) the elope was O.lδ. I addition, Figure 1 shows that the initial stages of oxidation of alloy K were terminated more rapidly than in alloy N, and that with both these Hf-containing alloys the transient stage was shorter than with the Hf-free alloys J and L. As indicated previously, it is difficult to define precisely the end of the transient stage, but typically it lasted for • -! h. Table h compares the weight gains of the four alloys after this period (1 h) and after 120 h exposure. Also included for comparison are the data for an alloy K known to the Applicants to have a particularly low overall weight gain under these conditions. Biis alloy R is Co-10Cr-llAl-0.3Hf internally oxidized for 300 h at 1200°C. OM Λ,- WIP 13 TABLE k Weight Gain Data at 1100 C ; Isothermal Exposure Weight Gain Alloy mg cm 1 h 120 h L *. Co-lOCr-llAl 0.15 0.9 5 J : Co-lOCr-llAl-lPt 0.16 0.72 N : Co-10Cr-llAl-0.3Hf 0.2 0.53 K : Co-10Cr-llAl-0.3Hf-0.9Pt 0.1 0.2 R : Co-10Cr-llAl-0.3Hf 0.09 0.18 (internally oxidized 0 300 h at 1200°C). Scale Morphology She A1„0, scale which formed on the alloy Co-lOCr-llAl-lPt ^ o (alloy J) after 265 h oxidation at 1200 C was not adherent and spalled from the alloy on cooling, ϊhe oxide was multi-layered 5 in many locations, particularly at the corners of the sample, and the outer layer of oxide at the gas/scale interface was heavily wrinkled. Similar features were observed with the ternary Co-Cr-Al alloy (alloy L) oxidized tinder similar conditions. 0 - Surface examinations of the alloy Co-lOC-r-llAl-O.3Hf-O.9pt ... ' alloy K) after oxidation at 1200°C revealed features similar to •""s those of the alloy Co-10Cr-llAl-0.3Hf (alloy N). ϊhe A1«0, scale was tightly adherent to the substrate and spalled during cooling only from small discrete areas, ϊhe major difference 5 between the two alloys was that, with the Pt-free alloy N, the substrate surface appeared to be more heavily convoluted than with the Pt-containing alloy K. -gUREATT OMPI";"u WHAT WE CLAM IS: 1. An alloy consisting of at least 5 weight percent of chromium, from 0 to 3 weight percent of carbon, a component X, a component Z, and a balance of one or more of nickel, cobalt and iron together 5 with incidental elements and impurities if any, wherein component X is one or more of: (i) at least 2 weight percent in total of one or more of aluminium, titanium, tantalum and niobium; (ii) at least 5 weight percent in total of one or both 10 of tungsten and molybdenum; and (iii) at least 60 weight percent of nickel; and component Z comprises m weight percent of one or more platinum group metals (as herein defined) together with ra weight c percent of one or more platinum - complementing metals (as herein 15 defined), where 0.1--^^ mp + rac <^-» 5 and 0.3 ^^ m p/*mc ^-. 20 all the weight percentages being relative to the total weight of the alloy. 2. An alloy according to claim 1, vherein component Z contains 20 from 50 to 95 by weight of one or more platinum group metals. 3. An alloy according to claim 2, wherein component Z contains substantially stoichiometric quantities of a platinum group metal and a platinum - complementing metal corresponding to the composition of a compound of the metals. 25 . An alloy according to any of claims 1 to 3» wherein component X comprises at least6θweight percent of nickel. 5. An alloy according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein component X comprises at least 5 weight percent in total of one or both of tungsten and molybdenum. 15 6. An alloy according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein component X comprises at least 2 weight percent in total of one or more of aluminium, titanium, tantalum and niobium. 7. A method of modifying the oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance of a nickel-based, cobalt-based or iron-based alloy, which comprises including in the alloy composition an amount m weight percent of a platinum group metal (as herein defined) together with an amount ra weight percent of one or more platinum c complementing elements (as herein defined), and wherein 0.1 π + m <r 5 with percentages being relative to the alloy composition which is the product of the method. 8. A method according to claim 8, wherein m comprises from 0 to 9 $ of the total additive ( + m ). p c 9 . . A method according to claim 9 wherein a platinum group metal and a platinum complementing metal are added in stoichiometric quantities corresponding to the composition of a compound of the metals. / KC LOO";DARLING A, MCLEAN M;DARLING A, MCLEAN M, SECR DEFENCE, SECRETARY STATE FOR DEFENCE;1978
+WO-1979000351-A1;19790628.0;19781201;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25327621.0;H04J3;;G08C15, H04J3, H04L7, H04Q9;G08C  15/12, H04J   3/06C1, T04L   7/00B;CONTROL SYSTEM USING TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING;A control system for selectively communicating a plurality of sensors (17) with associated remote control devices (19, 20) includes a Master Synchronizer (10), a transmitter (11, 12) for each sensor and a receiver (13 14a) for each control device. A single signal line (14) is connected to all transmitters (11, 12) and receivers (13, 14a), and a single synchronization line (15) couples the Master Synchronizer (10) to all transmitters and receivers. The Master Synchronizer (10) generates a time frame signal which has a reset portion for resetting all transmitters and receivers synchronously at the start of each frame, and a periodic portion which determines the time slots for each frame and which decrements counters (31, 38) in all transmitters and receivers synchronously. A time division multiplex system is used to communicate each transmitter with one or more associated receivers during a predetermined time slot of a periodic time frame determined by the Master Synchronizer.;"CONTROL SYSTEM USING TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY The present invention relates to control systems; and more particularly, it relates to control systems wherein a number of individual sensors (a thermostat, for example) are used, and it is desired to selectively communicate each sensor with one or more control devices associated with that sensor. Control systems of this type may be used, for example, in large buildings where it may be desired to integrate all of the heating, ventilating, cooling, and even secto ity systems into a single master system. The present invention includes a transmitter for each sensor, a receiver for each control device and a Master Syncronizer. A single signal line is connected to all trans¬ mitters and receivers; and a single synchronization line couples the Master Synchronizer to all transmitters and re¬ ceivers. The Master Synchronizer determines the overall time frame or operating cycle of the system, and the signal it transmits includes a periodic signal portion and a reset signal portion. Each cycle of the periodic signal defines a time slot in the time frame, and the reset signal portion is used to reset the Master Synchronizer and all transmitters and receivers at the same time, thereby achieving overall synchronization. Each transmitter and one or more associated receivers are allocated a predetermined time slot of the time frame, during which time slot the transmitters communicate with their associated receivers. A decrementing counter is provided for each trans¬ mitter and each receiver. At the beginning of each frame, these counters are set to a predetermined number representa¬ tive of the time slot allocated to those units. When the counter is decremented to zero, a time slot is defined for communicating a transmitter with its associated receivers. Thus, a transmitter is permitted to send a signal along the signal line to all receivers associated with it, and this signal causes a response only in those receivers whose counters have been decremented to zero during the same time slot. In the preferred implementation, this communica¬ tion occurs once every time frame. The Master Synchronizer also includes a decrementing counter, and when it reaches zero the transmission of syn¬ chronization (""sync"" for short) signals to all transmitters and receivers is inhibited for a predetermined time. Thus, the absence of sync pulses is used as a reset signal to reset the Master Synchronizer and all transmitters and receivers once each time frame. An energy-containing signal, rather than the absence of a signal, is required to actuate a control device. This reduces error in the event of line interruption or power failure. THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a functional block diagram of a system incorporating the present invention; FIG. 2 is a circuit schematic diagram, partly in functional block form, of a Master Synchronizer used in the system of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a circuit schematic diagram, partly in functional block form, of a transmitter in the system of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of circuitry which interfaces a control input with the transmitter of FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a circuit schematic diagram, partly in functional block form, of a receiver for actuating a control device in accordance with FIG, 1; and FIG. 6 is a timing diagram illustrating various operating waveforms in the system, DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring first to FIG. 1, the system includes a Master Synchronizer which is enclosed within the dashed line 10, a plurality of transmitters, two of which are shown and enclosed within the dashed lines 11, 12, and a plurality of receivers, two of which are shown and enclosed within the dashed lines 13, 14 respectively. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the system is not limited to any particular number of transmitters or re¬ ceivers, and that the number of transmitters may be different ξ* * tA~ 0,' PI than the number of receivers, A signal line 14 is connected to all of the transmitters and receivers; and a sync line 15 is connected to the Master Synchronizer 10 and all of the transmitters and receivers. As will be more fully explained below, the Master Synchronizer 10 generates a synchronization and timing sig¬ nal which is coupled to all of the transmitters and all of the receivers. This synchronization and timing signal in¬ cludes a reset portion and a periodic portion, both of which form a complete cycle or ""frame"". The reset signal portion of the signal is used to reset the Master Synchronizer and all transmitters and receivers at the beginning of each frame; and the periodic portion of the signal is used to define time slots within the frame. Each transmitter and its associated receiver or receivers is assigned or allocated a particular time slot during which time that transmitter communicates with all of its associated receivers via signal line 14. For example, the Master Synchronizer may define 256 time slots each frame, and by convention, these are numbered 0 through 255. The last time slot, namely 255, is reserved for system protection and utilization by the Master Synchronizer for frame detection. Supposing, then, that transmitter 11 in FIG. 1 is assigned time slot 0, then during that time slot it would communicate with as many receivers as may be desired by means of an information signal transmitted along the signal line 14. This transmitter and all of its associated receivers obtain common timing information from the sync line 15. Another transmitter and its associated receiver or receivers may be assigned time slot 1, and so on, up to transmitter No. ""M"" designated 12 in FIG. 1. Each of the transmitters has associated with it a sensor device, and these are designated 17 and 18 in FIG. 1 respectively for the transmitters 11, 12. Further, each of the receivers is connected to a control device, and these are designated 19 and 20 respectively for the receivers 13, 14. Each of the transmitters is similar in structure and operation, as is each of the receivers. The only dif¬ ference in transmitters is the information or signals stored __Oi\\Pl - wip to identify its time slot, and the same is true for receivers, hus , a complete understanding of the invention can be ob¬ tained from a description of only one transmitter and one receiver. Still referring to FIG. 1, the Master Synchronizer includes a master encoder22 having a plurality of binary - outputs defining the number of time slots in a frame. These outputs are connected In parallel to the inputs of a decre¬ menting counter 23. A master oscillator 24 generates a periodic signal coupled through a line driver circuit 29 to the sync line 15. The sync signal is received (after suit¬ able filtering) by a clock flip flop 25 and a reset timer 28. The clock flip flop 25 divides the frequency by two and generates a signal labeled CLK on line 26 to decrement the counter 23. The output of the reset timer is used to load the contents of the master encoder 22 into the counter 23 at the beginning of each time frame. Briefly, the Master Synchronizer operates as follows. The output of the master oscillator 24 is coupled to the flip flop 25 (via the sync line) which is used as a ""divide by two"" circuit to decre¬ ment the counter 23. When the contents of the counter 23 is decremented to zero, an output signal from the counter is used to inhibit the master oscillator 24 from producing further timing pulses . The absence of timing pulses on the sync line over a predetermined period is sensed by the reset timer 28, and at the end of that predetermined period, it generates a signal which loads the contents of the master encoder into the counter 23 . thus releasing the master oscillator and initiating a new frame. Turning now to the transmitter 11, it includes an encoder 30, having its ouptuts connected in parallel to the Inputs of a decrementing counter 31. The signal from the sync line 15 is coupled to the clock input of a CLK flip flop 32 and to a reset timer 33. Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that suitable filtering, well known in the art, may be used at all locations where signals are derived from either the signal line 14 or the sync line 15. The ""1"" output of the flip flop 32 is used to decrement the counter 31; and complementary outputs from the flip flop 32 are connected to gate circuits 34. The output of the reset timer 33 is used to load the contents of the encoder 30 into the counter 31 at the beginning of each frame. The output of sensor 17 is connected to the gate circuits 34, and the output of the gate circuits is coupled through a line driver 35 to the signal line 14. Briefly, the transmitter operates as follows. The sensor 17 generates a binary signal—that is, the output of the sensor 17 is in one of two states. In its more general aspects, however, the invention is not limited to the use of binary sensors, but most sensors in commercial use for which the invention is presently intended fit this category. The output signal of the sensor 17 (in complementary form) is fed to the gate circuits 34 and is present at all times. The absence of pulses on the sync line 15 defines the reset signal portion of the sync signal; and the reset timer 33 detects this reset signal portion of the sync signal, and loads the contents of the encoder 30 into the counter 31. The contents of the encoder 30, as mentioned above, is a ' binary word representative of the time slot allocated to transmitter No. 1. After the counter 31 is loaded and sync pulses are transmitted on the sync line 15, the CLK flip flop 32 decrements the counter 31. When the counter 31 reaches a count of zero, an enable signal is fed to the gate circuits 34. The output of the flip flop 32 is combined in the gate circuits 34 with the output of the sensor 17 and enabled by the output of the counter 31 to transmit an ON signal during the CLK (true) period and an OFF signal during the CLK (not) period. In this manner, a failure that would cause the sensor signal to be high during both CLK and CLK period- will result in an ""OFF"" signal to the load or control device. In other words, ambiguous signals result in an off condition at the control device. Further, the absence of a signal during both the CLK and CLK periods does not affect the existing state of the control device--if it is on, it stays on; and if it is off, it stays off. Referring now to the receiver 13, it Includes an encoder 37 similar to the previously described encoders 22 and 30, and having a plurality of outputs connected in par¬ allel to the inputs of a decrementing counter 38. The coun¬ ter 38 generates a signal when its contents is decremented to zero, and this signal is fed to the inputs of gates 39, 40, the outputs of which feed respectively the JK inputs of a flip flop 41. The output of the flip flop 41 is used to activate the control device 19. The receiver 31 includes a reset timer 42 which is responsive to the reset signal por¬ tion of the sync signal for loading the contents of the encoder into the counter 38. The receiver also includes a CLK flip flop 43 which is responsive to the periodic signal portion of the sync signal for decrementing the counter 38 and for feeding a strobe signal generator 45. The comple¬ mentary outputs of the flip flop 43 are also fed to the gates 39, 40 respectively, as illustrated. The receiver operates as follows . The reset timer 42 is responsive to the reset signal portion of the sync signal for loading the contents of the encoder 37 into the counter 38. Thereafter, the periodic portion of the sync signal is fed to the flip flop 43 to decrement the counter 38. When the counter 38 is decremented to zero, it sends an enable signal to the gates 39, 40. The actuation signal on the signal line 14 is also coupled to the gates 39, 40, and at the appropriate time (determined by strobe generator 45) during the time slot allocated to Receiver No. 1, the signal on line 14 is gated through the gates 39, 40 to the flip flop 41 from which it is used to activate the control device 19. The strobe signal is derived by delaying the sync signal, as will be explained. As a result, If both inputs to flip flop 41 are low at strobe time, its output remains unchanged. If gate 39 is enabled at strobe time, flip flop 41 is set; and if gate 40 is enabled at strobe time, flip flop 41 is reset. The control device 19 is controlled accordingly. The counters of the Master Synchronizer and all transmitters and receivers are reset at the beginning of OΛ-PI A -. VV1JPPOO each time frame; and in the preferred embodiment, this is accomplished by sensing the absence of periodic synchroniza¬ tion signals. If it is desired to have the control device 19 actuated by sensor 17, then the contents of encoder 30 and the contents of encoder 37 are made identical. The con¬ tents of these two encoders may be established by direct wiring, the use of manually controlled switches, semiconduc¬ tor switches, or any number of other techniques. It will also be appreciated that any number of receivers may be allotted to the same time slot and thereby controlled by the same sensor. One advantage of the present invention is that a given receiver may be assigned to a different transmitter simply by changing the contents of its encoder. Conversely, a given transmitter may be assigned to a different receiver in the same manner. Referring now to FIG. 2, the master oscillator includes a comparator 50 having its output connected to the clock (C) input of a flip flop 51. A 5 kHz sync signal is fed through a filter section 55. The discharge path of a capacitor 61 includes a resistor 59 since the diode 63 is reversed-biased. Hence, the charging time of the capacitor 61 is much shorter than its discharge time. The output of the comparator 62 is a signal referred to as JAM; and this signal is coupled to the counter 23 to load the contents of the master encoder 22. The signal INIT is used to hold the counter 23 and the oscillator 24 for an initial period of time (tl on line L7 of FIG. 1) until the power supply levels have sta¬ bilized. When the signal INIT goes low, the signal OSCN also goes low and the signal OSCP goes high. The oscillator 24 will not commence oscillation for a second time delay identified as time T2 in line L2 of FIG. 6. The output signal from the counter 23 which is fed to the NAND gate 73 is generated when the counter is decremented to zero and it is a low signal which changes the states of OSCN and OSCP, thereby terminating operation of the oscillator 50 when the counter 23 is decremented to zero. The number of time slots in a given frame is deter¬ mined by the master encoder 22. In the event that the master encoder 22 is inoperative, resistor 79 will force the coun¬ ter to the maximum count of 256, and the system will still operate. The signal OSCN is used to reset the flip flop 51, and It is also coupled through a delay circuit comprising resistor 76 and capacitor 77 which determine delay time T2 of line L2 of FIG. 6 (as well as the frequency of oscilla¬ tion) , to the oscillator 50 to commence oscillation. The signal on line L3 of FIG. 6 is the shaped sync signal at the output of comparator 58. Flip flop 25 ignores the first clock signal and it is held with the CLK output high because the JAM signal causes it to remain in the set condition. The JAM signal is therefore released as shown in line L4 of FIG. 6 after a time constant T4 defined by the values of resistor 60 and capacitor 61. The JAM signal will remain low as long as incoming pulses are received to charge capa¬ citor 61 at a rate faster than charge leaks off the-- capaci¬ tor. This will cause the plus input of comparator 62 to remain higher than the V-n fed to the negative input. The resulting JAM signal, when it occurs as indicated in line L4, causes the counter 23 to be loaded with the contents of the master encoder 22. With the JAM signal thus released after the first positive excursion of the output of the comparator 58, the flip flop 25 will respond to subsequent positive-going lead¬ ing edges to generate the CLK signal seen in line L5 of FIG. 6. The CLK signal thus corresponds to the sync signal counted down by a factor of 2. The CLK signal from the flip flop 25 is, as mentioned, coupled via line 26 to decrement the counter 23. When counter 23 Is decremented to zero, the signal DECODE goes low. This signal, inverted, is shown on line L12 of FIG. 6; and when it goes low, it changes the output state of gate 73, thereby changing the states of signals OSCN and OSCP. This action terminates operation of the oscillator 50 and immediately resets the flip flop 51, thereby causing the 5 kHz sync signal to go negative as indicated at 86 on line L2. Then the signal JAM will go low, to re-load the contents of the master encoder 22 into the counter 23. This longer delay is defined as time constant T5 in FIG. 6. At the same time, the output of the gate 66, namely the signal JAM inhibits operation of the flip flop 25 for the first cycle of the next frame. The JAM signal sets the CLK flip flop in transmitters and receivers, as well, for these reasons: (a) if the CLK is falsely triggered, the JAM signal brings it back into synchronism with the rest of the system on the next frame; (b) to insure that the CLK flip flop is in a known state when power is turned on; and (c) the first sync pulse derives the strobe for CLK ""true"" DECODE ""0"" to protect against ambiguities that would occur if the transmitted signal remained high. Turning now to FIG. 3, the transmitter is similar in operation to the master encoder just described in many of its aspects. . The absence of sync pulses permits capacitor 112 to discharge, and after a predetermined time, the JAM signal will go low, thereby loading the contents of the encoder 90 into the counter 91. The signal CLK is used to decrement the counter 91 after it is loaded with the contents of en¬ coder 90; and when the counter 91 is decremented to zero, it generates the signal DECODE, and this signal is used to generate an enable signal to the gates 95, 96. ' If the sig¬ nal SWON is positive, then the one output of flip flop 98 is positive and during the positive half cycle of CLK, the gate 95 will generate a pulse such as the one shown (inver¬ ted) on line L7 of FIG. 6 during the first half cycle of the CLK signal during the time slot associated with that parti¬ cular transmitter. If the output of the sensor is a zero or low signal, then the zero output of the flip flop 98 is high. During the next cycle of the signal CLK,the gate 96 will generate a pulse such as the one shown (also inverted) on line L8 of FIG. 6. FIG. 4 shows a circuit schematic diagram for the logic power supply. Turning now to FIG. 5, the receiver receives the 5 kHz sync signal from the sync line 15. The output of com¬ parator 156 comprises the signal JAM for the transmitter. The delay circuit 159 delays the input to the com¬ parator such that the strobe signal occurs at approximately the 40% point of the CLK and CLK periods, see line L9 of FIG. 6. This timing may be compared with the CLK signal of FIG. 5 since even though the CLK signal is locally generated in the Master Synchronizer, each transmitter and each re¬ ceiver, these signals will nevertheless all be in synchronism because they are derived from the same Incoming sync pulse on the sync line 15. If the input signal is ""true"" or ""one"" as indicated on line L7 of FIG. 6, then a strobe pulse such as the one designated 190 occurring in the first half cycle of the local clock signal will cause the ""one"" output of the flip flop 176 to go ""high"" as at 191 on line L10. Similarly, If the input signal had been ""false"" or ""zero"" as indicated on line L8 of FIG. 6, then the ""zero"" output of flip flop 176 will go high when the strobe pulse 192 clocks the flip flop 176, the output being indicated on line Lll, and going high at 193. In either case, as Indicated above, an energy- containing pulse is required toactuate the flip flop 176, as well as the photocouple 179. In operation, when an in¬ coming signal causes the photocouple to conduct, SCR 191 also conducts. This, in turn, will cause current to flow through bridge 192 and resistor 197 to apply a gate voltage to cause the triac 194 to conduct, thus connecting the load to the ac source.";"CLAIMS 1. In a multiplex system for communicating a sensor device with a remotely located control device including a synchronization line; and a signal line; the improvement characterized by master synchronization circuit means for generating a synchronization signal coupled to said synchro¬ nization line, said synchronization signal being generated each time frame and including a periodic signal portion and a reset signal portion, each cycle of said periodic signal portion defining a time slot in said time frame; a plurality of transmitters, each including trigger- able counter circuit means and being connected to said synchronization line and said signal line and responsive to said reset signal portion of said synchronization signal for loading a predetermined count representative of an assigned time slot into said counter means, said synchronization sig¬ nal portion being "" operative to trigger all transmitter coun¬ ter circuit means simultaneously, each transmitter further including gating circuit means responsive to said counter circuit means reaching a predetermined count for coupling an output signal of said sensor to said signal line; and a plurality of receivers, each including triggerable counter circuit means and being connected to said synchroni¬ zation line and said signal line and responsive to said reset signal portion of said synchronization signal for load¬ ing a predetermined count representative of an assigned time slot into said receiver counter means, said periodic signal portion being operative to trigger all of said receiver counter circuit means simultaneously, each receiver further including output circuit means responsive to said counter circuit means reaching a predetermined count for coupling a signal on said signal line to an associated control device during the time slot associated with that receiver. 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said master synchronization circuit means includes oscillator circuit means responsive to a control signal for generating said periodic signal portion when said control signal is in a first state and for generating said reset signal portion when said control signal is in a second state, said synchronization circuit means further including triggerable counter circuit means for generating an output signal when the contents thereof reach a predetermined count at least as great as the number of time slots in a frame; reset circuit means responsive to the absence of an output signal from said oscillator means for a predetermined time for loading said counter circuit means to a predetermined count for initiating an operation of said oscillator circuit means; circuit means for triggering said counter circuit means responsive to the periodic signal portion of said synchro¬ nization signal, the output signal of said counter circuit means inhibiting further operation of said oscillator cir¬ cuit means until said counter circuit means is re-loaded by said reset by said timer circuit means. 3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said reset signal portion of said synchronization signal consists of the absence of periodic signals from said oscillator circuit means. 4. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein each of said transmitters and receivers further includes reset timer circuit means responsive to said reset signal portion of said synchronization signal for re-loading associated coun¬ ter circuit means, the reset signal time of said Master Synchronizer being longer than the reset signal time of said transmitters and receivers. 5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said system includes a plurality of sensor devices capable of generating a binary signal having first and second states, and a plu¬ rality of control devices capable of responding to a binary signal having first and second states, each transmitter including clock circuit means responsive to said periodic signal portion of said synchronization signal for generating a clock signal; output gate circuit means responsive to the output signal of said transmitter counter circuit means and to the binary output signal of an associated sensor device and to said clock signal for generating a first output pulse signal on said signal line during one portion of said clock signal if said sensor device is in a first binary state and O for generating a second output pulse signal on said signal line during a second portion of said clock signal if said sensor device is in said second binary state. 6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein each of said receivers includes clock circuit means for generating a clock signal; strobe generator circuit means responsive to said clock signal for generating a strobe signal a pre¬ determined time after said clock signal; output gating cir¬ cuit means responsive to the output signal of said receiver counter circuit means and the receiver clock signal and the signal on said signal line from an associated transmit¬ ter; and output circuit means responsive to said gating circuit means and to said strobe signal for generating a first signal if the sensor of an associated transmitter is in a first binary state and a second signal if the sensor associated with said transmitter is in a second binary state. 7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein each of said master synchronization circuit means includes decrementing counter circuit means; encoder circuit means for storing signals representative of the number of cycles desired in said periodic signal portion of said synchronization signal; master oscillator circuit means for generating an oscilla¬ tory signal only when said counter circuit means is not decremented to zero; reset timer circuit means responsive to the absence of an output signal from said master oscil¬ lator circuit means for a predetermined time for re-loading the contents of said encoder circuit means to said counter to re-initiate a time frame; and clock circuit means res¬ ponsive to the output signal of said master oscillator means for decrementing said counter means.";MORELAND C;CONTROL JUNCTIONS, CONTROL JUNCTIONS INC;1978
+WO-1979000355-A1;19790628.0;19781204;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10458520.0;H02P7;B60L15;B60L15, H02P7;B60L  15/08, H02P   7/28B;CONTROL SYSTEM FOR A D.C. MOTOR;A d.c. motor control system, intended primarily for use in battery powered vehicles, includes a control switch (RLa, RLb) for varying the connections of the motor field winding (24) to determine the mode of operation of the motor and speed interlock means for preventing said control switch being operated to change the motor mode whilst the motor is actually running. Instead of using a mechanical speed transducer the speed interlock means includes means for supplying current to the motor field winding (24) when current would not otherwise be flowing therethrough and means (BR1, T<u1>u, P<u16>u etc.) connected to detect the voltage across the armature which occurs in these circumstances if the motor is in motion.;"Technical field This invention relates to a control system Tor a d. c . motor . Background Art Control systems nave previously been proposed for electric vehicle motors in which there are interlocks ""bet-ween various driver operable controls and control devices in the control system to prevent damage to the system. For example , one such interlock may be provided to prevent a control device in the form of a contactor controlling' the connection of the motor for reverse ajad forvard motoring from being operated except when the vehicle is at rest . Such, an interlock, which vill be re erred to hereina ter as "" a speed interlock"" , necessitates the provision of means determining whether or not the vehicle is in motion. In the previous proposals the control system has in¬ cluded a speed transducer which is used both for providing logic signals for use in the speed interlock functions and for providing analog signals for the control system. T e speed transducer was a mechanical device driven by the • traction motor and producing a puls e train, the frequency of which was proportional to speed. Such a transducer added considerably to the cost and complication of the con¬ trol system and, being a mechanical device , required main¬ tenance . It is an object of the invention to provide a control system for an electric vehicle traction motor incorporating at leas t one spe ed interlock function but no me chanical speed transducer . Dis cloaurs of invention In accordance with the invention there is provided a control system for d. c sαtor comprising control means for varying the connections of the motor armature winding and/ field winding so as to enable the motor to operate in a pi rality of different modes, and speed interlock means for preventing operation of said control means to change the motor connections from at least one mode to at least one other mode whilst the motor is running characterised in th said interlock means is sensitive to the voltage across th armature winding of the motor and means are provided for supplying a field current to the field winding when said interlock means is required to be operative. Thus, when a change over from forward drive to revers- drive is demanded, for example, the speed interlock means will be required to be operative at a time when the field and armature currents would otherwise be zero. "" When it is required for the speed interlock means to be operative a current pulse is applied to the field winding. If the moti is at rest the voltage across the armature winding will be zero. If, on the other hand, the motor is running, a voltai signal will be generated by the motor which signal is detβc ted and used to prevent the change-over. Alternatively it can be arranged for the field curreni to have a predetermined minimum level below which it is never allowed to fall. Brief Description of Drawings An example of the invention as applied to an electric¬ al vehicle d.c. traction motor control system is shown in the accompanying drawings in which, ' Figure 1 is a block diagram of the armature and field winding current controls, Figure 2 is a block diagram of a logic circuit associated with the circuit of Figure 1, Figure 3 is an electrical circuit diagram of the armature current control portion of Figure 1, Figure k is an electrical circuit diagram of an armature chopper circuit and current signal generator circuit forming pa-rt of Figure 1, Figure 5 s an electricaJ circuit diagram of a field current conrrol circuit portion of Figure 1, Figure 6 is an electrical circuit diagram of_ a field chopper circuit fprming part of Figure 1, and Figures z. f 7TD and c_ together make up the electrical circuit diagram of the logic circuit of Figure 2. Best Mode of Carrying Out The Invention Referring firstly to Figure 1, the armature current control makes use of an armature chopper circuit 10 which is shown in detail in Figure k . Three thyristor drive circuits 11, 12, 13 control the chopper circuit 10, these drive circuits deriving their input rom 1 a Schmitt bistable circuit 1^. This Schmitt bistable circuit 1 receives its input from a difference amplifier 15 which receives at one input terminal a signal representing the instantaneous armature current demand and at its other input terminal a current feedback signal from a current signal generating circuit l6. ' The current demand signal is generated by selecting the larger of two voltages on the sliders of two potentiometers 17, 18 operated respectively by accelerator and brake pedals controlled by the driver of the vehicle in which the system is installed. Such selection is carried out by a comparator circuit 19 • The. potentiometers 17, 18 are connected between respective output terminals of a demand shaping circuit 20 intended to reduce the maximum possible demand . signals with increasing vehicle speed. In fact such shaping is carried out without the use of a mechanical speed transducer, signals already present in the system being used instead. This arrangement is described in detail in copending application number 51066/77 Q £ even date to which reference may be had for a full description of the circuit 20. A demand detector circuit 21 is also connected to the sliders of the potentiometers 17, 18 and provides a control signal to the field current control as well as an input to the logic circuit of Figure 2. The field current control includes a field chopper circuit 22 which supplies current via a forcing and reverε ing relay network 23 to the motor field winding 2k , The field chopper circuit 22 is connected to a Schmitt bistabl circuit 25 ""via an βpto-isolator 26. The Schmitt bistable circuit receives a linear aignal from a field current com- paratβr 27 which receives one input from a field current demand signal generator 28 and another from, a field curren signal generator l6ει. The field current demand signal generator 28 has inputs from the output of the comparator from the demand detector 21, from various points in the logic circuit of Figure 2 and also from a field weakening difference amplifier 9. This latter amplifier 2$ receive inputs from a start up circuit 2 > 0 and from a further amplifier A5 which is operative during braking to compare the output of amplifier 15 with a fixed reference value. Before turning to the detailed circuit diagrams the block logic diagram of Figure 2 will be briefly explained. Basically the function of the logic circuit is tβ control relays RL1 axd RL2 in the field current control and a contactor RL3 in the armature current control, and also tα control the sequence of events when the system is switched on and off, so that a properly controlled power up and pow eff sequence occurs. An ignitiβn switch circuit kO contra the supply of power to a power relay k-3. which controls the supply of current to regulators 2 for supplying regulated voltages to the electronic control and logic circuits and also to a main isolator & (shown in- Figure h ) . There are also various interlocks controlling the energising and de- energising of the power relay k-1. such interlocks ensuring that the system cannot be brought into operation when the vehicle battery is on charge , when the 12V auxiliary battery is discharged, when the vehicle is moving or when there is sin armature current demand signal present. - - A block 43 in Figure 2 represents a logic circuit (controlling the relay RLl) which is effective during change over between the various motor operating modes i.e. forward motoring, reverse motoring and braking, and serves tβ ensure that the field current is rapidly reduced to zero, before the newly selected mode is brought into opera¬ tion. A logic circuit 44 controls the relay KL2 and the contactor RL3 and also provides inputs to phase check gates • k-5 which are responsible for bringing the field forcing logic into operation. These gates detect the condition vhich occurs when the driver has selected a new mode of operation but the various conditions required for change-over have not yet been met. For providing a speed logic input to the interlock circuit' 3a and the logic circuit 44 there is an armature voltage detector 46 (shewn in Figure 7£.) vhich is used instead of a speed transducer. Finally Figure 2 shows a demand clamping circuit 7 which receives inputs from the field force logic 43, the logic circuit 44 and from ""proving"" contacts on the contac¬ tor RL3» to control demand clamping signals applied to the comparator circuit 19» and the field current demand signal generator 28, during changes in mode of operation of prevent demand signals being generated at these times. Turning now to Figure 3, the armature, current control circuit includes the demand shaping circuit 20 which applies a maximum voltage appropriate to the existing vehicle speed to the non-earthy ends of the potentiometers 17 and 18. The comparator circuit 19 includes an operational amplifier Al (vhich is a current differencing type operational amplifier such as ■ £ • National semiconductors type LM 3 00) • The sliders of the two potentiometers 17, 18 are connected by respective resistors R , R^ to the inverting and non- inverting input terminals ' of ampli ier A... Hysteresis is provided by a feedback resistor R_ to the non-inverting input terminal. The output terminal of amplifier A. is connected to a teππ±nal marked MTR/BK which is connected to the logic circuit 44 and is at high voltage when the voltag on the slider of the brake potentiometer is higher than tha on the slider of the accelerator potentiometer. The demand detector 21 of Figure 1 is represented by a npn transistor N. with its base connected to the common point of two resistors R and R- connected in series betwee the sliders of the potentiometers 17 and 18. The emitter of the transistor N_ is connected to the earth rail of the supply and it is biased so as to be just non-conductive whe: there is a zero voltage at the sliders of both potentiomete: 17, 18. The bias circuit for the transistor N., consists of a pair of resistors R^, R_ in series between the base-, of the transistor N_ and the +8v supply rail, a resistor E„ connecting the base of the transistor N_ to the earth rail and a diode D. with its anode connected to the common point of resistors R,-, R,^ and its cathode connected to the earth rail. A capacitor C. is connected between the base of the transistor N. and the earth rail. A very small voltage on the slider of either potentiometer 17 or 18 will suffice to turn on transistor N which has its collector connected to the +8v rail by two resistors R q , R.. Q in series. The common point of these resistors R_, R_ _ is connected to the base of a pnp transistor P. which has its emitter connected te the +8v rail and its collector connected to a terminal marked D>0 which is connected to interlock circuit 4l. A diode D„ connects the collector of the transistor N_ to a terminal marked b_ (see Figure $ ) . The motor/brake comparator circuit 19 also includes an arrangement whereby only the larger of the two voltages at the sliders of the two potentiometers 17, 18 is passed on to the amplifier 15. This arrangement includes a pair of npn transistors N^, N_ with their bases connected by respective resistors R , R.. „ to the sliders of the poten¬ tiometers 18 and 17 respectively. The emitters of these transistors N_, N are connected together and a common resistor R_ _ connects them to earth. A pair of capacitors C_, C_ connect the bases of the transistors ϊl„ , N to the earth rail and the collectors of these transistors are connected together and via a common resistor R_ to the cathode of a diode D , the anode of which is connected to the +8 rail. It will be appreciated that only the transistor N_ or N_ which has its base at the higher voltage will conduct at any given time and that transistor will then act as an emitter follower, so that the voltage on the resistor R_ „ will be just one V below the voltage at the slider of the appropriate potentiometer. The resistors R _ and R_ ? and the capacitors C 2 , C„ act to limit the rate of change of the output voltage of the circuit, each R-C circuit having a time constant of some ""JOuiS . These also act as noise filters . Two terminals M and B of the demand clamp circuit 7 (see also Figure 7 "" b) are connected directly to the bases of the transistors N„ and N so that when the signals at these terminals are both low, the transistors are turned off. There are two output terminals c_ and e ^ shown in Figure 3» Terminal c is connected to the emitters of the transistors N p and N_ and also to the field current control (Figure 5) * Terminal _ is connected to the collector of a pnp transistor P« which has its base connected to the collectors of the transistors N ≥ and N„, its collector connected to the +8v rail by a resistor R.. r- and its emitter connected to the same rail by a resistor ^--, 7 ' Terminal _e_ provides an input to the field current demand signal generator 28 (see also Figure 5) anc * acts as a current source providing a current with a minimum level determined by R and increasing lin¬ early with the voltage at the emitter of the transistors N 2 and N . The amplifier 15 which is another integrated .circuit current differencing operational amplifier (eg -J- LM 390°) is connected to operate as a linear difference amplifier. To this end the non-inverting input terminal of the amplif 15 is connected by a resistor R_ g to the output of an R.C. filter circuit R- < QJ C. across the resistor R η _ , and is als. connected by a resistor R,,-. and a variable resistor R ? in to the +8v rail (to provide bias current). The inverti: input terminal of amplifier 1 is connected by a bias resistor R„ 2 to the +8v rail and by a resistor R„_ to a terminal marked I . from the current signal generator SZ g circuit l6 (see also Figure 4). The output terminal of th' amplifier 15 is connected by a capacitor C to the earth rail and also to the anode of a diode D.. The cathode of the diode D, is connected by a feedback resistor R_. to th< inverting input terminal of the amplifier 15. The amplifier 15 produces an output signal which is linearly related to the error between the demanded armaturt current and the actual armature current as measured by circuit 16. This error signal is applied via a resistor R 2 to thi inverting input terminal of an operational amplifier A_ on which the Schmitt bistable circuit l4 is based. The non- inverting input terminal of the amplifier A„ is connected • the +8v rail by a bias resistor „, and normal feedback is provided via a resistor R„_ between the output terminal of the amplifier A_ and its non-inverting input terminal to provide hysteresis (ie to set the switching threshold voltages above and below that determined by the biasing resistor R„g). The Schmitt bistable circuit has outputs to the three thyristor drive circuits 11, 12 and 13. The output to the thyristor drive circuit 11 is taken from the common point of the two resistors R π and Q in series bβtween the earth rail and one side αf a capacitor C >- . The other side of capacitor C^ is connected to the collector of a pnp transistor P vhich has its emitter connected to the +8v rail, its collector connected by a load resistor R_ Q to the earth rail and its base connected to the common point of two resistors R__ , R~ 2 connected in series between the +8v rail and the output terminal of the amplifier A . The transistor P turns on when the output of the amplifier A 2 is low so that there is a positive going output pulse delivered to drive circuit 11 when the output of amplifier A2 goes low. This occurs when the actual armature current falls below the demand current by more than the ' margin established by the hysteresis of the Schmitt bistable. The input to the drive circuit 13 is taken from the common point of two resistors R,,~ Ξnd R„ (ι connected in series between the earth rail and one side of a canacitor C„. The ( other side of the capacitor C is connected to the collector of a pnp transistor P> , the emitter of which is connected to the +8v rail and the collector of which is connected by a load resistor R to the earth rail. The base of the transistor P. is connected to the common point of two resistors tween the +8v rail and the collector of an npn transistor ^, the emitter of which is connected to the ground rail. The base of the transistor N. is connected to the common point of two resistors R 0 , _ 0 connected in series between the earth . ° y rail and one side of a capacitor C„, the other side of whicα is connected to the output terminal of the amplifier ~ . Said one side of the capacitor C„ is also connected to the cathode of a diode D_, The anode of which is connected to _> the earth rail. The transistors . ' and P, turn on for a time dependent on the time constant of the cauacitor C~ with the resistor 8 R o , R (typically about 0.7ms) when the output of the amplifier A 2 goes high. At the same time a short duration positive going pulse is passed to the drive circuit 13. The capacitor Cg and resistors R g, R_ provide part of a ττHτHτπ-nm off-time circuit which is associated with the Schmitt bistable circuit l4. The remainder of this minimun off-time circuit is provided by a resistor Rr n and a diode I. J- in series between the collector of the transistor P. and the non-inverting input terminal of the amplifier 2 . These components ensure that, however the input to the Schmitt bistable circuit behaves immediately following the output of amplifier - going high, the output of amplifier A will not go low agai for a preset time, i.e. until transistors P^ and N switch off when capacitor C„is charged up, because of the additional heavy position feed¬ back to the amplifier 2# The input to the drive circuit 12 is derived from the signal at the collector of the transistor P^ via a mono- stable delay circuit based on an operational amplifier A_. The collector of the transistor P, is connected via a capacitor C Q and a resistor R^, in series to the inverting input terminal of the amplifier A_. The non-inverting inp terminal of this amplifier is connected by a bias resistor R. 2 to the +8v rail and by a positive feedback resistor R^, to the output terminal of amplifier A-. A diode D_ has its anode connected to the output terminal of the amplifier A_ and its cathode connected by a resistor R, . to the inverting input terminal of the amplifier A_ to provide negative feedback when the output of amplifier A is high, a capacitor C η _ connecting the cathode of the diode D to the earth rail. When transistor P^ turns on the output of the ampli ie A goes low until capacitor C has discharged through the resistor R. , . The output of amplifier A_ then goes high again the capacitor C having meanwhile become fully charge and remains high until transistor P,, turns on again. The BU KE A output terminal of amplifier is connected to the earth rail via a capacitor C _ and two resistors and the input to the drive circuit 12 is taden from the common point of these resistors. The armature chopper circuit shown in Figure 4 includes a mai thyristor THI, a coπnπutating thyristor TH2 and a ""ring-round"" thyristor TH3, which are connected to be triggered by the dr±ve circuits 11, 12 and 13 respectively. The main thyristor TΞl has its cathode connected via a main fuse 50 to an earth conductor and its anode is connected to one end of the armature winding 51 of the motor. The other end of the armature winding $1 is connected via a contact RI 33- of the contactor RI 3 to a high voltage positive supply conductor, the positive and negative supply conductors being connected by the isolator contacts 48 to the terminals of a high voltage (e.g. 200-300 volts) battery. A power diode Dg has its cathode connected to said other end of the armature winding 51 and its anode connected by an auxiliary fuse 2 to the earth conductor. This diode is operative during braking, when the contact Rl 3 a i s open. A further power diode D q has its anode connected to the anode of the thyristor THI and its cathode connected to the supply rail. This further diode is operative to conduct decaying armature current each time the main thyristor THI is turned off. A resistor R_ n and a capacitor C- 2 are connected in series between the anode and cathode ef the thyristor THI. The commutating thyristor TH2 has its anode connected to the anode of the main thyristor THI and its cathode connected by a fuse 53 and an inductor 4 to one side of a commutating capacitor C „, the other side of vhich is connected to the earth conductor. Said one side of the canacitor C,_ is also connected via a resistor R_„ and a 1 _sl diode D _ in series to the supply rail. The ""ring-round"" thyristor TH3 has its cathode connected to the earth con- ductor and its anode connected via an inductor _05 to said one side of the capacitor C _. Vhen thyristor THI is fired current flows through the armature "" 1 and the relay contact L3 (assuming this to b« closed). Vhen the armature current reaches a sufficiently high level for the output of the amplifier A 2 (Figure ) tc be driven high, the thyristor TH3 is fired immediately and the thyristor TΞ2 is fired after the delay mentioned above. The "" capacitor C_- is positively ' charged at this time, charg having been maintained if the thyristor TΞl has been conducting for a long period by current trickling into the capacitor C _ via the resistor R .. Vhen thyristor TH3 fires, the capacitor C _ commences discharging through the inductor 55 , peak current being reached as the capacitβr C. becomes completely discharged. Current continues to flew in the inductor 55 > however, charging capacitor C_ _ to a peak reverse voltage at which thyristor TE3 ceases to con¬ duct. The delay set by the delay circuit constituted by the monostable circuit A is longer than the time taken by this ""ring-round"" βperation. Vhen thyristor TH2 is fired, however, the armature current is diverted in the now rever¬ sed charged capacitor C_„, allowing thyristor THI to turn off. This diverted armature current continues to flow unti the capacitor C_ „ again becomes fully charged in the origin sense whereupon thyristor TH2 turns off and the continuing armature current (new decaying) flows through the diode D Q . Vhen the armature current has fallen low enough to cause the output of amplifier A 2 to go low again thyristor THI is fired. In this way the armature current is kept between predetermined limits relative to the demanded armature current. Figure 4 also shows the current signal generator 16 of Figure 1, which includes an operational amplifier A, with its inverting and non-inverting input terminals connected by resistors i_ ~ nd R ;_? 2 ? aand R_ „ 3_j„ to the output terminals of a Hall plate device 56 energised by two resistors R.^, R_^ connecting it to the +8v and earth rails respectively. A resistor R ς g connects the non-inverting input terminal of amplifier A. to the earth rail and an npn transistor N is connected as an emitter follower to the output terminal of the amplifier A.. A resistor R and a diode D in series connect the collector of the transistor N_ t* the +8v rail and the emitter of this transistor is connected by two resistors R g and R - in series to the inverting input terminal of the amplifier i. so that this operates as a difference amplifier. The emitter of the transistor N- is connected by a temperature compensation network to the ground- rail, such network consisting of two resistors Rg 0 , Rg, in series and a thermistor RT. connected across the resistor g n « The output to the difference amplifier 15 is taken from the junction of the resistors Rg Q » Rg-i • To provide a logic output when there is no difference input to the amplifier ^ (i.e. when the armature current is zero), a -DUΌ transistor P_ has its base connected to the collector of the transistor N_,its emitter connected to the +8v rail and its collector connec¬ ted to the motor/brake logic circuit 44 (see Figure 2 and Figure 7b) . Turning now to Figure * the field current control circuit includes the start up circuit 30 based on an npn transistor __!>_■ which has its emitter connected to the ground rail and its base connected to the common point of two resistors Rg^, ""'h. across a capacitor C. - connected at one side to the ground rail and at the other side by a resistor ^ _ to the output terminal of the amplifier A (Figure 3). A capacitor C. ,- connects the collector of the transistor -. r to the ground rail such collector being also connected by a resistor R D,-O,- to the outnut terminal of the difference a nlifier 15 (see Figure 3)« The transistor ^ is D normally on, capacitor C . _ charging up whenever the output of amplifier A is high and discharging only slowly vhen the. BUR A iT - 1k- output of amplifier A„ ±s lov (i.e. vhen thyristor THI is on) » Should the output of amplifier A_ remain lov for an extended period (indicating- that the demanded current cannot be achieved) transistor N,- turns off, permitting it collector to follov the signal at the output of the difference amplifier 15• The collector of the transistor Ng is connected to th anode of a diode E,-,j the cathode of vhich is connected by a resistor R_ 0 to the inverting input terminal of the difference amplifier 9 (Figure l). The non-inverting input terminal of amplifier 2 is connected by a bias resistor R__ to the +8v rail and a feedback resistor Re ¬ connects the output terminal of the amplifier 2 to its inverting input terminal. The ripple rejection circuit shorn in Figure 1 is constituted by a resistor -. ^ .- and a caυacitor C,,„ in series betveen the cathode of the diode "" . 11/ D _ and the non-inverting input terminal of the amplifier . Current can flov into the inverting input terminal of the amplifier 29 via the diode D__ vhenever the signal at the output terminal of the amplifier 15 is high and the transistor ^ has turned off. These conditions occur only during forvard motoring. Alternatively current can flov into the inverting input terminal of the amplifier 29 via a diode E... from the output terminal of an amplifier A_ connected- as an inverting amplifier producing an output dependent on the difference betveen the signal at the of the amplifier 15 and a reference value (set by a resistor R connecting the non-inverting input of the amplifier A., to the +Sv rail) . The a olifier A_ has its inverting terminal connected bv a resistor R I.„ f 4, to the terminal A and by a resis tor R„ „ _ to its out-out terminal . ■i- i This current flov- o ccurs only during braking . In e ither ^ R EA event, vhen the c-urrent loving into the inverting input terminal of amplifier 29 rises above that floving into the non-inverting input terminal, the output of the amplifier 2 vill fall linearly belov a normal high value. The output terminal of the amplifier 29 is connected by tvo resistors R__, R_.g to the +8v rail. Three further resistors -y Ryg aod R__ in series connect the junction of the resistors R~,-» ^- £_ *° ""kke ground rail. The junction of the resistors ^ t ^rp. ^- s connected to the cathode of a diode E__, the anode of vhich is connected to the output terminal of an operational amplifier Ag. The inverting input of this amplifier A,- is connected to its output terminal by a resistor ao and to the +8v rail by a resistor .. The non-inverting input of the amplifier Ag is connected by a resistor R R2 » ^° *^- e emitter of the transistor N_, N„ (Figure ) * Amplifier Ag acts as a non-inverting amplifier of the voltage on the resistor R (Figure 3) to boost field current at high armature current demand levels. The junction of the resistors R„ ( oo» ∑ Q y is connected bv a resistor R Q _ to the base of an nun transistor N_ the emitter of vhich is connected to the eart rail viά. a resistor and the collector of vhich is connected to the collector of the transistor P (Figure 3) vhich is on vhenever a demand for motoring or braking is present. The transistor N can be turned off either by the signal t a terminal F (see Figure 7b) going lcrv or an npn transistor N„ being turned on. Transistor „ has its emitter connected to the ground rail, its collector connec¬ ted to the base of the transistor X_ (and to terminal F) and its base connected to the junction of tvo resistors ts 0 - 8;-? and Ro(- vhich are in series betveen a terminal F' (Figure 7JD) and the ground rail. Terminal F 1 is also connected to the anode of the diode D (Figure 3) so that transistor N o can turn on only when the signal at the terminal F' is high and transistor N (Figure ) is off (indicating that neither brake nor accelerator pedal is depressed). The transistor N_ acts (vhen transistor P„ is on) as an emitter follower and its emitter is connected by a resistor R θP _ to the non-inverting incut terminal of the field current difference amplifier 27, vhich terminal is also connected to the +8v rail by a resistor R fi „. A resistor R Q . connects the inverting input terminal of amplifier 27 to the +8v rail and another resistor R Qn connects this terminal to the output of the field current signal generator 29 vhich is similar to the armature current signal generator l6 (shown in detail in Figure k ) _ Feedback around the amplifier 27 is provided by a resistor R Q _ and a capacitor C "" in parallel vith each other between the output and inverting input terminals of the amplifier 27. The Schmitt trigger bistable circuit 25 of Figure 1, i constituted by an operational amplifier A vith a resistor R „ connecting the output term n l of amplifier 7 to the inverting input of amplifier A_« The non-inverting input o amplifier A_ is connected by a resistor R_- to the +8v rail and by two resistors R Q L » R Q - in series to the output- terminal of amplifier A_, a capacitor C.g being connected across the resistor Rq t -» The output of amplifier 27 rises and falls linearly vith the error between the demanded field current and the actual field current. ∑n steady state conditions R Q . , R QE - ^ r> _z> provide a small positive - feedback current which establishes hysteresis in the oneration of amtilifier „ so that the i output of amplifier A goes low when the output of amplifier 27 rises above one set level and goes high when the output aurolifier 27 t falls below a lower s et leve The capacitor C-o introduces additional positive feedback for a short period immediately following each change in level of the output of amplifier A_, thereby inhibiting a further change in level for this period, irrespective of how the output of amplifier 2 behaves. The output terminal of amplifier A^, is connected by a resistor _ to the base of an npn transistor Ng which has its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collector connected by a resistor R q _ to the +8v rail. A further npn transistor N q has its base connected to the collector of the transistor Nr > , its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collector connected by a resistor R Qo and the light-emitting diode of the opto-isolator 26. , Turning now to Figure 6 it will be seen that the photo-transistor of the opto-isolator 26 has its base connected by a resistor R.. OQ to the earth rail and its emitter connected directly to the same rail. The collector of the photo-transistor is connected by a resistor R-, Q -. to a +12v rail connected to a tapping on the traction battery and is also connected to the base of .an npn transistor N_ _ which has its emitter connected to the negative supply rail and its collector connected by a resistor R, n2 to the +12v rail. The collector of the transistor N. _. is connected to the base of an npn transistor N_ . the emitter of which is connected to the earth rail. An npn transistor N. ? has its collector connected to the base of the transistor N. - and its emitter connected to the earth rail. The base of the transistor N_ 2 is connected to the collector of an npn transistor N. „ which has its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collector connected by a resistor R ±-, π Jj~ to the ÷12v rail. The base of the tran- sistor N is connected by a resistor R ιn ^, to the earth rail and by two resistors , R g to the anode of a zener diode ZΩ. , the cathode of which is connected to the +12v rail. The collector of the transistor N__ by a resistor R-_,- is connected to the junction of the resistors R 105 aDd R 106' The collector of the transistor N._ is connected to the cathode of a diode D 2 » ^ B anoc β 0 "" vhich is connected by a resistor R_ __, to the cathode of a diode D 2 _ , the anode of which is connected to the +12v rail. The cathode of the diode D 21 is connected by a capacitor C to the earth rail The cathode of the diode D 20 is connected by two resistors R- 0 Q, K-i rj q i 21 series to the +12v rail. The anode of the diode D_ 0 is connected by two resistors R _ and R_ _ in series to the earth rail. An npn transistor N. has its base connected to the junction of the resistors R.. Q and R_ _ , and a τmτι transistor T? _- has its base connected to the J. JL "" ~ o junction of the resistors R. _ and R-__. The transistors N-i and Pg have their emitters connected respectively to the negative supply rail and the +12v and their collectors interconnected by a resistor R- „. The collector of the transistor P,- is connected by a resistor R... _ and a capacitor C_. in parallel to the base of an npn transistor N the emitter of which is connected to the base of an npn transistor N.g the emitter of which i connected to the negative supply rail. The collectors of the transistors N_ and N.. - are connected together and a diode D 22 has its cathode connected to the base of the transistor N. _ and its anode connected to the base of the transistor -N-g. The collectors of the transistors N.._, N.g are connected to the normally closed contact of a change¬ over contact set R 2a of the relay RL2 and also to the normally open contact of a change-over contact set RL2b of the relay R 2. The other contacts of these two contact set are connected together and via a normally closed contact RLla of relay RL1 to a high voltage supply via a filter „. The field winding 2k is connected between the common terminals of the contact sets RL2a, R 2b. The collectors o transistors N. ς , N.. r are also connected by a diode D 2 to the output of the filter F , a further diode D ■ connecting the said other contacts of the contact sets R 2a, RL2b to the negative supply rail. In addition, a capacitor C 22 connects the collectors of the transistors N.„, N_g to the anode of a diode D ? _ the cathode of vhich is connected to the negative supply rail. A resistor R . r is in parallel vith the diode B 2 ς * A resistor R- j .77 in series with a capacitor C ? _ connects the cathode of diode D 2 to the cathode of diode D ? } , * a. diode D 2 g bridging the resistor 1/ / • Referring now to Figure z__ t the +12v supply is connectec to one side of an ignition switch kθ . The other side of the switch 0 is connected to the common pole of a three way direction selector switch 6θ having reverse, neutral and forward contacts. The reverse and forward contacts are connected to the anode of two diodes -D-, 0 J D_. which have their cathodes connected together and, via a resistor R- nπ to the cathode of a zener diode ZD„ the anode of which is connected to the earth rail. A t>air of resistors R, 201 and R^o ? connect the reverse contact of the selector switch 6θ to the earth rail, the junction of these resistors being connected to the base of a npn transistor N. _ which has its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collec¬ tor connected to a terminal marked g (see Figure 7^ , ) • The neutral contact is connected to the anode of a diode D„ 2 the cathode of which is connected via the power relay winding 0 to the collector of an npn transistor N „• The. relay kl has normally open contacts k±z which control the supply of power to all the control circuits. For energising the relay θ there is a further diode D _ which has its anode connected to the +12v supply rail controlled by the contacts 1^ and its cathode connected to the cathode of the diode D 2* ""^ reew el diode D , is connected across the relay winding *+l. The base of the transistor N _ s connected by a resistor R- 0 „ to the earth rail and by two resistors R 2θ ' ^20^ ""^ 3 er ^ e s ^° th.e cathodes of two diodes D _ and zVi c . The anode of the - diode D__ is connected to the 3° 35 neutral contact of switch 60, and the anode of the diode D_g is connected to the collector of a pnp transistor P . The emitter of the transistor P_ is connected to the +12v and its base is connected to this same rail by a resistor 20 g and by two resistors R 207 > & 2 08 ^ n ser es ^° ii β collector of an npn transistor N . A capacitor C__ connet the common point of resistors ea t rail and a capacitor C__ connects the junction of the resistors R 207 and 20o to the +12v rail. A diode D has its anode connected to the collector c the transistor P and its cathode connected by two resistoi R 2θq , R 210 i 21 series to the earth rail and by two resistors R 2 ^ _ , R 2 - ι2 in series to the +12v rail. A capacitor C_ 2 is connected between the earth rail and the common point of tl resistors R 2Qq , R 21Q which point is also connected to the cathode of a diode D 3_° 0 the anode of which is connected to the cathode of the zener diode ZD 2< Two resistors R 2To anc R_ . a 1 * 8 connected in series across the capacitor C 2 and their junction is connected to the base of the transistor N q . A pnp transistor P^ has its base connected to the common point of the two resistors ^ 211 ^212' *^ e ecι i "" k ', ' er c the transistor P„ being connected to the +I2v rail and its collector being connected via a resistor R- 21 g to a terminal f (see figure 7b). A further diode D has its anode connected to the common point of the resistors ^ ?0 q» ^ 2 10 axLC ^~ ts ca'<; ^ l - 0 i e connected to the collector of an npn transistor „ and also connected to the anodes of two diodes D^_ and D.. the cathodes of which are connected to two interlock functions, one being a switch contact in a charger plug and the other being a contact which is normally held open when the "" battei-y voltage is not too low for satisfactory operation. The emitter of the transistor N„ n is connected to the earth rail and its base is connected to the common point of two resistors R„ . „ f R 2 ,o i series between the collector of an npn transistor N 2 - and the earth rail. The emitter of the transistor N 2 _ is connected to the earth rail and its base is connected to the common point of two resistors „ Q and H._ 20 in series between the switch 0 and the earth rail, The collector of the transistor N 2 _. is connected by a resistor R 221 to the +5 supply rail. A resistor R Z2 and a capacitor C__ are connected in series between the base of the transistor N 2n and the +5v rail. The collector of the transistor N 20 is connected by a resistor R 22 - ι o *ke cathode of a diode D. 2 the anode of which is connected to a terminal h""(see Figure 7^ , ) • An npn transistor __ has its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collector connected to the cathode of the zener diode ZD„ . The base of the transistor N 2 _ is connected by a resistor R 22 £, to the earth rail and is also connected to the cathode of a diode D> > • The anode of the diode D.. is connected by two resistors 22ς and 22f to two terminals marked SP>0 (see Figure 7_c) and D 0 (see Figure 3). A resistor R„„ and a capacitor C_. in series connect the anode of the diode D.. to the +5 rail. A diode D. has its anode connected to the anode of the diode D.. and its cathode connected to the collector of the transistor N Q . Turning now to Figure 7b_, the terminal h is connected to the .base of a pnp transistor P q which has its emitter connected to the +5 V r il The base of the transistor P. 9 is connected by a resistor 2 Λ 0 to the +5v rail and by two resistors R ^ ^ and 2 ^ 2 in series to the output terminal of an exclusive OR gate Gl ( ■ - of a TT integrated circuit type 7^86). The junction of resistors f,-, » R 2£ιo is connected by a caDacitor C^_ to the earth rail. The anode of a diode D, r- is connected to the collector of the transistor P Q and its cathode is connected by three resistors R- 2Λ -,> ^2kk and R_ι _ in series to the rail, a capacitor C ,- being connected between the junction of resistors R_. _, . anc the earth rail. The junction of the resistors R „ L. > ^- k * . ^"" 3 coπ necte to the base of an npn transistor N 2 _ which has its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collector connected to the terminal F (See Figure 5). The collector of the transistor P q is connected by two resistors A ' ^2*-7 ^ seI ""i ΘS o the earth rail, the commo point of these resistors being connected to the base of a transistor N„^, which has its emitter connected to the eart rail and its collector connected by a resistor R O to the +5v rail. An npn transistor N 2 _ has its base connected to the collector of the transistor N 2^ , its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collecter connected by the windin of the relay RL1 to the +12v rail, a freewheel diode D 2 _ being connected across this winding. The collector of the transistor N, is also connected to the cathβde of a diode B.. 7 ' the anode of which is connec ted by three resistors R_. , R 2e . Q and 2 -, in series to the +5 V rail. A capacitor C__ is connected between the common point of resistors ^ 2 ,q» 2ςn and the +5""v rail and the base of a pnp transistor P, Q is connected to the common point of the resistors R 2c0 and R 2c - t • T^ e emitter of the transistor P is connected to the +5 rail and its collector is connected by two resistors 2 c 2 » R 2=;? ^"" n series to the earth rail. The base of an npn transistor N 2 g is connected to the common point of the resistors R_ _ , R ? ,„ and its emitter is connected to the ea_rth rail. The collectβr of t transistor N 2 g is connected by a resistor R p - j , to the +5v rail and also by a capacitor C_ 0 and a resistor R_ _ „ in 3« 25 series to the base of the transistor P, n . The base of the transistor N 2 g is connected by two resistors R ς and R 2r7 in series to the terminal marked ϋ>0 (see Figure k ) and a capacitor 0 39 is connected between the junction of these resistors and the earth rail. The collector of the transistor P _ is connected by a resistor R 2 g Q to the cathode of a diode D O * the anode of vhich is connected to the collector of a pnp transistor P which has its emitter connected te the +5v rail. A resistor R 2 £ ι connects the base of the transistor P.. to the +5v rail and a resistor R- 2 g 2 connects the same base to the output terminal of another exclusive OR gate G2. The anode βf the diode D. « is also connected to the anode of a diode Ω^ q , the cathode «f vhich is connected by three resistors R 2 g^» R 6 and R 2 *5 in series o the earth rail* A capacitor C. _ is connected between the earth rail and the junction of the resistors R 2 g~ and ^ 2 g.. A diode D _ nas its cathode connected to the cathode of the diode D, q and its anode connected to the N terminal of the switch 60 (Figure 7^ ) * -A. further diode D-, has its cathode connected to the junction of the resistors R ^ ,, and R^^- j , and its anode connected via a resistor R- 2 gg to the anode of the diode D ji fi * The junction of the resistors R^c and R 2 g c is connected to the base of an npn transistor N 2 _ vhich has its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collector connected to the terminal M (see Figure _ > ) . __ pair of resistors & 2 g 7 and R- 2 gg are connected in series between the earth rail and the junction of the resistor R 2 g and .R 2 ι * -An npn transistor N 2 „ has its base connected to the junction of these resistors R 2 £ 7 and R 2 68' : ^ s e itter connected to the earth rail and its collector connected to the terminal BK (see Figure 3)« the cathode of a diβde D.„, the anode of which is connected to the collector of a pnp transistor P, ? . The emitter of the transistor P 2 is connected to the +5v rail and its base is connected by a resistor R - Q to the +5v and by a resistor R„„~ to the collector of a tinp transistor P ^ ( 0 - ^ 13 The emitter of the transistor P is connected to the +5v rail and its base is connected by a resistor ^ to the +5 rail and by a resistor R 2 „ 2 to the output terminal of a further e clusive OR gate G3. The collector of the -2k- transistor P._ is connected by a resistor R 27 -, to the earth rail and also by a resistor 27 to the terminal F' (see Figure 5). An npn transistor N 2q has its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collector connected by a resistor R 27ς tβ the +5v rail and also connected to one input terminal of the gate G2. The base of the transistor N 2q is connected by a resistor R 27 g to the earth rail and by two resistors R and R 27o i series to the +5v rail. The junction of tϊ resistors 277 and R 27 g s connected by a contact RI 3b, of the contactor RL3 to the earth rail and also via a resistor R 2 _ q to the anede of a diode D _ whose cathode is connected to the base of the transistor N 2 _. The collector of the transistor N_ q is connected to the anode of a diode D-^, the cathode of which is connected by a resistor R R to the base of the transistor N_„. The relay winding RL2 is connected between the +12v rail and the collector of an npn transistor N__., the emittε of which is connected to the earth rail, a diode D 2Q being connected across this winding. The base of the transistor N_ n is connected by a resistor R 2 o- ι to the earth rail and by a resistor R 2o2 to the collector of a pnp transistor P_2,» the emitter of which is connected to +5v rail. The base of the transistor P.κ is connected by a resistor R.„, to the +5v rail and by a resistor R 2o , to the Q output terminal of a bistable latch circuit L (which may be of a TTL integrated circuit type 7^75).. The DATA input of the latch ..is connected to the output terminal of another exclusive OR gate G , and its CLOCK input terminal is con¬ nected to the collector of the transistor N 2f -. The DATA input terminal of the latch L and its Q output terminal arε connected to the two input terminals of the gate Gi. BU tA The gate G has one input terminal connected by a resistor R_g to the +5v rail and also connected to the collector of an npn transistor N 1 , the emitter of which is connected te the earth rail. The base of the transistor U is connected by a resistor R„gg to the earth rail, by a resistor 2 g 7 to the terminal MTR/BK (see Figure 3) and by a resistor R 2 o to the cathode of a diode D_„, the anode of vhich is connected to the earth rail. The cathode of the diode p m is also connected by a capacitor C. _ to the cathode of a diode D, τ which cathode is connected to the ground rail by a resistor R 2 g « "" ^ ca P ac it°r C^ 2 connects the cathode of the diode D_^ to the cathode of a diode D__ ° 51 which is also connected to the earth rail by two resistors R_ qo , and R 2Q -, in series, the anode of the diode D _ being connected to the earth rail. An npn transistor N_ 2 has its base connected to the junction of the resistors R 2qf ., R 2q _ and also to the resistor R 2l ( see Fi ure 7a.) via terminal f. The emitter of the transistor N _ is connected to the ground rail and its collector is connected to the cathodes of two diodes D_ 0 and _„,, the anode of the diode D_ 0 being connected to the terminal F' and the anode DO of the diode D_ q being connected via two resistors R^a * 2q ^ in series to the earth rail. The anode of the diode D is also connected by a resistor R 2 9 *° tlιe ajαode ° the diode Ω m r - , vhich is also connected to the collector of a pnp transistor P. _. The emitter of the transistor P-_ is connected to the + rail, and its base is connected to this rail by a resistor R 2q _. A resistor R 2 q connects the base of the transistor P.. _ te the Q. output terminal of a bistable latch circuit L 2 which has its CLOCK input connected to the collector of the transistor _, and its DATA input connected to the collector of the transistor N-... The Q, output termin¬ al of the latch 2 is also connected to an input terminal of the gate G2, via terminal m. The other input terminal of the gate G is connected to the Q output terminal of a third bistable latch circuit which has its DATA input terminal connected by a resistor R 97 to the +5v rail and also connected to the collector of thβ transistor N (see Figure a . The CLOCK input tβrmi al of the latch L_ is connected by a resistor ~ 0 to the +5""V rail and is also connected to a terminal n_ (see Figure 7£.). The junction of the resistors ∑ Q? and R 2 T is cormβc ed to the base of an npn transistor N„_ vhich has its emitter connected to the earth rail and its collector con¬ nected by a relay vinding RlΛ to the +12v rail, the relay RlA having a normally open contact controlling the contact RI 3. The relay vinding RlΛ is bridged by a free-wheel diod D ?Q and a capacitor G _k bridg ng i* s normally open contact Turning finally to Figure 7c, a bridge rectifier BR1 has its input terminals connected to opposite ends of the motor armature vinding. The negative output terminal of the bridge rectifier-is connected by a rail 70 to one end a transformer primary T_ . The positive output terminal of the bridge rectifier is connected by a resistor R., nn ^° the cathode of a zener diode ZD_, the anode of vhich is connected to the rail 70. A capacitor C n is connected acπ the zener diode ZD . The unijunction transistor TJ. , has its base 1 connected to the rail 70» i^ 3 base 2 connected by a resistor R„ π - to the cathode of the zener diode ZD_ a: its emitter connected by a resistor R„ n? to the cathode of the zener diode ZD_ . A capacitor C__ is connected betveen the emitter of the unijunction transistor TJ. and the other end of the primary winding T_ , a diode D^ n being connectec across the vinding T.. The secondary vinding T_ of the transformer is conneci at one end to the +5^ rail. Its other end is connected by resistor -,Q-, to the anode of a diode D^- 1 and the cathode c a diode Dg,» the cathode of the diode D ^ being connected to the +5^"" rail. The anode of the diode D-„ is connected o«c ιy a capacitor C to t 5 tne + 3 rail and by a resistor R„ Ok to the base of a ΌΠD transistor P. _, . A resistor R„__ lb 305 connects the. base of the transistor P ,- to the +5v rail and - the emitter .of this transistor .is connected to the same rail. The collector of the transistor P,/- is connected to the terminal marked SKXD and is also connected by a resistor - r to the base of an npn transistor N„. » the emitter of vhich is connected to the earth rail. A resistor R connects the base of the transistor N.,^, to the earth rail and the collector of the transistor N_ is connected by a resistor R o8 to the base of the transistor P g to provide latching action. The collector of the transistor N . is connected to the terminal n and is also connected by a capacitor C _ and a resistor ~ 0 q in. series to .the base of a pnp tran¬ sistor R-i rγ * The emitter of the transistor P _ is connected to the +5""v rail and its collector is connected by a resistor R_ 10 to the base of the transistor . • The base of the transistor P._ is connected by a resistor R_.. to the +5v rail and by tvo resistors R^ 12 » R τ-π ^ n seτ±es to the anode of a diode Dg„, the cathode of vhich is connected (via a terminal p) to the output terminal of the gate G3. A capacitor C_, connects the junction betveen the resistors R,.., 2 , ϊ ., to the earth rail. Having, thus, described the various components shown in Figures a. to 7c and the connections betveen them, the operation of the logic circuits vill nov be explained in detail. At start up, vhen the ignition svitch kO is closed and the svitch SO is in neutral position the transistor N „ can turn on, being supplied vith base current through the diode D and the resistors ^ Q k nd ■ R 20 ""' * Current can then flow through the diode D„. and the relay coil kl . The contacts of this relay provide power to the circuits and also relay ' latching current via the diode D . Initially, the tran¬ sistor P is turned on via resistors R„. _ , R n , R so that its collector is high. The ca D acitor C, _ charges up via the diode D_ Q and the resistor R 2 g 3 from the neu t ral contact of the svitch 6θ. Capacitor C /ιn holds on both 'kO ttrraannssiissttoorrss NN„„__,, aanndd NN 22gg vvhhiicchh aacctt ttoo clamp the motoring and braking demand signals to zero. ""When the svitch 6θ is moved to, say, the forward position, the transistor N__ receives base current via diodes D„ Q and D_ g and resistors R 200 a - nd R 2 l V T an.sisto N_ Q conducts and causes transistor P to turn on via the resistors R 20 o a & ^217 * r ^ 3 -^- s i- 3 a latching arrangement and transistor N q is held on via diode E 7 » and resistors o „ however, loses its supply of base current because the transistor P_ collector has gone high and P Q therefore tur 7 o off, the function of which will be explained hereinafter. Also transistors N„_ and N 2 Q turn off after a delay whilst the capacitor C. _ discharges, since base current via the neutral svitch position has been lost, ' so that an armature current demand can now be made. There are certain restrictions and conditions govern± the selection of forward and reverse drive for safety reasons. Firstly, the transistor 2 _ is turned on by a +12v . supply from the vehicle ""ignition"" switch kO through the resistor R 21 _. This keeps the junction of the resisto: R 2 .._ and R 221 normally low (and transistor therefore of. except when first powering up the circuit when the +5v supply rises rapidly and transistor N 2Q is turned on via tJ capacitor C_^ and resistor R., 22 w ^--^- s't capacitor C is charging up. Transistor -N.. turns on the transistor P through the resistor R., 2 ~ and the diode D, „ during this pe: od (approximately 25 S) for reasons explained hereinafter. At the same time another capacitor/resistor combination C_. and R - ?7 kold the transistor N on for about 150π3. Transistor N_ prevents transistor ιq from turning on during this time because of the connection of the collector ' Rt of transistor N 2 to the junction- of resistor R on ajac ^ diode D_Q. These delays ensure -correct starting up of the circuit when switching on and immediately selecting forward or reverse drive. There are also four interlock signals which prevent forward or reverse being selected, these being the charger plug interlock and auxiliary battery low cut-out vhich when low (Ov) hold the cathode of diode D low via diode D. or D. and prevent transistor N from turning on. The other two interlocks are provided by the D>0 and SP>0 signals, vhich, when high, turn transistor N 22 on and also prevent transistor N „ turning on, so that if transistor N- Q is on these two signals can have no effect because transistor N 22 is held off by the diode D- _ and the transistor N. q . Vhen the ""ignition"" switch θ is opened transistor Η„ loses its base drive and turns off, so that transistor N 2 _ turns on and removes the base current from the transistor N q via diode D « After a delay of about 200mS, while capacitor C-.. discharges, the transistor P turns off and transistor P„ turns on. This makes the collector of transistor P g go high vhich is used, as explained hereinafter to make the contactor RI } open. The transistor P has previously turned on and clamped all the demand signals by turning on transistors N__, N 2 _ and N 2g so that no current will be floving in the armature and field windings. After a further delay of about 150mS vhilst capacitor C_ Q is discharging .the transistor N lg turns off causing the relay kl to drop out and remove pover from the entire circuit. The vehicle can also be shut down by taking either of the interlock diodes D. Q , D^. to Ov, the same sequence than taking place. Vhen the vehicle is actually being driven forward (or is in the fox-ward drive connection mode and at rest) and reverse drive is required, svitch 6θ is operated to select reverse drive. In this reverse position base current for the transistor N._ is provided by resistor S- 201 and transistor N._ therefore holds the DATA input of the latch L low. The latches can only change state vhen the signal at their CLOCK inputs are high and in the case of the late L , this can only occur if the vehicle is not moving, movement being detected by sensing the voltage across the motor armature vith a small field current flowing. If a voltage is present the motor must be rotating, the bridg rectifier BR1 detecting such voltage (the polarity βf whic will depend on whether motoring or braking mode is in operation) . The output of the bridge rectifier BR1 is dropped by the resistor R, QO and the zener diode ZD to +15v. Capacitor C_ 0 provides smoothing during chopping when the armature voltage varies. The voltage across the caoacitor drives an oscillator based on the unijunctio transistor T , and the pulses generated by the oscillator transferred to the remainder of the circuit through the pulse transformer T_, T,,. The diodes -Dg- < » D >r 2 , the re¬ sistor R«,„„ and the canacitor C_„ form a diode punro circui 303 D 2 - which acts to turn on the transistor P g via resistor R 0Λ The transistor R,g turns on transistor N„. and also holds the CLOCK input of the latch L_ low to prevent change over of the latch. Yhen a change from forward to reverse is demanded the following sequence occurs:- The demanded change is detected and a small field current is applied to the motor After a delay, if no armature voltage has been detected, t change over is allowed. Normally the output of gate G3 is lov because both of its inputs are the same. Transistor and resistor enting the change over of latch 3. ' Vhen the direction change is demanded the DATA input to latch L„ goes high, so that one input of gate G3 alse goes high as does the output of gate G3. Transistor P.„ turns off and transistor P _ turns on thereby clamping the armature demand via trainsistors ? _ and N 2g « Transistor P__ turning off removes the supply of the base of transistor N„ (Figure 5) v a resistors 27L and R g _ (Figure 5)« This releases the base of transistor N (Figure 5) so that a τm ' τHπmτn field current demand is applied to the field chopper. A back emf is therefore generated if the motor is rotating. During this time the diode g_ has become reverse biased and capacitor C . discharges through the resistor R„ 2 into the base of transistor P__ and after a delay of about lOOmS transistor P__ turns off and transistor N_, also turns off, provided that transistor P..g is not on. Turning off of transistors P__ and N- is speeded up by the capacitor C__ and resistor R„ oq providing positive feedback, thereby ensuring ά. fast edge to the signal at the CLOCK input of the latch L which is desirable for inter erence-free operation. The latch L_ can now change to the required state and its Q output is compared by gate G with the motor/bra-ke demand signal from the collector βf the transistor N„ . The output of the gate G goes to latch L_ whose output drives the field reversing relay RL2 via resistor i resistor R 2 g 2 ωd transistor N__. This circuit arrangement gives the required field current directions for forward and reverse, motoring and braking as shown, in the following table:- • BU 1 "" ' -32- The relay RL1 is arranged to be operated for a suffici¬ ent time when a changeover is demanded to ensure reduction of the field current to zero. Thus the reversing relay RL2 is never required to break any current which could damage it: contacts. The change-over sequence is as follows :- The output of latch L_ changes as described above and the change passes through the gate Gk to the. latch L. DATA input. However, latch L.. cannot change immediately because transistor N 26 is held on by transistor P 10 ■ ' and transistor N 2 _. The demanded change is detected by gate Gl whose outpui goes low and turns on transistor P q which turns on transistor 2 . The demand clamping transistors 2 _, 2 _ and N 2 „ are also turned on by the gate Gl output, thereby ensuring that there are no field or armature current demands , The tran¬ sistor 2j , clamps the base of transistor 2 _ to Ov and therefore de-energises the relay RL1 so that its contacts open and the field current decays rapidly to zero. After a delay somewhat longer than that required to reduce the field current to zero (about 75∑πS), the capacitor C37 dis¬ charges and transistor P 10 iurns off. Thus transistor N 26 loses its base current from resistors R and also turns 252 Oil so that the latch CLOCK input goes high and latch L χ ca change te its new state. Gate Gl then changes back to it normal high output state, the relay RLl is re-energisβd and the clamping transistors are turned off after short delays produced by capacitor C g with resistor R 2j ,£, and capacitor C^ 0 with resistors R (7,k εmd ^-2.6"" ^° a ^-^- ow ^k θ relays to attain their correct conditions. The vehicle is then drivable in the required direction. The same sequence of events occurs in the opposite direction of change over, except that the latches and gates end up in the required state as shown in the table above. Field forcing also occurs on switch on by the turning on of the transistor P q via transistor 2n to ensure that nβ field or armature current demand is made before the relays have settled in their normal operating positions. At shut down a similar sequence occurs when the ignition svitch is opened or one of the interlock diodes D^ Q , D,, . is taken low. The change over from motoring to braking is very similar to the forward-reverse change over. In motoring the MΓ /E selector (i.e. the output of amplifier A_ Figure 3) i- 3 high so that transistor N__ is on and the output of latch 2 is low. Vhen the MTR/BK signal goes low, the DATA input of latch L 2 and one input of gate G change state,latch L. therefore changes when transistor ^26 ^ varΩ - s °££ as described above, also latch 12 changes at the same time. Thus transistors P. _ and N turn off, gate G2 detects the change (because of the delay in contactor RL3 operation). Transistor N„ Q turns off and causes N 2 _ to turn on via resistors R-„ o t 270 and - diode D (in braking) or transistor 2g to turn on via resistor R 275 and R 280 a Ld diode D c 2 - 11 motoring. This ensures that the braking demand is clamped in motoring a.nd vice versa. Vhile the Q output signal of larch L and the signal at the collector of transistor N„ Q are out of phase, the output of the gate G2 is lov and the transistor P holds he transistors N „ and N„ g on. These demand clamps are - t releas ed after the contactor RL3 has reache d its new position, that is transistor P.. _ has turned off and removed drive to transistor N__ and the relay RL , so that the brake contact RL3 is in its de-energised state which is the normally open (braking) position. There are two further safety interlocks to protect the contactor:- namely on I 0 signal from the current transducer to tran¬ sistor N 2 g to prevent the latch changing if an armature current is flowing and transistor P.. conducts during chang ' over to hold transistor N 2 g on so that the latch cannot change back to its original state until braking has been obtained and transistor P _ turns off. These interlocks ensure that there is no possibility of breaking a fault current. Because of residual magnetism in the motor it is desirable to ensure that the field current is reversed be¬ fore the contactor RL3 is closed into the motoring position to prevent large uncontrolled currents being generating in the armature 51 2-nd recirculating diode D_ . The I>0 interlock then prevents changing back into braking unless the motoring field is applied to reset the magnetic circuit in the motor. By resetting the field before closing the contactor, the problem is avoided. During braking, when change over to motoring is demanded the MTR/ BK signal goes high so that the collector of transistor N_ 1 goes low, the field reversal process takes place exactly as described above through gate G and latch L. after a delay for field forcing. The latch L 2 also changes at the same time and transistor P turns on so that its collector goes high. This positive-going edge is transmitted through diode D ,- , capacitor C. 2 επd resistor R 2Qn to turn on transistor N„„ which removes the base drive to tran- sistor N_„ through diode D so that transistor N„_ cannot turn on. The relay RlA therefore stays de-energised and the contactor RL3 stays in the open (braking) condition until capacitor , ^ charges up and transistor N turns off. During this delay, .the Q output of the latch L,, and the contact RL3b are out of phase so that gate G2 output is low and the armature demand is clamped by transistor P.. supplying base current to transistor N 2 and N 2g . The field reversing relay has already changed and a reset signal is τjrovided by holding off the field claπro via diode D_ 0 5o and transistor N__ so that transistor 0 turns off and 2 o allows a small field demand to be made at the emitter of transistor N_ (the demand is for a current of approximately 2 amps). Because the transistor N_ 2 serves the dual role of holding the contactor in braking and allowing a field - current to flow in the correct (motoring) direction, the field resetting pulse must always occur at the right instant, i.e. after the field has reversed, but before the braking contact RL3 closes. Vhen the transistor N_ 2 goes off, the brake contactor RL3 closes, the output of gate G2 goes high and the armature demand clamps are released after capacitor CL. has discharged. The vehicle is then in the motoring mode with the magnetic circuit set in the right direction so that the recirculating diode D Q is reverse biased. To ensure that the field pulse always occurs correctly, the duration of the motoring signal at transistor N_. should be longer than the time required to change from braking to motoring. This is achieved by another capacitor-resistor network C^, , R-„o connected to the base of transistor N_. to hold that transistor on when the collector of transistor P. goes high until the capaci¬ tor C.. is charged. This delay is made slightly longer than the contactor hold-off delay produced by capacitor C. 2 and resistor R 2q _, so that rapid changes from motoring to braking and back again do not interfere with the oueration of the field reset circuits. The diodes D_„ and D D D__ and the resistor R 2 gg also contribute by allowing capacitors C t , . and C^„ to discharge quickly after selecting braking ready for the next change into motoring. An extra function of these components occurs on start up. In neutral transistor P g is on and holds transistor N 2 on via the resistor R 21 g . This holds the contactor in its braking condition and produces a small field current. If the vehicle is moving transistor P ,. will turn on transistor 2 „ and prevent either forward or reverse being selected. U R E";CLAIMS 1. A control system for a d.c. motor comprising control means for varying the connections of the motor armature winding and/or field winding so as to enable the motor to operate in a plurality of different modes, and speed interlock means for preventing operation of said control means to change the motor connections . from at least one mode to at least one other mode whilst the motor is running characterised in that said interlock means is sensitive to the voltage across the armature winding of the motor and means are provided for supplying a field current to the field winding when said interlock means is required to be operative. 2. A control system as claimed in claim 1 further charac¬ terised in that said interlock means includes a rectifier BRl connected to the armature and a means sensitive to the d.c. output of the rectifier. 3» A control system as claimed in claim 2 .in .which said means sensitive to the d.c. output of the rectifier includes an oscillator TJ. , Rm. Q t c -- ι a isolating trans¬ former T_ , T 2 having its primary vinding connected to the oscillator and a detector circuit ^ η , D,- 2 , C_ 2 , P f - connected to the secondary winding T„ of the isolating transformer. k m A control system as claimed in any preceding claim characterised in that the means for supplying current is required to be operative supplies a fixed length current ■ Dulse of predetermined magnitude thereto. BURE4;CAMPBELL G;CAMPBELL G, LUCAS INDUSTRIES LTD, LUCAS IND LTD;1978
+WO-1979000367-A1;19790628.0;19781031;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25331614.0;C08G79;C08K5, C08L85;C08G79, C08J3, C08L85;C08G  79/02B, C08J   3/07+L85/02, C08L  85/02;POLYPHOSPHAZENE AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS AND HALOGEN-FREE COPOLYMERS USEFUL THEREIN;Aqueous dispersions of polyphosphazene polymers are prepared by dissolving the polymer in a volatile organic solvent, then combining with water under agitation and heat to evaporate solvent leaving the aqueous dispersion for use in coatings and impregnations. Nonionic or anionic dispersing agents improve stability, preferably phosphate esters of polyoxyethylene for fire-retardancy. Halogen-free polyphosphazene copolymers having a phenoxy group and either a phenyl phenoxy or naphthoxy group or both are provided as aqueous dispersions for coatings on metal or glass with superior adhesion and freedom from halogen fumes when subject to burning. Preferred copolymers have molecular weight of 100, 000 or more, ratio of phenoxy groups to the other groups of 30:70 to 95:5 and up to 10% of the groups being such as methoxy phenoxy, vinyl phenoxy or allyl phenoxy, and are mostly amorphous with Tg of at least O` C.;"HAZE E UEOU SUSPENSIONS AND HALOGEN-FREE COPOLYMERS USEFUL THEREIN DESCRIPTION Technical Field The present invention relates to polyphosphazene polymers and copolymers in aqueous suspension, and partic- ularly to certain halogen-free polyphosphazene copolymers which are particularly adapted to form aqueous suspensions which will air dry to form continuous coatings. Background Art Polyphosphazene polymers and copolymers are known, but these have not been provided in aqueous suspension which is a particularly desirable form when it is desired to use the polyphosphazene for a coating or impregnating purpose. Most polyphosphazene polymers are not suited for coating application and this may partially account for the fact that coating concepts have received little attention by the art. It is particularly desired to provide such aqueous suspensions and coating compositions containing the same using halogen-free polyphosphazene copolymers which are highly soluble in organic solvents, and exhibit good film properties and which coalesce at low temperature. The absence of halogen eliminates the generation of halogen-containing fumes when the coatings are subjected to burning. Better adhesion to metal and glass substrates is also obtained. Disclosure of Invention In accordance with this invention, a polyphospha¬ zene polymer or copolymer, and preferably a halogen-free polyphosphazene copolymer containing at least one phenoxy substituent and a second substituent selected from phenyl phenoxy, naphthoxy, and mixtures thereof, is dissolved in a volatile organic solvent to form a solvent solution. This solvent solution of polyphosphazene polymer or copolymer is dispersed in water (containing a surfactant where suspension stability is desired) and all or a portion of the volatile solvent is removed by vaporizing the same with heat. This provides an aqueous polymer suspension which is useful as a coating composition. The preferred copolymers are mostly amorphous and have a T of at least 0°C. which confers desirable physical characteristics. So long as the T is not excessive, coatings of the aqueous suspension will air dry to form a continuous film. Relatively high T is a feature of this"" invention, and when the T is too high for air dry, baking can be used. While useful results can be obtained regardless of how high the T is, it is preferred that the T not exceed 50°C. to maximize the flexibility of the film. T denotes the glass transition temperation of a polymer and is a well known physical parameter. While polyphosphazene polymers and copolymers are broadly known, the specific halogen-free polyphosphazene copolymers described above are new and confer better film properties than the known halogen-free materials. Superior hardness, solubility, and impact resistance are particularl contemplated. These new copolymers are thus a feature of this invention. Referring more particularly to the new copolymers, the production of polyphosphazene polymer is a matter of common knowledge. In this invention, the halogen groups in the polymer obtained by polymerizing phosphonitrile chloride trimer are replaced with phenoxy groups in part and most of the balance of these halogen groups are re¬ placed by phenyl phenoxy, naphthoxy, or mixtures thereof. Any remaining halogen groups, up to 10% of the initially present halogen groups, may be replaced by diverse groups, such as methoxy phenoxy groups, vinyl phenoxy groups, allyl phenoxy groups, and the like. 4-phenyl phenoxy is the preferred phenyl phenoxy group, and 2-naphthoxy is the preferred naphthoxy group. The ratio of the phenoxy groups to the other groups in the final copolymer may range from 30:70 to 95:5, but the two types of substituents are preferably in a ratio of 40:60 to 80:20. Particularly with the phenyl phenoxy group, flexibility is maximized with a ratio of 60:40 to 80:20. The copolymers which are preferred for use herein are of high average molec¬ ular weight, normally 100,000 or higher. Molecular weight is measured by gel permeation chromatography and low molecular weight fragments are present in the mix¬ tures which are produced. The volatile organic solvent is subject to consid¬ erable variation for it will be appreciated that it is only a temporary carrier and all or most of this solvent is vaporized out of the final aqueous suspension. Aro¬ matic- hydrocarbons, such as toluene or xylene, are partic¬ ularly preferred for these have reasonable solvency capacity for the polyphosphazene polymer or copolymer, and they are of low cost and not unduly toxic. Relatively water immiscible solvents are preferred, but are not essential. The solvent solution of polymer is preferably added to the water with the addition being in increments with removal of solvent by vaporization either after addition is complete and the particle size established by agitation, or as the addition continues. Some of the water may also be removed to increase the solids content. In these ways, the solids content of the suspensions which are produced may exceed the solids content of the solvent solution which is used to produce it. It is also possible to add the water to the solvent solution, but this makes it more diffi¬ cult to obtain a uniform suspension. One can produce the suspension in water with continual agitation and use this suspension before it settles. On the other hand, suspension stability is frequently import¬ ant, in which case surfactants, and especially nonionic and anionic surfactants, may be incorporated in the water to provide a more stable suspension. The proportion of the surfactant in the aqueous medium is conveniently from 2-10% by weight, preferably from 3-8%, based on the weight _ OMPI ■ - of the copolymer to be added. Usually, thickeners may also be present in the water since it is known that these can help to stabilize suspensions of water immiscible materials and to provide appropriate viscosity for coating. Carboxy methyl cellulose will illustrate an appropriate thickener. A mixture of sodium lauryl sulfate and cetyl alcohol provides a very effective surfactant action, especially when ultrasonic agitation is used to provide the finest particle size. Much of the solvent and part of the water may be removed after agitation to provide the desired solids content, as by heating under vacuum, preferably in a rotary evaporator. From the standpoint of the fire retardancy, the preferred surfactants have the formula: where x and y are each at least 1 and total 3, Z is selected from hydrogen and alkali metal, n is a number from about 5 to about 60 and R is a hydrocarbon- substituted phenyl group in which the hydrocarbon substit¬ uent contains from 6-22 carbon atoms. The preferred hydro carbon substituent is a saturated hydrocarbon containing from 8 to 9 carbon atoms. The phosphate acids and salts are of about equal value, sodium and potassium salts being illustrative. An illustrative material used hereinafter is Wayfos M-60 (Wyandotte Chemical Company) which consti¬ tutes a preferred commercially available phosphate ester of the general type described above. In this product, and with reference to the structural formula, R=nonyl phenol; n=10; x=l, y=2, and Z=H. It is stressed that the polyphosphazene copolymers are poorly soluble in organic solvents. As a result, it is essential in order to have sufficient solids content for normal coating use in the absence of excessive -ftU , 7A . vicsosity, to employ the polyphosphazene polymer in a suspension form, and water is of special value in this capacity. At least 15%, preferably at least 207„ solids is preferred, and from about 30% to about 40% gives best results. It is particularly pointed out that the presence of a relatively small proportion of the phenyl phenoxy or naphthoxy group considerably improves the flexibility of the polyphosphazene copolymer. Thus, in a coating pigmented with a 1:1 ratio of titanium dioxide pigment: copolymer, the phenoxy ho opolymer failed a 1/4 inch mandrel flexibility test while, with a ratio of from 20% to 407o and 4-phenyl phenoxy or 257o to 60% 2-naphthoxy groups in the phenoxy copolymer, the pigmented coatings passed a 1/8 inch mandrel flexibility test. This is particularly surprising for the 4-phenyl phenoxy copoly¬ mer where the presence of this group also increased the hardness of the coatings. When the phenoxy group is also replaced, as in the 4-methoxyphenoxy-4-phenyl-phenoxy copolymer, -flexibility is very poor. The invention is illustrated in the following examples which show the production of an appropriate polyphosphazene copolymer, its provision in toluene sol¬ ution, the production of a typical water suspension and the formation of a film therefrom. All parts herein are by weight unless otherwise stated. Best Mode of Carrying Out the Invention Example 1 Phosphonitrile chloride trimer in a sealed container is heated at 250°C. for 30 hours to obtain a solid poly¬ phosphazene polymer. The polymer is placed in a dry nitrogen atmosphere and charged with 3 parts of toluene to dissolve each part of polymer. The polymer dissolves at room temperature to provide a solution. In a separate flask charge 650 ml diethylene glycol OMPI dimethyl ether, 23 grams sodium metal, 0.94 moles of 4-phenyl phenol and allox-7 to stand overnight to provide sodium 4-phenyl phenylate. In another flask mix 650 ml diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 23 grams sodium metal and 0.94 moles of phenol to provide sodium phenylate. Charge the sodium 4-phenyl phenylate solution to the polyphosphazene polymer solution and heat to 100°C. and then charge the sodium phenylate solution and heat to 125°C. for 24 hours. The two sodium derivatives are present in equimolar proportion and in stoichiometric balance with the chloride in the polymer. Sodium chloride is the by-product of the reaction. The temperature is then reduced to 115°C. and held for another 24 hours. The reaction product is poured into 4 liters of methanol tp precipitate a copolymer in which the poly¬ phosphazene is substituted with a 50:50 ratio of phenyl and 4-phenyl phenoxy substituents, and this copolymer is removed and dissolved in 1 liter of tetrahydrofuran to provide a solution which is mixed into 4 liters of a water and methanol mixture (50/50) to precipitate the substituted polyphosphazene copolymer and this process of dissolution and precipitation is repeated 4 or 5 times to obtain a reasonably pure copolymer which is dissolved in toluene to form an 11% by weight solution. The sodium chloride by-product is removable by water washing alone,, but the repeated precipitation procedure used in this example also removes low molecular weight fractions, and is preferred for that reason. Use a solution of sodium lauryl sulfate and cetyl alcohol (50:50) in deionized water containing 3% thereof based on the weight of the copolymer to be added and add the copolymer solution to enough water to provide 3 parts of water per part of added copolymer with vigorous agitation to provide a dispersion. The toluene is vola¬ tile so heat is applied and the toluene is distilled , away to provide an aqueous dispersion of apparently solid polymer particles (2-3 micron particle size) having a solids content of about 25%. Industrial Applicability The dispersion product is a mildy white suspension. The suspension is drawn down on an aluminum panel and dried at room temperature to produce a continuous film. The film is soft, opaque and generally white in color. The polyphosphazene copolymer is itself fire resist- ant and the film under consideration is halogen-free. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention (Continued) In preferred practice the vigorous agitation is supplied using an ultrasonic call disruptor for 5 to 15 minutes using 150 watts to operate the ultrasonic agita- tor. Average particle sizes of less than about 1 micron are consistently obtained in this way. The preferred procedure for dispersing the polymer solution is to add a solution of copolymer in toluene (140 g, 7.5% by weight) to a solution of the surfactant (6% on the basis of the dry copolymer) in deionized water. The mixture is blended at high speed for 30 minutes in a high speed blender and is then transferred into a 2 liter beaker and further dispersed with an ultrasonic cell dis¬ ruptor for 5 to 15 minutes at 150 watts. During the soni- fication, periodic microscopic observations are made to determine the particle size. Sonification is stopped when no significant change in particle size is noted. In most cases dispersions are allowed to stand overnight at room temperature. If there is no separation of immis- cible layers, the dispersion is put into a 2 liter flask along with 6-8 drops of a defoamer, toluene, and portions of water are removed by distillation under reduced pres¬ sure (60-70 mm of mercury) . Best results are obtained by using a rotary evaporator. The defoaming agent can be constituted by any commercial defoamer and is merely used as a matter of convenience since foam production does not prevent the formation of a- useful suspension. Example 2 Poly(dichlorophosphazene) 440 g (7.1 moles) is dissolved in 3200 ml of dried and distilled toluene in a 5 liter flask under a nitrogen blanket. Complete dissolution of the polymer is achieved in 24 hours and the solution is transferred into a 24 liter flask fitted with a stirrer, reflux condenser, and an addition funnel. A solution of sodium-4-phenylphenoxide obtained by reacting 48 g (2.08 g-atoms) of sodium with 389 g (2.29 moles) of 4-phenyl phenol in 2600 ml of dried and dis¬ tilled diethylene gl col dimethyl ether is slowly added to the polymer solution over a period of 1 1/2 hours. The temperature is raised to 100°C,. and a solution of sodium phenoxide, obtained by reacting 143 g (6.23 g- atoms) sodium with 650 g (7.0 moles) phenol in 2600 ml dried and distilled diethylene glycol dimethyl ether is then added over a period of 1 1/2 hours. The reaction mixture is heated to 125°C. for 24 hours and to 115°C. for an additional 24 hours and then cooled to room temper¬ ature and poured into 16 liters of methanol to give a gummy solid. The polymer was purified by dissolving it in tetrahydrofuran and reprecipitating it into water (4 times) and methanol (2 times) . The polymer product is then cut into small pieces, and dried under vacuum at room temperature for two days followed by two additional days at 120°F. The intrinsic viscosity of the polymer is 1.3 dl/g in tetrahydrofuran at 30°C. The phenoxy and 4-phenyl phenoxy substituents are present in approxi¬ mately a 3:1 ratio and the phosphazene copolymer has a T of 17°C. and forms a continuous film upon coalescence g at room temperature. Using the commercially available phosphate ester surfactant Wayfos M-60 (Wyandotte Chemical Company), 133 grams of a 7.5% by weight toluene solution are added to _, _ l ' i OM 400 grams.of water containing 0.6 grams of the phosphate ester surfactant. After completion of the sonic disper¬ sion and subsequent vaporization of the toluene and some of the water, a reasonably stable suspension containing 25% by weight of nonvolatile solids is obtained. The particle size is in the range of 0.5-1 micron and the suspension is substantially unaltered after storage for 2 weeks. OMPI lO";(received by the International Bureau on 29 May 1979 (29.05.79)) WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. Water having stably suspended therein particles of polyphosphazene polymer or copolymer having a molecular weight of at least 100,000 and a T of at least 0°C. up to 50°C. 2. A water suspension as recited in claim 1 in which said polyphosphazene polymer or copolymer is present in an amount to provide a solids content of at least 15%. 3. A water suspension as recited in any of claims 1 or 2 in which said polyphosphazene is a halogen¬ free copolymer having at least one phenoxy substituent and a second substituent selected from phenyl phenoxy and naphthoxy in a ratio of 30:70 to 95:5. 4. A water suspension as recited in claim 3 in which the two named substituents are present in a ratio of 40:60 to 80:20. 5. A water suspension as recited in claim 4 in which a surfactant is present to stabilize the suspension. 6. A water suspension as recited in claim 5 in which said surfactant is present in an amount of from 2-10%,, based on the weight of said polyphosphazene polymer or copolymer. 7. A water suspension as recited in claim 5 in which said surfactant has the formula: R -ξ-(0CH 2 CH 2 (- OZ) y where x and y are each at least 1 and total 3, Z is selected from hydrogen and alkali metal, n is a number from about 5 to about 60, R is a hydrocarbon-substituted phenyl group in which the hydrocarbon substituent contains from 6-22 carbon atoms. 8. A water suspension as recited in claim 7 in which said hydrocarbon substituent is a saturated hydro- carbon containing 8 or 9 carbon atoms. 9. A water suspension as recited in claim 4 in which the particles of polyphosphazene polymer or co¬ polymer have an average particle size of less than about 1 micron and are present in an amount to provide a solids content of from about 30% to about 40% by weight. 10. A water suspension as recited in claim 1 in which a thickener is present to help stabilize the suspension and provide appropriate viscosity for coating. 11. A process of producing the water suspension of any of claims 1 or 2, comprising dissolving polyphos¬ phazene polymer or copolymer in a volatile organic solven to form a solution, and combining said solution with water using agitation and heat to evaporate at least some of said solvent and produce a suspension of poly- phosphazene polymer or copolymer in an aqueous continuum. 12. A process as recited in claim 11 in which said organic solvent is an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. 13. A process as recited in claim 12 in which said solvent is selected from toluene and xylene. 14. A process as recited in claim 12 in which said solution is added progressively with removal of solvent so that the aqueous suspension will have a higher solids content than the solution used to produce it. 15. A process as recited in any of claims 12-14 in which some of said water is evaporated so that the aqueous suspension will have a higher solids content than the solution used to produce it. 16. A halogen-free polyphosphazene copolymer useful in the water suspension of claim 1 having at least one phenoxy substituent and a second substituent selected from phenyl phenoxy, naphthoxy and mixtures thereof in a ratio of 30:70 to 95:5. 17. A polyphosphazene copolymer as recited in claim 16 in which the two named substituents are present in a ratio of 40:60 to 80:20, and the copolymer is mostly amorphous. 18. A polyphosphazene copolymer as recited in any of claims 16 or 17 in which the two substituents are phenoxy and 4-phenyl phenoxy. 19. A polyphosphazene copolymer as recited in claim 16 in which the two substituents are phenoxy and 2-naphthoxy, these two substituents being present in a ratio of 75:25 to 40:60.;CHATTOPADHYAY A, ROSE S;CHATTOPADHYAY A, ROSE S;1978
+WO-1979000377-A1;19790628.0;19781211;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25331867.0;G02B5;;G01B11, G01D5, G01H9, G01K1, G01K11, G01L1, G01L11, G02B6;G01B  11/18, G01D   5/353, G01K   1/02C, G01L  11/02B, G02B   5/16C, G02B   6/14, G02B   6/28B10;OPTICAL SENSING APPARATUS AND METHOD;A sensor for measuring stress, temperature, pressure, sound, etc. comprising an optical fiber waveguide (24 of Fig. 6), a light source (22) which injects light (30) into one end of the waveguide, a deformer (27) contacting and deforming the waveguide to cause light to couple from originally excited modes to other modes, and an optical detector (29) to detect the change in light coupling caused by deformation of the waveguide.;"Description Optical Sensing Apparatus and Method Technical Field This invention relates to a device which responds to an external stress. It employs an optical signal to detect the change in mode-coupling properties of an optical (including infrared, visible and near-ultra¬ violet) waveguide when subjected to a mechanical de¬ formation caused by external stress. We call this device a stress sensor even though it can be used to measure temperature and strain in addition to force, weight, pressure and sound intensity. Background Art Dynamic pressure sensors for use in air, i.e., microphones, and in water, i.e., hydrophones, for the detection of sound pressure variation have been mainly of the piezoelectric, electrostrictive and magneto- strictive type. Depending on the application and its requirements, i.e., bandwidth, ruggedness, operation in varied environments, etc., some types of sensors are capable of detecting, pressures less than 10 -9 bar, (1 n bar) . Static sensors are capable of pressure measurement ranging from less than a nanobar to mega- bars. With these usual types of detectors it is difficult to obtain small size for use in arrays, to achieve protection from electrical noise and crosstalk and to obtain satisfactory operation in hostile environments. Disclosure of Invention The stress sensor disclosed here overcomes many of the disadvantages of the sensors presently in use. This device has a sensitivity which equals or exceeds those discussed above and depending on the environ¬ mental conditions has many advantages including: 1) freedom from electrical noise and crosstalk; 2) with¬ standing of high and low temperature environments (e.g., temperatures ranging from less than 0°C to more than 700°C) ; 3) withstanding of corrosive environ¬ ments; 4) having the d-c to wide band capabilities required of multi-signal sources; 5) capability of being easily coupled to fiber optic links for long distance remote sensing; 6) lightness of weight; 7) ruggedness; 8) small size. Some of the suggested uses of our stress sensor are a) as a hydrophone which may be used singly or in an array at shallow as well as extreme depths of the ocean; b) an opto-acous ic microphone for high sensi- tivity wide band capability; c) a static pressure sensor able to operate over large pressure ranges yet capable of long lifetime under pressure cycling; d) an optic barometer and manometer; e) a displacement or proximity sensor for measurement of displacements less than 1A, (10 —8 cm) ; f) an optic seismic detector; g) a flame detector based on displacement; h) a thermometer; i) a pressure switch; and j) an optical switch. The use of the stress sensor is especially desirable for the above application where extreme environments exist and/or elimination of electrical wire-type transmission lines is desirable since this permits elimination of electromagnetic interference while allowing for considerable reduction in detector s ze. To better understand this invention we introduce some fundamental ideas about mode propagation in optical waveguides. Optical waveguides can be planar or cylindrical. The small diameter cylindrical optical waveguides are generally called fibers and usually consist of two concentric dielectric cylinders, the core and the clad. As long as the dimensions of the optical waveguide in which the light signal travels are much larger than the light wavelength, the light can be considered as propagating in the form of rays or beams which are reflected or transmitted at the various boundaries of the waveguide. Even though this ray description is not exact, it is frequently used since it is more intuitive than a wave description. The geometry of the core and clad of the waveguide, as well as the refractive indices of the core, clad and the surrounding media define the boundary conditions which determine the possible paths that a wave or ray may take in the waveguide. The specific paths consist¬ ent with these boundary conditions are called ""modes."" Which modes are excited, i.e., in which modes light propagates, depends upon the way that light is injected into the waveguide. Individual modes are distinguished by the different angles their ray paths make with the waveguide axis. The ray picture of the modes is further illustrated in Figures 1-5 where we have shown several of the mode types important to our discussion of the invention. We have shown the ""bound core,"" ""refractive,"" ""leaky,"" and ""clad"" modes schematically in Figures 1-4 respect¬ ively and have shown the relation between a high and low order mode in Figure 5. In Figures 1-5 the refractive indices of the core 3. clad 5, and surrounding medium 7 are n , n -, n ' co cl m respectively. To maintain most of the light guided within the waveguide core, the refractive index of the core is made larger than the refractive index of the clad, that is, nco > ncl._. in Fig 3 ures 1-5. As shown in Figure 1, a ""bound core"" mode 9 is represented by a ray propagating at such an angle with respect to the waveguide axis that it is totally internally reflected at the core clad interface. The propagation angle is less than some critical angle determined by the core and clad refractive indices. The light which propagates at angles greater than the critical angle with respect to the axis can: a) As illustrated in Fig. 2, be incident at the core-clad interface at such an angle that it is partially refracted and then is again partially refracted at the interface between the clad and the surrounding medium where only the refractive paths have been shown. Such a mode is called a ""refractive mode"" 11. b) As illustrated in Fig. 3 for the case of a cylindrical waveguide or fiber propagate in a skew path, i.e. such that the ray representing the path never passes through the axis of the fiber. Such a mode is called a ""leaky core"" mode 13 but can be trapped in the fiber for some distance before its power is radiated away. c) As illustrated in Fig. 4, propagate at such an angle that at the core clad interface it is partially refracted and partially reflected and at the clad surrounding medium interface it is totally internally reflected. For the sake of clarity, only the part of the ray 17 which is partially reflected is indicated. Such a mode is trapped in the core clad system and is called a ""clad"" mode 15. The bound core modes may also be further charac¬ terized by the angle at which they propagate with respect to the waveguide axis. As this angle increases from zero to the critical angle, these modes change from lower order modes to higher modes. This is shown in Fig. 5 where the mode labeled 21 is a higher order mode than the mode labeled 19. The total number of possible bound core modes increases as the diameter of the core increases and as the refractive index difference between the core and clad increases. If the diameter of the core is small enough, and the refractive index difference between the core and clad is small enough, then only one mode can be supported in the waveguide. Under this condition, the waveguide is called a ""single mode waveguide,"" in contrast to the ease of a multimode fiber, where up to several thousand modes can be supported. The invention disclosed here is based on our dis¬ covery that extremely small deformations of the wave¬ guide will cause significant amounts of light to couple from the originally excited modes to other modes and that by monitoring the intensity of light in one or more groups of modes but not the total light in ' the waveguide, a device highly sensitive to waveguide deformation and thus to surrounding pressure, tempera¬ ture, etc. can be made. The main components of the sensor are the source system, the sensing system, and the detection system. The source system comprised of (a) an optical source which generates light, (b) a means of injecting the light into the modes desired, and (c) in some embodiments a transmitting waveguide. The means for appropriately injecting the light into the modes will be described later on in terms of (a) the injection angle of light from the optical source into the waveguide, and (b) removing the energy from specific modes just before the sensing system. The sensing system comprised of (a) the region of a wave¬ guide section which is deformed and called the sensing region, (b) a device which amplifies the effect of applied stress, called the ""deformer"". The detection system consists of (a) a means for selectively col- lecting the light from one or more groups of modes which will be described later on, and (b) an optical detector for measuring the light from these modes. We have invented a stress sensor consisting of at least one optical (including infra-red, visible and near ultra-violet) waveguide, having at least two groups of modes denoted as ""A"" and ""B"", each group containing at least one mode. Light emitted from an optical source is injected into the waveguide. Stress on the waveguide results in a change in deformation of the waveguide. This change in deformation introduces a change in the coupling of light among the modes; in this way some of the light is redistributed among these modes. The light power in B modes, measured using an optical detector, is a sensitive measure of the extern- al stress. Preferably the stress is transmitted to the wave¬ guide via a device which we denote as a deformer and which enhances in some region of the waveguide the effect of the external stress on the change in deform¬ ation of said waveguide. When the sensor is to be used to measure tempera¬ ture the preferred embodiment involves at least two materials, one of which could be the waveguide itself, with dissimilar expansion coefficients which are con¬ figured to produce a deforming stress on the waveguide upon a change in temperature of the region surrounding the sensor. When the sensor is used to measure pressure the preferred embodiment comprises using an enclosure which converts external pressure changes into deformational changes of the waveguide. In another embodiment of the sensor the sensitive region of the waveguide is predeformed and the applied stress to be measured causes a change in the amount of this deformation. In a preferred embodiment of this invention the waveguide is an optical fiber. Preferably when a fiber optic waveguide is used the A modes are chosen to be higher order bound core modes or leaky core modes. Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 shows one bound core mode in an optical waveguid Fig. 2 shows one refractive mode in an optical waveguid Fig. 3 shows one leaky core mode in a fiber optic wave¬ guide. Fig. 4 shows one clad mode in an optical waveguide. Fig. 5 shows two bound core modes in an optical wave¬ guide. Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a source system, sensor system, and the detector system. Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram showing stripping of clad modes and sensor system. Fig. 8 shows coupling of a leaky core mode to a clad mode by action of a deformer. Fig. 9 shows coupling at a bound core mode to a clad mode by action of a deformer. Fig. 10 shows a sensing system with an enclosure. Fig. 11 shows a sensing system having a cylindrical enclosure. Fig. 12 shows a sensing system for measurement of temperature. Fig. 13 shows a multi-piece deformer with waveguide attached at two points. Fig. 14 shows a one piece deformer with waveguide attached at two points. Fig. 15 shows a schematic diagram showing a predeform¬ ed fiber. Fig. 16 is a diagram showing source system exciting a bound core mode of sensing system. Fig 17 is a diagram showing source system exciting- a ' JOMPI S ΛΓATI leaky core mode in the sensing system. Fig. 18 is a schematic diagram showing generation of a a leaky core mode from a bound core mode by necking down the diameter of the optical fiber. Fig. 19 shows a near field detection system. Fig. 20 shows a far field detection system. Fig. 21 shows a method for detection of clad modes. Fig. 22 is a schematic showing coupling of a clad mode of one fiber to a bound core mode of another fiber. Fig. 23 shows a multi-sensor system with a return fiber to the detector from each sensor. Fig. 24 shows a multi-sensor system with return fibers coupled to a common fiber. Fig. 25 shows a multi-sensor system where the common return fiber is coupled to the source system fiber. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention A stress applied to an optical waveguide will cause power to be coupled among the modes of the wave¬ guide. We have discovered that this fact can be used to make an extremely sensitive stress sensor. This sensor consists of three parts: the source system, the sensing system, and the detector system which are described with their preferred embodiments below. It is to be noted that by proper design of the sensing system the stress sensor may be used as a device to measure static pressure, dynamic pressure, temperature, weight displacement or parameters which may be convert¬ ed to a stress by any means. Referring to the drawing, one embodiment of our stress sensor is illustrated in Figure 6. The princi¬ pal elements of the system comprise a light source system 23, a sensing system 28, and a detection system 29. As illustrated schematically in this Figure, light 30 from an optical source 22 is focused by a' lens 20 into an optical fiber called the transmitting waveguide 24 which has a core 3 and a clad 5. The light is injected such that most of the light energy is in the bound core modes called A modes and substan¬ tially less energy is in the clad modes called B modes. One core mode 9 is shown for illustration. Over some short section within the enclosure 25 a mechanical deformation is applied to the waveguide by the deformer 27, which is in the form of two steel pieces having corrugated like surfaces with interleaving ridges form- ing a vise which would be used to squeeze and thus deform the fiber. For the sake of clarity in the drawings the deformers are shown spaced from the wave¬ guide. It will be appreciated that in is contact during deformation. The deformation causes the light to couple among the various core and clad modes of the fiber. One clad mode 15 excited by the action of the deformer is shown for illustration. The intensity of the clad modes increases at the expense of the core modes. We have discovered that a very small strain or deformation of the fiber can be detected by monitoring the intensity of the light in the clad modes with a detector 32. The deformation of the fiber is related to the applied pressure on the deformer and we have discovered that the configuration shown schematically in Figure 6 becomes an extremely sensitive static or dynamic pressure sensor, with modification of the enclosure. The sensor may also be of such an arrange¬ ment as to respond to a displacement, strain or temperature rather than pressure or sound intensity. Source System In all embodiments of this invention a system is provided to inject light into the sensing system of the •stress sensor. This source system consists of a light source, a means of transmitting the light to the sensing system and a means of selectively exciting the modes of the sensor waveguide. Three embodiments of the source system are de¬ scribed here to define terms and to clarify the follow¬ ing discussion. The first and simplest embodiment consists simply of a light source and appropriate optics to inject light into the waveguide of the sensing system. The second embodiment consists of a light source and appropriate optics to inject light into the transmitting waveguide. The transmitting waveguide and the waveguide of the sensing system are, in the embodiment, parts of the same waveguide. A device to remove or strip i.e., remove energy from the B modes of the waveguide before it enters the sensing system may be present. The third embodiment is identical to the second embodiment with the exception that the transmitting waveguide and the waveguide of the sensing system are not parts of the same waveguide and a coupler is employed. The purpose of the coupler is to couple light from the transmitting waveguide to the waveguide of the sensing system and in some cases to physically join the transmitting waveguide to the * sensing system. The light source can be any device for generating light including incoherent and coherent sources. For efficient light coupling to waveguides it is preferred that the device have a high radiance. Suitable devices would include lasers, light emitting diodes, arc lamps and filament lamps. For high reliability, low cost, small size and for coupling to a multimode waveguide, a light emitting diode is preferred. For coupling to a single mode waveguide, for ease of control of the modes excited or where high light intensity is desired a laser is preferred such as the argon laser of exam- pies.5, 6, 7 and 8. For low cost a semi-conductor laser is preferred. For high intensity a neodinium laser is preferred. The light source can be either of the continuous wave ""CW"" types, or it can be pulsed. A pulsed optical source is preferred when many sensing systems are to be used along an optical waveguide. In this case the detected light from different sensing systems has different propagation times and therefore, it can be separated in time. The minimum resolvable distance between sensing systems and/or the maximum transmissible data rate through a fiber is limited by the width of the light pulses and the dispersion of the transmitting waveguide. The light source capable of emitting narrow pulses of the order of 1 nsec or a fraction of a nano¬ second wide is a semi-conductor laser such as GaAs or InPAsGa lasers and are preferred when maximum band width is required. In the simplest embodiment of this invention, the light source injects light directly into the waveguide of the sensing system. If it is desirable to locate the sensing system in an inaccessible or a hostile environment, e.g., at high pressure, temperature, etc. or to avoid the presence or necessity of electrical devices near the area where the sensing system is located, it is preferred to transmit the light from source to sensing system by an optical fiber waveguide. In general for efficiency of injecting light it is preferred that the transmitting fiber have a core di- ameter and a numerical aperture less than or equal to that of the -waveguide in the sensing region. However, in certain situations increased sensitivity is attained by not following this teaching. For example if one wishes to inject light into leaky core modes of the sensing waveguide the numerical aperture of the sensing waveguide should be less than that of the transmitting fiber. In practice it may be part of the same or an identical fiber. If a low cost sensor is desired, a multimode step index fiber is preferred because of its relatively low cost and because it can be used with low cost LED light sources. Other reasons for pre¬ ferring multimode waveguides is that coupling of light between them is relatively easy and low cost connect¬ ors can be employed. This type of waveguide suitable for static stress measurements as well as many dynamic measurement applications. When the transmit¬ ting fiber is long and when a high data rate is main¬ tained utilizing pulse techniques a graded index fiber is preferred because of its greater band width. This fiber also can be obtained with a relatively large core to facilitate coupling between waveguides and is suitable for use with LEDs, as well as with lasers. If the greatest dynamic frequency range of stress signals is to be measured or in the case of closely spaced sensor arrays where the data rate will be high, a single mode fiber is preferred. In many embodiments of this invention stress applied to the waveguide in the sensing system couples light from one mode or group of modes call ""A"" into a second mode or group of modes called ""B"". The B modes are ultimately detected by the detector system. In an embodiment of the invention light is coupled into the waveguide of the sensing system with both types of modes, A and B, excited. To improve sensiti¬ vity it is preferred to make the power in the B modes less than 1% and preferably less than .1% of the power in the A nodes before entering the waveguide of the sensing system. This may be accomplished by injecting light directly into the waveguide of the sensing system or into the transmitting waveguide at such an angle or range of angles with respect to its axis that no B modes are excited. If the transmitting waveguide is perfect, and subject to no deformations, the light will remain in the original excited modes. If the waveguide is not perfect some light will invariably couple to the B modes which must then be stripped. If the B modes are clad modes, they may be stripped as illustrated in Fig. 7 where 33 is the stripper and 35 OMPI WIPO is the stripped clad mode. For example, stripping may be accomplished by immersing the waveguide in a liquid having the same or higher refractive index or by coat¬ ing the waveguide with an absorbing jacket of higher index of refraction. If the B modes are leaky modes they can be attenuated by employing a suitable length of transmitting fiber to attenuate these modes. The suitable length must be determined for each transmit¬ ting fiber and different light injecting conditions. if the B modes are certain types of bound core modes, they may be stripped by different means, depending on their order. If they are high order modes they may be stripped by employing a fiber section with a decreased core diameter. This will convert these high order B modes to leaky, clad or refractive modes depending on the type of waveguide, which modes will then be attenu¬ ated by a suitable length of reduced core diameter fiber or by stripping. As an example of such an embodi¬ ment a multimode fiber is considered, which can support few core modes, e.g., eleven. Light is injected into these eleven bound core modes. Before the deformer the fiber is necked down, i.e., a small section of the fiber is heated and stretched so that a neck is formed in which the fiber diameter- decreases slightly and then increases to its previous value. If the thinner fiber can support only ten modes, the light from the eleventh mode would couple to clad modes and it can be stripped before the deformer. Next as the fiber diameter increases to its previous value, the eleventh mode can be supported again. In this case all the light would propagate in the ten modes, or modes A, while the eleventh mode, or mode B, would be dark. If the B modes are low order modes, they may be stripped by suitable design of the fiber core. For greate -16- effectiveness it is preferred that the stripping of B modes be done as close to but ahead of the deformer as is practical. In practice the stripping could be done within the physical structure of the sensing system. To inject light into the A modes of the waveguide of the sensing system the simplest embodiment as in Fig. 16 where the A modes are bound core modes or in Fig. 17 where the A modes are leaky core modes is when the light is injected directly from the light source 79 employing suitable lenses and apertures 81 so that light enters the sensing waveguide only at angles that result in excitation of the A modes. In a second embodiment a transmitting fiber is used where the simplest arrangement would have the sensing waveguide be a part of the transmitting wave¬ guide and stripping is performed as described above to eliminate any B modes. A third embodiment would employ a coupler having suitable lenses and apertures and treating the transmitting fiber as the light source of the first embodiment described above. If the modes excited in the transmitting fiber correspond to the A modes for the waveguide of the sensing system a simple coupler may simply butt the two waveguide ends together. To improve the coupling efficiency it is preferred that index matching material be used between the two waveguide ends. Depending on the desired sensitivity and on the type of transmitting and sensing waveguides employed, different types of A modes are preferably excited. For most applications it is preferred that the A modes be core modes because of their lower attenu¬ ation than clad or refractive modes. We have found that light from high order core modes couples to clad modes more easily due to deformation than that from low order modes. Thus if the B modes are to be clad modes f OMPI it is preferred that the A modes be high order core modes which are excited by injecting light into the sensing waveguide at angles with respect to its axis near the critical angle. Included in the high order core modes are bound core and leaky core modes. If the A modes are to be transmitted a large distance, i.e., greater than 10 meters, it is preferred that the A modes be bound core modes due to their low attenuation. The leaky core modes can be excited by using the following techniques: (a) the light from an incoherent light source is coupled into the waveguide by a high numerical aperature microscope objective; (b) the colli ated light from a laser is coupled into the waveguide at an angle outside the numerical aperture of the waveguide; (c) the light from a laser is incident from the side of a tapered core section of a fiber immersed in a fluid whose index of refraction is higher than that of the waveguide core; (d) bound core modes may be converted to leaky core modes by decreasing the core diameter of the wave¬ guide. Sensing System The sensing region is a section of an optical waveguide arranged in an enclosure in such a fashion that an external stress will cause it to be deformed. Preferably a device we call a deformer is present whose purpose is to enhance the deformation resulting from a given external stress. In the most general case the deformer is any object or group of objects which apply a stress to the waveguide. The design of the deformer depends on the parameter to be measured and several embodiments are discussed below. One embodiment of this sensing system is shown in Fig. 10 and Example 8. The deformer is made of two pieces, 27. The upper piece, is firmly connected to the enclosure 43 by support 42. The lower piece is attached to an elastic membrane, 45. When either a static pressure or dynam¬ ic time varying pressure (sound wave) reaches the membrane, it deflects pushing the lower deformer piece, toward the upper deformer piece, thus deforming the optical fiber 1 which is held against the ridges of the deformer. In another embodiment of the invention as shown in Fig. 11, the enclosure is a cylindrical flexible outer jacket, 53. The deformer is composed of two half-cylindrical solid parts, 51, which when a pres¬ sure external to 53, is applied, move toward each other to deform the optical waveguide. Region 49 is a fluid space which is not at the external pressure and thus allows a net force to be exerted on the deformer. In many embodiments of this invention the sensor detects a displacment of the deformer pieces relative to one another which sets up a stress in the fiber and thus causes a deformation. Depending upon which embodiment of this invention is used, the displacement can be caused by different effects either singly or simultaneously. In each case, however, a force must be applied to the deformer to displace it. In one embodiment the side of the deformer away from the wave¬ guide, but not the waveguide itself, is exposed to. a region whose pressure one wishes to measure. The force applied to the deformer, which is pressure times OMPI exposed area of deformer, causes the deformer to dis¬ place deforming the waveguide. In this embodiment we have a pressure sensing device. This can be used for example in altimeters, for static pressures and in hydrophones for dynamic pressures. If one part of the deformer is connected to an object which is dis¬ placed, then a displacement sensor is attained. In another embodiment, a weight placed on the deformer causes ' displacement. In this case the sensing element is a weight scale. In another embodiment, one part of the deformer is attached to a bi-metallic strip or other system with two materials with dissimilar thermal expansion coefficients which, when the temperature changes, exerts a force on the deformer and the device becomes sensitive to temperature. If desired a combination of effects can be detected. Such a sensor is illustrated in Fig. 12. The material of the deform¬ er pieces 55 and 57 has a different expansion coef¬ ficient from the connecting posts 59. A change in temperature will cause a change in stress on the wave¬ guide due to the deformer pieces. The optimum configuration of the deformer depends on the geometry of the optical waveguide and the desired use of the sensor. For planar or cylindrical waveguides, the deformer could be as shown in Fig. 7 a simple set of two flat plates 31 between which the fiber is sandwiched. This configuration results in a large shear component in the strain deformation, on application of an external force. Stress amplification which enhances the sensi¬ tivity of the sensor, results when one of the two pieces has at least one ridge. The application- of ex¬ ternal forces in this case causes both shear and co pressional strain in the neighborhood of the ridge. The amplification is preferred when increased sensiti¬ vity is desired. The edges of the bottom plate can be rounded to keep strains to a defined region. When even higher sensitivity is preferred, the number of ridges should be increased, say to at least 5, as shown in Fig. 9, where 41 is the ridged piece and 39 is the flat piece. A different method of straining the optical fiber, which enhances the sensitivity, is achieved by flexural deformation. This is accomplished as shown in Fig. 6 by corrugating both plates 27 and sandwiching the fiber in such a way as to allow the ridges to interleave if the fiber is removed. Such a configuration is prefer- red when high sensitivity is desired. For the case of interleaving corrugations, the spacing of the corruga¬ tions may vary from as low as 0.1 millimeter to over one centimeter depending on the sensitivity desired. A variation of this deformer can be obtained by use of points instead of ridges. In another embodiment the deformer is, as shown in Fig. 13, composed of two half cylinders 61 and 63 joined along a portion of the flat face by an elastic material, 65. The fiber is fixed at two points 67 so that a change in separation of the cylinder halves will deform the fiber and cause coupling between modes A and B. In a similar embodiment depicted in Fig. 14, a cylinder 69 is partially split along a diame±er with a small wedge shaped region removed. The fiber is attached to the cylinder at points 67 or in another embodiment the fiber is wound around the deformer and held by friction and any opening and closing at the gap would result in a stress on the fiber causing ■ OMPI y )*- WIPO ' coupling between modes A and B. The deformer could be a braided or a fibrous cable jacket surrounding the optical fiber. Such a deformer is preferred as more compact and convenient than plates. In this configuration longitudinal as well as transverse stresses on the cable would intro¬ duce flexural strains which in turn would cause mode coupling. In another possible configuration the deformer is of the form of a ridged cylinder and split sleeve, and the fiber is wound around the deformer in the shape of a solenoid coil. Such a configuration is preferred when long sensing elements should be utilized. As it was mentioned above, torsional strain can cause mode coupling. In this case the deformer is arranged to cause a twisting of the optical fiber. This is preferred in cases where small angular displacements need to be measured. In a more general case, any combination of the various deformers discussed above can be utilized. In other embodiments of the invention the optical waveguide 72, in the sensor is predeformed as is illu¬ strated in Fig. 15. This may be accomplished for example by irregularly curing a plastic jacket, or by inserting the waveguide into a predeformed but flexible jacket, or other such suitable means. In this embodiment the application of external stress changes the amount of deformation. The example illustrated in Fig. 15 is a strain gauge based on this embodiment. The strain between two points, 77 on the object 71 is measured by attaching the predeformed waveguide 72 via supports 73 and 75 to the object. A change in dist¬ ance between points 77 causes a change in deformation of the waveguide. The optical signal is brought into -BU EAIT OMPI f* -, "" W1PO - -*V the waveguide via the transmitting fiber 74 and then goes to the detector via the receiving fiber 76. The enclosure must serve at least two functions. One is to maintain the relative positions of the de- former and the waveguide yet allow one part of the deformer to be free to move relative to the other part. A second function of the enclosure is to allow a net force to appear across the deformer parts so that they will move relative to each other -upon application of external stress. For example, when an external pressure is applied, the enclosure must be designed to insure that the pressure on one side of the move¬ able part differs from that on the other side so that a net force exists. When pressure is to be measured the enclosure can be designed to separate out the low frequency compon¬ ents from the high frequency components of the extern¬ al pressure by using appropriately designed ports which would pass low frequency pressure variations but not high frequencies and vice- ersa. A simple sensor configuration for pressure measurement is shown in Fig. 10. The enclosure is constructed with rigid walls 43. In one of the walls a flexible diaphram 45 is installed; which responds to the pressure dif- ferential that develops between the external medium and the fluid (gas, liquid, and elastomer) enclosed within the enclosure. In another wall a port 47 is installed which allows the fluid to be exchanged between inside and outside of the enclosure. The deformer 27 is attached to the flexible diaphram and responds within limits to any pressure difference between the inside and outside of the enclosure. The deformer used in this case is comprised of a set of corrugated plates 27 with one plate attached rigidly to a wall, the other is attached to the moveable di¬ aphram. The fiber 1 is passed thru the enclosure via small holes in opposite walls and then between the ridges of the deformer. Another useful configuration would have the fluid enclosure separate from but adjacent to the deformer. In these arrangements if the port were closed the system could be used to measure the total external pressures including both static and dynamic. With the ' port open this system will respond only to time varying pressures:,-- . - for a given port size external pressure variation below some frequency depending on the port size may maintain an approximate equilibrium with the internal pressure resulting in near zero differential force on the deformer, and hence no change in deforma¬ tion of the fiber. The port can thus be used as a frequency filter. If one is interested in audible acoustic frequencies, the port should substantially attenuate frequencies below 1 Hz, while permitting the measure of high frequencies, that is, frequencies above 20 Hz. The upper limit of the sensor response is due to the elastic and inertial properties of the fiber, deformer, and enclosure configuration. The upper limit frequency cut off can be adjusted as desired. In the case of audible frequencies the maximum cutoff should be greater than 25 KHz. Depending on the configuration of the enclosure and the low frequency pressure transmitting device 47, the sensor could be made to operate as a barometer. In this case the port would be closed; or in another case the sensor with an open port could operate as a hydrophone or microphone. Under certain conditions itwould be preferable to have the waveguide, the source and the detector placed within the enclosure. We now consider the types of modes one can choose to use for various embodiments of the sensing system. If a fiber optic waveguide is used in the sensing system, light can propagate in three types of modes: bound core, leaky core, and clad modes. Monitoring of any one of these types of modes is a measure of the deformation of the fiber and thus the external stress can be found. In one embodiment light is injected into one or more of the above mentioned mode types and the light in at least one of the modes is monitored as a function of the waveguide deformation. However because of higher scattering at the clad surface, the light in the clad modes is attenuated more than the light in the core modes. Thus, it is preferred to inject the light in the bound core modes, which we label modes A in this case. On the other hand, the clad modes are ""dark,"" i.e., having very little light, and we label these modes B. Any small additional light coupled into the clad modes from the light in the core modes by a deformer would signifi¬ cantly change the light power in the clad modes. Under these circumstances, the detection of the light in the clad modes is preferred. When higher sensitivity is preferred, the clad modes should be ""stripped,"" before entering the deformer region as shown for example in Fig. 7. We have found that light from high order bound core modes couples to clad modes more easily due to deformation than that from low order modes. Thus, in order to enhance the sensitivity of the sensor, it is preferred that modes A be substantially high order bound core modes. In another embodiment the A modes are the bound core modes and the B modes are the leaky modes. In one such embodiment the leaky modes may be excited by necking down a section of the fiber by heating and drawing it out. This is shown schematic¬ ally in Fig. 18 where 85 is the necked down region of the fiber. In the case of a ""single mode fiber"" light can propagate in only one core mode, mode A. In this case modes B can consist of any mode different from mode A propagating forwards, or any mode propagating backwards. A ""multimode fiber,"" has higher input coupling efficiency than a single mode fiber. When the light source is a light emitting diode, the use of a multi- mode fiber is preferred. In a multimode fiber, modes A can also be some lower, order core modes, while modes B can be any com¬ bination of the higher order bound core modes. For example, light is injected into only the lower order (e.g. the first 10) modes of the sensing waveguide. The higher order modes to be monitored are kept dark. The light in these latter modes is enhanced by deform¬ ation of the waveguide which causes light to couple from the lower to the higher modes. The light inten- sity in the higher order modes is thus a measure of the deformation of and thus external stress on the optical waveguide. In another embodiment of the invention we have found that light from the leaky core modes can easily couple to the clad modes of an optical fiber. In practice the bound core and leaky core modes may both be excited as A modes with the clad modes being B modes but .it is preferred in this embodiment that the sensor consist of an optical fiber carrying light OMPI WiPO « substantially in the leaky modes. After distortion of the fiber by the deformer, light in the leaky core modes is found to couple to the clad modes. The reverse coupling has also been found to occur after deformation of the fiber. In still another embodiment of this invention we have found that light from the leaky core modes can couple to the bound core modes and more easily to higher order bound core modes when the fiber is deform- ed. Thus if the bound core modes are kept dark (modes B) and the leaky core modes are excited (modes A) the strain of deformation of the fiber can be measured by monitoring the light coupled to the bound core modes. A preferred embodiment of this is when the high order bound core modes and leaky core modes are the A modes. This can be utilized as follows. Assume that light is injected into the fiber in all core modes. After some long distance and before the deformer, the fiber is necked down by heating and stretching a small sec- tion. This would allow light to propagate in all core modes except the highest ones which are now kept dark. At the deformer, light from the lower order bound core and leaky core modes would couple to the higher order core modes. These high order core modes could then be separated out be spatial filtering of the light coming from the end of the fiber and then detecting this light. A fiber can have a multistructure configuration with more than one clad. Since such a fiber suffers less attenuation due to microbending, it is desirable to use a multicladding fiber when such losses are of major consideration. Also a fiber can have more than one core surrounded by the same clad. In this case, modes A can be in one core, while modes B can be in another core. A deformation of a fiber applied by a deformer will cause a redistribution of light among various modes. In particular, some of the light in the core modes propagating in the forward direction will be coupled to the light in the .core modes propagating with backward direction, i.e., from the deformation back to the light source. This light can be detected by putting a beam splitter, e.g., a half-silvered mirror at 45° with respect to the fiber axis, between the light source and the front end of the fiber. Even though the sensitivity of .such a sensor is expected to be reduced, such a system is preferable under conditions of large fiber deformations, because it is simpler and less expensive since only one fiber is used. Most types of optical waveguides can be used in this invention. For example, the optical waveguides can be planar with two or more dielectric layers. In this case, integrated optics techniques could be used for manufacturing such a waveguide. Light can be injected into certain modes A, e.g., the first 2 guided modes. The remaining guided modes B, are kept dark. Any deformation of the waveguide could couple light from bound core modes A to modes B, i.e., from the first two bound core modes to, for example, the third bound core mode. Note this example shows that one need not couple between two different types of modes but one can couple between lower and higher order modes of a single type. The power of the light in modes B, i.e., the third mode, is finally detected by an optical detector. If a compact sensor is desir¬ ed, then the source, the waveguide, and the detector can be fabricated on a single substrate. Detector System The purpose of the detector system is to monitor the changes in the power in the B modes. The actual form of the detector system will depend on the type of B modes to be monitored, the sensitivity required and the use of the sensor. The detector system consists of a means to isolate the B modes, a means for trans¬ mitting them to an optical detector and the optical detector. The means for isolating the B modes depend on the type of B modes to be detected and the distance by which the detector system and the sensing system are to be separated. In the simplest embodiments the detector system is located within 10 meters of the sensing system but preferably as close as is practical to the sensing system. In these embodiments if the B mode or modes are specific bound core modes, they can be isolated by observing the far field intensity directly with a detector. For example if the waveguide is capable of supporting 11 modes and the 10th and 11th modes are the B modes the optical power in these modes is separated from that of the other modes in the far field radiation pattern. As illustrated schematically in Fig. 20 the power in these two modes indicated by the rays 107 and 109 may be monitored by placing optical detectors 115 and 117 in the areas in the ob¬ servation plane 111 which contain power from the B modes. If in any embodiment the B modes are leaky modes they may be observed by monitoring the near field power distribution of the radiation from the end of the fiber. It is preferred that for this embodiment that a step index fiber be used. In this case the power in the leaky modes appears superimposed on a constant background of power from the bound core modes and thus the contribution from each type of mode is easily sep¬ arated in the near field pattern. If in any embodi¬ ments the B mode or modes are clad modes they may be detected by observing the near or far field power distribution. In the near field the light in the clad modes such as 91 and 93 forms a ring around the light from the core modes such as 87 and 89 and is thus detected as illustrated in Fig. 19 by a suitable geometric arrangement of optical detectors 101 within the ring formed by the light from the clad modes. A similar arrangement was used for detection of the clad modes in example 1. A ring-shaped detector could be used for the detection or the center of the light distribution can be blocked and then the ring can be focussed down onto the surface of an optical detector. In another embodiment where. the B modes are clad modes, the detector as illustrated in Fig. 21 may consist of an integrating cell 119 filled with a medium having index equal to or greater than that of the waveguide clad. In this case the clad modes are stripped by the index matching medium and are detected within the integrating cell. ; """" If the B modes are to be detected at a large dist¬ ance from the sensing system it is preferable to couple the B modes to the bound core modes of another fiber waveguide, called the detection waveguide, for sub¬ sequent detection by the detector. The detector could be (a) more than 10 meters from the hostile location of the deformer, e.g., at high temperature and/or pressure; (b) more than 500 meters from the location of the deformer in the case where central location for col¬ lection of information is desireable, e.g., acoustic detection for security purposes in a bank; (c) further than one kilometer from the inaccessible location of the deformer, e.g., deep in the ocean. As in the case of a remote source, choices of the detector waveguide for remote detection would be similar to those for the transmitting waveguide. Depending on the type of B modes, various methods of coupling to the bound core modes of the detector waveguide are preferred They may be coupled out of the core of the sensing wave¬ guide into the core of the detector waveguide by cou¬ pling the fields of the leaky modes to the core of the detector waveguide. In one embodiment the waveguide could have a section with two parallel cores. The first core would contain the B modes which can couple through their evanescent fields to the bound core modes of the second core. In a second embodiment a prism coupler could be used to couple power from the leaky modes of ■ the sensor waveguide to the bound core modes of the detector waveguide. If the B modes are clad modes, they may be coupled to the bound core modes of the detector waveguide. ' This can be done for example by fusing or glming a small sec¬ tion of the clad of the sensor fiber to the core of the return fiber as is illustrated in Fig. 22 where 121 is the core and 123 the clad of the return fiber and 125 is a core mode of the return fiber. In another embodiment the clad modes could continue to propagate in the clad if an outer clad of lower index than the inner clad is provided for the return fiber. As an example the outer clad could be a low index plastic. If the B modes are high order bound core modes they may be transmitted to t detector through the detector waveguide with no changes. "" ' OMPI There are many types of detectors that can be used. If cost is of major consideration, an inexpensive silicon diode is preferred as a detector. Moreover, a silicon diode has optimum detectivity in the range of wavelengths of 0.8 to 0.9 um where an optical fiber could have very small loss. Such a diode is a silicon PIN diode which has linear responsivity over a wide range of optical power. Thus, when a detector with linear responsivity is desired, a silicon PIN diode is preferred. On the other hand, a silicon avalanche diode can detect lower light power than a PIN diode. Therefore, when very low light power is to be detected, a silicon avalanche diode is preferred. Another detector very sensitive in the region of wavelengths less than 0.7 μm is a photo-multiplier. Such a detector is preferred when maximum sensitivity is desired. Dual Nature of Sensor The invented sensor can be used for measuring force, as well as displacement; when the force is in the form of weight on the deformer as in Example 1 the sensor can be used to measure weight. When the deformer is exposed to a pressure a total deforming force equal to the pressure times area of deformer is transmitted to the fiber. To understand this dual nature of the sensor a simple example is considered. A section of an optical fiber is supported by two ridges, while a force is applied to the fiber by a third top ridge, which interleaves the bottom two ridges. It can be shown that the displacement, y, of the fiber is given in terms of the force F applied to the upper tooth by the following equation: Y = where L is the distance between the two supporting ridges, E, is Young's Modulus of Elasticity of the optical fiber material, and d is the fiber diameter. Using a typical set of numbers, e.g. L = 0.3 cm, F = 10 —3 dynes, E = 7.3 x 1011 dynes/cm2, and d = 0.01 cm (= 100 μm) , the value of the displacement is found to be: —8 y = 0.2 x 10 cm = 0.2 A. -3 That is, a force of 10 dynes would result in a dis- placement of 0.2 A. In order to estimate the highest frequency range over which the sensor is effective, one should calculate the resonant frequency of the waveguide. It can be shown that the fundamental resonant frequency f.. of the system above is given by E_ f l = 81/ P where p is the density of the fiber material. Using the same numerical values listed above with p = 2.2 3 gm/cm it is found that f 1 - 25 KHz This value for the fundamental resonant frequency can be increased by decreasing L. In considering the response of the sensing element, one should consider the mass of the deformer, other resonances of the system, etc. However, the fundament¬ al limitation comes from the waveguide, as it was dis¬ cussed above. For frequencies low compared to the fundamental resonant frequency, f, the response of the sensor is a weak function of the frequency. For higher frequencies the response of the sensor would exhibit peaks at the resonant frequencies of the waveguide. Multiple Sensors Pressure sensors discussed above may be arranged in a spatial array to provide information such as bearing of a sound source. A line configuration of sensors along a long cable can be used for passive sound detection. The number and spacing of sensors will determine the directivity of. the array. At some distance from the source of light, a set of pres¬ sure optic sensors are arranged in a series connected by an optical fiber waveguide with spacing between sensors depending among other things on the wavelength of the sound to be detected. An essential feature of this system is that the light injected in A modes suffers little attenuation as it propagates along the fiber and past the sensors. At each sensor, where the waveguide deformation takes place, only a small fraction of the light is coupled to mode B, the dark mode. Such an array may be fixed in place with the signals monitored from a fixed station in which case the transmitting and detector cables need only be long enough to reach from the monitoring station to the area in which the. sensors are arrayed or they may be towed from a moving station such as a ship. In the case of a towed array it may be necessary that the sensor array be separated by some distance from the towing station to avoid the detection of noise from the towing station. In this case it is preferred that the sensor array be a distance of the order of 1 km from the towing station. An optical fiber is a relatively inexpensive opti¬ cal waveguide. Therefore, the use of an optical fiber is preferred when cost is of major consideration. Moreover, an optical fiber is available in various lengths, up to some kilometers. After each deformer j UREA OMPI the light in modes B can couple into another fiber which is connected to a detector. This is illustrated schematically in Fig. 23 where 133, 13-5 and 137 are fibers returning signals from sensing systems 127, 129 and 131 to their respective detectors. This is pre¬ ferred since it allows the use of more than one deformer on a single long length of optical fiber waveguide. Moreover, when a pulsed laser is used as the light source, the optical fibers carrying light from modes B are preferred to couple to one common return fiber since this reduces the cost of the pres¬ sure sensor. This is illustrated schematically in Fig. 24 where 133, 135 and 137 are fibers connecting the sensing systems 127, 129 and 131 to the return fiber 139. In the case of a common return fiber the light from different sensors can be separated by the time delay introduced because of spatial separation between the sensors. In fact this common return optical fiber when preferred can be the main fiber. Such an embodiment is shown in Fig. 25 where the fiber section 139 is joined to the main fiber 141. In this case, in the main fiber there would be light propagat¬ ing in both directions. In some cases various parameters of a system should be monitored as a function of time, e.g., in a drilling well it is desirable to know temperature, pressure, etc., at the same time. In such a case it is preferred to use different deformers for different uses. In one embodiment the sensor array would consist of temperature and pressure sensors spaced as desired along the waveguide. In other cases one parameter of a system should be monitored as a function of another parameter, e.g., with a sensor in the form of E AT OMPI a long array in the ocean, temperature can be monitored as a function of depth. This can provide various information, e.g., about ocean currents useful for fishing, etc. As a further illustration of multiple sensors, consider a simple array with many deformers along a straight fiber. They are spaced for determining the direction of a source producing sound waves, e.g., a ship in the ocean. Let us now suppose that the light in B modes is coupled to a common return fiber as in Fig. 24. Additionally we suppose that the sensing regions are separated by .375 meters (which is 1/4 wavelength of sound in water at 1 K Hz) . The differ¬ ence in arrival times of the light coming from two neighboring deformers is t = 3.7 nsec. (Note this includes the fact that light arrives later in the sensing region .375 meters further away from the source.) In order to resolve such a time difference, a GaAs laser should preferably be used as the light source. On the other hand, a Nd:YAG laser can be used when the deformers are considerably further apart, since usually it emits pulses 90 nsec or more wide, but has more power. Moreover, due to pulse dispersion the light pulses become broader as they propagate through the fiber. Thus, in the present embodiment if the deformers are at a distance of, say, 300 meters or more from the light source, a step fiber cannot be used because the light pulses would overlap, and therefore, they could not be resolved. In this case a graded index fiber of a single mode fiber should be used since these will in general have the necessary band width to propagate a 1 nsec pulse. * BUR E ATT „_OMPI Examples In all the following examples the optical wave¬ guide was a step profile, multimode optical fiber consisting of a core and a clad without any coating. The fiber was made by the molecular stuffing process (U.S. Pat. No. 3,938,974). It had a 96% silica clad and a core doped with cesium oxide. The numerical aperture of the fiber was 0.22. The core diameter was ~75 μm and the core plus clad diameter was -105 μm. The attenuation of the fiber was found to be ~22 dB/km at 0.9 μm wavelength and full numerical aperture. As a figure of merit for comparing different em¬ bodiments of this invention it is useful to define a quantity we label the force mode coupling sensitivity K. This is defined as . P_ - P K = -* 2 P A F where P β is the total optical or infrared power in the normally dark modes B including that due to deformation of the optical waveguide; F is the force on the deform¬ er, P is the background optical power in modes B and P_ is the optical power in modes A. In the examples below PB_ = Pcl, the p^ower in the clad, and PA_ =* Pco. the power in the core. Static Pressure Example 1 In the example the light source was a xenon lamp emitting incoherent light in the visible and infrared wavelength region (.4NM) which was chopped and focused by a 2Ox microscope objective on the end of the fiber forming a cone. The axis of this cone was in line with the fiber axis. A 5 cm section of a 2 meter long fiber was subject to pressure applied by a deformer. The BU EΛ OMPI Al/ - WΪPO deformer consisted of matched steel pieces having corrugated or sawtoothlike surfaces with interleaving ridges having a period of 1 mm and with edge sharpness of ""25 μm. A magnified image of the fiber output face is formed at the image plane of a 2Ox microscope objective and a projection lens. A silicon PIN diode detector was arranged to scan the image field trans¬ versely. The output of the detector was fed into a lock-in amplifier and then to a computer for analysis. Such a detection system permitted us to study separate¬ ly the light in B modes or clad modes, with power P β , and the light in modes A, core modes with power P . The top piece of the deformer weighed 45 grams. On top of this piece weights were added. Thus, P /P was studied as a function of applied weight. In the limit of small weights we found: P B - P Q = (1.6 + .3) x IO ""4 P A /gm (1) where P is the power of the background light which will be discussed later. Thus for this embodiment of the invention the force mode coupling sensitivity -4 K = (1.6 + .3) x 10 /gm. For weights greater than 45 gm the sensitivity decreased, indicating non-linear behavior. Propagation of light in the clad modes is depicted in Figure 4. As it can be seen, clad modes propagate both in the core and in the clad. The ratio of the intensities between the reflected and refracted beam at each interface is a complicated function of the incident angle, the change in index of refraction and the polarization of the ray. However, a substantial part of thepower of the clad modes propagates in the core. Thus, when we detect the light in the B modes, which in this case are clad modes, using near field imaging of the fiber end, we substantially underesti¬ mate the sensitivity of the sensor. If a coupler was built that could extract substantially all the power in clad modes, the sensitivity could possibly be increased by a factor of two or more. Example 2 In this example the periodicity of the inter¬ leaving ridges of the two corrugated pieces of the deformer was 0.3 mm while all the other components and dimensions were the same as in Example 1. The force mode coupling sensitivity, K, of the sensor was found to be (1.4 +_ .4) x 10 -4/gm, similar to that found for Example 1, Eq. (1) , for weights up to ~50 gm, while for bigger weights it was found to be smaller. Example 3 In this example, the shape of the two pieces of the deformer were different from the case of Example 1, while all other components were the same as in Example 1. Two different experiments were done in this Example. In the first experiment, the top piece of the deformer was flat while the base piece was corrugated with a ridge period of 1 mm. The force * mode coupling sensitivity of the sensor in this case was found to be (2.0 + .4) x 10 /gm. This is approx¬ imately 8 times less than the sensitivity of the sensor in Example 1. However, the response of the present sensor was found to be a linear function of weight up to or more than 450 gm. Thus, even though such a sensor has smaller sensitivity than the sensor in Example 1, it could be useful when linear responsivity over a larger dynamic range is desired. In the second experiment, the deformer consisted of two flat pieces. In this case the force mode coupling sensitivity was found to be appreciably lower than the sensitivity of the sensor using one flat and one corrugated surface. Example 4 In this example every component was the same as in Example 1. The only difference was the way that the light from the light source was focused on the end of the fiber in such a way that the axis of the cone of light was at an angle with respect to the axis of the fiber. When the angle of the.-light cone is very small, the light is injected into the first or ""lower"" order bound core modes. As the angle of the light cone increases, the light intensity in the ""higher"" order bound core modes plus leaky core modes will be increased. This is the present case: the optical axis of the light injected into the fiber was 10° with respect to the fiber axis. In this case the sensitivity of the sensor was found to be about 50% higher than in Example 1. Thus a deformation of the fiber appears to result in stronger coupling of light from the leaky core modes to clad modes than from the bound core modes. The main conclusion of this example is that the force mode coupling sensitivity of the sensor can be enhanced by injecting the light in A modes where A modes are high order bound core modes, or even better, leaky core modes. Example 5 This example is similar to Example 1, with respect - B _ϋ0 R M t P1 < _ur to how the light couples from modes A to modes B. However, the light source and the detector used here are different from the case of Example 1. This example allows a measure of the dependence of the results found in Example 1 upon the type of light sources and detectors used. In this experiment, the light source was an Argon-ion laser emitting 1 watt coherent light at .5145 μm wavelength. The coherent light was passed through a coherence scrambler con- sisting of a rotating transparent plastic disc which makes the light incoherent. The incoherent light was then focused by a 20x microscope objective on the end of the fiber. A 5 cm section of a 10 meter long fiber was subject to deformation due to the deformer. The deformer was identical to the deformer of Example 1. Weights were added to the top piece during the experiment. A magnified image of the fiber output face was formed by a 20x microscope objective and a projection lens in a plane of a pinhole with an 0.5 mm diameter. As in Example 1, the light in modes A and B could be detected separately. The light transmitted through the pinhole is then focused at the photo-cathode of the photomultiplier. The output of the photomultiplier was preamplified, amplified, discriminated, and then counted by a linear ratemeter, whose output was recorded. The force mode coupling sensitivity of this Example was found to be (2.0 + 0.4) x 10 -4/gm, within experimental error the same as the results of Example 1. This indicates the results are independent of the types of light sources and detectors used. In particular, since the light source used in Example 1 was a Xenon lamp emitting light in a wide wavelength region, from OMPI WIPO 0.4 to 1.1 μm, while the light source in this Example was an Argon-ion laser emitting light at 0.5145 μm, the fact that the results were found to be similar shows that the invented sensor is not strongly wave- length dependent. The above experiment was repeated with the periods of the interleaving ridges of the two corrugated pieces of the deformer of 0.3 mm and 3 mm. The results were found to be similar to the case of the 1 mm period for small weights (up to 50 gm) . The force mode coupling sensitivity was found to be (1.4 + 0.7) x 10 -4/gm for a period of 0.3 mm and (1.6 HH 0.3 "" )~ x 10-4/gm for a period of 3 mm. For heavier weights the sensitivity of the sensor with 0.3 mm period was found to be smaller than with 1 mm period in agreement with Example 2. Example 6 In this Example coherent light was used, which is in contrast to all other examples where the light was incoherent. From the comparison of the results of this example to the other examples, we can see how the responsivity of the invented sensor changes when an incoherent light from a lamp or a light emitting diode is used versus the coherent light from a laser. In this experiment the light source was an Argon- ion laser emitting coherent light at 0.5145 μm wave¬ length. The light was focused by a 2Ox microscope objective on the end of the fiber. A 5 cm section of the fiber was subjected to deformation due to the deformer. The deformer of Example 1 was used. After the deformer at a short distance, ~20 cm, the fiber passed through two pinholes located on two opposite 3 surfaces of a 1 cm cube. The inside surfaces of the -BΪ3REΛLT- OMPI - < > -W1PO-. ^ cube were covered by 6 photocells whose output was measured by a digital millivoltmeter. The cube was full o glycerine which, having a refractive index higher than that of the fiber clad, coupled out the light from the clad modes, which then was detected. The light in the clad modes, modes B, were the result of coupling from the core modes, modes A, by the deformation. The total power of the light in the core modes was found by bringing the end of the fiber inside the cubic detector. Thus, the ratio of the light power in the clad modes to the core modes was determined as a function of the applied weight on the deformer. The force mode coupling sensitivity was found to be 1.2 x 10 -4/g . This sensitivity is lower than the one given by Eq. (1) , Example 1. This discrepancy should be attributed to an experimental difficulty of detecting all the clad light after the sensing element. The reason for this is that the section of the fiber between the sensing element and the cubic detector was bent. This bending caused some light in.the clad modes to radiate away from the fiber before it was detected. From the results of this example in relation to other examples, we conclude that there was no signi- ficant difference in the responsivity of the sensor when coherent or incoherent light was used. Summary of Examples 1-6 From the comparison of the above static pressure examples we can conclude the following when multimode fibers with a step index profile are used. (a) The force mode coupling sensitivity of the invented sensor is substantially independent of the optical source. A xenon lamp or laser gave about the same results. This shows that the sensor does not depend strongly, if at all, on the wavelength of light and on the coherent or incoherent nature of lgiht. In selecting the optical source, the important considerations would be: its cost, its light power, and collimation of the light beam. (b) The force mode coupling sensitivity of the sensor is also independent of the detector. An inexpensive silicon diode, a cubic photocell, or .a more sensitive photomultiplier have the same results. On selecting the detector, the important considerations would be: its cost, its response time, light sensi¬ tivity for the particular optical source used, and how conveniently and easily the detector can be adapted to the geometry. (c) The shape of the deformer plays an important role in determining the force mode coupling sensitiv¬ ity of the sensor. We found that an improved coupling was achieved when the deformer was a set of two cor- rugated plates with interleaving ridges. When one of these plates was flat the sensitivity decreased by almost one order of magnitude. This shows that for a given applied force, bending the fiber introduces more light coupling than squeezing the fiber. The optimum period of the ridges seems to be of the order of 1 mm, even though it was found that the mode coupling of the sensor was not a strong function of the period, for periods from 0.3 mm to 3 mm. Displacement Example 7 The previously described experiments were made to measure static pressure in the form of applied weights on the fiber. The purpose of this example is to find the responsivity of the invented sensor when one of the two pieces of the deformer is displaced relative to the other. In this experiment thelight source used was an Argon-ion laser emitting light at 0.5145 μm wavelength. The coherent light became incoherent by passing through a scrambler, i.e., a rotating transparent plastic wheel. Then the light was focused by a 2Ox microscope objective on the end of the fiber. A 5 cm section of the fiber was subject to deformation due to the deformer. The deformer was a set of two plastic pieces of a corrugated form with interleaving ridges with period of 3 mm. The top piece was attached to a micrometer which could move vertically. The bottom piece was rigidly mounted on a fixed base. Thus, by moving the top piece, the fiber could be deformed by a known amount. A magnified image of the fiber output face was formed by a 20x microscope objective and a projection lens in a plane of a 0.5 mm diameter pinhole. The light transmitted through the pinhole was then focused at the photocathode of a photomulti¬ plier, whose output was amplified, counted and then recorded. It was found that for a thousandth of an inch displacement of the top piece with respect to the lower piece of the deformer: or where P is the power of the background light and K 1 is the displacement mode coupling sensitivity. Dynamic Pressure Example 8 In the above examples, the pressure or displace¬ ment applied to the sensor was static in time. In this example, the pressure applied to the deformer changed periodically in time with some frequency. This resulted in a periodic deformation of the optical fiber, which in turn caused periodic coupling of the light from A modes to B modes. In this experiment, light from an Argon-ion laser was made incoherent before injection into the fiber, in a way similar to ■Example 7.. A 5 cm section of the fiber was subject to deformation due to the deformer. The deformer was a set of two plastic pieces with corrugated ridges with interleaving ridges having a period of 3 mm. The top piece was attached to the end of a micro¬ meter which could move vertically. The bottom piece was glued to the center of a stretched drum head. Beneath the drum a speaker was placed in an enclosure. Th -speaker was driven from a sinusoid signal gener- ator at 70 Hz. When the speaker vibrated, the air coupled the vibrations to the drum which in turn vibrated the bottom piece of the deformer, thereby deforming the fiber. As in the previous example. Example 7, a magnified image of the fiber output face was formed in the plane of the pinhole. The light transmitted through the pinhole is then detected by the photomultiplier. In this experiment, the output of the photomultiplier was amplified and applied to a low pass filter which eliminated all signals at frequencies higher than 1 KHz. The analog output signal and the signal from the signal generator were viewed on a double trace oscilloscope. The detected signal was found to be sinusoidal with the same frequency as the driver -BϋR A T OMPI RNATIO ' generator. Example 9 The purpose of this experiment was twofold: first, to check the efficiency of stripping the clad modes before the sensing element and, second, to compare the near field detection system, which was utilized in Example 7 and shown schematically in Fig. 19, with the total scattering detection system utilized in. Example 6 and shown schematically in Fig. 21. The source system was the same as the one used in Example 7. The deformer was a 5 cm. long set of two vertically placed corrigated plates with interleaving ridges with period 1 mm. A 90 cm fiber section before the deformer section of the 3 meter long fiber was stripped by a black paint. This stripping was found to reduce the initial background light power by as much as 50 times. The light power in modes B before deformation was less than 0.1% of the light power in modes A. The fiber passed vertically through the deformer without any bending of the fiber before or after the deformer and then through the cubic detector which was partly filled with glycerine. The result of this experiment was that the sensitivity K 1 measured, K 1 = 1.2 x lθ """"4 /μm. was approximately equal to that of Example 7. Calculations of Minimum Detectable Signal Power The following theoretical calculations are present¬ ed here for the purpose of emphasizing the sensitivity of the invention which is such that its limits could not be accurately measured by the instrumentation employed in the examples, but could be measured by more sensitive commercially available means. We offer these calculations for illustrative purposes and do not wish to be bound by the veracity of this theoretical approach. From the results of the above examples and from the knowledge of the characteristics of the commer¬ cially available components, the minimum detectable signal of our sensor can be calculated. The minimum detectable signal power is defined as the signal power which is equal to the total noise power. To calculate this sensitivity, the signal, i.e., the power of the light in modes B, should be compared with the various noises present. The minimum detectable power is then related to the minimum detectable pressure, force, or other parameter being measured. The main steps of these calculations are: (a) expression of the signal power as a function of the light power in modes A. (b) estimation of the noise due to the background light in B modes in the sensing element. (c) estimation of the minimum detectable light power by the detectors. A. Signal Power in the B Modes The signal light power P- τ^ in the B modes is given by the following expression P SIG β P B "" P o * KP A F (1) where P. 13. is the power in the clad modes, PO is the background power in modes B, K is the force coupling coefficient, P, is the power in the bound core modes and F is the applied force. For the configuration of Example 1, Eq. (1) the fU E^ OMPI o -7 value of K is found to be 1.6 x 10 /dyne, B. Noise in the B Modes Any fluctuation in the background light, P , present in the clad of the sensor element is noise. This is minimized by ""stripping"" the light in the clad which comes from sources outside the sensing region. This stripping is done just before the sens¬ ing element. The main noise power in the clad is main¬ ly caused by Rayleigh scattering, S, out of the core in the region L of the sensing element. This noise power, which is the fluctuation in S, we denote as N . Eor a fused silica core we have found that the Rayleigh scattering loss S = 1 dB/km for wavelength —6 of .9 μm. Thus, S - 2 x 10 /cm. However, we have found that the angular distribution of the Rayleigh scattering is proportional to 1 + cos θ, where θ is the angle of observation from the forward direction. Thus, we see that only a fraction, denoted by f, of the-light power Rayleigh scattered from the bound core modes will become light propagating forward as clad modes. It can be shown that when the surrounding medium is air f - 0.2. By utilizing other surrounding media f can be reduced at least one order of magnitude. The noise power N_ associated with the D. C. background of power P is determined from the relation¬ ship N i B s. = {P O t/ (hv) } 1 / 2 x hv/t ( 2) where the radical is a measure of the number of photons and hv/t is power per photon, where h is Planck's constant, t is the time interval, and v is the frequency of the light. P is given by the following equation: P o = P A SfL • (3) where L is the length of the sensing region. The light signal is detected by an electronic device which has its own noise characteristics, thus from Eqs. 1, 2 and 3 we have the signal-to-noise ratio: signal KPA.F (4) Total Noise (P A SLfhv/t) x 2 + N, If N, . is taken to be the ""noise-equivalent power"" for a silicon PIN detector we have i •,u*, „N 10 ""11 * watts d , et . = ■ s For a 1 cps bandwidth, we have N det = IO ""1 "" watts (5) In order to calculate N we specify the various para¬ meters shown in Eq. 2 and 3. For L = 5 cm, t = 1 sec, 15 v = c/λ where c - 3 x 10 cm/sec is the velocity of light in vacuum and λ - .9 μm is the light wavelength used in these experiments and S « 2 x 10 "" /cm. If the fiber is surrounded by air, then we get f = .2. If P A = 10 milliwatts which is a typical light power 20 for an inexpensive light emittingdiode or a GaAs laser, we have N R = 6.64 x IO -1 "" watts (6) Recognizing that N R is proportional to the square root of P then the light power P could be reduced to 25 0.25 mwatts before detector limitation would begin to dominate (i.e., N_. > N ) . The minimum detectable force Fmm. can be determined by equating signal power, P . - , to total noise power in Eq. (4) , and using K given in Example (1) . We find F . = 5 x 10-5 dyne. If the area where this force mm J 2 is applied is 10 cm then the corresponding pressure —6 ~ . is 5 x 10 bars, m For higher light power P A,.. Fmm. and ~ mm. decrease, Thus, if P j . = 1 watt, which corresponds to the case of a gas or a Nd:YAG laser, we find F —6 mm. = 5 x 10 dyne. This would correspond, if the device were to be used as a weighing scale, to 5 x 10 -9 gm. Assuming an area 2 of 10 cm , _7 ~ mm. = 5 x 10 μbars. In general, since N, . is not a limiting factor for light powers higher than a milliwatt, from Eq. (4) and the λ -4 dependence of Rayleigh scattering we have F min β l/K[(SfhcLλJ)/(.tP A λ 5 )]l/2 (7) From this equation we see that in order to increase the sensitivity of the invented sensor, i.e., to lower Fmm. , we can: (a) decrease f by minimizing the difference between the refractive indices of the medium surround- ing - the fiber, nm, and the clad,' ncl, , (b) increase P Ά , the light power injected in the fiber core, (c) increase K, the coupling sensitivity. This last one can be done by proper design of the deformer, or by proper light injection of the light in the fiber, i.e., by having modes A to be high order guided modes or leaky modes. C. Displacement Working in a similar way as before, we can rewrite Eq. (1) as Psi.gnal. = PB_ - Po = K l PA_D ; where K 1 = 10~ 4 /'μ^m and D : is the relative displacement of the deformer. This equation is similar to Eq. (1) if we substitute F for D and K for K 1 . Then if we substitute F . for D . mm mm in Eq. (7) and K for K 1 , we have where Dmm. is the minimum detectable displacement, If we use the same values for the various parameters in Eq. (8) for the static pressure case, we can find that with 10 mwatt of core power we can measure dis- placements of less than 1 A (i.e., 10 —8 cm).";Claims 1. A sensor comprising an optical waveguide having at least two groups of modes denoted as A and B, each group containing at least one mode, an optical light source injecting light into said waveguide, deformer means for applying stress to a region of the waveguide resulting in a deformation of said region of said waveguide to produce a change in the coupling of light between A modes and B modes, 0 a ^d an optical detector to detect said change in the coupling of light. 2. A sensor as in claim 1 further comprising means to cauHe light entering said region to be in both A and B modes, and said optical detector having 5 means to detect the light in B modes only. 3. A sensor according to claim 1 further comprising optical means to cause light entering said region to be substantially in A modes, and said optical detector having means to detect the light in B 20 modes only. 4. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes are lower order bound core modes and said B modes are higher order bound core modes. 5. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes 25 are bound core modes and said B modes are leaky core modes. 6. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes are bound core modes and said B modes are clad modes. 307. A sensor according to claim 6 wherein said bound core modes are high order bound core modes. 8. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes are bound and leaky core modes and said B modes are clad modes. 9. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes are leaky core modes and said B modes are bound core modes. 10. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes are leaky core modes and said B modes are clad modes. 11. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes are clad modes and said B modes are bound core modes. 12.. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes are clad modes and said B modes are leaky core modes. 13. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes are clad modes and said B modes are leaky and bound core modes.. 14. A sensor according to claim 3 further comprising means to remove light from said B modes before entering said region so that the amount of light in said B modes in said region is less than 1% of that in said A modes. 15. A sensor according to claim 1 wherein said deformer means comprise at least two objects in contact with the waveguide. 16. A sensor according to claim 15 wherein at least one of said objects has a rough surface in contact with the waveguide. 17. A sensor according to claim 15 wherein at least one of said objects has at least one ridge on its surface in contact with the waveguide. 18. A sensor according to claim 17 in which each of said objects has a set of ridges and said sets interleave each other. 19. A sensor according to claim 1 wherein said gU Rc aTT OMPI deformer means is a deformable object attached to at least two points of the waveguide. 20. A sensor according to claim 15 further comprising a pressure sensitive enclosure connected to said deformer means so that a change in pressure at the enclosure causes a change in deformation of said region of said waveguide whereby said sensor measures.' pressure. 21. A sensor according to claim 20 further comprising a low frequency pressure transmitting device extending through the wall of the enclosure which allows the pressure inside the enclosure to be essentially equilibrated with low frequency com¬ ponents of the pressure external to the enclosure so that the change in deformation of the wave¬ guide is determined only by high frequency components of said external pressure, whereby said sensor measures the high frequency component of the external pressure. 22. A sensor according to claim 21 wherein said low frequency components are less than 1 Hertz, and said high frequency components are greater than 20 Hertz. 23. A pressure sensor according to claim 20 wherein said sensor is a hydrophone. 24. A sensor according to claim 15 in further com¬ prising means connected to said object such that deformation of said region is proportional to acceleration. 25. A sensor according to claim 1 wherein the deformer means comprises at least two materials having dissimilar thermal expansion coefficients and configured to cause a change in deformation of said region of said waveguide upon change in temperature, whereby said sensor is used to measure temperature. 26. A sensor according to claim 1 in which the optical waveguide is predeformed. 27. A sensor according to claim 1 which further comprises means to cause said light source to be amplitude modulated. 28. A sensor according to claim 1 wherein said optical light source is a semi-conductor laser. 29. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes in said region are bound core modes, and wherein said optical means maintains the numerical aperture of the light entering said region below the numerical aperture of said region. 30. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes in said region are low order bound core modes, and wherein said optical means maintains the numerical aperture of the light entering said region sub- stantially below the numerical aperture of said region. 31. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said wave¬ guide is an optical fiber waveguide, said A modes in said region are bound and leaky core modes, and said optical means includes a reduced diameter portion of said optical fiber waveguide between said light source and said region. 32. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said A modes in said region are bound and leaky core modes, said waveguide is an optical fiber waveguide, and said optical means include means causing the numerical aperture of the light to be greater than the numerical aperture of said optical fiber waveguide, and means for removal of clad modes. 33. A sensor according to claim 14 wherein the means to remove enough light from said B modes comprises a medium surrounding the waveguide, said medium 5 having an index of refraction greater than or equal to the index of the outer surface of said waveguide. 34. A sensor according to claim 1 wherein said light source is separated from said region by an optical 10 fiber waveguide.at least 10 meters in length. 35. A sensor according to claim 1 wherein said optical detector is separated from said region by an optical fiber waveguide at least 10 meters in length. 15 36. A sensor according to claim 1 wherein said optical detector is a silicon diode optical detector. 37. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said means to detect the light in said B modes allow light to radiate from the end of the waveguide, said 20 optical detector being positioned in such a fashion as to detect only certain angular com¬ ponents of the light from the end of the waveguide. 38. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said means to detect the light in said B modes comprise 25 optical means for imaging in a plane the light from the end of said waveguide, and means to detect light only in certain regions of the image on said plane. 39. A sensor according to claim 3 wherein said B 30 modes are clad modes, and said optical detector comprises a medium surrounding said waveguide and having an index of refraction equal to or greater than that of the outer surface of said OMPI_ waveguide providing means to detect light leaving said clad. 40. A sensor according to claim 1 further comprising a section of an optical fiber waveguide for transmitting light from said B modes connected to and extending between said waveguide and said optical detector. 41. A sensor according to claim 1 comprising one said optical light source, more than one said region, 0 more than one said deformer means, and more than one said optical detector. 42. A sensor according to claim 1 comprising one said optical light source, more than one said region, more than one said deformer means, and one said 5 optical detector. 43. A sensor according to claim 42 wherein said wave¬ guide comprises an optical fiber waveguide extend¬ ing from said light source and including each of said light regions. 20 44. A sensor according to claim 41 wherein at least one said region and the respective deformer means is sensitive to pressure, and at least one said region and the respective deformer means is sen¬ sitive to temperature. 25 45. A method comprising injecting light into an optical waveguide having at least two groups of modes A and B each group containing at least one mode, applying stress to a region of the waveguide causing a deformation of said region to produce 30 a change in the coupling of light between A modes and B modes, and detecting said change in the coupling of light. 46. A method as in claim 45 comprising injecting light into said waveguide in both A and B modes and detecting the light in B modes only. 47. A method as in claim 45 comprising injecting light into said waveguide substantially in A modes, and detecting the light in B modes only. 48. A method as in claim 47 further comprising remov¬ ing light from said B modes before entering said region so that the amount of light in said B modes in said region is less than 1% of that in said A modes. 49. A method as in claim 45 wherein stress is applied by compressing the waveguide between two objects at least one of which has a rough surface. 50. A method as in claim 45 further comprising enclos¬ ing said region of the waveguide with a pressure sensitive enclosure which allows the external pressure to cause the deformation of said region whereby pressure is measured. 51. A method as in claim 50 further comprising equili¬ brating the low frequency components of the external and internal pressure whereby only the high frequency components of the external pressure are measured. 52. A method as in claim 50 where the pressure is measured in water. 53. A method according to claim 45 wherein stress is applied to more than one said region of said wave¬ guide for the purpose of making a plurality of measurements. IJO EATT OMPI ^SNATlO;LAGAKOS N, LITOVITZ T, MACEDO P, MEISTER R, MOHR R;LITOVITZ T, MACEDO PEDRO, MACEDO P;1978
+WO-1979000379-A1;19790628.0;19781208;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;10461095.0;B23P1;;B23H1;B23H   1/02C;IMPROVEMENTS IN METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING;A method and apparatus for use in EDM are described. Known EDM techniques require the voltage applied between the electrode (11) and the workpiece (10) to be removed either periodically or after a predetermined integrated current has passed and the resulting interruptions add to the time required for machining. In the present invention the voltage is applied until an arc is imminent or is detected and then the voltage is removed for a time sufficient to allow de-ionization of the gap between the electrode (11) and the workpiece (10) to occur.;"- i "" IMPROVEMENTS IN METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE MACHINING The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for electrical discharge machining (EDM) otherwise known as spark erosion machining. EDM machining according to known techniques has proceeded n the basis that once sparking has been initiated in the gap between the electrode of an EDM machine and a workpiece, the sparking inevitably degenerates into arcing miless the discharge is interrupted for example by removing the voltage applied across the gap for a time sufficient to allow de-ionization in the gap. Thus the voltage is applied as a series of pulses which are usually of predetermined duration or the pulse continues until the integrated gap current has reached a predetermined value. The time taken for any machining operation is therefore considerably longer than theoretically necessary, since machining is not carried out in the intervals between voltage pulses. An object of the present invention is to reduce the time required to carry out EDM machining operations. According to a first aspect of the present invention there is provided an EDM machine comprising monitor means for providing a monitoring signal indicating the degree of sparking which occurs, during machining, in the gap between an electrode of the 0MP1 machine and a workpiece, characterized in that the machine comprises control means for repeatedly carrying out first and second operations, the first operation being the substantially continuous application of a voltage between the electrode and the workpiece to provide sparking in the gap, and the second operation, commencing when the monitoring signal indicates a low degree of sparking, being the removal of the said voltage for a time at least approaching that required for de-ionisation in the gap. According to a second aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of electrical discharge machining comprising deriving a monitoring signal indicating the degree of sparking which occurs, during machining, in a gap between an electrode and a workpiece, characterized in that the method comprises repeatedly carrying out first and second operations, the first operation being the substantially continuous application of a voltage between the electrode and the workpiece to provide sparking in the gap, and the second operation, commencing when the monitoring signal indicates a low degree of sparking, being the removal of the said voltage for a time at least approaching that required for de-ionisation in the gap. The present inventors have carried out photographic observations on electrical discharge in machining and have discovered that the discharge between the electrode and the workpiece during a voltage pulse is made up of a plurality of separate sparks during good machining and that machining deteriorates when a voltage pulse includes a period of arcing. Previously, it was thought that each pulse started with a spark which gave way to an arc. The inventors' discovery allows the continuous application of a voltage between the electrode and the workpiece, to be interrupted following the occurrence of arcing as indicated by monitoring. Monitoring the discharge in the gap may be carried out by sensing energy emitted from the gap, for example by light radiation, or electromagnetic radiation (that is comprising the induction field and the radiation field) or as represented by the electrostatic or magnetic fields associated with voltages across, DΓ currents in, the gap, provided, of course, that the signals derived by sensing in these ways distinguish between arcing and sparking. Where electromagnetic radiation is sensed an antenna in the vicinity of the gap may be used, and signals in the frequency ranges 16 to 24 MHz and 26 to 60 MHz, at least, have been found to provide a good distinction between arcing and sparking since the amplitude of the signals received is much higher during sparking than during arcing, and falls as sparking approaches arcing. The differences in electromagnetic and light radiation from the gap are thought to be due to two mechanisms: firstly sparks are of comparatively short duration compared with arcs so that the rate of change of current in the gap is higher during sparking: and secondly, when iόnisation takes place in arcing and sparking the energy levels of electrons concerned change in different ways. With arcing, where a comparatively large amount of energy is supplied, more and greater energy level changes take place, re-combination takes place less frequently and with electrons taking up an intermediate state more often than in sparking. More energy level changes, as occur in sparking where less energy is supplied, mean greater magnitude and higher frequency electro-magnetic radiation, while more electrons taking up an intermediate energy level, as occur in arcing, mean more light emitted and light of different frequencies. In addition while during arcing light is generated substantially continuously, during sparking generation is intermittent and corresponds with the sparks. Thus the inter- mittent nature of light emission during sparking can be used to generate a monitoring signal. As another alternative in monitoring the discharge in the gap, a circuit may be connected directly or indirectly to the electrode and/or the workpiece to sense radio frequency signals in the voltage across the gap or the current in the gap. The amplitudes of signals in the ranges 5 to 10 MHz and 25 to 30 MHz have been found to be much higher during sparking than during arcing, and again these amplitudes fall as sparking approaches arcing. Other ways of distinguishing between sparking and arcing may be used, for example the voltage across the gap may be _0MPI monitored since there is a small reduction in this voltage when a change from sparking to arcing takes place. Certain embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:- Figure 1 is a block diagram of some electrical circuits of an EDM machine according to the invention, and Figure 2 shows waveforms appearing in the circuit of Figure 1. In Figure 1 an antenna 30 is located in the region of the gap 25 between an electrode 11 and a workpiece 10 of an EDM machine, or around a, tank which contains dielectric liquid in which the electrode and workpiece are submerged. The antenna is coupled by way of an amplifier 40 to a detector 4l which may simply comprise a series diode and a shunt capacitor. The amplifier 40 has an output signal amplitude dependent on input signal amplitude and preferably has a linear gain characteristic. The amplifier is frequency selective and is tuned to accept signals at about 30 MHz. The detect r 4l is coupled to one input of a comparator circuit 5 which also receives an adjustable reference level derived from a potentiometer 53- The output of the comparator 5 is connected by way of an OR gate 71 to a drive circuit l8' for a group of transistors 18 which when conductive apply current and voltage from a d.c. power supply 17 to the gap 25- An optional IJUREAIT OMPI , fa W1P0 ,Λ, rectangular waveform oscillator 19 is also shown in Figure 1 but the function and operation of this oscillator is described later. The output of the comparator 52 is also connected by way of an inverter 59 to trigger a pulse generator 70, which 10 milliseconds after receiving an input from the inverter 59 passes a pulse to the OR gate 71• In operation when machining is to be carried out, there is no spark across the gap and therefore practically no radiation at 30 MHz is received by the antenna 30. Thus the output of the comparator is zero and after a 10 millisecond delay the generator 70 is triggered to provide a pulse, which reaches the drive circuit 18' by way of the OR gate 71 and causes the transistor group 18 to conduct. Thus if conditions are correct for sparking, r.f. radiation at a high level commences and a signal from the comparator 5 maintains a signal causing the transistors of the group 18 to continue conduction. ' Sparking continues in the gap until, for example, an arc occurs at a time 73 in Figure 2 which is a waveform at the output of the OR gate 71 • The signal from the comparator then ceases and the transistor group 18 immediately ceases to conduct. The waveform of Figure 2 now falls to zero and a ten millisecond interval ensues for the arc ionisation channel to disperse, the start of this interval being triggered by the comparator 52 by way of the inverter 59 and ending when the pulse generator 70 applies a start pulse to the OR gate 71- This process is continuous as indicated in Figure 2 where the level at the output of the OR gate 7 during sparking is designated 'sparking'. A further arc occurring at a time 74 is also shown together with the subsequent cessation and re-appearance of sparking. Clearly the advantage of the arrangement of Figure 1 is that very high machining efficiency can be obtained since there are no interruptions in sparking until arcs occur and then the interruptions are just sufficiently long for ionisation channels to disperse. The waveform shown in Figure 2 is by way of illustration and in fact, of course, sparking would occur for a much greater portion of any machining time. Provision is made for flushing the gap if arcing cycles of short period occur continually. Coarse and fine machining used at the beginning and end of a machining operation are often controlled by using long machining pulses to start and short pulses at the end. This adjustment is not available in the arrangement of Figure 1, since drive is applied at all times in which sparking occurs. However coarse and fine machining is achieved by adjustment of the power applied to the gap, for example by controlling the number of transistors in operation in the group l8. The arrangement of Figure 1 may include the oscillator 19 which has a rectangular output waveform. The function of this oscillator is to superimpose an oscillatory voltage, for example in the frequency range 50 to 100 KHz, on the gap voltage with the object of supporting the sparking condition. Since the oscillator 19 is connected in series with the group of transistors l8, it applies its output voltage to the gap 25 only when voltage from the supply 17 is also applied to the gap. In a typical arrangement the voltage applied across the gap by the d.c. supply is 85 volts and the superimposed voltage has an amplitude of 1 volts. The arrangements of Figure 1 can be further modified by replacing the d.c. supply 17 and the groups of transistors 18 and 19 by an SCR bridge (not shown) with an a.c. supply connected across two terminals and the electrode and workpiece connected across opposite terminals. The four SCRs of the bridge are then directly triggered by the output from the gate 7 b way of a drive circuit but of course only those correctly poled by the supply at that time conduct. The SCRs can be replaced by SCSs with the advantage that arcing can be made to cease directly it is detected by switching off those SCSs which are conducting. It will be appreciated that while specific embodiments of the invention have been described the invention can be put into practice in many other ways, for instance by using different circuits to distinguish between sparking and arcing and to control the application of voltage across the gap. 0MPI rfa W1P0";"CLAIMS 1. An E.D.M. machine comprising monitor means for providing a monitoring signal indicating the degree of sparking which occurs, during machining, in the gap between an electrode of the machine and a workpiece, characterized in that the machine comprises control means for repeatedly carrying out first and second operations, the first operation being the substantially continuous application of a voltage between the electrode and the workpiece to provide sparking in the gap, and the second operation, commencing when the monitoring signal indicates a low degree of sparking, being the removal of the said voltage for a time at least approaching that required for de-ionisation in the gap. 2. An E.D.M. machine according to Claim 1 wherein the monitoring signal indicates when sparking has ceased, the second operation commences when sparking has ceased, and the said time is at least sufficient to allow de—'ionisation in the gap. 3 * An E.D.M. machine according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein the monitoring means comprises an antenna positioned to receive electromagnetic radiation from the gap, and means for deriving the monitoring signal from signals received by the antenna. • 4. An E.D.M. machine according to Claim 1 or 2 wherein the monitoring means comprises an electrical connection to the electrode and/or the workpiece, and means for deriving the monitoring signal from signals received by way of the said electrical connection. 5. An E.D.M. machine according to Claim 1 or "" 2 including a d.c. supply connected, in operation, by way of switching means across the gap, characterized in that the control means comprises a comparator for providing a first contr signal when the monitoring signal is above a predetermined level, a pulse generator which, in operation, is triggered by the absence of the first control signal to generate a second control signal after a predetermined interval equal to the said time, and OR-gate means connected to receive the first and second control signals as inputs and to cause the switching means to conduct only when the first or second control signals are present. 6. An E.D.M. machine according to .Claim l .or. * 2 including a d.c. supply connected, in operation, by way of switching means across the gap, the control means controlling conduction by the switching means in accordance with the monitoring signal, characterized by comprising means for superimposing an oscillatory voltage on the voltage applied across the gap, the amplitude of oscillatory voltage being small compared with the magnitude of the voltage applied across the gap by the d.c supply. 7. An E.D.M. machine according to Claim 6 wherein the repetition frequency of the oscillatory voltage is in the range 50 to 100 KHz. 0 8. A method of electrical discharge machining comprising deriving a monitoring signal indicating the degree of sparking which occurs, during machining, in a gap between an electrode and a workpiece, characterized in that the method comprises repeatedly carrying out first and second operations, the first operation' being the substantially continiious application of a voltage between the electrode and the workpiece to provide sparking in the gap, and the second operation, commencing when the monitoring signal indicates a low degree of sparking, being the removal of the said voltage for a time at least approaching that required for de-ionisation in the gap. 9. A method of electrical discharge machining according to Claim 8 wherein the monitoring signal indicates when sparking has ceased, the second operation commences when sparking has ceased, and the said time is at least sufficient to allow de-ionisation in the gap.";BHATTACHARYYA S, EL MENSHAWY M;BHATTACHARYYA S, EL MENSHAWY M, NAT RES DEV, NAT RES DEV CORP;1978
+WO-1979000391-A1;19790712.0;19781208;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20333203.0;E04H12;;E01F9, E04H12;E01F   9/018H;POST MOUNTING;This invention relates to a device for mounting posts or poles in a foundation. As shown in Figure 1c one design consists of supports (2) attached both to the casing (3) and to the flange of the post (1). Figure 1a shows the extra bend or bends (4) with which the supports are provided, one or more of which are stretched when the casing of the post is demolished by a vehicle. The invention is of particular advantage when applied to yielding posts or poles of thin sheet metal which are normally cut off when hit by a vehicle, the supports stretching and restraining both the post and the vehicle.;"Post Mounting Posts for lighting and road signs at the side of the roads are exposed to the risk of being hit by vehicles. This relates to the road environ¬ ment and its influence on damage in run-off accidents, for example. Lately, impact absorbing posts have been introduced, posts that are sufficiently soft or which break away and thereby reduce the collision forces that cause damage to road-users and vehicles. It has, however, been observed that objects hit by a vehicle can da¬ mage following vehicles if the object is torn loose and flung about out of control. Furthermore, a driver who has just hit a post is most often so shocked that he can hardly steer the vehicle if it continues to move on. It would, therefore, be of great advantage if the object that was hit could relatively gently restrain the vehicle. The area of application could be expanded and eventually go so far as to the placing of such yielding and restraining posts along the central reservation of highways without a need for guard rails. The present invention is a mounting device especially suited for yiel¬ ding posts, for example lamp posts,' but also suited for other posts located in the road environment. The post mounting is in itself able to yield (either by means of short bent supports, ' or supports going through the post, or by means of an energy-absorbing attachment such as a friction attachment,) so that for¬ ces occurring when a vehicle hits the post become as small as possible. Should a collision occur, the post casing becomes particularly heavily deformed at its base. Special measures are required to ensure that the post is not snapped off. The alternative of using a stronger design for the post itself is unsatisfactory, as the yielding of the post to the vehicle becomes too low. By anchoring the casing in supports or similar devices that in turn can yield under balanced resistance, it is possible to restrain both the post and the vehicle at the base of the post. The following describes a flange mounting of the post. When hit, the casing of the post is bent ~ bγ the . vehicle to a flat shape along the ground, where the relatively thin shell of the casing splits and the post becomes partly or fully loosened at its base. The pre-shaped supports are fastened to the casing and readily follow the bending of the casing, but provide resistance when "" they are stretched lengthwise. They can therefore be designed to retain the post at its base even after the casing has been torn off by the vehicle. The supports serve as an anchoring device between the foundation and the torn-off post, with the result that both the post and the vehicle hitting it are retained. A variation of the energy-absorbing support can be obtained by using a tie plate perforated in a certain pattern. The pattern is made allowing the plate to be torn crosswise in certain parts, not completely, but so that untorn sections of the material retain the post at its base. This effect can for example be obtained by making rows of holes across the tie plate and alternatively omitting the last hole or holes in each row so that no rupture of the material occurs at these points. The distanc between the edges of the holes is relatively small and the plate breaks there when strained. A zig-zag shaped rupture pattern occurs. By adjust ing the accumulation of material, it is possible in this manner to ob¬ tain supports that moderate forces. Slots can be punched in the materia instead of the rows of holes. The tie plate can furthermore be designed as a tube-shaped support along the whole of the inside of the post. Figures 1 - 5 show supports for the connection between a flange 1 and the base of a post 3. ' Figures 6 - 9 show supports for mounting a post set in a foundation. Figure 10 shows a support device with perforated tie plate. Figure 11 shows an expanded support (as in Figure 1θ). Figure 12 shows a friction attachment at the foundation. Figure 1 shows supports fabricated from steel straps which are then welded to the inside of the casing at their upper ends and to the under¬ side of the flange at their lower ends. The support is formed with a special bend 4, in accordance with the concept of the invention. Figure 1a shows an individual support. Figure -1 b shows a support mounted on the flange 1 and Figure 1c shows six supports mounted in a post. Figure 2 - 4 show variations of the shaping of supports in the form of iron rods, fastened at one end to the inside of the casing and at the other in special holes in the flange. Figure 5 shows a variation consisting of a relatively thin tube 5 which is pressed together in its axial direction as a bellows 6. It is then fastened to the inside of the casing and to the flange. Its energy-absor¬ bing capacity is based on stretching of the tube in its axial direction. Figure 6 shows the same type of support as in Figure 1. The post is, how¬ ever, not provided with a flange, but is intended for bedding in a founda¬ tion. The supports are therefore fastened to a section 3 above ground on the casing, and a section 7 below the ground, and are bent in one or more i curves' etween these sections. Figures 7 - 8 show designs corresponding to Figure- 6, but using rod supports. Figure 9 shows the same design as in Figure 5, but with a compressed, slotted tube fastened to a section above ground and to a section below ground. Figure 10 shows a support device with tie plate 10 and rows of holes 11 which have the last hole omitted alternately. This provides a greater amount of material 12 at those points. The rows of holes can be replaced by slots. Figure 11 shows a support which has been stretched as the result of an accident. The material 13 between the rows of holes has ruptured, except at point 12 where the material was more solid. The tie plate has been stretched and constitutes an energy-absorbing anchor between the founda¬ tion and the casing of the post. Figure 12 shows an example of a post support with a continuous casi extending to the bottom of the foundation. The casing 3 of the post is slightly tapered and when stretched, an interaction occurs betwe the flange 1 and a core 14 set in the foundation. The designs shown here are by no means the only ones satisfying the concept of the invention. Variations can be made, for example, the supports can be located on the outside of the casing, they can be fastened by screw connections so that an energy-absorbing effect is obtained by means of friction, or they can be provided with some so of springs dimensioned for the purpose.";PATENT CLAIMS 1. Mounting for hollow posts, poles and the like, placed at a roadside or similar location, characterized by yielding tensile strain supports (2), which are bent, shaped or friction bonded, and which are placed between a section of the casing (3) above ground and its flange attach¬ ment (1) or another section of the casing (7) below ground. 2. Mounting according to Claim 1 , characterized by an arrangement of friction and profile locking connections that deform the casing when it is drawn out of the foundation. 3. Mounting according to Claim 1. characterized by steel plates or rods welded to a section of the casing located above the ground and with one or more extra bends reaching down to the flange attachment, where the plates or rods are fastened by welding, or as an alternative, reaching down to a section below ground where they in like manner are welded to the casing. 4. Mounting according to the former Claims, characterized by the fastening of an inner support arrangement consisting of a thin-walled tube (5) or other profile, to a section of the inner casing of the post above ground, and, with one or more corrugations (6), peripheral channels, slots (11)- or the like, extending to the flange attachment (1 ) to which the tube is then fastened, or alternatively, extending to a section (7) below ground and there fastened to the casing of the post, or forming the casing of the post below ground.;HASSELQVIST S, HELENELUND P, THORESON A;HASSELQVIST S, HELENELUND P, SCANOVATOR HANDEL, THORESON A, SCANOVATOR HANDELSBOLAGET;1978
+WO-1979000402-A1;19790712.0;19781214;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;27355173.0;B60S1;;B60S1;B60S   1/38B2, L60S   1/38B2, L60S   1/38F4D;DE-ICING DEVICE FOR WINDSHIELD WIPERS;A device for de-icing windshield wipers and the like, and takes the form of an electric heating element (10) shaped as an elongate strip with substantially the same outside dimensions, and also to advantage with the same resiliency characteristics, as one of the spring strips normally inserted in longitudinal grooves on either side of a wiper blade to give it the necessary lateral stiffness and vertical springiness. This strip-like electrical heating element is intended for inserting in one of said grooves in the blade instead of the normal spring strip. The heating element is built up from an outer metal casing (13) having said strip shape and resiliency characteristics, and being provided with an internal axial duct in which an insulated (12) electric resistance wire (11) is disposed. At its one end, this resistance wire is connected to an electric supply lead at one end of the casing, while at its other end the wire is electrically connected to the casing in the vicinity of the other end of the latter, so that the casing can function as ground or return lead for the heating element. The outer metal casing can to advantage consist of a metal tube flattened to the rectangular shape of a normal strip.;DE-ICING DEVICE FOR WINDSHIELD WIPERS The present invention relates to a device for de- icing windshield wipers of the kind disclosed in the preamble to the accompanying claim 1. The problem of removing ice from windshields on cars and other vehicles has been satisfactorily solved in the majority of cases a long while ago, usually by hot air being blown against the inside of the wind¬ shield. It is, however, well known that under certain weather conditions there is often heavy ice formation on the wipers, partly on the wiper blade of rubber or similar material, and partly on the articulated holder retaining the wiper blade along its spine and which is attached to the wiper arm. This ice formation causes the wiper blade itself to become stiff and to loose its required flexibility, deterioration in the necessary articulation of the holder, and deterio¬ ration in the necessary mutual ovability between wiper blade and holder in the longitudinal direction of the blade, all of this leading to the wiper blade no longer shaping itself to the windshield surface, which is usually curved, and the function of the wiper thus being seriously deteriorated. It may also occur that the iceformation on the wiper blade is so heavy that the latter is completely or partially lifted up from the windshield surface, the wiper function thus being disabled. It is also well known that the wiper blades on a stationary vehicle often freeze solid against the windshield. If the driver then loosens the frozen-on blades by hand before starting, it often occurs that the narrow edge of the blade is damaged, with sub¬ sequent deteriorated wiper function. A very large number of devices have been suggested for de-icing windshield wipers, primarily by using electrical heating. These previously proposed devices are burdened with many serious disadvantages, however, and none of them appears to have been put to any practical use either. 5.. In some of the previously proposed devices (those of the US Patent specifications 2 865 040, 3 201 818 and 3 428 993, for example) one or more electrical resistance wires are molded into .or inserted in longitudinal ducts inside the wiper blade itself. 0 This arrangement makes the manufacture of the wiper blades more complicated and thereby more expensive, which is a substantial disadvantage, since these blades are a consumption part which usually needs replacing comparatively often. The resistance wires 5 molded or inserted into the wiper blade also reduce the flexability of the wiper blade, which is necessary for a good wiping function. A device of this kind also results in that the heat is generated inside the blade itself, which is not what is really desired, 0 and which can also disadvantageously affect the rubber material in the blade. In other previously proposed devices (those in accordance with the US Patent specifications 2 686 247. 2 746 007 and 3 530 525, for example) insulated 5 electrical resistance wires or the like are fitted in exterior grooves on the wiper blade or on different parts of the holder means for the blade. These devices are, however, comparatively complicated to install, and they are furthermore easily subjected 0 to damage due to the small dimension of the resistance wires, especially when replacing a wiper blade which, as pointed out above, must take place relatively often and which is something that should preferably be possible for the vehicle owner himself to do. It has further been proposed in the German Published Specification 2 309 902 that the metal spring strips, which in a very common type of wiper blades are inserted in grooves formed on either side of the wiper blade along its spine in order to provide the blade with sufficient lateral stiffness and required springiness in height, are also utilized as electrical heating elements by having a current passed directly through these strips. Such an arrangement is not practically realizable, however, since it is difficult to. provide the necessary electrical insulation of these spring strips in a way that is simple and reliable at the same time. Furthermore, these strips have an electrical resistance which is much too low for them to be used as electrical resistance-heating elements. If the strips are con¬ nected to the normal voltage supply on the vehicle, which is usually 6 or 12 volt, very large current values are obtained and the generated power will be many times greater than what is necessary for the purpose. The object of the present invention is therefore to provide an improved device for de-icing a wind¬ shield wiper, which has a wiper blade of rubber or similar material and of the very usual type which is provided with a groove on either side of its spine, these grooves being intended to accommodate spring strips, substantially rectangular in cross section, for giving the wiper blade the necessary lateral stiffness and necessary vertical springiness. What primarily distinguishes the device in accordance with the invention is apparent from the characterizing portion of the accompanying claim 1. Advantageous embodiments and improvements of this device have the characterizing features disclosed in claims 2-13. The invention is thus based on the idea that at least one of the spring strips normally inserted in the grooves on either side of the wiper blade along its spine is exchanged for a strip-shaped electric heating element having substantially the same outside dimensions as said spring strip, and having the structure disclosed in the claims with a central, insulated electric resistance wire disposed in an outer strip-shaped metal sleeve or casing, which is preferably electrically connected at one end to the adjacent end of the resistance wire and which serves as a mechanical protection against damage to the insulated resistance wire and also as a ground or return conductor for the current through the resistance wire. Such a heating element in accordance with the invention can be manufactured very simply and cheaply and is also very resistant to outside damage. It is also just as easy to mount and remove as the normal spring strip which it is in¬ tended to replace, the exchange of wiper blades thus not being made more difficult in any way. If so desired, during seasons when there is no danger of ice formation, the heating element can easily be removed and the normal spring strip inserted instead. The heating element in accordance with the invention will also have such a location on the wiper that the heat generation occurs at the desired place, i.e. on the outside of the wiper blade and close to the most adjacent portions of the blade holder. The heating element can be easily manufactured in dimensions suited to different wiper blades, and by selecting the area of the resistance wire, it is easy to adjust the resistance of the element to a desired value. The invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, on which there are shown as examples some embodiments of the invention, and where Figure 1 is a schematic side view, of a common design of a windshield wiper, Figure 2 shows a portion of the wiper in Figure 1 to a larger scale, Figure 3 is a section along the line III-III in Figure 2, Figure 4 is a -side view of an embodiment of a heating element in accordance with the invention, Figure 5 is a sectional perspective view showing the construction of the heating element accord-. ing to Figure 4, Figure 6 is an axial section through one end of the element in Figure 4 at a certain stage of its manufacture, Figure 7 is an axial section through the other end of the heating element in Figure 4, at a certain stage of its manufacture, Figure 8 is an axial section similar o the one in Figure 7, but showing a somewhat different arrangement of the connections for the • current supply lead and the ground lead, Figure 9 is a schematic side view of another embodi¬ ment of a heating element in accordance with the invention, in which embodiment the metal casing is formed from two halves joined together, one of these halves being removed on the drawing, Figure 10 is a cross section through a heating element according to Figure 9 , with both halves of the outer metal casing shown spaced apart, Figure 11 is a view similar to the one in Figure 9 illustrating a further embodiment of the invention, and Figure 12 is an axial section through one end of a heating element in accordance with the invention, with a suitable form for the connection between the current supply lead and the resistance wire. Figures 1-3 show by way of example a very common design of a windshield wiper. This wiper comprises an elongate wiper blade 1 of soft rubber or similar material, and a holder assembly generally designated by the numeral 2, which is attached to the outer end of the wiper arm 3, only partially shown in Figure 1, and which retains the blade 1 along its spine. The holder 2 usually comprises, as in the example shown, a number of yokes 4 hinged to each other. The number of yokes can vary and is essentially dependent of the length of the blade 1. The outermost of these yokes 4 are provided with claws 5 grasping round the rear edge or spine of the blade 1, and with their tips gripping into two grooves 6 formed on either side of the blade 1. So that the very soft and easily deformable wiper blade 1 will have sufficient lateral stiffness, i.e. in the direction of the arrow 7 in Figure 3, and at the same time the necess¬ ary springiness or resiliency in vertical direction, i.e. in the direction indicated by the arrow 8 in Figure 3, there are two elongate spring strips 9 of substantially rectangular cross section and usually made of metal, inserted in corresponding grooves on either side of the blade 1 in the vicinity of its spine. These strips 9 have substantially the same length as the blade 1. In order that the blade 1 will be able to adopt itself to the varying curva¬ ture of the windshield when the wiper is in operation, so that the blade has the total length of its scraping edge engaging against the windshield the-whole time, the blade 1 must be movable in its longitudinal direction relative to all the claws 5 on the yokes 4 with the exception of one such claw. The blade 1 is usually formed with stops filling out the groove 6 at one end, these stops coacting with the claw 5 at the same end of the blade so that the blade is kept in place in its longitudinal direction at this claw. The blade 1 is freely movable in its longitu¬ dinal direction relative to all the remaining claws 5. In a corresponding way, the grooves in the-blade 1 accommodating the spring strips 9 are formed with a tap or the like which coacts with a notch in the strips 9, so that the strips are locked in their longitudinal direction. The strips are otherwise loose in their grooves in the blade 1 and are retained in these grooves by their being surrounded by the holder claws 5. In a de-icing device in accordance with the invention, at least one of said strips 9 is replaced by an elongate strip-like electric heating element 10, having substantially the same outside dimensions as the spring strip 9. Figures 4 and 5 show a first embodiment of such a heating element as an example. This element 10 consists of a central electric resistance wire 11 surrounded by an insulation consisting in the illu¬ strated ' embodiment of a tube 12 of a pliant plastic material, e.g. polytetrafluorethene, and an outer flattened metallic casing 13. All these parts of the - heating element extend for substantially the whole length of the element. At one end 10a of the ele¬ ment 10, the resistance wire 11 is electrically connected to the outer metallic casing 13. At the other end 10b of the element, the resistance wire 11 extends together with the insulation tube 12 out of the casing 13 for being connected in a suitable way (not shown in the drawing) to the supply lead from a current source. At this end 10b of the element there is also a return or ground lead 14, which is inserted into the end of the casing 13 between it and the insulation tube 12, and is in electrical contact with the casing 13, as will be more closely described in the following. At the end 10a, the element 10 can be formed with a notch 10c for fixing the position of the element in the groove in the wiper blade 1 in the same way as is described hereinbefore with respect to the normal spring strips 9. The desired resistance value for the heating element, and thus the value of the current flowing through it and its generated power, is determined by selecting the area of the resistance wire in re¬ lation to the length of the heating element, i.e. the length of the appropriate wiper blade. The di¬ mensions of the outer flattened metal casing 13 are selected so that the cross-sectional form of the heating element 10 substantially coincides with that of the normal spring strip 9, which the heating element is intended to replace. The casing 13 should naturally consist of a metallic material which is a good heat conductor and -also a good electrical conductor. Practically all conceivable metallic materials are satisfactory from this point of view. The casing 13 should further consist of a metallic material which is sufficiently resistant to corrosion, or alterna¬ tively it can be provided with a corrosion resistant surface layer. The casing 13 can to advantage be manufactured from a resilient metallic material so that the heating element 10 is given substantially the same resiliency characteristics as the normal spring strip 9 which the element is intended to replace. If only one spring strip 9 in the wiper blade 1 is replaced by a heating element in accord¬ ance with the invention, which in most cases is sufficient for the de-icing, the casing 13 in the heating element does not necessarily need to consist of a particularly resilient material, since the remaining normal spring strip 9 in the wiper blade will provide it with the necessary resiliency, and the casing 13 can consist of a comparatively pliant and flexible metallic material, advantageous from other points of view, such as aluminium. The heating element according to Figures 4 and 5* can to advantage be manufactured such that a resistance wire 11 is thrust into an insulation tube 12 so that one end of the resistance wire 11 projects a distance outside one end of said tube'. The resist¬ ance wire 11 together with the insulation tube 12 is then thrust into a circular metallic tube of a length corresponding to the finished length of a heating element and with a suitable diameter and wall thick¬ ness , it being ascertained that the uninsulated end of the resistance wire 11 is within one end of the metal tube while the other end of the resistance wire 11 together with the insulation tube 12 projects out from the other end of the metal tube. The metal tube is then flattened along its entire length into the cross-sectional shape desired for the heating element, so that the resistance wire 11 together with the insulation tube 12 are clamped inside the flatten¬ ed metal casing 13 and so that the uninsulated end * of the resistance wire 11 is brought into electrical contact with the casing 13 at one end thereof. As illustrated in Figure 6, before compressing the casing 13 a short piece of metallic tube 14 can be pushed into said end of casing 13 round the un¬ insulated portion of the resistance wire 11. At the subsequent compression of the casing 13 this tubular piece 14 contributes to a secure electrical contact between the resistance wire 11 and the casing 13. The outer end 10a of the heating element 10 is furthermore reinforced by this means, so that the notch 10c shown in Figure 4 can be cut out of the heating element without detriment. At the other end of the heating element, an end of the return or ground lead 14, from which the in¬ sulation has been removed, can be thrust into the outer casing 13, between it and the insulation tube 12 surrounding the resistance wire 11, before com- pressing the casing 13 so that when this compression subsequently takes place the ground lead 14 is clamped firmly and brought into secure electrical contact with the casing 13. It will be observed that the outer metal casing 13 of the heating element will serve as a return conductor for the current through the resistance wire 11. Since the resistance of the casing 13 is very much less than the resistance of the resistance wire 11, the voltage drop across the casing 13 will be very small, and therefore electrical insulation of it is not required.- The casing 13 will naturally be able to come into contact with* the retaining claws 5 on the yokes 4 which are generally made of metal. There will thus be a certain amount of current flowing from the casing 13 to the retainer claws 5 and the holder yokes 5, but this does not constitute any essential disadvantage. For secure grounding of the casing 13 and secure return flow of the current through the heating element, it is, however, prefer¬ able that said element is provided with a return or ground lead 14 connected to the casing. In the embodiment of a heating element in accord- ance with the invention shown in Figures 4, 5 and 7 and described above, there is a certain risk of mechanical damage to the insulated wire 11/12, and even to the ground lead 14 at the end of the casing 13, since the resistance wire 11 and the ground lead 14 are subjected to such fatigue stresses due to vibrations that rupture or at least insulation damage may occur. This risk is substantially reduced in the embodiment schematically shown in Figure 8, where the outer metal casing 13 is not flattened into the shape of the flat strip over a short portion 13B outermost at the end 10B of the heating element, where the casing 13 is thus allowed to retain its substantial¬ ly circular cross-sectional form. Within this end postion 13B of the casing 13, the resistance wire 11 is joined in a suitable way, e.g. by soldering with an insulated electric supply lead 15 of a conventional kind, which extends a dis- tance into the end of the casing 13. The joint bet¬ ween the resistance wire 11 and the supply lead 15 can to advantage be insulated by a sleeve of plastics tube 16, as in the illustrated embodiment, and this tube can extend a distance outside the end of the casing as shown on the drawing, whereby the plastics sleeve 16 will serve to protect against mechanical damage and as an insulation reinforcement at the outer end of the casing 13, where the risk for insu¬ lation damage and fatigue rupture to the electrical conductor is greatest. In this embodiment of a hetaing element in accordance with the invention, the ground lead 14 is attached in a suitable manner, e.g. by soldering or welding, to the outside of the casing 13 close to its end, so that both electrical leads 14 and 15 for the heating element can be extended parallel and together from the wiper blade. In the embodiments of a heating element in accord¬ ance with the invention described above, the outer metallic casing has consisted of a metal tube, which has been flattened to the desired strip shape after insertion of the insulated resistance wire. This appears to be a simple and advantageous method of manufacturing a heating element according to the in- vention. However, there is nothing to prevent the outer metal casing of a heating element in accordance with the invention being manufactured with the desired strip shape from the beginning, it then being provided with one or more internal axial ducts in which the insulated resistance wire is inserted. Such a strip¬ like metallic casing could be manufactured by ex¬ trusion, for example. It is also possible to form the outer strip- shaped metal casing from two halves which are put together as shown by way of example in Figures 9 and 10. In the embodiment of a heating element in accord¬ ance with the invention shown here as an example, the outer metal casing consists of two strip-shaped halves 13a and 13b, which can be joined in the way shown in Figure 10, and of which at least one is formed with a groove 17 to provide an axial duct when both strip halves are put together, in which duct the insulated resistance wire 11, 12 can be inserted. Both strip halves 13a and 13b can further¬ more be formed with complementary recesses and pro¬ jections 18 as well as guide pins 19 and mating holes, which facilitate the assembling of the strip halves. They can be kept together by welding or by glueing. As shown in Figure 11,. a heating element of this kind can also be provided with a notch 10c at one end, for locking the heat element in the wiper blade groove. Figure 11 also shows how the electric supply lead 15 can project a distance into the central duct 17 in the outer strip-shaped metal casing and be joined here to the electric resistance wire 11. Figure 12 shows schematically how the junction 19 between the lead 15 and the resistance wire 11 can be accommodated in an expanded portion 13B of • the strip-shaped casing 13. This expanded portion 13B can be formed in one piece with the two strip halves 13a and 13b. Other embodiments of a heating element in accord¬ ance with the invention are naturally possible further to those described hereinbefore. Thus, the materials for the resistance wire 11, the resistance wire insulation 12 and the casing 13 can be varied and selected differently depending on different require¬ ments. One can naturally use an electric resistance wire which has already been provided with suitable insulation during manufacture. A device in accordance with the invention can of course also be used for de-icing wiper blades on headlights, vehicle rear windows and the like.;C L A I M S :- 1. A device for de-icing a windshield wiper, which has a wiper blade (1) made from rubber or similar material and formed with two grooves substantially extending the entire length of the blade one on either side thereof, in which elongate spring strips (9) with a substantially rectangular cross section are intended to be inserted for providing the blade with sufficient lateral (7) stiffness and sufficient vertical (8) resiliency, said device comprising an electric heating element (10) which can be mounted on the wiper blade (1), characterized in that said heating element (10) is formed as an elongate strip having substantially the same outside dimensions as said spring strips and intended for insertion in one of said grooves in the wiper blade (1) instead of such spring strip, this strip-shaped heating element (10) being built up from an outer metallic casing (13) with said strip-shape, said casing having at least one interior duct extending axially at least over the greater portion of the casing length, in said duct there being disposed an electric resistance wire (11) provided with insulation (12), said wire being electrically connected at one end to an electric supply lead (15) and at its other end to a ground connection. 2. A device as claimed in claim 1, characteriz¬ ed in that the outer metal casing (13) consists of a resilient metal material so that it has substantial the same resiliency characteristics as said spring strip (9). 3. A device as claimed in claim 1 or 2 , characteriz¬ ed in that the resistance wire (11) is electrically connected to the electric supply lead (15) at, or in the vicinity of, one end (10B) of the outer metal casing, while at its other end it is electrically connected to the casing (13) at the other end ( 10A) thereof, so that the casing serves as a part of the ground connection. 4. A device as claimed in any of claims 1-3, characterized in that an electric ground lead (14) is connected to the outer metal casing (13) at its said one end (10B). 5. A device as claimed in any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the casing consists of a metal pipe (13) flattened to a substantially rectangular cross sectional shape after inserting the insulated resistance wire (11). 6. A device as claimed in claim 3 or 5, characteriz¬ ed in that the electrical connection between said second end of the electric resistance wire (11) and the outer metal casing (13) at said other end (10A) of the latter consists of a short piece (14) of metal pipe surrounding the uninsulated end of the resistance wire, said pipe piece (14) being inserted and firmly clamped in the end of the casing (13). 7. A device as claimed in claim 5 or 6 , characteriz¬ ed in that an electric ground lead (14) is inserted a distance into the outer metal casing (13) at said one end (10b) of the latter and clamped firmly therein. 8. A device as claimed in any of claims 1-4, characterized in that the outer metal casing is put together from two strip-shaped halves (13a, 13b) substantially rectangular in cross section, of which at least one is formed with a longitudinal groove (17) in its flat side facing towards the other half, said groove (17) forming said duct for the insulated (12) resistance * ire (11). 9. A device as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that both strip halves (13a, 13b) are formed in their opposing and connected sides with complementary recesses and projections (18) engaging each other and contributing to the union of both strip halves. 10. A device as claimed in any of claims 1-9, characterized in that the insulation of the resistance wire (11) consists of a tube (12) of plastics material surrounding said wire. 11. A device as claimed in any of claims 1-10, characterized in that said one end of the insulated resistance wire (11) extends out from the outer metal casing (13) at said one end (10B) of the latter and is electrically connected to the electric supply lead outside the casing. 12. A device as claimed in any of claims 1-10, characterized in that the electric supply lead (15) projects a distance into the outer metal casing (13) at said one end (10B) of the latter, and is electircal- ly connected to said one end of the resistance wire (11) inside the casing (13). 13. A device as claimed in claim 12, characterized in that the inner duct in the outer metal casing (13) has an expanded portion (13B) therein accommodating the joint between the resistance wire (11) and the electric supply lead (15).;OHLSSON A, OLANI L;OHLSSON A, OLANI L;1978
+WO-1979000406-A1;19790712.0;19781218;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20333238.0;D06P1;C08J3, C08L67, C08K9, C08L95;C08J3, C08K9;C08J   3/22L, C08K   9/00;MASTER BATCH TO BE ADDED TO A THERMOPLASTIC RESIN;Master batch to be added to thermoplastic resin, which can be used universally. Additive particles are dispersed in a vehicle comprising an aromatic resin which can be dispersed in the thermoplastic resin, and/or a modified alkyd free from oil.;"MASTER BATCH TO BE ADDED TO A THERMOPLASTIC RESIN The present invention relates to a master batch to be added to a thermoplastic resin, including additive particles dispersed in a vehicle- Regarding such a master batch supplied in pelleted or granulated form, the requirement is that the master batch has a granular size which is commensurate with the granular size of the thermoplastic resin (basic raw material) which the master batch is to be mixed with. The reason for the requirement of the same granular size as that of the basic raw material is i .a. that granules of smaller size than the granules of the basic raw material fall through in the material magazine of the machine wherein the material is being used such as an injection moulding machine or an extruder and thus provide a higher concentration of the additive in the lower portion of the magazi ne .than in the upper portion thereof. The material falling through in this way is due to movements of the material in the magazine during the supply thereof to the plasticizing unit of the machine as well as occurring shaking and vibration of the machine. Another requirement regarding the master batch is that it should be possible to use it not only together with basic raw materials of an arbitrary granular size but also together with different types of thermoplastic resin. The master batches made to-day are intended for a specific type of thermoplastic resin the adjustment of the master batch to different types of thermoplastic resin being made by using different types of vehicles in the master batch. It is common that the thermoplastic resin used as vehicle in the master batch is the same as that which the master batch is to be mixed with. Thus, if a product is to be made of PVC this material is also -BU REA U O.V.PI used as vehicle in the master batch, and if the product is to be made of polystyrene or polyolefine the vehicle used is polystyrene and polyolefine, respectively, and so on. Accordingly, a big selection of master batches is required in order to cover the different needs that may arise in the production of thermoplastic resin products, i.e. one type of master batch for each type of thermoplastic resin, and con¬ sidering the fact that there is a choice of several different thermoplastic resins when manufacturing products of different types, this means that the plastic manufacturers have to keep a stock of different types of master batch the number of which is the same as the number of thermoplastic resins used. Confusion may easily occur and may be fatal because a master batch having a vehicle of a specific thermoplastic resin cannot be mixed with other thermo¬ plastic resins. The invention relates particularly to a master batch in the form of a toner including colour pigment particles as an additive said particles being dispersed in the vehicle. Other examples of additives or fillers which can be included into the master batch are UV stabilizers, lubricants, organic peroxides, pi asticizer heat stabilizers and flame-resistant agents. Particularl as far as additives are concerned, which are of the typ having two or more components, such as foaming agents, it may be important that at least one of the components is supplied and added as a master batch. Several additives can appear in one and the same master batch, e.g. colour pigments in combination with other fillers. Master batches in the form of a toner are manu¬ factured in such a way that there is added to the vehicl which thus has been chosen with regard to the intended use of the toner, between 20 and 50 per cent by -BOR i. weight colour pigment particles together with certain lubricants. This mixture is plasticized in an extruder and is pelleted or granulated to a toner (master batch) intended especially for the thermoplastic resin included in the toner. The toner thus produced is then used for colouring the thermoplastic resin used as a basic raw material in the plastic product factory where the final product is being manufactured the toner being added in an amount of 1 or 2 per cent in order to obtain the desired colour shade of the final plastic product. It should be mentioned here that besides the • colouring of the basic raw material by the use of a toner including colour pigment particles dispersed in a vehicle the .so-cal 1 ed dry colouring exists which implies that colour pigment particles are added in the plastic product factory directly to the thermoplastic resin used as basic raw material , by means of a mixer so that the comminuted colour pigment adheres to the granulated plastic resin. However, this method is objectionable from an environment point of view because the colour pigment creates an unhealthy dust emission. A supply of the colour pigment to the basic raw material , which is completely free from dust, therefore is aimed at to-day and in this respect the use of a toner of the type referred to herein has proved to be preferable. As would be clear from the discussion above there is, however, a need for a master batch, e.g. a dust- -free toner, which can be used universally for different types of thermoplastic resin s.o that the many different types or qualities which exist now can be reduced to a single type and quality. The requirements that have to be set regarding the vehicle of such a master batch that can be used universally as an additive to thermo¬ plastic resins are primarily as follows: l . The vehicle should be able to absorb additive par- OMPI tides up to 50 - 70 per cent of its own weight. 2. The vehicle should have a pi asticization temperature below the plasticization temperature of the thermoplastic resin used as basic raw material , and latest at a temperature at the plasticization temperature of the basic raw material it should have a lower viscosity than the basic raw material. 3. The vehicle should be able to supply the additive to the basic raw material and should be able to be dispersed therein without appreciable effect on the physical or chemical properties of the final product. 4. The vehicle should have a coherent structure in cold condition so that the product can be pelleted or granulated to the same size as the basic raw material. 5. The vehicle, moreover, should have a lubricat¬ ing or stabilizing effect. According to the invention, it has been found that a master batch which can be universally used as an additive to thermoplastic resin can be obtained, compris ing additive particles dispersed in a vehicle, wherein the vehicle provides the five properties listed above, if the vehicle comprises an aromatic resin which can be dispersed in the thermoplastic resin, or a resin modifie alkyd which can be dispersed in the thermoplastic resin, of the nature otherwise appearing from the characterizin cl ause of claim 1. The invention will be described in more detail belo with reference to illustrative examples. EXAMPLE 1 A suitable vehicle in a toner according to the invention as far as dark colour shades are concerned is the aromatic resin marketed by AB Nynas-Petrol eu under the registered trademark Nyomer. This aromatic resin is manufactured by the method described in the Swedish patent specification 7406252-2 and the addition thereof 7512352-1 , and it has such a molecular composition that it can be dispersed to the necessary extent in the great majority of thermoplastic resins presently known without significantly impairing the original properties of the basic raw material wherein the toner containing Nyomer is being dispersed. In producing the toner according to the invention colour pigment particles of the desired colour are dis¬ persed in a vehicle comprising Nyomer in a conventional manner the colour pigment comprising 50 to 70 per cent of the weight of the vehicle depending on the shade desired. The mixture of colour pigment and vehicle is plasticized in an extruder and pelleted or granulated in a conventional manner. The toner thus obtained has been found to have a dispersing, lubricating and stabilizing effect when added to the thermoplastic resin used as basic raw material . Nyomer per se is dark brown and therefore the use thereof as a vehicle for colour pigment particles is limited to dark colour shades. On the other hand, it then provides a reduction of the costs thanks to the fact that it contributes to the colouring the consump¬ tion of expensive colour pigment material thus being reduced . A prob.lem encountered in outdoor use of e.g. brown colour shades is the limited resistance of the plastics material to heat due to sun radiation. The increased heat absorption of the plastics material i.a. if it has a brown tint provides plastic movements in the material so that the product often will change its form due to equalization of inherent strains in the material . One reason for form changes at sun radiation particularly UU E AZΓ OMPI of products having a brown tint is the fact that iron oxide pigments are included. Plastics material coloured with brown toner according to the invention, which does not contain iron oxide but is given its colour solely by the vehicle comprising Nyomer, has been found to be shape-permanent for outdoor use and, moreover, the colouring of the plastics material obtained by such a toner is light-proof. The toner according to the invention thus is a good UV stabilizer against bleaching of given colour shades due to the ultraviolet rays con- • tained in the sunlight. Nyomer has a further property when used as vehicle in a toner i.a. as far as rigid PVC is concerned. In that case, the vehicle constitutes a so-called high- -molecular plasticizer, which means that the vehicle has the property of plasticizing rigid PVC at the plasticization temperature without a corresponding plasticity arising in cold condition. Rigid PVC thus remains rigid at normal temperatures of use but the vehicle has the ability to plasticize the PVC in the stage of plasticization at the plasticization temperatur which facilitates the supply of the colour pigment and also facilitates the plasticization of the basic raw material without the final product being plasticized. Because rigid PVC definitely is most difficult to handle of modern thermoplastic resins presently known and because Nyomer influences rigid PVC as men¬ tioned above it can be concluded therefrom that the function is the same as far as most other thermoplastic resins are concerned. Summarizing, it thus can be established that the use of Nyomer or other similar aromatic resin within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims provides a dust-free toner which can be used universally and in which the vehicle constitutes an internal as well as an external lubricant when the toner is supplied and dispersed. The toner, moreover, operates as a stabilizer against deterioration of the final product in some cases and as strain equalizing stabilizer in other cases in order to relieve strains that otherwise could be embodied in the product proper during the transition thereof from plastic condition to cold condition. Moreover, the vehicle operates as a high-molecular plasticizer, particularly in connec- tion with rigid PVC. EXAMPLE 2 In a toner according to the invention in case of light and snow-white colour shades where Nyomer cannot be used the resin-modified alkyd which is marketed by Bergviks Hartsprodukter AB under the trademark Berigid 100 is a suitable vehicle. This resin-modified alkyd is produced by the method described in the Swedish patent specification 356,060 and although it has been developed primarily to be mixed with polyvinyl chloride material it has been found that it is suitable also for addition to entirely different plastics materials such as polystyrene and polyethylene. For example a white pigment can have the following composition when Berigid 100 is used: White colour pigment, Ti O 30 % Berigid 100 35 % Tall oil 10 % EVA 20 % Stearic acid 2.5 % Calcium stearate 2.5 % The stearic acid prevents the thermoplastic resin from adhering in the machine in which it is worked. The stearate which can be e.g. calcium, zinc or aluminium stearate improves internal and external lubrication of the thermoplastic resin. The production of the toner by applying this recipe can be performed in the same manner as described above in connection with the use of Nyomer. Berigid 100 per se has a plasticization temperatur of about 110°C and can be modified as stated below in order to obtain different plasticization temperatures: For plasticization temperature 71°C Berigid 100 70 % Tall resin 20 % Tall oil 1 0 % For plasticization temperature 67°C Berigid 100 67 . 5 % Tall resin 20 % Tall oil 1 2 . 5 % For plasticization temperature 62°C Berigid 100 65 % Tall resin 20 % Tall oil 1 5 % To the mixtures listed above there can be added colour pigment particles in a concentration which is more than 50 per cent. If required, also some wax can be added. Berigid 100 can also be modified in order to chang the plasticization temperature thereof by adding ethyl- vinyl acetate (EVA) or a similar polymer. For example EVA can be obtained from Du Pont de Nemours under the trademark Elwax in different variants which influence the plasticization temperature in different ways. For example the following modifications of Berigid 100 can be obtained: For plasticization temperature 80°C Berigid 100 70 % Elwax 220 30 % For plasticization temperature 110 C Berigid 100 70 % Elwax 150 30 % For plasticization temperature 130°C Berigid 100 70 % Elwax 240 30 % In these modifications the change of the plasticization temperature obtained is dependent on the ratio between ethyl and vinyl in the ethylvinyl acetate polymer (Elwax). Berigid 100 and Nyomer have such properties that they can be mixed with each other as far as specific colour shades are concerned. To a toner which is based on Berigid 100 Nyomer thus can be added in order to obtain a darker colour shade. It may be of interest to add to a toner which is based on Nyomer, Berigid 100 in order to obtain a higher finish, improved gelation effect and increased capacity. In the latter case it is sufficient with an addition of 5 to 30 per cent to the total Nyomer recipe which then may contain up to 50 per cent carbon black. At such a high toner con¬ centration gelation aid is of extremely great importance. The modified mixtures with Berigid 100, mentioned above also lower the plasticization temperature of Nyomer in case it is included in the toner, the property of Nyomer acting as a universal vehicle being maintained. By the master batch according to the invention the following advantages are obtained: 1. The master batch can be used universally in known thermoplastic resins. 2. By the addition of the master batch the surface finish of the final product is improved because the surface will be smooth and brilliant due to the fact that the thermoplastic resin flows more easily. The surface obtained is -BUREAU _ 01ΪLF5 well suited for heat embossing and screen printing. 3. By the addition of the master batch the - strength and other physical properties of the final product are improved due to an improved mixing and gelation of the thermo¬ plastic resin. 4. The master batch has a rheol ogy-i proving effect, i.e. it facilitates processing. 5. The vehicle is non-toxic because it does not contain heavy metals or other constituents which are known to be toxic. 6. The water absorption of the final product is reduced, which in turn involves an improved cold resistance. 7. The final product has improved shape perma¬ nence. 8. The final product has improved durability due to reduced outward migration of additive and thereby is better suited for contact with food-stuffs and less dangerous for those who work with the product e ve ry day (some additive can be toxic per se) . 9. A product which has been coloured with a toner in the form of a master batch according to the invention does not give its colour off. 10. The master batch can be used in regenerating plastics scrap in order to improve the proper¬ ties of the generate by having a positive influence on the reconstruction of the polymer or the polymers of the plastics scrap, probabl by initiating a polymerization or in similar ways . The master batch according to the invention can include any additive for the addition of these additives -^U O to a thermoplastic resin, but the invention primarily has been developed for master batch in the form of a toner wherein the additive comprises solely a colour pigment or a colour pigment combined with other additives for influence on the properties of the thermoplastic resi n. ""BU EAU OMPI";"CLAIMS 1. Master batch to be added to a theromopl astic resin, which can be used uni versal ly, compri si ng additive particles dispersed in a vehicle, c h a r a c t e r - i z e d in that the vehicle comprises an aromatic resin which can be dispersed in the thermoplastic resin and is produced of an oxidized mineral oil distillate and/or an oxidized solvent extract of mineral oil distillate including aromatically bound carbon, the ' content of the aromatic compound corresponding to a minimum VGC value (VGC = Viscosity Gravity Constant) according to ASTM D 2140 of 0.85 and having an average molecular weight of 150 to 600, and/or an alkyd free from oil and modified by esterifi cation of resin acids, which has been produced of a resin material including more than 95 per cent by weight of free resin acids, and which has a minimum plasticization temperature of 90°C as measured according to the ball-and-ring method. 2. Master batch according to claim 1, c h a r a c t e i z e d in that the amount of additive particles comprises 5 to 80 per cent, preferably 30 to 70 per cent, of the vehicle weight. 3. Master batch according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e i z e d in that it is granulated to a granular size which is substantially commensurate with the granular size of the thermoplastic resin to which the master batch is to be added. 4. Master batch according to claim 1 wherein the vehicle comprises the modified alkyd, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the alkyd is mixed with ethyl vinyl acetate polymer or a similar polymer for controlling the plasticization temperature of the alkyd. 5. Master batch according to any of claims 1 to- - ■ 4, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that it has the fo of a dust-free toner including colour pigment particles ""BU O as additive, for colouring the thermopl astic resi n IJUREIΓ OMPI";AKESSON T, ROSEN K;AKESSON T, ROSEN K;1978
+WO-1979000411-A1;19790712.0;19781122;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25338482.0;F16F9;B60G11;B60G11, F16F9;B60G  11/27, F16F   9/05, L60G 202/143, L60G 202/152, L60G 204/4502;AIR SPRING ASSEMBLY;A heavy duty rolling lobe air spring (12), especially for trucks and trailers, which has an open hollow piston (32) providing a reservoir (34) and an outer surface on which the lobe of a flexible sleeve (18) rolls. The surface includes a horizontal top (42), a gently curved outer surface (43) joining an inverted frustro-conical side (44) and terminating in an outwardly flared bottom portion (48). Previous rolling lobe air springs adapted for heavy design loads have a high spring rate which fails to provide a soft, smooth ride only achieved in air springs having a low spring rate. The rolling lobe air spring (12) achieves a low spring rate providing a soft, smooth ride for heavy design loads. The side surface (44) has an angle with respect to the axis of the piston (32) of about 23`. The volume of the piston (32) and sleeve (18) of 850 to 1500 cu. in. (13,900-24,600 cu. cm.) and the angle of the frustro-conical surface (44) are such that the effective area of the sleeve (18) decreases under jounce and the spring rate is in the range of 100 to 300 pounds per inch (17.5-52.5 KN/m) at a design load in the range of 1000-8000 pounds (454-3629 kg).;"AIR SPRING ASSEMBLY Technical Field This invention relates to air springs. In one of its aspects, the invention relates to an air spring of the rolling lobe type wherein flexible sleeves are expanded to the maximum diameter under load and deflections due to bumps and the like are taken up through rolling of an end of the sleeve on a piston or pedestal which telescopes within the sleeve. Background Art Air springs are well known in suspension systems for vehicles, especially heavy duty trucks and trailers. One particular type of air spring, known as the ""rolling lobe"" air spring, is disclosed in the Hirtreiter U.S. patent No. 3,043,582 issued July 10, 1962. This type of an air spring includes an expandible fabric sleeve which is expanded to a predetermined maximum diameter under load and a piston or pedestal, which is secured to one end (usually the bottom end) of the sleeve, tele- scopes within the sleeve. The sleeve is made of a plural¬ ity of ply of rubber and crossed sets of inextensible cords which run the length of the sleeve but are at an angle with respect to the axis of the sleeve. As the sleeve is expanded, the crossed sets of cords pantograph to an equilibrium angle of about 54°. Normally, under load, the sleeve is pressurized to a pressure of, for example, 30-50 psig (2.2 - 3.4 atm.) so that the load is supported through the sleeve assembly. A portion of the sleeve expands to the equilibrium angle of the cords and the piston or pedestal telescopes into an end of the sleeve, thereby forming a lobe which rolls on the pedestal when the spring is compressed. In this type of air spring, the spring rate, i.e. the change in the load per unit of deflection, is controlled by the shape of the pedestal. Hirtreiter discloses, for example, pedestals which have cylindrical sides, inverted frustr conical shapes and hourglass shapes. In the air spring assemblies incorporating those pedestals which have a decreasing diameter lobe rolling surface, the effective diameter of the air spring de¬ creases under compression, thereby providing a lower spring rate and a smooth ride. Generally, the lower the spring rate, the softer the ride. Thus, the softes ride would be achieved by a spring having a very low spring rate at design load. Spring rates at or near 0, or even negative spring rates, are theoretically possible but are not preferred because of the control systems which are used to pressurize the springs to maintain a design height. Certain rolling lobe air springs (for example GY 1100, assembly part No. 566-22-2-005) manufactured and sold by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company of Akron, Ohio U.S.A. , have hourglass type of pedestals through which the effective area of the spring is decreased during compression. Further, the pedestal is open to the interior of the cylinder to provide an additional volume for the air spring. However, the spring rate is fairly high, for example, 1275 pounds per inch (22.30 KN/m) at 7200 pounds (3260 kg), and the load to spring rate ratio is about 5.6 in. (14.2 cm). Generally it is desirable to achieve a much lower spring rate, generally in the range of 100 to 300 pounds per in. (17.5 - 52.5 KN/m) and to achieve higher loads to achieve optimum operating conditions in heavy duty trailer and truck tractors. Heretofore, spring rates and ratios of load to spring rate in these ranges for heavier loads have not been obtained and wer thought to be unattainable, although theoretically poss ble for rolling lobe air springs. Another type of air spring purported to attain a minimum spring rate is a reversible diaphragm air sprin disclosed in the U.S. patent to Bank, 3,078,085, issued February 19, 1963. This type of air spring has a reser at the top and a flexible sleeve secured at an upper por¬ tion to the reservoir and at a lower portion to an hour¬ glass shaped pedestal. The lower portion of the sleeve is of a smaller diameter than the upper portion so that it telescopes therethrough during normal operation. The maximum inward convergence angle of the Bank pedestal is purported to be 19°. However, the effective area of the spring decreases during deflection at design loads so that a relatively low spring rate is achieved. However, the lobe of the Bank sleeve changes in size under compression because the sleeve is not fully expanded under load. The Bank spring is made for a relatively small load, for example, 1000 to 2000 pound range as would be provided in automobiles. in order to achieve the higher loading capabilities with the Bank type of spring, the size of the spring would have to be increased so that the volume is also increased. However, the volume of the spring has profound effects on the spring rate at higher loads and thus merely increasing proportions of the Bank spring will not necessarily result in the attainment of the same characteristics as in the smaller proportioned spring. Disclosure of Invention I have now discovered an air spring of the rolling lobe type which is adapted for heavy loads, for example, 5000 to 10,000 pounds (2268 - 4536 kg) but nevertheless achieves spring rates in the range of 100 to 300 pounds per inch (17.5 - 52.5 KN/m) with load-to-spring rate ratios in the range of 20 to 120 inches (50 - 300 cm) for these loads. The invention is applicable to those types of air springs wherein a hollow elastic sleeve is made from a plurality of ply of elastic material with sets of crossed inextensible cords which limit the expansion of the sleeve through pantographing movement to an equilibrium angle at a design load. The air springs have means for securing an upper end of the sleeve to a vehicle frame and a hollow piston adapted to be secured to a vehicle axle*and mount- ing a lower end of the sleeve. The piston provides an outer surface on which the lower end of the sleeve rolls in compression and rebound. Further, a reservoir in communication with the interior of the hollow sleeve is formed within the interior of the hollow piston. The invention is also applicable to air springs which have an expandable rubber sleeve which is otherwise restrained at a maximum diameter, as for example, by a metal sleeve. According to the invention, the exterior surface o the piston provides an outwardly extending top surface, adjoining a relatively large radius, downwardly curved surface on which the lobe of the hollow sleeve rests during normal loading condition. An inverted frustro- conical surface extends downwardly from the downwardly curved surface and provides an area of increasingly reduced diameter for the rolling lobe of the hollow sleeve during jounce. The angle of the frustro-conical surface and the volume of the air spring (including the hollow piston) are such that the ratio of load to spring rate of the air spring is the range of 20 to 120 inches. To achieve this range, the angle of an element of the frustro-conical surface with respect to the axis of the piston is greater than 20°, and preferably about 23°. In order to achieve the required volume for the ai spring, the interior of the piston is open to the interio of the flexible sleeve. Desirably, the volume of the piston is in excess of 100 cu. in. (1639 cu. cm) and the combined volume of the piston and sleeve is in the range of 850 to 1500 cu. in. (13,900 - 24,600 cu. cm) under design loads. Desirably, spring rates in the range of 100 to 300 pounds per inch (17.5 - 52.5 KN/m) at design loads in excess of 5,000 lbs (2268 kg) are achieved with the invention. The piston further comprises an outwardly tapered surface joining the bottom of the frustro-conical surface to provide an area of larger diameter, thereby increasing -5- the effective area of the air spring in the event that compression is significant .enough to drive the lobe past the minimum diameter of the piston. Further, a plate with an opening in the top thereof is provided at the top por- tion of the pedestal and a rubber bumper is secured at an upper portion of the sleeve to prevent compression of the sleeve past a predetermined point. Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is a side elevational view in section of an air spring assembly according to the invention shown under normal loading conditions; Figure 2 is a view similar to Figure 1 showing the air spring under jounce condition; Figure 3 is a composite graph showing the relation¬ ship between deflection and the effective area and between deflection and load at various pressures. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring now to the drawings, and to Figure 1 in particular, there is shown an air spring assembly 12 secured at an upper portion to a vehicle frame 14 and at a lower portion to a vehicle axle assembly or trailing arm 16. The air spring assembly comprises a rubber flexible sleeve 18 secured at an upper portion thereof to an upper retainer 20 and bumper 22 and at a lower portion to a piston member 32. Bolts 24 and 26 secure the air spring assembly through the upper retainer 20 to the vehicle frame 14. The rubber flexible sleeve is tubular shaped and is constructed from laminated rubberized fabric having inextensible cords crossed with respect to each other in the manner described in the U.S. patent to Hirtreiter, 3,043,582 (issued July 10, 1962). "" The inextensible elements are positioned at an angle of about 30° with respect to the axis of the tubular flexible sleeve 18 -6- in unexpanded condition such that, upon expansion of the flexible sleeve 18, the angle between the cords and the axis of the flexible sleeve expands to about 54°. In • this condition, the flexible sleeve 18 achieves its maximu diameter. The sleeve 18, itself, is conventional and sleeves of this nature are commercially available from Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. At an upper portion, the rubber flexible sleeve 18 has an annular wire ring 28 through which it is secured to the retainer 20. In like manner, a lower wire ring 30 at the lower portion of the flexible sleeve 18 is provided for securing the sleeve 18 to the piston 32 between a reservoir can 34 and the piston 32. As illustrated in Figure 1, the upper wire ring 28 has a greater diameter than the lower wire ring 30. The reservoir can 34 is secured to the axle 16 through a bolt 36 and provides a sealed interior chamber for the piston 32. A sealing compound or sealing washer (not shown) is provided for bolt 36 to maintain the reservoir can 34 air tight. A retainer plate 38 having an opening 40 is secured to the top of the reservoir can 34 through welding or other suit¬ able fasteners to provide an abutment surface for bumper 22 under very high jounce conditions. The piston 32 has a shape which is very important to the operating characteristics of the air spring assembly.. It has an outwardly extending top portion 42 having a relatively large radius, downwardly curved surface 43 which smoothly joins an inverted frustro- conical surface 44. An outwardly extending lower portion 48 joins the inwardly directed surface 44 at a minimum diametrical area 46. As seen in Figure 1, the diameter of area 46 is greater than that of the lower ring 30 but significantly less than that of the outer portion of surface 43. The outer surfaces of the piston 32 are smooth and circular in any horizontal section taken therethrough. The piston is conveniently cast from any suitable cast- able material and the outer surface can be machined s ooth, if desirable. The casting is desirably hollow, having an interior surface 50 shown in phantom lines in Figures 1 and 2, and has strengthening ribs 52 spaced at appropriate locations within the casting. The operation of the air spring under jounce, i.e. when the vehicle hits a bump, is illustrated in Figure 2. The lower portion of the flexible member 18 will roll along the surface 44, thereby decreasing slightly the effective area within the spring. In addition, the piston is dimensioned so that the spring rate is sub¬ stantially flat, i.e. in the range of 100 - 300 lbs/in. (17.5 - 52.5 KN/m) during the roll of the flexible member along the surface 44. However, when the flexible member 18 reaches the minimum diametrical, area 46, the effective area of the spring will increase rather quickly, thereby increasing the spring rate to stop the jounce before the spring ""bottoms out"" on the bumper 22. The angle of surface 44 with respect to the axis of the piston is quite important with respect to the opera- tion of the spring. This angle is measured by taking a section through the central axis of the piston 32 which is shown as phantom line 54 in Figure 1. The central axis 54 is perpendicular to the base of piston 32. The inter¬ section of the plane taken through the central axis 54 with the surface 44 forms an element of surface 44. An extension of an element is shown as phantom line 56 in Fig. 1. Thus, the angle between the surface 44 and the axis of the piston 32 is measured between phantom lines 54 and 56. Desirably, this angle is greater than 20°, preferably about 23°, but not more than 30°. The diameter of the piston with respect to the air spring is also of some considerable significance. The piston diameter must be small enough to permit rolling of the lobe on the relatively large return angle frustro- conical surface 44 without collapsing of the lobe. Typically, for a 13-in. (35.4 cm) diameter air spring, the diametrical difference between the air spring ID and the piston OD must be at least 3 in. (7.6 cm) and T RE __0MPI_ ' -8- preferably about 3.4 in. (8,6 cm). Diametrical differ¬ ences would be slightly greater for larger air springs and slightly smaller for smaller air springs. An air spring according to the invention was constructed with the following approximate dimensions: Sleeve - Goodyear sleeve part No. AS4-26-3-017 Max. diam. 336.6 mm (13.25 in.) Piston Height - 132.0 mm (5.20 in.) Maximum diameter at Curved surface 43 - 244.0 mm (9.61 in.) Radius of curved surface - 27.0 mm (1.06 in Height of area 46 - 33.0 mm (1.30 in.) Radius of surface - 24.0 mm (0.94 in.) Volume at area 46 - 1968 cm 3 (120 in. 3 ) Air spring assembly Design height - 304.8 mm (12 in.) Diam. of sleeve 18 - 336.6 mm (13.25 in.) Volume - 13880 cm 3 (970 in. 3 ) The effect of jounce in terms of effective area an deflection for the air spring of the example is illus¬ trated in Figure 3 to which reference is now made. At the upper portion of Figure 3 there is shown the rela- tionship between the effective area of the air spring sleeve and deflection in inches with 12 inches being the design height. Under jounce, the effective area actually decreases for about 2 inches and then increases significantly. At rebound, the effective area increases to dampen the oscillation of the air spring. In the lower portion of Figure 3 there are illus¬ trated curves showing the relationship between load on the air spring and deflection. At the design height, the spring rate is positive but only slightly so compared with the spring rate at higher jounce deflections. Note that the spring rate around the design height is rela¬ tively constant regardless of the degree to which the spring is loaded. 0Λ1P The following data was obtained from tests on an air spring according to the invention: Spring Spring rate Load/ Pressure at design height FN spring rate 30 psi (207K PA) 200 lb/in (35KN/M) 66 CPM 7.5 in (183 mm) 50 psi (245 KPA) 240 lb/iri (42 KN/M) 50 CPM 14.1 in (344 mm) 70 psi (43 KPA) 260 lb/in (45.5 KN/M) 43 CPM 19.2 in (468 mm) 90 psi (621 KPA) 130 lb/in (22.8 KN/M) 26 CPM 51 in (1243 mm) In an air spring constructed according to the invention, the reservoir 34 is significant in maintaining a relatively constant volume under jounce conditions. Desirably, the reservoir has a capacity in excess of 100 3 cu. in. (1639 cm ) and preferably about 120 cu. in. (1965 cu. cm) . The total volume of the air spring including the reservoir is preferably in the range of 850 cu. in. (1390 cu cm) .to 1500 cu. in. (2460 cu. cm), desirably at about 1000 cu. in. (16,390 cu. cm) . Thus, the reservoir adds significant volume to the air spring to assist in reaching the relatively small spring rate and the relatively large load to spring rate ratios. The air spring according to the invention provides a ride that is very smooth over rough roads so that very little shock is transmitted to the vehicle frame when the vehicle hits a bump. The .invention is particularly adapted to heavy loads such as carried by vehicles in the trucking industry. The smooth ride is the result of a low spring rate at design height. This spring rate has not been heretofore achievable in other designs at the higher loads. Reasonable variation and modification are possible within the scope of the foregoing disclosure and drawings without departing from the spirit of the invention which is defined in the accompanying claims. _0 j Wipo-";"-10- ~ CLAIMS 1. In an air spring of the rolling lobe type wherein a hollow elastic sleeve is restrained from expanding past a predetermined diameter at a design load; wherein means are provided for securing an upper end of the sleeve to a vehicle frame; a hollow piston adapted to be secured to a vehicle axle mounts a lower end of the sleeve and provides an outer surface on which the lower end of the sleeve rolls in jounce and rebound; means are provided for securing the sleeve to an upper portion of the piston; and means provide an open communi cation between the interior of the hollow sleeve and the interior of the hollow piston whereby the interior of th piston provides a reservoir for the air spring; the improvement which comprises: the exterior surface of the piston providing an outwardly extending top surface joining a relative large radius downwardly curved surface on which the lobe of the hollow sleeve rests during normal loading and an inverted frustro-conical surface extending downwardly from the downwardly curved surface and providing an area of increasing reduced diameter for the rolling lobe of the hollow sleeve during jounce, the angle of the frustro-conical surface and the volume of the piston and sleeve being such that the spring rate is in the range of 100 - 300 lbs/in. (17.5 KN/m - 52.5 KN/m) at loads above 5,000 lbs (2268 kg.) . 2. An air spring according to claim 1 wherein th angle of an element of the frustro-conical surface with respect to the axis of the piston is greater than 20°. 3. An air spring according to claim 2 wherein th angle of the frustro-conical surface with respect to the axis of the piston is about 23°, 4. An air spring according to claim 2 and furthe -11- comprising a plate secured to an upper portion of the piston and an opening in the plate providing communication between the interior of the hollow sleeve and the interior of the piston; and a resilient bumper secured to the upper sleeve end securing means and adapted to strike the plate at extreme deflection positions of the air spring. 5. An air spring according to claim 4 wherein the piston further comprises an outwardly flared surface join- ing the bottom of the frustro-conical surface and provid¬ ing an area of larger diameter to increase the effective area of the air spring and retard further deflection thereof as the rolling lobe in deflection reaches the outwardly flared surface and prior to the striking of the plate by the resilient bumper. 6. An air spring according to claim 5 wherein the volume of the piston reservoir is in excess of 100 cu. in. (1639 cu. cm. ) . 7. An air spring according to claim 6 wherein the volume of the interior of the piston and hollow spring under load is in the range of 850 to 1500 cu. in. (13,900 - 24,600 cu. cm. ) . 8. An air spring according to claim 7 wherein the volume of the interior of the piston and hollow spring under load is about 1000 cu. in. (16,390 cu. cm.) . 9. An air spring according to claim 8 wherein the piston shape, the volume of the air spring and the piston are such that the ratio of load to spring rate for the air spring is about 20 in. (50.8 cm.) for loads in excess of 5,000 lbs (2268 kg.) . 10. An air spring according to claim 1 wherein the volume of the piston reservoir is in excess of 100 cu. in. (1639 cu. cm.) . 11. An air spring according to claim 10 wherein the volume of the interior of the piston and hollow sleev under load is in the range of 850 to 1500 cu. in. (13,900 - 24,600 cu. cm.) . 12. An air spring according to claim 1 wherein th piston further comprises an outwardly flared surface ad¬ joining the bottom of the frustro-conical surface and providing an area of larger diameter to thereby increase the effective area of the sleeve and retard further deflection of the air spring as the rolling lobe of the sleeve reaches the outwardly flared surface. 13. An air spring according to claim 1 wherein th volume of the interior of the piston and hollow sleeve under load is in the range of 850 to 1500 cu. in. (13,900 - 24 , 600 cu. cm. ) .";PIERCE W;LEAR SIEGLER INC;1978
+WO-1979000416-A1;19790712.0;19781222;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20333313.0;F16B7;G05G5, E21D15, F16H27;F16B7;F16B   7/10B;A LOCKING DEVICE FOR LOCKING TWO RELATIVE EACH OTHER MOVABLE PARTS;A locking device for locking two relative each other movable parts (1, 2) in one of their directions of motion and releasing in the opposite direction of motion, at which one of the parts (1) is provided with teeth or similar and the other part (2) supports a spring-loaded retaining member (6) cooperating with the teeth. The purpose of the invention is to provide a simple and reliable locking device. This has been achieved by the fact that the retaining member (6) is freely swingably mounted and that the teeth-provided (3) part (1) is designed with at least two spaces of tooth (8), one at each end of the toothed path, with a depth exceeding the radial length of the retaining member (6), said spaces of tooth serving as turning stations for the retaining member.;A LOCKING -DEVICE FOR LOCKING TWO RELATIVE EACH OTHER QVEABLE PARTS Background of the invention The present invention refers to a locking device for locking two relative each other moveable parts in one of their directions of motion and releasing in the opposite direction of motion, one of the parts being provided with teeth or similar and the other part supporting a spring-loaded retaining member coopera¬ ting with the teeth. Locking devices of the above mentioned kind are re¬ quired for many purposes, but thev have hitherto been relatively complicated or not completely reliable. Summare of the invention The purpose of the present invention is to provide a locking device which is characterized bv its simple construction and its reliable operation. This has been achieved by the fact that the retaining member is freely swingablv mounted and that the teeth-provided part is designed with at least two spaces of tooth, one at each end of the toothed path, with a depth exceeding the radial length of the retaining member, said spaces of tooth serving as turning stations for the retaining member. Brief description of the drawings The invention will now be further described with refe¬ rence to the accompanying drawings , which show some embodiments. : * r j. BAO Figure 1 is a side view of a locking device accordi to the invention applied to telescopic tubes, Figure 2 shows on a larger scale a section accordin to the line II - II in figure 1, 5 Figure 3 is a longitudinal section through the lock device according to figure 2, Figure is a longitudinal section through a modifi embodiment of the invention with the locking device placed within one of the telescopic tubes, 10 Figure 5 is a section analogue with figure k but wi the locking device in turning position, Figure 6 is a section through a locking device appl to a device with an arc-shaped toothed path, Figure 7 shows the device according to figure 6 in 15 a position for turning the retaining member, and Figure 8 is a section through a further embodiment of the invention. Description of some Dreferred embodiments 20 The locking device according to the invention compr two relative each other moveable parts 1 and 2, the first part 1 of which being provided with teeth 3 o similar along one side edge, while the second part 25 2 is provided with a locking device h comprising a retaining member 6 . which is freely swingably mount about an axle 5 and which by a spring 7 is brought to engage the teeth 3 of the first part 1. 30 In the embodiment shown in the figures 1-3 the part 1 and 2 comprise two telescopic rods or tubes, at which the teeth-provided rod 1 is displaceable in the tube 2. The rack 1 is at each end of the toothe path 3 provided with a space of tooth 8 with a dept 35 exceeding the radial length of the retaining member BADORiatNAt/ _ O y VVI 6, so that i*he retaining member in cooperation with said space of tooth 8 can be brought to turn. In such cases where several turnings are desired spaces of tooth can be arranged also between the end turning stations 8. In the embodiment shown the axle 5 is supported by a loop 9, which is fixed to the outer telescopic tube 2 and is situated just in front of a recess 10 in said tube. ' In the embodiment according to the figures and 5 the outer telescopic tube 2 is along one edge side provided with inwards directed teeth 3 cooperating v/ith the locking device . which is arranged at the inner tube 1. The inner tube 1 has a U-shaped cross- section and is so arranged in the outer tube 2 that the teeth 3 are located between the shanks 11 of the inner tube 1. In the shanks 11 recesses for the axle 5 are arranged, said axle serving as a pivot for the freely swingable retaining member 6 in the same way as in the embodiment described above. The retaining member 6 is pressed against the teeth-provided inside of the outer tube 2 by means of the spring 7, which is so arranged that v/hen the retaining member 6 is located in a space of tooth 8, as is shown in figure 5, the retaining member 6 will take a position between its two end positions. The spring 7 is preferably held by a clip 12 at the retaining member 6 and a clip 13 at the middle portion I k of the U-shaped inner member 1. The devices according to the figures 1-5 work in the following wav . In one position, e.g. when the inner rod 1 is drawn out of the outer tube 2 the retaining member 6 will against the action of the spring 7 snap over the teeth 3 at the same time as the retaining member prevents the inner rod from being pushed back- wards. When *he retaining member 6 is in front of a space of tooth 8, the retaining member can be swung so much that it changes position and the inner rod 1 can be pushed back without the retaining member 6 offering any appreciable resistance. At the opposite end position the retaining member 6 will again snap into a space of tooth 8, so that the retaining member is turned back to its first starting position. In the embodiment according to the figures 6 and 7 the toothed path of one of the parts 1 is arc-shaped, while the other part 2 is pivotallv mounted in the centre of the arc-shaped toothed path about a pivot pin 15. The retaining member 6 of the locking device ■■ is in the same way as above freely swingably mounted about an axle 5. At both end portions of the toothed path 3 a deeper notch or a space of tooth with a large depth than the length of the retaining member 6 is arranged. The device works in the same wav as the earlier described embodiments. In this embodiment e.g. one part 1 can be moveable, while the second part 2 is fixed at a structural part. In the embodiment according to figure 8 the toothed path is arranged at the fixed part 2, while the moveabl part 1 supports the locking device k . The embodiments which have been shown and described are only to be regarded as examples and a number of modifications are possible v/ithin the scope of the claims. Thus the retaining member can have a different design as well as the spring 7, which also can be placed in a different way than is shown in the drawings .O VI;C L A I S 1. A locking device for locking two relative each other moveable parts in one of their directions of motion and releasing in the opposite direction of motion, one of the parts being provided with teeth or similar and the other part supporting a spring- loaded retaining member cooperating v/ith the teeth, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n, that the retaining member (6) is freely swingably mounted and that the teeth-provided (3) part (1) is designed with at least two spaces of tooth (8), one at each end of the toothed path, with a depth exceeding the radial length of the retaining member (β), said spaces of tooth serving as turning stations for the retaining member. 2. A locking device according to claim 1, c h a ¬ • r a c t e r i z e d i n, that the spring (7) of the retaining member (6) is arranged to keep the retaining member in a position between its two end positions in the unaffected position of the retaining member. 3. -A. locking device according to claim 1 or 2, c h a ¬ r a c t e r i z e d i n, that the teeth-provided (3) part (1) is provided with one or several spaces of tooth between the end position spaces of tooth. *J. A locking device according to any of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n, that the parts (1, 2) consist of telescopic rods or tubes. 5. A locking device according to any of the preceding claims, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n, that one of the parts (1 and 2 resp. ) comprises an arc-shaped toothed path, while the second member is ivotallv mounted in the centre of the arc-shaped toothed path. BADQBJGiNAt ;AKSELSEN O;AKSELSEN O, OTTAR INNOVATION HANDELSBOLAG, OTTAR INNOVATIONER HANDELSBOLAG;1978
+WO-1979000428-A1;19790712.0;19781218;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25342301.0;H02J5;;C25D5, H02J1, H02M7, H02P13;C25D   5/18, H02P  13/06;SUPPLIER OF DIRECT CURRENT WITH SUPERIMPOSED ALTERNATING CURRENT;A power supply and a method for providing in a convenient and inexpensive way an unlimited range of directs currents with superimposed alternating sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal currents to a single load or to a number of loads in parallel. A novel power supply derived from a conventional one by purposely unbalancing AC potentials of load terminals so that an additional AC voltage drop appears across the load. This unbalancing is accomplished through changing AC potentials of one or both load terminals (48, 49) by connecting one of the terminals to different points along a special unbalancing transformer winding (40) and/or by connecting a capacitor (50) between a load terminal (48) and different points of this unbalancing winding.;"SUPPLIER OF DIRECT CURRENT WITH SUPERIMPOSED ALTERNATING CURRENT TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to supplying of electrical energy and particularly to supplying an unlimited range of direct currents with superimposed sinusoidal and non- sinusoidal alternating currents. BACKGROUND ART There are a number of methods for providing direct current (DC) with a superimposed alternating current (AC). In each of these methods it is necessary to provide isola¬ tion between the DC and AC sources. A typical method of such decoupling is illustrated by a diagram in Fig. 1. An inductance 3 blocks the flow of alternating current into a DC source 1 while a capacitor 4 prevents an AC source 2 from short circuiting the DC power supply. A power supply of this type which provides an AC current superimposed on DC current to a load 5, however, becomes unwieldy in applications where large currents (of the order of thousands of amperes) are required as in the case of some electrochemical installa- tions. In such . cases the values of inductance 3 and capaci¬ tance 4 become quite large and proh biti ely expensive, A method that provides a partial solution to these problems is illustrated by a diagram in Fig. 2. Alternating current is provided by a transformer 11 with a center tap 12. A DC power source 13 is connected between the center tap 12 on the transformer and the common point 14 of two loads 15 and 16. If the loads are identical, then AC voltage across the DC supply 13 is zero and no inductance is required to prevent the alternating current from flowing through the DC source. Also no capacitor is required in this circuit. The main disadvantage of this approach is the requirement that the two loads be identical. The need for balanced loads creates a number of difficulties in practica applications and has the effect of increasing the cost of industrial.processes which require the use of such supplies. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION In brief, the present invention overcomes most of the problems encountered in the existing methods for supply ing direct current with a superimposed alternating current. The new power supply does not use blocking inductive ele¬ ments, requires no blocking capacitors and can work with single loads. For these reasons the supply provides a con- venient and inexpensive method and system of generating an almost unlimited range of currents from very small to ex¬ tremely large values. In all conventional rectifier circuits one end of a load (which will be referred to henceforth as the first load terminal) is essentially connected to a rectifier cir¬ cuit element or to a common point of several such elements. The other end of the load (which will be referred to hence¬ forth as the second load terminal) is connected to a trans¬ former winding or to another rectifier circuit element or to another common point of several such elements. In the case where a filter capacitor is connected across the load, the filter capacitor terminal which is connected to the first load terminal is designated ""the first capacitor __0ΛJ 3 terminal"", and the capacitor terminal connected to the second load terminal is designated ""the second capacitor terminal."" A conventional rectifier circuit is designed to have AC potential difference between the first and second load terminals equal or nearly equal to zero. We will consider this case as one when AC potentials of the load terminals are balanced. In a full-wave center tapped rectifier, for example, balancing is achieved by connecting the second load terminal and the second capacitor terminal to the center tap of the transformer. According to the invention, superposition of AC voltage on DC voltage is obtained through purposely unbal- ancing AC potentials of the load terminals by changing AC potential of the first load terminal and/or of the second load terminal so that an additional difference between these potentials will appear across the load. This change in AC potentials may or may not be accompanied by a change in DC potentials of the load terminals depending on the method used for varying the AC potentials. If the second load terminal is connected to the center tap of the transformer winding, the AC potential of only this terminal may be changed, and subsequently the un- balancing will follow, by disconnecting the terminal from the center tap and connecting said terminal to other points along the winding. A transformer winding which is used for ""unbalancing"" will hereinafter be referred to as the ""un¬ balancing winding."" The position of capacitors initially shunting the load should remain unaltered; i.e., the capaci¬ tor should remain connected between the first load terminal and the center tap of the transformer in this case. No change of DC voltage across the load will be observed here since the AC potential of the first load terminal remains unchanged. A change in AC potential of only the first load terminal may be accomplished by connecting one or more coupling capacitors between the first load terminal and different points along the unbalancing winding. These capacitors may initially shunt the load or they may be specially added to change the potential of the first load terminal. Since the AC potential of the first load ter¬ minal changes, the AC voltage across the rectifier elements also changes. This process in turn alters the magnitude of the rectified DC voltage. The same method may be used to change the AC potential of the second load terminal when this terminal is connected to a common point of several (at least one) rectifier circuit elements. It is understood that AC and DC potentials of both load terminals may be changed simultan¬ eously to obtain the desired value of AC and DC voltages across the load. If the input voltage of the new power supply is sinusoidal and capacitors used in the circuit are big enough, the waveform of the AC component across the load is sinusoi¬ dal too. This waveform will vary, depending on the waveform of the input voltage or on the magnitude of capacitors used. Also, the waveform of the AC component may be changed with the help of thyristors used as rectifier circuit elements. A non-sinusoidal AC waveform may also be acquired even when the capacitors in the circuit are big enough and normally provide sinusoidal waveform. The non-sinusoidal waveform in this case is "" formed by introducing another non¬ linear element into the circuit (the first non-linear element being diodes or thyristors). This non-linear circuit ele¬ ment may be, for example, a saturable core reactor used for voltage control in the primary of the transformer. Likewise semiconductor controlled rectifiers may be used at the input of the system for voltage control providing non-sinusoidal waveform of AC component across the load. The new method of superimposing alternating cur- rent on direct current provides an unlimited ratio of AC to DC voltage from zero to infinity. The invented method and system are valid for a rectifier circuit with an arbitrary number of rectifier cir- OΛΪPI 5 cuit elements. If the use of the invented method results in the appearance of an excessive magnetic flux in the transformer, various existing flux compensating methods can be used. These methods may include sectionalizing of the transformer windings or providing an additional compensating winding, etc. The new power supply may be considered as a source of a modulated voltage, wherein the DC voltage is a carrier and the sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal component is a modulating voltage. The voltage instead of current approach is important particularly when the load is non-linear and the voltage waveform, which may be more easily controlled, substantially differs from the current waveform. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The invention will be more readily understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which Fig. 1 is a diagramatic representation of an example of prior art and shows separate DC and AC supplies; Fig. 2 is a diagramatic representation of another example of prior art and shows a DC supply with a center tapped secondary transformer winding; Fig. 3 is a schematic block diagram which illus¬ trates the invented method and system for providing an AC voltage superimposed* on a DC voltage across a load; Fig. 4 is another block diagram which illustrates the invented method and system for providing an AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage; Fig. 5 shows a circuit diagram for a DC + AC power supply based on a full wave center tapped rectifier and illustrates the invented method of unbalancing AC poten¬ tials at the load terminals; Fig. 6 is a graphic representation of different types of voltages across the load with a large capacitor 50 in the circuit of Fig. 5 connected to the center tap; Fig. 7 is a view similar to that of Fig. 6 but with no capacitor used in the circuit; Fig. 8 is a view similar to that of Fig. 6 but with the second capacitor terminal 52 connected to different points along an unbalancing winding; Fig. 9 shows a circuit diagram for a DC + AC power supply based on a halfwave rectifier circuit and illustrates the invented method of unbalancing AC potentials at the load terminals; Fig. 10 shows a circuit diagram for a DC + AC powe supply based on a fullwave rectifier and illustrates the invented method of unbalancing AC potentials at the load terminals; Fig. 11 shows a circuit diagram for a DC + AC powe supply based on a multi-phase rectifier and illustrates the invented method of unbalancing AC potentials of load termi¬ nals; Fig. 12 shows a circuit diagram of a DC + AC power supply based on a three-phase rectifier and illustrates the invented method of unbalancing AC potentials of load termi- ' 'nals. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention will hereinafter be describe in detail. Fig. 3 illustrates one of the principles of the invention. An AC power source 21 supplies at least a single phase sine wave voltage at frequencies up to kilohertz and more but preferably at a conventional 60Hz through a suit¬ able voltage-control device 22 such as a saturable core reactor, semiconductor control rectifiers, or an autotrans- former. If desired, the voltage-control unit may be elimin- ated where a constant voltage is needed at the output of the system. The primary 23 of a single phase or a multi-phase transformer is coupled with the voltage-control unit. The windings of the primary may be star-connected. The connec- 7 tion of windings is ordinarily preferable since it brings about a more even distribution of currents in the phases of the power supply 21. The secondary 24 of the transformer has two types of windings: ordinary and unbalancing wind¬ ings. All these windings are star-connected. An ordinary winding is used exclusively for supplying AC voltage to a system 25 of rectifier circuit, elements, whereas an un¬ balancing winding is used mainly for supplying an unbal- ancing AC voltage to terminals 27 and 28 of a load 26, though this winding may also be used for supplying voltage to the rectifier system. The first load terminal 27 is connected to a system of rectifier circuit elements 25 and the second.load terminal 28 is directly connected to the secondary of the transformer so that a DC voltage is pro¬ vided across the load. If a minimum value of AC voltage component is desired across the load, the second load terminal is connected to the point of star connection of the windings. In this case, AC potentials of the load terminals are balanced. An additional AC voltage is introduced across the load when the second load terminal is connected to dif¬ ferent points of the unbalancing winding which provides unbalancing of AC potential of the second load terminal. The AC potential of the first load terminal 27 may be also altered with the help of a coupling capacitor 29 connected to the unbalancing winding. This capacitor affects also the waveform of the AC voltage component across the load even if it doesn't change the AC potential of the first load terminal which occurs when the second capacitor ter- minal is connected to the point of star-connection of transformer windings. The schematic block diagram represented in Fig. 3 illustrates a plurality of power supplies wherein one of the load terminals (namely the second terminal) is connected directly to a transformer winding. If both load terminals are connected to different points of a system of rectifier circuit elements, another block diagram applies. This diagram is represented in Fig. 8 4, and the same elements as those of Fig. 3 are used here except that two coupling capacitors 39 and 40 may be em¬ ployed, one for changing AC potential of the first load terminal 37 and/or another for changing AC.potential of the second load terminal. It is understood that the value of these capacitors affects the waveform of the additional AC component across the load 36. The principles of the invention disclosed in Fig. 3 and 4 will be further illustrated by a number of pre¬ ferred embodiments. These embodiments mainly differ by circuits connected to the secondary winding of the trans¬ former. In the case of a two-phase power supply, usually known as a full-wave center tapped rectifier installation depicted in Fig. 5, a two-phase transformer secondary com¬ posed of two windings 40 and 41 with a center tap 42 is in circuit with two rectifier elements 43 and 45. These cir¬ cuit elements have a common point 46 which is a first out- put terminal of the rectifier system. Both rectifier elements have the same direction with respect to the output terminal 46 and, of course, with respect, to terminals of the transformer windings 40 and 41 to which they are con¬ nected. Under the term ""rectifier circuit elements"" we mean hereinafter diodes and/or thyristors. A load 47 is connected by its first terminal 48 to the first output ter¬ minal and by its second terminal 49 to the center tap 42 of the transformer secondary. A capacitor 50 with its first terminal 51 and a second terminal 52 is connected respec- tively to the first load terminal 48 and to the center tap 42 of the transformer. As long as the second load terminal and the second capacitor terminal are connected to the transformer center tap only, direct current with a ripple dependent on the value of the capacitor 50 will flow through the load. In this case an AC voltage component across the load is minimal and AC potentials of the load terminals may be considered as being balanced. If capaci¬ tance C of the capacitor 50 is very large (tending to infinity), a pure DC voltage with no AC component will be applied to the load (see Fig. 6a). This DC voixage is equal to a half of the amplitude A of the AC voltage across the transformer secondary which includes two windings 40 and 41. According to this invention an additional AC voltage component will be introduced across the load 47 when the second load terminal 52 is moved from the center tap and is connected to different points along either transformer winding, whereas the second capacitor terminal is still connected to the cente tap. Different posi¬ tions of the second load terminal are schematically indi¬ cated by dotted arrows. When the second load terminal moves along the winding 40, AC potential of this terminal changes and'becomes unbalanced with respect to the AC po¬ tential of the first load terminal. Thus, the transformer winding 40 is called ""unbalancing winding"". The unbal¬ ancing winding plays a dual role here: it changes the AC potential of the second load terminal and also supplies voltage to the rectifier circuit element 43. If the second load terminal 49 is connected to an intermediate point along the unbalancing winding 40 and capacitance C of the capacitor 50 is large, and also a sine wave voltage is applied to the input of the transformer, the waveform of additional component across the load is sinusoidal too. This component has an amplitude which is intermediate be¬ tween zero and A/2, whereas the DC voltage is the same as it was initially, i.e., before moving the second load ter¬ minal (see Fig. 6b). When the second load terminal reaches the end of the unbalancing winding, the amplitude of the AC component equalizes with the DC voltage (see Fig. 6c). A dramatic change of the AC component waveform will accrue from diminishing the capacitance of the capaci¬ tor 50 provided all other conditions remain unaltered. In the extreme when the capacitor 50 is disconnected (capaci¬ tance C = 0), the waveform of the voltage across the load will be as depicted in Fig. 7a if the second "" load terminal is connected to the center tap. When this terminal is connected to an intermediate point along the unbalancing winding, the waveform is as in Fig. 7b, and, at last, as in Fig. 7c when the terminal reaches the end of the winding. It should be noted that the average value of the voltage appearing across the load remains constant for all positions of the load terminal and will be equal to A/τr. A similar effect would occur if winding 41 rather than winding 40 were used as the unbalancing winding. So far we have discussed the method and system for unbalancing the AC-potential of the second load termin¬ al which has the reference number 49 in Fig. 5. It is also possible to unbalance the AC potential of the first load terminal 48, -which may be accomplished by connecting the second capacitor terminal 52 to different points of either winding 40 or 41 , leaving the second load terminal 49 con¬ nected to the center tap 42. The capac tor 50 in this case w ll act as a coupling capacitor transferring different AC potentials along the unbalancing winding to the common point 46 of the rectifier circuit elements. Since the AC voltage difference across the rectifier elements changes, it causes a change of the DC voltage component. Fig. 8 illustrates this phenomenon. When both second load and second capacitor terminals are connected to the center tap 42, the DC compo¬ nent is equal to A/2 and no AC component across the load exists, provided the capacitance C is large enough (see Fig. 8a). If the second capacitor terminal 52 is con¬ nected to an intermediate point of the unbalancing winding and the load terminal 49 remains connected to the center tap 42, the DC voltage increases and a sinusoidal component appears across the load. In the extreme, when the second capacitor terminal reaches the end of the unbalancing wind¬ ing, the DC component is equal to A and the amplitude of the AC component is equal to A/2 (see Fig. 8b). It is also possible to unbalance the AC poten¬ tials of both load terminals si ultaneously by moving the second load and the second capacitor terminals along one or "" BUR £ O PI two unbalancing windings. An additional AC voltage com¬ ponent will appear across the load, provided the second load and capacitor terminals are not connected to the same point. In the extreme, when these terminals are connected to the opposite ends of the windings 40 and 41 , the DC voltage is equal to A and the amplitude of the AC voltage component is also equal to A (see Fig. 8c). The connection of the second capacitor terminal to different points of the winding is schematically shown in Fig. 5 by dotted arrows . It should be noted that none of the described waveforms reverse the polarity of the potential across the load, a situation which may be essential for many electro- chemical and other applications of the invented AC + DC power supply. A half-wave recti fier -circuit and a method repre¬ sented in Fig. 9 form a special case because in th s circuit the sinusoidal AC component may exceed the DC component across load 65. It will happen only if the AC potential of the first load terminal 66 is unbalanced, which may be accomplished by connecting second capacitor terminal 70 to different points of unbalancing winding 61 , leaving the second load terminal 67 connected to end 62 of the winding. The coupling capacitor 68 will transfer an AC voltage to the first load terminal 65, reducing the AC voltage drop across rectifier circuit element 64, thus resulting in diminishing the DC voltage rectified by this element. When the second load terminal reaches the end 63 of the unbalancing winding, the DC voltage across the load reduces to zero and the ratio of AC to DC components is equal to infinity. No change of the DC component will happen if the AC potential of the second load terminal 67 is unbalanced by moving this terminal along the unbalancing winding 61 while the capacitor 68 remains connected to the rectifier circuit element 64 with the first capacitor terminal 69 and remains connected to the end 62 of the winding 61 with the second capacitor terminal 70. In this case the value of only the AC component will change. The amplitude of this - - component reaches A when the second load terminal is con¬ nected to the end 63 of the unbalancing winding. The wave¬ form of the voltage across the load 65 in this case is ade- quate to that of Fig. 8c which referred to the full-wave center-tapped system as depicted in Fig. 5. Moreover these two diagrams provide identical AC + DC voltages across the load not only in the previously discussed case. Identical voltages will also appear if in the circuit of Fig. 9 the second load terminal 67 is connected to the center point 71 of the winding 61 and the second capacitor terminal 70 moves along this winding in the direction of its end 62. The iden¬ tity of the voltages will also occur in the opposite situa¬ tion when the second capacitor terminal 70 remains connected to the point 71 and the load terminal 67 would move to the end 62. It means that a half-wave system of Fig. 9 may be represented in the majority of cases by a full-wave center- tapped system of Fig. 5 with one of two rectifier elements disconnected. Suppose the circuit element 45 is discon¬ nected; then the ordinary phase winding 40 is used exclu¬ sively for rectification whereas the second phase winding 41 is used exclusively for unbalancing. The idea of pro¬ viding a special winding which is used exclusively for un- balancing is very beneficial for multi-phase systems, as will be discussed below. In systems of Fig. 5 and Fig. 9 the second load terminal is connected directly to the transformer winding in compliance with the principle disclosed in Fig. 3, where- as the first load terminal is connected to at least one rectifier circuit element. According to the principle dis¬ closed in Fig. 4, the second load terminal may also be con¬ nected to at least one rectifier circuit element which is different from the element connected to the first load terminal. This may happen, for instance, in a system which is based on a full-wave rectifier bridge represented in Fig. 10. Four rectifier circuit elements 74, 75, 76 and 77 forming a bridge rectifier circuit are connected to one- ■ ^UR£4 phase transformer secondary 71. Two of these elements, viz. 74 and 75, constitute a first group having a common -point 78 which is a first output terminal of the rectifier system. Both these elements have the same direction with respect to this output terminal. A second group includes elements 76 and 77 having a common point .79 which is a second output terminal of the rectifier system. The elements of the second group have the same direction with respect to the second output terminal but this direction is opposite from that of the elements of the first group. Therefore, DC potentials of the first and second output terminals are of opposite polarity. A load 80 is connected with its first terminal 81, to the first output terminal and with its second terminal 82. to the second output terminal. AC po¬ tentials of load termianls are in this case balanced and an AC ripple voltage across the load is minimal. The un¬ balancing of AC potential of the first load terminal is accomplished with the help of a first coupling capacitor 83 connected to the first load terminal 81 with a first capacitor terminal 84 and connected to any point of the unbalancing winding 71 with a second capacitor terminal 85. The same method may be used to unbalance AC potential of the second load terminal. A second coupling capacitor 86 is used respectively for this unbalancing with its first terminal 87 connected to the second load terminal and a second capacitor terminal 88 connected to any point of the unbalancing winding albeit different • f om the point of con¬ nection of the terminal 85. A multi-phase embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in Fig. 11. A secondary of the multi-phase transformer is formed by six star-connected windings with reference numbers from 91 to 96. Four of these windings, namely 93, 94, 95 and 96 , are ordinary windings which are used exclusively to supply voltage to rectifier circuit elements 99, 100, 101 and 102 which have a common point 103, this point constituting the first output terminal. The remaining two windings 91 and 92 are unbalancing windings and each of them plays a dual role: it unbalances AC po¬ tential of one of the load terminals and also supplies voltage to a rectifier circuit element which is 98 for the winding 91 and 110 for the winding 92. A load 104 is con¬ nected to the first output terminal 103 with a first load terminal 105. A second load terminal 106 is connected directly to any point of the unbalancing winding 92, thus introducing an additional AC voltage component across the load. Evidently, no additional voltage will be introduced if the second load terminal is connected to a point 97 of star connection of the windings. The unbalancing of AC potential of the first load terminal 105 is accomplished in the manner described in previous embodiments: a couplin capacitor 107 is used, this capacitor being connected to th first load terminal with a first capacitor terminal 108 and to the unbalancing winding 91 with its second terminal 109. It should be pointed out that the use of a special unbal¬ ancing winding 91 for changing AC potential of the first load terminal is gratuitous. In this case the same unbal¬ ancing winding 92 which is employed for changing AC poten¬ tial of the second load terminal may be used. It is eviden that if the second capacitor terminal 109 is connected to the point 97 of star connection of the windings, no unbal- ancing of the first load terminal will occur. But the role of the capacitor 107 is still important here since it essen tially affects the waveform of the AC component across the load, this component being introduced by connecting the second load terminal 106 to different points along the unbalancing winding. If the windings of the transformer secondary provide sine form voltage and the capacitor 107 i large enough, ie.e,, it has a large capacitance C, the wave¬ form of the AC component across the load is sinusoidal too. Being connected to the point 97 of star-connection, the coupling capacitor 107 becomes a wave shape forming only. As such, it has a minimal AC voltage drop and gives the ad¬ vantage of employing the least expensive electrolytic type capacitors which cannot be otherwise employed as coupling capacitors when a substantial AC voltage is applied across their terminals. It is not crucial for the unbalancing winding to supply a voltage for a rectifying system along with supply- ing the unbalancing voltage. The last function of the wind¬ ing may be the only one. In this case the rectifier circuit element 110, which is shown by dotted lines in Fig. 11, is disconnected. Another preferred embodiment of the present inven- tion, which is depicted in Fig. 12, is a particular case of the just now described multi-phase system. It is a three- phase system where a sine form voltage of industrial fre¬ quency, predominantly of 60 or 50 cycles per second, is applied from a source 110 to a transformer primary through a voltage-control system which here is a saturable core reactor with three windings 111, 112, and 113. The three-phase transformer primary consists of threeΔ -connected windings 114, 115 and 116. The Δ-connec- tion is preferable since the source appears to be more evenly current loaded therein. Still, a Y-connection may also be employed here. A saturable core reactor is purpose¬ ly chosen in this system for voltage control to provide the following two additional functions: it assists in equaliz¬ ing line currents and also changes the sine form voltage at the input into non-sinusoidal waveform at the output of the reactor to secure a non-sinusoidal waveform of voltage .component across a load. This waveform is very important in some applications, for instance when the load is an aluminum anodizing installation. Of course, other types of voltage control, such as an autotransformer or semi¬ conductor control rectifiers, may be used too. An auto¬ transformer would not change the waveform of the controlled voltage, whereas semiconductor control rectifiers do change this waveform but would not provide the same equalizing effect for the line currents as the saturable core reactor does. Three phase windings of the transformer secondary, namely 117, 118 and 119, are star connected in a point 120. Windings 118 and 119 are ordinary windings and are used ""BUR£4^ OMPr exclusively for supplying voltage to rectifier circuit elements 121 and 122, both elements being connected to a common point 123 and having the same direction with respect to this point. The winding 117 is an unbalancing winding and is used here exclusively for supplying voltage to change AC potential of a second terminal 125 of a load 124 which is connected to the first output terminal 123 with its first terminal 126. The unbalancing of the second load terminal is accomplished by connecting this terminal to different points of the unbalancing winding 117 which is indicated schematically in Fig. 12 by several dotted arrows. A capacitor 127 is connected to the first load terminal with a first capacitor terminal 129 and to the point of star connection 120 with the second capacitor terminal 128. An electrolytic capacitor or a plurality of capacitors con¬ nected in parallel may be used as a capacitor 127. The higher the capacitance of this' capacitor, the closer to a sinusoid will be the waveform of AC component across the load, provided the sine voltage is applied to the secondary windings of the transformer. Disconnecting the capacitor or diminishing its value would greatly affect the waveform of the AC component unless the load itself has capacitive,- reaction and the capacitance of the load is high enough. The last two embodiments of Fig. 11 and Fig. 12 represent a multi-phase system implemented in compliance with principles of the block diagram in Fig. 3, where one of the load terminals is directly connected to a winding o-f the transformer secondary and the other load terminal is connected to at least one rectifier circuit element. A multi-phase bridge rectifier system known to the skilled in the art may also be employed for a DC + AC power supply. In this system both load terminals are connected to dif- ferent groups of rectifier circuit elements according to principles of the block diagram in Fig. 4, and AC poten¬ tials of load terminals are altered in this case with the help of coupling capacitors. A Δ*-connection instead of a _OMpj Y-connection of windings of the transformer secondary may be used in this system. Although certain embodiments of the invention have been shown in the drawings and described in the specification, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto, is capable of modification, and can be arranged without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.";"1. A DC + AC power supply comprising: (a) a transformer having at least two star-connected phase windings in the secondary, at least one of these windings being an ordinary winding used exclusively for supplying an AC voltage to a rectifier system, and at least one of these windings being an unbalancing winding used for supolying AC voltage component across a load; (b) a rectifier system having at least two rectifier circuit elements, each circuit element having two ter¬ minals, one terminal being connected to any phase- winding of the secondary of the transformer, the other terminal being connected to a first output terminal, all rectifier circuit elements having the same direction with respect to said first output terminal, whereby each of the phase-windings is connected to a corresponding rectifier circuit element; (c) a load having a first and a second terminal, the first load terminal being connected to the first output terminal, and the second load terminal being connected to any point of the unbalancing winding, said point being different from the point of star connection of trans- former windings, whereby an additional AC voltage com¬ ponent is introduced across the load, said AC voltage being superimposed on a DC voltage across said load. 2. A DC + AC power supply of Claim 1 further comprising (d). at least one capacitor, each capacitor having a first and a second terminal, the first capacitor ter¬ minal being connected to the first load terminal and the second capacitor terminal being connected to the point of star connection of transformer windings, said capacitor being used for changing a waveform of the AC voltage component across the load. ' BU R £4 3. A DC + AC power supply of Claim.2 further comprising: (e) means for voltage control coupled with a primary of the transformer, said means including a saturable core reactor. 4. A DC + AC power supply comprising: (a) a. transformer having at least three star connected phase-windings in the secondary, at least two of these windings being ordinary windings used exclusively for supplying an AC voltage to a rectifier system, and at least one of these windings being an unbalancing winding used for conducting a DC current to a load and also-for providing an additional AC voltage com¬ ponent across the load; (b) a rectifier system, having at least two rectifier circuit elements, each circuit element having two ter¬ minals, one terminal being connected to any ordinary phase-winding of the secondary of the transformer, the other- terminal being connected to a first output ter¬ minal, all rectifier circuit elements having the same direction with respect to said first output terminal, whereby each of the phase-windings except unbalancing winding is connected to a corresponding rectifier circuit element; (c) a load having a first and a second terminal, the first load terminal being connected to the first output terminal, and the second load terminal being connected to any point of the unbalancing winding, said point being different from the point of star connection of the transformer windings, whereby an additional AC voltage component is introduced across the load. 5. A DC + AC power supply of Claim 4 further comprising (.d) at least one capacitor, each capacitor having a first and a second terminal, the first capacitor ter¬ minal being connected to. the first load terminal, and the second capacitor terminal being connected to the point of star connection of transformer windings, said capacitor being used for changing the waveform of the AC voltage component across the load. 6. A DC + AC power supply of Claim 5 further comprising: Ce) means for voltage control coupled with a primary of the transformer, said means including a saturable core reactor. 7. A DC + AC power supply comprising: (a) a transformer with at least one phase-winding in the secondary, each phase winding being an unbalancing winding used for supplying AC voltage to a rectifier system and also for providing an additional AC voltage component across a load; (b) a rectifier system having at least two rectifier circuit elements, each circuit element having two ter- minals, one terminal being connected to any unbalancing phase-winding of the transformer, the other terminal being connected to a first output terminal, said two rectifier circuit elements having the same direction in respect to said first output terminal, whereby each of the unbalancing windings is connected to a corresponding rectifier circuit element; (c) a load having a first and a second terminal, the first load terminal being connected to the first output terminal, and the second load terminal being connected to any point of any unbalancing winding, whereby an additional AC voltage component is introduced across the load; (d) at least one capacitor, each capacitor having a first and a second terminal, the first capacitor ter¬ minal being connected to the first load terminal, and the second capacitor terminal being connected to any point of any unbalancing winding, except the point to which the second load terminal is connected, whereby an additional AC voltage component is introduced across O m , the load. 8. A DC + AC power supply comprising: (a) a transformer with one phase-winding in the secondary, said winding being an unbalancing winding used for supplying AC voltage to a rectifier system and also for providing an additional AC voltage com¬ ponent across a load; (b) a rectifier system, having at least one recti¬ fier circuit element, each circuit element having two terminals, one terminal being connected to the.un¬ balancing phase-winding of the transformer, the other terminal being connected to a first output terminal, all rectifier circuit elements having the same direc¬ tion,in respect to "" said first output terminal; (c) a load having a first and a second terminal, the first load terminal being connected to the first output terminal, and the second load terminal being connected ■ έo any point of the unbalancing winding; (d) at least one capacitor, each capacitor having a first and a second terminal, the first capacitor ter¬ minal being connected to the first load terminal, and the second capacitor terminal being connected to any point of the unbalancing winding, except the point to which the second load terminal is connected, whereby an additional AC voltage component is introduced across the load. 9. A DC + AC power supply comprising; (a) , a transformer with at least one phase-winding in the secondary, each phase-t-winding being an unbalancing winding used for supplying AC voltage to a rectifier system and also for providing an additional AC voltage component across a load; BUR£4^> (b) a rectifier system, having two groups of recti¬ fier circuit elements, the first; group consisting of at least one rectifier circuit element, each circuit element having two terminals, one terminal being con- nected to any unbalancing winding, the other terminal being connected to a first output terminal, all recti¬ fier circuit elements of this group having the same direction in respect to the terminals of the windings to which they are connected, the second group consisting of at least two rectifier circuit elements, each cir¬ cuit element having two terminals, one of said terminals being connected to any unbalancing winding, the other terminal being connected to a second output terminal, so that each end terminal of the transformer windings is connected to a corresponding rectifier circuit ele¬ ment of the second group, all rectifier circuit ele¬ ments of the second group having the same direction in respect to the terminals of the windings to which they are connected, the direction of rectifier circuit ele- ents of the second group being opposite from the di¬ rection"" of the first group circuit elements, whereby DC potentials of opposite polarity are provided to the first and second output terminals respectively; (c) a load having a first and a second terminal, the first load terminal being connected to the first output terminal, the second load terminal being connected to the second output terminal; (d) at least one first capacitor, each capacitor having a first and a second terminal, the first capaci- • tor being connected to the first load terminal, and the second capacitor terminal being connected to any point of any unbalancing transformer winding, whereby an additional AC component is introduced across the load. O PI WΪPC 10. A DC + AC power supply of Claim 9 further comprising: Ce) at"" least one second capacitor, each capacitor having a first and a second terminal, the first capaci¬ tor terminal being connected to the second load ter- minal, and the second capacitor terminal being con¬ nected to any point of any unbalancing transformer winding except the point to which the second capaci¬ tor terminal of the first capacitors is connected, whereby an additional AC component is introduced across the load. ll.. A method for providing an AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage, the method comprising the steps of: (a) supplying an at least one-phase voltage to a modifying transformer with star-connected phase windings in the secondary; (b) modifying said AC voltage into a first and a second voltage with the help of said transformer, the first voltage being an at least one-phase voltage and being created with the help of at least one ordinary winding of the secondary of said transformer, said first AC voltage being used for supplying an AC current to a system of rectifier circuit elements, the second voltage being an unbalancing voltage and being created by one of the ordinary phase windings which is also an unbalancing winding, said second voltage being used for changing the AC potential of one terminal of a load; (c) rectifying said first voltage with the help of rectifying circuit elements for providing a rectified voltage across the load; (d) changing the AC potential of the second load ter- minal by connecting said terminal to any point'of the unbalancing winding whereby* an additional AC. voltage superimposed on the DC. voltage is introduced across the load, said AC voltage being changed as the second load terminal is connected to different points along the unbalancing winding. 12. The method as defined by Claim 11, which further com¬ prises the step of coupling terminals of at least one capaci¬ tor with the transformer and rectifier circuit elements, so that one capacitor terminal is connected to the point of star connection of the transformer secondary, and the other termin¬ al is connected to the same point of the rectifier system to which the first load terminal is connected, whereby the wave¬ form of the AC component across the load is changed as capaci¬ tance of the capacitor increases. 13. A method for providing.an AC.voltage superimposed on DC voltage, the method comprising the steps of: (a) supplying an at least one-phase AC voltage to a modifying transformer with star-connected phase windings in the secondary; (b) modifying said AC voltage into a first and a second voltage with the help of said transformer, the first voltage being an at least one-phase voltage and being created with the help of at. least one ordinary winding of the secondary of said transformer, said first AC voltage being used for supplying an AC current to a system of rectifier circuit elements, the second voltage being an unbalancing voltage and being created by one of the phase-windings of the secondary which is an unbal¬ ancing winding, the second voltage being used for changing the AC potential of one terminal of a load; (_c) rectifying said first voltage with the help of rec¬ tifying circuit elements for providing a rectified vol¬ tage across the load; (d) coupling a first load terminal with rectifier circuit elements and a second load terminal with a point of star connection of the secondary of the transformer, OMPl whereby a DC voltage with a minimum AC ripple voltage is introduced across the load; e) changing the AC potential of the second load ter¬ minal by connecting said terminal to any point of the unbalancing winding whereby an additional AC voltage superimposed on * the DC voltage is introduced across the load, said AC voltage being changed as the second load terminal is- connected to. different points along the unbalancing winding, 14. The method as defined by Claim 15, which further com¬ prises the step of coupling terminals of at least one capaci¬ tor with the transformer and rectifier circuit elements, so that one capacitor terminal is connected to the point of star connection of the transformer secondary, and the other terminal is connected to the same point of the rectifier system to which the first load terminal is connected, whereby the waveform of the AC component across the load is changed as capacitance of the capacitor increases. 15. A method for providing an AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage, the method comprising the steps of: (a) supplying an at least one-phase sinusoidal AC voltage to a saturable core reactor; (b) modifying said sinusoidal voltage into non- sinusoidal voltage with the help of said reactor and also controlling the value of said non-sinusoidal voltage by said reactor; (c) supplying said non-sinusoidal voltage to a modi¬ fying transformer with star-connected phase-windings in the secondary; Cd modifying said AC voltage into a first and a second voltage with the help of said transformer, the first voltage being an at least one-phase voltage, and "" BUR£4 being created with the help of at least one ordinary winding of the secondary of said transformer, said first AC voltage being used exclusively for supplying an AC current to a system of rectifier circuit ele- ents, the second voltage being an unbalancing vol¬ tage and being crea ted by one of the phase windings of the secondary which is an unbalancing winding, the second voltage being used for changing the AC poten¬ tial of one terminal of a load; (e) rectifying said first voltage with the help of rectifying circuit elements for providing a rectified voltage across the load; (f coupling a first load terminal with rectifier circuit elements and a second load terminal with a point of star connection of the secondary of the trans¬ former, whereby a DC voltage with a minimum AC ripple voltage is introduced across the load; (g) changing the AC potential of the second load ter¬ minal by connecting said terminal to any point of the unbalancing winding whereby an additional AC voltage superimposed on the DC voltage is introduced across the load, said AC voltage being changed as the second load terminal is connected to different points along the unbalancing winding; (h) coupling terminals of at least one capacitor with the transformer and rectifier circuit elements, so that one capacitor terminal is connected to the point of star connection of the transformer secondary, and the other terminal is connected to the same point of the rectifier system to which * the first load terminal is connected, whereby the waveform of the AC component across the load is changed as capacitance of the capacitor increases. 16. A method for providing an AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage, the method comprising the steps of; (a) supplying an at least one-phase AC voltage to a modifying transformer with star connected phase wind- ' ings in the secondary; (b) modifying said AC voltage into a first, a second and a third voltage with the help of said transformer, the first voltage being an at least one-phase voltage and being created with the help of at least one ordin¬ ary winding of the secondary of said transformer, said first AC .voltage being used for supplying an AC current to a system of rectifier circuit elements, the second voltage being an unbalancing voltage and being created by one of the ordinary phase windings which is also an • unbalancing winding, the second voltage being used for changing the AC potential of one terminal of a load, the third voltage being another unbalancing voltage and being created by one of the ordinary phase windings which is also an unbalancing winding, the third voltage being used for changing the AC potential of the other terminal of the load; Cc) rectifying said first voltage with the help of rectifying circuit elements for providing a rectified voltage across the load; (d) coupling a first load terminal with rectifier cir¬ cuit elements and a second load terminal with a point of star connection of the secondary of the transformer, whereby a DC voltage with a minimal AC ripple voltage is introduced across the load; (e) changing the AC potential of the second load ter- minal by connecting said terminal to any point of the unbalancing winding, whereby an additional AC voltage superimposed on the DC voltage is introduced across the load, said AC voltage being changed as the second load terminal is connected to different points along the unbalancing winding; fU E Cf) changing the AC.potential of the first load ter¬ minal by connecting one terminal of at least one capa¬ citor to. said first load terminal and connecting another capacitor terminal to any point of the unbal- 45 ancing winding, this point being different from the point of connection of the second load terminal, whereby an additional AC voltage superimposed on the DC voltage is introduced across the load, said AC voltage being altered while said other capacitor terminal is con- ""„ 50 nected to different points along the unbalancing winding., 17.. A method for providing an AC voltage superimposed on a DC voltage, the method comprising the steps of: (a) supplying an at least one-phase AC voltage to a modifying transformer with electrically connected 5 phase-windings in the secondary; (b) modifying said AC voltage-into a first and a second voltage with the help of said transformer, the first voltage being an at least one-phase voltage and 10 being created with the help of at least one ordinary winding of the secondary of said transformer, said first AC voltage being used for supplying an AC current to a system of rectifier circuit elements, the second voltage being an unbalancing voltage and being created 15 by one of the ordinary windings which is also an unbal¬ ancing winding, the second voltage being used for changing the AC potential of one terminal of a load; (c) rectifying said first voltage with the help of 20 rectifying circuit elements for providing a. rectified voltage across the load; (d) coupling a first and a second load terminal with the system of rectifying circuit elements so -' hat a DC ' 25 voltage with a minimal AC ripple voltage is introduced across the load; "" BUR . _0M (e) changing the AC potential of the first load ter¬ minal using at least one capacitor connected to the first load terminal with one capacitor terminal and to any point of the unbalancing winding with the other capacitor terminal, whereby an additional AC voltage superimposed on the DC voltage is introduced across the load, said AC voltage changing while said other capaci¬ tor terminal is connected to different points of the unbalancing winding.";FRUSZTAJER B, LERNER M;FRUSZTAJER B, LERNER M;1978
+WO-1979000429-A1;19790712.0;19781220;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;8145080.0;F24H9;;B65D90, F24H1;B65D  90/08, F24H   1/18B;STORAGE CONTAINER FOR HOT CONSUMPTION WATER;A storage container for hot consumption water. In such containers corrosion will occur which necessitates replacement. According to the invention special materials (1, 2) are recommended for such containers and a special type of supporting structure (3) which can be used in connection with the materials.;STORAGE CONTAINER FOR HOT CONSUMPTION WATER The invention relates to a storage container for hot consumption water which container is of a circular- cylindrical shape with more or less flat end plates. Such containers have up to now been made primarily of metal plates which as known have the unfortunate charac¬ teristic that they are exposed to galvanic corrosion and other corrosion. Therefore, such containers must be regu¬ larly replaced. In order to avoid this the container may be lined with a corrosion resistant material. However, this is a complicated and costly procedure. The invention sets out to provide a container where these disadvantages are overcome. This object is attained by constructing the cylindrical part of a solid, electrically non-conductive material, using the same material for the end plates, and by supporting the end plates on the outer side by means of reinforcing elements, for example made of iron, and by designing the parts attaching the end plates to the cylindrical part in such manner that they connect the cylindrical part to the reinforcing elements. By making the cylindrical part of solid, electrically non-conductive material it is possible to avoid a costly lining of the container with such a material. Admittedly, the inside of the plates must consist of such a material, but as these plates are flat it will not mean any conside¬ rable increase in costs. By supporting the cylindrical part along its two edges by means of reinforcing elements and connecting parts, it is possible to obtain a suitable distribution of stress in the cylindrical part, as this will primarily consist in a circular stress caused by the internal pressure in the container. It has thus been possible to construct a container according to the invention with a reasonably low thickness of plate at the same time as observing the official safety requirements. The container may, however, be characteristic in that the reinforcing elements are made of circular iron plate which may be reinforced by means of ribs on the outside. This provides for a very simple and inexpensive construc- /,, W tion . A preferred embodiment of the invention is characteristic in that the electrically non-conductive material is as- bestos cement. When the reinforcing elements at each end consist of a circular iron plate, the container may, finally, be cha¬ racteristic in that the inlet and outlet are fitted to the end plates through holes in the iron plates, primarily by means of corrosion-proof fittings. In this way the risk of galvanic corrosion may be further reduced at the same time as it is ensured that the container will be water¬ tight. The invention will be further described in the following with reference to the accompanying drawings where fig. 1 shows part of a section through one end of a container according to the first embodiment of the invention, fig. 2 the same in a second embodiment of the inven¬ tion, fig. 3 the same in a third embodiment of the inven¬ tion, fig. 4 a section in part of the end of a container according to the embodiment in fig. 1 or 2, in which there is a pipe fitting, and fig. 5 one embodiment of the container according to the invention, seen from the end on a reduced scale. Pig. 1 shows a cylindrical body 1 of asbestos cement, an end plate 2, also made of asbestos cement, a circular iro plate 3 , reinforced by means of U-irons welded on to it. The end plate 2 is fixed to the circular end opening of 5 the cylindrical body by means of threaded pins 5, which are screwed and possibly glued to the bottom holes along the edge of the cylindrical body 1, and the nuts 6. The joint is sealed by means of a gasket 7, which may for example consist of neoprene. 10 Pig. 2 shows the container in a second embodiment of the invention in which the joint between the cylindrival body 101 and the end plate 102 is made in another manner. In¬ stead of a flat gasket, a gasket ring 107 is used which 15 is placed in an inside recess in the cylindrical body 101. In a third embodiment shown in fig. 3, the end plate 202 is reinforced and supported by a heavier solid, circular iron plate, which is not, however braced. The gasket ring 20 107 is in this embodiment placed in a groove 9 in the end plate 202. Pig. 4 shows part of an end plate 302 and the outside part of a circular iron plate 3 - These parts are provided with 25 concentric holes 30 and 304, and concentrically herewith a cylinder-shaped reinforcement 305 is welded on to the circular iron plate 3. In the hole 303 is screwed a pipe 307 with a thread 306, consisting of stainless steel, more over, the pipe can be glued to the end plate 302. The pipe 30 307 is, moreover, fixed in position by two nuts 308 and 309. Furthermore, the pipe 307 is connected at the inside, by welding, to an inside heating coil 310 of a non-corro¬ sive material, of which only a part is shown. The pipe 307 is connected at the outside to a pipe which is not 35 shown. _OM Pig. 5 shows one end of a container with a circular iron plate 403 fixed by screws 404 to the cylindrical part of the container, as described in fig. 1-3, however, only one screw is shown on the drawing. The circular iron plate 403 is provided with holes 405-410 for the connection of pipes, as shown. These connections are placed in the end plates which consist of the solid, electrically non-conduc¬ tive material, but the position of the holes 405-410 does not constitute part of this invention. The circular iron plate 403 is reinforced with U-irons 4ll-4l8 that are welded on to the circular plate. EXAMPLE A cylindrical container according to the invention may be ' constructed according to one of the embodiments shown in the drawings and have the following dimensions: Inside diameter = 500 mm Outside diameter = 5^3 Inside length = 765 Outside length = 810 Thickness of end plates = 20 Thickness of the cylindrical part = 31 3 5 - The end plates are fixed by means of 24 pieces of 10 mm set screws placed in equidistant positions along the circumference. The reinforcing elements consist of circular plates . 5 mm thick that .are each reinforced by means of ribs in the shape of two set of U-irons 40 x 30 x 3 mm that run at right angles to each other, welded on to the circular plates and placed as shown in fig. 5. The cylindrical part and the end plates are made of asbestos cement which is sold under the trade mark ETERNIT, pressure pipes, type 55 from Dansk Eternit- Pabrik A/S, 9000, Aalborg, Denmark.;C L A I M S 1. Storage container for hot consumption water of a circular-cylindrical shape with more or less flat end plates, c h a r a c t e r i z e d i n that the cylin¬ drical part (1) consists of a solid, electrically non- conductive material, that the end plates (2) consist of the same material, that the end plates (2) are supported at the outside by reinforcing elements (3) for example made of iron, and in that the parts (5, 6), fitting the end plates (2) to. the cylindrical part (1), are so de- signed that they connect the cylindrical part (1) to the reinforcing elements (3). 2. Container according to claim 1, c h a r a c t a r i - z e d i n that the reinforcing elements (3) at each en consist of a circular iron plate which may be reinforced by outside ribs (4). 3. Container according to claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t a r i z e d i n that the electrically non-conductive material is asbestos cement. 4. Container according to claim 2 or 3 . c h a r a c t a r i z e d i n that the inlet and outlet are fitted to the end plates through holes in the iron plates, primaril by means of corrosionproof fittings. OM IP;VOHNSEN V;VOHNSEN V;1978
+WO-1979000431-A1;19790712.0;19781220;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;10469077.0;C21B7;C21B7;C21B7;C21B   7/10, C21B   7/16;COOLED COMPONENTS FOR FURNACES;"To improve the resistance to abrasion during use of cooled components, such as tuyeres and stack and bosh coolers, in furnaces a refractory or a metal with greater abrasion resistance than the metal, which is normally copper or copper alloy, used for the main body of the component is introduced during casting into the cast walls of the components. The added material may be in the form of one or more segments, a mesh, or in discrete particles and is located at or just below the surface at the nose (24) of the component. Examples of the materials which may be used are particles (44, 48) of so-called ""hard metals"" which comprise hard sintered carbides, such as tungsten carbide; stainless steel meshes and expanded elements (10, 40, 42) of varying thickness; and various compressed refractories capable of withstanding the thermal shock in a matrix of copper.";"""Cooled components for furnaces"" TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to cooled components used in furnaces, particularly blast furnaces. BACKGROUND ART Amongst the cooled components used in blast furnaces are the coolers, such as stack and bosh cool¬ ers, which are built into the refractory lining of the furnace, and tuyeres. These components are normally castings of copper or copper alloy. The noses of tuyeres and coolers inevitably be¬ come exposed to erosion by the burden of ore, coke, limestone, etc., in the blast furnace, the exposure becoming progressively greater as the furnace lining wears away. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The object of the present invention is to improve the resistance to abrasion during use of cooled compon¬ ents for furnaces. For this purpose according to the present invention there is introduced into the cast walls of such components during casting a refractory or a metal with greater abrasion resistance than the metal used for the main body of the component. The added material may be a refractory or a metal in the form of one or more segments, a mesh or in discrete particles and is located at or just below the surface at the nose of the component. The materials which may be used include (a) so-called ""hard metal"" which comprises hard sintered carbides, such as tungsten carbide, (b) stainless steel meshes of varying thickness, and (c) various compressed refractories capable of with- standing the thermal shock in a matrix of copper. The materials concerned are introduced into the casting by locating them in position in the mould before casting is commenced. A particularly suitable element is expanded metal from stainless steel or heat resistant steel. An ex¬ panded metal element has a certain amount of depth as well as length and breadth and the spaces between the steel strips can be varied to give the desired gap, filled with the cast copper or other material, thus providing the desired good heat conduction from the exterior of the element to the cooling medium. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Various forms of the invention will now be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings in which : Fig. 1 is part of an expanded steel element which can be used for the purposes of the invention; Fig. 2 is a side view of a blast furnace cooler according to the invention; Fig. 3 is a section on a larger scale taken on the line III-III of Fig. 2; Fig. 4 is a similar part section showing a differ¬ ent type of abrasion resistant material; and Fig. 5 is a section through a tuyere according to the invention. BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Fig. 1 of the drawings shows part of an expanded stainless steel element, generally designated by the reference numeral 10. This has been made in the usual way by cutting and expanding a sheet of stainless steel to give a lattice of strips 12 adjoined by flat nodes 14 which, as they are twisted out of the plane of the paper as seen in Fig. 1, give some depth to the structure as well as length and breadth. Spaces 16 between the strips 12 and nodes 14 will be filled by the cast metal in the finished article and will allow good conduction of heat to the surface of the cast component. The expanded sheet 10 can be cut to size and bent round very easily to form a curved or cylindrical shape. Suitable gauge for the stainless steel sheet from which the element 10 is made is 20 gauge (0.91 mm), and the stainless steel may be, for example, according to BS1449 EN58B. Figs. 2 and 3 show, on a smaller scale than that used in Fig. 1, a cooler, such as a bosh cooler, for a blast furnace. The cooler shown has a main cooling compartment 18 with inlet and outlet apertures 20 and 22, the nose end 24 of the cooler being cooled by means of a cast-in water pipe 26 having separate inlet and outlet 28 and 30. The characterising feature of the cooler is the expanded stainless steel element 10 which is included in the casting by locating it in position in the casting mould and casting the copper of the cooler round it. As shown in Fig. 2 it extends at length across the whole width of the nose of the cooler just underneath the surface and has been bent to go round the cast-in pipe 26 as shown in Fig. 3. In Fig. 4 can be seen the nose of a cooler in which, instead of using an expanded steel element 10, the abrasion resistant material consists of particles 48 of hard metal, i.e. mainly sintered tungsten carbide, such as is used for carbide tips of cutting tools. No parti¬ cular size or shape is needed for this particulate material and the particles may in fact be waste hard metal from the manufacture of carbide tips or used tips. The material 48 is embodied in the cooling element by placing it at the bottom of the mould or attached to the surface of the mould when the cooler is cast, so that the elements are embodied in the cast copper. Fig. 5 shows a tuyere of the sort having a main cooling chamber 30 surrounding an air-passage 32. The cooling chamber 30 has inlet and outlet apertures 46. The nose 34 of the tuyere is cooled by a separate cooling pipe 36 having an inlet pipe 38 leading thereto and a similar outlet pipe not seen in the section of Fig. 5. The nose is reinforced with two rings of expanded metal, an inner ring 40 which is inside the nose cooling pipe 36 and an outer ring 42 which surrounds the said pipe. Additionally hard metal particles 44 are embedded in the copper of the tuyere forwardly of the cooling pipe 36. It will be understood that any constructional form of cooler or tuyere can be used, the essential feature according to the invention being the provision of the abrasion resistant material at the nose of the device. Instead of using stainless steel, another form of heat-resistant steel could also be used, for example, according to AISA 430/S15. % J ric.A ( '";CLAIMS : 1. A cooled cast component for a furnace having a nose which, when the component is in position, is directed towards the interior of the furnace characterised in that there is introduced into the cast metal at the nose of the component a material with greater abrasion resistance than the metal used for the main body of the component. 2. A component as claimed in claim 1 being a cooler for the wall of a blast furnace. 3. A component as claimed in claim 1 being a tuyere. 4. A component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said material comprises a refractory material. 5. A component as claimed in claim 1 wherein the said material comprises a metallic element. 6. A component as claimed in claim 5 wherein the said material comprises a stainless steel element. 7. A component as claimed in claim 5 wherein the said material comprises a heat resistant steel element. 8. A component as claimed in claim 5, 6 or 7, wherein the said element is a mesh or an expanded element.;WIDMER C;BROWN & SONS LTD JAMES, WIDMER C, BROWN & SONS LTD J;1978
+WO-1979000434-A1;19790712.0;19781222;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25341756.0;B41M1;B41N1, G03F7;G03F7;G03F   7/115;SHALLOW RELIEF NON-BOTTOMING PHOTOPOLYMER PRINTING PLATE;A shallow relief non-bottoming printing plate is disclosed having a polymerized layer (12) of less than about 0.020 inch supported on a substrate (20). It includes a plurality of dispersed particles (18) interposed between the substrate (20) and the polymerized layer (12) sufficient to create small protuberances in non-image or background areas to prevent bottoming. The dispersed particles (18) are present in a size and concentration sufficient to create an array of selected protuberances in the background areas of the plate. Photopolymerizable elements, as well as processing techniques, are also disclosed for making such printing plates.;"Description Shallow Relief Non-Bottoming Photopolymer Printing Plate Technical Field The present invention relates generally to photo- polymerizable printing plates useful, for example, in letter¬ press and related printing operations, and more particularly to shallow relief, non-bottoming photopolymer printing plates and methods for making and using such plates. * Background Art Photopolymer printing plates have found widespread and successful use in letterpress printing processes, particularly in the newspaper industry. Conventional photo¬ polymer plates hold many advantages over prior art, metal etched printing plates. The time required to make the photopolymer plates, for example, is considerably shorter and, with the introduction of water developable photopolymers, problems relating to environmental contamination have been significantly reduced. In addition, photopolymer plates are much easier to handle and can be more readily and efficiently developed and processed than metal etched plates. Despite their widespread acceptance in the industry, however, photopolymer plates do suffer from the disadvantage of being relatively expensive, particularly when compared to the plates used in stereotype systems utilized by some of the large newspapers. Thus, there is a need in the industry for a less expensive photopolymer printing plate which will enable photopolymer printing systems to more efficiently compete with existing stereotype systems. Conventional photopolymer printing plates utilize photosensitive materials which are deposited on a supporting substrate such as 'metal or plastic. Experience has shown that acceptable printing quality can often only be accomplis when such photopolymer plates utilize photosensitive layers having a thickness greater than 0.020 inch. Without such relatively thick photopolymer layers, and the resultant high relief image areas that they produce, ""bottoming,"" e.g., the unwanted printing on white or non-image background areas, often results when thinner plates are used in letterpress machines. Although a number of techniques have evolved in an effort to solve this ""bottoming"" problem, none has proven to be entirely satisfactory. Obviously, the use of thick photopolymer layers of 0.020 inch or more is undesirable because of the added expense that is caused through use of more photopolymer. In some cases, ink repellant materials or even separate layers of ink repellant compositions have been incorporated in thinner photopolymer plates so that the non-image, background areas after development tend to reject any unwant accumulation and subsequent deposit of ink in white or background areas. The disadvantage of such techniques, of course, is that significant additional expense is added to the resultant plate (even where thinner photopolymer layers can be employed) because of the special ink repulsive layers, additional materials and additional manufacturing cos that are required. In other cases, highly expensive special printing press and extreme care in printing are required to minimize the bottoming problem. Attempts have even been made to overcome the bottoming problem by depositing a thin layer of photopoly exposing the first layer of photopolymer with a screen dot negative to create a series of small polymerized areas for background, and then depositing a second layer of photopolyme material over the first layer for use in creating image areas Such techniques, although partially useful in reducing the overall thickness of the resultant photopolymer layer, have the disadvantage of adding significant expense and of unnecessarily complicating the plate manufacturing process. Finally, grained substrates have heretofore been used in the printing arts for purposes other than the prevention of ""bottoming"" in photopolymer plates, but these teachings are of little or no value in the context of the present invention. Grained substrates have been used in lithographic plates, for example, to aid in making improved water receptive surfaces. Similarly, grained substrates have been used to strengthen metal printing foils or the like so that localized deformations caused by means of a typewriter, pen, pencil, embossing plate or the like will not cause the foil to be split, torn or creased. The problem, of course, with all such prior art techniques is that: (1) they fail even to recognize the nature and extent of ""bottoming"" problems that can occur in relatively thin photopolymer plates, and (2) they fail to provide a practical, inexpensive solution to the ""bottoming problem, and more specifically a solution that permits careful, but simplified, control over the height, size, density and spacing of background protuberances which applicants have found useful in eliminating the ""bottoming"" problem. Disclosure of Invention In accordance with the present invention, therefore, a photopolymer printing plate is provided having a photopolymer layer that is substantially less thick, and thus far less expensive, than prior art photopolymer printing plates. Moreover, the printing plates of the present invention can not only be easily manufactured without adding significant time and expense to normal manufacturing techniques, but can be used on letterpress machines to produce printing material of high quality without unwanted bottoming occuring in back¬ ground areas. The present invention, therefore, is generally directed to shallow relief, non-bottoming photopolymer printing plates comprising (a) a substrate, (b) a binder layer coated on the substrate having a plurality of selected dispersed particles that create an array of selected pro¬ tuberances in the background areas of the plate, and relatively thin photopolymer layer that is coated on the binder layer, which upon development, provides the desired raised image or relief areas of the resultant plate. The present invention is further directed to photopolymerizable elements, to methods for making and processing such elements to provide the desired shallow relief, non-bottoming printin plates, and to printing processes which advantageously utili the shallow relief, non-bottoming plates of the present invention. Brief Description of the Drawings The novel features which are believed to be characteris of the present invention are set forth in the appended claims The invention itself, however, together with further objects and attendant advantages thereof, will be best understood by reference to the following description of various embodime of the invention taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIGURE 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a shallow relief, non-bottoming printing plate made in accordance with the present invention; and FIGURE 2 is a cross-sectional view of a photo¬ polymerizable element which may be utilized in accordance wit the present invention to provide a shallow relief, non- bottoming printing plate. It should be noted that FIGURES 1 and 2 are primarily illustrative representations, and the sizes and shapes of the various layers, substrate particles, and other components shown therein are not intended to limit the scope of the invention as further described hereinbelow and as set forth in the appended claims. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention The shallow relief, non-bottoming printing plates of the present invention comprise a substrate, a binder layer carried by the substrate which imparts a controlled degree of surface roughness to the background areas of the developed plate, and a photopolymerized layer of photopolymer carried by the binder layer which upon development accounts for the raised image of relief areas of the plate. As set forth in greater detail hereafter, the non-bottoming characteristics of the shallow relief printing plates of the present invention result from the surface roughness characteristics of the back¬ ground areas of the developed plate, which, in turn, are carefully controlled through and dependent upon the size, density, spacing and type of particles dispersed in the binder layer, and the thickness and character of the binder layer itself. As shown, for example, in FIGURE 1, the shallow relief, non-bottoming printing plate 10 of the present invention has a photopolymer layer 12 which has been photopolymerized and developed with a suitable solvent to provide raised image areas 14. In accordance with the present invention, the back¬ ground areas 16 of the developed plate include a plurality of dispersed particles 18 that are held in place on substrate 20 by means of a separate binder layer 22. Substrate 20 can be a metal, such as aluminum, tin or steel, a synthetic polymer, such as a polyester, a paper sheet or other materials known to those skilled in the art. Binder layer 22 desirably has a balance of particular properties useful in the practice of the present invention. It is preferably compatible with the particular photopolymer 12 used, it readily adheres to both the substrate and photo¬ polymer; it secures the dispersed particles 18 in a fixed position and it does not wash away when the photopolymer layer 12 is developed, e.g., is substantially insoluble in the solvent used to develop the photopolymer. Although any material which meets the above-mentioned criteria could be used in formulating the binder layer, the following compositions, among others, have been found to be particularly advantageous when the photopolymer layer is a highly desirable water-developable photopolymer of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 3,801,328: polyesters, polyurethanes, polyethylene-butadiene copolymers, polyvinyl acetate derivates, polyamides, epoxy resins, styrene-butadiene copolymers, mixtures of such copolymers and "" U E partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, unsaturated polyeste made, for example, from diethylene glycol, maleic anhydride phthalic anhydride, mixtures of such polyesters and partiall hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate, and mixtures of glyoxal and partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate. The particles 18 that are dispersed in the binder layer 22 are desirably of relatively uniform size and should be sufficiently large to impart the desired surface roughness, but not so large as to make the resultant printing plate too thick (and thus unnecessarily expensive) or so large that they are incapable of being firmly held in a secure position by a relatively thin layer of binder. It has been determine that generally spherically-shaped particles having an averag diameter (e.g., particle size) of between about 5 to 70 micr and preferably 20 to 40 microns, provide the desired array o selected protuberances and surface roughness when dispersed a binder layer having an overall thickness less than the ave height of the dispersed particles. The use of particles hav particle sizes in the desired ranges tend to create a plural of spaced protuberances in the background areas of the devel plate between 5 and 70 microns, and most preferably between 20 and 40 microns. Although any number of particle materials are suitable for use in the present invention, gla ""Teflon"" polytetrafluro-ethylene, and alumina beads have bee found to be particularly suitably, and ""Teflon"" most suitabl because of its ink repellant characteristics. It should be noted that the undesired ""bottoming"" is effectively eliminated in the printing plates of the pres invention because of the surface roughness characteristics created in the background areas of the developed plates by reason of the selected particles dispersed in the binder laye The use of ink repellant particles, of course, enhances this non-bottoming effect by preventing ink from depositing on the surfaces 24 of the particles, and instead accumulating, if a all, in the recess areas 26 between adjacent particles 18. OMP The spacing or average distance between particles 18 , therefore, is most preferably controlled in the practice of the present invention because the spacing or average distance between dispersed particles 18 also affects the extent to which the unwanted bottoming can be eliminated. It has been found, for example, that when the spaced ""d"" between adjacent particles is too large, ink which accumulates between the particles can transfer to paper during printing to cause bottoming. On the other hand, if the concentration of particles is too high, and the resultant spacing ""d"" too small, binder 22 is incapable of keeping the particles in place. A number of competing considerations, therefore, determine the ideal density and concentration of dispersed particles 18 for any given application. The particles should be sufficiently close to permit surface tension effects to hold accumulated ink between adjacent particles, rather than transferring to paper during the printing cycle. At the same time, the spacing should not be so close as to eliminate the effect of antihalation materials dispersed in the binder layer 22 or so close that the binder 22 is incapable of holding the dispersed particles in place. It has been determined for most applications that the average distance ""d"" between the dispersed particles 18 should desirably be maintained between about 5 microns to 1,000 microns, and most preferably between about 30 microns and 400 microns in order to achieve the desired balance of properties set forth above. The average distance between dispersed particles and the height of the desired protuberances (e.g., surface roughness) can be effectively measured using a surface profile meter which scans the surface of the plate before application of the photopolymer layer and provides a plot of the height and spacing of surface protuberances. For any given selection of particles, binder and photopolymer, therefore, the most effective density of particles to eliminate bottoming can be selected in accordance with the present invention. As noted above, antihalation compositions, such as red iron oxide, can also be dispersed in binder layer 22 togethe with the dispersed particles 18 used to eliminate the * ""bottoming"" problem. By incorporation of such antihalation compositions directly into the binder layer, the cobtly.and time consuming dichromate treatment or other forms of anti¬ halation treatment of the substrate 20 can be eliminated, thus reducing overall plate manufacturing time and cost. Further savings can be achieved through the present inventi because relief image 14 of lesser height than conventionall required to eliminate bottoming is required, and thus, a lesser amount•of photopolymer 12 is required to manufacture each plate. In that regard, photopolymer layers 12 in the range of about 9 to 16 mils, as contrasted with equivalent lay of 20 mils in conventional photopolymer plates, have been foun to be suitable for use in letterpress applicantions without the adverse effects of ""bottoming"" occuring in background areas. The substrate 20 is typically between about 8 to 10 mils in thickness, . and the binder layer 22 between about 5 to 60 microns in thickness, with the particles 18 projecting above the binder layer as discussed above. Because the printing plates of the present invention are less thick and utilize less photopolymer than conventiona photopolymer printing plates, they can be more readily processed in lesser time than is required to process conventio photopolymer plates. Indeed, it has been determined that printing plates manufactured in accordance with the teachin of the present invention can be exposed, washed-out, and drie in as little as 4 1/2 minutes per plate, in comparison to 7 or more minutes per plate for conventional photopolymer plates, which results in a substantial savings to persons employing such plates in their printing operations. in order to produce the photopolymerizable element 30 shown in FIGURE 2, selected quantities of antihalation and non-bottoming particles (e.g., iron oxide and glass, ""Teflo or alumina beads) are dispersed in the binder and coated onto substrate 20. Then after drying a suitable photopolymer layer f O 12 is cast onto the plate over binder layer 22, smoothed and then dried. It should be appreciated that the present invention is not directed to any specific photosensitive composition, binder composition, support material or combinations thereof; rather, the present invention is directed to the utilization of any or all conventional photosensitive compositions and substrate materials in the manner disclosed herein to provide shallow relief, non-bottoming printing plates. In addition, other conventional techniques such as the use of separate antihalation and adhesive layers, the etching or abrasion of substrate surfaces, the use of bump exposure or C0 2 condition- ing, and post exposure curing and treatment of the resultant printing plates may be used in conjunction with the shallow relief, non-bottoming printing plates disclosed herein and their methods of production and use. Practical embodiments of the present invention are illustratively shown in the following examples, wherein all percentages and parts are by weight unless otherwise indicated. Example 1 A. Partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 82.0 mol%) (14 parts) is added to 86 parts of water at 60°C under stirring Temperature is raised to 90°C and the solution is stirred for one hour. B. Red ' iron oxide (PN 5097, Pfizer Co. ) (50 parts) is mixed well by means of ball-milling with 50 parts of 20 percent of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 82.0 mol%) in water for 24 hours. Example 2 Carboxylated styrene-butadiene copolymer emulsion (Dow Latex SD-655 solids percent 44%) (20 parts) is added slowly to 67 parts of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate solution which is described in Method A under stirring, and 0MP1 W1P0 υ agitation is continued for 30 minutes. Then, 3 parts of red iron oxide solution which is described in Method B, and 10 parts of Teflon powder "" (maximum particle size, 30 microns) are added to the resulted solution and the solution is stirred for 30 minutes. This solution is cast on an oil-free 10-mil thick aluminum plate and dried for 2 minutes at 180°C to form th2 layer 35 microns in thickness. Example 3 Carboxylated styrene-butadiene copolymer emulsion (Dow Latex SD-655) (17 par,ts) is added slowly to 75 parts of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate solution which is described in Method A under stirring, and agitation is continued for.30 minutes. Then, 3 parts of ed iron oxide solution which is described in Method B, and 5 parts of Glass beads (maximum particle size, 50 microns) are added to the resulted solution and the solution is stirred for 30 minutes. This solution is cast on an oil-free 6.5-mil thick Tin plate and dried for 2 minutes at 180°C to form the layer 35 microns in thickness. Example 4 Methylated me ' thylol melamine in water (commercial name; Resloom M-75, solid 60%, by Monsanto Co.) (0.5 part) is added to 87 parts of 20 percent of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponifi cation degree; 88.0 mol%) in water, and 3 parts of red iron oxide solution which is described in Method B and 10 parts of Teflon powder are added to this solution. After 30 minutes agitation, 0.2 part of p-Toluene sulfonic acid is added to the resulted solution and the solution is stirred for 15 minutes. This solution is cast on an oil-free 10-mil thick aluminum plate and dried for 2 minutes at 160°C to form the layer 35 microns in thickness. Example 5 Red iron oxide solution (3 parts) which is described in Method B and 3 parts of dispersible Alumina (commercial name: Dispal M, by Philadelphia Quartz Co.) are added to 65 f OMPI parts of 20 percent of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 82.0 mol%) , and the solution is stirred for 30 minutes. Twenty-nine parts of Glyoxal (40%) is added to the resulted solution under stirring and the solution is stirred for 15 minutes. This solution is cast on an oil-free 10-mil thick aluminum plate and dried for 3 minutes at 180°C to form the layer 50 microns in thickness. Example 6 Diethylene glycol. (23 parts) , aleic anhydride (10 parts) and phthalic anhydride (15 parts) are added into four-necked flask and materials arc heated slowly to 150°C under Nirtogen atmosphere and the temperature is raised to 190°C. After the mixture is reacted at 190°C for 1 hour, unreacted materials are evaporated under reduced pressure (150mm Hg) . Hydroquinone (0.002 part) is added to the reactants at 100°C. Molecular weight of this unsaturated polyester is 1000 and acid value is 20. Thirty-six parts of the unsaturated polyester which is mentioned above and 5 parts of styrene are dissolved in 55 parts of xylene and 0.1 part of benzoin iso-propylether is added to the resulted solution. After the solution is stirred for 15 minutes, 4 parts of Glass beads (maximum particle size, 50 microns) is added and agitation is done for 15 minutes. This solution is cast on a cleaned 7-mil thick polyester film and dried for 5 minutes at 130°C to form the layer 55 microns in thickness. After the film was dried, this is exposed to U.V. light (medium pressure Hg lamp; distance 4 feet) for 1 minute. Example 7 A mixture of partially saponified polyvinyl acetate (average polymerization degree, 500; saponification degree, 82.0 mol%) (35 parts), water (30 parts) and Rose bengal (50 ppm of all components by weight) is kneaded in a kneader at 80°C to 90°C for 30 minutes. Then, this mixture is cooled to 60°C and a mixture of diethylene glycol dimethacrylate IΓUR T (10 parts) , B-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (24 parts) , hydroquinone (0.1 percent of total monomer by weight) and benzoin iso-propyl ether (1.0 part) is added and stirred for 30 minutes. The resulted photopolymerizable composition is cast on the plate which is described in Example 2. A polyester sheet is placed thereon and the resulted piled produce is passed between two rolls. After cooling, the polyester sheet is peeled off and the plate and dried in a dryer at 75°C for 30 minutes to form a photosensitive layer 11 mils in thickness. Example 8 Polyalkyleneoxide which includes at least one ethylenic unsaturated group (XD-8753 by Dow Chemical) (100 parts) , diacetone acrylamide (15 parts) , pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (5 parts) , benzoin iso-propylether (2 parts) and p-benzoquinone (0.02 part) are mixed and heated to 70°C. Then, 16 parts of glyoxal (65%) which is preheated to 70°C is added to the mixture and followed by quick mixing. The resulted mixture is immediately coated on the plate which is described in Example 3 with a doctor blade and the plate is dried in a dryer at 70°C for 15 minutes to form photosensitive layer 10 mils in thickness. Example 9 The unsaturated polyester (80 parts) which is prepared by the method in Example 6, 10 parts of diacetone acrylamide 10 parts of B-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 15 parts of styrene are mixed well at room temperature. Two parts of Benzoin isopropylether and 0.02 part of p-benzoquinone are added to the mixture and the resulted solution is stirred for 30 minutes. This photosensitive material is poured on the plate which is described in Example 6 before processing. The photosensitive composition is squeezed with a doctor blade to form photosensitive layer 16 mils in thickness. A negative film is placed thereon and the resulted piled material is exposed to a 3,000 watt high pressure mercury arc for 50 seconds from a distance of 20 inches. After exposure, the negative film is stripped OM from the plate and the unexposed material is washed away with 0.2% caustic soda (temperature, 40°C) under the pressure of 30 psi for one minute and followed by drying for 2 minutes at 120°C to give a relief 11 mils in thickness. The printing was carried out with a Vandercook letterpress printing machine (Universal III) using an ink for letterpress (Flint Ink Co.), and showed excellent image quality without any smutting on non-image area. Example 10 The photopolymer plate made according to Example 7 is placed in a vacuum frame and exposed to a 3,000 watt high pressure mercury arc for 3 seconds from a distance of 20 inches. Then, a negative film is placed on the photopolymer plate and the plate is exposed to same actinic light through the negative film for 35 seconds. After exposure, the negative film is stripped from the plate and the unexposed material is washed away with water (temperature, 45°C) under the pressure of 40 psi for 2 minutes. The printing plate is dried at 120°C for 2 minutes to give a sharp relief printing plate. The printing was carried out with a Vandercook letter¬ press printing machine (Universal III) using an ink for letterpress (Flint Ink Co.) and showed excellent image quality without any smutting on non-image area. Example 11 A negative film is placed on the photosensitive plate made according to Example 8 and the plate is exposed to a 3,000 watt high pressure mercury arc for 2 minutes from a distance of 20 inches. After exposure, the negative film is stripped from the plate and the unexposed material is washed away with 0.3% caustic soda (temperature 40°C) under the pressure of 30 psi for one minute. The printing plate is dried at 120°C for 2 minutes to give a sharp relief printing plate. The printing was carried out by the same method as described in Examples 9 and 10, and showed excellent image quality without any smutting or bottoming on non-image area. Example 12 The average distance between dispersed particles and the height of protuberances for printing plates made in accordance with Examples 1-11 are measured using a surface profile meter (Dektak by Sloan) . The 1cm x 1cm sample is put on a sample holder and the surface is scanned at the speed of O.lcm/min. The correlation of the nature of ""non-bottoming"" and the distance between dispersed particles or size of particles was investigated using different concentrations of particles and different sizes of particles. The suitable range of average distance between two particles is 5 microns through 1,000 microns, preferably 30 microns through 400 microns. On the other hand, the range of height of protuberance is 5 microns through 70 microns, preferably 20 microns through 40 microns. Average Distance Between Two Particles Range (microns) over 5-30 30-400 400-1000 1000 Nature of No non-bottoming Fair Good Fair Good Average Height Of Protuberance Range (microns) over 5-20 20-40 40-70 70 Nature of No Non-bottoming Fair Good Fair Good ^BU O Of course, it should be understood that various changes and modifications to the preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made with¬ out departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention and without diminishing its attendant advantages. It is, therefore, intended that such changes and modifica¬ tions be covered by the following claims.";"Claims 1. A shallow relief printing plate comprising a photopolyme layer supported on a substrate, and a plurality of dispersed particles interposed between said substrate and photopolymer layer, said photopolymerized layer having raised image areas, said dispersed particles being present in a size and concentration sufficient to create an array of selected protuberances in the background areas of said plate. 2. The printing plate of claim 1 -wherein said protuberances present in the background areas of said plate are of a height less than that of the raised image areas. 3. The printing plate of claim 1 wherein said photopolymeriz layer has a thickness less than about 0.020 inch. 4. The printing plate of claim 3 wherein said photopolymeriz layer has a thickness of about between 0.009 and 0.016 inch. 5. The printing plate of claim 1 wherein said dispersed particles are carried by a binder layer which is compatible with both said substrate and said photopolymerized layer and which secures said dispersed particles in a fixed position. 6. The printing plate of claim 5 wherein said binder layer is selected from the group consisting of (a) styrene-butadien copolymers, (b) polyesters, (c) glyoxal, and mixtures (a), (b) , or (c) and partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate. 7. The printing plate of claim 1 wherein said dispersed particles have an average particle size of between about 5 to 70 microns and are present in a concentration sufficient to provide an average distance between particles of between about 5 to 1000 microns. AD ORIGINAL OMPI 8. The printing plate of claim 1 wherein said dispersed particles have an average particle size of between 20 to 40 microns and are present in a concentration sufficient to provide an average distance between particles of between about 30 to 400 microns. 9. The printing plate of claim 8 wherein said particles are ink repellant. 10. The printing plate of claim 2 wherein said protuberances present in the background areas of said plate are of a height between about 20 to 40 microns. 11. The printing pl-ate of claim 1 wherein said dispersed particles are dispersed in a binder layer, have an average particle size of between about 20 to 40 microns and are present in said binder layer at a concentration sufficient to provide an average distance between particles of between about 30 to 400 microns. 12. The printing plate of claim 11 wherein said dispersed particles are selected from the group consisting of glass beads, polytetrafluoroethylene powder or alumina powder. 13. The printing plate of claim 12 wherein antihalation composi¬ tions are dispersed in said binder layer. 14. The shallow relief, non-bottoming printing plate comprising a water-developable photopolymerized layer having a thickness less than 0.020 inch and supported on a substrate, and a binder layer carrying a plurality of dispersed particles interpose between said substrate and said photopolymerized layer, sai photopolymerized layer having raised image areas, and said dispersed particles being present in said binder layer in a 5 size and concentration sufficient to create an array of protuberances in the background areas of said plate having an average height between about 5 to 70 microns and an aver distance between protuberances of between about 5 to 1000 microns. 10 15. A relief photopolymerizable element comprising a laminate of * photosensitive composition supported on a sub- strate, and a binder composition carrying a plurality of dispersed particles interposed between said substrate and said photosensitive composition, said dispersed particles 15 being present in a size and concentration sufficient to create a plurality of protuberances in the background areas of said element after exposure and development of said photosensitive composition to create a relief image. 16. The photopolymerizable element of claim 15 wherein sai 20 plurality of protuberances have an average height between about 5 to 70 microns and an average distance between protuberances of between about 5 to 1000 microns, and where said photosensitive composition has a thickness less than 0.020 inch. 25 17. The photopolymerizable element of claim 15 wherein the said binder layer is selected from the group consisting of (a) styrene-butadiene copolymers, (b) polyesters, (c) glyoxal, and mixtures (a), (b) , or (c) and partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl acetate. 30 18. The photopolymerizable element of claim 15 wherein said dispersed particles have an average particle size of between 20 to 40 microns and are present in a concentration sufficient to provide an average distance between particles of between about 30 to 400 microns. ' BL 19. The photopolymerizable element of claim 18 wherein said dispersed particles are selected from the group consisting of glass beads, polytetrafluoroethylene powder or alumina powder. 20. The photopolymerizable element of claim 19 wherein antihalation compositions are dispersed in said binder layer. 21. The photopolymerizable element of claim 15 wherein said photosensitive composition is in a layer having a thickness in the range of about 0.009 to 0.016 inch, and said binder composition and dispersed particles are in a layer having a thickness in the range of about microns. 22. A process for making a photopolymerizable element which upon development will provide a photopolymer printing plate having raised image or relief areas and recessed background areas, comprising: applying to a substrate a layer of binder composition having a plurality of dispersed particles contained therein of a size and concentration sufficient to create an array of preselected protuberances in the background areas of said printing plate after development; and applying a layer of photosensitive composition having a thickness less than 0.020 inch over said layer of binder composition and dispersed particles. 23. The process of claim 22 wherein said dispersed particles are preselected to have an average particle size of between about 5 to 70 microns and are present in a con¬ centration sufficient to provide an average distance between particles of between about 5 to 1000 microns. 24. The process of claim 22 wherein the surface characteris of said background area are controlled by the average particle size and concentration of dispersed particles adde to said binder layer.";HALLMAN R, KOICHI K, SAKUO O;NAPP SYSTEMS INC;1978
+WO-1979000441-A1;19790712.0;19781204;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;10458516.0;H02P7;B60L15;B60L15, H02P7;B60L  15/08, H02P   7/28B;CONTROL CIRCUIT FOR A D.C.MOTOR;A motor control circuit includes a chopper circuit (11) including a main switching element (14) which is connected in series with the motor armature (12). The chopper is controlled by a Schmitt bistable circuit (34) which operates to switch the main switching element on when the actual motor current falls more than a set amount below a demanded level and off when the actual motor current rises more than a set amount above the demanded level, the demand level is determined by the driver's pedal controlled potentiometers (37, 38) but is required to be modified in accordance with the motor speed. Instead of using a mechanical speed transducer, the present invention includes a circuit (40) which is connected to the output of the bistable circuit (34) and produces a signal varying in accordance with the ratio of the on and off times of the main switching element.;"- - TECHNICA FIELD This 'invention relates to a control circuit for a d.c. motor. BACKGROUND ART Knovn circuits have often included means sensitive to the speed of the motor in the form of a transducer mechani¬ cally driven by the motor (or by the vehicle transmission). Generally speaking the transducer produces an a.c. signal ■ which varies in frequency with the speed of the motor. Such .a transducer is, however, considered to be an undesira¬ bly expensive component of the control system and it is an object of the invention to provide a control system of the general kind referred to in which no mechanical speed transducer is utilized. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION In accordance with the present invention a d.c. motor control circuit includes a chopper circuit with a main switch element arranged to be turned on or off to control the supply of power to the motor and speed sensitive means including means sensitive to the ratio of the on and off times of the main switch element of the chopper circuit. The invention is particularly, but not exclusively, applicable to control circuits of the known kind in which there is a motor current demand signal generator which generates a demand signal, a feedback circuit for producing a feedback signal corresponding to the actual motor current and means for switching the main switch element on when the feedback signal falls more than a set amount below the demand signal and for switching the main switch element off when the feedback signal rises more than a set amount above the demand signal. In such a circuit the speed sensitive means may provide an input to the demand signal generator to vary the demand signal independently of a demand input to the demand signal generator from a driver's accelerator O. PI pedal device or the like. Ivhere the motor is of the type having separate armatur and field windings, it is known to provide a separate chopper circuit for the field winding, so as to enable the field current to be reduced when the vehicle speed reaches a level that the armature back e.m.f. becomes such that the demanded armature current cannot be achieved. In such a system the signal which is generated to control the reducti of field current may also be employed as a signal which is indicative of speed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PRAT-TINGS An example of the invention is shown diagrammatically in the accompanying drawings in which:- Figure 1 is a block diagram of the control system, Figure 2 is a circuit diagram of an armature chopper circuit included in Figure 1, Figure 3 is a circuit diagram of a part of the control system of Figure 1, and Figures k to 6 are graphs showing the speed/maximum armature current characteristics of the control for forward motoring, braking and reverse motoring modes respectively. BEST MODS FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring firstly to Figure 1 the system, which is for the control of a d.c. traction motor, with separately ex¬ cited field winding 10, makes use of an armature current chopper circuit 11 which controls the current flowing in the motor armature 12. A Hall-effect current sensing circuit 13 is used to produce a feedback signal correspond¬ ing to the actual current flowing in the armature. As shown in Figure 2 the chopper circuit 11 includes a main thyristor 14, a commutating thyristor 15 and a third thyristor iβ. The thyristor l connects one terminal of the motor armature 12 to a negative supply rail 17 via a main OMPI fuse 18, the anode-cathode of the thyristor 2.h being shunted by a resistor 19 and a capacitor 20. The other terminal of the armature 12 is connected via a contact 21 to a positive supply rail 22. This other terminal of the armature 12 is also connected by a diode 23 and fuse 2. in series to the rail 17 to provide a current path for armature current during braking i.e. when the contact 21 is open. A recir- culation diode 25 connects the first-mentioned armature terminal to the rail 22 to provide a current recirculation path to carry continuing (but decaying) armature current when the thyristor 1 is not conducting. The thyristor 15 has its anode connected to the anode of the main thyristor Ik and its cathode connected via an inductor 26 to one side of a commutating capacitor 27 the other side of which is connected to the rail 17. The third thyristor 16 has its cathode connected to the rail 17 and its anode connected via a further inductor 28 to said one side of the capacitor 27. The armature current chopper circuit operates as follows:- When increased current flow is required in the armature, the main thyristor l^f- is fired. 1-Jhen reduced current is required, the thyristor l6 is fired and then, after a fixed delay, the thyristor 1 is fired. Before the capacitor lβ is fired, said one side of the capacitor 27 is at a positive voltage relative to the rail 1 . On firing of the thyristor iβ the capacitor 2 discharges through the inductor 28 and when it is fully discharged current continues to flow in inductor 28, reversing the voltage on capacitor 2 . The thyristor i β automatically turns off when the capacitor 2 is fully reverse^charged. The delay before firing of the thyristor 1 is arranged to be long enough to ensure that the thyristor 16 has switched off * T/hen thyristor 15 is fired, since the capacitor is reverse charged armature current will flow through the inductor 26 into the capacitor 27, diverting all current from the thyristor lk and thereby allowing this to turn off. Current continues to flow into the capacitor 2 until this is fully charged whereupon thyristor 15 turn off, armature current then being diverted through the diode 25. Figure 2 also shows a diode 30 and resistor 2 in ser between the rail 22 and said one side of the capacitor 27. These components serve to maintain the positive voltage on the capacitor 27 should the main thyristor l4 remain on fo a long period. Returning now to Figure 1, it will be seen that there are three drive circuits 30» 31 and __)2. which are respectiv associated with the thyristors 14, 15 and l . These circuits are described. in detail in British Patent Applica tion No. 5 /76 together with a delay circuit 33 whi triggers the drive circuit 31 a predetermined time interva after circuit 3 2 has been triggered. The drive circuits 30 and J2 are triggered by falling and rising edges respectively of the output signal of a Schmitt bistable circuit _\k with a minimum ""off time"" feed back circuit 35 > also described in application no. 5459/7 The input to the Schmitt bistable circuit 3 is from a differential amplifier 36 * which is connected to compare voltage signal representing the demanded armature current and a voltage signal from the current transducer circuit 1 The amplifier __\6 produces an output proportional to the difference between these voltage signals. "" The armature current demand signal is produced in a demand signal generating circuit which includes two pedal- actuated potentiometers 37 and 38, operated by the driver' accelerator and brake pedals respectively. The signals from sliders of these potentiometers are applied to a motor/brake comparator circuit 39 which compares the two -5- signals and connects that which has the greater magnitude to be applied to the amplifier 36. The circuit 39 also provides a number of logic outputs which are used in a logic circuit (not described herein) controlling various contactors which determine the mode of connection of the field winding and the armature winding that provide the forward and reverse motoring and braking conditions. One such logic output 3 a provides a logic signal which is high when the motoring signal exceeds the braking signal. Two separate circuits 40 and 4l are used to determine the magnitude of the voltages which are applied to the potentiometers 37 and 38 and which therefore define the maximum demand signal. One such circuit 40 has an input from the output of the Schmitt bistable circuit 34, the mark-space ratio of the output of which is substantially proportional to speed at low speeds (i.e. up to the ""base speed"" at which the back e.m.f. of the armature is equal to the main battery voltage. The other circuit 4l is controlled by the circuits which cause weakening of the field current above this speed. These circuits include a differential amplifier 42 (operative during braking) which receives an input from the differential amplifier __\6 and compares this with a fixed level, a start up circuit 43, which prevents any signals reaching the amplifier 45, unless the output of the Schmitt trigger circuit 34 has been low for more than a predetermined time interval. The greater of the output signals from the amplifier 42 and the circuit 43 is applied, via a ripple rejection circuit 44 to a fur¬ ther differential amplifier 4 which produces ' the signal controlling circuit 4l and also controlling a field weaken¬ ing circuit 46. For the purposes of the present description no mention need be made of other control circuits 4 , 48, which are associated with the circuit 46 and act to boost weaken, or totally remove the field current demand signal produced by circuit 46, such circuits being described in - - detail in the aforesaid application no. 45459/7^. The output of the circuit 46 is applied to one input of a differential amplifier circuit 50 which compares it with a voltage signal from a field current transducer 1» The output of amplifier 50 is applied to another Schmitt bi¬ stable circuit 52 which has a minimum on-and-off time feed¬ back circuit 53• Th- e output of the circuit 2 is applied via an opto-isolator circuit _>k to the field current choppe circuit 35 which supplies current to the field winding 10 via a so-called forcing and reversing circuit 56 which controls the mode of connection of. the field winding. Turning now to Figure 3» it will be seen that the low speed demand shaping circuit 4θ includes an operational amplifier A., which is of the current differencing type (e.g. a National Semiconductors L 3900 integrated circuit operational amplifier). The amplifier A., has its inverting input terminal connected via a resistor R_ to the output terminal of the Schmitt trigger circuit 34 and its non-in¬ verting input terminal connected via a resistor R„ and a variable resistor R„ in series to a positive supply rail +V. Feedback around the amplifier A. is provided by a resistor R. and a capacitor C. in parallel and the output terminal of the amplifier AY. is grounded by a capacitor C„. The output voltage of the amplifier A., is thus linearly related to the mark-space ratio of the output of the Schmit bistable circuit 34. At very low speeds, when the mark-spac ratio is small, the output of the amplifier will be at a maximum, but at a mark-space ratio determined by the settin of resistor the output will start to fall linearly and eventually reaches zero when the output of the Schmitt bistable circuit 3 is continuously high (i.e. at the ""base speed refexred to above). OMPI The ""start-up"" circuit 43 of Figure 1 is represented in Figure 3 by the circuit surrounding the transistor _. This npn transistor has its emitter grounded and its base connected to the common point of two resistors R_ and R/- connected in series with a third resistor R_ between the ground rail and input terminal B (which is the output of the Schmitt bistable circuit 34). A capacitor C„ is connec¬ ted between the junction of the resistors R_ and R_ and the ground rail and the resistor R_ and capacitor C form, in combination, a delay circuit which prevents the transistor - from turning on unless the output of the Schmitt bistable circuit has been low for more than a predetermined length of time. The collector of the transistor Q- is connected via a resistor R < -, to the terminal A which is at the output of the amplifier 42 and a further capacitor C, connects the collector of the transistor . to ground. The differential amplifier circuit 42 of Figure 1 is represented by the circuit surrounding the amplifier A„ in Figure 3„ This amplifier A_ (which is again a current differencing integrated circuit operational amplifier, as are all the amplifiers shown in Figure ) s has its inverting input terminal connected via a resistor R Q to the terminal A and its non-inverting input terminal connected by a resistor R_ Q to the -t-Vrail. A feedback resistor R... connects the output and inverting input terminals so that the output of amplifier A„ falls linearly with increasing input to terminal A. The ripple rejection circuit of Figure 1 is represented in Figure 3 by a resistor R_ „ and canacitor C_ connected in . __> series between the cathode of a diode D. , with its anode connected to the output of the amplifier Λ , and the non- inverting input terminal of an amplifier A„ representing the amplifier circuit 45 of Figure 1. A further diode D ? has • its cathode connected to the cathode of the diode D__, and its anode connected to the collector of the transistor Q . The cathodes of the diodes D. , D 2 are connected by a resistor R._ to the inverting input terminal of the ampli fier A_ which has a feedback resistor R . between its output terminal and its inverting input terminal. A resistor R_ _ connects the non-inverting input terminal of the amplifier A„ to the +V supply rail. During motoring, at below ""base"" speed, the transist Q.. , will be on so that no signal can pass from terminal A the inverting input terminal of amplifier A_. At base sp and above, the transistor Q.. remains off and the current applied to the inverting input terminal of amplifier A„ exceeds the bias current to the non-inverting input termi ssoo tthhaatt tthhee oouuttppuutt ooff aammpplliiffjier A„, falls linearly with rising voltage at terminal A, The output of amplifier A is connected by a resisto R-g to the non-inverting input terminal of an amplifier A. which has a feedback resistor R._ connected between its output terminal and its inverting input terminal. The no inverting input terminal of amplifier A. is also connecte via a resistor R „ and a variable resistor R.. q in series to the +V supply rail and the terminal 39 _ is connected v aa rreessiissttoorr RR„„ 00 <a • nd a diode D„ in series to the non-invert input terminal. The output terminal of the amplifier A. is connected by a resistor R_. to the base of an npn transistor 0_ whi has the accelerator pedal potentiometer 37 connected betw its emitter and ground a resistor „ is connected betwee the collector of the transistor Q 2 and the ÷V rail, and a resistor „„ and a variable resistor „, in series are connected between the base of transistor Q and the groun rail. A resistor connects the output terminal of the amplifier A_ to the base of the transistor Q p . OM Similarly, for the brake pedal potentiometer 38, there is another npn transistor Q„, the potentiometer 38 being connected between the emitter of this transistor Q and the ground rail. The base of the transistor Q is connected to the output terminal of amplifier A. by a resistor » to the +V rail by a resistor R 7 and to the ground rail by a resistor 2g and a variable resistor R po in series. The circuit described thus far operates as follows :- In forward motoring, at the lowest end of the speed range the output of amplifiers A_ and Ar are both high so that a maximum demand signal range is available. As speed increases the average value of the signal at terminal C increases and finally reaches the point where the current flowing into the inverting input of the amplifier A. exceed that flowing into the non-inverting input and the output begins to fall, thereby reducing the current in resistors R 2 » *^ 2 anci thus reducing the voltage at the emitter of transistor Q. 2# Such reduction commences at point B__. in Figure 4 and the slope - S of the falling characteristic depends on the gain of the amplifier A1_ and the relative values of the resistors R„.__,, and ^ 2 + ^ 2 4 * ^ben. the output of the amplifier A reaches zero, the voltage at the emitter of transistor Q 7 is deter¬ mined by the resistors ^. and Jl__ ÷ 2Λ » This occurs at point B in Figure 4. As speed continues to increase the voltage at the output of amplifier A falls . ntil the current flowing into the in-verting input terminal of the amplifier A ~,,r is greater than that flowing into the non-inverting input hereo , whereupon the output of amplifi2r A,, starts to fall. This occurs at the point B i Figure 4, the slope S 0 for speeds above this point being determined by the gains of amplifiers A„ and A^ and the relative values of the resistors ?.m_ . and ?;„ - * - R„-, . - - In braking mode the signal on the potentiometer 38 is reduced in similar fashion but there is only one break¬ point B j , , since amplifier A. takes no part in the generatio of this signal. In braking mode amplifier A ? comes into effect and amplifiers A„ and A with their ' surrounding components determine the break point B.. Since, in braking the battery voltage may rise to a much higher level than in motoring, less field weakening is required and the break point B. may therefore occur at much higher speed. To compensate for this, the connection from terminal 39a , to th amnlifier A, provides extra bias current during motoring, which is not present during braking. Figure 3 also shows a circuit arrangement which limits speed when reverse motoring has been selected. This arrang ment includes an amplifier A_, the inverting input terminal of which is connected by,two resistors R __. and R 2 in serie to the terminal C. A resistor „„ connects the non-inverti innut terminal of the amplifier A_ to the +V rail and feed- back is provided by a resistor R , and capacitor C,- in parallel so that the amplifier operates as an averager like amplifier A . The output terminal of the amplifier A_ is connected to the cathode of a diode D, , the anode of which is connected to the base of transistor Q . To disable the amplifier A_ except during reverse motor ing, a transistor Q., has its emitter grounded and its collector connected via a diode D_ to the common noint of s the resistor R ±. and j><-. The transistor is switched on whenever reverse motoring is not selected y an output D from a direction selection logic circuit 6θ (see Figure l) , the base of transistor -,,r being connected to the common point of two resistors R connected in series between terminal D and ground , l-.Tien transistor Q^ is off, i.e. in reverse motoring mode, the output of the amplifier A_ falls steeply for speeds above the required limit (set by the choice of resistor R_„) as shown in Figure 6. hen transistor Q, is on, the output of amplifier A is high and diode D. prevents it having any effect on the control. _QMP1";AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 2 May 1979 (02.05.79)) 1, A motor control circuit including a chopper with a main switch element arranged to turn on and off repeatedly to control the motor current and incorporating a speed sensitive means, characterised in that said speed sensitive means includes means (4θ) sensitive to the ratio of the on and off times of said main switch element (l4) and provides an output varying with speed which is used to modify a demand signal controlling the chopper, 2, A motor control circuit as claimed in claim 1 further characterised by comprising a motor current demand signal generator, a feedback signal generator for generating a feedback signal related to the actual motor current and a control circuit for causing the main switch element to be turned on when the feedback signal falls more than a set amount below the demand signal and for causing the main switch element to be turned off when the feedback signal rises more than a set amount above the demand signal. 3» A motor control circuit as claimed in claim 2 further characterised in that .said ratio sensitive means is connected to the output of the control circuit. 4. A motor control circuit as claimed in claim 3 further characterised in that the ratio sensitive means is an operational amplifier ( - or A ) with an input resistor (R__. or R.-) and a feedback circuit consisting of a resistor (R. or R^ j .) and a capacitor (c. or C^) in parallel,, STATEMENT UNDER ARTICLE 19 Claim 1 has been amended to make it clear that the speed sensitive means produces an output signal which is used to modify a demand signal controlling the chopper. This is clearly disclosed in the specification as filed . see page paragraphs 2 and 3« <aS;BOXER T;BOXER T, LUCAS INDUSTRIES LTD, LUCAS IND LTD;1978
+WO-1979000449-A1;19790726.0;19781228;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;27542272.0;H05B37;H05B41, H05B39;G05F1, H05B41;H04B  41/392V, H05B  41/04B2C, H05B  41/28, H05B  41/288K;VARIABLE INTENSITY CONTROL APPARATUS FOR OPERATING A GAS DISCHARGE LAMP;In a gas discharge lamp, when the current through the inductor (17) has increased to a point where the voltage drop across the resistor (15) exceeds the voltage of the reference source (23, 24), the comparator amplifier (20) triggers the monostabile multivibrator (18) causing the solid state switching device (14) to be turned off. This acts to collapse the magnetic field in the inductor (17) thereby causing a large flyback voltage to appear across the lamp (11) sufficient to light the lamp. At the end of the predetermined time period of the low output state of the monostabile multivibrator (18), its output turns the solid state switching device (14) on, allowing current to flow from the power supply (16) through the inductor (17) and the lamp (11), thereby maintaining the lamp in the lit state and increasing the magnetic field in the inductor (17). The current flow through the lamp, when the solid state switching device (14) is on, is in the opposite direction from the current flowing through the lamp when the solid state switching device is off.;"VARIABLE INTENSITY CONTROL APPARATUS FOR OPERATING A GAS DISCHARGE LAMP Back-groung and Summary of the Invention Field of the Invention. This .invention relates to apparatus for operating a gas discharge lamp, such as a fluorescent, a mercury vapor lamp, a sodium lamp, or a metal halide lamp. (A) Variation of Lamp Intensity l. Prior Art Background Control circuits for gas discharge lamps are known which obviate the need for the usual heavy and expensive series ballast devices, corresponding to the inductor in this device. in such circuits, switching elements are provided to periodically switch the direction of current through the lamp to reduce the deterioration or errosion of electrodes, and to ensure a high enough frequency of switching to reduce the requirement for the size of the ballast. Such circuits generally require two switching elements for each direction of the current. Attempts ' have been made to fabricate the same type of circuit using only a single switching element to cause current reversal on the lamp. For example, the U.S. patent to D. B. ijsboom, No. 3,906,302, is directed to such an arrangement and incorporates an inductor in parallel with the lamp, which lamp is in series with a switching device. Such a switching device is generally operated at relatively high frequencies, such as 20 kHz. A significant disadvantage of this prior art device is that its control circuitry does not provide for varying the intensity of the lamp. 2. Invention Summary This disadvantage is eliminated in this invention, in which, a gas discharge lamp and an inductor or choke coil are connected in parallel with one another. One side is 5 connected to a power source and the other side is connected to the collector of a transistor switch. The emitter of the transistor is connected to one end of a resistor, and the other end of the resistor is connected to 10 ground. The base of the transistor is connect to the output of a monostable or one—shot multivibrator. The input to the one-shot multivibrator is connected to the output of a comparator amplifier. The multivibrator 15 operates in such a way that when the input to the multivibrator is high, th-e multivibrator i triggered and its output goes low for a predetermined amount of time, after which its output returns to the high state. The two 20 inputs to the comparator amplifier are connect in such a way that one input is connected to the emitter of the transistor and the other input is connected to a selectively variable reference voltage source. The circuit 2 5 components and the time delay of the multivibrator are chosen in such a way as to provide a relatively high rate of switching on the base of the transistor, approximately 2 to 40 kHz. 30 The alternating current flowing through th gas discharge lamp has no direct current component. As a result, the usual life of the lamp is increased by maximizing the life of the electrodes since a direct current componen 35 of lamp current causes excessive cathodic heating of one of the two electrodes and reduces the life of that electrode. A significant feature of this "" invention is that the intensity of the lamp may be varied 5 by varying the reference voltage at the input of the comparator amplifier. In one embodiment this function is provided by a potentiometer connected between the reference voltage and the input to the comparator amplifier. In 10 another embodiment, a photo conductive resistor is used in the voltage dividing input circuit- to the comparator amplifier to automatically vary the intensity of the gas discharge lamp in response to the ambient light intensity. 15 A further aspect of this invention features the use of multiple lamps, instead of just one gas discharge lamp with no increase in the ignition voltage of the circuit. In order to ignite such lamps in sequence, for example in 20 the case of two lamps, a capacitor is connected in parallel with one of the lamps. This capacitance acts to short out one lamp while the first lamp is ignited. After the first lamp is ignited, all of the ignition voltage supplied 25 by the coil will appear across the second lamp, and cause the second lamp to ignite. After the second lamp is ignited, the capacitor has a comparatively high impedance, and is therefore effectively out of the circuit. 30 Another feature of this invention features the use of a Zener diode, metal oxide varistor, or similar device connected across the transistor collector and ground. This varistor protects the transistor from 35 transient surges in electrical power in the circuit by shorting out any transient voltages which exceed the magnitude of the brea down^rr^' ^- voltage of the varistor. In an additional embodiment of this invention, a low voltage power supply suitab 5 for powering the one shot multivibrator and comparator amplifier as well as supplying th reference voltage to the input of the comparator amplifier is supplied by a step-d transformer having as its primary winding th 10 choke coil connected in parallel with the ga discharge lamp. According to this aspect of the invention a diode is connected between t secondary winding and a capacitor. The low side of the secondary winding and the other 15 of the capacitor are connected to ground. T polarity of this diode is such that the volt supplied to the capacitor is independent of transient voltage which occurs in the induct during periods when the transistor is turned 20 off. According to a further aspect of this latter embodiment, the electrodes of the gas discharge tube are preheated prior to igniti thereby extending the usable life of the gas 5 discharge tube. This is accomplished by connecting one of the lamp electrodes across minor portion of the high side of the choke winding. The other electrode is connected across a minor portion of the low side of th 30 choke winding. This will ensure that a smal current flows through both electrodes just before the lamp is ignited, allowing the electrodes to warm up to a temperature close to the temperature achieved after ignition o 35 the lamp. (B) High Power Factor Lamp Circuit ^S 1. Prior Art Background The prior art lamp control circuits typically operate from a DC source, either from batteries or from a rectified and filtered AC source. In the latter instance, the filtering required results in a poor power factor, making the circuits unacceptable in certain applications. 2. Invention Summary This problem is solved in a second verion of the invention in which the two inputs to the comparator amplifier are connected in such a way that one input is connected to the emitter of the transistor and the other input is connected to the AC power supply. The circuit components and the time delay of the multivibrator are chosen in such a way as to provide a relatively high rate of "" switching on the base of the transistor, approximately 20 to 40 kHz. A significant feature of the second version of this invention is that the current of the lamp is varied precisely in relation to the AC line voltage, so that the power factor of the circuit is high. A further aspect of the second version of this invention features the use of a secondary winding on the lamp ballast which,, through a diode, charges a capacitor. This capacitor is isolated from the rectified AC power line by a diode. When the AC power voltage crosses zero volts, that is, when the rectified AC voltage is near its null point, the isolation diode becomes forward biased, and the charge on the capacitor prohibits the rectified AC voltage from nulling. Because a gas discharge lamp increas.es in resistance at a power voltage null, the capacitor used to prohibit nulling 5 avoids this high- resistance load characterist and thus protects the solid state switching device. In one embodiment of this second version this invention, a low voltage power supply 0 suitable for powering the one-shot multivibra and comparator amplifier may be supplied by a second step-down transformer having as its primary winding the choke coil connected in parallel with, the gas discharge lamp. 5 (C) Starter Aid Circuit 1. Prior Art Background Another problem with prior art circuits h been that the fly back voltage during current reversal required to ignite the lamp when the ^ circuit is first activated must be large enou to generate a sufficiently strong .voltage gradient in the lamp to ionize the gas. This causes a large voltage to appear across the switching device which can damage the device ^ during ignition, thereby limiting the reliability of the control circuit. A further problem has been that it is oft necessary to reduce the voltage supplied to t circuit in order to ensure that only the opti 0 lamp voltage is supplied to the lamp. It has been found that such a reduction in supply voltage decreases the voltage gradient in the lamp for starting ignition of the lamp during current reversal. Therefore, with the 5 introduction of a step down auto transformer, the fly back voltage of the circuit must be increased to provide a sufficient voltage gradient in the lamp. Such an increase in fly back, voltage increases the wear in components in the circuit and a consequent loss of 5 reliability. 2. Invention Summary These problems are solved in a third version of this invention in which one electrode of a gas discharge lamp is connected to the tapped 0 output of a step down auto transformer. One end of the auto transformer is connected to a "" rectified power source and the other end is connected directly to the collector of a transistor switch and to the other electrode of 5 the gas discharge lamp. The emitter of the transistor is connected to one end of a resistor, and the other end of the resistor is connected to the AC power supply return. The base of the transistor is connected to the output of a 0 onostable or one-shot multivibrator. The input to the one-shot multivibrator is connected to the output of a comparator amplifier. The two inputs to the comparator amplifier are connected in such a way that one input is connected to ^ the emitter of the transistor and the other input is connected to a voltage source which may be varied or controlled. A starter aid conductor is mounted adjacent the lamp and connected to the power supply return. Operation 0 of the circuit is the same as described above. A significant feature of the third version of this invention is that the voltage gradient in the lamp during ignition may be maximized without regard to the step down ratio of the 5 auto transformer, while the fly back voltage required for lamp ignition may be decreased. This reduces the fly back voltage across the transistor and therefore enhances the reliability of the circuit, while permitting the use of an auto transformer with, any desired step down ratio. (D) Symmetrical Lamp Voltage Regulation 1. Prior Art Background Yet another problem encountered in the prior art has been that the illumination intensity of the lamp for a given amount of power consumed is maximized only if the switching device operates to provide a symmetric voltage wave from the lamp. Typically, the magnitude of the voltage supplied the lamp determines the shape of the voltage wave form supplied to the lamp. As a result, in general, there is a .specific voltage which must be supplied through the circuit to the lamp in order to provide a symmetrical voltage wave form. The applicant has emperically found that the power efficiency of the lamp is maximized only when a symmetrical voltage wave form is supplied to the lamp, and that, for a high intensity mercury vapor lamp connected to a control circuit having a single switching element, a voltage supplied to the lamp of approximately 130 volts DC when warmed up, or 20 volts DC when cold, results in a symmetrical wave form. The problem of maximizing the efficiency of the lamp by providing a fixed supply voltage which ensures a symmetrical voltage wave form in the lamp is compounded because, if the control circuit is designed to provide the requisite 130—volt DC value for a symmetrical voltage wave* form in the lamp after warm up, then the time require to warm up the lamp after initial turn-on would be extended to become excessively long, and it is even possible that the lamp, after initial turn-on, would never reach its normal operative mode. Another problem is that, even though the control circuit may be designed to apply the • requisite voltage to ensure a symmetrical voltage wave form in th-e lamp, the requisite voltage may change during the life of the lamp "" due to change in lamp characteristics, and is different from lamp to lamp due to manufacturing tolerance variations. Furthermore, changes in lamp characteristics may result in a change in load impedance presented to the power supply, which may cause a change in the voltage output of the power supply, further complicating the task of attempting to supply the requisite voltage required to ensure a symmetrical voltage wave form in the lamp. Furthermore, power loss in the power supply itself occurs if the power supply input ' impedance is reactive. Finally, even if the power supply is designed to provide the requisite voltage to the lamp for corresponding to a symmetrical voltage wave form in the lamp, variations in the voltage in in the power line supplying power to the power supply may cause the power supply to vary its voltage output from the desired requisite voltage. 2. Invention Summary The foregoing problems are solved in the fourth version of this invention in which a supply voltage feedback control loop including a power oscillator and a symmetry detector to 1Q control the voltage supplied to the control circuit so that it is maintained at a value which causes the on—time of the transistor to 5 equal its off—time, resulting in a symmetrica voltage wave form supplied to the lamp, maximizing the efficiency of the lamp. In or to prevent variations in lamp intensity cause • by variations in power line voltage, this 10 invention uses a reference voltage feedback control loop to control the reference voltage supplied to one input of the comparator amplifier which minimizes variations in lamp intensity due to variations in power line 15 voltage, while permitting the controlled variation of the reference voltage by the use in order to vary lamp intensity in a desired manner. The supply voltage control feedback loop and the reference voltage control feedba 20 loop are combined in a voltage regulator whic is connected between the lamp control circuit and a constant current source providing 60-He alternating current. The voltage regulator provides further improvements in the efficien 2 use of power by the lamp and its associated apparatus by presenting an input impedance to a 60-Hertz power source which is non-reactive, a feature facilitated by the power oscillator of the supply voltage feedback control loop. 30 shut-down circuit is provided to temporarily shut down the voltage regulator before the occurrence of an over-voltage condition in or to protect certain components in the circuit. The advantages of the fourth version of t 5 invention are immediately apparent in that th supply voltage feedback control loop will alw assure a symmetrical yoltage wave form supplied to the lamp even if lamp characteristics change during the life of the lamp and even if different lamps are substituted having different characteristics, without necessitating any changes in the parameters of the components of the voltage regulator and control circuit of this invention. Thus, the efficient use of power for a given illumination intensity in the lamp is maximized because the voltage wave form supplied to the lamp is constrained to be symmetrical and because the voltage regulator presents an average input impedance to the power line which is non-reactive, thereby substantially eliminating reactive power losses in the voltage regulator. (E) Capacitive Discharge Ignition Circuit And Constant Power Regulation 1. Prior Art Background The problem of igniting the lamp becomes particularly acute when a high intensity high pressure gas discharge lamp is used, since such lamps require very high ignition voltages. One solution to the problem of providing a high voltage to ignite the lamp is to use a step-up voltage transformer connected to a capacitive discharge device which provides sufficient voltage for a short period of time to ionize the lamp without requiring the flyback voltage of the control circuit to be large. However, this creates further problems because the step-up transformer must be connected in series with the lamp, and, after the lamp circuit has assumed normal operation, the large winding ratio of the transformer will cause signi icant current to flow in the primary winding with- consequent power losses. This additional problem may be alleviated by opening up the primary winding after the lamp has ignited. However, this creates further problem because the secondary winding of the step-up transformer now acts as a second inductor in the lamp control circuit, impeding current flow 10 through the lamp during flyback and further increasing the flyback voltage across the switching device, which may damage the switching device. Another problem in the prior art has been 15 that when a high pressure sodium lamp is used with the lamp control circuit, its resistance is well known to increase during the life of th lamp, which increases power consumption of the circuit, and decreases the efficiency of the 20 lamp circuit. 2. Invention Summary These problems are solved in a fifth versio of the invention which includes the novel featu of a step-up pulse transformer having its 5 secondary winding connected in series with the lamp and its primary winding driven by a capacitive discharge circuit, the combination providing very high ignition voltage to the lamp, but including additional means preventing 30 the inductance of the secondary winding from affecting the operation of the lamp circuit after the lamp is ignited and the lamp circuit is operating in its normal mode. This feature is provided by a rectifier diode connected 35 across the secondary winding of the step-up transformer having its polarity oriented so that U ^ : 3> it provides an alternate current path when the switching device causes the voltage in the lamp control circuit to fly back. This invention further includes means for delaying the operation of the multivibrator in the lamp control circuit after power is first applied in order to permit the capacitive discharge device to become fully charged. This invention also includes a novel feature which makes the power consumed by the lamp control circuit independent of the effective lamp control circuit independent of the effective lamp resistance. This is accomplished by providing another transformer having its primary winding connected in series with the lamp and its secondary winding wound to an opposite polarity to provide a voltage proportional to the lamp current but of opposite polarity. This opposite polarity voltage is applied to one input of the comparator amplifier. As a result, the comparator amplifier senses only the voltage drop caused by the current through the primary winding of the inductive device. Thus, the lamp current does not affect the operation of the comparator amplifier, and thus the comparator amplifier is permitted to control current through the lamp circuit independently of the actual current to the lamp. This renders the power consumption of the circuit independent of effective lamp resistance. Brief Description of the Drawings The invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of a -B 3 ΛZT O PI P control circuit for a gas discharge lamp shown in simplified form fox facilitating an understanding of the overall function of the control apparatus ? Figure 2 illustrates a modified form of the circuit of Figure 1, in which the modification provides for automatically controlling the intensity of the lamp in response to variation in the intensity of the ambient illumination; Figure 3 shows four waveform plots labeled 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D which are characteristic of the control circu illustrated in Figure 1. Figure 3A is a plot of the current through the gas discharge lamp as a function of time, Figure 3B is a plot of the current through the choke or inductor as a function of time, Figure 3C is a ' plot of the collector current of the transistor as a function of time, and Figure 3D is a plot of the voltage across the gas discharge lamp as a function of time. In all of these plots, time is plotted on the horizontal ax and the voltage or current is plotted on the vertical axis; Figure 4 illustrates another modified form of the invention in which a single control circuit is effective to control a pair of gas discharge lamps connected in series; Figure 5 illustrates another modified form of the invention in which the choke or inductor windings are us as the primary windings of a step-down transformer which supplied power for the one-shot multivibrator and the comparator amplifier as well as the reference voltage to the input of the comparator amplifier. Figure 5 also illustrates the use of the primary coil as an auto transformer to supply current to the electrodes of the g discharge lamp as a source of preheating current prior t ignition of the lamp; Figure 6 illustrates a detailed circuit schematic including provision for (a) a step-down voltage supply to tlie lamp for matching the line voltage to the optimal lamps operating voltage and (b) a thermistor connected between the two inputs to the differential amplifier for sensing the temperature of the varistor device and protecting the varistor and transistor from destructive effects of transient power surges in the circuit; Figure 7 illustrates another modified form of the invention in which the reference voltage for the comparator circuit is derived directly from the output of a bridge which supplies the circuit with rectified AC power; Figure 8 shows two waveform plots labeled 6A and 6B, which are characteristic of the control circuit illustrated in Figure 7. Figure 8A is a plot of the current drawn by the lamp circuit from the full-wave rectifier showing both the instantaneous current levels and the average current level. Figure 8B is a plot of the current, both instantaneous and average, drawn by the full-wave rectifier from the power line; Figure 9 illustrates a modified form of the circuit of Figure 7 in which a capacitor is charged by a secondary winding on the lamp ballast and is utilized to prohibit the output of the rectifying bridge from reaching a null so that the lamp will not exhibit high resistance characteristics; Figure 10 is a detailed circuit diagram, similar to the circuit of Figure 6, but implementing in that circuit the additional features illustrated in the schematic circuit of Figure 9; Figure 11 shows three waveform plots labeled 11A, 11B, and 11C, which are characteristic of the control circuit illustrated in Figure 10. Figure 11A is a plot of the line voltage supplied to that circuit. Figure 11B i Ξ a plot of the voltage at the output of the rectifying bridge and Figure 11C is a plot of the current drawn from ÷ξVR bAl * JPMPJL - . W1PO ^ fl the power lines by the circuit of Figure 10; Figure 12 illustrates a detailed circuit schematic including provision for (a) a step down voltage supply to the lamp for matching the line voltage to the optimal lamp operating voltage and (b) a starting aid adjacent the gas discharge lamp; . Figure 13 illustrates the preferred embodiment of this invention in which the connection of the gas 10 discharge lamp and the connection of the starter aid maximizes the starting voltage supplied to the lamp; Figure 14 is a schematic illustration of the progressive ionization of the gas in the gas discharge lamp during start up; 15 Figure 15 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of this invention which includes a symmetry regulated supply voltage feedback control loop; Figure 16 illustrates time domain plots of the chok current and lamp voltage wave forms, similar to the 2 wave forms of Figures 3B and 3D, respectively, and showi by way of comparison the effect of the introduction of the symmetry regulated feedback control loop of Figure 15, in which: Figure 16A is a time domain plot of the choke current for setting ""X"" of potentiometer 23, corresponding to the plot of Figure 3B, Figure 16B is a time domain plot of the choke current corresponding to the setting ""X"" of potentiometer 23, but which is symmetry regulated, • 3(1 J Figure 16C is a time domain plot of the choke current for a setting ""Y"" of potentiometer 23 corresponding to the plot of Figure 3B, Figure 16D is a time domain plot of the choke current corresponding to the setting ""Y"" of JJ • potentiometer 23, but which is symmetry regulated, Figure 16E is a time domain plot of the symmet regulated lamp voltage wave form corresponding to the symmetry regulated choke current wave form of Figure 16B., and Figure 16F is a time domain plot of the symmetry regulated lamp voltage wave form corresponding- to the symmetry regulated choke current wave form of Figure 16D; Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of this invention including the symmetry regulated control loop of Figure 15 and further including a selective current regulating control loop and a protective shut-down circuit; Figure 18 is a schematic diagram of the quasi divider circuit used in the circuit illustrated in Figure 17; Figure 19 is a schematic diagram of the current convertor and power oscillator of this invention; Figure 20 includes time domain plots of various voltage and current wave forms in the circuit illustrated in Figure 19 wherein: Figure 20A is a time domain plot of the wave form of the input current I at the input to the current convertor of Figure 19, Figure 2OB is a time domain plot of the voltage V at the return terminal of the diode bridge of the current convertor of Figure 19, Figure 20C is a time domain plot of the rectified voltage V n at the output of the diode bridge of Figure 19, Figure 20D is a plot of the total current output of the diode bridge of Figure 19, and Figure 20E is a time domain plot of the input voltage across the diode bridge of Figure 19; Figure 21 includes time domain plots of voltage and current wave forms in the power oscillator of Figure 19, wherein "" : Figure 21A is a time domain plot of the input current I similar to the plot of Figure 20A, but having its time scale considerably expanded, Figure 21B is a time domain plot of the collector voltage across the oscillator transistor of Figure 19, Figure 21C includes superimposed plots of V 72 Λ, the 20 kHz voltage in the power oscillator of Figure 19 V g20 the 60-Hertz output voltage at the output of the diode bridge of Figure 19, and V_, the total voltage at the output of the diode bridge of ;Figure 19 including the 20-kHz ripple voltage superimposed upon the 60-Hertz output voltage, Figure 21D is a time domain plot of the voltage V_ at the negative input to the comparator amplifier of Figure 19, and V , the positive feedb to the comparator amplifier of Figure 19, Figure 21E is a time domain plot of l g20 ' ^e current through the snubbing capacitor at the diod bridge output of Figure 19, and of L,-, the curre through the inductor of Figure 19, Figure 2IF is a time domain plot of the curre through the power oscillator transistor of Figure Figure 21G is a time domain plot of the curre through the output diode of the power oscillator o Figure 19; • Figure 22 is a schematic diagram-of the voltage regulator of this invention which includes the current convertor of Figure 19; Figure 23 is an overall schematic block diagram of the preferred embodiment of this invention including th symmetry regulated control loop of Figure 15, the curre regulator control loop of Figure 17, a protective shut- circuit similar to that illustrated in Figure 17, and t voltage regulator of Figure 22; Figure 24 is a detailed schematic layout diagram of the circuit of Figure 23; Figure 25 is a block diagram of the shut-down protective circuit of Figures 23 and 24; Figure 26 is a schematic diagram of a lamp control circuit similar to that of Figure 1, but including a stap-up transformer having its secondary winding connected. in series with the lamp and its primary winding connected to a capacitive discharge device, in which the inductance of the secondary winding interferes with the - normal operation of the lamp control circuit; Figure 27 is a simplified schematic diagram of one embodiment of this invention including a step-up transformer having its secondary winding connected in series with the lamp and its primary winding connected to a comparative discharge device and further including means preventing the inductance of the secondary winding from interfering with the normal operation of the lamp control circuit; Figure 28 is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of this invention in which a transformer having one of its windings connected in series with the lamp facilitates regulation of the current consumption of the lamp control circuit independently of the effective lamp resistance; and Figure 29 is an overall detailed schematic diagram of the preferred embodiment of the control circuit of the invention including the features of Figures 27 and 28. Description of the Preferred Embodiment (A) Variation of Lamp Intensity Referring to the circuit illustrated in Figure 1, a gas discharge lamp 11, typically a low-pressure mercury vapor fluorescent lamp, having two electrodes 12 and 13, has its electrode 13 connected to an electrnoic switch shown as an NPN transistor 14, the collector of which is connected to electrode 13, and the emitter connected to a resistor 15. The other end of the resistor 15 is connected to ground. The other electrode of the gas discharge tube 12 is connected to a DC power supply. This • supply will normally be a rectified AC source but is shown for simplicity in this figure as a batter 16 whose positive terminal is connected through on-off switch 19 to electrode 12 and whose negativ terminal is connected to ground. A choke or induc 17 is connected in parallel with the electrodes of the gas discharge lamp 12 and 13. The base of the NPN transistor switch 14 is connected to the output of a one-shot multivibrato 18. The monostable multivibrator operates in suc a way that when the input to the multivibrator is low its output is high, and when its input is high, the monostable multivibrator is triggered such tha its output goes into the low state for a predeterm finite length of time, after which the output of t multivibrator returns to the high state. The inpu of the multivibrator is connected to the output of comparator amplifier 20. The positive input of th comparator amplifier is connected through a conductor 21 to the emitter of the NPN transistor 14, and the negative input of the comparator ampli is connected through a conductor 22 to a potentiom 23. Potentiometer 23 is connected to the positive end of a DC power source 24, and the negative end of the DC power source 24 is connected to ground. The operation of the circuit of Figure 1 is a follows. When the switch 19 is first closed, the current passes through the switch 19 and through t inductor 17. No current passes through the gas discharge lamp 11 because, until it is ignited by high voltage, th-e lamp remains nonconductive. The current through the inductor passes through the NPN transistor switch 14 and through the resistor 15 to ground. The current through the inductor 17 rises as a function of time until it reaches a level at which the voltage drop across the resistor 15 exceeds the voltage on the conductor 22. The voltage on the conductor 22 is determined by the potentiometer 23. When the voltage drop across the resistor 15 exceeds the voltage on the conductor 22, the comparator amplifier 20 senses a positive difference between its inputs and the output of the comparator amplifier 20 changes from the low to the high state. In response to the high output of the comparator amplifier 20, the one-shot multivibrator 18, is triggered and provides a low output for a short predetermined length of time. Thus, the transistor switch 14 will be turned off for the short period of time during which the base of the transistor received a low level signal from the multivibrator 18. The magnetic field in the choke 17 then collapses, resulting in a voltage potential across the electrodes 12 and 13 of the gas discharge lamp 11. This potential is sufficient to ignite the lamp and the lamp begins to conduct current. After the above-mentioned short predetermined length of time, the one-shot multivibrator output returns to its normally high level state, thereby turning the transistor switch 14 back on. At this instant in time, current begins to flow from the source 16 through the electrodes 12 and 13 of the gas discharge lamp 11 in the opposite direction to the current supplied before by the choke 17. The OMPI ^BRNATC^ magnetic field in the choke 17 also begins to buil up again as does the current through- the choke 17. This results in a rise in the collector current of the transistor 14 and an equal rise in current through the resistor 15. This rise in current wil cause the voltage drop across resistor 15 to rise • until the conductor 21 again exceeds the voltage on conductor 22. Again, the comparator amplifier will give a high output when this condition is reached, causing the output of the multivibrator 1 to go into the low state for the finite period of time thereby turning off the collector current of transistor 14. The magnetic field in the choke 17 will collapse at this time, thereby causing a curr to flow between the electrodes 12 and 13 of the gas discharge lamp 11 in a direction opposite to t direction traveled by the current when the transistor 14 was on. This condition will continu until the multivibrator output returns automatical to the high state. As may be seen from this description, this process will continue to repeat itself as the transistor 14 continuously is switched on and off until steady state conditions are achieved. One or more cycles of operation may be required to ionize the lamp and cause it to ignite. A varistor or high voltage zener diode 27 is connected between the collector of the NPN transis and ground, and serves to protect the transistor 1 from destructive breakdown in the event of lamp failure causing an open circuit between its terminals, or inadvertent unplugging of the lamp when the power switch 19 is closed. When the lamp itself is defective and causes an open circuit or when the lamp is removed, the voltage rise at the collector of transistor 14 produced by collapse of the magnetic field in the inductor 17 will be limited to the breakdown voltage of the varistor, a value selected to be within the safe limits of the collector- base junction of the transistor switch 14. A significant feature of the invention is that the varistor 27 serves the additional function of preventing ignition of the lamp until the lamp electrodes have been warmed up over a time period which is long compared to the operating period of the control circuit. Thus, the control circuits of this invention, without the varistor, would typically supply on the order of 1000 volts across the lamp in the fly back mode. Such high voltage applied to the lamp filaments when they are cold would be extremely deleterious since the electrodes would undergo a very high rate of change of temperature. The varistor is selected such that it breaks down for voltages exceeding 500 to 600 volts. At these lower voltages, the lamp 11 will not ignite until after the cathodes have been heated. Typically, a time delay of 3/4 second to one second is the amount of time needed to heat up the cathodes sufficiently for the lamp to ignite when supplied with 500 to 600 volts. Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D are plots of the steady state response characteristics of the circuit for two different levels of input power to the gas discharge lamp. Figure 3A is a plot of a single cycle of current through the gas discharge lamp as a function of time. The current is plotted on the vertical axis and the time is plotted on the horizontal axis. It will be understood that the current alternates through the lamp in a repetitive cycle. ' In the region of Figure 3A, denoted ""A"", the transistor switch- 14 is in th-e off state and the collapsing field in the inductor 17 is forcing a current thro 5 the gas discharge lamp. The region A covers a period of time between tine T and time T . This time period is equal to the unstable period of multivibrator 18. In the region in Figure 3A deno ""B"", the transistor switch 14 is on. The region B 10 lies between the time T and the time T , after which the cycle repeats itself. In Figure 3A, the magnitude of the lamp curre in region A is shown to be roughly equal to the magnitude of the current in region B. Since, for 15 reasons described above, there is no net DC curren through the lamp, the respective areas under the curves in regions A and B are equal. Thus, in the circuit operating mode illustrated by Figure 3A, the duration of the time periods A and B are rough 20 equal. The operational mode shown in Figure 3A having approximately equal current flows in region A and B is advantageous since it maximizes the efficiency of the lamp and also minimizes the curr handling requirements for the switch transistor 14. 25 This operating mode is achieved for a fairly narro range of DC voltage output of the power source 16 for a given lamp. The circuit of Figure 6 describ below provides a means for matching a given DC voltage to a plurality of lamp or lamps having 30 different optimum voltages. Figure 3B is a plot of the current through th choke or inductor 17 as a function of time. The current through the choke is plotted on the vertic axis, while time is plotted on the horizontal axis. 35 in the region of Figure 3B denoted ""A"", at time T the transistor has been turned off and the current through- the ..choke is decaying as a unction of time until time T» . At time T , the transistor is turned on. The current through the choke in the region of Figure 3B denoted ""E"" increases until time T_ ___>, at which, time the transistor is turned back off, and the cycle repeats itself. The behavior of the circuit thus alternates between the behavior plotted in region A and the behavior plotted in region B. Figure 3C is the plot of the collector current of the transistor plotted as a function of time. The collector current amplitude is plotted on the vertical axis and time is plotted on the horizontal axis. In the region denoted A of Figure 3C, the transistor is off and therefore the collector current remains zero, from time T_. to the end of region A at time T,. In the region deonted B in Figure 3C, at time the transistor is turned on and remains on until time T_., which defines the end of region B. During this time, the collector current continually increases. At time T_ the transistor is again turned off and process repeats itself. Thus, the collector current is periodic in time. The current level indicated by the plot is equal to the voltage on the conductor 22 of Figure 1 divided by the resistance of the resistor 15 in Figure 1. Figure 3D is a plot of the voltage across the gas discharge lamp as a function of time. It is identical in shape to the lamp current shown in Figure 3A at the operating frequency of the circuit, i.e. the frequency at which the transistor switch 14 is switched on and off. This frequency is chosen so that its period is short compared to the ionization time of the lamp. A representative operating range is from between 20 to 40 kHz. At this high, frequency, the lamp appears electrically to be a resistor. Since the current through a resistor is linearly proportioned to the voltage across it, the lamp voltage and current wave forms are identical in shape. This high frequency operation has the ' significant advantage that the weight of the choke, shown in figure 1 as 17, may be considerably reduc below the weight of the typical chokes found in the usual fluorescent lamp circuits using 60 Hz AC sources. By way of specific example, a choke suitable for use at 20 kHz will weight on the order of 4 or 5 ounces whereas the corresponding choke for use at 60 Hz will weight 4 or 5 pounds. A significant feature of the invention is the selectively variable control over lamp intensity which potentiometer 23 provides. The power input t the lamp ( and the resultant lamp intensity ) are approximately proportional to the average magnitude of the lamp current, which is plotted in Figure 3A. This plot shows the current reversal during periods when the transistor is turned off, which occurs, for example, at time T_-.. Assume that a particular setting ""X"" of the potentiometer 23 in Figure 1, the voltage on conductor 22 in Figure 1 is lower than the voltage on the conductor at another setting ""Y"" of the potentiometer 23. The corresponding changes in the waveforms in Figures 3A, 3B, 3C, and 3D between the two settings of the variable resistor for effecting different levels of the lamp intensity are illustrated in these figures. In each figure, the waveform on the left is denoted ""setting 'X'"" and the waveform on the right in each figure is denoted ""setting Υ « "". The manner in which this control is achieved with potentiometer 23 is as follows: The peak lamp current always occurs whenever the transistor is turned off, corresponding to times Ω and T R . This occurs whenever the sum of the choke current and lamp current passing through the resistor/ denoted 15 in Figure 1, causes a voltage drop across this resistor equal to the voltage on the conductor, denoted 22 in Figure 1. As states "" above, this occurrence causes the comparator amplifier, 20 in Figure 1, to give a positive output to the multivibrator, which in turn causes the multivibrator to turn the transistor off. The current passing through the resistor, 15 in Figure 1, is the collector current of the transistor. This current is plotted in Figure 3C, as the sum of the lamp current and choke current in region B. The peak collector current level is equal to the voltage on the conductor 22 in Figure 1 divided by the resistance of the resistor, 15 in Figure 1. When the voltage on the conductor 22 is increased or decreased, the collector current peak level will increase or decrease, respectively. Because the decay time of the current between time T_ and time T, is. slways the same, the minimum value of the collector current will also increase or decrease, respectively. Thus, the entire waveform of the collector current will be shifted either up or down, respectively, of which two exemplary waveforms are plotted for the two different potentiometer settings ""X"" and ""Y"". The waveforms of the choke current and the lamp current will also be shifted up or down, respectively, as shown. This effect is the result of the fact that the collector current through the transistor is the sum of the choke current and lamp current, and the fact that the lamp current is proportional to the choke current. Thus, it may be seen that the lamp intensity, which is proportional to lamp current, is 10 proportional to the voltage on the conductor 22. By changing the resistance of the potentiometer 23 - in Figure 1, the current supplied to the lamp 11 will change. The useful life of the gas discharge lamp is 15 increased in this invention since the net DC component of current through the lamp during continued operation is approximately zero. This is achieved by virtue of the parallel inductance which has the property of maintaining a zero DC 2 voltage drop across its terminals. Since this zero DC voltage is also maintained across the lamp, the DC current through the lamp will also be zero. Although the' circuit is particularly suited for use with low intensity, low pressure mercury 25 vapor fluorescent lamps, it can equally well be used to control various other types of gas discharg lamps such as high pressure mercury vapor, high or low pressure sodium, and metal Halide lamps. Figure 2 illustrates a modified form of the invention effective to automatically control the intensity of the lamp, causing the intensity of illumination of the lamp 11 to be automatically controlled inversely proportional to the ambient illumination. This circuit is similar to that of OJ ■ Figure 1 and similar reference numerals are provided for similar components in Figure 2 and succeeding figures. In lieu of the optentiometer 23 of Figure 1, a photosensitive resistor 25 or / , similar photoresistive device is connected in series with- resistor 26 between the voltage source 24 and the differential amplifier 20. Alternatively, and infrared sensing device (not shown) capable of varying its electrical . resistance in proportion to the amount of infrared rays intercepted thereby, could be substituted for the photoresistor 25 to detect the presence of a human being in the vicinity of such sensor to cause illumination of the lamp 11 when the human being moves into the area adjacent the lamp. Figure 4 illustrates another modified form of the invention in which two gas discharge lamps 28 5 and 29 are connected in series with each other in a circuit otherwise similar to that of Figure 1. Herein, the lamps 28 and 29 are of similar capacity and typically low pressure mercury vapor fluorescent lamps of 22 watts each. The electrode 30 of lam ° 28 is connected directly to the electrode 31 of lamp 29. A capacitor 33 is connected across the electrodes 31 and 32 of lamp 29. When the lamps 28 and 29 are de-energized, they present a relatively high resistance thereacross. 5 Thus, capacitor 33 initially presents a short across lamp 29 at the operating frequency of the circuit, e.g., 20,000 cycles per second. Therefore, when starting, the voltage from inductor 17 is initially applied through the capacitor 33 and across the lamp 28 to ignite the same. After lamp 28 has become ignited, its resistance drops considerably and most of the voltage across inductor 17 now appears across lamp 29, causing it to likewise ignite. The resistance of lamp 29 is relatively small compared 5 to the reactance of capacitor 33 so that the latter has essentially no effect on the circuit during normal operation. The above arrangement minimizes the breakdown voltage requirement of the transistor switch 14, thereby enabling a relatively small and inexpensive transistor to be used. Figure 5 illustrates a further modified • embodiment of the invention in which a gas discharg lamp 35, typically a low pressure mercury vapor fluorescent lamp of approximately 22 watts, is provided. The electrodes 38 and 40 are of the heated type. Power is derived from a DC voltage source 16. An inductor 37 is connected in series with the transistor 14 and resistor 15 across the power supp 36. The electrodes 38 nd 40 of lamp 35 are tapped into sections 41 and 42 of the winding of inductor 37 to preheat such electrodes prior to ignition of the lamp. The inductor 37 also acts as the primary windi of a transformer and has an iron core 39 and a step down secondary winding 43 associated therewith. The winding 43 is connected in circuit with a diode 44 across a capacitor 45. The diode 44 is also connected through line 46 to the power input terminals of the comparator amplifier 20 and multivibrator 18. It is also used to supply the reference voltage to the potentiometer 23. The sections 41 and 42 of the winding of induc 37 enable the electrodes 38 and 40 to become heated before the lamp is ignited. This arrangement maximizes electrode life and prevents damage to the electrodes 38 and 40 due to the otherwise excessive rise of temperature at the start of a lamp operation. The polarity of the winding 43 is preferably such that the capacitor 45 is charged only when the transistor 14 is conducting. This arrangement insures that the particular voltage on capacitor 45 is independent of the variable flyback voltage developed by the inductor 37 when the transistor 14 is cut off. Figure 6 illustrates a detailed circuit schematic showing a number of circuit elements which were deleted from the simplified circuits described above to facilitate understanding of the overall operation of the invention. In addition, this figure illustrates several significant additional features of the invention. The circuit of Figure 6 is designed to operate from a standard 120 volt AC line connected to terminals 50 and 51. These terminals respectively connect to on-off switch 19 and current limiting resistor 52 to a full wave diode bridge rectifier 53 comprising diodes 54, 55, 56, and 57. The DC output of this rectifier is connected across a wave smoothing capacitor 58. The negative bridge terminal is connected to ground and the positive bridge terminal is connected to one end of an auto- transformer winding 59 having a magnetic core 60, and secondary winding 61. In the illustration, winding 59 functions as a voltage reducing auto-transformer with one of the lamp electrodes connected to respective mid taps 65 and 66 and the other lamp electrode connected to taps 67 and 68 located at the end of the winding. The purpose of the auto transformer is to match the DC power supply with the optimum voltage characteristic of the lamp. For example, the output of the diode bridge 53 is approximately 168 volts DC with 120 volt AC input. The optimum Ϊ E I OfΛPI & voltage for a 22 watt fluorescent lamp is, however, typically only 55 volts. Accordingly, the auto- transformer winding is selected so that the step down turns ratio is 168 divided by 55. It will be understood that if the optimum lamp operating voltage is larger than the DC power source voltage, • a step up auto transformer would advantageously be used to supply the stepped up voltage in the same manner. The collector of NPN switch transistor 14 is connected to the end terminal 68 of the auto- transformer winding 59. Its emitter is connected through a pair of diodes 69 and 70 and resistor 15 to ground. A capacitor 71 parallels the series connected diodes 69 and 70. Capacitor 71 is charge during steady state operation such that the combination of the capacitor 71 and diodes 69 and 70 back bias the transistor emitter. Integrated circuit 75, diode 76, resistor 77 and capacitor 78 comprise one shot multivibrator 18. The power supply for this one shot multivibrat is provided by the secondary winding 61, diode 44 and capacitor 45 as described above with reference to the circuit of Figure 5. The base of transistor switch 14 is connected to the output of the one shot multivibrator 18 through parallel connected resistor 80 and diode 81. Resistor 80 serves as a base current limiting resistor and shunting diode 81 serves to short out this resistor and provide a low impedance path for the charge stored in transistor 14 when the transistor is turned off. The base is also connected to ground through diode 82. Comparator amplifier 20 comprises transistor 85 whose emitter is connected to the junction of diode 70 and resistor 15 through, an RC filter comprising resistor 86 and capacitor 87. Its base is connected to potentiometer 23 and its collector 5 is connected to the input of one-shot multivibrator 18 through resistor 88. Potentiometer 23 is connected in series circuit • with the resistor 90 and diodes 91, 92, 93, 94 and 95. ■ Resistor 90 reduces the sensitivity of ° potentiometer 23. Diodes 91 through 94 protect the circuit against transients when the on-off switch - 19 is initially closed and diode 95 compensates for the base-emitter drop of comparator transistor 20. As in the embodiment of Figure 4, the reference 5 voltage for potentiometer 23 is provided by the output of secondary winding 61. The RC filter comprising resistor 86 and capacitor 87 serves to prevent a voltage or current transient from affecting comparator transistor 20 and inadvertently 0 triggering the one-shot multivibrator 18. A resistive path directly connecting the positive terminal of the diode bridge 53 to the power supply provided by secondary winding 61 is provided by resistor 100. This resistor serves as a current bleeder resistor to provide start up power when the on-off switch 19 is initially closed. Capacitor 105 and resistor 106 function in parallel with varistor 27 as a snubber protective circuit for protecting the transistor 14 from the ° inductive auto-transformer load when the transistor is being turned off. Another significant feature of the circuit of Figure 6 is the inclusion of thermistor 110 electrically connected between the input of one 5 shot multivibrator 18 and the positive side of the power supply capacitor 45. The thermistor is mechanically and thermally attached to the varistor 27 as indicated by the dotted line. The varistor has a negative temperature coefficient selected such that when a transient surge in the circuit causes the varistor to begin to overheat, the thermistor will become highly conductive and act to hold the input of the one shot multivibrator high, thereby maintaining the transistor 14 in the off state. Thus, the circuit illustrated in Figure 6 will remain effectively shut down until such time - as the varistor 27 has a chance to cool. Accordingly it will be seen that thermistor 48 prevents overheating of the varistor 27. An exemplary circuit for operation of a 22 watt fluorescent lamp from 120 volt AC power constructed in accordance with Figure 6 included the following circuit components: Transistor 14 MJE 13004 (Motoro Resistor 15 2.2 ohm Potentiometer 23 200 ohm Varistor 27 V27S 20 (General Electric) Resistor 52 1.5 ohm Diodes 54-57 IN 4003 Capacitor 58 100 Micro farad Winding 59 - 263 + 6 + 150 + 6 turns Core 60 Ferroxcube 376U25 -3c8 and 376B250-3c8 Winding 61 41 Turns Diodes 69, 70, 76, 81, 82, 91-95 In4148 Capacitor 71 10 Micro farad Integrated Circuit 75 NE 555 V Resistor 77 ■ 10K ohm Capacitor 78 .0033 Micro farad Resistor 80 ' ■ 200 ohm Transistor 85 2N 3904 Resistor 86 22 ohm Capacitor 87 .1 Micro farad Resistor 90 1.3K ohm Resistor 100 2OK ohm Capacitor 105 560 pico farad Resistor 106 220 ohm Thermistor 110 4C5002 (Western Thermistor) (B) High Power Factor Lamp Circuit The circuit of Figure 6 may be used in those circumstances wherein the power factor of the entire lamp circuit is not critical. Thus, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the wave smoothing capacitor 58, connected across the full-wave rectifier bridge 53, while being used to provide essentially a DC signal level to the circuit, nevertheless reduces the power factor of the circuit substantially. This is a result of the phase difference between the current and voltage at the terminals 50, 51 caused by the impdeance of capacitor 58. Such a power factor reduction is not permissible under certain circumstances. The second version of this invention, an embodiment of which is illustrated in Figure 7, provides a solution to this power factor problem. The circuit still operates from a 60-cycle alternating current source, but in this second version of the invention, the power factor is near unity. This is accompished by connecting the potentiometer 23 which, provides the reference signal level for the comparator 2Q through- a resistor 101 to the rectified AC voltage from the diode bridge 53. Thus, the circuit of Figure 7 is similar in operation to that of Figure 6, except that the reference voltage for the comparator/amplifier 20 is derived through the potentiometer 23 from a varying AC voltage rather than a fixed DC level, as was the case in Figure 6. This varying reference level provides, ' in accordance with- the waveforms of Figure 3, a varying transistor switch current (Figure 3C) which is programmed, or fluctuates, in accordance with th-e 60 Hz input AC signal level. This fluctuati is shown in Figure 8A and the resulting line current drawn at the bridge 53 is as shown in Figure 8B, that is, the unrectified equivalent of Figure 8A. It will be seen from Figures 8A and 8B that the comparator 20 has been provided with a fluctuating threshold voltag which forces the current level through the resistor 15 to cyclically vary in a cycle which is precisely in phase with the applied voltage from the 60-cycle source. In each of Figures 8A and 8B, the average current 13 and 15, respectively, is shown for the resistor 15 and the input power terminals 50 and 51. This average current 13, 15 is precisely in phase wit the applied voltage, since the individual 20-40 kiloHertz peaks 17 and 19, respectively, of Figures 8A and 8B, have been programmed to be proportional to the applied voltage. Since the average current 15 is in phase with the applied voltage, the power factor of the circuit of Figure 7 is essentially unity. Thus, it has been found that, by using the circuit of Figure 7, the large wave smoothing capacitor 58 of Figure 6 may be eliminated from the circuit and the threshold voltage of the comparator 20 may be made to follow the 60-cycle AC line voltage by connecting the potentiometer 23 through a resistor 101 to the input rectified line source. The arrangement described improves the power factor of this lamp circuit so that it may be applied in most circumstances to standard AC line sources. It does, however, produce an additional problem not ■ present in the circuit of Figure 6. Specifically, it has been found that the resistance of the lamp 35 becomes very high each time that the applied AC line voltage at terminals 50,51 crosses zero volts. The relatively high resistance of the lamp.35 "" which is experienced at each zero crossing of the line voltage may be explained as follows. A gas discharge lamp 35 may be characterized as a resistor for frequencies whose period is small compared to the ionization time constant of the lamp. This is true for the ballast oscillation frequency of 20-40 kHz but not for the power line frequency 60 Hz. Thus, the ionization time constant of a 22-watt Circline fluorescent lamp, for example, is .4 milliseconds. Consequently, the effective resistance of the lamp will Vary during the 60-Hz line cycle. This resistance is greatest right after a zero axis crossing and decreases as the cycle progresses, reaching a minimum value approximately 60 electrical degrees before the next zero axis crossing. This high resistance of the lamp 35 causes the frequency of oscillation of the ballast circuit to decrease. Thus, while the normal frequency of oscillation is chosen to be above the audible range, the frequency may periodically drop down into the audible range after each line voltage zero axis crossing, which may prove annoying to persons near the lamp. In addition, and of more importance, is the fact that, after each zero axis crossing of the AC line voltage, an extremely high voltage will appear at the collector of the transistor 14, when the transistor 14 turns off. As was explained previously, if the lamp 35 is removed from the 5 circuit, the collector of the transistor 14 is subjected to the extremely high fly back voltage o the ballast 17. This same affect occurs after eac zero crossing of the applied line voltage, since the effective resistance of the lamp 35 is very 10 high. The repetitively applied high voltage at the collector of the transistor 14 may damage the transistor 14. Even if a protective clamping devi is employed, this device may itself overheat. The simplified circuit of Figure 9 provides a 15 solution to this resistance problem without substantially degrading the circuit's power factor. The circuit of Figure 9 is similar in operation to that of Figure 6, except that it incorporates the 60 Hz input to the comparator/amplifier 20 describ 20 in reference to Figure 7. In addition, a secondar winding 107 has been added to the inductor 17, thi winding being connected to a series combination of a diode 109 and capacitor 111. In addition, the junction between the diode 109 and the capacitor 1 25 is connected by a diode 113 to the output line 115 from the bridge 53. In addition, a filter circuit in the form of a series inductance 117 and shunt capacitor 119 is added between the line input terminals 50,51 of the full-wave rectifying bridge 30 53. The capacitor 111 is relatively large, having enough capacity to maintain the lamp voltage durin zero axis crossing of the AC power line voltage at terminals 50,51. The turns ratio defined by the 5 secondary winding 107 is preferably less than one so that the voltage of the capacitor 111 is maintained at a lower value than the peak value of the line voltage on line 115. This circuit operates as follows. The secondary winding 107, capacitor 111, and the diode 109 form a positive DC power supply, charged periodically by the rectified voltage on line 115. This DC power • supply is only connected to supply power to the winding 59 when the AC line voltage on line 115 drops below 0 the voltage to which their capacitor 111 is charged. At this time, the capacitor 111 supplies current through the diode 113 to the lamp 35 inductor 17. - The diode bridge 53, during this same time period, disconnects the lamp 35 and inductor 17 from the AC power lines, since the diodes 51—57 within the bridge 53 are reversed biased. Thus, the line current drops to zero. The capacitor 111 continues to supply the ballast current until that point in the next half cycle when the line voltage on line 115 reaches the voltage level of the capacitor 111. At this time, the diode 113 becomes reversed biased, and the AC power line 115 supplies power to the lamp 35 and inductor 17. 5 The inductor 117 and capacitor 119 may be selected to filter out the 20-40 kHz variations of Figure 8B without substantially effecting the 60-Hz power factor. Figure 10 is a detailed schematic diagram of a • _> r, circuit similar to that of Figure 9, and including the circuit elements of Figure 6. Waveforms for the circuit of Figure 9 are shown in Figures 11A, 11B, and 11C, wherein Figure 11A is the applied AC line voltage at terminals 50 and 51, 3 showing the location of the zero crossing point, Figure 11B is the voltage at line 115 of Figure 8 showing that the voltage is the rectified equivalent of the yoltage of Figure 11A, except that the yoltage is held up or supported at a level 121 by the capacitor 113 at each zero crossing location. This, of course, prohibits a nulling at the lamp 35 so that the effective resistance of the lamp 35 never increases to a level which would generate excessive voltages at the transistor 14. Likewise, the voltage is maintained at a level which prohibits the lamp resistance 35 from lowering the frequency of the ballast circuit into the audible range. Figure 11C shows the line current drawn by the entire circuit at the AC line junctions 50 and 51. This current is filtered by the inductor 117 and capacitor 119 so that only the low frequency compone remain. From Figure 11C, it can be seen that no cur is drawn during those periods of time when the capacitor 111 supports the ballast current. In addition, Figure 11C shows small current pulses 123 which occur at the peaks of the AC line voltage and reflect the additional current utilized in charging the capacitor 111 at this time when the output of the transformer 107 exceeds the voltage of the capacitor 111. While it can be seen that the current waveform of Figure 11C is not a perfect sinusoid, it nevertheless is in phase with the voltage waveform of 11A and is sufficiently smooth and uniform so that the power factor is still near unity. The circuit of Figure 11 thus provides a high power factor lamp circuit which utilizes a small ballast and provides for a programmed current level for the lamp wherein each current peak at the 20-40 kHz rate is programmed to reach a level which is in a predetermined proportion of the line voltage determined by the potentiometer 23. At that same time, ' excessive voltages on the switching transistor 14 and reductions in the frequency of the entire circuit are eliminated through the use of the capacitor 111 which supports the line voltage level to prohibit a nulling of the rectified voltage. (C) Starter Aid Circuit Figure 12 illustrates a circuit similar to the circuit of Figure 6 but further including a starter aid 210. in the circuit of Figure 12, the fly back voltage across the electrodes 200, 201 caused by switching. the transistor 14 off must be sufficiently high to. light the lamp when the switch 19 is first closed. The voltage occurring in the circuit when the transistor 14 is first turned off, corresponding to time T R in Figure 2a, will be referred to as the fly back voltage. Ignition of the lamp requires that the fly back voltage between the two electrodes 200, 201 in the lamp 35 be sufficiently high, and the distance between the electrodes 200, 201 be sufficiently small so that the resulting voltage gradient in the lamp 35 has sufficient magnitude to cause the gas inside the lamp 35 to ionize. The term ""voltage gradient"" is understood to be the voltage drop per unit distance. It is well known that, for a gas which may be used in a gas discharge lamp, there is a threshold voltage gradient below which ionization of the gas cannot be achieved. The voltage gradient near the electrode 201 at ignition of the lamp is proportional to the fly back voltage across the two electrodes 200, 201 divided by the distance between the electrodes 200, 201. The large fly back voltages which are typically required may have deliterious effects upon the transistor 14, and therefore upon the reliability of the circuit of Figure 12. It is this concern for the reliability of the circuit of Figure 12 that prompts the use of varister 27, the thermister 110, and the capacitor 105. As mentioned above, it is well known that commercially available gas discharge lamps operate most efficiently at a certain optimum supply voltag In order to match the line voltage with this optimu lamp voltage, an auto transformer may be used as 10 shown in Figure 12. The auto transformer 59 has a step down ratio which is proportional to the number of turns in the winding of the auto transformer 59 between the taps 66 and 67 divided by the total number of turns in the entire winding. 1 Introduction of the auto transformer 59 causes a reduction in the fly back voltage between the electrodes 200, 201. Therefore, in order to provid a threshold voltage gradient in the lamp 35 suffici to ignite the lamp when the switch 19 is first clos 20 the fly back voltage must be increased. This increase in fly back voltage may be achieved by increasing the breakdown voltage of the varistor 27. Otherwise, when the switch 19 is closed, the lamp 35 may not ignite. This increase in fly back 25 voltage, however, increases the likelihood of harm to the transistor 14 and decreases the reliability of the circuit of Figure 12. In the third version of this invention, these difficulties are overcome by connecting a starter 30 aid 210, as shown in Figure 12 to ground 231, and locating the starter aid 210 adjacent the lamp 35. The starter aid 210 is merely an elongate conductor which is preferably mounted parallel to and within one inch of the lamp 35. It may, for example, be 35 a thin strip of metal mounted on the outside of the lamp 35. The starting aid 21Q acts to increase the voltage gradient near the electrode 201 when the transistor 14 is first opened to produce a fly back voltage in the circuit. Because this fly back voltage is the largest voltage in the circuit, it is used to ignite the lamp. In the absence of the starter aid conductor 210, the voltage gradient created in the lamp by the fly back voltage is inversely proportional to the distance between the electrodes 200 and 201. However, when the starter- aid conductor 210 is connected to ground 231 and held adjacent to the lamp 35, it provides a voltage gradient between the electrode 201 and the starting aid conductor 210. This voltage gradient is much larger than the voltage gradient created in the absence of the starter aid conductor 210 between the electrode 201 and the electrode 200 because the distance between the electrode 201 and the starting aid conductor 210 is much less than the distance between the electrode 201 and the electrode 200. When the switch 19 is closed, the transistor 14 is first closed and then opens to cause the fly back voltage in the manner described earlier in this specification. The fly back voltage between the terminal 68 and ground 231 results in a large voltage gradient between the electrode 201 and the starter aid conductor 210. Of course, another voltage gradient will appear between the electrode 200 ' and the starter aid conductor 210, but because the fly back voltage at the electrode 200 is reduced by the step down transformer 59, the voltage gradient in the vicinity of the electrode 201 is larger. Preferably, the maximum voltage gradient which appears at the electrode 2Q1 is just sufficient to ionize the gas in the vicinity of the electrode 201 However, because this maximum yoltage gradient is restricted to a limited vicinity around the electro 201, ionization will occur in this limited area onl However, during subsequent operation of the circuit the vicinity of ionization will progressively expan • as best illustrated in Figure 14. Referring to Figure 3, assuming that the transistor 14 has opene to cause the fly back voltage at time T of Figure the transistor will again close at time T and the - fly back voltage will disappear. The transistor again opens at time T- a. and a fly back voltage again appears. The ionized gas which was created by the first fly back voltage at time T does not totally deionize between T and time T , the interval betwe fly back voltages, but substantially remains in the vicinity of the electrode 201, which is illustr in Figure 6 as the outlined region designated R O. During the next fly back voltage at T_, the ionized gas in the region R fi acts substantially as a conductor. Therefore, a large voltage gradient is created by the fly back voltage at time T„ ____> and appears between the entire region R Q and the starte aid conductor 210. This large voltage gradient is sufficient to cause further ionization, and this causes the region of ionization to expand from the smaller region R n to the larger region R ^ . Aga the cycle repeats itself, and this time the fly back voltage gradient appears between the conductin ionized gas in the expanded region R_ and the starter aid conductor 210, which causes the region of ionized gas to further expand until it encompass the region R . It is seen that, through successive cycles, th region of ionized gas expands progressively, . beginning in the smaller region R Q , then regions R^, R^, R^ and finally encompasses the region R„ which includes the second electrode 200 and establishes a conducting ionized gas electrical current path between the electrodes 200 and 201, at which time the ignition of the lamp 35 is complete. It may also • be seen that the fly back voltage of the terminal 68 required to ignite the lamp may be relatively small to increase the reliability of the circuit. It is significant that in the circuit of Figure 12, the location of the taps 65, 66, 67, and 68 on-the auto transformer 59 is arbitrary, and the electrodes 200,201 may be"" connected across any segment of the auto transformer 59 which gives the proper step down ratio without affecting the operation of the lamp 35 after ignition. For example, the lamp 35 may be connected across the top half of the auto transformer, or the lamp may be connected across the intermediate 0 segment of the auto transformer 59. However, as pointed above, the auto transformer 59 causes a reduction in the fly back voltage between the electrodes 200,201. A similar reduction in fly back voltage between the electrode 201 and ground 231, 5 which generates the starting voltage gradient between the electrode 201 and the starter aid conductor 210, is present in the circuit of Figure 12 due to the step down auto transformer 59. It is desirable to eliminate any reduction of the voltage between the electrode ° 201 and the conductor 210 by the auto transformer 59, so that the voltage gradient near the electrode 201 may be maximized when the transistor 14 first opens to create a fly back voltage to ignite the lamp 35. The circuit of Figure 13 eliminates any reduction 5 of the voltage gradient between the electrode 201 and the conductor 210 by the auto transformer 59. The operation of the circuit of Figure 13 is similar to that of Figure 12 except that the corresponding voltage gradient at the electrode 201 caused by th fly back voltage between the electrode 201 and the 5 conductor 210 is maintained at the threshold level required for ignition without regard to the select of the step down ratio of the auto transformer 59. The electrode 201 in Figure 13 is connected direct to rhw terminal 68 connecting the transistor 14 to the auto transformer 59 while the other electrode is connected to a mid-tap on the auto transformer such as the mid-tap 66. Such a direct connection prevents the fly back voltage between the starter 210 and the electrode 201 from being reduced by th 15 step down auto transformer 59. Unless the electrode 201 is connected to the collector of the transistor 14 as shown in Figure and the starter aid conductor 210 is used, the lar voltage gradient inside the lamp 35 at ignition is 20 approximately proportional to the fly back voltage appearing across the terminal 68 and ground 231 reduced by the auto transformer 59 and divided by relatively large distance between the electrodes 2 200. It is now apparent that introduction of the 25 starter aid conductor 210 permits a much smaller f back voltage to be used which can nevertheless cau a sufficiently large voltage gradient between the electrode 201 and the starter aid conductor 210 to achieve ionization of the gas in the lamp 35 and 30 ignition of the lamp when the switch 19 is first closed. Furthermore, through proper connection of auto transformer to the lamp, as shown in Figure 1 an auto transformer of any step down ratio may be without affecting this voltage gradient. It shoul 35 be recognized that a step up auto transformer for increasing the voltage supplied to the lamp 35 may also be used in place of the step down aut transformer 59 of Figure 13. (D) Symmetrical Lamp Voltage Regulation. The control circuits described above are particularly suited for use with low intensity, low pressure mercury vapor fluorescent lamps. However, -when used to control various other types of gas discharge lamps such as high pressure mercury •vapor, high or low pressure sodium, and metal Halide lamps, significant problems may arise. The efficiency of such lamps has been found to be maximized only when the lamp voltage waveform of Figure 3D is symmetrical. | Referring to Figure 3D, it should be recognized that if the time interval between T Q and T is equal to the time interval between T A, and T o D , the voltage waveform supplied to the lamp, illustrated in Figure 3D, will have a generally symmetrical form. It has already been seen that the time interval between T Λ 0 and TA. is determined by-* the time delay of the one-shot multivibrator 18 during which it remains in its low state before switching to its high output state. The time interval between T A, and T_B, is a function of the voltage supplied to the control circuit from the voltage source 16. Thus, if a symmetrical voltage waveform is to be supplied to the lamp 11, the voltage source 16 must supply a voltage having a magnitude which causes the time interval between T A,. and T a-,, illustrated in Figure 3D, to be equal to the fixed time interval between n and defined by the low output state of the multivibrator 18. If the lamp 11 in Figure 1 is a high intensity mercury vapor gas discharge lamp and a control circuit similar to the simplified circuit illustrated in Figure 1 is employed,. it has been found that a voltage supplied by the source 16 equal to 130 volts will cause a symmetrical voltage wavefo to be supplied to the lamp 11 in which the time interval between n and is equal to the time interval between T and T and the lamp voltage waveform as illustrated in Figure 3D. It is apparent that an obvious technique for providing a symmetrical voltage in the lamp 11 of Figure 1 is to' select a voltage source 16 which provides an output voltage of 130 volts DC. However as illustrated in Figure 3D, the symmetry or assymme ' of the voltage waveform supplied to the lamp is not only a function of the magnitude of the voltage supplied by the source 16, but is also a function of the voltage supplied by the potentiometer 23 as a reference voltage to the comparator 20. Thus, even though the voltage from the source 16 will provide a symmetrical voltage waveform in the lamp 11 for one setting of the potentiometer 23, suc as setting ""Y"" of Figure 3D, changing the potentiome 23 to another setting, such as setting ""X"" of Figure 3D, will alter the lamp voltage waveform so that it is no longer symmetrical. Therefore, using this simplified technique, the symmetrical voltage waveform cannot be maintained if the setting of the potentiometer 23 is to be permitted to change. Another problem is encountered when the lamp 11 is a high intensity mercury vapor discharge lamp. If the voltage source 16 supplies the requisite 130 volts which results in the* control circuit providing a symmetrical voltage waveform in. the lamp 11, when the switch 19 is first closed and the lamp 11 is cold, the mercury vapor in the lamp 11 ionizes- very rapidly so as to cause the multivibrator 18 to change state to turn off. the transistor 14 prematurely before the current through the inductor 17 has increased sufficiently. As a result, the warm-up period of the lamp 11 may be extended, and it is even possible that the lamp 11 and the associated control circuit will never reach the normal operating mode. This is a result of the fact that the voltage corresponding to a symmetrical waveform in the high pressure mercury vapor lamp, or symmetry voltage V , is 130 volts when the s lamp is warm but only 20 volts when the lamp is cold. Thus, the symmetry voltage changes as the lamp temperature changes during the entire time that the switch 19 is closed. Therefore, a single supply voltage from the source 16 will not always provide a symmetrical voltage waveform within the lamp. Furthermore, even if the magnitude of the voltage supplied by the source 16 is selected to equal the symmetry voltage of the lamp when warmed up, the lamp characteristics may change during the life of the lamp; or, if the lamp is itself exchanged for another lamp, the voltage supplied by the source 16 will no longer be the requisite symmetry voltage. If, on the other hand, symmetry is imposed by holding the on time of transistor 14 to a constant volue, for example, by use of a bi-stable multivibrator having fixed ""on"" and ""off"" time periods which are equal, it would no longer be possible to vary or select the lamp illumination intensity in the manner described above in connection with Figure 1. Figure 15 is a simplified schematic diagram IJU EALT _0MPI_ s Λ . iPO -* of an embodiment of. this invention in which the- foregoing problems are solved. A voltage regulator 300 supplies voltage to the gas discharge lamp 11 connected in parallel across an inductor 17. The parallel combination of the lamp 11 and inductor 17 is connected in series which a transistor 14 and a resistor 15 which is connected through ground to the voltage regulator return 330. A comparator amplifier 20 and an astable multivibrator 18 are connected between the transistor 14 and the resistor 15 in the same manner as discussed above in connection with Figures 1 and 3. The comparator 20 receives a reference signal from a reference voltage source 24 connected across a potentiometer 23. t This invention includes the novel feature of a symmetry detector 355 having its input 360 connected to the collector of the transistor 14 and its output 365 connected- through an amplifier 370 and a stabilizing network 375 to a feedback reference input 380 of the voltage regulator 300. The symmetry detector 355, the amplifier 370, the stabilizing network 375, and the feedback reference input 380 form a supply voltage feedback control loop which maintains the supply voltage at the lamp 11 at the symmetry voltage V . The symmetry detector is a circuit that produces a DC voltage at its output 365 proportional to the difference between the on-time of the transistor 14, corresponding to the interval between T and T of Figure 3, and the off-time of the transistor 14, corresponding to the time interval between T and T of Figure 3. Therefore, in one embodiment the output 365 of the symmetry detector 355 is positive if the on-time of the transistor 14 exceeds its off-time while the output 365 of the symmetry detector 355 is negative if the on-time of the transistor 14 is less than its off-time. The stabilizing network 375 is included in the feedback loop to achieve stability against oscillation. It may be a simple low-pass filter including a resistor 385 and a capacitor 390. The operation of the feedback loop controls the output voltage V, of the voltage regulator 300 to be at or near the symmetry voltage V , which causes the on and off times of the transistor 14 to be equal, corresponding to a symmetrical voltage waveform to the lamp 11. A description of the operation of the feedback loop may begin with an assumption that the voltage V, supplied by the voltage regulator 300 to the lamp 11 is greater than the requisite symmetry voltage V , causing the on time to be shorter than the off time of transistor 14. This would cause the output 365 of the symmetry detector 355 to be negative. This negative output of the symmetry detector is amplified by the amplifier 370 and the resulting voltage is then applied to the feedback reference input 380 of the voltage regulator 300 as negative feedback. The voltage regulator 300 responds to this negative feedback by reducing voltage V, at the output 301 of the voltage regulator 300. For very high loop gains, the voltage supplied to the lamp 11 will be reduced by feedback from the symmetry detector 355 until it nearly equals V , at which time the output of the symmetry detector 355 will approach zero. At this point, a symmetrical voltage waveform will be applied to the lamp 11. It should be apparent that, while the symmetry voltage V may change due to temperature changes in the lamp 11 or due to aging of the lamp 11, the symmetry detector 355 will cause the voltage supplied to the lamp to be maintained at or near the symmetry voltage Vs, regardless of variations in Vs. The stabilizing network 375 prevents rapid changes in the feedback signal provided by the amplifier 370, thus increasin the stability of the supply voltage feedback control loop. The effect of the symmetry regulation loop of Figure 15 is best seen by reference to the time domain plots of the current through the choke 17 in Figure 16. Figures 16A and 16C are time domain plots of the choke current in the absence of symmetry regulation in a control circuit such as the circuit illustrated in Figure 1. The plots of Figure 16A and 16C are for two settings, ""X"" and ""Y"", respectively, of the potentiometer 23 of Figure 1, and these plots are seen to correspond to the two time domain plots of Figure 3B. The effect of the introduction of symmetry regulation into the circuit is illustrated in Figure 16B and 16D. Figure 16B is a time domain plot of the symmetry regulated choke current for the setting ""X"" of the potentiometer 23 in the circuit of Figure 15 corresponding to the setting ""X"" of potentiometer 23 in Figure 1 and Figure 16D is a time domain plot of the symmetry regulated choke current for setting ""Y"" of potentiometer 23 in the circuit of Figure 15 corresponding to the setting ""Y"" of potentiometer 23 in Figure 1. Turning to the graph of Figure 16A and referring to the description of the circuit of Figure 1, if the potentiometer 23 has a setting of ""X"", the control circuit of Figure 1 will cause the time domain waveform of the choke current illustrated in Figure 16A to have a peak value I v X. During 3 the time interval from TO_. to T, , the choke current decreases as the flyback voltage in the choke 17 decreases. The time interval between T and T is a fixed interval determined by the duration of the astable state of the multi¬ vibrator 18. At time T, , the transistor 14 is turned on, the choke current increases until, at time T a_., it reaches its peak value Ix--. At this time, the setting ""X"" of potentiometer 23 causes the circuit to flyback. If the supply voltage from the source 16 is of sufficient magnitude, the choke current will increase very rapidly, so that the time period from to T , required for the choke current to increase to its peak value, after the transistor 14 is turned back on, may be quite short with respect to the period from to of the astable state of the multivibrator 18. Therefore, in the absence of symmetry regulation, it is seen that the charging portion of the choke current waveform between TA.- and TB_ is much shorter than the flyback portion of the choke current between time T n and a . This corresponds to an on-time of the transistor 14 which is much shorter than its off-time. If the symmetry regulated feedback control loop of Figure 15 is introduced into the lamp control circuit, as illustrated in Figure 15, the voltage V, supplied to the control circuit will be decreased by the symmetry control loop. As a result, after the transistor 14 s turned back on at time A , a much greater length of time is required for the current in the choke 17 to increase to its maximum peak value I y determined by the setting X of potentiometer 23. The on-time of the transistor is increased as a result of the decrease in supply voltage, as illustrated in Figure 16B. Note that the slope of the top of the positive portion of the choke current waveform in Figure 16B is much more gradual than the corresponding portion in Figure 16A "" . This is a direct result of the decrease of the supply voltage V, impressed across the choke 17. The symmetry regulation feedback control loop of Figure 15 decreased the supply voltage V, from the voltage regulator 300 of Figure 15 to increase time T R to time T R , precisely so that (T βl - T A ) = ( A - T Q ) . As a result, the corresponding symmetry regulated voltage waveform of Figure 16E is exactly symmetrical. If the setting of the potentiometer 23 of Figure 1 is changed from setting ""X"" to a higher setting ""Y"" , the peak current through the choke 17 will increase from I to I . The choke current will decrease during the time interval from T to to a value I γγ/ as illustrated in Figure 16C. When the transistor 14 is turned back on at time T , the choke current will increase from I back to its maximum peak value I γ determined by the setting ""Y"" of the potentiometer 23. If the voltage furnished by the source 16 in the absence of symmetry regulation is not very large, a long period of time corresponding to the interval T to T in Figure 166CC will be required for the current in the choke 17 to increase from I YY to I γ . Therefore, the increasing portion of the choke current waveform of Figure 16C will last for a much longer period of time, T A. to T- a,, than the decreasing portion of the choke current waveform of Figure 16C as defined by the time interval T0~ to TA,. if the symmetry regulation control loop of Figure 15 is now introduced into the control circuit as illustrated in Figure 15 while the potentiometer 23 has a setting of ""Y"", the symmetry control loop of Figure 15 will cause the voltage supplied V, to the lamp circuit to increase. As a result, a shorter period of time will be required for the current through the inductor 17 to increase from I γ to I . This current increase occurs, as shown in Figure 16D, between time Ά and time T_, . Note that the slope of the top of the positive portion of the choke current waveform of Fibure 16D between time T A,. and T D D is much steeper than the corresponding portion of Figure 16C. This corresponds to the increase in the voltage V. impressed across the choke 17. With the increased setting ""Y"" of potentiometer 23, the introduction of the symmetry regulation control loop causes the time at which the lamp voltage reaches its peak value determined by the setting ""Y"" of potentiometer , 23 to decrease from time T--. in Figure 16C to time T_ 2 in Figure 16D. The symmetry regulation control loop causes the voltage supplied V, to the lamp control circuit from the voltage regulator 300, to be increased precisely so that the interval defined by T and T 2 equals the interval defined by T and T A, . As a result,' the on-time of the transistor 14 equals its off-time and the lamp voltage waveform becomes symmetrical, as illustrated in Figure 16F. • Figure 17 shows a circuit similar to the circuit illustrated in Figure 15 but including, in addition, a reference voltage feedback control loop and a protective circuit to protect the transistor 14 in the event that the lamp is removed from the circuit. The reference voltage control loop minimizes variations in lamp intensity due to changes in supply voltage, and includes a divider circuit 400 having one of its inputs 405 connected to the output 301 of the voltage regulator 300 and its other input 410 connected to a variable reference voltage source 415. The output 420 is connected to a voltage limiter 425, which, in turn, is connected to one input of the comparator 20. Voltage V τ -Li at the output 420 of the divider circuit 400 is proportional to the difference between reference voltage V_- of the reference source 415 and output voltage V, of the voltage regulator 301 connected to the inputs 410 and 4^05, respectively, of the divider 400. The divider 400 is shown in detail in Figure 18 as including a differential amplifier having its negative input 435 connected through a resistor 440 to the input 405 and also connected through resistor 445 to the input 410. The positive input 450 of the differential amplifier 430 is connected to the ground 325. Feedback resistor 455 provides scaling of the input voltages V and V, and the output voltage V τ . The operation of the reference voltage 'BΛJR .OMPI ^RNAT feedback control loop (Fig. 17) is as follows: The variable reference voltage source 415 may be varied to select voltage V~ at the reference input of the comparator 20 so that the lamp 11 produces the illumination intensity desired by the user, as described above in connection with Figures 1, 2 and 3. If the output voltage V, of the voltage regulator 300 is reduced, the output voltage V of the divider 400 will be increased. This is because the voltage difference between the inputs 410 and 405- will have been increased due to the reduction in V« . The resulting increase in V will cause a corresponding increase in the voltage V ? at the reference input to the comparator 20. As described above in connection with Figures 1, 2 and 3, the increase in V~ will cause a corresponding increase in the current flowing to the lamp 11. The resistors 440, 455, and 455 (Fig. 18) are selected so that the change in V_ precisely makes up for the change in V, to maintain the power supplied to the lamp 11 at a nearly constant value. The output voltage V_. of the regulator 300 may also increase after the reference voltage V D has been selected by the user. In this case, the difference between the voltages at the inputs 405 and 410 sensed by the divider circuit 400 will be smaller, which will result in a decrease in V τ and a corresponding decrease in v at the input of the comparator 20. This will result in a decrease in current supplied to the lamp 11 in the manner described above in connection with Figures 1, 2 and 3. The voltage limiter 425 prevents excessive current from flowing through the lamp 11. It has already been pointed out that, if a high intensity mercury vapor lamp is used as the lamp 11, voltage initially applied to the lamp will cause it to ionize rapidly, causing an excessively large current to flow through the lamp while the lamp is still cold, which may damage the lamp 11. In order to prevent such an occurrence, the voltage limiter 425 clips the voltage V τ supplied from the output 420 of the divider 400 to the reference input of the comparator 20. It has already been seen that the current rhough the lamp 11 is controlled by the voltage V supplied to the reference input of the comparator 20. Thus, the limiter 425 prevents excessive currents from flowing to the lamp . 11 by limiting the value of the V~ • The voltage limiter 425 may, for example, be a zener diode 425A connected between the output 420 of the diviver 400 and ground. The voltage limiter 425 would thus clip the voltage V ± at the output 420 to a maximum value equal to the breakdown voltage of the diode 425A. When the gas discharge lamp 11 is in the warmed-up state and is momentarily extinguished due to power interruption, the voltage necessary to resta it is very large. Therefore, flyback voltage from the inductor.17 will cause the collector voltage on the transistor 14 to rise until the breakdown voltage rating of the transistor 14 is exceeded, causing damage to the transistor. In order to prevent damage to the transistor 14 in this manner, a protective circuit is provided which includes a metal oxide varistor 27 connected between the collector of the transistor 14 and input 465 of a comparator amplifier 470. Another input 475 of the comparator amplifier ' 470 is connected to a reference voltage source 480, and output '.485 of the comparator amplifier 470 is connected to input 490 of an astable multivibrator 495. The .output 500 of the multivibrator 495 is connected to shut-down terminal 505 of the voltage regulator 300. If the flyback voltage of the inductor 17 0 exceeds the breakdown voltage of the varistor 27, the varistor 27 causes a current to flow through resistor 461, and thus a voltage to appear at the positive input 485 of the comparator 470. The voltage of the reference source 480 is selected to be less than the voltage at the input 465 which occurs at breakdown of the varistor 27. Therefore, the comparator amplifier 470 senses a positive difference between its positive input 465 and its negative input 475 and therefore causes a positive n υ signal to appear at its output 485 and at the input 490 of the one-shot multibibrator 495. This causes the multivibrator 495 to change state to produce a negative signal to appear at its output 500 for a predetermined length of time. This 5 negative signal is conducted to the shut-down input 505 of the voltage regulator, which causes the voltage regulator 300 to turn off so that its output voltage V. goes to zero. At the end of the fixed time period of the multivibrator 495, the 0 multivibrator 495 changes to its stable output state, and consequently the voltage regulator 300 again supplies power to the lamp 11. This cycle will repeat itself if, for example, the lamp 11 is disconnected or fails to ignite. The breakdown 5 voltage of the varistor 27 is preferably selected to be less than the breakdown of the transistor 14, thus preventing damage to the transistor 14. This protective circuit is necessary because the voltage required to ignite the lamp 11 is much greater when the lamp is warm than when it is cold. Therefore, if the lamp is turned off, it is usually necessary to permit it to cool before reigniting. Thus, during the fixed time period set by the duration of the astable state of the multivibrator 495, during which the voltage regulato 300 is shut down, the lamp 11 is permitted to cool down. Thus, when the regulator 300 is again permitted to turn on, the lamp 11 will ignite and begin to conduct before the flyback voltage of the inductor 17 reaches the breakdown voltage of either the varistor 27 or the transistor 14. On the other hand, if the lamp 11 is either too hot or s not connected, the shut-down cycle of the protec¬ tive circuit will repeat itself. The voltage regulator 300 of Figure 17, include an AC current converter shown in block diagram form in Figure 19. Power is supplied to the current converter from a 60 Hertz current source to the inputs 600, 605 "" of the converter. A diode bridge 610 rectifies the €0 Hertz alternating current from a constant current source connected to inputs 610A, 610B- to produce a reactified 60 Hertz current at outputs 610C, 610D. As will be seen in the explanation that follows, the current converter, illustrated in Figure 19 regulates the power into a load 665 while presenting a purely resistive input impedance to 60 Hertz alternating current across the input terminals.600, 605. The current converter of Figure 19 includes a power oscillator comprising a choke 615, a capacitor 620, a transistor 625, a comparator amplifier 630, and a power amplifier 635. The inductance of the choke 615 and the capacitance of the capacitor 620 are preferably selected so that the power oscillator oscillates to switch the transistor at a frequency of approximately 20 kiloHertz. A sinusoidal 60 Hertz rectified current is produced at the output terminals 610C, 610D of the diode bridge 610. Current flows from output terminal 610D, charges capacitor 620, and flows through inductor 615. If the transistor 625 is on, the current flows from the inductor 615 to ground 640 where it returns through ground 645 and resistor 650 to the terminal 610C. If, on the other hand, the transistor 625 is off, the current flows through diode 655 and is divided between capacitor 660 and the load 665. The current returns from ground 670 to ground 645, through resistor 650, and back to the diode bridge terminal 610C. It may be seen that the proportion of the current flowing from the diode bridge terminal 610D through the load 665 is determined by the duty cycle of the transistor 625. Thus, the current converter controls the amount of current supplied to the. load 665 by controlling the duty cycle of the transistor 625. The base voltage of the transistor 625 is controlled by a comparator amplifier 630 through an inverting amplifier 635 connected to the base of the transistor 625. The negative input 675 of the comparator amplifier 630 is connected to the output BITREA O PI fe/?N A Tlθg> terminal 610D through voltage divider resistors 680, 685. The positive input 690 to the comparator amplifier 630 receives positive feedback from the output 695 of the comparator amplifier through voltage divider resistors 700, 705. The comparator amplifer 630 has a saturated output voltage which shall be denoted Vp. If the voltag^e VA, on the negative input 675 exceeds the voltage V D -D on the positive input 608, the comparator amplifier 630 wil saturate to its maximum negative output, -V by virtue of the positive feedback to the input 690. Thus, the voltage at the output 695 will be equal to -Vp. On the other hand, if the voltage VA_ at the negative input 675 is less than the voltage V R at the positive feedback input 690, the comparator amplifier 630 will saturate to maximum positive output so that the voltage at its output + 695 will be +V . The output voltage -V of the comparator amplifier 630 is inverted and amplified by the amplifier 635 and applied to the base of the transistor 625. The positive feedback voltage applied to the positive input 690 is divided its most positive and most negative output voltages +V and -V , whenever the voltage V at the negative input 675 is equal to V (R 705 /(R 700 + R 7Q5 )). If the power oscillator is to oscillate by switching the transistor 625 at a frequnecy of 20 kilohertz, the output of the comparator amplifier 630 at its output terminal 695 must switch back and forth between +V and -V at the same frequency. This in turn, requires that the voltage at the negative input terminal 675 must oscillate at a frequency of 20 kilohertz between +Vp (R_7- n 05 c /' (R_7_ A 0 Λ 0 + OMPI wi p o and -V ( R 705 ^ R 7 Q O + R 705^ * Therefore , it is seen that the voltage at the negative input terminal 675 averaged over one oscillation period must be zero. From this, it follows that the input impedance presented to the 60 Hertz current source across the input terminals 600, 605 is purely resistive, which shall be shown as follows. The current flowing through the diode bridge 615 between its terminals 610D and 610C shall^ be defined as I-N,. The value of the resistors 680, 685 is preferably much larger than the value of the resistor 650 or the resistance of the load 665. Furthermore, the capacitor 620 is preferably selected so that it offers a very high impedance to the 60 Hertz rectified current flowing from the terminals 610D. Therefore, it is seen that voltage V , at the terminal 610C may be defined as follows: V C = ""R 650 V It has already been seen that the voltage supplied to the negative input terminal 675 averaged overa a 20 kilohertz oscillation cycle must be zero, and therefore voltage V-.-, at node 715 must be zero when averaged over an oscillation period. If the voltage at the output terminal 610D is defined as V , it may be easily shown from the- foregoing that: V D = R 650 I N< (R 68θ/ R 685 )+1) Defining the input voltage between the input terminals 600, 605 to be V. τ , it is seen that: From this it follows that: V N = ∑ N R 650 ((R 680 R 685 } + 1 ] Recognzing the ratio of V^ to I-_ as the resistance between the terminals 600, 605, it is ""BJRt-Aϋ OMPI _ . seen that the current converter of Figure 8 offers a purely resistive input impedance to the 60-Hertz current source connected to the input terminals 60 605, and that this reisstance is determined by the resistance of the resistors 650, 680, and 685. This feature is particularly advantageous in the voltage regulator 300 because it substantially eliminates the occurrence of reactive power losses typically present whenever reactive components, su as inductors or capacitors, change the phase of the current with respect to the voltage, resulting in inefficient use of the electrical power. From the foregoing, it may be easily shown that the power consumed by the voltage regulator 300 incorporating the current converter of Figure is: 2 E N X N = ∑ R 650 {(R 680 R 685 } + 1] ' From this it is seen that the power consumed the current converter is independent of the resistance of the load 665, and thus the current converter of Figure 19 regulates the power consume > and prevents changes due to load resistance variations. Figure 20 illustrates various current and voltage waveforms in various points in the current converter near the diode bridge 610. The input current I supplied to the input terminals 600, 605 is illustrated in Figure 20A as a 60 Hertz sinusoid. In Figure 20B, the voltage at the terminal 610C, V , which has been seen to equal -I "" xR^..-.., is plotted as a rectified 60-Hert sinusoid of negative polarity. As discussed above, V D is equal to 2^ R 65Q ( (R^/R^) +1), an - V D is plotted in Figure 20C as a 60-Hertz sinusoid of positive polarity. The current flowing from the terminal 610D to the terminal 610C is a function of I and is plotted in Figure 20D as a 60-Hertz rectified sinusoid of positive polarity. Figure 20E is a plot of V , as it appears across the inputs 600, 605. It is significant that the waveform of the plot of Figure 20E is in phase with the waveform of the plot of Figure 20A- because the input voltage and the input current are in phase with one another. This in-phase relationship is a result of the fact that input impedance presented by the current converter of Figure 19 to the 60-Hertz input current at the input terminals 600, 605 is purely resistive. This assures maximum efficient use of power by the current converter and prevents reactive power losses. A description of the operation of the power oscillator of the current converter of Figure 19 may begin with a current I flowing from the terminal 610D and a voltage V at the negative input 675 to comparator 630 which is greater than the positive feedback voltage V_ at the positive input terminal 690. The comparator 630 will sense a negative difference at its inputs and produce a negative output voltage -V ar its output 695. The amplifier 635 will invert the V output voltage to a positive voltage and this positive voltage will be applied to the base of the transistor 625. The transistor 625 responds to the positive voltage at its base- by turning on and conducting current to ground 640. Thus, the current I will flow through the transistor 625 to ground 640. This current returns through ground 645 through resistor 650 to the return terminal 610C. The capacitance of the capacitor 620 is preferably selected to operate a high impedance to the 60-Hertz current but provides some cmoothing to the 60-Hertz ripple in I M . Thus, the 60-Hertz I essentially does not flow through the capacitor 620. Because the transistor 625 has been turned on, the current I„ is permitted to bypass the resistance of the load 665, and is offered a lower resistance path directly through the resistor 650 and back to the return terminal 610C. As a result, the current through the inductor 615 increases, causing the capacitor 620 to discharge through the inductor 615 to contribute to the increased current drawn through the inductor 615. As a result, the potential across the resistor 720 decreases and becomes negati as the capacitor 620 discharges. Likewise, the voltage at the negative input 675 to the comparator decreases and becomes negative. The negative voltage at the input 675 will continue to increase in magnitude until it equals the negative voltage supplied through the feedback resistor 700 to the positive terminal 690, -V ^705 ^ 700 + R_ nι .))» As soon as the comparator 630 senses that the voltage at its two inputs 675, 690 are equal, it switches to its most positive input voltage, +V . The positive output voltage V is inverted and amplified by the amplifier 635 and applied to th base of the transistor 625. The resulting negative voltage causes the transistor 625 to turn off, thereby forcing the current through the inductor 615 to be divided between the capacitor 660 and the load 665. ! BUR O At this point, the current flowing from the terminal 61OD through the inductor 615 is now presented with a higher resistance, and it therefore begins to decrease over a period of time at a rate controlled by the inductance of the inductor 615. As a result of this decrease in current, the capacitor 620 •no longer discharges but instead begins to be charged by current flowing from the terminal 610D. As a result, the voltage across the capacitor 620 begins to increase. This causes an increase in - voltage across the resistor 720 and an increase in the voltage V at the terminal 610D. The voltage V at the -negative input 675 of the comparator 630 begins to increase, and continues to increase until it equals the voltage V R at the positive feedback terminal 690. As soon as the voltage at the negative input 675 has increased to equal the voltage at the positive feedback input 690, the comparator 630 changes state so that its output saturates to -V , and the entire P cycle repeats itself. The comparator 630 switches its output between +V • and -V at a frequency of approximately 20 kilohertz, which is a frequency controlled by the inductance of the inductor 615 and the capacitance of the capacitor 620. The frequency of the oscillation, while preferably near 20KHz, is also proportional to the 60 Hertz input current I N flowing from the terminal 610D. Thus, the power oscillator will oscillate in the above-described manner at a frequency slightly less than 20 KHz when the 60 Hertz current I,N τ nears its minimum value and will oscillate at a frequency somewhat greater than 20KHz when I fjURtAtT O PI reaches its peak value. Thus, the oscillation frequency of the power oscillator is slightly modulated by the 60 Hertz line frequency cycle. Figure 21A is the same plot as Figure 20A except that the time scale is greatly expanded so that the 60 Hertz sinusoid appears to be a straight line. Figure 21B illustrates the voltage across the transistor 625. The waveform of the transistor voltage is a nearly square wave having a frequency of 20 kilohertz corresponding to the frequency of the power oscillator. Figure 21C illustrates three plots. The jlot labeled 72 _, Fig. 21C, is a plot of the voltage across the resistor 720 as a function of time. This clearly shows that when the transistor is turned on at time T_, the current discharging through the capacitor 620 causes the voltage V__ n across the resistor 720 to decrease and become more negative until the comparator 630 switches at time T, . At time T. , the transistor is turned off, and the capacitor 620 begins to charge, causing the voltage V 720 across the resistor 720 to increase until it becomes positive. As is apparent in Figure 21C, the voltage V--^ increases until the comparator 630 switches back to its negative output state. As previously discussed, the capacitance of the capacitor 620 is preferably selected so that variations in voltage across the capacitor are minimal and the capacitor offers insignificant impedance to the 20 KiloHertz oscillating current. Accordingly, in Figure 21C, the plot of the voltage across the capacitor, labeled V,---., appears as a straight line. Another plot in Figure 21C is labeled V , the voltage at the output 610D. V is the sum of the voltage across the capacitor, V f - 2Q Plus the voltage across the resistor V__ n and is superimposed on the two plots, V 7 - n 5 and V _. in Figure 21C. The plot of Figure 21D illustrates the voltage V A at the negative input to the comparator 630 and the voltage V_ a at the positive terminal 690 of the comparator 630. V R alternates between -V 0 ( R 705 ΛR 700 + R 705 ) ) and +V p ( R 705 / (R 700 +R 705 ) } ' V must oscillate between these same two limits. Figure 21D clearly shows that the comparator 630 changes state only when V A.. = V_is, which occurs alternately at the upper and lower peak voltages 5 of V B_. This,r it is ap t rp t rarent t;hat VA_- is constrained to the upper and lower limits of V_. It may be easily shown that the positive and negative peak values of the voltage V 7 ~ Q are plotted in Figure 21C are constrained to + —Vp ( R-/-U r .-./(R_/U Λ U_ + R_/U Λ b_)) 0 ((R 680 + ^SS^SS* ' Thus, the magnitude of the oscillation of the power oscillator is controlled by the maximum voltage output V of the comparator 630. The resulting current waveforms are illustrated in 5 Figure 2IE. The plot labeled in Figure 21E as ,- I g ~ 20 is defined as the current through the capacitor 620. As already discussed, the capacitor 620 presents a very high impedance to the 60 Hertz input current I„ but presents a very low impedance to the 20 kilohertz oscillating current. Therefore, the current I £20 through the capacitor 620 oscillates at a frequency of 20 kilohertz about zero. The current I,, _ through the choke 615 is equal to the difference between the input current I„ D flowing through the output terminal 610D a N nd the current l g2 o fl° w i n 9 through the capacitor 620. Therefore, the plot labeled I gl5 in Figure 21E may be derived by subtracting the plot of in Figure 2IE from the plot of the current I 5 in Figure 21A. Figure 21E shows that while the current I,,, to the inductor 615 is always positiv the 20 kHz oscillation in I 6, 1 15 C causes the current I - n through the capacitor 620 to oscillate about zero current. 10 Figure 21F is a plot of the current through the transistor 625, and it is seen that during the time that the transistor 625 is turned on, between time n and T, , the current through the transistor 625 follows the current I β1 -. through the inductor 15 615 plotted in Figure 2IE.. The current through th diode 655 is plotted in Figure 21G and it is seen that the current through the diode 655 follows the current I-., ( _ through the inductor 615 while the transistor 625 is turned off. The current 20 through the diode 655 is divided between the load 665 and the capacitor 660. Because the relationshi E Λ = J 2 R 450 (( R 480 /R 485 } + 1) WaS e stab H sh e supra, defining the input power, and because it ca be shown that the losses in inductor 415, 25 transistor 425 and diode 455 are small, and relatively constant, it follows that the output power is constant and the output current I, and voltage V, may be controlled by controlling the resistance of Rb,- 0 o 1 -. In fact, the resistance Of may be varied in a feedback control loop designed to control the output current or voltage of the current converter of Figure 19. Such a concept is illustrated in Figure 22. In Figure 22, the resistor 685 is replaced instead by a field effect transistor 740. In the exemplary embodiment of Figure 22, the transistor 740 is an N-channel field effect transistor. The feedback control loop consists of a differential amplifier 745 having its negative input 750 connected to output 755 of the current converter of Figure 19. Positive input 760 of the amplifier 745 is connected to a reference voltage V . The output 770 of the amplifier 745 is connected to the gate of the field effect transistor 740. The current converter of Figure 19 together with this feedback loop comprise the voltage regulator 300 of Figure 15. The feedback' loop, including the amplifier 745 acts as a supply voltage feedback control loop and controls the output voltage V, at the output of the voltage regulator of Figure 22. The operation of the feedback loop is as follows. If V, exceeds V_, the amplifier 745 will sense a negative difference between its inputs 750, 760 and will produce a negative voltage at its output 770 proportional to the difference between V g and V, . This negative voltage is applied to the gate of the field effect transistor 740, which causes the resistance of the transistor 740 to increase. This is equivalent to an increase in the resistance of R j - oc i n Figure 19. The peak value of lgτς being inversely proportional to fioc: ' will be decreased. Likewise, if the output voltage V 1 is less than V c , the amplifier 745 will sense a positive differe between its inputs and apply a positive voltage to the gate of the field effect transistor 740, thereby causing a decrease in the resistance of .the field effect transistor 740. This will cause a consequent increase in the power delivered to the load 465.. It has already been seen that this power varies according to the ratio of 1/R g8 -.. Variation in the resistance of the field effect transistor 740 are equivalent to the variation in the r-sistan of R goς* Thus, it is seen that the output power an consequently the voltage V 1 supplied to the load 665 are readily controlled by controlling the resistance of the field effect transistor 740 in the supply voltage feedback control loop. A high frequency symmetry regulated lamp control circuit illustrated in Figure 24 has been built to include the foregoing featues, and Figure 23 is a simplified block diagram of that circuit. Essentially, the circuit of Figure 23 includes the circuit illustrated in the block diagram of Figure 17 in which the voltage regulator of Figure 22 is used as the voltage regulator 300 of Figure 17. Thus, the circuit of Figure 23 is a combination of -the circuits illustrated in Figures 15 and 22, and includes, in addition, an over-voltage detector 800 which protects the electrolytic capacitor 600, and a 6 volt DC power supply 805 to operate the electronics in the various components of the circui in the block diagram of Figure 22. BU A OMPI sfa, WIPO In Figure 23, the supply yoltage feedback control loop includes a symmetry detector 355 having its input 355a connected to the collector of transistor 14 and its output 355b connected to the gate of the field effect transistor 740. As discussed above, in connection with Figures 19 and 22, the field effect transistor 740 replaces the resistor 685 of Figure 19 to provide variable control over the value of the output voltage V, . ■ It will be remembered that the value of V-, is controlled by the ratio (R 680 + R 685 ) / R 685 * The Value of R 685 is controlled by changing the resistance of the transistor 740. The details of the symmetry detector 155 are best seen by reference to Figure 13. Figure 13 shows that the symmetry detector 155 includes an amplifier circuit 610 having its input 610a connected to the collector of the transistor 14. Output 610a of the amplifier circuit 610 is connected through resistor 615 to resistor and capacitor pairs 620, 625 and 630, 635. Both capacitor resistor pairs, 620, 625, and 630, 635 are connected between ground 640 and the positive input to amplifier 645. The output of amplifier 645 is connected across capacitor 650 to the gate of the field effect transistor 540. The amplifier circuit 810 produces an output voltage of plus 6 volts at its output 810b whenever the transistor 14 is off, and produces an output voltage of minus 6 volts at its output 810b whenever the transistor 14 is on. The current flowing from the output 810b charges the capacitors 825, 835 to a positive or negative voltage depending upon the polarity of the voltage at the output 810b. It follows that the magnitude and . polarity of the voltage on the capacitors 825, 835 is determined by the difference between the off. time of the transistor 14 and its on time. Thus, if the on time of the transistor 14 is greater than its off time, the voltage across the capacitors 825, 835 will be negative, since a negative charge will be accumulated at the ungrounded plates of the • capacitors 825, 835. On the other hand, if the off time of the transistor 14 exceeds its on time, 10 a net positive charge will be accumulated at the ungrounded plates of the capacitor 825, 835, and a- positive voltage will appear across these capacitor The voltage appearing across the capacitors 826, 835 is amplified and scaled by the amplifier 845. 15 The output of the amplifier 845 is applied across the capacitor 850 to the gate of the field effect transistor 740. If the off time of the transistor 14 exceeds its on time, it is seen that the output of the amplifier 845 will be positive, and will 20 cause the voltage across the capacitor 850 to increase to a higher positive value. The transisto 740 in the embodiment of Figure 24 is preferably a P-channel field effect transistor. Therefore, the increasingly positive voltage across the capacitor 25 850, which is applied to the gate of the transistor 740 causes the resistance of the transistor 740 to increase. As discussed above, the output voltage V, of the voltage regulator 300 is controlled by the resistance of the transistor 740, and therefore 30 V, will decrease. The on time of the transistor 14 will begin to increase, causing a corresponding decrease in the positive voltage across the capacitors 825, 835 and a corresponding decrease in the positive output voltage of the amplifier 845. 35 Thus, the rate at which the capacitor 850 is charge slowly decreases until the on time of the transisto 14 is nearly equal to its off time. At this point, the net charge accumulated on the capacitors 825, 835 is almost zero. Thus, the amplifier 845 no longer increases the voltage across the capacitor 850 and therefore the voltage applied to the gate of the transistor 740 becomes constant. This stabilizes the transistor 740 and stabilizes the output voltage V, of the voltage regulator 300. At this point, V, equals V , the symmetry voltage of the lamp. Conversely, if the on time of the transistor - 14 is greater than its off time, a negative voltage will begin to appear across the capacitor .825, 835, causing the output from the amplifier 845 to become negative. Thus, the amplifier 845 begins to decrease the voltage across the capacitor 850 and continues to do so until the resistance of the transistor 745 has increased sufficiently to cause the output voltage V-, of the voltage regulator 300 to decrease, causing a corresponding increase in the on time of the transistor 14. The feedback loop is stabilized as soon as the on time has increased to equal the off time of the transistor 14. At this point, the net voltage across the capacitor 825, 835, is null, and, as a result, the amplifier 845 no longer reduces the charge on the capacitor 850. Thus, the voltage at the gate of the transistor 740 and the corresponding resistance of the transistor 740 is stabilized corresponding to a stabilized value of the output voltage V-. which is equal to the symmetry voltage V of the lamp. A shut-down circuit is illustrated in the detailed schematic in Figure 24 and includes a comparator circuit 900, a reference voltage source 901, a varistor 902, a multivibrator circuit 903 connected to amplifier circuit 635, and is somewhat different from the shut-down circuit discussed above in connection with Figure 17. As discussed above in connection with Figures 19 and 22, the 5 output of the comparator 630 is conditioned by the amplifier circuit 635 to control the transistor 625. As discussed above in connection with Figure 17, the shut-down circuit operates to shut-down the output of the voltage regulator 300. The 10 shut-down circuitry of Figure 24 is shown in simplified block diagram form in Figure 25. The varistor 902 is connected between the collector of- the transistor 14 and the input to the multivibrat circuit 903. The output of the multivibrator circ 15 903 is connected to the amplifier 635. Another in to the multivibrator circuit 903 is controlled by the output of the comparator 900. One input of th comparator amplifier 900 is connected to the outpu 755 of the voltage regulator 300. The other input 20 to the comparator amplifier 900 is connected to th reference voltage source 901. The shut-down circuit illustrated in Figure 14 will null the out voltage V-, at the output 755 of the voltage regulator 300 ' for a duration of predetermined leng 25 if either the output voltage V-, of the voltage regulator 300 exceeds a magnitude defined by. the reference voltage source 901 or if the collector voltage of the transistor 14 exceeds the breakdown voltage of the varistor 902. The operation of the 30 shut-down circuit is as follows. The comparator amplifier 900 produces a voltage output which is proportional to the voltage difference between its two inputs. If the output voltage V-, of the voltage regulator 300 exceeds the magnitude define 35 by the reference voltage source 901, the comparato amplifier 900 will output a positive voltage to th input of the multivibrator circuit 903. The : ^RE multivibrator circuit 903 will respond by changing state to produce an output signal to the amplifier 635 which causes the ampli er 635 to hold the voltage at the base of the transistor 625 to a positive value in order to hold the transistor 625 on. At the end of a predetermined length of time, • the multivibrator returns to its original state, so that the amplifier 635 no longer holds the transistor 625 in its on state. While the transistor 625 is held in its on state, all the current flowing through the inductor 615 is returned to ground through the transistor 625, thereby causing the output voltage -V, of the voltage regulator 300 to drop to zero. Thus, the output voltage is nulled during the predetermined length of time defined by the astable state of the multivibrator circuit 903. Similarly, if the collector voltage of the transistor 14 exceeds the breakdown voltage of the varistor 902, the varistor 902 will break down causing this voltage to appear at the input to the multivibrator circuit 903. Again, the multivibrator circuit 903 will switch to its astable state and cause the output voltage V, to be zero for a predetermined length of time in the same manner. The comparator amplifier 900 prevents the output voltage V, from exceeding the capacity of the capacitor 660, thereby protecting the capacitor 660. This is an important feature because the capacitor 660 is preferably a large electrolytic capacitor which smooths the output voltage V-, of the voltage regulator 300. The ** varistor 902 prevents the collector voltage on the transistor 14 from exceeding the breakdown voltage of the transistor. Preferably, the breakdown voltage to the varistor 902 is less than the breakdown voltage to the transistor 14. This feature is useful because, if the lamp 11 were to be monetarily disconnected then reconnected, the re-ignition voltage of the warm lamp 11 would 5 exceed the breakdown voltage of the transistor 14. The shut-down circuit of Figure 25 causes the voltage regulator 300 to turn off before the . collector voltage can damage the transistor 14. It shuts the voltage regulator 300 off for the 10 predetermined length of time defined by the multivibrator circuit 903 during which the lamp 11 has an opportunity to cool. When the lamp 11 . has sufficiently cooled, its re-ignition voltage i less than the breakdown voltage of the transistor 15 14, and the voltage regulator 300 may then be turned back on. The shut-down circuit may cycle several times while the lamp 11 has a chance to cool sufficiently. While Figure 24 illustrates the currently 20 preferred embodiment of the invention, it should be recognized that the invention may be implemente in a number of different ways to provide a symmetr regulated voltage source. For example, in the embodiment of Figure 24 the field effect transisto 25 740 is a p-channel FET, whereas, if the output of the symmetry detector 355 is inverted, the transistor 740 may be an N-channel FET. 30 35 E. CAPACITIVE DISCHARGE IGNITION CIRCUIT AND CONSTANT- POWER REGULATION The control circuit of Figure 1 is particularly suited for use with low intensity, low pressure mercury vapor fluorescent lamps. However, when used to control various other types of gas discharge lamps such as high pressure mercury vapor , high or low pressure sodium, and metal Halide lamps, significant problems may arise. One problem with the lamp control circuit of Figure 1 is that, if the lamp voltage illustrated in ' Figure 3D during the flyback mode of the circuit from T Q to is of insufficient magnitude to ignite lamp 11 ' when the switch 19 is first closed, then other means must be provided to furnish a sufficiently high voltage to ignite the lamp when the circuit is first activated. A typical high intensity discharge lamp such as a 400-watt high pressure sodium lamp, requires approximately 2500 volts across the lamp in order to ignite the lamp. One solution may be found by looking to prior art fluorescent lamp ballasts which operate at 60-Hertz and which must of necessity use very large and heavy inductors. In these prior art ballast circuits, the common technique for igniting the fluorescent lamp is to connect the secondary winding of a step-up transformer in series with the lamp, and connect the primary winding to a capacitive discharge device. Such a scheme presents insignificant problems in these prior art heavy ballast circuits because the additional inductance of the secondary winding is small compared to the inductance already present in the ballast. Furthermore, these prior art 60-Hertz ballast circuits do not fly back, as does the 20-kHz lamp circuit of this invention. As will be seen in a later portion of this description, the flybac cycle of the lamp control circuit of this inventio creates special problems when the step-up 5 transformer is introduced. Figure 26 illustrates a circuit which provide the ignition voltage of 2500 volts in a lamp contr circuit similar to the control circuit as illustrated in Figure 1 but using a high voltage 10 ignition circuit similar to that used with prior art lamp ballast circuits. The high voltage ignition circuit includes a step-up transformer 950 having a primary winding 951 and a secondary winding 952. The secondary winding 952 is 15 connected in series with the gas discharge lamp 11 while the primary winding 951 is connected to a pulse voltage source 953, which may, for example, a capacitive discharge device. Control circuit 949 of Figure 26 includes the control components of 20 Figure 1 including the multivibrator 18, the comparator amplifier 20, the potentiometer 23, and the reference voltage source 24. The pulse transformer 950 has a step-up ratio which is sufficient to provide 2500 volts to 25 the lamp 11. Thus, when it is desired to ignite the lamp 11, the capacitive discharge device 953 provides a high voltage pulse to the primary windi 951, which is stepped up by the pulse transformer 950 to approximately 2500 volts across the seconda 30 winding 952. This 2500 volts appears across the lamp 11, and causes the gas inside the lamp 11 to begin to ionize. If the first voltage pulse from the capacitive discharge device 953 is insufficien to completely ignite the lamp, the process will be 35 repeated until ionization in the lamp is complete the lamp 11 begins to conduct. At this point, the remainder of the control circuit may begin to func as described above in connection with Figures 1, 2 , and 3. Unfortunately, the control circuit of Figure 26 has the disadvantage that, after the lamp 11 has ignited, current through the lamp 11 will cause a current to be induced through the primary winding 951 having a large magnitude corresponding to the large step-up ratio of the transformer 950. As a result, a significant power loss will occur through the transformer 950. This will decrease the efficiency of the control circuit of Figure 26 significantly. A solution to this problem is to provide a switch 954 which may be opened to prevent current from flowing through the primary winding 951. However, after the switch 954 has been opened, the secondary winding 952 now acts as a large inductor in series with the lamp in addition to the inductor 17. A t this point, the undesirability of applying the starting circuit used in prior art 60-Hertz lamp ballast circuits to the high frequency switching circuit of Figure 1 is apparent. One significant feature of the high frequency switching circuit of Figure 1 is that the circuit flies back at a frequency of 20-kiloHertz , and as a result the inductance of the inductor 17 may be very small in comparison with the large inductors typically used in prior art 60-Hertz lamp ballast circuits. Because the lamp ballast circuits of the prior art typically ■ ■ have large inductors, introduction of the secondary winding of the step-up transformer of the ignition circuit did not represent a significant increase in the inductance of the circuit, and therefore, introduction of the high voltage ignition circuit into the prior art ballast circuits did not change the operation of these circuits significantly. In contrast, the addition of the secondary winding 952 to the 20-kiloHertz lamp control circuit of Figure 26 represents a significant increase in the 5 inductance in the circuit because the inductor 17 is relatively small. Furthermore, unlike the 60-Hertz ballast circuits of the prior art, the 20-kiloHertz control circuit of Figure 1 flies back each 20-kiloHertz cycle. This creates 10 special problems in introducing the step-up transformer 950 in series with the lamp 11 which are peculiar to the 20-kiloHertz control circuit of Figure 26, and which were not encountered with the prior art 60-Hertz ballast 15 circuits. During the flyback cycle of the 20-kiloHertz control circuit of Figure 26, when the transistor 14 is turned off, the flyback voltage of the "" inductor 17 must cause a reversal of the direction of the current in the lamp 11. The magne 20 field in the secondary winding 952 opposes the current flowing through the lamp 11 during this flyback cycle, thereby increasing the impedance to the current flowing through the lamp 11, thus reducing the efficiency of the control circuit of 25 Figure 26. Furthermore, the inductance of the secondary winding 952 represents a significant increase in the total inductance of the control circuit of Figure 26, which corresponds to a significant increase in the flyback voltage 30 impressed across the transistor 14 and the varistor 27. This increase in flyback voltage causes the varistor 27 to conduct more current to ground durin the flyback cycle of the circuit of Figure 26, representing a further loss in efficiency of this 35 circuit of Figure 26. Thus, it is apparent that introduction of the high voltage ignition circuit used in prior art 60-Hertz ballast circuits into the 20-kiloHertz lamp control circuit of Figure 1, as illustrated in Figure 26, significantly reduces the efficiency of the 20-kiloHertz lamp control circuit. The circuit of Figure 27 illustrates an embodiment of the invention in which the foregoing problems are solved. The control circuit of Figure 27 includes a lamp control circuit similar to the lamp control circuit of Figure 1, and further includes a pulse transformer 950 having its primary winding 951 connected across a pulse voltage source 953 such as a capacitive discharge device and a secondary winding 952 connected in series with the lamp 11. In addition, the circuit includes a rectifying diode 955 connected across the secondary winding 952, and a control circuit 956. The diode 955 may be any rectifying means, and has its polarity disposed so as to permit current flowing from the inductor 17 to the lamp 11 when the transistor 14 is turned off to flow through the diode 955 and bypass the secondary winding 952 and provides an alternate path for current flowing in the secondary winding 952 during the flyback cycle. The diode 955 maintains a substantially constant current through the secondary winding 952 so that the winding 952 does not present any substantial impedance or energy loss during the charging cycle of the circuit. This feature substantially prevents the inductance of the secondary winding 952 from affecting the operation of the lamp control circuit during its normal operating mode after the lamp 11 has been ignited. A control circuit 956 controls the operation of the pulsed voltage source 953. The control circuit 956 has one of its inputs 956a sensing the collector voltage on the transistor 14, while its other input 956b senses the output from the control circuit 949 to the base of the transistor 14. 5 Operation of the circuit of Figure 27 is as follows. When the circuit is first activated and the lamp 11 is to be ignited, a large flyback voltage appears across the transistor 14 as discussed above in connection with Figures 1, 2, 10 and 3. Input 956a and the control circuit 956 sense that the lamp 11 is off by sensing this large collector voltage, which means that the voltage sou 953 must be activated to ignite the lamp. The control circuit 956 will activate the pulse voltage 15 source 953 only after the transistor 14 is turned back on, in order to prevent the large ignition voltage from the pulse transformer 950 from imposin a large collector voltage on the transistor 14. When the transistor 14 is on, this is sensed at the 20 input 956b of the control circuit 956 by sensing the output voltage of the control circuit 949 to th base of the transistor 14. At this time, the contr circuit 956 causes the pulsed voltage source 953 to impose a voltage in the primary winding 951, which 25 of sufficient magnitude to cause an ignition voltag of 2500 volts on the secondary winding 952. This ignition voltage causes the gas 'in the lamp 11 to begin ionization. If this ionization is not comple then during the next cycle of the lamp control circ 30 the control circuit 956 will again sense that the l is still nonconducting by a high collector voltage of the transistor 14 sensed at input 956a. Again, soon as the base voltage of the transistor 14, sensed by input 956b, indicates that the transistor 35 1 is on, the control circuit 956 will reactivate the pulsed voltage source 953 causing the pulse transformer 950 to produce a 2500-volt ignition pulse for a duration determined by the pulsed voltage source 953. This cycle will repeat itself until the lamp 11 has ionized sufficiently to permit a normal driving of the lamp 11 with only the driving circuit 949. This circuit has the advantage that, after the lamp 11 is ignited, the inductance of the secondary winding 952 does not affect the operation of the lamp control circuit. The operation of the circuit of Figure 27 when the lamp 11 is ignited is as follows: After ignition of the lamp 11, the control circuit of Figure 27 assumes its normal oprating mode similar to that described above in connection with Figures 1 and 2, and the secondary winding 952 effectively becomes an inductor, as the control circuit 956 opens the primary winding 951 to effectively take it out of the circuit. During the charging portion of the 20-kiloHertz cycle of the control circuit of Figure 27, when the transistor 14 is on, current flows from the power supply 16 and is divided between the inductor 17 and the lamp 11. Part of the current flows through the inductor 17 and the transistor 14 to ground, while the remaining current flows through the lamp 11, the secondary winding 952, and the transistor 14 to ground. During this charging cycle, the current through the transistor 14 will increase as the magnetic fields in the inductor 17 and the secondary winding 952 increase. During the flyback portion of the 20-kiloHertz cycle of the control circuit of Figure 27, when the transistor 14 is off, the current flowing through the inductor 17 flows through the diode 955 and the lamp 11, thereby completely bypassing the secondary winding 952. As a result, the magnetic field in the secondary winding 952 cannot oppose the current flowing through the lamp 11 during the flyback cycle. Furthermore, the diode the current flowing in the secondary winding 952, thereby preventing this current from affectin the operation of the control circuit of Figure 27. 5 As a result, the current through the secondary winding 952 does not significantly decrease during the flyback cycle. Therefore, when the transistor 14 is again turned back on, the current supplied from the power source 16 flowing through the lamp 10 11 is not required to significantly change the current flowing through the secondary winding 952. As a result, current in the secondary winding remai fairly constant and the secondary winding 952 does ' not present a significant impedance to the current 15 flowing through the lamp 11 during the charging portion of the 20-kiloHertz cycle. Therefore, the secondary winding 952 does not absorb significa power from the power source 16. It is now apparent that the shunting diode 955 20 prevents the inductance of the secondary winding 95 from affecting operation of the control circuit of Figure 27 during either the charging portion or the flyback portion of the 20-kiloHertz cycle. Furthermore, because the diode 955 shunts the curre 25 across the secondary winding 952 during the flyback cycle, the inductance of the secondary winding 952 does not contribute to the flyback voltage across the transistor 14. Instead, only the inductor 17 contributes to the flyback voltage across the 30 collector of the transistor 14, as in the circuit of Figure 1, even though the circuit of Figure 27 includes the pulse transformer 950 in series with t lamp 11 having a very high step-up ratio. This invention thus includes a source producing a high 35 ignition voltage across the lamp 11 which does not increase the flyback voltage in the lamp control circuit. Another problem inherent in the control circuit of Figure 1 is that the power consumed by the circuit is dependent upon .the effective resistance of the gas discharge lamp 11. It is well known that if the control circuit oscillates at a high frequency, the lamp 11 may be characterized as a resistor. For high pressure mercury vapor lamps, this equivalent resistance is relatively ' constant over the life of the lamp. The problem arises when a high pressure sodium lamp is used as the lamp 11 in the circuit of Figure 1. The resistance of high pressure sodium lamps increases over the life of the lamp. For example, if the lamp 11 in Figure 1 is a high pressure sodium lamp, and if the potentiometer 23 of Figure 1 is first adjusted so that the control circuit of Figure 1 furnishes 400 watts of power to the lamp 11, the voltage drop across the lamp when new would be approximately 95 volts. However, during the life of the lamp, this voltage can increase to 135 volts. This is because the lamp control circuit maintains a constant current through the lamp and choke parallel combination even though the- lamp resistance increases. For example, as the lamp resistance increases, the control circuit of * Figure 1 will increase the lamp voltage, plotted in Figure 3D, so that the current through resistor 15, plotted in Figure 3C, does not change. This voltage increase corresponds to an increase in the power consumed; and a significant increase in the cost of operating the lamp control circuit. Figure 28 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which the foregoing problems are solved. The current regulation circuit of Figure 28 comprises another transformer 960 connected in series with lamp 11 in a lamp control circuit similar to the lamp control circuit of gure 1. In the circuit of Figure 28, the power consumed is independent of the equivalent resistance of the lamp 11. Therefore, if the lamp 11 in Figure 28 5 is a high pressure sodium lamp, the power . consumed by the lamp control circuit will remain constant, even though the equivalent resistance of the lamp 11 may increase significantly. The transformer 960 has its primary winding 10 961 connected in series with the lamp. Secondary winding 962 of the transformer 960 is wound to provide a reversed polarity with respect..to the primary winding 961, so that the current flowing from the voltage source 16 through the ' lamp 11 15 while the transistor 14 is on produces a negative voltage and reverse current in the secondary winding 962. Isolation diodes 963 and 964 are provided on the ungrounded side of the secondary winding 962. 20 The negative voltage in the secondary winding causes a negative voltage to appear across the resistor 965 which is proportional only to the current through the lamp 11. Resistors 966 and 967 are connected to form a summing node 968 for 25 the voltage across resistor 965. As discussed 9 above in connection with Figures 1 and 3, the voltage across the resistor 15 is a function of the current through both the lamp 11 and the inductor 17. This voltage is applied to summing 30 node 968 through summing node resistor 966. The negative voltage across resistor 965 is applied to. summing node 968 through summing node resistor 967. The resistance values of resistors 15,965,966,967 are preferably selected so that the contribution 35 to the voltage across resistor 15 by current throug the lamp 11 is precisely nulled at the summing node 968 by the negative voltage across the resistor 965. As a result, the voltage at the summing node 968 applied to the negative input 20a of the comparator 20 is a function exclusively of the current through inductor 17, and is independent of the current through the lamp 11. As a result, the comparator amplifier 20 will control the multivibrator 18 and transistor 14 independently of changes in the equivalent resistance of the lamp 11. Thus, the control circuit of Figure 28 does not increase the voltage applied to the lamp 11 as the lamp resistance increases. Therefore, the power consumed by the circuit of Figure 28 will not increase with lamp resistance as does the power consumed by the circuit of Figure 1. The lamp control circuit illustrated in the detailed schematic diagram of Figure 29 includes a combination of the features discussed above in connection with Figures 1, 27, and 28. Thus, the circuit of Figure 29. has a basic lamp control circuit including a gas discharge lamp 11, a switching transistor 14, a resistor 15, a multivibrator 18, and a comparator 20. However, the inductor 17 of Figure 1 is replaced instead by a transformer 970 having primary and secondary windings 971,972, respectively. The transformer 970 transforms the voltage from the voltage source 19 to the optimum operating voltage of the lamp 11. The basic lamp circuit including the lamp 11, the transistor 14, and the resistor 15, the multivibrator 18, the comparator 20, the potentiometer 23, and the transformer 970 operate in the manner described above in connection with the lamp control circuit of Figure 1. The high ignition voltage circuit of Figure 27 is included in the circuit of Figure 29 as the pulse transformer 950 having its primary winding 951 connected to discharge capacitors 953a,953b, and to controller 956. The diode 955 is connecte across the secondary winding 952 in the circuit 5 of Figure 29 and prevents the inductance of the secondary winding 952 from affecting the operatio of the basic lamp control circuit, in the same manner as described above in connection with the pulse transformer circuit of Figure 27. The 10 controller 956 is preferably a silicon controlled rectifier. The gate of the silicon controlled rectifier is connected to the multivibrator circuit 18. When the multivibrator circuit 18 turns the transistor 14 on, it simultaneously 15 causes a voltage at the gate of the silicon contr rectifier 956 to turn the silicon control rectifi 956 on. This completes the circuit between the discharge capacitors 953a,953b, and the primary winding 951 of the pulse transformer 950. As 20 described above in connection with Figure 27, thi generates a 2500-volt ignition voltage across the secondary winding 952, which drives the lamp 11. After ignition of the lamp, even though teh S.C. 956 continues to fire each time transistor 14 tur 25 on, the 20-kHz switching frequency of transistor prevents significant voltage from building up in capacitors 953a,953b so that they no longer have any effect in the circuit. The current regulation circuit described abo 30 in connection with Figure 28 is also present in t circuit of Figure 29, and includes the transforme 960 having its primary winding 961 connected in series with the lamp 11, and its secondary windin 962 wound with opposing polarity and connected 35 through isolation diode 963 to resistor 965. Summing node 968 sums the voltage across resistor 15 through summing resistor 966 and the voltage across resistor 965 through summing resistor 967 and applies the resultant voltage to the input 20a of comparator 20. This current regulation circuit operates in the same manner described above in connection with the current regulation circuit of Figure 28. The circuit of Figure 29 also includes a delay circuit 980 connected to shut-down input 18a of the multivibrator circuit 18. The delay circuit 980 shuts down the multivibrator circuit 18 by applying a signal to shut-down input 18a as soon as power is first applied from the voltage source 19 in order to allow the discharge capacitors 953a,953b to have enough time to charge up to a sufficient voltage to ignite lamp 11. After a predetermined length of time, the delay circuit 980 no longer shuts down the multivibrator circuit 18, and the lamp control circuit of Figure- 29 begins to operate. The metal oxide varistor 27 is connected to the collector transistor 14 in the same manner as described above in connection with Figure 1. However, a second shut-down circuit 990 is provided which shuts down the multivibrator circuit 18 for a. predetermined length of time whenever the varistor 27 senses a high enough voltage across transistor 14 to break down. The low side of varistor 27 is connected to the input of the protective shut-down circuit 990. The output of the second shut-down circuit 990 is connected to the shut-down input 18a of multivibrator circuit 18. The second shut-down circuit 990 includes an astabile multivibrator 991. Breakdown of the varistor 27 causes the multivibrator 991 to change state and issue a signal to the shut-down input 18, which holds the multivibrator circuit 18 shut down for a predetermined length of time determined by the duration of the astabile state of the multivibrator 991. This arrangement permits repeated pulses to be produced for starting the lamp if ionization is not complete after the first pulse, by allowing the capacitors 953a and 953b sufficient time to recharge. Again, after the capacitors 953a,953b have recharged, the S.C.R. 56 again fires to cause a high voltage pulse across the lamp. 10";"AMENDED CLAIMS (Received by the International Bureau on 22 May 1979 (22.05.1979) 1. A circuit for energizing a gas discharge lamp comprising: first means (.17) for storing magnetic energy conne in parallel combination with the electrodes of the gas discharge lamp (11) ; second means (14) for connecting a power supply (1 to said parallel combination to provide a current flow in a first direction through said lamp; and third means- C18, 20) operatively coupled to said second means for interrupting the connection between sa power supply and said parallel combination for a predetermined length of time whenever the current through said parallel combination has increased to a predetermined level so that the current through said lamp is reversed to flow in a second, opposite directio for said predetermined length of time. 2. The circuit of Claim 1 including means (23, 24) for varying said predetermined level of current for varying the intensity of the lamp. 3. The circuit of Claim 1 comprising means (27) for protecting said second means against excessive voltages if said lamp is removed or fails and becomes an open circuit. 4. The circuit of Claim 2 further including means (25) for varying said predetermined level as a function of ambient illumination. 5. The circuit of Claim 1 wherein there is zero DC current through the electrodes of said gas discharge lamp. 6. The circuit of Claim 1 comprising means (33) controlling more than one gas discharge lamp such that the required voltage supplied to the lamps by the circuit to ignite the lamps is not increased above the voltage required in the circuit to ignite one of said gas discharge lamps. 7. The circuit ' of Claim 1 wherein said second means comprises a means (.14) for switching said current and whereon current flows from said power supply (16) through said lamp (11) in one direction when said OΛIPI A., —wiPo switching means (14)- is on and flows from said means (17) for storing magnetic energy through said lamp (11) in the opposite direction when said switching means (14) interrupts the connection between said power supply (16) and said parallel combination (11,17). 8. The circuit of Claim 1 including an auto- transformer (59) having the dual functions- of said first - means and providing a step-up or step-down voltage to said lamp. 9. The circuit of Claim 1 wherein said first means comprises a transformer (37,39) having a secondary winding (43) thereon for supplying power to said third means (18,20) . 10. The circuit of Claim 1 wherein said second means comprises a switching device (14) and a resistor (15) connected in series with said switching device (14) and wherein said third means comprises: a cne-shot multivibrator (18) having a first fixed time output state and a second variable time output state; means connecting the output of said multivibrator (18) to said switching device (14) to close said switching device during said first output state and to open said switching device during said second output state; and means responsive to a rise in voltage across said resistor (15) for triggering said multivibrator (18) to said second state. 11. The circuit of Claim 3 further comprising: means (110) for sensing the temperature of said protecting means (27) and operatively coupled to said third means (18,20) to maintain said second means (14) open when said protecting means (27) exceeds a predetermined temperature. 12. A circuit for energizing a gas discharge lamp as defined in Claim 1, wherein said power supply comprises a rectified alternating current power supply (53) and wherein said predetermined length of time is shorter than the period of said AC power supply (53) , said circuit further comprising: fourth means (101,20) for programming said predetermined level to vary in accordance with the voltage of said rectified AC power supply (53) . 13. The circuit of Claim 12 additionally comprising: fifth means (23) for varying said predetermine ratio. 14. A circuit for energizing a gas discharge lamp as defined in Claim 12 further comprising a resistor (15) connected in series with said parallel combination (11,17), and wherein said second means (14) comprises a switching device (14) and wherein said third means comprises: a one-shot multivibrator (18) having a first fixed time output state and a second variable time ouptut state; means (80) connecting the output of said multivibrator to said switching device to close said switching device during said first output state and to open said switching device during said second output state; and means (20) responsive to a rise in voltage acr said resistor (15) and to the output of said rectif AC power supply (53) for triggering said multivibra (18) to said second state. 15. Apparatus as defined in Claim 14 wherein said triggering means comprises: means (20) for comparing said rise in voltage and said rectified AC power supply output and for triggering said one-shot multivibrator (18) to said first state when said rise in voltage reaches a predetermined fraction of said.JC power supply output. 16. Apparatus as defined in Claim 14, additionally comprising: means (111,113) prohibiting the rectified AC _. 5 voltage in said circuit from reaching a null. 17. Apparatus as defined in Claim 16 wherein said prohibiting means comprises: a capacitor (111) connected to provide current to said lamp when the voltage of said capacitor 10 exceeds the voltage of said AC power supply output; and means (107) charging said capacitor from said AC power supply (53) . 18. ' A circuit for energizing a gas discharge lamp 15 as defined in Claim 1, wherein at least a portion (65-68) of said first means (59) is connected in parallel combination with the electrodes (200,201) of said gas discharge lamp (35) , the extent of said portion defining a voltage transforming ratio, said circuit further 20 comprising : fourth external conductor means (210) for increasing the voltage gradient inside said lamp during ignition of said gas discharge lamp independently of said voltage transforming ratio. 25 19. A circuit for energizing a gas discharge lamp as defined in Claim 18 wherein: said power supply has two terminals (215,231); said second means comprises a switching device (14) connected in series with a resistor (15) ; 30 said first means comprises an inductor (59) having two connection ends; said third means comprises: a one-shot multivibrator (18) having a first variable time output state and a second 35 fixed time output state; means (80) connecting the output of said multivibrator to said switching device to close said switching device during said first outpu state and to open said switching device during said second output state; and means (20) for putting said multivibrator in said second state when the voltage across said resistor (15) reaches a predetermined level; said circuit further comprising: means connecting said inductor (59) , sai switching device (14) and said resistor (15) in series across said two terminals (215,231), said switching device (14) connected between said resistor (15) and said inductor (59) , sai two terminals connected to said resistor and said inductor, respectively; means (65,68) connecting said pair of electrodes (200,201) in parallel combination with at least a portion of said inductor; and a starter aid conductor (210) located adjacen said lamp, extending parallel to the gap between said two electrodes, said conductor connected to one of said terminals (231) of said AC voltage supply. 20. An apparatus for energizing a gas discharge lamp, as defined in Claim 19, wherein : said portion (65-68) of said first means (59) which is connected in parallel combination with said pair of electrodes (200,201) includes the end of said inductor (59) which is connected to said switching device (14) . 21. A circuit for driving a lamp as defined in Claim 1 wherein said second means comprises switching circuit means (14) having first and second switching states, said predetermined length of time corresponding to said first switching state, said circuit further comprising: - U E OMP « NA symmetry corrective means (355,370,375,380) connected to sense the difference between the time durations of said first and second states and also connected to vary the output of said power supply (300) in proportion to said difference. 22. A circuit for driving a lamp as defined in Claim 21 wherein said power supply (300) comprises power oscillator means (615,620,625,630,635) for generating said output of said power supply (300) and for maintaining a constant and exclusively resistive input impedance at a frequency lower than the frequency of said oscillator means. 23. A circuit for driving a lamp as defined in Claim 22 further comprising shut-down protective means comprising: means (27) for sensing voltage at said switching circuit means above a predetermined threshold voltage; means (470,495,505) responsive to said sensing means for applying a voltage to said power oscillator means to arrest said oscillator means. 24. A-circuit for driving a lamp as defined in Claim 1, further comprising: regulating means (400,20) for changing said predetermined level in response to changes in the output of said power supply, said regulating means maintaining a substantially constant current flow through said lamp independently of fluctuations in the output of said power supply. 25. A circuit as defined in Claim 25 further comprising: voltage limiting means (425) for limiting said predetermined level to a predetermined maximum value. 26. A circuit as defined in Claim 1, further comprising: ■ ^U E ? OMPI ^ WIPO _& §»?NATiq§∑ means (950,953) for inducing a high voltage igniting pulse on said lamp, said means connected in series with said lamp. 27. A circuit for energizing a gas discharge lamp as defined in Claim 26, further comprising: means (955) preventing the impedance of said high voltage means from affecting operation of said second and third means (14,18,20) and lamp (11) upon ignition of said lamp. 28. A circuit as defined in Claim 1, further comprising: means (960,965,968) for preventing increased lamp resistance from causing an increase in the power consumed from said supply. 29. A circuit as defined in Claim 1, further comprising: means (960,965,968) for operating said second and third means (14,18,20) independently of current through said lamp. 30. A circuit as defined in Claim 29 wherein said operating means senses current through said storing means (17) exclusively.";FELPER G, GERHARD F, HANDLER H, NELSON A;DATAPOWER, DATAPOWER INC;1978
+WO-1979000454-A1;19790726.0;19781228;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25346066.0;A61K7;A61K31;A61K8, A61K31, A61P1, A61Q11;A61K   8/58C, A61Q  11/00;COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INHIBITING PLAQUE FORMATION;A dentifrice composition which inhibits plaque formation over an extended period of time. Said composition contains an effective amount of plaque-inhibiting quaternary organosiloxane of the formula (FORMULA) wherein R<s1>s is a alkoxy group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. R<s2>s is an alkylene group having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms and R<s3>s R<s4>s and R<s5>s are, individually, alkyl groups of from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and X is an anion and iodine.;"DESCRIPTION * Compositions and Methods for Inhibiting Plaque Formation Technical Field This invention relates to compositions and methods useful in inhibiting the growth of cariogenic bacteria and the formation of plaque on teeth in an oral environment. The prevention of the formation of dental plaque is a highly desired result. Dental plaque results vhen cariogenic bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus utans) collect in colonies on the surface of teeth and form a tenacious deposit thereon. The presence of both the bacteria and the deposits is extremely detrimental to the health of the teeth because if the bacteria and plaque formation are not checked they may result in infected gingival tissue, the forma'tion of dental caries and periodontal disease. In extreme cases they may ultimately result in the loss of teeth. Background Art Many attempts have been made to control cariogenic bacteria and plaque formation on teeth. For example, treatment with fluoride solutions or gels have been used to render the tooth enamel more resistant to the acid action caused by plaque. J These treatments are typically performed in a dental office at periodic, but not frequent, intervals. Such treatments do not, however, result in plaque control for an extended period. Even when the frequency of application of such treatments is increased only partial control has been shown. For example, studies wherein a fluoride-containing solution {1% fluoride concentration) was applied four to five times in the course of a year demonstrated only limited success due to the rapid re- establishment of plaque in the oral cavity. Additionally, the daily application of a fluoride gel by means of a custom-fitted vinyl mouthpiece for a period of twenty-one months showed no substantial change in plaque formation among treated and un- Λ treated patients. See ""Clinical Anicaries Effect of Repeated Topical Sodium Fluoride Application by Mouthpiece"", Journal of the American Dental Association, V. 75, No. 3, September, 19β7, pp. 638-61.U. Other attempts at inhibiting the formation of plaque have also been made. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,733,399 describes toothpaste compositions which contain the enzyme invertase as the active ingredient. Another approach is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,89 ,li7 wherein the application to teeth of a • dialkyl pyrophosphate having from about 8 to k carbon atoms in the alkyl groups is described as useful in inhibiting plaque formation. However, these approaches require frequent (e.g., daily) use, in order to effectively control the cariogenic bacteria and inhibit the formation bf plaque over an extended period of time. Disclosure of Invention In accordance with the present invention there is provided a dentifrice composition which contains a quaternary ammonium organosiloxane having the formula _ wherein R is an alkoxy group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms, . R is an alkylene group having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and R 3, R k and R5 are, individually, alkyl groups of from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and X is an anion, preferably selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine. Preferably, composi- tions of the invention contain at least about 0.05 by weight, OΛiPI A * vvipo ' and most preferably from about 0.25$ to 1% by weight, of the quaternary ammonium organosiloxane. In another embodiment of the present fnvention there is provided a method for inhibiting plaque formation which com- prises contacting teeth with an effective amount of the above- described, composition. As it is used throughout this specification the term ""dentifrice"" refers to compositions for topical application to the teeth. Representative of such compositions are outh- washes or rinses, toothpastes, toothpowders, gels, etc. The present invention provides compositions and processes which are useful in controlling cariogenic bacteria and in¬ hibiting the formation of plaque over an extended period of - time despite relatively infrequent application of the compo- sitions to teeth. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention The dentifrice compositions of the invention may be applied to the teeth by techniques such as painting or brushing, spraying, bathing and rinsing. Other means of application are also possible and will be. obvious to those in the art as a result of this disclosure. After application to the teeth it is preferred that a short period of time (e.g., one minute) pass before the user eats or drinks. The organosiloxanes useful in the present invention are known materials that may be prepared by simply agitating a warm mixture 1 2 1 2 and an appropriate silane (e.g., [R ] -Si-R X where R , R and X are as described above). In the present invention it is preferred that R be a 2 methoxy group (i.e., CH 0-); R be an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (most preferably a prop^lene group, i.e., -CH -CH -CH -); R be an alkyl group having from 10 to 20 OMPI - It - carbon atoms (most preferably an octadecyl group, i.e., C. Q H__) l 5 lo 37 • R and R each be methyl groups (i.e., CH -) and. X be chlorine. Thus, the most preferred siloxane may be represented by the formula: This compound may also be referred to as 3-(trimethoxysilyl)- propyl-dimethyloctadeeyl ammonium chloride. It may be obtained from Dow Corning Corporation as "" 9-5700"" as a 0$ by weight solution of the siloxane in methanol. When provided in solution form, dentifrices of the present invention typically comprise a solution of the organosiloxane in water or a mixture of water and an alcohol. Typically the alcohol is a lower, non-toxic alkanol (e.g., ethanol, propanol, etc.). Liquid solutions of the siloxane are particularly use- ful in mouthwashes or rinses. A variety of other ingredients may be added to the denti¬ frices of the present invention. Thus, for example, prophy¬ lactic agents (e.g., supplemental caries-preventing aids) may be included. Moreover, polishing agents, soaps or detergents, flavoring and sweetening agents, thickening agents and humec- tants may also be included. Preferably these other ingredients are free from polyvalent metal such as calcium and magnesium. Representative of suitable prophylactic agents are sodium fluoride, stannous fluoride, potassium fluoride, hexylamine hydrofluoride, myristylamine hydro luoride, betaine fluoride, glycine potassium fluoride, etc. A particularly preferred pro¬ phylactic agent is sodium fluorine. Typically the fluoride prophylactic agents are present in sufficient concentration so as to provide an available fluoride ion concentration of up to about 2% by weight, and preferably in the range of about 0.5-2$ by weight, of the dentifrice composition. Representative of suitable polishing agents are abrasive O - materials such as insoluble condensed phosphates such as calcium pyrophosphate, insoluble calcium polyphosphate (also known as . calcium polymetaphosphate) and highly polymerized sodium poly¬ phosphate (also known as sodium polymetaphosphate); and water- impervious cross-linked thermosetting resins such as the conden- sation products of melamine and urea with formaldehyde. Other suitable polishing agents will be obvious to those skilled in the art as a result of this disclosure. Preferably the polishing agent is not so abrasive so as to scratch or unduly abrade the tooth surface or the dentin. Rather it only cleans the tooth surface. The polishing agents may comprise up to 95$ by weight of the dentifrice composition. Representative of suitable soaps or detergents are the soaps of high molecular weight fatty acids such as sodium and potas- siu soaps of myristic, stearic palmitic acids and fatty acid mixtures of palm oil and coconut oil. Typical useful synthetic detergents include alkyl sulfates and sulfonates having alkyl groups of rom about 8 to 18 carbon / atoms, such as sodium eauryl- sul ate, the sulfated fatty alcohols derived from coconut oil and palm oil, etc. These materials may comprise up to about 5% by weight of the dentifrice composition. Representative of suitable flavoring and sweetening agents are the oils of wintergreen, peppermint, spearmint, sassafras and anise. Additionally small amounts of sweetening agents such as saccharin, dextrose, levulose, etc. may also be em¬ ployed. These flavoring and sweetening agents may comprise up to about 5% by weight of the dentfifrice composition. Representative of suitable gelling or thickening agents are water-soluble salts of cellulose ethers such as sodium carboxy- methyl cellulose and sodium carboxy methyl hydroxy ethyl cellulose; natural gums such as gum karaya, gum arabic, and gum tragacanth; and colloidal magnesium-aluminum silicate or finely divided silica. Such thickening agents may comprise up to about 5% by weight of the dentifrice composition. Representative of suitable humectants are glycerine, sorbitol, other polyhydric alcohols. The.. umectants may com¬ prise up to about 35$ by weight of the dentifrice composition. Tests which demonstrate the effectiveness of the present 5 invention in inhibiting the growth of plaque were performed on Rhesus Monkeys. The teeth of the monkeys were clinically preconditioned to a plaque-free state by ultrasonic cleaning and subsequent dental prophylaxis using a soft rubber prophy¬ laxis cup and standard pumice-filled prophylaxis paste. The 0 teeth were then treated in various- fashions and the effect of the treatment upon the formation of plaque was observed. The effectiveness of plaque inhibition was measured by means of a plaque index number. Plaque index was determined by applying erythrosine B dye (FD&C Red dye #3, Color Index No. _ 5*i-30) to the teeth. This dye stains plaque but not tooth enamel. The stained plaque was visually observed and assigned a rating number using the following scale. 0 No plaque 0.25 Light plaque covering about l/ of tooth 0 surface 0.5 Light plaque covering about 1/2 of tooth surface 0.75 Light plaque covering about 3 of tooth surface 5 1.0 Light plaque covering entire tooth surface 1.25 Heavy plaque on l/k of tooth surface, light plaque on remainder 1.50 Heavy plaque on 1/2 of tooth surface, light plaque on remainder 0 1-75 Heavy plaque on 3 of tooth surface, light plaque on remainder 2.0 Heavy plaque on entire tooth surface The plaque was observed visually and rated periodically for the duration of the test. The ratings for each monkey were then 5 averaged to obtain the reported plaque index for each monkey. ' BURE OMPI A solution containing 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloc- tadecylammoniumchloride ("" 9-5700"") was ^ applied to the upper incisors of the test monkeys. Solution A comprised 50$ ""Q9-5700"" and 50$ methanol by weight. Solutions B & C each comprised 1$ "" 9-5700"", 1$ methanol and 98$ deionized water by weight. Different lots of "" 9-5700"" were employed in Solutions B & C. The untreated teeth of the monkeys served as a control. They received no preventative treatment during the tests. The "" 'monkeys were fed twice a day with a diet which en¬ couraged plaque formation. The diet consisted of about 135 (R) (R) grams of Purina^ New World Monkey Chow which had been softened with 200 milliliters of distilled water and to which 118 grams of sugar had been added. The Monkey Chow (^R) is com- mercially available from Ralston Purina Co. and has a guaran¬ teed analysis of Crude protein not less than 25-0$ Crude fat not less than / 5-0$ Crude fiber not more than 3-5$ Added minerals not more than 3.0$ Ash not more than 6.0$ ""■■ The ingredients in the Monkey Chow (Dwere ground yellow corn, soybean meal, ground wheat, corn gluten meal, dried skimmed milk, animal fat preserved with BHA, sucrose, brewers' dried yeast, salt, dehydrated alfalfa meal, vitamin B supplement, riboflavin supplement, calcium pantothenate, niacin, choline (source of vitamin D_), vitamin E supplement, iron oxide, iron sulfate, manganese sulfate, calcium iodate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate, anganous oxide, copper oxide, cobalt carbonate, zinc oxide. The results of the tests are as set forth in the following table: PLAQUE INDEX # OF DAYS TREATED CONTROL M0NKEY# SOLUTION TREATMENT TEST LENGTH TEETH TEETH 1 A 1 1 .270 1.58 2 B 1 11. •35 1.25 3 C 1 12 •50 1.00 c 2 12 .187 1.312 h c 3 12 .281 1Λ31 5 "" ' c k 12 .56 1 3 6 c 1 12 1.625 1.75 c 5 9 .312 >2.0 7 c 2 9 •375 • 1.875 TREATMENT 1. On day 1 the solution was brushed onto the teeth with a paint brush and air dried for 2 minutes. There was no further treatment for duration of the test. 2. The teeth were brushed daily ■ wi.th the solution. 3. On day 1 the solution was brushed onto the teeth with a paint brush, air dried for 2 minutes. Thereafter the treated teeth were brushed daily with deionized water. h . On day 1 the solution was brushed onto the teeth with a paint brush, air dried for 2 minutes. Thereafter the treated teeth were brushed daily with a composition of 1$ by weight in deionized water. 5. The teeth were rinsed daily with lcc of the solution. Monkey 6 salivated excessively. Hence the single application of Solution C was rinsed away. However, when Solution C was later applied to the same monkey each day for 9 days it provided effective plaque control. Similar plaque control is achieved when the methanol employed in the solutions is removed or is replaced with a non-toxic alcohol such as ethanol.";- 9 - CLAIMS 1. A dentifrice composition which contains a quaternary ammonium organosiloxane having the formula wherein R is an alkoxy group having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms-,- R,2~ is an alkylene group having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms and 3 - 5 R , , RR aanndd RR5 aarree,, iinnddiivviidduuaallllyy,, aalllkyl groups of from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, .and X is an anion. 2. A dentifrice composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein X is selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine. 3. A dentifrice composition according to claim 2 wherein said composition contains at least about 0.05$ by weight of said quaternary ammonium organosiloxane. A dentifrice composition according to claim 3 wherein R 2 is methoxy, R is an alkylene group having from 1 to 10 3 carbon atoms, R is an alkyl group having from 10 to 20 5 carbon atoms, R and are, individually, methyl groups, and X is chlorine. A dentifrice composition according to claim k wherein R 3 is a propylene group and R is an octadecyl group. 6. The method of inhibiting plaque formation by contacting teeth with an effective amount of a dentifrice composition which contains a quaternary ammonium organosiloxane com¬ pound having the formula wherein R is an alkoxy group having from 1 to 5 carbon 2 atoms, R is an alkylene group having from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and R 3, R and R5 are, individually, alkyl groups •» of from 1 to 25 carbon atoms, and X is an anion. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein X is selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine. 1 2 8. The method of claim wherein R is methoxy, R is an 3 alkylene group having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, R is k an alkyl group having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms, R and R are, individually, methyl groups, and X is chlo¬ rine. 9- The method of claim 8 wherein R is a propylene group 3 and R is an octadecyl group. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein said teeth are contacted by a composition comprising at least about 0.05$ by weight of said quaternary ammonium organosiloxane compound.;ENGLE M, FLEUR L, LUCAS A, WEN R;MINNESOTA MINING & MFG, MINNESOTA MINING & MFG CO;1978
+WO-1979000455-A1;19790726.0;19781228;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25346019.0;A61K7;;A61K8, A61Q11;A61K   8/70, A61Q  11/00;COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR INHIBITING PLAQUE FORMATION;The object of the invention is to provide a dentrifice composition for inhibiting plaque formation on teeth. Said composition contains a compound having the formula (R<uf>u)<um>u YX wherein R<uf>u is a fluoroaliphatic radical having from about 4 to 16 carbon atoms, Y is a calcium-complexing moiety, X is a terminal group which does not interfere with the complexing ability of said calcium-complexing moiety, and m is an integer of at least one.;"Description Composition and Method for Inhibiting Plaque Formation Technical Field This invention relates to compositions and methods useful in inhibiting the growth of cariogenic bacteria and the formation of- plaque on teeth in an oral envi¬ ronment. Background Art The prevention of the formation of dental plaque is a highly desired result. Dental plaque results when cariogenic bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus Mutans) col¬ lect in colonies on the teeth and form a tenacious de¬ posit thereon. The presence of the bacteria and the deposits is extremely detrimental to the health of the teeth because if left unchecked they may cause infec¬ ted gingival tissue, the formation of dental caries and peridontal disease. In extrene cases they may ul¬ timately result in the loss of the teeth. Many attempts have been made to control the forma¬ tion of plaque. Thus, fluoride solutions and gels have been used. Such are typically performed in a dental office at periodic, but not frequent, intervals so as to render the tooth enamel more resistant to the acid action caused by plaque. Such treatments do not, however, result in plaque control for an extended per¬ iod of time. Even when the frequency of application of such so¬ lutions and gels is increased only partial control has been shown. For example, studies wherein a fluoride- containing solution (1% fluoride concentration) was ap¬ plied four to five times in the course of a year demon¬ strated only limited success. Moreover, the daily ap¬ plication of a fluoride gel by means of a custom-fitted polyvinyl mouthpiece for a period of 21 months also showed no substantial change in plaque formation among treated and untreated patients. See ""Clinical Anti- caries Effect of a Repeated Sodium Fluoride Application by Mouthpiece"", Journal of the American Dental Associa- tion, V . . 75, No. 3, September, 1967, pp. 638-644. Other attempts at inhibiting the formation of plaque have also been made. Thus British patent 1,319,247 de¬ scribes dental compositions which comprise a dental ve¬ hicle and a zinc, copper or zirconium complex of a fluorinated beta-diketone. These compounds are said to reduce the solubility of tooth enamel in the acids pro¬ duced by bacteria in the mouth. Disclosure of Invention The present invention provides a dentifrice composi- tion, substantially free from materials containing ++ ++ polyvalent metal elements (e.g. Ca , Mg , etc.) which contains a fluorochemical material having the formula (R £ t)mYX. In this formula R f is a fluoroaliphatic radical having from about 4 to 16 carbon atoms; Y is a calcium-complexing moiety which has a forma¬ tion constant in the range of about 0.5 to 8, wherein said calcium complexing moiety forms a complex struc¬ ture with calcium, which structure contains up to about 20 atoms in its backbone; X is a terminal group which does not interfere with the ability of said complexing moiety to form ' ;• said complex structure with calcium; and m is an integer of at least one. Preferably compositions of the present invention comprise at least about 0.05%- by weight, and most pre- ferably from about 0.1% to 1% by weight, of the fluoro- chemical compound. In another embodiment of the present invention there is provided a method for inhibiting plaque for¬ mation which comprises contacting teeth with an ef- fective amount of the above-described dentifrice compo¬ sition. As it is used throughout the specification, the term ""dentifrice"" refers to compositions for topical application to teeth. • Representative of such composi- tions are liquids (e.g. mouthwashes and rinses, etc.) and toothpastes (in the form of gels, powders or pastes) etc. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention The dentifrice compositions of the invention may be applied to teeth by a variety of techniques including, for example, painting or brushing, spraying, bathing and rinsing. Other means of application are also pos¬ sible and will be obvious to those skilled in the art as a result of this disclosure. Fluorochemical materials, useful in the invention have the formula set forth above. In this formula R f is a fluorinated, saturated, usually monovalent, ali¬ phatic radical. The , radicals are stable, inert, nonpolar moieties which can be both olephobic and hy- drophobic. They can be straight chain or branched chain radicals. Additionally, if the radicals are sufficiently large, they may be cyclic or combinations _0MPI__ of cyclic, branched and straight chain (e.g. alkyl- cycloaliphatic radicals) . The skeletal chain of the R f radical can include catenary oxygen and/or trivalent nitrogen hetero atoms bonded only to carbon atoms. Such hetero atoms provide stable linkages between fluorocarbon groups and do not interfere with the in¬ ert character of the radical. R_ has from about 4 to 16 (preferably from about 6 to 12) carbon atoms. Additionally the R f radical is preferably fully or substantially fully fluorinated. Thus the preferred R f radicals are perfluoroalkyl groups (e.g. C F_ .-i-)- Moreover, the terminal portion of the _e group preferably contains a -CF, group, and most preferably the terminal .portion also has at least three fully fluorinated carbon atoms (e.g. CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 -) . Generally the R f radical contains about 40-80 per¬ cent by weight (preferably 50-80 percent by weight) fluorine. As a result, the corresponding fluorochemi- cals contain from about 4 to 70 percent by weight fluorine. Complexing moieties (Y) useful in the present in¬ vention may be mono- or polyderitate. The fluorochemi- cals form complex (e.g. chelate) structures with cal- cium through the Y group. These complex structures may contain up to about 10 atoms in their backbone. Preferably they contain from about 5 to 6 members therein. Additionally, the calcium complexing moi¬ eties have a formation constant within a defined range. This constant is expressed in terms of log, 0 K. Useful calcium complexing moieties have a formation constant in the range of about 0.5 to 8. Values of more than 8 indicate very strong calcium chelators. Such chelators are undesirable because they decalcify the tooth (i.e. withdraw the calcium from the tooth) thereby weakening its resistance to disease and wear. The formation constant is based upon a complex formed between the fluoroche ical and an organic li- gand. The value is determined at about 25°C. and an ionic strength approaching 0 from the following: M + L t~== ML In these formulae [M] represents the concentration of the complexing agent; [L] represents the concentration of the organic ligand; and [ML] represents the concen¬ tration of the complex at equilibrium. The chelate structure formed between the fluoro- chemical and calcium of the tooth may be represented by the general structure: r wherein R f , Y, X and m are as described above. For purposes of discussion the Y group is hereinafter some¬ times represented by the formula -A-Z-A-. Thus struc¬ ture I_ may also be represented by - --C * -,a++ ' ~ - wherein each R f , R and m are as described above; each A is an electron donating moiety that may be the same or different and is selected from (i) hetero atoms se¬ lected from oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur, provided that when- A is nitrogen it is either a primary or sec¬ ondary nitrogen; and (ii) groups which contain said oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur hetero atoms; and Z is a connecting group which does not interfere with the for- mation of the chelate structure. Representative examples of useful A groups are ke- tone groups, hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, amino groups, sulfhydryl groups, thionogroups, thiologroups, mercapto groups, etc. Fluorochemicals which contain more than one of these A groups are also useful (e.g. hydroxy-carboxylic, sulfhydryl-carboxylic, sulfhydryl- thiolo, sulfhydryl thiono, amino-mercapto, etc.). Representative examples of useful Z groups include alkylene radicals containing from about 1 to 20 carbon atoms; and arylene radicals of from about 5 to 20 car¬ bons. Hetero atoms (e.g nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur) may appear in the Z groups. However they must not in¬ terfere with chelation of the calcium. Still other Y groups useful in the present inven- tion comprise quaternary nitrogen groups. These groups may be represented by the formula R 6 ΘN - R 5 wherein R 4 and R5 are methyl and R6 is -fCH p thW wherein b is an integer of from about 1 to 6 and is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl and Typically the quaternary nitrogen moieties are as¬ sociated with an anionic moiety. ex¬ amples of such anionic moieties -NO- (r). Still other anionic moieties are also useful O - as will be understood by those skilled in the art. X groups useful in the fluorochemical materials do not interfere with the ability of the Y group to form complex structures with calcium. Representative ex- amples of suitable X groups are hetero atoms such as hydrogen and alkali metals (e.g. potassium and sodium) , alkyl radicals, especially those containing from about 1-4 carbons, carboxyl and sulfonate radicals, aryl radicals (e.g. those- containing from about 5 to 6 car¬ bon atoms), ammonium radicals and heteroatoms. In an alternative embodiment of the present inven¬ tion the fluorochemical material may be represented by the formula (R f ) QYZ wherein R f , Y, X and m are each as described above and wherein Q is a polyvalent (i.e. at least divalent) linking group through which R^ and Y are bonded together. Representative examples of use¬ ful Q groups include polyvalent aliphatic; polyvalent aromatic, oxy, thio, carbonyl, sulfone, sulfoxy, imino, and combinations thereof such as oxyalkylene, iminoal- kylene, iminoarylene, sulfonamideo, carbonamido, sul- fonamidoalkylene, carbonamidoalkylene, urethane, etc. Representative examples of polyvalent aliphatic Q groups include -CH 2 -CH 2 ~ and -CH 2 C (CP 2 0) 2 ~. Repre¬ sentative examples of polyvalent aromatic Q groups in- elude Representative examples of imino Q groups include -NH- and -N(C„H 5 )-. Representative of suitable urethane Q groups include -CH 2 CH 2 OCONH- and , _O PI_ Specific examples of fluorochemical materials which conform to the formulae described previously are set forth in Table 1. The specific formula and the portion of each material attributable to each element of the generic formula are given. TABLE 1 SPECIFIC FORMULA C Q F 1 [C 8 F [C 8 F TABLE 1 (continued) SPECIFIC FORMULA R * Q C 8 F 17 S0 2 (CH 2 ) 10 COOH •SO. ■ tl(CH 2 ) 10 • C S-0 C 8 F 17 CQF 17 SO 2 N(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 CO 2 H(COCH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N 0 2 - -H(H0CH 2 CH 2 ) 3 N C 8 F 17 SO, -N(C 2 H 5 )CH 2 C Other ingredients may also be added to the compo¬ sitions of the present invention. Thus, for example, prophylactic agents, polishing agents, surfactants, flavoring and sweetening agents, thickening agents and humectants may be included using techniques which are known to the art. Such other ingredients must be substantially free of polyvalent metal (e.g. calcium, magnesium, etc.). The presence of such "" metals in these ingredients pre- vents the compositions of the invention from exhibit¬ ing the desired control over cariogenic bacteria and plaque formation. While the reason for this is not fully understood, it is believed that these metals interact with the fluorochemical materials before ap- plication of the composition to teeth thereby prevent¬ ing them from interacting with the calcium of the teeth. Thus while these ingredients may contain a minor amount of polyvalent metal, the total amount of such ions present must not prevent the fluorochemical materials from interacting with the teeth. Preferably these other ingredients are completely free from any polyvalent metal. Representative prophylactic agents include supple¬ mental caries-preventing materials such as sodium flu- oride, stannous fluoride, potassium fluoride, hexyl- amine hydrofluoride, myristylamine hydrofluoride, be- taine fluoride, glycine potassium fluoride, etc. A particularly preferred fluoride is sodium fluoride. Typically the prophylactic agents are present in suf- ficient concentration so as to provide an available fluoride ion concentration of up to about 2% by weight, and preferably in the range- of about 0.5-2% by weight, of the dentifrice composition. Suitable polishing agents include, for example, water-impervious cross! inked thermosetting resins such as the condensation products of melamine and urea with formaldehyde. Other suitable polishing agents will be obvious to those skilled in the art as a result of this disclosure. Preferably the polishing agent is not so abrasive so as to scratch or unduly abrade the surface or the dentin. Rather it only cleans the tooth surface. The polishing agents may comprise up to 95% by weight of the dentifrice composition. Surfactants may also be employed in compositions of the invention. Suitable surfactants include, for example, detergent materials and are preferably non- ionic. Representative examples of useful surfactants include lauric onoethanol ami de , 1 aur c-myristic mono- ethanolamide, ricinoleic al kanol mides , fatty acid al kanolamides (e.g., coconut diethanolamide) , lauryl . dimethyl amine oxide, glycerol monolaurate, glycerol monostearate, pentaerythri tol monooleate, sorbitan monooleate, ethoxylated castor oil, nonyl phenol ethoxolate, etc. The surfactants typically comprise up to about 5% by weight of the dentifrice composition. Suitable flavoring and sweetening agents which may be employed in compositions of the invention include, for example, the oils of wintergreen, peppermint, spearmint, sassafras and anise. Additionally small amounts of sweetening agents such as saccharin, dex¬ trose, levulose, etc. may also be added to such compositions. These flavoring and sweetening agents may comprise up to about 5% by weight of the denti¬ frice composition. Suitable gelling or thickening agents which may be employed in compositions of the present invention in¬ clude, for example, natural gums such as gum karaya, gum arabic and gum tragacanth; and finely divided silica. Such thickening agents may comprise up to about 5% by weight of the dentifrice composition. Suitable humectants which may be employed in compo¬ sitions of the invention include glycerine, sorbitol, and other polyhydric alcohols. The humectants may com¬ prise up to about 35% by weight of the dentifrice com¬ position. The effectiveness of the present invention in inhib- iting the growth of plaque was demonstrated by both in vitro and in vivo tests. These tests are described more fully in the following examples. Example 1 In vitro tests were performed on plaque-free bovine teeth. The teeth were dipped into a composition of the invention for 30 minutes and then air dried for 30 min¬ utes. Untreated teeth were used as controls. The treated and untreated teeth were then suspended in tubes of a test media comprising 18 milliliters of ac- tinomyces broth, 2 milliliters of a 20% aqueous su¬ crose solution and 0.2 milliliters of a 24 hour viable culture of Streptococcus utans. The teeth and test tubes were incubated at 37°C. for 24 hours, after which the teeth were transferred to new test tubes of fresh test media and again incubated at 37°C. for 24 hours. The procedure was repeated for three days or until attachment of plaque to the control teeth was noted. The compositions used to treat the teeth comprised 1% by weight fluorochemical and 99%. by weight deionized water. Compositions containing the following fluoro- chemicals, each of which had a formation constant in the range of about 0.5 to 8, were found to prevent the formation of plaque in this test: C 8 F 17 SO 2 - -CH 2 COOH Et [C 8 F 1 ) 2 ]N0Θ 3 Example 2 In vivo tests were performed on Rhesus Monkeys. Each monkey received a complete dental prophylaxis wherein their teeth were ul trasonically cleaned and then polished using a soft rubber prophylaxis cup and standard pumice-filled prophylaxis paste. The test compounds were applied to the upper central and medial incisors of each monkey by brushing about 0.5 cc. of a solution of the fl uorochemical material in deionized water and allowing the teeth to air dry for about 30 seconds. Various concentrations of the fluoroche - icals were employed in the solutions tested. The lower central and medial incisors of the monkeys served as control teeth. Except for the initial dental prophylaxis, the control teeth received no treatment during the tests-. The teeth were observed for up to 14 days to determine the effect of the treatment upon the formation of plaque. The monkeys were fed twice a day with a diet which encouraged plaque formation. Each feeding consisted of about 135 grams of Purina R New World Monkey Chow R which had been softened with 200 grams distilled water and to which had been added 118 grams of sugar. The - R 3 Monkey Chow is commercially available from Ralston Purina Co. It has a guaranteed analysis of: Crude protein not less than 25.0% Crude' fat not less than 5.0% Crude fiber not more than 3.5% 0 Added minerals not more than 3.0% Ash not more than 6.0% The ingredients in the Monkey Chow were ground yellow corn, soybean meal, ground wheat, corn gluten meal, dried skimmed milk, animal fat preserved with BHA, su- 5 crose, brewers' dried yeast, salt, dehydrated alfalfa meal, vitamin B,„ supplement, riboflavin supplement, calcium pantothenate, niacin, choline chloride, men- adione sodium bisulfite (source of vitamin K activity) , folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, thia in, ascor- 0 bic acid, vitamin A supplement, D activated animal sterol (source of vitamin D~), vitamin E supplement, "" iron oxide, iron sulfate, manganese sulfate, calcium iodate, calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate, man- ganous oxide, copper oxide, cobalt carbonate and zinc 5 oxide. The effectiveness of plaque inhibition in this test was measured by means of a plaque index number. The plaque index was determined by applying Erythrosine B dye (further identified as FD&C Red dye #3, Color In- Q dex No. 45430) to the teeth. This dye stains plaque but not tooth enamel. The stained plaque was visually observed and assigned a number using the following scale. PLAQUE SCALE 0 No plaque 0 , . 25 Light plaque covering about 1/4 of tooth surface 0. , 5 Light plaque covering about 1/2 of tooth surface 0. , 75 Light plaque covering about 3/4 of tooth surface 1 . , 0 Light plaque covering entire tooth surface 1 . . 25 Heavy plaque on 1/4 of tooth surface, light plaque on remainder 1.50 Heavy plaque on 1/2 of tooth surface, light plaque on remainder 1.75 Heavy plaque on 3/4 of tooth surface, light plaque on remai nder 2.0 Heavy plaque on entire tooth surface The teeth were stained and observed visually periodi¬ cally throughout the test. The ratings were average to form the reported plaque index. The results of these tests are set forth in Table The fluoro- chemical materials employed were [C 8 F 1 ) 2 ]N0 Θ 3 [CgF n 2 ]H,P0 Θ CgF 17 S0 2 (C 2 H 5 )CH 2 C0 2 H (H0CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 N TABLE 2 FLUORO¬ PLAQUE CONCEN¬ TEST INDEX CHEMICAL APPLICATION TRATION LENGTH , TREATED CONTROL MONKEY MATERIAL METHOD ( t. %) (Days) TEETH TEETH 1 A * 2 14 0.25 1.687 2 A * 1 14 0.125 1.375 3 A * 0. 5 14 0.125 3.437 4 A * 0. 25 14 0.50 1.375 5 A * 0. 125 14 0.666 2.50 10 1 A ** 1 13 0.35 1.15 1 A ** 1 8 0.333 1.75 6 , A ** 1 10 0.375 1.31 7 A ** 1 10 0.187 1.56 8 A ** 1 12 0.4 1.35 9 A ** 1 8 0.166 2.0 1 B * 1 14 0.70 1.60 6 B * 1 8 0.5 2.0 7 B * 1 8 0.208 1.50 10 B * 1 10 0.125 1.3125 2 C * 1 10 0 1.125 2 C * 1 14 0.1 1.35 TABLE 2 (continued) FLUORO¬ CONCEN¬ TEST PLAQUE INDEX CHEMICAL APPLICATION TRATION LENGTH TREATED CONTROL MONKEY I MATERIAL METHOD ( t. &) (Days) TEETH TEETH 10 C * 1 14 0.416 1.58 4 D * 1 14 1.083 1.875 11 D * 1 13 0.11 1.39 12 E * 1 10 0 1.00 Application Techniques * Daily brushing with fluorochemical solution ** Daily rinsing with fluorochemical solution * -* I";"Claims 1. A dentifrice composition, substantially -free from polyvalent metal, which composition contains a fluorochemical compound having the formula (R f ) YX wherein R is a fluoroaliphatic radical having from about 4 to 16 carbon atoms; Y is a calcium-complexing moiety which has a formation constant in the range of about 0.5 to 8, wherein said calcium complexing moiety forms a complex structure with calcium, which structure contains up to about 20 atoms in its backbone; X is a terminal group which does not inter¬ fere with the ability of said calcium complexing moiety to form said complex structure with calcium; and m is an integer of at least one. 2. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said fluorochemical comprises at least about 0.05% by weight of said composition. 3. A composition in accordance with claim 2 wherein R f comprises perfluoroalkyl groups. 4. A composition in accordance with claim 3 wherein laid fiuόr&ehemical forms a chelate structure with 5. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein Y comprises a quaternary nitrogen group. 6. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl radicals containing from about 1 to 4 carbon atoms, carboxyl radicals, sulfonate radicals, aryl radi- cals containing from about 5 to 6 carbon atoms and heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkali metals. 7. A composition in accordance with claim 1 wherein said fluorochemical has the formula CoFl,_/S0 ΔNjCH 2.COOM C 2 H 5 wherein M is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkali metal and ammonium radicals. 8. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said fluorochemical has the formula 9. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said fluorochemical has the formula C 7 F lc CCH C- 0 O 10. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said fluorochemical compound has the formula (R f ) QYX wherein Q is a polyvalent linking group through which R- and Y are bonded together and which does not interfere with the calcium-complexing ability of Y. 11. The method of inhibiting plaque formation compris¬ ing contacting teeth, in an oral environment, with an effective amount of a dentifrice composition, substantially free from polyvalent metal ions, which composition contains a fluorochemical com¬ pound having the formula (R f ) YX wherein R f is a fluoroaliphatic radical having from about 4 to 16 carbon atoms; Y is a calcium-complexing moiety which has a formation constant in the range of about 0.5 to 8, wherein said calcium-complexing moiety forms a complex structure with calcium, which structure contains up to about 20 atoms in its backbone; X is a terminal group which does not.inter- fere with the ability of said calcium complexing moiety to form a complex with calcium; and m is an integer of at least 1.";CHANG R, ENGLE M, FLEUR L;MINNESOTA MINING & MFG, MINNESOTA MINING & MFG CO;1978
+WO-1979000458-A1;19790726.0;19781017;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;4007909.0;A01K29;;A01K1;A01K   1/01B1;DOG'S SANITARY BOX;An animal toilet including a cabinet (1) adapted to be made from different materials including a sloping flour (2) and a drain (3) for removing waste. The floor (2) is covered by removable iron bars (4). The cabinet (1) has side walks (9) provided with depressions (19) that serve as shelves. Suitable piping (12), (13) is mounted on the cabinet (1) providing hot water and cold water, respectively. A small post (21) is positioned in the cabinet for attracting an animal into the same.;"-DOG'S SANITARYBOX TITLE OF INVENTION Descriptive report of invention of patent of ""DOG'S SANITARY BOX"". The present invention concerns a dog's pre-manufactured box of fiber glass, plastic, stainless steel, enamel melted iron, plastic recovered, - of brick with internal and external walls built with internal and external -walls built with tiles or ceramic or even yet with some other adequated materials, trying to solve definitively the prlblem envolving the excrements of dog's which are daily deposited on the street walking side, squares and other public places, mainly on the beaches, gardens - and even in the apartments service areas, garages and residences, which change the salutar habits of walking or strolling in a constant worry of ""observing and looking the street's ground"". This fact doesn't only disturbs us as it also constitutes a case of public health, once that the dog's excrements are transmissors agents of verminousis and other - equally contact and undesirable diseases, the above mentioned dog's sanitary boxes, can be correctly installed inside the apartments, building common areas, garages, residences, life save areas, gardens, squares, considerably reduced the excrements quantity with its negative load of contagious diseases and with all sorts of inconveniences - resulting of this ambiental polution. Dogs are, save few exceptions, cleavers and they do rapidly assimilate new systems and habits in order to satisfy their phisiological needs. By the drawings, in Figure 1, dog's sanitary boxes can be seen as a drawing and in Figure 2, a cut in a longitudinal vertical position. - As one can deduce by looking at the two Figures, the sanitary box is made out of a cabinet (1) of brick material which has its internal and exterior parts covered with vitrified tiles, or, manufactured or in a pre-manufactured fiber glass welding, plastic or steel plate, or by OMPI /»_,__ WIPO any other suitable material, a self siphoned circulated basin (2 _ 3) which has as floor melted iron or other kind of material which is recovered by one or more bars (4) even of iron, which can be removed, articulated in a hinge joint leaded (5) and hplden on supports (6) and - (7) presenting an opening properly connected with the sewerage (3) of the basin (2) in order to rely on them, dogs in the act of making their phisiological needs, the excrements will reach the sewerage without touching them. On the walls (9) of adequated thickness is located the connection of pipping (10) with water net of the area in - which the box will be built, and the ramifications (11) referring to the exits for adaptations of small showers of hot water (12) , and cold water (13) connected to plastic hose (14) of proper lenght, and also a general water register and a discharge box (16) and its starting botton (16a) with pipping (17) of discharge valve hydraulic-basin (2) - the set is integrated by a register (18) for a siphon (3) with view in case of obstruction by things occasionally dropped in. The cabinet walls will have depressions (19) with shalves, making small and useful closets in order to keep bath articles, medicines and other equipage (5). The set is completed by a system of sanfonated curtains - (20) and also an independent element, representing a small post or a water tap miniature or even a trunk tree (21) which will function as a motivation for the male animals for urinating, since female dogs do not need such an estimulation. These pre-manufactured cabinets are built on the planned areas, in the building projects, on which foreseen - pipping of water and sewerage feeding can be installed, or in buildings already built or under construction, will be build or installed in the service areas near to sinks for clothes' washing or maid's W.C., in order to use the already existing pipping. In houses, garages, basements, public and private gardens, in service areas of apartments - buildings under construction, or already built, it can be installed two or more boxes in order to serve as public or collective sanitary .C. for the dogs which live in the building.";"C A I M S 1 - ""DOG'S SANITARY BOX"" is characterized by having pre-manufactured cabinets or having them built on the chosen area, having as floor a self-siphoned basin with sewerage, which is recovered - by removable iron bars, provided with an opening coinciding with the basin connected with the sewerage and having walls provided with depressions with shalves, composing closets to keep hygienic articles or dogs' medicines, also integrated with pipping connection for water and sewerage distribution net. - 2 - ""DOG'S SANITARY BOX"", comprehending all details included on the claim 1, and being characterized by presenting a finishing, sanfonated curtains and also internally having: water discharge box connected with a floor basin, and registers for adaptations for corresponding hoses which correspond to small showers - of hot and cold water, being the whole ' set integrated by an element reproducing the characteristics of a post miniature, water tap made out of metal or plastic, or even a trunk tree for motivating male animals. OMPI";MARTI R;MARTI R;1978
+WO-1979000475-A1;19790726.0;19781120;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25348721.0;C07G7;G01N31;C12N9, C12Q1, G01N33;C12N   9/16, G01N  33/573;PROSTATIC CANCER DETECTION;An immunochemical method for detecting prostatic acid phosphatases has been developed which is useful in clinical laboratory testing for prostate cancer and in enzyme and protein determinations. An isoenzymatically homogeneous prostatic acid phosphatase antigen is prepared by isolating purified acid phosphatase from cancerous human prostate tissue. The antigen stimulates the production of diagnostic antibodies which are highly specific, do not cross-react with other acid phosphatase isoenzymes and can be used in countercurrent immuno-electrophoresis (showing a sensitivity of 0.4 I.U. of enzyme activity or 20 ng/ml enzyme protein) and in a solid phase fluorescent immunoassay (showing a sensitivity of 60 pg/ml enzyme protein with excitation of the alpha-naphthol hydrolysis product at 340 nm and emission at 465 nm) with no false positives and few false negatives in diagnosing cancer of the prostate.;"PROSTATIC CANCER DETECTION DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This application is a continuation-in-part of copending, commonly assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 866,918 filed January 4, 1978. This invention was supported in part by Grants No. CA-15126, CA-15437 and CB-43977 from the National Cancer Institute, U.S. Public Health Service. Technical Field This invention relates to a diagnostic reagent and method for the immunochemical detection of serum prostatic acid phosphatase. More particularly, this invention relates to a purified isoenzyme antigen and antibodies specific thereto which are suitable for use in prostatic cancer detection by laboratory methods. Background Art Acid phosphatases are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing phosphate monoesters in an acid medium at around pH 5. Human acid phosphatases are normally found in virtually all human tissues, e.g., the prostate, bladde'r, kidney, liver, spleen, platelets, erythrocytes brain, bone marrow, lung, intestine and testicles. Originally believed to be a single enzyme, human acid phosphatases all share the common enzymatic property of hydrolyzing phosphate esters in an acid medium but are now known to exist in a plurality of at least fifty biochemically distinct forms. For example, erythrocyte acid phosphatase is a protein having a molecular weight of about 20,000 daltons while prostate acid phosphatase is a glycoprotein having a molecular weight of about 100,000 daltons and which, in samples extracted from cancerous prostate tissue, exists in at least eight electrophoretically separable isoenzy e forms as recently reported by Chu et al. in Cancer Treatment Reports 6_1: 193 (1977) , the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. The elevation of serum acid phosphatase activity in patients having metastasized prostate carcinoma was first reported by Gutman et al. in J. Clin. Invest. _l_ι 473 (1938). In cancer of the prostate, prostatic acid phosphatase is released from the cancer tissue into the blood stream with ' the result that the total serum acid phosphatase level greatly increases above normal values. Numerous studies of - this enzyme and its relation to prostatic cancer have been made since that time, e.g., see the review by Yam in A er. J. Med. 5j5: 604 (1974). However, the measurement of serum acid phosphatase by conventional spectrophotometric methods often fails to detect prostatic cancer in its early stages. In general, the activity of serum acid phosphatase is elevated in about 65-90% of patients having carcinoma of the prostate with bone metastasis; in about 30% of patients without roentgenological evidence of bone metastasis; and in about only 5-10% of patients lacking clinically demonstrable metastasis. Shinowara et al. reported a method for determining serum acid phosphatase in J. Biol. Chem. 142: 921 (1942) which employs glycerophosphate as the enzyme substrate and spectrophotometrically measures the product of enzyme reaction, phosphate ion, as a colored phosphomolybdate complex. Since serum normally contains an appreciable quantity of phosphate ions and that released by the acid phosphatase is small in relation thereto, it is necessary to carry out a blank determination of normal serum phosphate content for each sample being tested and to carefully determine the difference in total phosphate content between the blank control and the actual test containing additional enzyme-released phosphate. Babson, U.S. Patent 3,002,893, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, describes a method for determining serum acid phosphatase which employs the buffered salt of an alpha-naphthyl phosphate as the enzyme substrate. While initially believed specific for the detection of acid phosphatase released by the prostate gland, subsequent investigators have reported difficulties in realizing this objective. For example, fairly cumbersome inhibition techniques, e.g., with tartrate or formalin, must generally be' employed to satisfactorily mask interfering activity of erythrocyte acid phosphatase. Furthermore, this substrate has about the same activity for platelet acid phosphatase as for prostatic acid phosphatase, which cannot be eliminated by the use of such inhibition techniques. Roy et al., U.S. Patent 3,823,071, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein, describes the use of water-soluble metal salts of thymolphthalein monophosphate as substrates which exhibit improved specificity in comparison with beta-glycerolphosphate and alpha-naphthylphosphate in the detection of prostatic acid phosphatase. However, Ewen et al. have reported in Clin. Chem. ^22: 627 (1976) that thymolphthalein monophosphate is a non-specific substrate for prostatic acid phosphatase, cross-reacting with a large number of other acid phosphatases. The aforementioned attempts to develop a specific test for prostatic acid phosphatase have met with only limited success because techniques which rely on enzyme activity on a so-called ""specific"" substrate cannot take into account other biochemical and immunochemical differences among the many acid phosphatases which are unrelated to enzyme activity of prostate origin. In the case of isoenzymes, i.e. genetically defined enzymes having the same characteristic enzyme activity and a similar molecular structure but differing in amino acid sequences and/or content and therefore immunochemically distinguishable, it would appear inherently impossible to distinguish different isoenzy e forms merely by the choice of a particular substrate. It is therefore not surprising that none of these prior art methods is highly specific for the direct determination of prostatic acid phosphatase activity; e.g. see Cancer 5_: 236 (1952); J. Lab. Clin. Med. 2: 486 (1973); Clin. Chem. Acta. 44: 21 (1973); and J. Physiol. Chem. 56. 1775 (1975). In addition to the aforementioned problems of non-specificity which appear to be inherent in many of the prior art reagents employed for the detection of prostate acid phosphatase, there have been reports of elevated serum acid phosphatase associated with other diseases, which further complicates the problem of obtaining an accurate clinical diagnosis of prostatic cancer. For example, Tuchman et al. in Am. J. Med. 2__ι 959 (1959) have noted that serum acid phosphatase levels appear to be elevated in patients with Gaucher's disease. Due to the inherent difficulties in developing a ""specific"" substrate for prostate acid phosphatase, several researchers have developed immunochemical methods for the detection of prostate acid phosphatase. However, the previously reported immunochemical methods have drawbacks of their own which have precluded their widespread acceptance. For example, Shulman et al., in Immunology 9_3: 474 (1964) described an immunodiffusion test for the detection of human prostate acid phosphatase. Using antisera prepared from a prostatic fluid antigen obtained by rectal massage from patients with prostatic disease, no cross-reactivity precipitin line was observed in the double diffusion technique against extracts of normal kidney, testicle, liver and lung. However, this method has the disadvantages of limited sensitivity, even with the large amounts of antigen employed, and of employing antisera which may cross-react with other, antigenically unrelated serum protein components present in prostatic fluid. Foti et al. reported in Cancer Research ^5: 2446 (1975) the use of radioimmunoassay (RIA) techniques for measuring serum acid phosphatase. Using a similarly obtained prostatic fluid antigen for the production of antisera, preliminary clinical trials showed that patients having advanced prostatic cancer exhibited elevated acid phosphatase levels. The RIA technique is extremely sensitive, but takes several days to perform and requires sophisticated equipment and highly trained personnel. This method has the further inherent disadvantages of a short useful shelf life of only about one month for the reagents employed due to the brief half-life of radioactive iodine 125 and of a false positive rate of about 14% as reported recently in Clin. Chem. ___ .- 95-99 (1977). Thus, there is still a need for simple, reliable, sensitive and specific reagents and techniques to measure prostatic acid phosphatase with acceptable diagnostic accuracy and without the aforementioned difficulties of the "" prior art. The present, invention fills such needs. Disclosure of the Invention It is a general object of the present invention to provide an improved diagnostic reagent suitable for the immunochemically specific detection of cancerous prostatic serum phosphatase isoenzyme patterns. Another object of this invention is to provide a rapid and simple method for the early detection of prostatic cancer. A further object of the present invention is to provide a highly specific and sensitive immunochemical technique and reagents useful in the early detection of prostatic cancer An additional object of this invention is to provid an immunochemical test and kit for the early detection of prostatic cancer. Upon further study of the specification and appended claims, other objects, features and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Briefly, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention are attained in one aspect thereof by providing immunoprecipitating antisera which are highly specific to cancerous prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme patterns and which do not immunochemically cross-react with acid phosphatases originating from other tissues. In a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an immunochemical method for the detection of cancerous prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme patterns which exhibits high sensitivity, good specificity and substantially no false positive results in the detection of prostatic cancer. According to the present invention, antigenic preparations from cancerous human prostate tissue or fluid are purified to obtain a purified prostatic acid phosphatase preparation consisting essentially of the isoenzymes associated with prostatic cancer. These antigenic preparations are employed for immune-logical vaccination and diagnostic procedures, particularly for immunoprecipitin testing. While not wishing to be bound by any theory of the present invention, it is postulated herein that greatly improved antigenic preparations are obtainable by isolating and purifying prostatic acid phosphatase from cancerous human prostate, so that the characteristic isoenzyme pattern thereof corresponds to that associated with carcinoma of the prostate rather than the isoenzyme pattern of normal prostate tissue or fluid, which have generally been employed in the prior art. Furthermore, it has now been found that the human prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzymes associated with prostatic cancer appear to have different sites for antibody binding and for enzyme activity. Therefore, immunoprecipitin antigen-antibody complexes such as are obtained in immunoelectrophoresis continue to exhibit the enzyme activity characteristic of prostatic acid phosphatases so that a combination of immunological and enzymatic techniques can now be applied for the detection of acid phosphatases, thereby greatly enhancing the combined sensitivity and specificity of previous methods. This is the basis for the development of both the counterimmuno- electrophoresis technique as well as the solid-phase fluorescent immunoassay of this clinically important enzyme. Anti-prostatic acid phosphatase not only separates prostatic acid phosphatase from other phosphatases and serum proteins, but also stabilizes the enzyme. Subsequently, the activity of prostatic acid phosphatase is measured by the hydrolytiσ product, which can be quantitated with great sensitivity. Preferably, either the prostatic acid phosphatase substrate or its corresponding hydrolytic product is fluorogenic, so that the enzyme activity can be readily determined with great sensitivity by spectrofluorometric techniques. Suitable such substrates are well known in the art and described, e.g. by M. Roch in ""Fluorometric Assay of Enzymes"" appearing in Methods of Biochemical Analysis 7: 189 - 285 (1969) and by Lowry et al. in ""A Flexible System of Enzymatic Analysis"" published in New York by Academic Press, Inc. (1972) , the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. Presently preferred are substrates whose hydrolytic products are chromogenic while the unhydrolyzed substrate is not. Such compounds are likewise well known in the art and include but are not limited to alpha-naphthyl phosphate; beta-naphthyl phosphate; 4-methyl-umbelliferyl phosphate; and 6-bromo- 2-hydroxy-3-naphtholyl-o-anisidine phosphoric acid. Human prostatic . carcinoma tissues are minced, homogenized, dialyzed and concentrated using conventiona tissue extraction techniques. The crude extract i separated from extraneous water-insoluble cellular material and other proteins and then precipitated, e.g. b salting out such as with ammonium sulphate. Preferably, the partially purified isoenzymes are passed through phosphorylated * ion exchange column to increase th specific activity of the prostatic acid phosphatases. Th activated enzyme is dialyzed and acid phosphatase elute in a major and minor fraction, with the major fractio (having greater specific enzyme activity) being subjecte to further purification, e.g. by gel chromatography. The molecular weight of prostatic acid phosphatase ha been determined to be around 100,000. The other protei component, with a molecular weight of around 65,000 daltons, was not included in the, present study. Becaus acid phosphatase is biochemically a glycoprotein, one ca alternatively use an initial affinity chromatography, e.g. of Con A-Sepharose, for its purification. Subsequen chromatographies on a DEAE ion-exchange column an Sephadex G-100 gel filtrations result in a homogeneous protein preparation exhibiting acid phosphatase activity. This purified protein preparation was used for Experiment 11-24 in this study. For the _ preparation of immunogens suitable for preparing diagnostic antibodies against the carcinoma- associated isoenzyme pattern in laboratory animals, conventional vaccine preparation techniques can be used. Preferably a non-antigenic adjuvant, e.g. alum, Freund's complete adjuvant, saponin, a quaternary ammoniu surfactant, an alkyl amine, etc. is admixed with th purified isoenzyme proteins in a suitable immunologicall acceptable, non-antigenic carrier and the resultan mixture can be sterilized, e.g. by filtration. The vaccine can be administered parenterally followin regimens already known for immunization with other proteins to stimulate the formation of immunoprecipitating antibodies, with the primary inoculation being preferably followed up by at least one additional injection one to ten weeks later. Good results have been obtained in rabbits using four booster injections at two week intervals one month after the primary immunization. The protein content per injection in rabbits, goats and other mammals can be varied, but is generally about 100 micrograms of protein per kg. of body weight. The antibodies can be collected and worked up using methods well known to those skilled in the art of immunochemistry, and provide a useful reagent for the immunological detection of prostatic acid phosphatase cancerous isoenzyme patterns in a variety of immunochemical procedures, e.g., immunoprecipitin, fluorescent antibody, serum neutralization, etc. Such antibodies are useful as a control reagent in the diagnostic test for prostatic cancer described more particularly below. While in principle applicable to a variety of immunological tests currently in use "" , immunoprecipitin and fluorogenic tests represent a presently preferred embodiment and accordingly will be discussed in detail. The simplest immunoprecipitin test involves capillary tube precipitin testing, wherein separate antibody and antigen solutions are allowed to react at a common interface in a capillary tube and a positive reaction is indicated by the formation of a precipitate at the interface. This method is relatively insensitive and inaccurate due, inter alia, to unavoidable diffusion of the two solutions across the interface, and furthermore the final test results cannot be preserved. Agar gel diffusion is the simplest method which avoids these drawbacks. A solution of the antigen (or serum sample) is placed in a central well punched in a continuous agar gel and appropriate dilutions of the serum containing antibodies thereto are placed in wells concentrically surrounding the center well. A positive reaction is noted by the formation of the precipitin lin between one or more of the concentric wells and th central well. This method is relatively insensitive an fairly slow, requiring 1 to 4 days to read the tes results. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) , e.g. radioimmunoprecipiti tests, are extremely sensitive (by several orders o magnitude over older methods) but take several days t perform and require sophisticated equipment and highl trained personnel not always widely available. Countercurrent electrophoresis is a widely use immunoprecipitin method which takes only about an hour t perform and which is considerably more sensitive than aga gel diffusion. Reactive components are placed in opposin wells cut into an agar gel and a small electrical curren applied thereto, causing both the antigen and the antibod to migrate towards each other. While almost al immunoelectrophoresis is conducted at an alkaline pH of a least 8, it has been found that prostatic cance isoenzymes used in the present invention becom irreversibly denatured at this pH and must be run at. a p of less than 7.0, preferably 6.5 or lower. At pH 6.5 purified prostatic acid phosphatase moves towards th anode, while purified rabbit IgG moves towards th cathode. Therefore, by placing acid • phosphatase in th cathodic well at the cathodic side and rabbit antisera i the anodic well, the enzyme and its antibody meet betwee the wells during electrophoresis. A positive reaction i indicated by the formation of a precipitate at th antigen-antibody interface. Since this test method i reasonably reliable, readily available and inexpensive, i represents the presently preferred embodiment of thi aspect of the present invention. For purposes of immunoelectrophoresis testing, th diagnostic antibody preparation of the present inventio when used without purification is generally diluted wit phosphate buffered saline in a volume ratio of 1:10 t 1:500, generally 1:50 to 1:250, depending on the antibody titer thereof. The limiting factor at the lower end of the range is the degree of distinction achieved in the precipitin lines, which is a function of the antibody content in the total protein present. Purified antibody preparations can of course have lower total protein concentrations, and the protein content of even the unpurified preparations can be varied to sϋϊt the particular immunochemical test to be employed, the optimal amounts being determined, e.g. by testing simple serial dilutions. In a preferred, further aspect of the present invention, circulating prostatic acid phosphatase can now be detected at the nanogram level by immunochemical techniques, preferably by protein staining . of the antibody-enzyme precipitin complex. Using the aforementioned antisera specific to prostatic "" acid phosphatase and coupling this with a conventional staining reagent to detect enzyme activity of the antigen-antibody complex, it is now possible to immunochemically separate the specific prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme pattern associated with prostate cancer from a serum sample and to detect it by the enzyme activity thereof. The antigen-antibody complex can be stained by a number of known histoche ical staining techniques, e.g. fluorescent antibody, thymolphthalein monophosphate, napthyl phosphates, phosphoric acids, etc. to increase the sensitivity of this method to 10-20 ng/ml of prostatic acid phosphatase protein, which is comparable to that obtained in r ioimmunoassay techniques. Alternatively, one can use radioactive antibody for the assay, which not only provides a better quantitative value but may also further increase the sensitivity of the assay. If desired, a second enzyme, e.g. beta-galactosidase, can be coupled with purified prostatic acid phosphatase antibodies for use in an enzyme-linked immunoassay, e.g. using techniques analagous to those described by Kato et al. in J. Immunol. 116: 1554 (1976) , the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. In order to c >nserve diagnostic antibodies against the isoenzyme pattern of prostatic acid phosphatase which is associated with prostatic cancer, it is preferable to bind these antibodies onto a water-insoluble support for use in the enzyme assay. Many suitable such supports and techniques for binding proteins thereto are well known in the art and include inorganic as well as organic supports. Presently preferred are those water-insoluble supports which can be activated with a cyanogen halide, preferably cyanogen bromide, prior to the covalent bonding of the antibodies thereto, e.g. as taught by Axen et al. in U.S. Patent 3,645,852, the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein. The presently preferred solid-phase fluorescent * immunoassay technique for human- prostatic acid phosphatase employs this further advantage and primarily involves the immunological specificity of prostatic acid phosphatase and the inherent fluorescent property of alpha-naphthol, the enzyme hydrolysis product of prostatic acid phosphatase. Unlike other - sensitive immunoassay techniques, such as the enzyme-linked immunoassay or the double antibody radioimmunoassay, this technique does not require the application of a second enzyme or antibody. Further, the quantitation of prostatic acid phosphatase in this assay is based upon the catalytic activity of the enzyme and therefore differs from that of radioimmunoassay, which measures the mass of the enzyme protein. The specificity of this assay is provided by the antiprostatic acid phosphatase, raised against the purified enzyme from the prostate, which specifically binds the prostatic acid phosphatase; the assay is further characterized by the fluorescence of enzyme hydrolysis product, which permits quantitation with a very sensitive spectrophotofluorometric technique. It therefore combines an immunological and biochemical as well as a chemical approach to enzyme quantitation. ^&VR ( __0M >- WΪP The sensitivity of this solid-phase immunofluorescent assay for prostatic acid phosphatase is 60 pg/ml of serum under the experimental protocol described. If a greater sensitivity is .needed, it can be accomplished by increasing the volume of specimen assayed. The sensitivities of the counter immunoelectrophoresis and the ra ioimmunoassay techniques are 20 and 10 ng/ml, respectively. Immunofluoroassay, therefore, provides a more sensitive tool for serum prostatic acid phosphatase determinations. This procedure is reliable, as supported by reproducibility studies of within-assay and between-assa . The solid-phase IgG (anti-prostatic acid phosphatase)-Sepharose can be reused. Furthermore, this assay, does not require the use of an isotope. The standard curve of this assay extends from 60 pg to 912 ng per ml of specimen, so that it covers a much broader range than the radioimmunoassay. Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. The following preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. All temperatures are set forth uncorrected in degrees Celsius; unless otherwise indicated, all pressures are ambient and all parts and percentages are by weight. EXAMPLE 1 Extraction of Crude Material Human prostatic tissues and other human tissues (kidney, lung, liver etc.) were collected during autopsy or surgery. All tissues were used immediately after collection or stored immediately after collection at -75 C. until used. Normal male and female sera were donated by volunteers. Sera of patients with histologically proven prostatic carcinoma and the sera of patients bearing other cancers were obtained from the Roswell Park Memorial Institute and the National Prostatic Cancer Project chemotherapy participating institues; Mount Sinai School of Medicine provided sera from patients with Gaucher 's disease. The clinicial stage of patients with prostate cancer was determined by the system of Whitemore described in Cancer 16_: 1119 (1963) and summarized as follows: Stage A - tumors confined to the prostate and not palpable; Stage B - tumors confined to the prostate but palpable, no metastasis; Stage C - locally invasive tumors, induration extending beyond the capsule of the prostate; and Stage D - distant metastases, e.g. bones or soft tissue. The 1 , tissues were weighted, minced and mixed with 0.02M sodium . ' acetate buffer, pH 5.2 containing 0.1% of Tween 80 (3 ml/g tissue) . Homogenization was carried out with an Omni-mixer. Tissues in the homogenizer were subjected to 5 minutes blending, three times, at a blade speed of 25,000 rpm with intermittent cooling times of 3 minutes. The homogenates were stirred overnight, then centrifuged at 10,000 x g for 20 minutes. The supernatant was dialyzed overnight against 0.02M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.2. The dialyzed supernatant was concentrated to desired volume in a concentrator fitted with a Diaflo PM 10 ultra-filter under nitrogen pressure. The extracts of other tissues were dialyzed against water for 2 days with 3 changes of water at 12 hour intervals. This entire operation and all other experiments were carried out at 4°C. The dialyzed materials were then concentrated to about 15-30 mg/ml protein. EXAMPLE 2 Initial Purification of Acid Phosphatase The crude extract which was obtained in Example 1 from 130 g of tissue was passed through 0.5 x 6 cm column of agarose: 5*-(p-nitrophenyl phosphate) uridine-2' (3 ') phosphate (commercially available from Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, Indiana) to - remove ribonuclease and other OΛIPJ proteins. Ammonium sulphate was added to the effluent (containing acid phosphatase) to 75% saturation. After 12 hours, the mixture was centrifuged and the pellet dissolved in a minimum amount of 0.01M phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, and dialyzed overnight against the same buffer. EXAMPLE 3 "" SpecTfic ~ Act yrty "" Ehhancement of Acid Phophatase The solution from Example 2 was passed through 2.5 x 46 cm phosphocellulose column equilibrated with 0.02M phosphate buffer, pH 6.0. Acid phosphatase was not adsorbed on this column, but the specific activity of the enzyme (enzyme activity per unit weight of protein) was increased approximately 60-100% by this step. The resultant effluent was dialyzed against 0.02M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 and applied onto a 2.5 x 35 cm DEAE-Sephadex A50 column pre-equilibrated with the same buffer. The column was first washed ., with 300 ml of buffer, followed by a convex gradient of 0 to 0.5M NaCl in 0.02M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 to 6.0 with 400 ml of 0.02 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0 in the reservoir and 200 ml of 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.0 containing 0.5 M NaCl, in the mixer. Acid phosphatase was eluted "" out in one . major and one minor fraction.. Only the major fraction with a <■ greater specific enzyme activity was subjected to further purification. EXAMPLE 4 Purification of Activated Acid Phosphatase Eluates containing acid phosphatase were pooled and dialyzed overnight against 0.02M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. The dialyzed enzyme solution was concentrated by adsorption on a small column (1.8 x 6 cm) of DEAE-Sephadex A50, followed by elution with 0.02M phosphate buffer, pH 6.0. A concentrated solution (20 ml) was applied to a Sephadex G-200 column (3.5 x 106 cm) and the column was eluted with 0.02M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0. Fractions containing the final purified acid phosphatase were pooled and used for further experiments. EXAMPLE 5 Isoelectric Focusing Isoelectric focusing was carried out at 4°C. using Shandon Southern analytic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis apparatus. Polyacrylamide gels (5 x 70mm) were prepared according to procedures described in the instruction sheet from the Bio-Rad Laboratories. Phosphoric acid (0.02 M) ' was used as the anolyte and NaOH (0.01 M) as the catholyte. Samples were mixed with an equal volume of 50% sucrose solution and 50 mu 1 of sample sucrose solution was applied on top of the gels (anode side) . A constant voltage of 120 volts was applied for 20 hours. After electrophoresis gels were stained for acid phosphatase activity using 0.1% alpha-naphthyl phosphate 0.1% fast Garnet GBC salt in 0..1 M ammonium acetate buffer at pH 5.0. , EXAMPLE 6 Homogenity of Purified Enzyme Upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, this enzyme preparation was shown to be homogeneous, with a single enzyme activity band overlapping with the protein band. Diffuse bands were observed in the experiment, probably due to the fact that prostatic acid phosphatase is biochemically a glycoprotein. The protein and acid phosphatase activity profiles of the final step of purification on Sephadex G-200 were determined. A symmetrical protein peak (at 280 nm) , exhibiting acid phosphatase activity (at 400 nm) , was obtained. With this modified isolation procedure, a 150-fold purification of enzyme was achieved, which was 50% higher than with the procedure previously described in Cancer Chemotherapy Reports 59: 97 (1975) . OMPI EXAMPLE 7 Simplified Purification of Acid Phospatase From Prostate Tissues 102.5 g of prostatic tissue was homogenized with 308 ml of 0.01% EDTA-0.1% PBS, pH 6.8. The extract was σentrifuged "" at 28,000 x g for 30 minutes at 4°C. and the supernatant (350 ml) was precipitated with 50-70% ammonium -—sul -ate —The precipitate was dissolved in the starting buffer solution (1 mM each of CaCl, MnCl 2 and MgCl 2 in 0.1M NaCl, NaOH acetate) and dialyzed overnight against the starting buffer. The solution was centrifuged at 28,000 g for 3 minutes at 4°C. The supernatant (31 ml) was then applied onto a Concanavalin A-Sepharose column (2 x 40 cm) and incubated overnight at 4°C. The unbound proteins were eluted with the starting buffer solution and the bound proteins (primarily acid phosphatase) were eluted with 500 ml of 0.1 M-0.5 'M methyl-alpha-D-manno- pyranoside in starting buffer. The fractions containing acid phosphatase were concentrated to 6.8 ml with an Amicon PM-30 membrane, and this concentration solution was subjected to a DEAE cellulose column (2 x 46 cm) and eluted with a linear gradient 500 ml of 0.2M sodium phosphate pH 7.0-500 ml of 0.02M sodium phosphate pH 6.0. The fractions containing acid phosphatase were again concentrated • to 3.5 ml with an Amicon PM-30 membrane, applied onto a Sephadex G-100 column (2.5 x 96 cm) and eluted with 0.01M citrate buffer, pH 6.0. A homogeneous protein exhibiting acid phosphatase was thus obtained. The relative enzyme activity and purification of acid phosphatase at each step of this procedure is shown in the attached table. "" BU £ » OMPI .A ° Total Enzymic Protein Total Enzymic Relative Vol Activity Cone. Protein Activity Specific Activity Step ml (Unit) (mg/ml) (mgs) (Unit) Activity (fold) Prostate Tissue 350 393- 23.5 8225 137550 16.7 (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 Precipitate 31 1861 9.5 294.5 57691 195.8 11.7 Con A Column 6.8 3933 19.0 129.2 26744 207 12.4 DEAE Column 3.5 • 8390 11.5 40.3 29365 729 43 . 7 G-100 Column 2.7 4391 3.28 8.8 11855 1338 .7 80 . 2 EXAMPLE 8 Preparation of Antisera Purified prostatic acid phosphatase obtained from • Example 4 was emulsified with an equal volume of complete Freund's adjuvant, and 1 ml of emulsified mixture containing 100 micrograms of protein was injected subcutaneously among ten sites on the back of each of eight female rabbits. Similar preparations were injected into three goats using 3 mg of protein "" per goat. A booster injection using the same dosage as the primary immunization was given one month later and repeated three times at two week intervals. Collection of antisera started 10 to 14 days after the last injection. Antisera were obtained by drawing the blood directly from the ear vein. The blood was allowed to clot at room temperature and then centrifuged. The antisera are specific to prostatic acid phosphatase. By double diffusion and countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis techniques, using crude acid phosphatase preparations from normal kidney, bladder, bone, liver, spleen, brain and intestine at concentrations of 3 mg protein/ml and 20-500 I.U. (International Units, the number of icromoles of substrate converted per minute per liter of enzyme solution) enzyme activity, no reaction was shown with the antisera. Furthermore, no precipitate formation was observed when the antisera was reacted with normal male or female human serum samples. Antisera absorbed by normal female serum and extracts of these various tissues (at 1 mg/ml each) continued to react with prostatic acid phosphatase preparations and with sera from patients having prostate cancer. The unabsorbed antisera did not cross-react with acid phosphatase of plant (potato) origin. The specificity of the antisera to acid phosphatase was further confirmed by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis with the reagent antisera replaced by normal rabbit antisera, wherein no precipitin lines were observed. EXAMPLE 9 Countercurrent Immunoelectrophoresis Various conditions for the electrophoresis were examined. These include the concentration of agar, pH, temperature, current, length of time of electrophoresis, dilution of antisera, size of well and distance between "" the wells. Detection of the enzyme-antibody precipitin line could not be achieved by regular protein stains (Coomassie solution or Amido Black) , as the concentration of serum prostatic acid phosphatase was too minute to be visualized. The application of enzyme activity staining with 0.1% alpha-naphthyl phosphate and 0.1% fast Garnet GBC salt reagent in O.lM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 5.0 analagous to the Veronal acetate buffer technique described by Barkat in J. Histoσhem. and Cytochem. 9_: 542 (1961) greatly increased the sensitivity of the technique. Many other staining reagents were also successfully employed as shown in the following Table and it appears that any of the known acid phosphatase substrates can be used. The present optimal staining conditions for enzyme activity are reported below. Substrate Staining Agents 1. Sodium Glycerophosphate Ammonium Sulfide 2. Naphthol-AS Phosphate Fast Violet B Salt 3. Alpha-Naphthyl Phosphate Fast Blue RR 4. Alpha-Naphthyl Phosphate 5-Chloro-o-toluidine- diazonium salt 5. Naphthol-AS-MX Phosphoric Acid Fast Garnet GBC Salt 6. Naphthol-AS-Bl Phosphoric Acid Fast Garnet GBC Salt 7. Thymolphthalein Monophosphate Fast Garnet GBC Salt Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis was performed on plastic mylar sheets (Mylar 6509 13 x 18 commmercially avaiable from Bio-Ware, Inc., Wichita, Kansas) covered with 35 ml of 0.75% (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri) agarose in 0.05M phosphate buffer at pH 6.5. The same buffer was used in the electrode vessels. Parallel rows of wells, 4 mm in diameter, were cut 5 * mm apart in the agarose. Ten microliters of serum was placed in each cathodic well and an equal volume of diluted antisera added to each anodic well. (The proper antibody concentration was determined by electrophoresing serially diluted antibody against 4 I.U. or 0.2 ng of purified acid phosphatase and choosing the lowest concentration of antibody giving a suitable reaction) . The agarose sheet was then placed in the electrophoresis cell, with the ends of the sheet dipping into the buffer in the electrode vessels. A plate of this size can accommodate as many as three double rows containing eighteen paired wells in each row. Thus, 54 samples can .be analyzed on each plate and the two plates can be run simultaneously. The whole procedure can be performed with ease in 6-8 hours. A constant current of 3.2 mamp/cm was applied for 2 hrs. at 4°C. The plate was then stained for 1 hour at 37 degrees C. in 0.1% alpha-naphthyl phosphate and 0.1% fast Garnet GBC salt in O.lM ammonium acetate buffer at pH 5.0. The plate was rinsed in distilled water and the reaction evaluated. A positive result was reported when the serum specimen contained a detectable amount of prostatic acid phosphatase by this method. After evaluation, the plates were air dried at room temperature and stored for future reference. The sensitivity of the assay varied from run to run, depending upon the antisera used. The lowest detectable activity of serum prostatic acid phosphatase using 10 microliter specimens ranged from 0.2 - 0.4 I.U. or 10-20 ng/ml of prostatic acid phosphatase protein. EXAMPLE 10 Clinical Diagnostic Results Using the countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis technique of Example 9, sera from patients with prostatic cancer were examined. In one patient with proven stage A disease, no serum prostatic acid phosphatase could be detected by this method. However, of 20 patients with proven stage B, (6/20 or 30%) gave positive results. As the disease became more severe, the percentage of positives increased; 55% (27/49) of patients with proven stage C and 80% (98/125) in proven Stage p were detectable. None of 19 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy gave any positive results. In order to determine the rate of possible false positives, serum specimens from 107 normal healthy volunteers and 50 normal age-matched older men were similarly examined; all had negative results. In addition, 87 patients with other carcinomas of the colon, lung, stomach, pancreas and kidney were tested, including seven female patients with metastasized (to bone) breast cancer. Only one of these 87 patients gave a positive result; this patient turned out to have both a primary lung adenocarcinoma and prostate cancer. As previously noted, it has been reported that a significant number of patients with Gaucher 's disease have an elevated serum acid phosphatase activity. Therefore, sera from 12 patients with Gaucher's disease were tested; all gave negative results. EXAMPLE 11 Alternate Purification of Prostatic Acid Phosphatase The supernatant containing the crude acid phosphatase preparation from 102 g of prostatic tissue was brought to 40% saturation of ammonium sulfate with mixing, settled for 3 hr at 0° and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30 min. The supernatant was adjusted to 75% saturation of ammonium sulfate, mixed, kept at 0° for 3 hr, and •"" •^ BUR __O centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30 min at 4°. The precipitate was dissolved in a minimum amount of starting buffer, pH 5.0 (1 mM each for CaCl 2 , MgCl 2 , and 0.1 M each for NaCl and CH^COONa) , dialyzed overnight against the same buffer and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30 min at 4°. The supernatant (30 ml) was applied to a Con A-Sepharose column (2 x 40 cm) and incubated for 24 hr at 4°. The proteins not bound to the column were eluted with starting buffer (Peaks I, II) . The acid phosphatase •and other glycoproteins, bound to Con A, were eluted with a linear concentration gradient of 0.1 to 0.5 M alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside with the use of 500 ml of the above starting buffer in each reservoir (Peak III) . The eluate containing acid phosphatase (Peak III) was dialyzed against 0.02 phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, for 18 hr and concentrated to 3 to 4 ml with a Diaflo PM-10 membrane ultrafilter. This solution was applied to a DEAE-cellulose column (2 x 46 cm), equilibrated with 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, and eluted with a linear gradient of 0 to 0.5 M NaCl in 0.02 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 to 6.0. Three fractions exhibiting acid phosphatase activity were obtained (Fractions I, II and III) . The Fraction (Tubes 79 to 94) that contained the major protein peak was further purified by being passed through a Se ' phadex 6 - 100 column (2.5 x 96 cm) and eluted with 0.01 n citrate buffer, pH 6.0. Acid phosphatase was separated into 1 major and 1 minor fraction. The first (major) fraction, containing the acid phsophatase with a molecular weight of 100,000, was rechromatographed on Sephadex G-100 and a homogeneous preparation was obtained. This purified acid phosphatase preparation was used for further experiments. EXAMPLE 12 Disc Electrophoresis on Polyacrylamide Gel Disc electrophoresis was performed by the technique described by Davis in Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 121: 404-427 (1976) in a standard 7.5% polyacrylamide gel. Twenty-fiv micrograms of purified enzyme, containing 25% of sucros to increase the density of the tested solution, wer applied to the top of a 5 x 70 mm polyacrylamide ge column. Electrophoresis was carried out in 0.05 Tris-HC buffer, pH 8.3, at 4 , with a constant current of ma/tube for 1 hr. After electrophoresis, the gels wer pushed out of the glass tubes and the protein was detecte by staining (30 min) with 0.1% Coomassie blue R-250. Th gel was destained with 5 to 10% methanol by volume. Th enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase was detected b staining with 0.1% alpha-naphthyl phosphate-0.1% Fas Garnet GBC salt in 0.1 M ammonium acetate buffer, pH 5. and the stains in the gels were then scanned. EXAMPLE 13 Assay of Enzyme Activity Acid phosphatase activity in the chromatographi fractions was determined by the method of Babson an Phillips described in Clin. Chim. Acta 13_: 264-26 (1966) . This method uses alpha-napthyl phosphate as th substrate; the hydrolyzed product, alpha-napthol, forms stable colored complex with Fast Red Salt B in an alkalin condition. The absorbance was measured at 588 nm. One I of acid phosphatase activity is defined as the amount o enzyme in 1 liter of .sample that will hydrolyze th substrate at a rate of 1 micro mol/min. Determination of Protein Concentration: The method o Lowry et al. described in J. Biol. Chem. 193: 265-27 (1951) was used, with bovine serum albumin used as th standard. Preparation of Antisera: The anti-prostatic aci phosphatase serum was raised by injecting the purifie enzyme and a complete Freund's adjuvant into femal rabbits as previously described in Investigative Urolog 15: 319-323 (1978) . EXAMPLE 14 Purification of Anti-Prosatic Acid Phosphatase IgG The method described by Harboe and Ingrid in Scand. J. Immunol. Suppl. 1: 161-164 (1973) was used. Briefly, rabbit anti-prostatic acid phosphatase serum (20 ml) was added to 10 ml saturated ammonium sulfate and thoroughly mixed. The mixture was kept in 0° for 3 hr and centrifuged at 2,000 rpm for 30 min; the precipitate was dissolved in sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.3, and then dialyzed against the same buffer for 24 hr at 4°. The dialyzed solution was applied to a DEAE-cellulose column (1 x 40 cm) and eluted with 0.0175 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 4.3. The IgG antibody eluted at the first protein peak. Conjugation of purified antiprostatic acid phosphatase IgG sepharose 4B was carried out according- -to the manufacturer's recommended procedure (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals of Uppsala, Sweden) . The CNBr activated sepharose 4B (Ig) was washed and reswelled on a centered glass filter with one mM HC1. The purified antiprostatic acid phosphatase IgG (5 to 10 mg protein per ml gel) was dissolved in 0.1 m NaHC0 3 buffer pH 8.5 containing 0.5 m NaCl and mixed with CNBr activated sepharose 4B gel suspension, end over end, for 2 hours at room temperature. After incubation, the excess IgG was removed by means of the coupling buffer. The remaining active groups on Sepharose 4B were blocked by adding 1 M monoethanolamine solution, pH 9.0 (5 ml), with gentle mixing for 2 hr at room temperature. Finally, excess blocking reagent was removed by washing first with acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.0) containing 0.5 M NaCl and then with the coupling buffer. This IgG-Sepharose 4B conjugate was further washed with PBS and stored at 4 until used. This procedure resulted in coupling of about 98% of the IgG to the CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B, as determined by measuring immunoglobulin concentration before and after the coupling reaction by spectrophotometry at 280 nm. IJU EAT OMPI k r-4, WIP0 EXAMPLE 15 Reactivity of IgG-Sepharose-bound Acid Phosphatase The reactivity of IgG-Sepharose-bound acid phosphatase was studied as follows. Purified acid phosphatase (0.2 ml in PBS) was incubated with IgG-Sepharose (200 microliters) at room temperature for 2 hr; the resulting Sepharose IgG-acid phosphatase was washed with PBS 3 times. The Sepharose-IgG-acid phosphatase was kept at 4°. Another aliquot, 0.2 ml of acid phosphatase, was also left at room temperature for 2 hr and then kept at 4°. Aliquots of 20 microliters each were taken at 8 hr intervals and assayed for enzyme activity. Twenty microliters of specimen were mixed with 1 ml of substrate (see below) and incubated at.37 for 15 min. The reaction was stopped by adding 0.1 M NaOH (2.5 ml), and the hydrolyzed fluorogenic product, alpha-naphthol, was measured with a spectrophotofluorometer. EXAMPLE 16 Solid-Phase Fluorescent Immunoassay Patient's serum (50 microliters) or prostatic acid phosphatase was incubated with IgG-Sepharose 4B (50 microliters) in polystyrene tubes (8 x 75 mm) in PBS for 2 hr at room temperature and then overnight at 4°. The prostatic acid phosphatase was bound to the IgG on the Sepharose 4B. After centrifugation and washing - of "" the precipitate 3 times with PBS, 1.0 ml of 3 mM alpha-napthyl phosphate (substrate) in 0.2 M citrate buffer, pH 5.6, was added to the acid phosphatase-IgG-Sepharose 4B, and this was incubated for 1 hr at 37°. The supernatant (0.8 ml) was transferred to a new tube containing 2.5 ml of 0.1 M NaOH. The enzyme activity was determined by an Aminco spectrophotofluorometer, with excitation at 340 nm and emission at 465 nm. A standard curve was established with various concentrations of purified acid phosphatase under identical experimental conditions, and the quantity of prostatic acid phosphatase in patients' serum was determined from the standard curve. ' OMPI EXAMPLE 17 Recycling of IgG-Sepharose 4B After the enzyme activity was measured, the prostatic acid phosphatase which bound to the IgG-Sepharose 4B was dissociated by the use of 5 M guanidine-HCl, pH 8.5,. at room temperature for 30 min. The guanidine-HCl and prostatic acid phosphatase were removed by washing with PBS overnight. The dissociated and reactivated IgG-Sepharose can be reused for at least 2 more experimental runs. EXAMPLE 18 Homogeneity and Specificity The human prostatic acid phosphatase was purified to homogeneity by the procedure described above. After a series of chromatographies on a Con A affinity column, a DEAE ion-exchange column and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, a symmetrical protein peak exhibiting acid phosphatase activity was obtained. The homogeneity of the purified protein was confirmed by disc polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which demonstrated a single protein band superimposed on the enzyme activity band. The molecular weight of the prostatic acid phosphatase was estimated to be 100,000 by gel filtration by the use of Sephadex G-200. With this procedure, an 85-fold purification and 38% recovery of the activity was achieved. The anti-prostatic acid phosphatase serum, when reacted with prostatic acid phosphatase, gave a single precipitin line on gel diffusion when stained for both protein and acid phosphatase activity. Similarly, after immunoelectrophoresis, only a single arc was observed when stained for protein and enzyme activity against purified prostatic acid phosphatase or crude extract of prostatic tissues. The antiseru did not show any immunological cross-reactivity with the acid phosphatases extracted from other human tissues such as liver, kidney, intestine, lung, etc. The anti-prostatic acid phosphatase IgG fraction was purified from the antiserum and conjugated to CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B. The IgG (anti-prostatic acid phosphatase)-Sepharose 4B was then used to specifically bind the prostatic acid phosphatase. EXAMPLE 19 Reactivity of IgG Bound Acid Phosphatase The enzyme activity of acid phosphatase was studied with and without binding to IgG (anti-prostatic acid phosphatase)-Sepharose 4B. The acid phosphatase which bound to IgG-Sepharose exhibited enzyme activity; furthermore, no loss of the enzyme activity was demonstrated for 48 hr whereas the ""free"" acid phosphatase (not bound to IgG-Sepharose) lost about 64% of its enzyme activity during the same 48 hr period and 87% of activity after 96 hr. These results indicate that the IgG-Sepharose-bound acid phosphatase retained its catalytic reactivity for at least 48 hr under these experimental conditions. EXAMPLE 20 Minimum Amount of Solid-phase (IgG-Sepharose) Required In order to determine the minimum amount of IgG (anti-prostatic acid phosphatase)-Sepharose 4B necessary for the assay, various concentrations of acid phosphatase were incubated with a constant amount of IgG-Sepharose for 2 hr at room temperature and overnight at 4°. The enzymatic activity of the acid phosphatase bound to IgG antibody was determined by the fluorometric technique described above. Results indicated that 50 microliters of IgG (antiprostatic acid phosphatase)-Sepharose (containing 0.28 mg of antiprostatic acid phosphatase-IgG) would bind 45.6 ng of prostatic acid phosphatase. Therefore, a minimum amount of IgG (anti-prostatic acid phosphatase)- Sepharose (0.28 mg of IgG) was used in this solid-phase fluorescent immunoassay in order to measure the serum prostatic acid phosphatase concentration up to 912 ng/ml without diluting the serum samples. EXAMPLE 21 Incubation Conditions for Fluorescent Immunoassay In order to determine the optimal incubation conditions for the solid-phase fluorescent immunoassay, prostatic acid phosphatase was incubated with the IgG-Sepharose 4B under different temperatures and at various time intervals. The enzyme activity was also assayed at different incubation times with the alpha- naphthyl phosphate substrate. The results revealed that incubation first at room temperature for 2 hr and then overnight at 4° afforded the best binding between prostatic acid phosphatase and IgG-Sepharose. The measurement of enzyme activity was best determined at 3 * 7° for 1 hr. EXAMPLE 22 Sensitivity and Reproducibility of Fluorescent Immunoassay The sensitivity of this immunoassay was verified by performing various triplicate determinations- of prostatic acid phosphatase, ranging from 45.6 ng to 3 pg in 50 microliters of specimen. The prostatic acid phosphatase at 3 pg/50 microliters could be detected by this immunofluorometric assay. This assay procedure was found to be reproducible, as a within-assay standard deviation of 6 pg/50 microliters (10 determinations) and a between- assay standard deviation of 9 pg/50 microliters (3 assays, 3 determinations in each assay) were obtained from a sample of 280 pg/50 microliters, representing a coefficient of variation of less than 4%. EXAMPLE 23 Recycling of Solid Phase Reagents The IgG (anti-prostatic acid phosphatase)-Sepharose, after the dissociation of acid phosphatase from the prostatic acid phosphatase-IgG-Sepharose, can be reused for the assay. Although a slight decrease of sensitivity occurred, it < ould be recycled at least three times without losing any appreciable binding to prostatic acid phosphatase. EXAMPLE 24 Additional Clinical Diagnostic Results The results of an inital application of this newly developed immunofluoroassay in testing sera from patients with prostate cancer and other tumors were determined. The determination of serum prostatic acid phosphatase by this assay from a group of 30 apparently healthy male volunteers resulted in a mean of 5.619 ng/ml with a standard deviation of 2.110. A normal range of 1.399 to 9.839 ng/ml was thus determined. The serum prostatic • acid phosphatase levels from 24 patients with all stages of prostate cancer with studied in this preliminary report. The enzyme was found to be elevated in 4 untreated patients with Stage A disease, in 2 of 5 with Stage B and in 7 of 11 with Stage C who were receiving standard estrogen therapy and/or radiation therapy, and in all 4 patients with Stage D disease receiving chemotherapy. On the other hand, the serum prostatic acid phosphatase levels were in the normal range in all 16 patients with other advanced tumors, such as cancer of the lung, breast, colon, rectum, stomach or pancreas. These 16 specimens were randomly chosen from serum samples that had exhibited a highly elevated level of carcinoembryonic antigen (all had a value of greater than 15 ng/ml) . The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reaσtants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those specifically used in the examples. From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art to which this invention pertains can easily ascertain the essential characteristics thereof and, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, can make various changes and modifications to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Industrial Applicability As can be seen from the present specification, particularly Examples 10 and 24 thereof, the present invention is particularly applicable in diagnosing the presence of antigenic isoenzyme patterns associated with prostatic cancer, even at relatively early stages thereof. OMPI , * Ws WIp o";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: Claim 1: A process for preparing immunoprecipitating antibodies to antigens associated with prostatic cancer, which comprises: a) extracting acid phosphatase isoenzyme forms having an isoelectric range t pi of 4.1-5.5 from cancerous prostatic tissue or fluid; b) separating said isoenzyme forms from extraneous arrtigenic proteins to obtain a composition consisting essentially of said isoenzyme forms; c) immunizing animals with the resultant purified isoenzyme forms to form antibodies thereto; and d) recovering immunoprecipitating antibodies against said acid phosphatase isoenzyme forms from said animals. Claim 2: A process according to Claim 1, wherein said isoenzyme forms are separated from extraneous antigenic protein material by salting out. Claim 3: A process according to Claim 2, further comprising additional purification by gel filtration. Claim 4: A process according to Claim 2, wherein said isoenzyme forms have a pi range of 4.5-5.0. Claim 5: A process according to Claim 4, wherein said purified isoenzyme forms have a pi of 4.5-4.8. Claim 6: An in vitro composition of matter comprising an immunochemically effective amount of antibodies against the human prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme forms having an isoelectric range pi of 4.1 - 5.5 which are associated with prostatic cancer, said composition being substantially free of antibodies against the normal human serum prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme forms. Claim 7: A composition according to Claim 6, wherein said isoelectric range is pi 4.5 - 5.0. Claim 8: A composition according to Claim 6, wherein said antibodies are immunoprecipitating antibodies. Claim 9: A composition according to Claim 8, wherein said antibodies are labeled for radioimmunoassay. Claim 10: A composition according to Claim 6, wherein said antibodies are covalently bonded to a water-insoluble support. Claim 11: A method for diagnosing elevated serum acid phosphatase levels associated with the early stages of prostatic cancer, which comprises forming an immunoprecipitin complex between said serum prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzymes and antibodies specific thereto, and detecting the presence of said complex. Claim 12: A method according to Claim 11, wherein the complex is formed by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis. Claim 13: A method according to Claim 12, wherein the presence of said complex is detected by measuring the acid phosphatase enzyme activity thereof. Claim 14: A method according to Claim 13, wherein said enzyme activity is measured by staining with a colormetric substrate for said acid phosphatase. Claim 15: A method according to Claim 14, wherein said substrate comprises alpha-naphthyl phosphate and fast Garnet GBC salt reagent. Claim 16: A method according to Claim 11, wherein the complex is formed by immunologically reacting said acid phosphatase with anti-prostatic acid phosphatase antibody covalently bound to a water-insoluble column. Claim-17ι: A method according to Claim 16 , wherein the presence of said complex is detected by measuring the acid phosphatase enzyme activity thereof. Claim-18: A method according to Claim 17, wherein said enzyme activity is measured by staining with a colormetric substrate for said- acid phosphatase. Claim-19: A method according to Claim 13-, wherein said substrate produces a fluorogenic hydrolysis product upon reaction with said enzyme and the presence of said hydrolysis product is measured spectrophotometrically. Claim-20: A method according to Claim 19, wherein said substrate comprises alpha-naphthyl phosphate. OM , A>, ~ w AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 12 June 1979 12.06.79)) Claim 1: A process for preparing immunoprecipitating antibodies specific to the prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme pattern associated with prostatic cancer, which comprises: a) extracting acid phosphatase isoenzyme forms having an isoelectric range pi of 4.1-5.5, a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons and corresponding to the characteristic isoenzyme pattern associated with carcinoma of the prostate from cancerous prostatic tissue or cancerous prostatic fluid; b) separating said isoenzyme forms from extraneous antigenic proteins to obtain a purified composition consisting essentially of the characteristic isoenzyme pattern of the isoenzyme forms associated with prostatic cancer; c) immunizing animals with the resultant purified isoenzyme pattern to form antibodies thereto; and d) recovering said immunoprecipitating antibodies against said acid phosphatase isoenzyme pattern substantially free of cross-reactivity with the characteristic isoenzyme forms associated with a non-carcinogenic prostate, with acid phosphatases extracted from other body tissues and with antigens associated with other carcinomas or Gaucher's disease from said animals. Claim 2: A process according to Claim 1, wherein said isoenzyme forms are separated from extraneous antigenic protein material by salting out. Claim 3: A process according to Claim 2, further comprising additional purification by gel filtration. Claim 4: A process according to Claim 2, wherein said isoenzyme forms have a pi range of 4.5-5.0. Claim 5: A process according to Claim 4, wherein isoenzyme forms have a pi of 4.5-4.8. Claim 6: An in vitro composition of matter comprisin immunochemically effective amount of antibodies against human prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme pattern of isoenzyme forms having an isoelectric range pi of 4.1 - which are associated with prostatic cancer, said composi being substantially free of antibodies against the normal "" h serum prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme forms, against phosphatases extracted from other body tissues and aga antigens associated with other carcinomas or Gaucher's diseas Claim 7: A composition according to Claim 6, wherein isoelectric range is pi 4.5 - 5.0. Claim 8: A composition according to Claim 6, wherein antibodies are immunoprecipitating antibodies. Claim 9: A composition according to Claim 8, wherein antibodies are labeled for radioimmunoassay. Claim 10: A composition according to Claim 6, wherein antibodies are covalently bonded to a water-insoluble support Claim 11: A method for diagnosing elevated serum phosphatase levels in the characteristic isoenzyme pattern the isoenzyme forms associated with the early stages prostatic cancer, which comprises forming an immunoprecip complex between an antigen consisting essentially of said s prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme pattern immunoprecipitating antibodies specific thereto which substantially free of immunoprecipitating antibodies against normal human serum prostatic acid phosphatase isoenzyme fo against acid phosphatases extracted from other body tissues against antigens associated with other carcinomas or Gauch disease, and detecting the presence of said complex. BAD ORIGINAL / OMPl "" "" Clai 12: A method according to Claim 11, wherein the complex is formed by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis at a pH of less than 7.0. Claim 13: A method according to Claim 12, wherein the presence of said complex is detected by measuring the acid phosphatase enzyme activity thereof. Claim 14: A method according to Claim 13, wherein said enzyme activity is measured by staining with a colormetric substrate for said acid phosphatase. Claim 15: A method according to Claim 14, wherein said substrate comprises alpha-naphthyl phosphate and fast Garnet GBC salt reagent. Claim 16: A method according to Claim 11, wherein the complex is formed by immunologically reacting said acid phosphatase with anti-prostatic acid phosphatase antibody covalently bound to a water-insoluble column. Claim 17: A method according to Claim 16, wherein the presence of said complex is detected by measuring the acid phosphatase enzyme activity thereof. Claim 18: A method according to Claim 17, wherein said enzyme activity is measured by staining with a colormetric substrate for said acid phosphatase. Claim 19: A method according to Claim 18, wherein said substrate produces a fluorogenic hydrolysis product upon reaction with said enzyme and the presence of said hydrolysis product is measured spectrophotometrically. Claim 20: A method according to Claim 19, wherein said substrate comprises alpha-naphthyl phosphate. STATEMENTUNDERARTICLE19 On page 32, Claim 1 has been amended in conformity with the follow portions of the specification as filed: Preamble: Page 6, third paragraph; Subparagraph a): Page 8, second paragraph and p. 6, third paragraph; Subparagraph b) : Page 32, Claim 6; Subparagraph d) : Page 6, third paragraph (substantially no false positive results) ; p. 19, Second paragraph; p. 22, Example 10; p. 27, Example 19; and p. 30, Example 24 On page 33, Claims 6 and 11 have been amended in conformance with the aforementioned amendment to Claim 1 (d) . On page 34, Claim 12 has been amended in conformity with page 10, second full paragraph of the specification as filed, while Claims 17-20 correspond to originally misnumbered Claims 18-21.";CHU T, WANG M;CHU T, RESEARCH CORP, WANG M;1978
+WO-1979000493-A1;19790809.0;19781226;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25352477.0;E02D29;;E03B9;E03B   9/10;UNDERGROUND FIRE HYDRANT FRAME AND COVER;A frame (7) and cover (8) for an underground fire hydrant (29) in a highway (14), preferably at an inter-section, and by means of which the fire hydrant is rendered readily accessible for use. The cover (8) includes reflective knobs (28) on its upper surface. Heating elements (32) are provided on the under surface of the frame (7) which also has a depending lip (33) from which moisture can drain.;"Description Underground Fire Hydrant Frame and Cover Summary Among the primary objects of the invention are to provide a fire hydrant which cannot be damaged by being struck by vehicles; which can be located in the center of a street where burning or falling structures cannot hamper its use; which will afford more curb parking space; which can be utilized by two pumpers where sufficient water supply is available, and which can "" be more readily kept available in freez¬ ing weather. Another object of the invention is to provide a fire hydrant cover and frame which will not interfere with the movement of vehicular traffic over the cover and which can be readily located at night. Various other objects and advantages of the inven¬ tion will hereinafter become more fully apparent from the folloving description of the drawing, illustrating presently preferred embodiments thereof, and wherein: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a perspective view from above of the frame and cover located in a highway; FIG. 2 is a similar view showing a slightly modi- fieden.boair_.ent of the cover, FIG. 3 is a top plan view on a reduced scale show¬ ing the frame and cover located in the center of a highway intersection; FIG. is an enlarged vertical sectional view taken substantially along a plane as indicated by the line --4of FIG. 3, and showing the frame and cover in place above a conventional fire hydrant, and FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken substantially along the line 5--5 of FIG. 4. _ ? . DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring more specifically to the drawing and with reference to FIGS. 1, 3, 4 and 5, the fire hy¬ drant frame and cover in its entirety and constitu¬ ting the invention Is designated generally 6 and com¬ prises a frame 7 and a cover 8. A rectangular con¬ crete or masonry supporting structure 9, composed of side walls 10 and end walls 11, lines a pit 12 in the earth 13 and rests on the bottom of the pit, as seen in FIG. 4. Pit 12 opens upwardly through a portion of a highway 14 in which the upper part of the support¬ ing structure 9 is embedded below the highway surface 15. The upper part of the opening 12 accomodates the frame 7 which is rectangular and rests on the top portion of the supporting structure 9. Said frame 7 fits snugly in the top portion of the opening 12 and is of a thickness such that its top surface is flush with the top surface 15 of the highway. The frame 7 has a large oval shaped opening 17 and is provided with a ledge 18 surrounding the open¬ ing 17 and is disposed below the level of the top sur¬ face 19 of the frame 7. Frame 7 has a downwardly and inwardly inclined or bevelled continuous surface 20 extending from its top surface 19 to the ledge 18. The cover 8 is oval shaped and has a bevelled sur¬ rounding surface 21 of a proper size and shape to con¬ formably fit the bevelled surface 20, when a marginal portion of the underside of the cover 8 is resting on the ledge 8. The cover 8 is of a thickness such that its upper surface 22 is disposed substantially flush with the upper surface 19 when the cover is resting on the ledge 18. Cover 8 has recesses 23 near the ends thereof to accomodate conventional inverted U-shaped handles 24 the depending legs 25 of which extend slidably through openings 26 which communicate with the re¬ cesses 23 and with the underside of the cover 22. The lower ends of the legs 25 are turned outwardly, as seen at 27, toprovide abutments to engage the underside of the cover 22 to limit the extent that the handles 24can be raised without lifting the cover 22. The cover or lid 8 has a plurality of hemispherical knobs 28 which protrude from its upper surface 22. The knobs 28 are spaced from one another and form a rect- - angle, as seen in FIG. 1. The knobs 28 are coated with a material which will reflect the head-light rays of vehicles to enable the cover 8 to be readily located at night. A conventional fire h} 7 drant 29 extends upwardly in¬ to the pit 12 and is located within the structure 9, beneath the frame and cover 6. The hydrant has two outlets enabling it to be utilized simultaneously by. two pumpers. Electrical conductors 30 lead into the enclosure 9 through an opening 31 in one wall thereof and connect with an electric heating element 32 which is secured to the underside of the frame 7, around the opening 17, for heating said frame and cover 8 in subfreezing weather, to keep the frame and cover free of ice and snow and accessible for use under any weather condition. The underside of the frame 7 has a depending lip 33 from which moisture can drain without coming into con¬ tact with the heating element 32. A heat lamp, not shown, can be substituted for the heating element 32. FIG. 2 shows a slightly modified form of the lid or cover, designated 8a, and wherein the knobs 23a are arranged in the form of a circle. Knobs 23a otherwise correspond to the knobs 28 and the lid or cover 8a otherwise corresponds with the lid or cover 8. Various other modifications and changes are contem¬ plated and may be resorted to without departing from the function or scope of the Invention.";"CLAIMS I claim as my invention 1. A closure for the open top of a pit containing an undergraound fire hydrant comprising a frame adapt¬ ed to rest on and be supported by a part of the pit with the upper surface of said frame flush with a sur¬ rounding highway surface, said frame having a large opening, and a cover having a marginal portion shaped to fit in said recessed portion of the frame for' clos¬ ing the frame opening, said cover being of a thickness such that its upper surface is disposed substantially flush with the upper surface of the frame when the cover is supported by the frame, an electric heating element secured to the underside of the frame around the opening thereof for heating the frame and cover to prevent the accumulation of ice and snow en the upper surface thereof, and said frame having a depending lip surrounding the opening and disposed between said heating element and the opening to protect the heating element from moisture draining through the opening. 2. A closure as in claim 1, said cover having a plurality of rounded knobs protruding from its upper surface and provided with a "" light reflective coating to facilitate locating the cover in the darkness. 3. A closure as in claim 2, said knobs being dis¬ posed in spaced apart relationship to one another and in the form of ' a rectangle. 4. A closure as in claim 2, said knobs being dis¬ posed in spaced apart relationship to one another and in the form of a circle.";WHITLOCK L;WHITLOCK L;1978
+WO-1979000536-A1;19790809.0;19781212;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25357982.0;B31C13;C22C33, B65H81;B22D1, B65H81, C21C7;B22D   1/00, B65H  81/08, C21C   7/00F;METHOD OF MAKING A FILLED TUBULAR ARTICLE AND ARTICLE MADE THEREBY;A method of making a filled tubular article (12) for controlled insertion into a molten metal includes extending a treating material (24) through an apparatus (14) to form an elongated core element (16) and wrapping the core element (16) in a protective casing (20). preferably, the casing (20) of the article (12) includes a helically wrapped ribbon-like strip (52).;"Description Method of Making a Filled Tubular Article and Article Made Thereby Technical Field The present invention relates to a method of making a filled tubular article for controlled inser¬ tion into a molten metal as it is being cast, and to the article made thereby. "" Background Art The addition of alloying and treating agents into a molten metal such as iron, by insertion of an elongated rod-like article into a casting mold's down- sprue is becoming more well known in the art. More sophisticated methods and apparatuses have recently been developed to controllably insert filled tubular- articles into the casting molds during metal pouring at exactly the rate and point required to obtain the desired castings. These elongated articles usually have a core of powdered ingredients or particulate material carried in a protecting tube. As far as is known, such articles are manufactured by depositing the powdered ingredients onto a strip of metal that may be partly formed into a trough. The strip is thereafter formed into a tube by conventional methods with the edges either abutting or overlapping. Unfor¬ tunately, a major problem is experienced at this point because the ingredients of the core are not sufficiently densified within the tube which results in the powder tending to separate and move within the tube. Conse- quently, it has been fo nd necessary to pass the tube axially through a forming die which reduces its exter¬ nal diameter and compacts the powdered ingredients. Even with this extra step it is a frequent practice to * U EΛ OMPI crimp or pinch the ends of the tubes to keep the par- ticulate material from falling out. Such crimping practice is also used for retaining powder in an alternate construction embodying short stiff tubes which are filled with powder after the tubes are made. Not only are the aforementioned manufactur¬ ing procedures for making the filled tubes complica¬ ted, but also it has been found that the thickness of the tubes is often excessive or irregular, and therefore the volumetric ratio or proportion of the core material to the entire article is dispropor¬ tionately low. For example, if attempts are. made to make the radial thickness of the metal tubes below approximately 0.25 mm with current technology then the edges of the tubes generally fail to remain in abutment and this allows powder to fall out. On the other hand, if the tube edges are overlapped, when the rod is inserted into a molten bath the melting rate around its periphery is unequal. Because of the relatively poor dissolution or melting rate of the relatively thick prior art tubes, the rate of feeding them into the molten bath has necessarily been reduced in order to prevent the unmelted and excessively stiff remaining portions of the tubes from penetrating the sides of the casting mold's downsprue. In view of the above, it would be advan¬ tageous to replace the relatively thick and non- uniform prior art tubes with a thinner casing, and yet retain a relatively high degree of uniformly dense fill material within the core. Disclosure of Invention. The present invention is directed to over¬ coming one or more of the problems as set forth above. -BU O In accordance with one aspect of the pre¬ sent invention, this is accomplished by extruding a treating material to form an elongated core element and by helically wrapping the extruded core element in a protective casing to form a filled tubular article. Advantageously, the core element is of uniformly consolidated density and the casing is thin so that the article is flexible and the casing will experience ' a relatively rapid rate of dissolu- tion in the molten bath. Furthermore, the instant invention will provide increased core volume per - unit length. In accordance with another aspect of the invention the filled tubular article for altering molten metal includes an elongated core element having a particulate mixture of a treating agent and a binding agent consolidated in a range of about 85 to 95% theoretical density-, the treating agent comprising about 90 wt.% or more of the core element and the binding agent about 1 to nor more than 10 wt.% of the core element, and a casing helic¬ ally wrapped about the core element and substantially covering the entire exterior surface thereof. Brief Description of the Drawings FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic side elevational view of a manufacturing facility illustrative of the method of making the filled tubular article in accor¬ dance with one embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic and enlarged fragmentary view of one embodiment of the filled tubular article of the present invention made by the manufacturing facility of FIG..1 FIG. 3 is a view similar- to FIG. 2, "" only showing a second embodiment filled tubular article with an overlapped form of exterior casing. FIG. 4 is an enlarged and fragmentary dia¬ grammatic side elevational view of a third embodi¬ ment filled tubular article showing two layers of exterior casing. Best Mode For Carrying Out The Invention Referring to FIG. 1, a manufacturing facil¬ ity 10 is shown for making an improved filled tubular article 12 in accordance with the present invention. In its simplest form, the manufacturing facility con- templates use of an extruding apparatus or press 14 - for making an elongated core element 16, and use of a rotatable wrapping device 18 for applying a helic¬ ally wrapped casing 20 encirclingly about the core element. The exemplary tubular article thus produced is shown in FIG. 2. More particularly, the extruding apparatus 14 preferably includes a feed hopper 22 in which a substantially homogenous mixture of a treating material 24 has been placed. Through gravity, the treating material travels downwardly to be received within the internal, mechanism of the extruding ap¬ paratus or press. As is well known, however, such presses are constructed so as to extrude the treating material 24 under considerable pressure, and often while simultaneously heating the treating material, through an outlet die 26 having a horizontal axis 27 and a suitable orifice of preselected dimensions con¬ centrically disposed on the axis, not shown. Prefer¬ ably, the core element 16 extends axially from the orifice of the die in the form of a continuously elongating cylindrical rod. It should be-appreciated that. the core element 16 is normally in a ""green"" state after passing axially outwardly of the die, or to the right when viewing the drawing, and is generally capable OM of experiencing only a relatively limited amount of flexing without cracking. It is contemplated that the extruded core element includes a relatively com¬ pacted mixture of a particulate treating agent or plurality of inoculating elements 28 and a suitable binding or bonding agent 30 as generally indicated in FIG. 2, and may include other additives as well. The term ""treating agent"" as used herein includes the element or elements which actually alter the molten metal so that upon cooling and hardening thereof into an article, the articles metallurgical "" structure has the desired modified physical proper¬ ties. The type of treating agent 28 utilized is dependent upon the base composition of the molten metal to be treated and upon the desired metallur¬ gical characteristics of the article. For example, for treating iron, the treating agent consists essentially of a plurality of ferrosilicon based particles capable of passing through a fine mesh sieve such as between Standard Test Sieve Nos. 30 to 140 (0.6 mm - 0.1 mm nominal diameter of the openings) . Three examples of such treating agents, for iron are set forth below in percentage by weight: Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Si 74-79% Si 60-65% Si 44-48% Al 1.00-1.5% Mn 5-7% Mg 8-10% Ca 0.50-1.00% Zn 5-7% Fe balance Fe balance Ba 2-3% Ca 1.5-2.5% Al 0.75-1.25% Fe balance Example 1 above is identified as ""Grade 75% ferrosilicon."" ,- Example -2- is identified as ""SMZ- - Alloy"" and Example 3 is identified as ""9% magnesium ferrosilicon"", all of which are manufactured by Union Carbide Corporation, Ferro-Alloys Division, Buffalo, New York. * * ■ As noted in the above examples, the treating agents 28 normally contain small portions of one or more additional elements in addition to the ferrosilicon constituent such as aluminum, calcium, manganese, zir- conium, barium, magnesium, strontium, cerium, and the rare earth elements. The term ""binding agent"" as used herein in¬ cludes the resinous or cement-like material that is used to hold the particles of the treating agent together. Preferably, the binding agent 30 is selected from the group consisting of beeswax, sodium silicate, resin, "" casein, and organiz plastic material including poly- urethane. The amount of binding agent is preferably limited to a preselected range of from about 1 to not more than 10% of the weight of the core element 16. Enough binding agent is needed to allow proper ex¬ trusion of the core element and to maintain its shape. Too much binding agent, for example above 10%, will form a slug or will alternately lead to other pro- blems such as producing an excessive amount of flames and- bubbling reaction as the filled tubular article 12 is inserted into molten iron. In addition to the treating agent 28 and the binding agent 30, it is contemplated that a lubricating or slipping agent 31 may be advantageous in forming the core element 16. Particularly, a relatively low pro¬ portion of a lubricating agent such as graphite or zinc stearate may be helpful during the extrusion of the mixture 24 through the die 26. However, it should be understood that the treating agent preferably makes up about 90% or more of the total weight of the treating material making up the core element, the binding agent makes up about 1 to not /more than 10% of the weight . of the core element, and the lubricating agent makes up about 0.3 to 2% of the weight of the core element. - β UR O It is contemplated that the core element 16 is compacted to a relatively dense state by the ex¬ trusion press 14, and experiences minimal swelling after passing axially outwardly of the die 26. For example, the density of the consolidated core element is preferably in a preselected range of about 85% to 95% theoretical density, which is substantially equi¬ valent to having only about 5% to 15% volume in voids. Despite the substantial consolidation of the extruded core element * 16, it is to be appreciated that it is advantageous to continue its rightward movement ' along the axis 27 with but minor angular deviation to avoid abrupt flexing of the core element prior to the encasement thereof. Consequently, one or more sup- port rollers 32 and one or more stationary guiding members 33 are preferably utilized for this purpose. Preferably also, a combined traction and support means . 34 is located downstream of the extrusion press 14 to bias or urge the core element to the right when viewing the drawing. A pair of powered endless belts 36 and 38 disposed immediately above and below the core ele¬ ment may be used for this purpose. Referring now to the wrapping device 18, it includes a support stand 40 and a rotary mechanism 42 which is controllably revolved about a central hori¬ zontal axis 44. Preferably, the axis 44 is in substan¬ tial alignment with the axis 27. At least one cylin¬ drical reel 46 is located on a frame member 48 of the mechanism, which reel is generally revolvable in use in a counterclockwise direction when viewing the drawing about an axis 50. A ribbon-like strip 52 extends substantially axially from its stored position on the reel and to a tension monitoring unit 54; - From there the strip extends through a guide 56 and obliquely onto the elongating core element 16. Preferably, the ribbon-like strip 52 is rela¬ tively thin; for example, within a range of about 0.025 mm to 0.15 mm and preferably about 0.1 mm thick, and is helically wrapped about the core element 16 with its opposite side edges 58 and 60 disposed in aligned axial abutment with the facing side edges of the ad¬ jacent loop as shown in FIG. 2. It is contemplated that the strip is preferably a metal foil selected from the group consisting of a ferrous metal such as steel, aluminum, titanium, copper, and alloys thereof. However, it is to be appreciated that a strip of organic material such as of plastic or fibrous paper composition may be substituted for such metal foil without departing from the spirit of the present invention. After the strip 52 is helically wound about the core element 16, the filled tubular article 12 is urged rightwardly by a powerably rotated cylindrical take-up reel 62 and an associated drive motor 64. The improved filled tubular article produced in this manner and wound on the reel, which is releasable from the motor and a support stand 66, is subsequently control- lably inserted into molten metal for altering the metallurgical structure of the melt upon cooling and hardening thereof in a .casting mold. Such a procedure is disclosed, for example, in more detail in U.S. Patent No. 3,991,808 issued to John R. Nieman, et al on November 16, 1976. Referring to FIG. 3, an alternate embodiment is shown wherein the various elements of the filled tubular article 12 are the same and, accordingly, similar reference numerals have been applied thereto. However, in the alternate * embodiment, the ribbon-like strip 52 has been wound about the core element 16 by the manufacturing facility 10 in such a way that the edges 58 and 60 axially overlap and provide more positive assurance of retention of any inadvertently loose particles of the core element 16. While this provides the disadvantage of a double thickness of the adjacent loops of the strip at the point of overlap, it is to be recognized that such double thickness is still about 30% or more less than the total thickness of the thinnest practical prior art casing. A more sophisticated embodiment is shown in FIG. 4, wherein the core element 16 and casing 20 are substantially as described above with reference to FIG. 2. However, in this example a second layer or -casing 68 has been applied over the casing 20. The second casing includes a second, continuous ribbon¬ like strip 70 which is advantageously oriented at a different angle of orientation than the first strip 52 relative to the core element as indicated generally on the drawing by the reference letters A and B. Pre¬ ferably, the first and second strips are sequentially and helically wound about the core element from opposite directions as is clearly shown. The dual layer casing is stronger and has a reduced tendency to unwind. Specifically, a single helically wound strip has a ten¬ dency to exhibit a resistance to coiling and a tendency to open up between adjacent loops if forcibly coiled incorrectly. Another wrapping device 18, not shown, would be required to provide the second layer of casing in any continuous extension of the manufacturing facility 10. Such second wrapping device would be located axially intermediate the first wrapping device and the take-up reel 62. Industrial Applicability In view, .of ther .forsg.oing, it_ is readily appar¬ ent that the method of the present invention provides an improved filled tubular article useful for controlled insertion into a molten metal. Rather than simply filling a tube with loose particulate material as has been done in the past, the manufacturing facility 10 contemplates the following sequential procedure: Step (a) mixing a particulate treating agent and a binding agent to form a treating material. Step (b) feeding the treating material to an extruding apparatus; Step (c) extruding the treating material, optionally in the presence of heat, through a die to form an elongated core element; Step (d) helically wrapping the extruding core element in a protective casing; and Step (e) rolling up the encased core onto a take-up reel. Moreover, the above described procedure may be extended to helically wrapping the core element in various ways, including helically wrapping a second layer onto a first layer by an additional wrapping step. Still further, the instant manufacturing facility is easily adapted to overlappingly winding one ribbon-like strip or a plurality of such strips about the core element. Other aspects, objects and advantages will become apparent from a study of the specification, drawings and appended claims. . /'";"Claims 1. A method of making a filled tubular article (12) for controlled insertion into a molten metal for altering same, comprising: Step (a) extruding a treating material (24) to form an elongated core element (16) ; and Step (b) helically wrapping said extruded core element (16) in a protective casing (20) . 2. The method of claim 2 wherein step (b) includes overlappingly winding a ribbon-like strip (52) about said core element (16) 3. The method of claim 1 including the step of mixing a particulate treating agent (28) with a binding agent (30) and forming said treating material (24) prior to Step (a) . 4. The method of claim 1 including the step of mixing a particulate treating agent (68) , a binding agent (30) and a lubricating agent (31) and forming said treating material (24) prior to Step (a) . 5. The method of claim 1 including maintaining continuous movement of said core element (16) during steps (a) and (b) . 6. The method of claim 1 wherein Step (b) in¬ cludes helically wrapping the elongated core element (16) by a rotatable wrapping device (18) ; and including supporting and guiding said elongated core element "" (16) between the extruding apparatus (14)- and the wrapping device (18) . 7. The method of claim 1 including heating the treating material (24) prior to Step (a) . 8. A filled tubular article (12) for con¬ trolled insertion into a molten metal for altering same, comprising: elongated core element means (16) for treating the molten metal, said core element means (16) in¬ cluding a particulate mixture of a treating agent (28) and a binding agent (30) consolidated in a preselected range of about 85% to 95% theoretical density, said "" treating agent (28) comprising about 90% or more of the total weight of said core element means (16) and said binding agent (30) comprising about 1% to not more than 10% of the total weight of said core element means (16) ; and casing means (20) for substantially covering the entire exterior surface of said core element means (16) and containing said core element means (16) , said casing means (20) being intimately and helically wrapped about said core element means (16) . 9. The article (12) of claim 8 wherein said binding agent (30) is selected from the group consisting of beeswax, sodium silicate, resin, casein, and organic plastic material including polyurethane. 10. The article (12) of claim 8 wherein said casing means (20) includes a ribbon-like strip (52) of metal selected from the group consisting of a ferrous metal, aluminum, titanium, copper, and alloys thereof. 11. The article (12) of claim-8 vherein said core element means (16) further includes a lubricating agent (31) comprising about 0.3% to 2% of the total weight of said core element means (16) . OMPI 12. The article (12) of claim 11 wherein said lubricating agent (31) is zinc stearate.";NIEMAN J, SANDERS S;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO;1978
+WO-1979000662-A1;19790906.0;19781227;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25378381.0;A47H15;E05D13;A47H1, A47H15, E05D15;A47H  15/02, E05D  15/06B1, P01B 202/02B;CANTED WHEELS CARRIER;An object carrier utilizing a pair of canted wheels, both wheels being always engaged with the underlying track to provide a low friction smooth riding non jammable carrier. In one embodiment the wheels are continuously engaged with and drive one another. In another embodiment each wheel is engaged with a separate rolling bearing carried by the carrier wheels axles support block. The canted wheels arrangement causes the carrier to move in a straight line along the direction of pull without crab walking. The carrier (27) includes a carrier block (78) from which divergingly upwardly extend in a common plane a pair of axles (79) which are orthogonal to each other and oriented forty-five degrees to the horizontal and vertical directions. Wheels (81) mounted on the axles (79) engage one another at their upper ends so that as one wheel rotates in a given direction its frictional engagement with the other wheel drives the other wheel in the same direction which prevents twisting or cocking of the carrier (27) within the track. Depending from the carrier block (78) is a stem (83) which carries at its lower end a support chain (85). In a modified carrier, the upper bearing for the carrier wheels (81) is provided by a ballbearing (88) seated in a socket formed in the carrier block (78) proximate to its upper edge. The ball bearings (88) engage the inside surfaces of the wheels (81) and ride within a circular groove (89) formed on the wheels inside surfaces.;"CANTED WHEELS CARRIER Technical Field This invention relates to carriers of objects sus¬ pended from track systems for moving such objects along the track, and more specifically relates to curtain carriers for a privacy curtain system such as is used in hospitals and other facilities requiring privacy cubicles. Background Art Prior art wheeled carriers have been either single wheeled or have been multiple wheeled with each wheel func¬ tioning independently of the others. Disclosure of Invention The novel carrier according to the present invention utilizes a pair of canted wheels, both wheels being always engaged with the track to provide a low friction smooth rid¬ ing non-jammable carrier. In one embodiment the wheels are continuously engaged with and drive one another. In another embodiment each wheel is engaged with a separate rolling bearing carried by the carrier wheels axles support block ' . The canted wheels arrangement causes the carrier to move in a straight line along the direction of pull without crab walking. The object of the invention is to provide a novel dual canted wheels non-jammable curtain carrier. Brief Description of Drawings Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view through a portion of a track section within which is seated the novel dual canted wheel curtain carrier, one wheel of the carrier being also sectioned; Figures 2, 3 and 4 are respectively side, top and bottom views of the carrier shown in end elevation and par¬ tial section in Figure 1; and Figure 5 is a view similar to that of Figure 1 but for a modified form of dual canted wheel curtain carrier. Best Mode For Carrying Out The. Invention Turning now to the showing of Figure 1, the carrier 27 is seen to include a carrier block 78 from which diverg- ingly upwardly extend in a common plane a pair of axles 79 which latter terminate in a frusto-conical end formation 80 having the larger conical base closest to the carrier block 78 and of larger diameter than the axles 79. The axles 79 are orthogonal to each other and oriented forty- five degrees to the horizontal and vertical directions. Wheels 81 are mounted on the axles 79 with the axle re¬ ceiving bores 82 being of frusto-conical cross-section wit the opening closest to the carrier block 78 being of large cross-sectional area than the axles 79 and converging to the size of the axle just inward of the frusto-conical axl end formations 80. The wheels 81 are forced onto the axles 79 by pres¬ sing them inward past the end formations 80, which latter then restrain the wheels 81 from moving outward on the axle 79. The thickness of the wheels 81 is such that when moun¬ ted upon the shaft 79 there is a clearance between the car¬ rier block 78 and the inner surface of the wheel 81. Addi¬ tionally, the wheels 81 engage one another at their upper ends so that as one wheel rotates in a given direction its frictional engagement with the other wheel drives the other wheel in the same direction. Accordingly, each of the whee drives the other which prevents twisting or cocking of the carrier 27 within the track. The outer surfaces of the lower ends of the wheels 81 are spaced slightly away from the inside surfaces of the track walls 57, and the inside surfaces of the wheels 81 do not engage the inner edges of the tracks 56. As a conse¬ quence of this construction, the wheels 81 ride on the hor- izontal surfaces 56 of the track with freedom to move sligh ly laterally, and therefore never laterally bind within the track structure. Depending from the carrier block 78 is a stem 83 which terminates at its lower end in a chain holder 84 within which is replaceably secured a support chain 85. Figures 2, 3 and 4 are respectively side, top and bottom views of the carrier shown in end elevation and partial section in Figure 1. OMPI y_ WIPO A slightly modified carrier 27' is illustrated in Figure 5, the parts being identical to those of carrier 27 except for two differences. In the showing of Figure 5, the upper bearing for the carrier wheels 81 is not provided by having the wheels engage one another, but is provided by having the inside surfaces of each wheel bear against a ball¬ bearing 88 seated in a socket formed in the carrier block 78 proximate to its upper edge. The ball bearings 88 engage the inside surfaces of the wheels 81 and ride within a cir- cular groove 89 formed on the wheel inside surfaces. In both cases, the double bearing supports for the wheels 81 provide a mechanically strong and stable structure. While the axles 79 are shown in Figures 1 and 5 as being orthogonal to one another, it is not absolutely manda- tory that the angle between the axles be precisely ninety degrees. Other angles could be used if desired. However, significantly smaller angles increase the bearings loads and widen the track with no apparent offsetting benefit, while significantly larger angles can increase the required- track height and decrease the upper bearings loads which in extreme cases could cause the wheels in the embodiment of Figure 1 to slip relatively to one another.";"CLAIMS 1. A dual wheel carrier for use in conjunction with a car rier track consisting of a pair of parallel longitudinally extending spaced apart tracks, said carrier being charact- erized by, a) an axles support from which extend divergingly upwar a pair of axles, and from which depends means for at¬ taching an item to be carried, and b) a wheel mounted on each of said axles for rotation, the lowest points of said wheels being spaced apart th proper distance so that each wheel is seatable on and rideable along a different one of the spaced apart tra of the aforesaid carrier track, said wheels converging toward one another at their upper edges. 2. A dual wheel carrier as described in claim 1 further including a rolling bearing for each said wheel, said bear ings being positioned at locations closer to each other th are the locations of the bearings of the wheels on the axl and than are the contacts of the wheels with the underlyin tracks. 3. A dual wheel carrier as described in claims 1 or 2 whe in said axles are non-rotatably fixed to said axles suppor and said wheels are centrally apertured to receive said ' axles therethrough, said central wheel apertures being of frusto-conical shape with the smaller base being of substa tially the same diameter as said axle and located proximat to the outer face of the wheel while said wheel aperture larger base is larger than the axle diameter and located at the inner face of the wheel. 4. A dual wheel carrier as described in claim 1 or 2 wher in each said axle is provided on its outer end with a resi iently deformable wheel retainer formation of larger dia¬ meter than the axle, and each said wheel is forced onto sa axle until said wheel retainer passes the outer end of sai wheel central aperture. 5. A dual wheel carrier as described in claim 1 wherein said pair of axles are orthogonal to each other and in use are oriented at forty five degrees to the horizontal plane of the tracks on which the wheels of said carrier are ride- able. 6. A dual wheel carrier as described in claim 2 or 3 where¬ in said wheels are of such diameter that when mounted on said axles they converge at their upper edges into engage¬ ment with one another, said engagement constituting said rolling bearing. 7. A dual wheel carrier as described in claim 2 wherein said rolling bearing comprises a ball bearing journalled in said axles support and engaged with the wheel face clos¬ est to said axles support. 8. A dual wheel ' carrier as described in claim 2 wherein said rolling bearing comprises a ball bearing journalled in said axles support and engaged with the wheel face clos¬ est to said axles support, which wheel face is circularly annularly grooved to receive therein a portion of said ball bearing surface. 9. A dual wheel carrier as described in claim 3 wherein said axles are co-planer and said rolling bearing comprises a ball bearing ' journalled in said axles support and engaged with the wheel face closest to said axles support. ■ BURE-Q; _O PI ■ W1P";TODER E;TODER E;1978
+WO-1979000667-A1;19790906.0;19781227;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25378381.0;E01B25;A47H1;A47H1, A47H15, E05D15;A47H  15/02, E05D  15/06B1, P01B 202/02B;TRACK SWITCH;A hospital curtain track system utilizing a track switch (25) which permits the use of a single privacy curtain (28) selectively for one of two or more adjacent bed cubicles. One track switch unit (25) between each two bed environment splices directly with the cubicle track (23, 24, 26) and eliminates extra connecting parts including the elimination of one complete track leg, resulting in minimal installation time and expense. The switch utilizes a pull-chains actuated toggle for shifting a horizontally shiftable switch section (37) for aligning a common track (26) with the desired curtain track.;"TRACK SWITCH Technical Field This invention relates to privacy curtain track systems and more particularly to a hospital track system utilizing a track switch which permits the use of a single privacy curtain selectively for each of a pair of adjacent bed cubicles. Background Art Hospital privacy curtain systems in the past util- ized a separate track system for each hospital bed with a separate curtain for each track system thus requiring more track and more curtains. Disclosure of Invention The privacy curtain system is adaptable to multiple bed hospital environments "" and requires fewer curtains while providing maximum privacy. One curtain may be used for two or more beds. Self splicing cubicle tracks of various lengths and shapes provide easy assembly and versatility in space planning. The track switch unit connects a com- mon track between each two bed environment directly with either of the discrete cubicle tracks which enclose the other sides of each bed and eliminates extra connecting parts, including one complete track leg and resulting in minimal installation time and expense. The switch utilizes a pull-chain actuated toggle for shifting a horizontally shiftable switch section for aligning the common track with the desired discrete cubicle curtain track. The switch and tracks are of two types, one type being a recessed system installable flush with the under- side of and as an integral part of an original ceiling in¬ stallation, and another type being surface mounted instal¬ lable upward against the underside of an existing ceiling. The system can of course be used also in residential and commercial drapery installations. A primary object of the invention is to provide a novel curtain track system which requires only one curtain to provide privacy for a plurality of hospital beds. Another object of the invention is to provide a novel curtain track system as aforesaid which utilizes a manually actuatable track switch to selectively direct a privacy curtain from one track to another. Brief Description of Drawings Figure 1 is an isometric view of the novel ceiling recessed curtain track system according to the invention; Figure 2 is a fragmentary isometric view of the curtain track system in the region of the track switch; Figure 3 is an exploded isometric view of the track switch; Figure 4 is a vertical sectional view through the track switch as would be seen when viewed along lines 4-4 of Figure 2; and Figure 5 is a horizontal sectional view through the track switch as would be seen when viewed along lines 5-5 of Figure 4. Best Mode for Carrying Out ~ the Invention Referring now to the drawings, and first to Figures 1 and 2, there is observed a room, which typically could be a hospital room, having a suspended ceiling 20 consisting of a plurality of the usual T-bar supports, designated gen¬ erally as 21, which support a plurality of ceiling panels 22. In place of one of the T-bars 21 are a pair of curtain tracks 23 and 24 which are flush mounted in the ceiling and function not only as curtain tracks but also as an integral part of the suspended ceiling support grid. The two cur¬ tain tracks 23 and 24 are shown as co-linearly alined,and as they approach each other curve out of alinement and in- ward into engagement with a track switch 25. ' A third cur¬ tain track 26 extends outward from the track switch 25 substantially orthogonally to the running length of the curtain tracks 23 and 24, and also forms part of the ceil¬ ing support grid. Suspended from the track system by car- riers 27 is a curtain 28 which, as seen in Figure 1, forms a cubicle when extended along the tracks .24 and 26 through the switch 25, and which forms a second cubicle, not shown, OM when the curtain is extended along tracks 23 and 26 through the switch 25. As best seen in Figures 2 and 3, the track switch 25 is seen to have a pair of symmetrical bottom or lower outer sections 29 and 30 of generally C-shape or U-shape, and a generally truncated triangularly shaped section 31 spaced between legs 29A and 30A of the outer sections 29 and 30. As best seen in Figure 3, the switch has a top section 32 having a top closure plate 33 from which de- pend a pair of outer sections 34 and 35 which are congru¬ ent with and matingly overlie the bottom outer sections 29 and 30 respectively, and also has a top triangular sec¬ tion 36 which congruently matingly overlies the bottom triangular section 31. A generally rectangular dual track switch slider 37 is held slidably captive between the top plate 33 and the bottom plates 29C and 30C of the lower outer sections 29 and 30. Secured to the slider 37 are a pair of ball chain pulls 38 and 39, the chain 38- being trained around pulley 40 and extending downward through an aperture in the bottom outer section 29, while the chain 39 is similarly trained around a pulley 41 and extends downward through an aperture in the bottom outer section 30. As best seen in Figure 2, the legs 29B and 30B of the bottom outer sections 29 and 30 form an opening into which the end of the common track 26 fits precisely and accurately, this opening also being shown in Figure 5 with a portion of the end of track 26 disposed therein with the actual tracks 56 on which the wheels of the curtain car¬ riers 27 ride being alined with track portions 29D and 30D formed respectively on the ends of legs -29B and 30B of the bottom outer sections 29 and 30 "" . In a similar man¬ ner, a pair of branch track openings to receive the ends of the tracks 23 and 24 are formed between the ends of legs 29A and 30A of the bottom outer sections 29 and 30 and the bottom triangular section 31. Track sections 29E and 31A form continuations of the carrier tracks of cur¬ tain track 23, while track portions 30E and 31B form the track continuations for the track portions of curtain track 24. The switch slider 37 is formed with a pair of curved track sections 42 and 43 which respectively con- nect the common track opening for track 26 with the branch track openings for tracks 23 and 24 as a function of the position of the switch slider 37. As shown in Figure 5 of the drawings, with one end of the switch slider against the end wall of bottom outer section 29, the curved switch slider track section 43 forms a continuous smooth track connecting section between branch track 24 and common track 26. When the switch slider 37 is shifted to the right so that the end disposed within the bottom outer section 30 is stopped by the end wall of section 30, then switch sli- der track section 42 forms a continuous track connection between track 23 and common track 26. Shifting of the switch slider 37 from one switch position to the other is accomplished by pulling downward on the ball chain pulls 38 and 39, downward pull on chain 38 causing the switch to assume the condition shown on Figure 5, whereas pulling downward on ball chain 39 causes the switch slider 37 to move laterally and connect tracks 23 and 26 by means of the curved track section 42. The switch slider 37 remains in stable switch posi- tion because of the over-center toggling .action of a spring toggle formed by an outer cylindrical telescopic section 44 and an inner section 45 with a compression spring 46 held captive within and between the inner and outer tele- scopically engaged toggle cylindrical sections 44 and 45. The free end of outer cylinder 44 is formed in the shape of a semi-circular cylindrical section 47 which seats in pivotal fashion in a semi-circular cylindrical socket 48 molded on the inner surface of leg 29B of bottom outer section 29. Similarly, the free end of toggle inner tele- scopic section 45 is similarly formed with a semi-circular cylindrical end section 49 which fits pivotally smoothly into a semi-circular cylindrical socket 50 formed on the inside of the switch slider 37, as best seen in the show¬ ing of Figure 5. The pivot end 47 is the fixed pivot while the pivot end 49 is the floating pivot, which latter turns within socket 50 and swings over toward the right as the slider 37 moves to the right under the urging of pull chain 39, the pivot end 47 pivoting within the socket 48 but un¬ dergoing no translational or shifting movement. The pull chains 38 and 39 are restrained from la¬ teral movement off of their associated pulleys 40 and 41 by being held captive laterally between the side guide posts 51 which depend from the top plate 33 and the adja¬ cent inner edges of the top outer sections 34 and 35. The switch 25 is also provided with a peripherally extending flange 52 which underlies the adjacent parts of the ceil- ing which have been cut out so that the switch may be up¬ wardly recessed for flush mounting with the ceiling un- dersurface. A switch support plate is positioned above the switch 25 arid overlying a pair of adjacent T-bar sup¬ ports 21, as best seen in Figures 2 and 4, to carry and support the mass of the switch 25 and provide sufficient mechanical support to oppose the downward pull exerted by chains 38 and 39 which actuate the switch mechanism, the support plate being designated as 53, and the switch be¬ ing shown secured thereto in Figure 4 by the screws 54. While the switch may be made in any desired fashion, it is illustrated as being formed of molded plastic to pro¬ vide a minimum weight. - UREAU OMPI";"CLAIMS 1. A curtain track system characterized by a) a curtain track system comprising first and second branch tracks and a common track, b) a track switch adapted for operative coupling to each of said first and second and common tracks, said track switch including shiftable track means for selectively interconnecting said common track to one of said first and second branch tracks, and act- uating means for selectively shifting said shiftable track means to connect said common track as desired to either of said first or second branch tracks. 2. A track switch as described in claim 1 wherein said shiftable track means comprises first and second separate switch track sections, said first switch track section being movable into position to interconnect said first branch track to said common track when said actuating means is actuated in a first way, and said second switch track section being movable into position to interconnect said second branch track to said common track when said actuating means is actuated in a second way. 3. A track switch as described in claims 1 or 2 including a hollow switch body having a separate track-end receiving opening for each of said first and second branch tracks and said common track, said shiftable track means compris¬ ing a slider unit held captive within said hollow switch body. 4. A track switch as described in claim 2 wherein said first and second separate switch track sections are fix- edly intercoupled and movable as a unit. 5. A track switch as described in claim 3 wherein said hollow switch body further includes a flange extending peripherally thereabout and outward from the lower edge ""gυ E OMPI of the switch body, said flange being adapted to closely underlie thelower surface of a ceiling into which the switch body may be upwardly recessed. 6. A track switch as described in claim 3 wherein said hollow switch body further includes interior fixed track sections positioned to function as continuations of the external branch and common tracks and provide a smooth track continuation between said external tracks and said shiftabl-e track means first and second track sections. 7. A track switch as described in claim 3 wherein said actuating means for selectively shifting said shiftable track means comprises a resilient toggle coupled at one point to said hollow switch body and coupled at another point to said slider unit. 8. A track switch as described in claim 3 wherein said actuating means for selectively shifting said shiftable track means comprises a resilient toggle coupled at one point to said hollow switch body and coupled at another point to said slider unit, and wherein said hollow switch body further includes interior fixed track sections posi¬ tioned to function as continuations of the external branch and common tracks and provide a smooth track continuation between said external tracks and said shiftable track means first and second track sections. 9. A track system as described in claim 6 wherein each said switch body track-end receiving opening has received therein a track section comprising in combination a) a pair of horizontal longitudinal extending parallel spaced apart tracks, and b) a pair of upstanding sidewalls interconnected with each other at an elevation above the level of said pair of tracks, said switch body track-end receiving opening being formed • BU E TΓ OMPI l W1PO A*, in cross-section with lands and openings to interfit with and close fittingly receive thereinto at least portions of the ends of said track section tracks and sidewalls, with said tracks aligned with the said switch body inter- ior fixed track sections. 10. A track switch and tracks sections as described in claim 9' wherein each said track section further includes a longitudinally extending horizontal flange extending la¬ terally outward from each of said pair of parallel spaced apart tracks, said flanges extending laterally in opposite directions outward away from one another and also engag- . ingly interfitting with lands and recesses formed in said switch body at said switch body track-end receiving open¬ ings. W1P0";TODER E;TODER E;1978
+WO-1979000780-A1;19791018.0;19781201;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25392411.0;E03D3;;E03D3;E03D   3/10, E03D   3/12;WATER CLOSET;A water closet of the tank type in which air is entrapped in the tank creating pressure to assist in expelling flushing water to a bowl during the flushing cycle. The flushing cycle is activated by a disc valve (38) and piston (26) connected to a domestic water supply (12) for dislodging a float (18) and valve (20) from a valve seat. The water closet is constructed with a minimum of moving parts by employing a piston (26) for dislodging the float which temporarily cuts off the flow of water to the bowl and utilizes the water pressure for returning the piston to the static position. The system also employs a vacuum breaker assembly (52) having a ball (56) in an angled pipe maintained by gravity against a seat in the flushing water line. The force of the water flowing into the bowl forces the ball from the seat during flushing. The ball returns to the seat by the force of gravity on the completion of flushing, preventing back pressure from any vacuum in the domestic water supply. If back pressure occurs before the ball seats, air is drawn through a vent pipe in to the domestic water supply, preventing any siphoning from a bowl.;"S P E C I F I C A T I O N WATER CLOSET TECHNICAL FIELD • This invention relates to water closets, and more particularly relates to an improved water closet utilizing a pressurized tank system having a minimum of moving parts. BACKGROUND ART With the advent and increasing concern for water conservation, the need for an efficient water closet using minimum water for efficient operation is evident. Such devices have been heretofore proposed, but have not been widely accepted because of the complexity of their construc¬ tion. Such systems employ pressurized tanks to reduce the overall space required for the system, while maintaining the same efficient operation. These systems are advantageous in that they require less water for flushing and produce effi- cient operation with a minimum of objectionable noise _ OMPI DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The purpose of the present invention is to provide an improved water closet which has a minimum of moving parts and provides efficient operation with a minimum waste of precious water. The present invention is an improvement on U.S. patents 3,397,408, issued August 20, 1968, and 3,628,195, issued on December 21, 1972, to the same inventor of the device disclosed herein, and are incorporated herein by refer¬ ence. In those patents, there is illustrated a water closet in which air is trapped at the top of a tank and aids in expelling water into the bowl, along with the domestic water supply pressure during flushing operation. However, it was found that that device was not as efficient as possible because of its somewhat complex construction and the number of moving parts required to perform the flushing operation. The present invention provides an improvement in which the number of moving parts is reduced to a minimum. In the improved device the domestic water supply is connected to the tank through a check valve and also to the piston through a disc valve. The disc valve operatipn is on the same principle and is similar to that disclosed in U.S. patent 3,614,057, issued to Louis Hospe on October 19, 1971. The piston in the OMPI improved version is operated solely by the water pressure itself without the need for any type of biasing spring or complicated sealing arrangements. In the improved version the piston dislodges the float during the flushing operation opening the valve as before when the plunger on the actu¬ ating disc valve is pushed. However, in the present inven¬ tion, an extended shank on the piston closes off the flow path of water to the bowl temporarily until the float is completely dislodged from the valve seat. The pressure in the tank, as well as the pressure from the domestic water supply, is now applied to the end of the shank of the piston closing off the flow passageway to the bowl. This pressure begins to force the piston back to the static condition opening up the flow passageway to the bowl to begin the flushing operation. The piston, which is initially operated by the domestic water supply pressure, slowly drifts back to its static position with water bleeding off around the pisto into the bowl because of the imbalance of pressure between the tank and the domestic water supply pressure. The clear- ance around the piston head and cylinder wall is controlled to permit the pressure of the domestic water supply to initi ally drive the piston up to dislodge the float valve, thus slowly releasing the water by allowing it to bleed off aroun the piston as the flushing water forces it down. Simultaneously water flows through the float valve opening into the bowl through a unique vacuum breaker assemb which is adaptable to any present water closet by being f connected in the line between the tank and the bowl. The vacuum breaker operates by means of a gravity controlled ball resting on a valve seat in the path of the flushing water. The ball is retained in. a tube angled slightly upward and is forced from its seat by the flushing water. As the float • valve begins to recede and the flushing water reduces in volume, the ball by gravitational force returns to the seat, preventing a vacuum condition in the domestic water supply from drawing contaminated water from the bowl into the water supply. If the vacuum condition occurs prior to reseating of the ball, air to break the vacuum condition is allowed to flow through a vent or stand pipe around the ball into the domestic water pipes without creating any siphoning condition in the bowl. A grating in the tube containing the ball permits the flushing water to flow past the ball into the bowl. It is one object of the present invention to provide an improved water closet having a minimum of moving parts. Another object of the present invention is to provide a water closet having a flushing operation operated entirely by the domestic water supply pressure. Another object of the present invention is to provide an improved water closet in which a piston for dislodging the float from its seat temporarily excludes water from the bowl, thus causing the piston to be returned to its static condition by the flushing water. Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved water closet having a unique vacuum breaker assembly. Still another object of the present invention is to provide an improved water closet having an improved vacuum breaker in the form of a gravity-operated ball engaging a seat in the flow line of the flushing water. These and other objects of the invention will become readily apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the acco - panying drawings wherein like reference numbers identify lik parts throughout. BUKLAT OMPI BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIGURE 1 is a sectional side elevation illustrating the invention in the static condition. FIGURE 2 is a sectional view of the vacuum breaker section of the invention taken at 2-2 of Figure 1. FIGURE 3 is a sectional side elevation similar to Figure 1 illustrating the invention immediately after actu¬ ation of the disc valve. FIGURE 4 is a sectional side elevation similar to Figure 1 illustrating the invention in the flushing condition. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring now to the drawings, and in particular Figure 1, there is shown a tank 10 closed at the top and bottom connected to a domestic water supply by means of lin 12 through conduit 14 and an inlet in bottom plate 16. A deflector plate 17 adjacent to inlet in plate 16 acts as a turbulence arrester to stop the water from ""boiling"" during filling of the tank 10. The plate 17 ""smooths out"" the flo of water into the tank in much the same manner as the baffl shown in patent 3,628,195, providing very quiet operation. The tank 10 has a float 18 for operating the float valve 20 in the usual manner. The float 18 is controlled by a cage guide formed by rods 22. The float valve 20 is operated and dislodged from i seat 80 by a rod 24 on the piston 26 retained in a cylinder or chamber 28 of a housing or casting 30. The piston has a piston head 32 and an elongate shank 34 for closing off out 36, as will be more clearly described hereinafter. The pis head 32 is slightly smaller than the diameter of the chambe to allow water filling the chamber 28 to bleed off into the flushing system at a controlled rate, as will be more clear described hereinafter. The cylinder 28 is connected to a disc valve 38 by conduit 40. The disc valve 38 is also connected to the dom tic water supply 12 by another conduit 42 and a tee 44, and operated by a plunger 46. The piston housing 30 and float valve assembly is removably secured to the tank 10 by means of a coupling 48. Bore 50 in housing 30 provides a passageway from the tank 10 to the outlet 36 of a vacuum breaker 52. The vacuum breaker 52 is comprised of a pipe or tube 54 attached to a fitting 58 secured to the housing 30. The tube 54 may be secured to the fitting 58 by any suitable means, such as a coupling or by welding or an adhesive. In- side the tube 54 is a ball 56 which normally rests against the seat 60 on the end of the fitting 58. The ball is re¬ tained in the tubing 54 by a grating 62 providing a passage¬ way into the pipe 64 leading to a bowl. The pipe 54 has an opening 66 to permit air to flow around the ball when a suction or vacuum occurs in a domestic water supply 12 or in the tank 10. A vent tube 68 is secured by any suitable means to the end of the tube 54 holding the ball 56. An O-ring 70 pressed against lip 72 at the opening 66 in the end of tube or pipe 54 provides a seal when the ball 56 is forced to the end of the pipe 54 by flushing water. The float bulb 20 is secured by a number of rods 22 forming a cage secured in the end of housing 30. Thus, re¬ moval of coupling 48 permits removal of the piston housing along with the cage 21 and float. The supply of air 84 at the top of tank 10 is regulated by a bleed tube fitting 51 seated in the end of housing 30, adjacent to the opening of chamber 50. A properly selected vent or air tube 53 is seated in the bleed tube 51 having its height arranged to expel excess air prior to seating of the float 20. That is, the height of air tube 53 is selected so that when the leve of water in the tank falls below the end of the tube 53, excess air may bleed off through the tube into the mouth of the chamber 50 before the float 20 reseats. In this manner, the amount of air 84 above the water level in tank 10 can b regulated. Operation of the system is substantially similar to that described in patent No. 3,397,408 referred to above an is illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. In Figure 3 the operati of the system is depicted immediately after actuation of th disc valve 38 by pressing plunger 46. The pressing of plun 46 forces the end of rod 74 away from the valve seat 76 agai the action of the flexible disc 78 providing a flow of domes tic water supply through the disc valve 38 into the chamber through pipe 40. This action forces the piston 34 upward causing the rod 24 to dislodge the valve seal 20 from its se 80. This permits water to flow into the bore 50 in the pis housing 30, but no flushing is permitted at this time as the shank 34 of the piston has closed off the outlet 36 to the bowl. When the piston reaches the limit of its travel (i.e. the end of chamber 28) with the chamber 28 full, the disc valve 38 automatically closes. At this time the pressure from the water 82 and air 84 trapped in the tank 10, plus the pressure from the domes¬ tic water supply 12 through the deflector plate 17 on the bottom plate 16, is applied to the end 86 of the piston shank 34. This creates a pressure imbalance in which the pressure against the shank end of piston 26 exceeds the pressure at the opposite end on piston head 32, causing the piston to move downward in the chamber 28 until the outlet 36 is opened, as illustrated in Figure 4. As the piston is forced downward water bleeds off around the piston head into the outlet 36. Indentation or cutout 29 adjacent to the outlet 36 provides a bleed path around piston head 32 when the piston is at the top of chamber 28. Water immediately begins flowing through the outlet 36 through the tube 54 into the bowl through pipe 64. The force of the water forces the ball 56 in the vacuum breaker 62 against the O-ring seal 70, diverting substantially all of the flushing water into the bowl. Vent pipe 68 prevents any leakage of water which might flow around the ball 56 before it seals against the O-ring 70. When the piston 26 reaches the bottom of the cylinder 28 and the float valve 18 closes, the pressure of the domestic water supply causes water to flow into the tank 10 to sub¬ stantially fill the tank and create an air pressure head 84, returning the tank to the static condition illustrated in Figure 1. The tank stops filling when the pressure in the OMPI tank equalizes with the pressure in the domestic water supply. No shut-off valve is needed. The anti-siphoning or vacuum breaker 52 is unique in that it may be attached to any existing water closet by tap- ping into the supply line to the bowl with a fitting similar to 58. While fitting 58 is shown as secured or welded or otherwise fixed to the housing 30, it can be constructed for attachment in any number of ways. The vacuum breaker 54 allows the flow of water through outlet 36 into the bowl through pipe 64 by displacing the ball 56 to the end of the pipe 54 against the seal 70. The ball 56 remains in this position until the float valve sealing bulb 20 cuts off the flow of water to the bowl. At this time the ball rolls down the inclined tube 54 to reseat against the seat 60 of the fitting 58. If a vacuum should occur in the domestic water supply line 12 or tank 10 before the ball reseats, then air will be drawn through vent pipe 68 around the ball through the opening 66 and grating 62 into the domestic water supply, preventing any siphoning of water from the bowl through pipe 64. Alternatively, the ball 56 will be drawn tightly agains the end of fitting 58 sealing off the water supply. As described in U.S. patent No. 3,628,195, some means may be needed to compensate for absorption of air in the tank if the system is unused over an extended period of time. In most cases the domestic water supply is thoroughly aerated and no compensation is needed. However, one method of 0MPI resupplying air would be to provide an aspirator in line 14 which would draw in a little air every time the tank is filled. Another method would be to float a buoyant disc 85 (shown in phantom) of styrofoam plastic or some other non- water-absorbing plastic, on top of the water in tank 10. Since the amount of absorption is directly proportional to the area of air-water interface, the float could reduce this area by better than 95%, thus reducing the air absorption. The sides of the float 85 would be suitably curved to prevent it from becoming wedged in the tank. Thus there has been disclosed an improved water closet in which all moving parts have been reduced to a minimum by simplifying valves and eliminating the necessity for springs or complicated constructions. The system operates smoothly, quietly and with a minimum of water wasted. Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teach¬ ings. It is therefore to be understood that the full scope of the invention is not limited to the details disclosed herein but may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS 1. A hydraulic flushing device comprising: a tank having a closed upper end; closing means closing the bottom end; connecting means connecting said tank to a domestic water supply; an outlet adjacent to the bottom of said tank; a float normally closing said outlet; a piston mounted below said outlet; a valve connected to the domestic water supply; a conduit from said valve to said piston to supply water under pressure to one side of said piston when said valve is activated; • dislodging means on said piston for dislodging said float when water is supplied to said piston; and said piston adapted to close said outlet before sai float is dislodged whereby water from said tank forces sai piston back to its original position during the flushing operation to open said outlet. 2. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 1, including: an upwardly angled nipple connected to said outlet; an upwardly angled tee coupled to said nipple; a ball in the cross-member of said tee- normally resting against the end of said nipple; and said tee having its downward member connecting the cross-member to a toilet bowl, whereby water flowing through the nipple to the bowl pushes the b-all off the seat and the angle of said tee and nipple causes the ball to roll back and seat against the end of the nipple after water stops flowing through the outlet. 3. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 2 including: grating means in the cross-member of the tee commu¬ nicating with the downward member to prevent restriction of the downward member by the ball. 4. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 2 wherein the end of the tee cross-member opposite the end coupled to the nipple includes, vent means venting said nipple to the atmosphere; and sealing means for sealing said vent means when water is flowing through said nipple to said toilet bowl. 5. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 4 wherein, said vent means comprises a stand pipe connecting the open end of said tee cross-member to the atmosphere; and said sealing means includes a lip on the open end of the cross-member whereby said ball is forced against said lip by the flow of water. 6. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 5 including: a resilient ring in said cross-member abutting said lip whereby said ball compresses said ring against said lip to seal the open end of the cross-member during flow of water. "" 7. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 1 wherein said dislodging means comprises: an extension out of said piston adapted to engage and push said float off the seat after the piston closes the outlet. 8. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 7 wherein said dislodging means comprises a rod of predetermined length attached to said piston. 9. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 1 wherein said valve is an automatic closing flexible disc valve. 10. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 1 wherein said piston comprises: a cylinder in a sleeve; a flange on the end of said cylinder opposite the dislodging means; and a shoulder in said sleeve for abutment by said flange whereby the length of travel of said piston is limited. 11. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 1 wherein: said outlet intercepts said sleeve; and said piston cylinder closes off said outlet when said flange is abutting said shoulder. 12. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 1 including: a float in said tank for reducing the air-water interface to reduce the absorption of air into the water. 13. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 12 wherein said float is comprised of a non-water- absorbing plastic. 14. The hydraulic flushing device according to Claim 13 wherein the float size is selected to reduce the air-water interface area by at least 95%. 15. A vacuum breaker for attachment to toilet systems comprising: a nipple; attachment means for attaching said nipple at an upward angle to the outlet water of a toilet system; a tee; coupling means coupling said tee to the end of said nipple with the cross-pipe angling upwardly with the nipple; a ball in said cross-pipe normally resting against the end of said nipple; and a down pipe of said tee connecting said cross-pipe to a toilet bowl whereby water may flow through said nipple to said bowl by pushing the ball up the cross-pipe but water flowing in the opposite direction forces the ball against the end of the nipple sealing the tank and supply from any back flow. 16. The vacuum breaker according to Claim 15 including: grating means in the cross-member of the tee communicating with the downward member to prevent restric- tion of the downward member by the ball. 17. The vacuum breaker according to Claim 16 including: vent means venting said nipple to the atmosphere; and sealing means for sealing said vent means when water is flowing through said nipple to said toilet bowl. 18. The vacuum breaker according to Claim 17 wherein: said vent means comprises a stand pipe connecting the open end of said tee cross-member to the atmosphere; and said sealing means includes a lip on the open end of the cross-member whereby said ball is forced against said lip by the flow of water. 19. The vacuum breaker according to Claim 18 including: a resilient ring in said cross-member abutting said lip whereby said ball compresses said ring against said lip to seal the open end of the cross-member during flow of water. "" U O ,-Λ, W";SKOUSGAARD E;SKOUSGAARD E;1978
+WO-1979000835-A1;19791018.0;19781215;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25397257.0;B01J1;;A62D3, A62D101, B01J19, B09B3, C07C1, C07C45, C07C51;A62D   3/176, A62D   3/37, B01J  19/12D2, C07C   1/26+15/14, C07C  45/65, C07C  51/377+63/16, K62D 101/04, K62D 101/22, K62D 203/04;DEHALOGENATION OF HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS;Chemical process for degrading halogenated organic compound having at least one C-halogen group and preferably a plurality of such groups to remove halogen atoms from said compound by treating it with ultra-violet (UV) radiation (2) and hydrogen (6) preferably, though not necessarily in alkaline liquid solution. Process for degrading such compound which is capable of forming alkali metal salts by treating it in aqueous alkaline solution with UV radiation (2). The process can be used generally as a means for dehalogenation and is particularly useful in the treatment of contaminated effluent wastes from manufacturing processes or from contaminated water, soil, sludges or other wastes already present in the environment. An example of a compound effectively treated by the processes of the invention is kepone, decachloropentacyclo (5.3.0.02,6.03,9.04,8) decan-5-one.;"DEHALOGENATION OF HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to chemical processes for removing halogen atoms from halogenated organic compounds having at least one C-halogen group and preferably a plurality of C-halogen groups. The invention is particularly applicable to the degradation of toxic halogenated organic compounds, which are resistant to environmental degradation, by removing halogen atoms therefrom. BACKGROUND ART Many organic halogenated compounds are employed for a variety of practical uses, e.g., as pesticides, soil fumigants, solvents, etc. Many escape into the environment, as for example in manufacturing or application wastes and spills. Some, such as pesticides, are applied in such a manner as to become part of the environment. It has been found that a number of such compounds, particularly though not neces¬ sarily polyhalogenated compounds, are toxic to plant and animal life. Although some of the compounds are bio- and/or photo-degradable so that they soon disappear from the environment, a substantial number are resistant to environmental degradation and remain in poisonous form for periods as long as many months or years. As a result, a good deal of research has been done to find reliable and economical treat¬ ment methods to degrade such compounds into environmentally safe pro¬ ducts. Some work has been done with treatment of certain halogenated organic compounds variously with UV radiation or with UV radiation and oxygen, air or ozone. To inventor's knowledge, there have been no prior teachings of the use of a chemical reduction treatment employing UV and hydrogen free from any added oxidizer, such as air or oxygen per se, or the use of UV alone in which the compound is in aqueous alka¬ line solutions. U.S. patent 3,977,952 teaches the required use of oxygen (or air) plus UV, preferably in the presence of HC1 catalyst. In column 1, the patent mentions the use of carbon dioxide, water vapor, air or hydrogen as carrier gases for gas phase reaction. The reference to hydrogen appears to be inadvertent since no one skilled in the art would use hydrogen within the context of an oxygen oxidation process. The hydrogen would oxidize to water and present a serious hazard of explosion. OMPI DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION The treatment of a halogenated organic compound having at least one C-halogen group with UV radiation and hydrogen in the absence of any sub¬ stantial amount of oxidizing agent reduces the compound by breaking the carbon-halogen linkage and producing halogen ions, thereby at least part¬ ially dehalogenating the compound (in the case of a polyhalogenated com¬ pound). The treatment may also result in further degradation of the at least partially dehalogenated compound. The process may be employed with monohalogenated compounds, but will more generally be used to treat poly- halogenated compounds because of their generally greater toxicity and resistance to environmental degradation. The process can be used generally as a means for dehalogenation and is particularly useful in the treatment of contaminated effluent wastes from manufacturing processes or from contaminated water, soil, sludges or other wastes already present in the environment. The dehalogenation mechanisms which occur in the process are gen¬ eric in nature. They are operative regardless of the structure of the compound or the presence of other substituents or molecular components, such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, metals or the like. The effect of these variable manifestations is primarily in the energy of the C-halogen bond and can be compensated for by employing higher or lower energy UV radiation within the stated range. The halogen substituents can include chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. The different C-halogen groups generally differ in bond energy. C-F groups, for example, generally have particularly high bond energies as compared with the other C-halo¬ gen groups and require more energetic UV wavelengths in the dehalogen¬ ation process. Examples of compounds which are particularly suitable for treat¬ ment by the UV plus H„ process of the invention because of their demon- strated or potential toxicity include but are not limited to kepone (and its gemdiol) decachloropentacyclo(5.3.0.0 ' .0 ' .0 ' ,)decan-5- one; halogenated biphenyls; halogenated cyclodienes, such as aldrin, dieldrin, and hexachlorocyclopentadienes; dibromochloropropane; halo¬ genated phthalic anhydrides, such as polybromophthalic anhydride; tet- rachloroethylene; polychlorodioxins such as tetrachlorodibenzodioxin; halogenated organic phosphates, such as 2,2-dichlorovinyldimethyl phos¬ phate (Dichlorvos) . The process can be employed in gaseous phase where the halogenated organic compound is gaseous or in the form of a finely divided liquid OMPI or so . n suc case, e y rogen ac s as ue , carr er, an reactant. Where the compound is in liquid or solid form, it is gener¬ ally desirable to dissolve it in a suitable solvent which preferably is substantially transparent to the particular UV wavelengths. Use of a solvent is particularly advantageous where the compound is a contami¬ nant which must be separated from other materials, such as sludge or mud. The particular solvent used is determined by the solubility char¬ acteristics of the particular halogenated compound. It can be, for example, water, methanol, ethanol, 1-and 2-propanol, hexane, cyclohex- ane, acetonitrile, and preferably their alkaline solutions. An aqueous alkaline solution, where alkalinity is preferably pro¬ duced by the presence of alkali metal ions and preferably by means of an alkali metal oxide or hydroxide (to minimize potentially obstructive anions) , such as sodium or potassium oxides and hydroxides, is partic¬ ularly useful in the case of halogenated organic compounds which have substituents that react to produce soluble alkali metal salts. Examples include but are not limited to kepone (which normally hydrolyzes to the gem-diol in the presence of water or atmospheric moisture) ; aryl com- pounds having aryl-OH substituents, e.g., phenol-type compounds; diol- type compounds; carboxylic acids; anhydrides, such as phthalic anhy¬ dride-type compounds; sulfonic acids; and the like. Compounds which are not soluble in aqueous alkaline solutions can generally be adequately solubilized by means of a suitable organic sol- vent. Preferably, though not essentially, the organic solvent is rend¬ ered alkaline, e.g. , by addition of an alkali metal oxide or hydroxide, since it has been found that an alkaline pH can result in more rapid and greater degradation. Methanol is a preferred solvent because of its good solubilizing capability, its good UV transmission properties, and its relatively low cost which is of particular importance in the case of large scale application. The UV radiation, as aforementioned, should be in the range of o about 1800 to 4000 A. Preferably, it is in the shorter wavelength o portion of this range, namely up to about 2537 A. Wavelengths of about o o 2537 A and 1850 A are particularly preferred because of the generally high absorptivity of halogenated organic compounds at these wavelengths. The hydrogen input, quantitatively, should be sufficient, during the time of the treating procedure, to be in stoichiometric equivalency to the number of halogen atoms to be removed, or in excess thereto. In -4- the case of liquid phase solvent treatment, the effective limiting value is the saturation concentration of the hydrogen in solution. Continued input of hydrogen to maintain saturation provides the optimum amount. The process can be carried out at ambient temperature in relatively simple apparatus. The halogenated organic compound should receive max¬ imum exposure to the UV radiation. This can be accomplished by such state-of-the-art expedients as minimizing the distance that the radiat¬ ion needs to travel to or through the treatment volume; recirculation of the treatment medium; turbulence-creating means such as baffles or rotors; and the like. The process can be designed for batch or contin¬ uous treatment. It has also been found that substantial degradation cart be obtained by treatment of the halogenated compound in aqueous alkaline solution by treatment with UV radiation within the stated broad and preferred ranges of wavelength. Such treatment is limited to compounds, as aforedescribe which are soluble in aqueous alkaline solution without requiring additi¬ onal use of an organic solvent. In all other respects, the aforediscus- sion of various aspects of the process and generic application regardles of compound structure and substituents are applicable to such process using UV radiation alone. The processes of the invention are in general more effective and efficient than the prior art treatments, as is shown in comparative tests infra. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a schematic drawing of apparatus used in the process. Figure 2 shows comparative percent degradation of kepone in methano solution with treatment by UV plus H„ and in alkaline methanol solution with treatment by UV alone, UV plus 0» and UV plus H„. Figure 3 shows the comparative percent degradation of kepone in aqueous alkaline solution by UV alone, UV plus 0. and UV plus H_. Figure 4 shows the comparative percent of maximum chloride ions released from kepone in aqueous alkaline solution by treatment with the three methods. Figure 5 shows the comparative total percent degradation of Aroclor 1254 in basic methanol by UV alone, UV plus 0„, and UV plus H„. Figures 6, 7 and 8 show the percent degradation of the individual components of Aroclor 1254 by treatment with UV alone, UV plus 0„ and UV plus H„ respectively. Figure 9 shows the percent degradation of TBPA in basic methanol by treatment with UV alone, UV plus 0 , and UV plus H„. Figure 10 shows the percent of maximum bromide ions released from TBPA using the three treatment methodologies. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Figure 1 shows a schematic drawing of a reactor as employed in exper¬ imental evaluation. U-shaped UV tube 2 is positioned longitudinally in reactor chamber 3, and is held in air-tight position by Teflon plug 4, and is connected by wires 5 to a transformer (not shown) . Hydrogen gas is pumped in via inlet tube 6. Reaction solution is pumped in via inlet tube 7 and is continuously recirculated by a pump (not shown) via out¬ let tube 8. Vent 9 provides for the exit of volatiles. As used in the experiments below, the reactor diameter was 4 inches (10.15 cm). Capacity was 1.5 1. The lamp size was 15-1/4 inches (38.74 cm) in overall length with an arc length of 24-1/2 inches (62.23 cm) and tube diameter of 11/16 inch (1.75 cm). Lamp input was 30W and out- o put intensity was 10.4W. UV wavelength was 2537 A. Example 1 Kepone Treatment: Kepone, which has been used as an insecticide, has posed formid- able problems because of its great toxicity and resistance to bio- and photo-degradation in the environment. It is highly toxic to normally- occurring degrading microorganisms. Although it can undergo some photo- decomposition when exposed to sunlight to the dihydro compound (leaving a compound having 8 Cl substituents) , this degradation product does not significantly reduce toxicity. Kepone was made up into three different stock solutions: a. 212ppm in methanol; solution pH6. b. 237ppm in methanol alkalized to pHIO with NaOH. c. 230pρm in water containing 51- NaOH. 1.5 1 quantities of the kepone stock solutions were variously o treated in the apparatus aforedescribed (UV λ = 2537A) with UV alone, UV plus 0„ at an ozone flow rate of 0.41 1/min. and UV plus H„ at a hydrogen flow rate of 0.75 1/min. Samples were prepared for quantitative gas chromatographic analysis in the following manner. 1. Measured volumes of the samples were neutralized with ULTREX (Cl-free) nitric acid, if basic. 2. The samples were evaporated to dryness. 3. The dried sample was diluted to 100 ml with 67« methanol in benzene. The resulting solutions were analyzed on a 5750 with electron capture detector. The following conditions were used: injection port temperature - 300°C detector temperature - 300 C C oven temperature - 250°C gas flow - 50 ml/min Ar/CH, column - 107. DC 200 on Chromosorb HP 100/200 The aqueous NaOH solutions were analyzed on a Hewlett-Packard 3880 using the following conditions: injection port temperature - 200°C oven temperature - 180°C gas flow - 45 ml/min AR/CH, column - 57= OV-210 on 100/120 GCQ Chloride ion concentration was also determined on all of the samples An Orion solid state chloride ion electrode was used for this purpose. Samples in methanol were prepared by neutralizing 5 ml of the sample wit ULTREX nitric acid. Following evaporation to dryness, the samples were dissolved in 8 ml of distilled water. In the case of the squeous sodium hydroxide solutions, 10 ml samples were neutralized with ULTREX nitric acid before the analyses. Chloride ion concentrations were determined by comparison to standard curves generated from sodium chloride stand¬ ards containing equal amounts of sodium nitrate as the samples. During the course of the experimental runs, samples were taken at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. (+180 min for aqueous NaOH solution treated with UV plus H„) to determine rate of degradation with time. Table I gives the results obtained in terms of the remaining con¬ centration of kepone at the end of the indicated time period and the percent degradation. TABLE I Initial Cone. Sample Treatment Conditions Final % Degra¬ Ppm Conditions Gas Time Cone. dation o 212 Methanol pH 6 2537A Hydrogen 120 min. 177 ppm 16.57c 237 Methanol pH 10 2537A 120 min. 155 ppm 34.67c 237 Methanol pH 10 2537A Ozone 110 min. 190 ppm 19.87c o 237 Methanol pH 10 2537A Hydrogen 120 min. 115 ppm 51.57c 230 57c Aq.NaOH Sol. 2537A 120 min. 140 ppm 39.17c pH > 14 230 57o Aq.NaOH Sol. 2537A Ozone 120 min. 181 ppm 21.37c pH > 14 OMPI A TABLE I (continued) Initial Cone. Sample Treatment Conditions Final 7c Degra- ppm Conditions Gas Time Cone. dation 230 57« Aq.NaOH Sol. 2537A Hydrogen 120 min. 37 ppm 83.97c pH > 14 230 57o Aq.NaOH Sol. 2537A Hydrogen 180 min. 12 ppm 94.87c pH > 14 Table I and Figure 2 show the substantially higher 7- degradation at two hours by the basic methanol treatment with UV plus H„ as compared with the other treatment methodologies. They also indicate that, although the UV plus H- treatment with non-alkalized methanol (pH 6) gives appreci¬ able reduction, the alkaline methanol gives very considerably improved results. Figure 2 also shows the considerably higher rate of reduction by the UV plus H_ treatment. Table I and Figure 3 show the very substantially higher rate and percent degradation produced by the UV plus H_ treatment in aqueous NaOH as compared with the UV alone and UV plus 0, treatments. At the end of 3 hours, the UV plus H_ treatment almost completely removes the kepone. These degradation results are substantially verified by Figure 4 which shows the percent of free Cl ions released as a function of time for the UV alone, UV plus 0_, and UV plus H_ treatments. After_3 hours only about 26.57o of the chlorine appears to remain in C-Cl group combination in chlorine-degraded products. At 120 minutes about 50.5% of the chlorine has been transformed into free ions by UV plus H 2 , about 237= (less than one-half) by UV, and only about 16.57c by UV plus 0_. These results indi¬ cate that as many as 6 to 8 chlorine atoms are removed from the kepone molecules by the UV plus H~ treatment. It should be noted that although the results obtained with UV alone in aqueous alkaline solution are not as good as those produced by the UV plus H„ treatment, substantial degradation is obtained, so- that this treatment can be useful in the case of halogenated organic compounds which are substantially soluble in aqueous alkaline solution as afore¬ described. Example 2 Treatment of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) : Aroclor 1254 is a mixture of the higher chlorinated biphenyls con¬ taining 547o chlorine by weight (an average of 4.96 chlorine atoms per molecule). A typical analysis of Aroclor 1254 is presented in Table II (Versar Inc., 1976). TABLE II Empirical Molecular No. of Chlorine Wt. 7c No. of Weight Formula Weight per Biphenyl Chlorine Isomer 7c 154 0 0 1 <0.1 C 12 H 10 C 12 H 9 C1 188 1 18.6 3 <0.1 C 12 H 8 C1 2 222 2 31.5 12 <0.5 256 3 41.0 24 1 C 12 H 7 G1 3 290 48.3 42 21 C 12 H 6 C1 4 4 C 12 H 5 C1 5 324 5 54.0 46 48 C 12 H 4 C1 6 358 6 58.7 42 23 392 C 12 H 3 C1 7 7 62.5 24 6 C 12 H 2 Clg 426 8 65.7 * 12 <0.01 Aroclor 1254 is slightly soluble in water, having an overall sol- _2 ubility of 1.2x10 mg/1. Solubility of the various components varies from 0.0088 mg/1 for the hexachlorobiphenyls to 5.9 mg/1 for the mono- -5 chlorobiphenyls. The vapor pressure for the 1254 mixture is 7.7x10 mm Hg. Theoretical half-life from a 1--meter water column has been cal¬ culated as 1.2 minutes. Thus Aroclor 1254, like many other slightly soluble chlorinated compounds, is readily vaporized from the surface of water. Such vaporized compound could, therefore, escape degradation treatment. Aroclor 1254 was dissolved in methanol alkalized to pH 11 with NaOH to make a 10.92 ppm stock solution. 1.5 1 portions of this stock solution were treated with UV alone, UV plus ozone at an ozone flow rate of 0.411/min. , UV plus hydrogen at a hydrogen flow rate of 0.75 1/min. for 120 minutes each in the reactor aforedescribed. Samples of ~ 8 ml each were taken every 15 minutes. Analyses were performed on the 15-, 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-minute samples. Quantitative analyses for the PCBs were performed on a Hewlett- 63 Packard 3880 gas chromotograph with an EC-Ni electron capture detector G.C. conditions were as follows: injection port temperature - 200°C detector temperature - 300°C oven temperature - 220°C gas flow - 50 ml/min Ar/CH, Column - 157, OV-17, 1.957» QF-1 on 100/120 GCQ The samples were prepared for analysis by neutralizing a known volume with ULTREX nitric acid, followed by evaporation of the solution to dry- ness at room temperature. The samples were brought up to 10 ml with ""BUR OM - ■ pesticide grade hexane. Stock solutions were treated IH the same manner to ensure that there was no loss from evaporation. Areas under the individual peaks were measured with an electronic integrator and compared to standard curves to determine the concentrat- ion. Peaks 1-9 in the chromatogram were monitored individually as well as the total area under peaks 1-9. No attempt was made to identify the individual components. The results of the G.C. analyses of the Aroclor 1254 degradation samples were presented in Figures 5-8. Figure 5 shows the total concen- tration of chlorinated biphenyls remaining as a function of time for the three treatment methodologies. As indicated in this figure, the UV plus H„ treatment is more effective than either UV alone or UV plus 0 . The initial rate for the UV plus H„ treatment is significantly faster than the other treatment methodologies even though the final amount degraded for the UV alone and the UV plus H~ after 2 hours is approxi¬ mately the same. Figures 6-8 show the concentration of the individual chlorinated biphenyl components as a function of time for each treatment methodology. Retention time increases with the percentage of compound chlorine. In- spection of these figures shows the rapid degradation of the high chlor¬ inated biphenyls (peaks 5-9) with all treatment methodologies. The lower chlorinated biphenyls disappear at a slower rate and even increase in concentration in the UV alone and UV plus 0„ treatments. These curves are consistent with known mechanisms for photodegradation of PCBs. Table III shows the total final concentrations of all of the PCB components and their total 7o degradation at the end of two hours. TABLE III ppm Final 7c Treatment Concentration Degradation UV 0.93 91.5 UV+H 2 0.5 95 uv+o 3 3.49 68 Tests of the stock solution treated with hydrogen gas only, showed that substantially none of the PCB was lost by volatilization. The de- gradation test results, in fact, show an increase in the more volatile components (low chlorinated species) which is indicative of photochem¬ ical reaction. Example 3 Treatment of tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA): TBPA is a high melting white crystalline material which is insolubl in water and sparingly soluble in methanol. In basic methanol, e.g., methanol rendered alkaline with NaOH, the anhydride functional group is reactive, forming the sodium salts and the methyl esters. A weighed amount of TBPA was dissolved in methanol alkalized to pH 11 to make a 100 ppm stock solution. 1.5 1 portions were treated with UV alone, UV and ozone at an ozone flow rate of 0.41 1/min. , and UV and hydrogen at a hydrogen flow rate of 0.75 1/min. in the reactor aforedescribed. Samples of each treatment methodology were taken at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes for analysis. The analyses were made using a Waters high pressure liquid chroma- o tograph with a 2537A detector. The carrier solvent was methanol and the flow rate was 1 ml/min. Samples were injected into the LC without any pretreatment. The TBPA concentration of the treated samples was obtained by comparison to a standard curve. Bromide ion concentrations were measured with an Orion bromide elec trode. Samples were prepared by neutralizing 5 ml of each solution with ULTREX nitric acid. The resulting methanolie solution was evaporated to dryness and then diluted to 8 ml with distilled water. Bromide ion con¬ centrations were calculated by comparison with a standard curve con¬ structed from NaBr standards of known composition. The results obtained from the LC analysis of the TBPA concentration of the samples are presented in Figure 9. The UV alone and UV plus 0„ data appear to be very erratic. This erratic appearance is due to the formation of decomposition product, probably the tri- or di-brominated product which is not separated from the original TBPA peak. Figure 10 shows the comparative formation of Br ion as a function of time for. the three methodologies and is a more accurate indication of debromination than in Figure 9. The bromide analysis correlates well with the LC analysis of TBPA when treated with UV plus H„. Upon treatment with UV plus H_, the TBPA is decomposed extremely rapidly during the first 15 minutes, after which TBPA degradation and bromide formation slow down. The lowest TBPA con¬ centration obtained (~ 167» of the original) coupled with the highest bromide concentration obtained (~ 50 ppm) indicate that the molecules were completely debrominated. An equilibrium is that established be¬ tween the TBPA and the resultant phthalic anhydride. To bebrominate the remaining TBPA, this equilibrium must be shifted. Both the UV alone and the UV plus 0 approach the three bromine removal level but at much slower rates. With these treatment methodol¬ ogies, several other compounds also appear in significant quantities on the LC chromatograms. These substances did not appear in substantial quantities when the TBPA was treated with UV plus H~. Thus, the UV plus H_ treatment in basic methanol not only results in significantly more rapid degradation of TBPA than UV alone or UV plus 0„ but in different decomposition products. It is clearly apparent from all of the foregoing data that degrada- tion of halogenated organic compounds by treatment with UV plus H„, pre¬ ferably in alkaline solution, provides an effective and economical means for removing such compounds from manufacturing effluent and/or the environ¬ ment. It has also been shown that the treatment of such compounds with UV alone in aqueous alkaline solutions also provides significant degra- dation. By ""UV alone"", as used in the specification and claims, is meant treatment with ultraviolet radiation without additional chemical treat¬ ment other than the use of a solvent for the halogenated compound. The term ""aqueous alkaline solution"" means a solvent free from additional organic solvent. Although this invention has been described with reference to illus¬ trative embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the principles of this invention can be embodied in other forms but within the scope of the claims. OMPI";1. In a process for degrading a halogenated organic compound having at least one carbon-halogen group in such manner as to remove halo¬ gen from said compound by treatment with ultraviolet radiation, the improvement comprising: treating said compound with ultraviolet o 5 radiation in the range of about 1800 to 4000A and hydrogen .in the absence of any substantial amount of oxidizing agent. 2. Process of Claim 1 in which the compound has a plurality of carbon- halogen groups. Claims 3 through 18 (cancelled) 10 19. In a process for degrading a halogenated organic compound having at least one carbon-halogen group in such manner as to remove halogen from said compound by treatment with ultraviolet radia¬ tion, the improvement comprising: said compound being of the type which forms alkali metal salts when treated with an aqueous alkaline 15 solution containing sodium and/or potassium ions, said solution being substantially free from organic solvent, with ultraviolet o radiation in the range of about 1800 to 4000A substantially in the absence of other compound treating agent. 20. Process of Claim 19 in which the compound has a plurality of 20 carbon-halogen groups. 21. Process of Claim 19 or 20 in which the solvent is a solution of sodium and/or potassium oxide and/or hydroxide. 22. Process of Claim 19 or 20 in which the ultraviolet wavelength o range is about 1800 to 2450A. 25 23. Process of Claim 21 in which the ultraviolet wavelength range o is about 1800 to 2450A. 24. Process of Claim 20 in which the compound is kepone. 25. Process of Claim 21 in which the compound is kepone. 26. Process of Claim 22 in which the compound is kepone. 30 27. Process of Claim 23 in which the compound is kepone. 28. Process of Claim 1 in which the compound is in liquid solution. (new) 29. Process of Claim 2 in which the compound is in liquid solution. (new) 30. Process of Claim 28 in which the solution comprises an organic solvent, (new) 35 31. Process of Claim 29 in which the solution comprises an organic solvent. (new) 32. Process of Claim 28 in which the liquid solution is alkaline, (new) 33. Process of Claim 29 in which the liquid solution is alkaline, (new) 34. Process of Claim 30 in which the liquid solution is alkaline, (new) 35. Process of Claim 31 in which the liquid solution is alkaline. (new) 36. Process of Claim 32 in which alkalinity is produced by sodium and/or potassium oxide and/or hydroxide, (new) 37. Process of Claim 33 in which alkalinity is produced by sodium 5 and/or potassium oxide and/or hydroxide, (new) 38. Process of Claim 34 in which alkalinity is produced by sodium and/or potassium oxide and/or hydroxide, (new) 39. Process of Claim 35 in which alkalinity is produced by sodium and/or potassium oxide and/or hydroxide, (new) 10 40. Process of Claim 30 in which the organic solvent is methanol. (new) 41. Process of Claim 31 in which the organic solvent is methanol. (new) 42. Process of Claim 34 in which the organic solvent is methanol. (new) 43. Process of .Claim 35 in which the organic solvent is methanol. (new) 44. Process of Claim 38 in which the organic solvent is methanol. (new) 15 45. Process of Claim 39 in which the organic solvent is methanol. (new) 46. Process of Claim 32 in which the compound is of the type which forms alkali metal salts when treated with an aqueous alkaline solution containing sodium or potassium ions and the solvent comprises an aqueous alkaline solution containing sodium and/or 20 potassium ions, said solution being substantially free from organic solvent, (new) 47. Process of Claim 33 in which the compound is of the type which forms alkali metal salts when treated with an aqueous alkaline solution containing sodium or potassium ions and the solvent 25 comprises an aqueous alkaline solution containing sodium and/or potassium ions, said solution being substantially free from organic solvent, .(new) 48. Process of Claim 46 in which the solvent comprises a solution of sodium and/or potassium oxide and/or hydroxide, (new) 30 49. Process of Claim 47 in which the solvent comprises a solution of sodium and/or potassium oxide and/or hydroxide, (new) 50. Process of Claim 1, 2, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, or 49 in which the o UN wavelength range is about 1800 to 2540 A. (new) 35 51. Process of Claim 29, 31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, or 49 in which the compound is kepone. (new) 52. Process of Claim 51 wherein the UV wavelength range is about 1800 to 2540A. (new) 53. Process of Claim 31, 35, 39, 41, 43, of 45 in which * -the compound is polyhalogenated biphenyl. (new) 54. Process of Claim 53 wherein the UV wavelength range is about o 1800 to 2450A. (new) 55. Process of Claim 53 in which the compound is polychloro- biphenyl. (new) 56. Process of Claim 55 wherein the UV wavelength range is about o 1800 to 2450A. (new) 57. Process of Claim 31, 35, 39, 41, 43, or 45 in which the compound is polybrominated phthalic anhydride, (new) 58. Process of Claim 57 wherein the UV wavelength range is about o 1800 to 2540A. OMPI;KITCHENS J;ATLANTIC RES CORP;1978
+WO-1979000912-A1;19791115.0;19780919;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25404345.0;G11C11;;G06F13, G11C5, G11C7, G11C11;G06F  13/42C3S, G11C   5/00, G11C   5/06M;MEMORY DEVICE HAVING A MINIMUM NUMBER OF PINS;A circuit for reducing the number of external pins or terminals on a memory device includes a counter circuit which periodically causes the signal on a first external pin to be provided to the power terminal of an internal power supply within the memory device and, at the same time, causes the ground level signal on a second external pin to be provided to the ground terminal of the internal power supply. At other times during the receipt of signals on the two external pins, the signal on the first pin provides both memory select and clocking functions and the signal on the second pin provides memory mode select, address, and data input and output functions.;"MEMORY DEVICE HAVING A MINIMUM NUMBER OF PINS Background of the Invention The present invention is directed to a circuit for minimizing the number of external pins or terminals on a memory device. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a memory device wherein the external power and ground pin functions are merged with other pin or- terminal functions. Pin reduction for purposes of increasing the number of memory devices that can be assembled in a given area allocated to computer memory is the subject of co-pending ϋ. S. application Serial No. 812,290, entitled ""A Minimum Pin Memory Device"", now ϋ. S. Patent No. , and co-pending ϋ. S. application Serial No. , entitled ""Memory Device Having A Reduced Number of Pins"", bearing Assignee's Docket No. 2659, now U. S. Patent No. , which applications are both assigned to the same assignee as the present application. In the aforementioned -application Serial No. 812,290, pin reduction is accomplished by merging the functions provided by signals on various pins. A first terminal provides both a clocking and a memory select function. A second terminal is bi-directional and provides memory mqde selection, address and data input and output functions. Further pin reduction is provided for in the second of the abovementioned applications, namely U. S. application Serial No. . In such appli- cation, a circuit is provided in a memory device for receiving signals applied to two external pins. A threshold detector in the circuit detects the differ¬ ence in voltage level of the signals; when such difference reaches a predetermined level, the signals are applied to the power and ground terminals of an internal power supply within the memory device. Thus, the need for external power and ground terminals in a memory device is eliminated. The subject matter of the present application provides an alternative approach to further pin reduction and the elimination of external power and ground terminals in a memory device. Summary of the Invention In the present invention, pin reduction in a memory device is accomplished by merging the power and ground terminals with external terminals providing other functions. In accordance with the present invention, a memory device includes two external pins which provide clocking, memory select, mode select, address, data in or data out functions, such as in a merged form. The signal at one pin goes periodically to an operating voltage level and the signal at the other pin goes periodically to ground level. Signal processing means, such as rectification circuitry, are connected to the two external pins and provide a relatively constant power signal and ground level signal to the terminals of an internal power supply within the memory device. In the disclosed embodiment, one external pin receives a coded clocking signal ""which provides both memory selection and synchronization of the memory device. A second external pin receives signals representing memory mode selection, address, data input and data output. Counter circuit means are provided for counting the cycles or pulses of the clocking signal received on the first external pin and when a predetermined number of pulses have been received, such counter operates switch means which connect the first external pin to the power terminal of the internal power supply and which connect the second external terminal, then at a ground or reference voltage level, to the ground or reference terminal of O the internal power supply. A memory device in accordance with the present invention can thus be seen to have as few as two external pins, with one pin receiving a signal which provides synchronization, memory selection and power functions. The second external pin receives signals providing memory mode selection, address, data input, data output and ground functions. It is therefore one object of the present invention to provide a memory device having a minimum number of external pins or terminals. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a memory device without external power and ground terminals. It is another object of the present invention to use a clocking signal for providing a power signal to a memory device and to use a second signal having other functions for providing a ground signal to such device. Still a further object of the present invention is to provide a memory device having as few as two external- pins, with such pins providing power and ground, as well as memory device selection, memory mode selection, memory address and data input and output functions. These and other objects of the present invention will become more apparent when taken in conjunction with the following description and the attached drawings. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a memory device in integrated circuit structure form and made in accordance with the present invention; Figs. 2A and 2B are, taken collectively, a circuit block diagram of the memory device shown in Fig. 1; • Figs. 3A and 3B are waveforms illustrating the operation of the circuit of Figs. 2A and 2B. Description of the Preferred Embodiment In Fig. 1, a memory device 10, in monolithic integrated circuit form, has two external pins or terminals, labelled C Q and F Q . The memory device includes a memory element, such as a charge coupled device (CCD) and, as will be more fully described later, the C Q and F Q pins provide all the necessary external inputs and outputs to the memory device 10 and the memory element therein. Referring now to Figs. 2A and 2B, the memory device 10 is illustrated in block diagram form. The C Q pin is selectively connected by way of a field effect transistor 12 and a coupling capacitor 14 to a clock generator circuit 16 and a decoder circuit 18. The C Q pin is also selectively connected to the power input terminal V of an internal power supply 20 by way of a field effect transistor 24 and a diode 26. The F Q pin is selectively connected to the ground input terminal GND of the internal power supply 20 by way of a field effect transistor 30. The F Q terminal is also selectively connected, by way of a field effect transistor 32 and a coupling capacitor 34, to the output of a NAND gate 60 and to the inputs of various data receiving components within the memory device; more specifically, to the D Input of a D-type flip-flop 36, to the D input of an address shift register 38, and to the DATA IN terminal of a memory element 40, which, as mentioned earlier, may be a CCD or some other type of memory element. A capacitor 42 is connected across the leads to the power terminal V and the ground terminal GND of the internal power supply 20. The transistors 12, 24, 30 and 32 are periodically activated by circuitry that includes an initialization circuit 50 and a counter circuit 52. The initialization circuit 50 has its input connected A to the C~ terminal and is connected at its output to the RESET input of the counter circuit 52. The other input D of the counter circuit 52 is connected directly to the C n terminal. The initialization circuit 50 delivers, upon receipt of a widened clock pulse on pin C Q , at the beginning of operation of the memory device, a signal to the RESET input of the counter 52 so that the counter may begin to count the clock pulses at the C Q terminal and also cause an initial voltage to be provided across the power terminal V and the ground terminal GND of the internal power supply 20. Circuits which sense a change in pulse width are well-known in the art and could comprise generally a delay network and a flip-flop. Such a circuit could also be used in the previously mentioned decoder circuit 18 although, for. reasons which will become apparent later, initialization circuit 50 should sense only a pulse width change wider than the pulse width change sensed by decoder circuit 18. A circuit of the type which could be used in decoder circuit 18 and initialization circuit 50 is described in greater detail, for example, in the aforementioned U. S. application Serial No. 812,290. The counter circuit 52 is also a circuit well-known to those skilled in the art. It is initialized or reset by a signal at its RESET input, and counts the positive pulses received at its D input. It provides an ' enabling signal at its output each time a predetermined number of pulses at its D input are counted, and also when the circuit is initialized by a signal at the RESET input. The output of the counter circuit 52 is connected to the gates G of the field effect trans- istors 24 and 30 and to the input of an inverter 56. The output of the inverter 56 is connected to the gates G of the field effect transistors 12 and 32. Incidentally, it should be noted that the internal power supply 20 provides the necessary operating voltages V Q through V and a ground level signal GND to various active circuit components within the memory device 10, including the initialization circuit 50, the counter circuit 52, and the inverter 56. Those portions of the memory device in Figs. 2K and 2B which are shown enclosed by broken lines 70 are essentially the circuit structure shown and described in the previously mentioned application Serial No. 812,290. Accordingly, reference can be had to such application for a more detailed description of the individual components and the operation of the circuit within the broken lines 70. It can be noted that the circuit within lines 70 has four inputs which carry signals labeled CLOCK, POWER, GROUND AND FUNCTION, and in the present memory device 10 these, four signals originate from the signals applied at the two pins C Q and F« . As will be described in greater detail below, the signals applied to the C Q and F Q pins are processed or rectified by the circuitry which is located outside the broken lines 70 to provide the POWER and GROUND signals delivered to the circuit within the lines 70. In addition, the CLOCK signal is delivered to the clock generator 16 and the decoder circuit 18 from the C Q pin. The FUNCTION signal is delivered to the flip-flop 36, address shift register 38 and memory element 40 from the F Q pin. it should be noted that the CLOCK signal delivered to the clock generator 16 and the decoder circuit 18 is a merged function signal in that it is coded to provide a memory selection signal as well as providing a clocking or synchronizing signal. The FUNCTION signal present on the F Q terminal and delivered to the flip-flop 36, address shift register 38 and memory element 40 is also a merged function signal in that it provides-, by appropriate coding techniques OMPI < W1PO and in conjunction with the CLOCK signal, mode selection, memory address, data input and data output functions. To illustrate the above, reference can be had to Figs. 3A and 3B, which show waveforms representing the signals applied to the C Q and F Q pins. Turning first to Fig. 3A, the depicted waveforms illustrate a recirculation mode, that is, a condition where the memory device 10 has not been selected to receive or provide data, and the data within the memory element 40 is being recirculated within the memory element 40 as it is held ready for use. In this condition, substantially periodic and uniformly spaced clock pulses are received on the C Q pin and are carried to the clock generator circuit 16 which provides the necessary clocking signals, designated 0 through 0 . to the memory element 40 for proper recirculation of the data, and to the other components within the memory device 10 requiring a clock signal. It should be noted that when the memory device 10 is first used, it is necessary that a long initialization pulse first be received at pin C Q , such pulse being shown in Fig. 3A. During this initialization period, the initialization circuit is caused to generate a signal which, when received by the counter 52, in turn causes the counter 52 to generate an enabling signal to activate the transistors 24 and 30. The positive voltage at the pin C Q and the ground level signal then at the F Q pin are applied to the* capacitor 42 and to the input terminals of the power supply 20. This period of initialization is long enough to fully charge the capacitor 42 such that a relatively constant voltage continues across the V and GND terminals of the power supply after initialization until voltages are again applied (in a periodic fashion) to the V and GND terminals, as will be described. The receipt of the initialization pulse and the resulting signal at the output of the initialization circuit also resets the counter 52 in the memory device 10. After initialization, the counter 52 counts the positive pulses (and cycles) of the signal received at the C Q pin and after receipt of the proper number of pulses, an enabling signal appears at the output of the counter 52 and causes the transistor 24 and 30 to become conductive. During the period that the transistors 24 and 30 are conductive, generally identified in Figs. 3A and 3B as the ""power cycle"", the positive pulse at C Q is applied to the V terminal of the internal power supply and the signal at the F Q ' terminal, which is at ground level, is applied to the ground terminal of the internal power supply 20. After the first power cycle, the counter circuit 52 again counts the pulses received at C Q , and after the proper number is received, the transistors 24 and 30 "" are again made conductive. Because of the periodic receipt of positive pulses at the power terminal V and ground level signals at the ground terminal GND, the capacitor 42 maintains a substantially constant voltage across the terminals. Although in the waveforms illustrated in Figs. 3A and 3B a power cycle occurs every third pulse at pin C Q , the actual frequency of the power cycles may be different, depending on what is required to maintain the desired voltage across the terminals of the power supply. At times other than the power cycle, the inverter 56 causes the transistors 12 and 32 to be conductive, and the pulses received at the C Q pin are provided by way of the capacitor 14 to the clock generator 16 and decoder circuit 18. The signals at the F Q pin are provided by way of the capacitor 34 to the flip-flop 36, address shift register 38 and memory element 40. However, since the memory device is in a recirculation mode, the signal levels at the F Q pin are, as illustrated by shading, in a ""DON'T CARE"" condition. Incidentally, the coupling capacitors 14 - JRE O PI A, W1P0 and 34 are provided to eliminate direct current voltages which might be present on the C Q and F Q pins and which might thereby be transmitted to the circuit components within the memory device. These capacitors are necessary since the ground terminal GND of the internal power supply only periodically receives a ground level signal and the ground signal provided at the output of the internal power supply 20 may otherwise float with respect to ""true ground"" at times when the ground level signal is not applied at the ground input terminal GND of the power supply. Referring now to Fig. 3B, there is illustra-. ted the condition when the memory device 10 and its memory element 40 have been selected for either reading or writing data, preceded by the recirculation mode. The memory element is selected by decreasing the width of the positive clock pulse applied at the C Q pin. Since data is written or read at a much higher frequency than the frequency at which it is shifted during the recirculation mode, the frequency of the positive clock pulses also increases in Fig. 3B. It should be noted that although the clock frequency of Fig. 3B is illustrated graphically as increasing to twice the clock frequency of Fig. 3A, the frequency in the read or write mode may be a much higher multiple of the recirculation mode frequency. In the illustrated memory device, the external data line to the F Q pin is assumed to be common with the external data line to other memory devices, and so data pulses will be present on the F Q even during the recirculation mode, such data pulses having the same frequency as the clock frequency in the read or write mode. In order to assure that the positive clock pulse during each power cycle of the recirculation mode will occur when the F Q is at ground level, as determined by each power cycle of the read or write mode, it is preferable that the clock frequency of Fig. 3B become a multiple of the clock frequency Fig. 3A. However, if the external data line to the F Q pin is not common to other memory devices, the clock frequencies of Figs. 3A and 3B may be independent of one another. It should also be noted that the decoder circuit 18 is only sensitive to the change in clock pulse width for memory selection, and not to the greater change in clock pulse width occurring at initialization. In a pulse width sensing circuit 0 having a delay network and flip-flop described earlier, the initialization circuit could be accomplished by increasing the delay in the delay network, over that in the decoder circuit. Referring still to Fig. 3B, the positive 5 clock pulse at C Q narrows during the period identified as ""Memory & Mode Select"" and the decoder circuit 18 senses the change in pulse width and provides a memory select (MS) signal (logic level ""1"") to the memory element 40, to one input of a NAND gate 60, to 0 the CK ENB terminal of the flip-flop 36, to the CK ENB 1 terminal of the address shift register 38, and to the D and SET inputs of a shift register or counter 62. During the ""Memory & Mode Select"" period 5 the F Q pin is either at a ""0"" logic level or at a ""1"" logic level, to indicate the memory mode selection, i.e., whether the memory element 40 is selected for reading (""0"" logic level) or for writing (""1"" logic level). The mode select signal at the F Q pin during ϋ the ""Memory & Mode Select"" period is applied to the D input of the flip-flop 36 where, with the memory select (MS) signal generated by the decoder circuit 18 and delivered to the CK ENB (clock enable) terminal of flip-flop 36, the mode select signal (either a ""0"" 5 or a ""1"" level) is latched into the flip-flop 36 when a clock pulse is.received at the CK (clock) terminal and appears at its Q "" output. After the MS signal is also received at the SET and D inputs of the shift register 62, the shift register 62 begins to count to a preset number corresponding to the number of bits A_ through A (Fig. 3B) serially received on the F Q pin and representing the address location which is to be selected in the memory element 40. When the proper number of bits has been counted by the shift register 62, an enabling signal (logic level ""0"") from the Q n output of the shift register 62 is applied to the CK ENB 2 terminal of the address shift register 38 and to one input of an OR gate 64. At such time the OR gate 64 passes the mode select signal from the Q output of flip-flop 36 to the R/W MODE input of the memory element 40 and the pertinent address data bits (A Q through A ) which have been received at the D input of the address shift register 38 are presented to the address inputs 0 through N of the memory element 40. If data bits (D Q through D ) on the F Q pin are to be written into the memory element, such data is presented in serial form to the DATA IN terminal of the memory element 40. If data is to be read from the memory element, the data bits (D Q through D ) in the memory element at the address specified by the address inputs 0 through N are presented in serial form at the DATA OUT terminal of memory element 40 and carried to the F Q pin by way of the NAND gate 60.. Although the operation of the circuit components within the broken lines 70 has been described briefly, a more detailed discussion can be obtained, as mentioned earlier, by reference to the aforementioned application Serial No. 812,290. From the above, it can be seen that a memory device in integrated circuit form that includes a memory element can be provided having only two external pins or terminals. The signals provided at the two external pins are coded to provide synchronizing, memory selection, mode selection, memory address, data input and data output functions, and the signals -BU REA7J"" OMPI . μ y r _m w *viιpι-oυ • κ * y_•, <m RNAΥ\0 are rectified to provide the necessary power and ground signals to the internal power supply within the integrated circuit structure. It should be understood, of course, that signal coding techniques other ' than those described above could be used for providing the memory select, mode select, memory address, and data input and data output functions, as long as the signals can be rectified to develop a sufficient voltage difference for providing the power and ground signals. Although a specific embodiment of the invention has been shown in detail, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that changes may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.";"AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 3 September 1979 (03.09.79)) 1. (cancelled) 2. (cancelled) 3. (cancelled) 4. (cancelled) 5. (cancelled) 6. (cancelled) 7. (cancelled) 8. (cancelled) 9. (cancelled) 10. ( cancelled ) 11,, ( cancelled ) 1-2 ( cancelled ) 13. (cancelled) 14. (cancelled) 15. (cancelled) 16. (cancelled) 17. memory device requiring a power supply voltage and a reference level supply voltage, including a memory element and first and second access terminals adapted to receive respective first and second operation- al signals for said memory device, characterized by sig¬ nal processing means adapted to receive said first and second operational signals and to process said first and second operational signals to provide said power and reference level supply voltages. 18. A memory device according to claim 17, characterized in that said signal processing means in¬ cludes enabling means adapted to provide an enabling signal, and switching means (24, 30) responsive to said enabling signal to couple said first and second access terminals (C Q , F Q ) to a power supply device (20) included in said memory device (10) and adapted to provide supply voltages and reference level voltages for utilization in said memory device (10). 19. A memory device according to claim 18, characterized in that said power supply device (2) in¬ cludes first and second input terminals coupled to said switching means (24, 30) and having capacitive means (42) coupled thereacross. 20. A memory device according to claim 19, characterized in that said switching means includes first and second transistors. (24, 30) coupled to said first and second access terminals (C n u, F n u) respectiv*ely. 2-1. A memory device according to claim 20, characteriz-fet? in that said first operational signal in¬ cludes periodic 'Clock pulses and said second signal in¬ cludes memory address, data input and data output signal components^ 22. A memory device according to claim 21, characterized by decoding means (18) coupled to said first access terminal (C fl ) and adapted to provide a mem¬ ory select signal for said memory element (40) in re- sponse to a change in a characteristic of said periodic clock pulses. 23. A memory device according to claim 22, characterized in that said signal processing means in¬ cludes counting means (52) adapted to count said clock pulses and to provide said enabling signal whenever a predetermined number of said clock pulses have been counted. 24. A memory device according to claim 23, characterized in that said switching means includes a third transistor (12) coupled between said first access terminal (C Q ) and an internal clock generator circuit (16) included in said memory device (10), and a fourth transistor (32) coupled between said second access ter- - UREΛ OJfiPl W1PO J. ftNATlO 24. ( concluded ) minal (F fl ) and internal data receiving means included in said memory device (10), said third and fourth transis¬ tors (12, 32) having control electrodes adapted to be supplied with the complement of said enabling signal. 25. A memory device according to claim 24, characterized in that said signal processing means in¬ cludes an initialization circuit (50) coupled to said first access terminal (C Q ) and to said counting means (52) and adapted to cause said counting means to provide said enabling signal in response to an initiating signal applied to said first access terminal (C n ). 26. A memory device according to claim 24 or claim 25, tfi^facterized in that said signal processing means iήel ά es- an inverter (56) having an input arranged to receive, said enabling signal and an output coupled to said control electrodes of said third and fourth trans¬ istors (12, 32). 27. A memory device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized i-n that said memory device is in the form of an integrated circuit structure. 28. A method for eliminating the external power and ground terminals on a memory device, including the steps providing a first operational signal on a first access terminal having periodic pulses; and providing a second operational signal on a second access terminal which periodically is at a ground level, characterized by the step of processing said first and second opera¬ tional signals to provide a power and a ground level signal for said memory device (10). 29. A method according to claim 28, charac¬ terized in that said step of providing a first signal 29 . ( concluded ) includes alternating said first signal between a power level voltage and a ground level voltage and in that said step of providing a second signal includes providing said second signal at its ground voltage level when said first signal is at its power voltage level. 30. A method according to claim 29, charac¬ terized in that said step of processing includes the step of counting the number of pulses received at said first access terminal and after a predetermined number of pulses have been received, generating an enabling sig¬ nal for causing said first and second access terminals (C_, F_) to be connected to power and ground input ter¬ minals of an internal power supply device (20) within said memory device (10).";LAUFFER D, WARD W;NCR CO, NCR CORP;1978
+WO-1979001142-A1;19791227.0;19780601;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;24939607.0;G11B19;G11B27;G09B11, G09B13, G11B15, G11B27;G09B  11/08, G09B  13/04, G11B  15/02P, G11B  27/00V, G11B  27/22;TRANSCRIBER HAVING SELECTABLE WORD REPRODUCTION RATE;A device for controlling a sound reproduction transcriber which provides alternate playback intervals and stopped intervals. The playback interval length in words is manually selectable by a secretary or instructor by means of a phrase length selecting means (46). Similarly, the average word reproduction rate is selected by a selector means (60). The device meters the reproduced words during the playback interval with its syllable detecting and counting means (16) and initiates the stopped interval at the first audio pause after the selected number of words have been played back. The required total cycle time is computed in a calculator circuit (70) by effectively dividing the number of words played back during the playback interval by the selected average word reproduction rate. A timer (84), which counts the time elapsed since the playback interval was initiated, has its counted time compared to the computed total cycle time in a time comparator (78) so that the stopped interval is terminated, the circuit is reset and the playback interval is again initiated upon coincidence of the computed time and the elapsed time.;"TRANSCRIBER HAVING SELECTABLE WORD REPRODUCTION RATE Technical Field This invention relates generally to the control of sound reproduction equipment for facilitating trans¬ cription thereof and more particularly relates to a transcriber which plays back a spoken sound recording for a selected phrase length and then stops the play¬ back for a sufficient interval to provide a selected average playback rate. A substantial number and variety of transcription devices have been provided both for office use and for instructional purposes. Transcribers are time saving devices because they permit the author of a letter, legal brief or other writing to rapidly speak the text of a composition rather than laboriously write it out in longhand. A competent secretary is then able to type from the played recording at a convenient time. Transcribers are also useful instructional devices for both typing and stenographic training. Few secretaries are able to type and few shorthand students are able to take shorthand as rapidly as a person is able to speak. It is therefore ^ necessary that the playback of recorded words be periodically stopped and started since slowing down the playback speed would distort the spoken words. Conventionally this is manually accomplished by means of a foot pedal. However, it is more convenient, efficient and productive to provide a machine which will 'automatically start and stop itself without requiring manual operating by the secretary or student. Background Art Several devices have been suggested for accomplishing this. For example, in U.S. Patent 2,410,835 to H.R. Montague a transcribing device is described which stops the playback at a pause in the played back sound and maintains this stopped condition for a selected amount of time. In others, such as the U.S. Patent 3,532,835 to Nakayama, a playback interval is stopped at a pause and maintained stopped for a period of time equal to the time of the playback interval. Still other patents, such as U.S. Patents 3,829,621 and 3,614,336 show devices which are responsive to typing activity. One such device remains stopped as long as there is typewriter activity. Whenever typewriter activity ceases, the device resumes playback. Still another type of device is exemplified by U.S. Patent 3,691,313 to Kobayashi. In devices of this nature a human being must preview each tape and insert a tone or other signal to indicate the positions at which the playback interval is to be interrupted. Then, upon subsequent playback, the playback device detects this tone or other signal and upon its detection halts the playback. The most obvious difficulty with the latter type of device is that it requires human preview and therefore is very inefficient for office or other use. The primary difficulty with all of these prior art devices is that they do not adequately take into account the conventional primary factors used in determining the effectiveness of transcription. For example, typing speed or shorthand transcription speed are commonly quantized in terms of words per minute. The skill of the typist is usually reflected by the number of words per minute which can be accurately typed. However, none of the devices known to applicants provide a uniform, average rate of word reproduction. Additionally, typists and stenographers are capable of typing or otherwise transcribing spoken words even during the playback interval. However, different persons are capable of remembering different phrase lengths and therefore some individuals will be more comfortable with longer playback phrase intervals while others will require shorter playback intervals. Many of the prior art devices stop the playback interval merely upon the occurrence of a pause rather independently of the ability of the operator to select the playback phrase length in words which is most comfortable for that particular operator. Stillanother problem with the prior art is the fact that none of the prior art devices take into account the fact that different persons have different speaking characteristics, some have fewer pauses than others and some speak at faster or slower rates than others and that therefore reproduced words rather than elapsed time or the occurrence of a pause should be the criterion for the playback interval length. There is therefore a need for a transcription device which operates on the basis of those characteristics of the reproduced speech which are of significance and importance to the person transcribing the speech. More particularly, there is a need for a device which operates on the basis of the number of words played back and the average word playback rate. Brief Disclosure of Invention The invention is an apparatus for controlling the average word reproduction rate from a recording by providing a controlled operating cycle comprising alternate playback intervals and stopped intervals. In the invention, means are provided for selecting a time rate of word reproduction and for counting the time elapsed from the beginning of a playback interval. Another circuit detects and counts the reproduced syllables during the playback interval. When the playback interval is stopped, the counted number of syllables, which is proportional to the number of words OMPI ,, WIPO played back, is divided by the selected word reproduction rate to compute a total cycle time. When the elapsed time equals the computed total cycle time, control logic circuitry again initiates a new playback interval. The invention may also include means for selecting a phrase length for the playback interval and means for detecting a pause in the speech. The playback interval is halted at the first pause after the length of the played back phrase equals the selected playback phrase length. Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the preferred embodiment of the invention. Figs. 2-4 are skematic detailed diagrams illustrating the preferred embodiment of the invention. Best Mode For Carrying Out The Invention Referring now to Fig. 1, the preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes a playback means 10 such as a conventional tape player which has a drive motor and a drive motor input 12 for controlling or operating the drive motor as well as a sound pickup and output means to provide an audio signal at its. output 14. Preferably, the drive motor is controlled by turning it on and off by a switching signal at the input 12. As will be subsequentl described, a signal is applied to the motor drive input 12 to turn the motor drive on and off in a manner which provi an operating cycle comprising alternate playback intervals and stopped intervals. The audio output signal at output 14 is an analog of th recorded sound and is applied to the input of a syllable detecting and counting circuit means 16. This circuit means 16 operates to detect each reproduced syllable during the playback interval and to count the reproduced syllables in its syllable counter 17. The syllable detecting and counting circuit means 16 operates on the principal that spoken vowels have greater amplitude than spoken consonants and that each syllable ( contains one vowel. Consequently, by counting vowels the number of spoken syllables may be counted. The vowels are detected by rectifying the audio signal and providing some filtering thereof so that the envelope of the audio signal may be electronically monitored. Whenever the envelope level exceeds a selected intermediate threshold level, a vowel is detected and whenever the envelope level is less than the threshold level consonants are detected. More particularly, in order to accomplish this, the reproduced audio signal is applied to a variable gain audio amplifier 18 having an audio input 20 connected to the output 14 of the sound pickup and output means and also having an audio output 22. The gain of the variable gain amplifier 18 is varied in correspondence with the signal applied to its gain control input 24. The variable gain amplifier 18 operates to substantially reduce the variations in audio signal amplitude as a person speaks louder and quieter by varying the gain inversely to the average audio signal amplitude by means of a negative feedback loop. Its purpose is to minimize variations in audio intensity or amplitude so that the detected audio envelope has substantially the same range of excursions regardless of the amplitude or intensity of the recorded audio signal. The output 22 of the variable gain amplifier is applied to the input of a rectifier circuit 26 having an output 28. This output 28 is in turn applied to a ' syllable threshold detector 30 the output 32 of which is applied to the syllable counter 17. The syllable threshold detector 30 is a threshold detector circuit with its threshold level set intermediate the extreme boundaries of the excursions of the output of the rectifier 26. The output of the threshold detector 30 switches its state whenever the output of the rectifier 26 crosses over this threshold. In this manner, envelope levels greater than the threshold level of the threshold detector 30 cause the output ,of the threshold detector 30 to switch to a first state to WIPO indicate the presence of a consonant. Consequently, the syllable counter 17 is able to count the reproduced vowels and thereby count the reproduced syllables. An integrator circuit 34 has its input 36 connected to the output of the rectifier 26 and its output 38 connected to the gain control input 24 of the variable gain amplifier to form the gain controlling negative feedback loop. The integrator circuit 34 operates to perform a time integration of the envelope at the output 28 of the rectifier 26 and to use the integrated output to increase the gain of the variable gain amplifier 18 in response to a decrease in the average amplitude of the output envelope of the rectifier 26 and to decrease the gain of the variable gain amplifier 18 in response to an increase in the average amplitude of the output envelope of the rectifier 26. Therefore, the gain of the variable gain amplifier 18 is automatically adjusted so that its output audio signal maintains a relatively constant, average amplitude so that the selected threshol for the threshold detector 30 will always be intermediate the maximum and minimum envelope amplitudes at the output of the rectifier 26. The output from the syllable counter 17, which is also the output 40 from the entire syllable detecting and counting circuit means 16, is applied to a syllable comparator 42. Also applied to the syllable comparator 42 is the output 44 of a playback phrase length selecting circuit means 46. Three conventional rotary switches form a phrase length selector 48 for selecting the desire phrase length in words. Each of these three switches are conventional rotary switches having 10 states labelled 0 through 9, each providing a four bit binary coded outpu for its respective digit. Because the playback phrase length is selected in word rather than syllables the output of the phrase length selector 48 is applied to a digital multiplier circuit 50 for multiplying this selected word length by a factor of 1.5 to convert it to syllables. This conversion factor ( was derived from the fact that in stenography, a word is statistically defined as 1.4 syllables. However, in order to simplify the digital circuitry, this is approximated .by the factor of 1.5. Therefore, on the average a word contains 1 and 1/2 syllables. The syllable comparator 42 continuously compares the digital BCD number representing the selected phrase length in syllables to the running digital count in the syllable counter 17. Whenever the syllable comparator 42 detects that the syllable count in counter 17 is equal to or greater than the selected phrase length at the output 44 of the phrase length selecting means 46, "" the syllable comparator 42 switches its output state. The output 52 of the • syllable comparator 42 is applied to a control logic circuit 54 for signalling this coincidence. A natural pause detector circuit means 56 has its input 58 connected to the syllable detecting and counting means 16 and its output connected to the control logic means 54. More particularly, the input of the natural pause detector 56 is connected to the output of the integrator circuit 34 and operates to signal the absence of any substantial sound signal for a significant length of time. As indicated in more detail in Figs. 2-4, the natural pause detector circuit means 56 is a threshold- detector circuit with its threshold set substantially at zero. It switches its output state after the output of the integrator 34 has gone to its extreme excursion or saturation as a result of a significant pause in the speech and the consequent absence of an output from the rectifier 26. The output signal from the natural pause detector 56 is used by the control logic 54 to terminate the playback interval at the first natural pause which occurs after the syllable count of played back syllables becomes at least equal to the selected phrase length. This assures that the play- back interval will not end in the middle of a word and consequently cause all or part of such a word to be inaudible. A word reproduction rate selector means 60 has a typing/shorthand speed selector 62 consisting of two conventional rotary switches of the same type used in connection with the phrase length selector 48. These rotary switches are used by the operator for manually selecting the average word reproduction rate which is desired. This rate normally would correspond to the typing speed or shorthand speed commensurate with the skill of the operator. The digital output of the rate selector switches 62 is applied to a multiplier circuit 64 for, at times multiplying the selected rate by a factor of 1.25. This multiplier circuit 64 is connected to a disable/enable switch 66. This disable/enable switch 66 is labelled type/shorthand. It is switched to its type position for selection of the typing mode of operation and in that position disables the multiplier circuit 64 so that the output 68 of the multiplier circuit 64 is identically the same as the output of the rate selector switches 62. However, when the shorthand mode is selected, the multipl circuit 64 is enabled so that the output 68 represents th output of the rate selector 62 multiplied by a factor of 1.25 to effectively cause the speech to be reproduced at a faster rate. Multiplication of the selected rate by 1.25 is necessary for use of the preferred embodiment of the invention for shorthand instruction. It is necessitated by the fact that words are defined differently for short¬ hand purposes than they are for typing purposes. For typing, a word is conventionally defined as five key depressions. However, shorthand symbols symbolize phonet sounds and therefore silent letters are not represented. In shorthand a word is defined as 1.4 syllables which is rounded off to 1.5 for this circuit. However, by taking random samples of ordinary text and counting the syllable and the key depressions necessary to type the text, we have determined that each 1.5 syllables require, on the average, 6125 key depressions. Therefore, in order to convert the 1.5 syllable per word standard used for stenography and as the count basis in the syllable counter 17 to the typing standard of 5 key depressions per word, the total cycle time must be 2 % longer for typing than for shorthand. Consequently, the multiplier circuit 64 is enabled when shorthand is selected and multiplies the selected rate by 1.25 to effectively provide 25 less total cycle time for shorthand than for typing. It might be noted that the multiplier circuit could alternatively be one which multiplies the selected word reproduction rate by 0.75 for typing and is disabled (i.e., multiplies by l) for shorthand. This too would accomplish the attainment of 25% more time for the typing mode than for the shorthand mode because one shorthand word requires 25% more key depressions than one typing word. A divider circuit 70 is provided which operates under the control of the control logic circuit 54 through its output 72 which initiates its computation function and input 74 which signals to the control logic circuit 04 that the computation has been completed. It has two data inputs, one connected to the output 40 of the syllable counter 17 and one connected to the output 68 of the wor reproduction rate selector means 60. This divider circuit 70:calculates the total cycle time, that is the sum of the playback interval and the stopped interval, which s necessary to provide the selected word reproduction rate. This is done by dividing the total number of played back syllables during the previous playback interval by the selected word reproduction rate. As explained in more detail below in connection with the operation of the preferred embodiment of the invention, the output 76 of the divider 70 represents a total cycle time and is applied to a time comparator 78. A clock timing means 80 is also connected to the time comparator 78 and counts the time * elapsed from the beginning of the preceeding playback interval. This timing means 80 'comprises an oscillator 82 for providing conventional clock pulses and a conventional digital counter 84 for counting these pulses. The time comparator 78 compares the computed total cycle time from the divider circuit 70 with the counted elapsed time. It switches the state of its output 86 to signal to the control logic circuit 54 that the elapsed time, is equal to the computed time. One output 92 of the control logic circuit 54 is connected through a buffer 94 to the motor drive input 12 of the tape player. This is to enable the control logic to turn the tape player off and on at the appropriate - times. The control logic circuit 54 also has a reset output 96 which is connected to the time counter 84 and to the syllable counter 17 for resetting these counters at the end of each stopped interval. The detailed skematic diagram of the preferred embodi¬ ment of the invention is illustrated in detail in Figs. 2 through 4. The audio output from the sound pickup and output means of the player 10 is applied to the input 20 of the variable gain amplifier 18. The variable gain amplifier 18 comprises two cascaded, op-amp amplifier stages using op-amps 102 and 104 with the gain control input 24 applied to pin 5 of the op-amp 102. The output of the variable gain amplifier 18 is applie to the input 22 of the rectifier 26 which includes a full wave bridge rectifier circuit including diodes 106 and 108 and op-amp 110. The output of the bridge rectifie is applied to an integrating circuit comprising integratin capacitor 112 and op-amp 114. The integrating circuit provides a time averaging or filtering of the rectified audio signal so that the envelope of the audio signal is applied at the rectifier output 28 to the syllable threshold detector 30. The syllable threshold detector 30 is a conventional threshold detector circuit utilizing op-amp 116. The output of the op-amp 116 is applied to a Schmitt trigger circuit formed with an AND gate 118 to sharpen the pulse • shape of the output signal from the op-amp 116. In order to eliminate the possibility that circuit noise might generate syllable counts in the syllable counter, the output of the Schmitt trigger AND gate 118 is applied to Nand gate 120. The outer input to the Nand gate 120 is the motor drive control signal from the control logic circuit 54 that pulses- representing the reproduction of syllables will be applied to the syllable counter only during the playback interval when the playback motor drive is energized. Fig. 2 further illustrates the integrator circuit 34 utilizing op-amp 122 for controlling the gain of the amplifier 18 and the natural pause detector 56 utilizing op-amp 124 for signalling to the control logic the presence of a pause, that is the absence of reproduced speech. Referring now to Fig. 3 the control logic circuit 54 is controlled by its high frequency 50 kilohertz clock 142 which is also gated through Nand gate 144 to the MC 14527 circuits of the total cycle time calculator 70 illustrated in Fig. 4. The control logic 54 comprises two JK flip-flops preferably formed on an MC 14027 integrated circuit and connected together to provide four sequential states. These four states control the operation of the preferred embodiment of the invention and are discussed in more detail in connection with the operation of the preferred embodiment. The skematic circuit diagram of Fig. 3 and 4 is labelled to show the correspondence between the illustrated circuit elements and the functional circuit blocks illustrated in Fig. 1. In Fig. 4 the total cycle time calculator 70 is not separately labelled but comprises circuits 160, 162, 164, 166, 168 and 170, and Nand gate 172 connected as shown. In operation of the preferred embodiment of the invention, the operator first selects the desired word reproduction rate by appropriately positioning the word rate selector switches 62. Then with the preferred embodiment of the invention the operator also selects a co fortable playback phrase length by appropriately positioning the phrase length selector switches 48. While the phrase length selection feature is advantageous and desirable, it is optional and alternatively the circuit of the preferred embodiment of the invention could be adapted to provide a fixed phrase length. As a further alternative a playback interval of a selected time period could be provided using conventional timing circuits and techniques. The operator then initiates circuit operation by application of power to the circuit components. The control logic circuit 54 is initialized to its first state which applies a signal to the buffer 94 and thereby energizes the playback drive motor and begins the playback interval. The 2.25 Hz clock 82 also begins running on power up and its pulses begin being counted by the time counter 84. As playback proceeds, the syllabl threshold detector detects the reproduction of syllables and through lines 128 applies one pulse to the syllable counter 17 for each detected syllable. Consequently, as playback continues the syllable counter 17 continuously counts detected syllables. When the contents of the registers of the syllable counter 17 becomes equal to the contents of the registers of integrated circuits 172 and 174 which comprise the xl.5 multiplier circuit 50, the state of output 52 of the syllable comparator 42 shifts and remains in this shifted second state so long as the contents of the syllable counter 17 equals or exceeds the contents of circuits 172 and 174. - This output from the syllable comparator 42 along with the output of the natural pause detector 56 are applied to an AND gate 170 included within the control logic 54. Therefore, as soon after the selected number of syllables are counted that the output from the natural pause detector 56 switches to signal the occurence of a pause, • the control logic circuit 54 is switched to its second state by the output level switch from the AND gate 170. L When the coritrol logic circuit 54 switches to its second state, the output 92 of the control logic 54 is switched to terminate the playback interval and initiate the stopped interval. Simultaneously the total cycle time calculator 70 is switched to perform its calculation of dividing the syllable count from the syllable counter 17 by the output from the xl.25 multiplier circuit 64. The switching of the control logic circuit 54 to its second state also stops further counting of syllables not only because playback ceases but also because the switching of the motor drive control signal prevents syllable pulses from being gated past the Nand gate 120 illustrated in Fig. 2. However, the counting of time continues uninterrupted. After the total cycle time calculator 70 has completed its calculation, it outputs a completion signal to the control logic circuit 54. It signals to the control logic circuit 54 through line 136 that the computation is complete. The results of the computation are then applied from pins 3 through 6 and 11 through 14 of circuit 164 to the time comparator circuit 78. The signal indicating the completion of the computation switches the control logic circuit 54 to its third state during which the computed time .is compared by the time comparator 78 to the counted time accumulated in the time counter 84. When the counted time becomes coincident with the computed time, line 134 is switched to signal such coincidence to the control logic circuit 54. This coincidence switches the control logic circuit 54 to its fourth state. The fourth state of the control logic circuit is a momentary state causing the control logic circuit to output a reset signal through line 138 to the time counter 84 and to the syllable counter 17 to reset them to a 0 count. The occurence of the fourth state also resets the four-state JK flip-flops to their first state to initiate another playback interval and repeat the entire cycle. O PI It should be noted that the actual division performed by the total cycle time calculator in the illustrated preferred embodiment is a division of total counted syllables by words per minute. In order to convert the quotient of such a division to a total time in seconds, it is necessary to multiply the quotient by 60 seconds per minute and to divide the quotient by 1.5 syllables per word. Therefore, the quotient of the division must be multiplied by 60/1.5 which is of course 40. Rather than going to the extra expense of adding a further circuit to multiply by a facotr of 40, two very simple circuit modifications are made to effect the same result. First, only the two most significant digits of the quotient are used so that in effect the decimal point is shifted two places thereby effectively multiplying the quotient by a factor of 100. Second, multiplication of the clock frequency by a factor effectively divides the quotient by the factor. Therefore, the clock frequency can be multiplied by 2.5 to effectively divide the quotient by 2.5. Consequently, the quotient is effectively multiplied by 100 by the decimal place shift and divided by 2.5 by multiplying the clock frequency by 2.5 which results in a tiotal multiplication by 100/2.5 which equals 40. This means that, if a multiplier circui 64 were used which was enabled to multiply by 0.75 in the typing mode, then the clock frequency may be 2.5 Hz. However, in the preferred embodiment which is illustrated, the multiplier circuit 64 is disabled in the typing mode and therefore would provide the selected number of 1.5 syllable words in the typing mode. Since this is accurat for the shorthand mode but 25% too brief for the typing mode, the total cycle time interval can be extended 25% by effectively multiplying the quotient from the total cycle time calculator by 1.25. This can be effectively done by dividing the 'clock frequency by the same factor of 1.25. Therefore, the resulting clock frequency is 2 H However, in operating and calibrating the preferred embodiment of the invention, it has been found desirable to operate the clock at about 1.8 Hz because the circuit Γ has a tendency to occasionally miss counting a syllable. This calibration fudge factor could of course vary from one particular circuit to another and may be eliminated. From the above it can be seen that the invention effectively begins a playback interval and counts the number of reproduced words regardless of the rate of speech or number of pauses in that speech. It continues playing back the recording until a selected number of words have been spoken. Playback is then terminated and the embodiment continues in its stopped interval until sufficient additional time has passed that a selected rate of word reproduction is obtained. The invention therefore entirely automatically tailors the playback of the recorded speech to accomodate the secretary or student utilizing the invention. Industrial Applicability The method and apparatus of the invention provide improved transcription and instructional equipment. They also provide a sound reproduction apparatus which will play back spoken words at their natural rate and frequency while providing a sufficient stopped time interval so that a selected average word reproduction rate is provided. The invention further provides for the selection of a convenient and comfortable playback phrase length by the operator. The transcription apparatus of the present invention will operate upon sound recordings which ' require absolutely no prior preparation beyond recording of the sound signals. The invention can provide the selected average word reproduction rate and playback phrase length regardless of the speech rate, frequency of pauses or other characteristics of the speech of the person's voice being recorded. O PI";"Claims 1. An apparatus for controlling the average word reproduction rate from a recording which is mounted to a playback means including an electrically operable drive motor and a sound pickup and output means, said apparatus providing an operating cycle comprising alternate playback intervals and stopped intervals and comprising: (a) means connected to said sound pickup and output means for detecting and counting syllables reproduced during a playback interval; (b) clock timing means for counting the elapsed time from the beginning of said cycle; (c) rate selector means for selecting a time rate of word reproduction; (d) circuit means connected to the outputs of said rate selector, means and said syllable counter means for computing a total cycle time; (e) time comparator means connected to the outputs of said computing circuit means and said clock timing means for signalling the coincidence of the computed cycle time and the clock time; an (f) control logic means having a motor drive control output coupled to said drive motor and having an input connected to said time comparator means, for at times stopping said playback and for initiating playback in response to the coincidence of said elapsed time and said computed total cycle time. ' 2. An apparatus according to claim 1 wherein there is further provided a natural pause detector means with an input coupled to said syllable detecting and counting means for signalling the absence of a substantial sound signal and having an output connected to said control logic means and wherein said control logic stops said playback only during such an absence. 3. An apparatus for controlling the average word reproduction rate from a recording which is mounted to a playback means including an electrically operable drive motor and a sound pickup and output means, said apparatus providing a cycle comprising alternate playback intervals and stopped intervals and comprising: (a) means connected to said sound pickup and output means for detecting and counting syllables reproduced during a playback interval; (b) means for selecting a phrase length and providing an output syllable count representing the selected phrase length; (c) syllable comparator means connected to the outputs of said detecting and counting means and said phrase length selecting means for switching states in response to the syllable count becoming at least equal to the selected phrase length; (d) clock timing means for counting the elapsed time from the beginning of said cycle; (e) rate selector means for selecting a time rate of word reproduction; (f) circuit means connected to the outputs of said rate selector means and said syllable counter means for computing a cycle time by dividing said syllable count by the output of said rate selector means; (g) time comparator means connected to the outputs of said cycle time computing circuit means and said clock timing means for signalling the absence of a substantial sound signal; and O PI (h) natural pause detector means coupled to said syllable detecting and counting means for signalling the absence of a substantial sound signal; and (i) control logic means having outputs includin a reset output connected to said syllable detecti and counting means and said clock timing means for resetting their counts and a motor drive control and having inputs connected to the output of said syllable comparator means, said time comparator means and said natural pause detector means for initiating playback in response to an output signal from its reset output, for stoppin said playback in response to said syllable count being at least equal to said selected phrase length and the simultaneous detection of the absence of a substantial sound signal and for generating a reset output in response to the coincidence of said elapsed time and said compute cycle time. 4. A device according to claim 3 wherein said syllable detecting and counting means comprises: (a) a variable gain audio amplifier means having an audio input connected to the output of sound pickup and output means, and audio output and a gain control input; (b) a rectifier circuit means having an input connected to the output of said variable gain amplifier means and having an output; (c) a threshold detector means having its input connected to the output of said rectifier circuit means for switching its output state in response to the output of said rectifier circuit means crossing over a selected threshold; O (d) a digital counter means connected to the output of said threshold detector means for counting the number of times said detector output switches to one of its output states; and (e) an integrator circuit means having its input connected to the output of said rectifier circuit means and its output connected to the gain control input to said variable gain audio amplifier means for increasing the gain in response to a decrease in the average amplitude of the output of the rectifier circuit means and decreasing the gain in response to an increase in said average amplitude. 5. An apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said phrase length selecting means comprises a manually operable switch means for providing a digital output representing the selected number of words for a played back phrase during said playback interval and an arithmetic circuit connected to the output of said switch means for providing an output representing said selected number of words increased by a constant proportionality factor to approximate the average number of syllables in said selected number of words. 6. An apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said proportionality factor is substantially 1.5. 7. An apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said clock timing means comprises an oscillator for providing clock pulses and a digital counter for counting said pulses. 8. An apparatus according to claim 3 wherein said natural pause detector comprises a threshold detector having its threshold set substantial near zero. 9. An apparatus according to claim 4 wherein: (a) Said phrase length selecting means comprises manually operable switch means for providing a digital output representing the selected number of words for a played back phrase during said playback interval and an arithmetic circuit connected to the output of said switch means for providing an output representing said selected number of words increased by a constant proportionality factor to approximate the average -number of syllables in said selected number of words; (b) said clock timing means comprises an • oscillator for providing clock pulses and a digital counter for counting said pulses; and (c) said natural pause detector comprises a threshold detector having its threshold -set substantially near zero. 10. An apparatus according to claim 9 wherein said proportionality factor is substantially 1.5. 11. A method for playback of a recording at a selected average word reproduction rate, said method comprising: (a) selecting a reproduction rate; (b) initiating and subsequently stopping the playback of a recording; (c) counting the time elapsed from said initiation of said playback; (d) detecting and counting the syllables reproduced during said playback; (e) computing a total cycle time by dividing said counted syllables by said selected reproduction rate; and (f) reinitating said playback when said counted time substantially equals said computed time. 12. A method according to claim 11 wherein said method further comprises the step of selecting a phrase length and continuing said playback until the counted number of syllables is at least substantially equal to said selected phrase length. 13. A method according to claim 12 further comprising the step of detecting the absence of any substantial audio signal during playback and continuing said playback further until said absence is detected. 14. A method according to claim 13 wherein said phrase length selecting step more particularly comprises the selection of a phrase length in words and then the multiplication of the phrase length in words by a proportionality factor of approximately 1.5. 15. A method according to claim 14 wherein said reproduction rate is selected in words per minute and said total cycle time is effectively multiplied by a factor of approximately 40 to provide a reproduction rate in seconds. 16. A method according to claim 15 wherein said elapsed time counting is performed by counting elapsed time intervals of substantially 0.5 seconds. OMPI IPO";BERGSTROM G, SHARP W;BUSINESS EDUCATION PROD INC;1978
+WO-1980000059-A1;19800124.0;19780612;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;27020517.0;A61K37;A61K35, A61K37;A61K35, A61K38, A61L26;A61K  35/12, A61K  38/01D, A61L  26/00B6R, A61L  26/00F;MEDICAL PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE AND PROCESS OF USING THE SAME;Medical protein hydrolysate is produced from the feet of young freshly killed poultry. The protein, thus produced, is an extract of polypeptides and amino acids. It is in the form of a powder or a gel, each of which is suitable for topical application to living cells of animals and humans for aiding in healing. The process of production of the protein hydrolysate includes treating the washed and comminuted poultry feet or other source of protein with a dilute acid, preferably acetic acid, and drying under low heat conditions the resulting solution to a powder or to a gel. The process of using the protein hydrolysate including periodic topical application to a traumatized (wound) area. In the event that treatment is to be below the surface, an aqueous solution of the protein can be injected into the area to be treated.;"Medical Protein Hydrolysate and Process of Using the Same BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION I have believed that there had to be a product that would create, within a traumatized (wound) area, conditions as close to fetal surroundings, as possible, so that the individual cells within this area could have the optimum chance for regeneration. Since rapidly dividing cells, in the embryo fetal complex, originate from a single fertilized cell, and then divide into specialized tissues, whether they be muscle, nerve, skin, etc., I have sought a protein source material which is readily available and inexpensive, being from immature poultry feet in which the antibodies were not well developed. Since poultry by-products were readily available, I felt this to be an ideal source. My protein hydrolysate, described hereinafter, is believed to possess the properties which I have described above. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly described, my medical protein hydrolysate comprises the soluble polypeptides and soluble amino acid constituents of immature animal protein such as chicken feet and its mineral content, resulting from the hydrolyzing of t animal protein with a dilute acid, preferably a weak organic acid such as acetic acid, and the subsequent drying, or con centrating, of the resulting solution. The process comprises first cleansing the raw material, such as the feet of eight or nine week old broiler then comminuting this raw material and subjecting it to a dilute acid, under controlled pH and temperature conditions. The resulting solution is decanted, strained or filtered and then spray dried or otherwise dewatered or concentrated to a dry powder or dried gel. In use, the powder is topically applied to a moist open wound, or is reconstituted with water and injected, wit a syringe, into the area to be treated. The gel is used for the treatment of relatively dry areas and can be reconstitut from the dry powder or from partially dried gel. O /, DETAILED DESCRIPTION I preferably used the feet of freshly killed im¬ mature broilers as my raw material and extract therefrom, polypeptides and amino acids that are lacking in antigenic properties. In so doing, I wash and comminute the raw material, then selectively dissolve the proteins therefrom, with as little biological disruption as possible, using a dilute weak organic acid, such as acetic acid or lactic acid, as my hydrolyzing agent, supplemented by controlled extraction temperatures. Hydrochloric and phosphoric acid have also been tried with less success. By far the best acid to employ is acetic acid. The solution thus formed is a liquid product which is then dried, either by spray drying or dewatering into a dried product, which can be reconstituted into a gel. In more detail, I use young ""broiler"" chicken feet as they have sufficient immature protein and are cheap and abundant. After thoroughly washing the feet in water to rid them of dirt, debris and blood, I grind the feet through a 1/4 inch plate of a Hobart grinder. From 1/8 to 1/2 inch plates can be used; however, a 1/4 inch plate appears to pro¬ vide the most efficient size grind for rapid and- uniform ex¬ traction of the soluble proteins. In a separate container, I make up a water solution of glacial acetic acid by adding the glacial acetic acid to the water to produce a first dilute acetic acid solution con¬ taining from about 1% to about 1-1/2% by weight, glacial acetic acid. Into this dilute acetic acid solution, on a one to one weight basis, I dump the ground feet so that the acid can break down or hydrolize the blood and other extraneous matter, this at room temperature, i.e., from about 70°F to about 90°F. I allow the comminuted feet and dilute acetic acid solution to work overnight, i.e., eight to * twelve hours, stirring it periodically so that it is well mixed. I then wash or flush the mixture with fresh water until the commi¬ nuted feet mix is clear of debris. This initial treatment or pretreatment with acetic acid solution is to remove blood, free fats and serum. I then make up another mixture of glacial acetic acid and water so as to provide a second solution having a pH 4.6. The pH may run from pH 6.5 to pH 3.6 if desired. However, I have found that, where I have used these extreme ranges, resulting protein material is not as effective. The washed comminuted feet mix is then added to this second solution in a one to one ratio by weight and the resulting mix is heated to a temperature of between 130°F and 140°F an constantly stirred for about 30-40 minutes, but it can be comingled and heated for a shorter period of time, with a de¬ crease in yield. This solubilized mixture is then decanted or drawn off and sent through a centrifuge to remove most of the fat and particulate matter. The defatted centrifuged solution is then passed through a filter. So far, I have found that the best filter bed to use is ""Speed Flow"" diatomaceous earth, though I am sure there are other filters that would be equall effective. I next allow the dissolved protein solution to solidify. I then ' skim off the remaining fats. To again solubilize this gelled protein, I once again heat it to 1G0° 120°F so that it can be pumped. This mixture (solution) of amino acids and polypeptides generally runs from 4%-9% solids If I want to make a gel of it, I dry the solidified (gelled solution) by low temperature air drying and reconstitute it when I need it by again bringing the solubilizing water up to 100°F-130°F. If desired, another or second extraction, using the second acetic acid solution (pH 4.6) on a pound for pound basis of the previously extracted ground feet and acetic acid solution. I extract for 30 minutes at 140°F-155°F and blend this mixture in with the other filtered and clarified protein solution, after first going through the same defatting and clarifying steps as on the first extraction. I have not foun that this second product is as good as the first extraction a I think there is too much denaturation of the proteins, there in. To produce the dry powder, the resulting solution i spray dried. The powder has an average particle size of fro about 1 micron to about 20 microns. The same procedure was followed with a solution of lactic acid, also diluted until the pH was about 4.6. The resultant powder was effective, but to a lesser extent than that produced with acetic acid. As is conventional, other weak organic acids could be used with similar results. The same occurred when hydrochloric and phosphoric acid were used. A better understanding of the present invention will be had by reference to the following examples. EXAMPLE I 100 pounds of frozen poultry feet, obtained from freshly killed commercial broilers, eight to nine weeks old, grown and processed in Maryland, U.S.A., were washed with water to remove coarse debris, dirt and blood. They were then ground using a Hobart Grinder with a 1/4"" plate and this com¬ minuted material was immersed in 100 pounds of a II solution of aqueous glacial acetic acid for a period of ten hours at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at least once per hour to maximize the area exposed to the dilute acetic acid. Next the solution was drained from the comminuted feet by being poured onto a 1/3.2"" esTi screen. The material on the screen was then washed with water until the wash water was clear. This resulted in 87 pounds of cleansed comminuted or ground broiler or poultry feet. A first extraction was made up by.mixing glacial acetic acid and water to produce a resulting solution having about 1% by weight, glacial acetic acid. To 87 pounds of the first extraction solution was added the 87 pounds of cleansed comminuted poultry feet. The pH of the mix was then adjusted to a pH of 4.6 by the addition of glacial acetic acid. This mixture was then constantly stirred and brought to a temperature of about 130°F and main¬ tained within the range of about 130°F to about 140°F for about 1/2 hour so as to dissolve the soluble protein from the ground material. OMPI /,, WIPO - This hot solubilized mixture was then passed throu a milk centrifuge so that the fat was discharged from the so tion and the solids or non-solubilized material removed ther from. Thence, the centrifuged solution was filtered by being passed through diatomaceous earth (Speed Flow - a Dow Chemical [Grefco] product). At this stage the solution was clear solution containing approximately 5.7 pounds of the polypeptides and amino acids mix. While still in its liquid state, the clear solutio at a temperature of from about 100°F to about 120°F was pass through a spray dryer. The inlet temperature of the air was about 250°F and the outlet temperature was about 120°F. The resulting non-antigenic protein hydrolysate powder, being hydroscopic, was then immediately placed in an air tight, moisture impervious container so that it would not cake. The resulting powder assayed as follows: pH 4.6 water 7.9 Total N 15.73 ash 6.10 Amino acid distributio: aspartic acid 5.51 glutamic acid 10.24 histidine 0.81 l sine 3.80 argenine 8.01 hydrox lysine 1.19 hydroxyproline 10.14 threonine 2.26 serine 2.86 tyrosine 0.73 glycine 23.41 1/2 cystine 0.32 proline 11.83 alanine 9.14 valine 2.43 methionine 1.24 leucine 3.00 isoleucine 1.76 phenylalanine 2.23 O ./• EXAMPLE II The procedure of Example I was repeated but instead of spray drying, the filtered solution was dried in dry air at a temperature of from 65° to 75°F, until it contained about 5%, by weight, moisture. The resulting protein hydrolysate material weighed 6.1 pounds and was placed in an airtight, moisture impervious container. The material was later mixed with water to produce various samples of gels containing from about 15% to about 30%, by weight, of the material. The water was preheated to from about 120°F to about 130°F and the material added to the warm water. The gels were kept under refrigeration. In Examples I and II a Sharpless centrifuge or cream separator with fixed parts was used. A Bowen spray dryer was used in Example I. In the procedure of the protein hydrolysate described above, i.e., by extracting the polypeptides and amino acids through the use of acetic acid as a solvent for the extracted proteins, the proteins are broken down from their complex pro¬ tein structures to the simpler structures. It is important, for best results, that the solids, i.e., minerals, which pre¬ cipitate out as the filtered hydrolyzed protein is dewatered and cooled be retained in the resulting product. Protein hydrolysate, without such minerals, while causing .excellent repair of a wound, may result in concomitant hyperplasia which should be debrided to bring it in line with adjacent tissue. Thereafter, the wound will slowly continue to repair. In other words, I have found that it is not desir¬ able to remove the precipitated minerals which precipitated out as the extracted (solubilized) proteins lose moisture and that it is not desirable to filter the product "" after it is in concentrated form. When the non-precipitated mixtures of Examples I and II were used, the hyperplasia of regenerating tissue disappeared and remarkable regrowth of not only muscle tissue, but skin and nerve tissue, also, regenerated and re¬ turned to its normal position and contour and function, _QMPI_ IPO indicating that it restored memory to the tissues. Treatment Using My Medical Protein Hydrolysate My protein hydrolysate is particularly useful for the treatment of burns, particularly third degree burns. T dry powder is sprinkled over the affected area and combines with the moisture in the tissue to provide a protective cel stimulating coating. The gel is preferably used for first and second degree burns, where a relatively dry area is in¬ volved. Pain is usually stopped in three to five minutes after application to the affected area. I have found it preferable to apply a sprinkled layer of dry powder or gel to the burned area about every third day. In the case of third degree burns, the powder all for the fiberblasts or regenerative cells to continue to gro out from the center and edges of the wound so that skin gra ing is materially reduced or entirely eliminated. Further¬ more, the new skin even appears to be formed from normal cel and hair actually grows from the new skin in a normal way. In most cases of wounds in animals treated with m material, either spray dried or in gel form, bacterial infec tions have generally been eliminated after the first three days, and in all cases, infection appeared to be eliminated at the end of the seventh day (end of second application) . This has been demonstrated with gas gangrene (clinically) , massive disruptive wounds resulting from auto and other tra matic disruptions of the skin and underlying muscle, nerve and vascular tissues. When using my material topically applied, either i spray dried powder or gel form, the hyperplasia of regenerat tissue disappeared and remarkable regrowth of not only muscl tissue, but skin and nerve tissue, also, regenerated and re¬ turned to its normal position and contour and function, indi cating that it restored memory to the tissues. Bed sores which have existed for some time have healed quite well after treatment with my material. Indeed, even cells which appeared to have died around a wound were restored to normal. COMPARATIVE TEST To demonstrate the importance of using immature animal tissue and particularly immature poultry feet, the following test was run. Four cats of like weight, maturity and state of health were operated on, and three muscles of the upper right thigh were severed: the Bicepts femoris, the Vastus lateralis and the Semitendinosus. Each cat was treated with an agent topically applied to cover the wound twice a week until all wounds healed. The first cat was treated with protein hydrolysate prepared according to Example II above. Its wounds healed in 21 days without complications. It walked without a limp in 7 days. A second cat, treated with a protein hydrolysate prepared in an identical manner from the feet of chicken about one year old. Healing took 33 days and hyperplasia developed on the 8th day. Normal walking occurred only on the 15th day. A third cat was treated with a prior art protein hydrolysate, hydrolysed casein, a Borden product. It developed hyperplasia on the 7th day and a secondary infection, both of which persisted until final healing at 33 days. This cat limped until final healing. The fourth cat, treated with the broad spectrum antibiotic 5-Nitro 2-fureldehyde semi-carbazone (""FURACIN"", a product of Eaton Laboratories). Healing took 33 days. A lesser amount of hyperplasia was noted and the cat walked with a limp for the entire period. The third and fourth cats also exhibited progressive atrophy of the muscles posterior to the incision continuing until the femur could be palpitated. This test demonstrates the effectiveness and advan¬ tages of protein hydrolysate prepared according to the present invention and particularly speed of recovery, lack of infec¬ tion, absence of hyperplasia and full return of muscle function. - - It is thus seen that the therapeutic agent of the present invention, i.e., my medical protein hydrolysate, is hydroscopic mixture of polypeptides and amino acids. It appears to have the fantastic ability to create, around a wound area, conditions that allow true tissue regeneration, this in the total absence of antibodies, even in the most critically infected wounds. Preferably, the wound is heavily covered with my powder or gel. When powder is used, the area must be moist that the powder can stick. No adverse tissue reaction has been observed in any treatment using my Protein Hydrolysate. It is desirable to cover the wound with a non- adhering dressing (Telfa) to keep the powder/gel in contact with the wound. The treatment of the wound with my material should be repeated every three or four days.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A therapeutic agent comprising a non-antigenic, protein hydrolysate having polypeptides and amino acids de¬ rived by: comminuting the immature poultry fee and washing them; commingling said comminuted immature poultry feet with a dilute, mild organic acid at a pH between 6.5 and 3.6 at an elevated temperature up to 155°F; removing the fat constituent; and removing the solubilized protein and dissolved minerals at the elevated temperature. 2. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 1 where¬ in said elevated temperature is between 130°F and 140°F. 3. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 1 where¬ in said poultry feet are derived from chickens; not more than nine weeks old. 4. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 1 where¬ in said mild organic acid is acetic acid. 5. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 1 where¬ in the step of comminuting the immature poultry feet and wash¬ ing them, said poultry feet are ground and pretreated with a mild organic acid solution from 1 to 1-1/2% by weight acid at from 70°F to 90°F for from eight to twelve hours, after which pretreatment the poultry feet are washed with water. 6. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said removing the fat constituent step includes cooling the solution and separating out the fat layer. 7. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 6 wherein said agent is a dehydrated gel and is derived by re¬ heating the cooled solution and air drying of the reheated solution to form this dehydrated gel. 8. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said agent is a powder and is derived by spray drying the resultant solution from which the fat material has been removed. 9. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said removing the precipitate step includes decanting. 10. The therapeutic agent as claimed in Claim 1 wherein said removing the precipitate step includes filteri through diatomaceous earth. 11. The process of treating damaged higher animal tissue for therapeutic purposes comprising applying to said tissue an effective amount of a non-antigenic protein hydro lysate as claimed in Claim 1. 12. The process of Claim 11 wherein said protein hydrolysate is an aqueous gel. 13. The process of Claim 12 wherein said tissue i cludes an open wound and said protein hydrolysate is a dry powder covering said wound. 14. The process of Claim 11 wherein said protein hydrolysate is injected into a tissue. 15. A therapeutic agent comprising, a non-antigen protein hydrolysate having a mixture of polypeptides and am acids therein, said protein hydrolysate being the ' soluble constituent derived from immature poultry feet which have b hydrolized by mild acid hydrolysis. 16. A therapeutic agent comprising, a non-antigen protein hydrolysate derived by mild acid hydrolysis from immature poultry feet in which the anti-bodies are not full developed. /,,";ROBERTSON H;ROBERTSON H;1978
+WO-1980000067-A1;19800124.0;19780619;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20333558.0;B29C27;F16L47, A61M1;A61M39, B29C65, F16L47;A61M  39/10, B29C  65/00K4B, B29C  65/02+B4, B29C  65/04+B4, B29C  65/04+B4E, F16L  47/02, F16L  47/32;METHOD AND CONNECTING PIECE FOR JOINING TUBES;Conduits (3a, 3b, 3c) are joined with a one-piece tubular connecting piece (1) by inserting support members (5a, 5b, 5c) through a sealable opening (6) in the connecting piece to support the conduit ends whilst said ends are secured to the connecting piece to communicate with openings (4a, 4b, 4c) in the connecting piece. After securing the conduit ends to the connecting piece, the support members are withdrawn through the sealable opening and that opening is then sealed. The support members can also act as electrodes for welding the conduit ends to the connecting piece, especially when the conduit ends and connecting piece are formed of thermoplastics. The method has particular, but not exclusive, application to smoothly connecting tubes for conveying blood.;"TITLE METHOD OF JOINING CONDUITS WITH A CONNECTING PIECE AND CONNECTING PIECE FOR USE IN THE METHOD TECHNICAL FIELD The invention relates to and provides a method of joining two or more conduits with a tubular connecting piece wherein ends of the conduits are located at respective openings in the connecting piece and are secured to said connecting piece to communicate with the respective openings. The invention also provides a tubular connecting piece for use in the method. The invention has particular, but not exclusive, application to welding thermoplastics tubes to a thermoplastics connecting piece. BACKGROUND ART It is well known to join two or more conduits with a tubular connecting piece by locating the conduit ends to be connected at respective openings in the connecting piece and securing said ends to the connecting piece to communicate with the respective openings. In particular, this method is used to connect thermoplastics tubes by welding the tubes to a thermoplastics connecting piece. The conduit ends require supporting whilst being secured to the connecting piece and it is known to provide this support by inserting support means into the connecting piece through one of the openings for a conduit end. Obviously, however, it-has not been possible to support all of the conduits from inside the connecting piece because the support means must be withdrawn from said opening to allow the respective conduit end to be connected to the connecting piece to communicate with said opening. It is an object of the present invention to provide a method whereby all of the conduit ends can I Ϊ ΛTREAIΓ OMPI _ be supported from inside the connecting piece whilst they are secured to the connecting piece. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of joining two or more conduits with a one-piece tubular connecting piece wherein the ends of the conduits are located at respective openings in the connecting piece and are secured to said connecting piece to communicate with the respective openings, characterised in that support means is inserted through a sealable opening in the connecting piece to support at least one conduit end at the respective opening, said at least one conduit end is secured to the connecting piece whilst being supported by said support means, the support means is withdrawn through said sealable opening, aΛd the sealable opening is then sealed. The conduit ends can be secured to the connecting piece by any of the means conventionally used for connecting conduits to a connecting piece but it is preferred that they are welded to the connecting piece. Advantageously, the conduit ends and/or the connecting piece are formed of thermoplastics. As mentioned previously, the invention has particular application to the joining of thermoplastics tubes with a thermoplastics connecting piece. Suitable thermoplastics include polyvinylchloride and polyurethane. The support means usually, but not necessarily, will be used to support all of the conduit ends during the time that they are being secured to the connecting piece. It will be appreciated however that the conventional method of inserting support means through an opening intended for communication with a conduit end can be employed for all except the last conduit end and the method of the invention used for securing that last conduit end to the connecting piece. "" According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a one-piece tubular connecting piece for use in the method of the invention having two or more openings adapted to be secured to respective conduit ends, characterised in that the connecting piece has a sealable opening adapted to receive support means for supporting at least one conduit end at the respective opening whilst said at least one conduit end is secured to the connecting piece to communicate with the respective opening and to permit withdrawal of said support means after the said at least one conduit end has been so secured to the connecting piece. Advantageously, the sealable opening is a slot and preferably the connecting piece is elongate and the slot extends longitudinally of the elongate connecting piece. Flaps preferably are provided integrally with the connecting piece for use in sealing the sealable opening. When the said opening is a slot, two flaps suitably are provided to extend longitudinally at the respective sides of the slot. These two flaps preferably have plane-convex opposed (i.e. facing) surfaces whereb3>- the said surfaces smoothly mutually diverge outwardly from the slot. It is also preferred that any flaps integral with the connecting piece are formed of thermoplastics so that the opening can be sealed by heating and pressing the flaps together over the opening. Usually, the openings in the connecting piece for communication with the conduits will be tubular end portions of the connecting piece and the conduit ends will be inserted into or placed over the respective tubular end portions of the connecting piece. The sealable opening can be located at any convenient position in the connecting piece but suitably is located opposite an opening for a conduit end to facilitate insertion of the support means into that openin c OMPI_ The connecting piece can be of any suitable shape provided that it serves to connect the conduits together in the required manner. Advantageously however, the central axis of tubular end portions are substantially coplanar and the connecting piece has a ""Y"" or ""T""-shaped axial section in said plane. Conveniently, the support means constitutes at least one electrode for use in welding the respective conduit end to the connecting piece. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The following is a description, by way of example only and with reference to the accompanying, drawings of the presently most preferred embodiment of the method and apparatus aspects of the invention. In the drawings:- Fig. 1 is a side view of a connecting piece according to the most preferred embodiment of the invention having three tubes welded to tubular ends of the connecting piece; Fig. 2 is an enlarged axial section of the connecting piece of Fig. 1, but without the tubes welded thereto; Fig. 3 is a further enlarged cross-section of the connecting piece along the line III-III in Fig. 2; and Fig. 4 is a corresponding axial section to Fig. 2 of the connecting piece of Fig. 1, but with the respective tubes being arranged in the tubular ends of the connecting piece while being supported by supporting means. BESTMODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring to Figs. 1 to ,a connecting piece, "" designated 1, comprises a tubular portion 2 having three open tubular ends 4a, 4b, 4c_. The tubular portion 2 is provided with a hole 6, through which three support members 5a, 5b, 5 are intended to be inserted into the connecting piece 1 so as to support tubes 3a, 3b, 3£ when B U O these are being welded to the connecting piece. The hole 6, which is sealable, is a longitudinal slot and is provided opposite to the open tubular end 4b. The hole 6 has two parallel, longitudinal flaps 7a, 7b extending along its respective edges as shown in Fig. 3» These flaps are each integrally formed with the tubular portion 2 and have plane-convex surfaces 8a and 8b, respectively, facing each other, whereby said surfaces smoothly mutually diverge radially outwardly from the slot 6. The outer surfaces of the respective flaps 7a, 7b are planar. The axes of the open tubular ends 4a, 4b, 4£ are provided in the same plane and so that the tubular portion 2 has a T-shaped axial section in said plane. The connecting piece 1 as well as the respective tubes are made of a weldable thermoplastic material, for example polyurethane and preferably polyvinylchloride (PVC). As shown in Fig. 3 the tubular portion 2 is some- what thicker just opposite to the hole 6 in order to increase the strength of the portion 2. In welding together the respective end portions of the tubes 3a, 3b, 3£ to the corresponding open tubular ends 4a, 4b, 4£ of the connecting piece 1 in accordance with the present invention, separate supporting members 5a, 5b, 5£ are inserted into the tubular portion 2 through the sealable hole 6 to be received in the respective tubes. It is to be noticed that these supporting members (which together constitute support means) can be inserted into the tubular portion 2 at the same time, whereby all the tubes can be supported simultaneously. The supporting members 5a, 5b, 5£ are so dimensioned that, in place within the tubular portion, as is shown in Fig. 4, they are closely surrounded by the tubes 3a, 3b, 3£. In that way there is provided sufficient support to the tubes 0 In high frequency welding, which is the most -BUREAZΓ OMPl preferred welding method according to the present invention, these supporting means may be the welding electrodes. The other electrodes (not shown), are constituted by conventional 'brass jaws , which externally surround the respective open tubular ends 4a, 4b, 4£ of the connecting piece 1. When the tubes as well as the welding electrodes, inclusive of the separate supporting members 5a, 5b, 5£, are in place, all the tubes can be welded simultaneously to the respective open tubular ends 4a, 4b, 4£ of the connecting piece 1. When the tubes have been welded to the tubular ends 4a, 4b, 4£ of the connecting piece, the supporting members 5a, 5b, 5£ are withdrawn, and the hole 6 is then sealed. The sealing is preferably performed by welding, wherein jaws (not shown) or the like, acting as electrodes, press the longitudinal flaps 7a, 7b against each other, as is shown by arrows F in Fig. 3. The flaps 7a, 7b are melted together due to the heat generated during the welding. Molten material flows radially outwardly (downwardly in Fig. 3) along the plane-convex surfaces 8a, 8b of the flaps and not into (upwardly in Fig. 3) the tubular portion 2 through the hole 6. This is due to the fact that the surfaces 8a, 8b have the plane-convex' shape shown in Fig. 3. As a result there is obtained a connecting piece which, since the hole has been sealed, has smooth inner surfaces without any sharp edges. INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY A preferred application of the invention will be the connecting of a heparine tube to a blood tube via a connecting piece in medical devices for, for example, extracorporeal treating of blood. In this case it is very important that the connecting piece with the tubes in place does not display any irregularities in the flow path of the blood_ Sharp edges or substantially altered flowing conditions, which may lead to substantial turbulence, can be deleterious to the blood. According to the present invention there can be obtained a connecting piece without ""any irregularities or the like which may lead to deleterious turbulence in the blood stream. It will be appreciated that the invention is not restricted to the details described above but that numerous modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed in the following Claims. For example, instead of the tubes 3a, 3b, 3£ being inserted into the tubular ends 4a, 4b, 4£ of the connecting piece 1 they can be welded to the connecting piece outside the end portions 4a, 4b, 4£ thereof. In such a case the tubes 3a, 3b, 3£ are slipped over the connecting piece 1 at the tubular end 4a, 4b, 4£ portions""thereof and are welded to said portions outside the connecting piece. Further, the connecting piece can be of a different shape, for example the tubular portion 2 can have a ""Y""-shape in the plane of the axes of the tubular ends 4a, 4b, 4£ instead of the ""T""-shape shown.";"CLAIMS 1. A method of joining two or more conduits(3a, 3b, 3£) with a one-piece tubular .connecting piece (1) wherein the ends of the conduits are located at respective openings (4a, 4b, 4£) in the connecting piece and are secured to said connecting piece to communicate with the respective openings, characterised in that support means (5a, 5b, 5£) is inserted through a sealable opening (6) in the connecting piece to support at least one conduit end at the respective opening, said at least one conduit end is secured to the connecting piece to communicate with the respective opening whilst being supported by said support means, the support means is withdrawn through said sealable opening, and the sealable opening is then sealed. 2. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the ends of the conduit (3a, 3b, 3£) are secured to the connecting piece (1) by welding. 3.- A method as claimed in Claim 2 wherein the ends of the conduit (3a, 3b, 3£) and/or the connecting piece (1) are formed of thermoplastics. 4. A method as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the conduits (3a, 3b, 3£) are tubes. 5. A method as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the supporting means (5a, 5b,. 5£) supports each of the said conduits (3a, 3b, 3£) whilst they are secured to the connecting piece (1). 6. A method as claimed in Claim 1, characterised in that the sealable opening (6) is a slot. 7. A method as claimed in Claim 6 wherein the connecting piece (1) is elongate, •• characterised in that the slot (6) extends longitudinally of the connecting piece. 8. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding Claims, characterised in that the sealable opening (β) is sealed using flaps (7a, 7b) extending integrally from the connecting piece. -ftU 0 9. A method as claimed in Claim 8, characterised in that the flaps (7a, 7b) are formed of thermoplastics and the opening (6) is sealed by heating and pressing the flaps together over the o-pening (6). 10. A method as claimed in Claim 2, characterised in that the support means (5a, 5b, 5£) constitutes at least one electrode which is used in welding said at least one conduit end (3a, 3b, 3£) to the connecting piece. 11. A method as claimed in Claim 1 wherein the connecting piece openings for communication with the conduits are defined by open tubular end portions (4a, 4b, 4c) of said connecting piece (1) and the conduit ends are tubular and are inserted intoor surround the respective tubular end portions of the connecting piece. 12. A one-piece tubular connecting piece for use in a method as claimed in Claim 1 having two or more openings adapted to be secured to ends of respective conduits, characterised in that the connecting piece (1) has a sealable opening (6) adapted to receive support means (5a, 5b, 5£) for supporting at least one conduit end (3a, 3b, 3£) at the respective opening (4a, 4b, 4£) whilst said at least one conduit end is secured to the connecting piece to communicate with the respective opening and to permit withdrawal of said support means after the said at least one conduit end has been so secured to the connecting piece. 13. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 12 characterised in that the sealable opening (6) is a slot. 14. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 13 wherein the connecting piece (1) is elongate characterised in that the slot (6) extends longitudinally of the connecting piece. 15. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 12 characterised in that flaps (7a, 7b) are formed integrally with the connecting piece for use in sealing the opening (6). 16. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 13 or Claim 14 characterised in that two flaps (7a, 7b) extend longitudinally at respective sides of the slot (6) for use in sealing the slot. * ' 17. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 16 characterised in that the opposed surfaces (8a, 8b) of the flaps (7a, 7b) are plane-convex surfaces whereby the said surfaces smoothly mutually diverge outwardly from the slot (6). 18. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 12 characterised in that the sealable opening (6) is located opposite an opening (4b) in the connecting piece for a conduit end. 19. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 12 wherein the openings (4a, 4b, 4£) in the connecting pieces for the conduit ends are tubular end portions of the connecting piece (1) adapted to surround or be surrounded by the respective conduit ends (3a, 3b, 3 ~ . 20. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 19 wherein* the central axes of said tubular end portions (4a, 4b, 4£) are substantially coplanar and the connecting piece (1) has a ""Y"" or ""T"" shaped axial section in said plane. 21. A connecting piece as claimed in Claim 12 formed of thermoplastics. 'BU";STENBERG K;GAMBRO AB, STENBERG K;1978
+WO-1980000175-A1;19800207.0;19781214;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25446587.0;F04F10;;E04D13, F04F10;E04D  13/04B, E04D  13/08, F04F  10/00, P04D  13/08W;METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SIPHONING WATER FROM A PONDING AREA ON A FLAT ROOF;A method and apparatus for removing water from a ponding area of a flat roof having a run-off system which is no longer operable to drain water from the ponding area which comprises directing a quantity of the run-off water flowing in the run-off system (54 or 60) as a result of the commencement of a rain condition or the like into a priming chamber (22 or 82), displacing water from the priming chamber back into the run-off system in such a way as to establish a negative pressure condition within the priming chamber, and communicating (46 or 72) the negative pressure condition to an end of a siphon hose (40) at a vertical level below the level of the ponding area, the other inlet end (44) of which is disposed in water sucking relation to the ponding area to thereby prime the siphon hose and commence the flow of water from the ponding area which flows after the cessation of the rain condition or the like continues until the water is substantially removed from the ponding area.;"METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SIPHONING WATER FROM A PONDING AREA ON A FLAT ROOF This invention relates to the handling of water on flat roofs, and more particularly to an improved method and device for siphoning water from a ponding area on a flat roof. While a pitched roof is the construction usually adopted in relatively small building con¬ structions, such as dwellings and the like, flat roof constructions are usually employed in larger - buildings where the roof extends over a greater area. Roof constructions of this type are pro¬ vided with a water run-off system. These systems all provide one,, or...more downspouts or ducts which serve to carry the run-off water from the level of the roof to a level below where it can be disposed of. The downspout in many instances forms a part of a gutter along one peripheral edge of the roof but is more frequently built into the central por- tion of the roof and extends downwardly alongside of a vertical support or column of the building. In either event, the situation presented is such that the downspout s provided in a position of roof support, either at the exterior wall, as in the case of the gutter construction, or at * the column in the case of the interior downspout construction. Experience has shown that any tendency for flat roof constructions to settle or sag almost invariably results in the creation of areas on the flat roof spaced from the supports and down- spouts which are lower than the areas where the roo is supported. These lower areas become pond¬ ing areas when a rain condition commences. Once these ponding areas are established, they tend to increase and ' have a deletrious snowballing effect on the roof. To some extent the weight of the ponding water is added to the roof at a position where the greatest sag occurs. The additional weight causes additional sag, and additional sag increases the size of the ponding areas, etc. Moreover, the existence of standing water on a roof induces thermal stresses which can cause blistering, cracking and leaking which leads to premature roof failure. The reason for this thermal stress is that, after a rain when the sun is again directly shining on the roof, the v areas of the roof surrounding the ponding area which are not in contact with the ponding water become quite hot, while the adjacent areas of the roof beneath the periperal areas of the standing water are in an evaporative cooling condition. Thus, there is established periodically occurring- local thermal expansion and contraction which in¬ duces stresses which would not otherwise be applied in the absence of the ponding water. O - 3 - While the above-described ponding problem is well known, the solutions presently practiced are all quite expensive. Among the most expen¬ sive solutions is to re-finish the roofing sur- -face so as to level out the low spots which pro¬ vide the ponding areas. Another effort has been to provide pumps operable to remove ponding water by a pumping action. Examples of prior art of this nature are found in the following U.S. patents: 831,817; 2,313,855; 3,757,812; and Re. 28,491. In general it can be stated that the avail¬ able pumping systems are likewise expensive and somewhat costly to operate and maintain. In recent months a solar powered roof drain pump has been made commercially available by B. F. Goodrich. (See U.S. patent 4,059,126). This pump is operated by solar energ and "" the sun's heat is used to prime the pump. Notwithstanding the efforts to date, there still is a need for an effective solution to the ponding problem which is more economical than the solutions heretofore provided. An object of the present invention is to ; fulfill the above-described need. In accordance with the principles of the present invention, this objective is obtained by a method in which a portion of the run-off water when flowing in the run-off system is utilized to prime a siphon device and the water from the ponding area is siphoned therefrom with the siphon device so primed. Preferably the siphon device utilized in- eludes a housing defining a primary chamber therein mounted within the water run-off system at a vertical level below the vertical level of the ponding- area of the flat roof and siphon hose means having an inlet end mounted in water sucking relation to the ponding area and an opposite end disposed in operative relation with the priming chamber such that negative pressure conditions within the priming chamber are com¬ municated therewith. When this preferred siphon device is used it is preferable in accordance with the principles of the present invention to direct the portion of the run-off water utilized to prime the siphon device into the priming chamber to establish a predetermined water level therein. The actual priming is accom¬ plished by lowering the water level in the priming chamber by displacing the water there¬ from into the run-off system to thereby establish a negative pressure within the priming chamber which is communicated with the siphon hose means causing water from the ponding area to flow past the inlet end through the siphon hose means. In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the establishment of a pre¬ determined water level within the priming chamber is accomplished by providing the priming chamber "" with a water outlet opening in its lower portion of a flow capacity less than the flow capacity of a water inlet opening in the upper end there¬ of so that when the flow of water in the run-off system increases as a result of the commencement of a rain condition or the like the quantity of water available within the run-off system to be directed into the priming chamber through the inlet opening is greater than the quantity of water which can pass from the chamber through the outlet opening and when the flow of. * water in the run-off system decreases as a result of the cessation o£ the rain condition or the like the quantity of water flowing in the run-off system available to be directed into the priming chamber through the inlet opening i_ less than the quantity of water which can flow out of the priming chamber into the outlet opening. In this way the establish¬ ment of the predetermined water level within the priming chamber and the lowering thereof are accom- plished automatically in response to the flow conditions within the run-off system. Specifically, the lowering of the water level within the priming chamber occurs as a result of the substantial lessening of the flow in the water run-off system which in turn is a result of the cessation of the rain condition or the like. With this arrangement, the actual operation of the siphon device to remove water from the ponding area will take place generally at a time following the cessation of the rain condition which, of course, is all that is required to maintain- the ponding areas clear of standing water. In. another embodiment of the present invention the siphon device is provided with an inlet opening communicating with its upper end which is controlled by a float valve and the flow of water out of the priming chamber is accomplished by means of an in¬ verted U-shaped tube including a first tubular leg portion having a lower end communicating with the lower portion of the priming chamber, a tubular bight portion disposed in the upper portion of the priming chamber and a second tubular leg portion extending downwardly therefrom outwardly of the priming chamber and having an open lower end dis¬ charging into the run-off system at a position below the open lower end of the first tubular -leg portion. By utilizing this embodiment the commencement of the flow of water in the run-off system as a result of the commencement of a rain condition or the like initially provides for a portion thereof sufficient to raise the water level within the priming chamber to the vertical level of the tubular bight portion at which time the downward flow of water through the second tubular leg portion establishes a flow of water from the priming chamber to the water run-off system through the inverted U-shaped discharge tube. Once this flow is established and the water level in the priming chamber begins to fall, the nega¬ tive pressure. initially created serves to close the inlet float valve so that the negative pressure created by subsequent water displacement from the priming chamber is communicated to the siphon hose means. Thus, with this embodiment the lower¬ ing of the water level occurs as a result of the water level reaching the level of the bight por¬ tion of the discharge tube and the priming of the siphon hose will occur soon after the commencement of the rain .condition and*continue thereafter follow¬ ing the cessation of the rain condition or the like so long as there is water in the ponding area to be removed. A further object of the present invention is the provision of a siphon device constructed in accordance with the principles enunciated above which is operable to carry out the method of the present invention as aforesaid. The invention also extends to the combination of a device of this type with the flat roof and its water run¬ off system installed in operative relationship with respect to one another. These and other objects of the present invention will become more apparent during the course of the following detailed descrip¬ tion and appended claims. The invention may best be understood with reference to the accompanying drawings wherein an illustrative embodiment is shown. In the drawings: Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view of a flat roof construction having a side -wall gutter and downspout water run-off system showing one embodiment of a device constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention in- stalled therein; Figure 2 is a view similar to Figure 1 of a flat roof construction having a run-off system provided with a central downspout showing the device of Figure 1 mounted therein; Figure 3 is a front elevational view of the device of Figures 1 and 2 with a portion of the siphon hose cut off; Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along the line 4-4 of Figure 3; Figure 5 is a top plan view of the device shown in Figure 3; Figure 6 is a front. elevational view of another embodiment of a device constructed in accordance with the principles, of the present invention; Figure 7 is a sectional view taken along the line 7-7 of Figure 6; and Figure 8 is a sectional view taken along the line 8-8 of Figure 7. Referring now more particularly ' to Figures 3-5 of the drawings, there is shown therein one embodiment of a device for siphoning water from a ponding area on a flat roof, generally indicated by the numeral 10, which embodies the principles of the present invention. The device 10 includes a tubular housing formed of a central elongated tube 12 having an upper tubular sleeve 14. fixed to the upper end thereof and a lower tubular sleeve 16 fixed to the lower end thereof. As shown, the upper sleeve 14 extends above the upper end of the central tube 12 and has a partition wall 18 fixedly secured therein in exterior peripheral sealing ■ engagement with the central interior periphery of the sleeve and in end edge sealing engagement with the upper end of the central tube 12. The lower sleeve 16 is interiorly peripherally secured to the exterior periphery of the central tube 12 and includes a lower end portion extending below the lower edge of the central tube 12. 5 Mounted within the lower end of the lower sleeve 16 is an end closure member 20. As shown, the end closure member 20 has an exterior threaded connection with the interior of the lower end of the sleeve 16 and provides an interior engagement 1 Q with the lower edge of the central tube 12. The inner periphery of the central tube 12 between the upper partition wall 18 and the lower closure member 20 defines a priming chamber 22. The interior periphery of the portion of the upper JL5 sleeve 14 extending above the upper partition wall 18 defines with the upper surface of the latter a run-off water receiving chamber 24 hav¬ ing an open upper end. Inlet opening means is provided between the water receiving chamber 24 20 and the priming chamber 22. * As shown, the in¬ let opening means is preferably in the form of an inlet tube 26 which is exteriorly peripherally secured in sealing relation with the upper parti¬ tion wall 18. The inlet tube includes an upper 25 inlet portion extending above the upper parti¬ tion wall 18 into the water receiving chamber 24, which upper portion is provided with a plurality \ <fy *■ 11 - of inlet openings 28 in the peripheral wall there¬ of. It will be noted that some of the openings extend through the wall of the inlet tube at the level of the partition wall 18 "" while some are spaced thereabove. The total cross-sectional area of all of the openings 28 is preferably greater than the cross-sectional area of the inlet tube 26. . . . It will be noted that the major portion .of the inlet tube 26 extends downwardly from the upper partition wall 18 into the priming chamber 22 and has its lower end open as indicated at 30 at a position spaced slightly above the end closure 20. The end closure 20 has an outlet opening 32 extending centrally therethrough, the cross- sectional area of which is less than the cross- sectional area of the inlet tube 26. An exemplary illustration of the size relationship between the inlet opening 30 and outlet opening 32 is one in which both cross-sections are circular with the inlet cross-section having a diameter of approxi¬ mately 1/2"" while the diameter of the outlet opening 32 is approximately 1/4"". The device 10 also includes an air vent tube 34 which is exteriorly peripherally secured in sealing relation with the upper partition wall \ -BURETΓ OMPI 18. The vent tube has its lower interior end com¬ municating with the upper end portion of the prim¬ ing chamber 22 and includes a bent-over upper end portion 36 within which is mounted a check valve assembly 38. The check valve assembly 38 may be of any suitable construction and, as shown, consists essentially of a simple flap valve member which will permit flow of air outwardly from the priming chamber 22 through the vent tube, but will prevent flow of air inwardly into the vent tube. The device 10 also includes a length of siphon hose 40. As best shown in Figure 4, a free end of the siphon hose 40 has a plug 42 fixedly secured , within the extremity thereof as by cement or the like. Formed along one side of the peripheral wall adjacent the plug 42 is a series of inlet openings 44. The inlet openings 44 are thus positioned so - that the free end portion of the hose 40 can be simply rested upon a ponding surface area of the roof, so that when a rain condition occurs the build-up of the water in the ponding area will cover the openings 44. The opposite end of the hose 40 is fixedly connected in interior communicating relation with the priming chamber 22. Preferably this communi¬ cation is accomplished by means of a central nipple 46 which has its exterior periphery sealingly "" - 13 - secured to the central portion of the upper parti¬ tion wall 18. The main portion of the nipple 46 extends upwardly above the partition wall 18 and has its exterior periphery adapted to receive the interior periphery of the other end portion of the hose 40. The connection is preferably made secure by means of suitable cement between the exterior periphery of the nipple and the interior periphery, of the hose. It will be understood that the various compo¬ nents of the device 10 described above may be formed of any suitable material.. However, a preferred arrangement is to form all of the parts of plastic material. METHOD AND OPERATION'OF DEVICE 10 Referring now more particuarly to Figures 1 and 2, there are illustrated therein two different flat roof"" constructions having different types of water run-off systems embodied therein within which the device 10 of the present invention is installed. In Figure 1 there is shown a flat roof construction, generally indicated at 48, supported at one periphery by an outside wall 50. The water run-off system of the roof construction includes a peripheral side gutter 52 having a downspout 54 extending therefrom. In Figure 2 the roof has a flat construction, indicated at 56, with an interior vertical wall 58 supporting the same. Extending downwardly through the central portion of the roof construction 56 adjacent the interior vertical wall 58 is a down¬ spout 60. In both instances, the device 10 of the present invention is installed in the downspout, such as the downspout 54 or 60 of the embodiments of Figures 1 and 2 respectively. The downspout in both instances has a cross-sectional area which is considerably in excess of the cross-sectional area of the* device 10. As shown, the mounting of the device 10 within the respective downspout is accomplished simply by lowering the same into the downspout by the hose 40 and allowing the hose to simply suspend the housing in a position disposed below the top of the downspout. The length of the hose is of a weight sufficient to prevent the housing from moving downwardly even when filled with water. However, the hose can be clamped or otherwise secured to insure against its downward movement. - The free end of the hose is extended to the middle of the ponding area. The free end is simply positioned on the surface of the ponding area so that the openings 44 face generally downwardly and are in closely spaced relation with the surface of the ponding area without being blocked by the surface. This insures removal of a maximum amount of water from the ponding area. O W So long as the ponding area- is devoid of water, the device simply remains suspended within the downspout. When a rain condition commences and water is distributed to the flat roof construction, the majority of the water will be directed as run-off water in the run-roff system, while a portion of the water will begin to build up as standing water in the ponding area. As the run-off water, passes through the downspout, .a portion of the water will be caught in the water receiving space 24 and enter the priming chamber 22 through inlet openings 28, inlet tube 26 and the lower inlet opening 30 thereof. As soon as this run-off water is made available to the inlet openings, there is established a rising water level condition with respect to the priming chamber 22. So long as there is sufficient run-off water in the downspout to maintain the water receiving chamber 24 substantially filled, the amount of water passing into the priming chamber 22 through the inlet openings 28 and 30 will be greater than the amount of water passing out of the priming chamber 22 through the outlet opening 32. Since there is a net intake of water into the priming chamber 22, the water level therein will rise above the opening 30, thus trapping a column of air thereabove within the priming chamber 22\which communicates with the air vent tube 34 and hose 40. Check valve 38 allows this air to be displaced to the atmosphere by liquid displacement as the water level in the priming chamber 22 rises. The water level will rise until it reaches a level adjacent the upper partition wall 18 or, at most, to the upper level of the chamber 24. It will remain at this level so long as there is sufficient water in the run-off system to main¬ tain the water receiving chamber 24 filled. When the cessation of the rain condition occurs, the amount of run-off water passing through the downspout of the run-off system will decrease to an extent such -that-water- receiving chamber 24 is no longer maintained in a filled condition so that the amount of water flowing through the outlet 32 will exceed the amount of water flowing through the inlet openings 28 from the water receiving chamber 24. When this occurs, there is established a lower¬ ing water level condition with respect to the prim¬ ing chamber 22. As the water level in the priming chamber 22 is lowered, liquid displacement occurs, which tends to increase the air space theieabove. This liquid dis¬ placement creates a negative pressure in the air above the water level, which negative air pressure is communicated with the interior of the air vent tube 34 and hose 40. Check valve assembly 38 in vent tube 34 prevents this negative pressure from being communicated to atmosphere through the air ven tube 34. Since the openings 44 in the free end of the hose are now covered with water standing in the ponding area, the reduced air pressure communicated with the interior of ' the hose 40 creates a suction through the openings 44 which causes water in the ponding area to be sucked through the openings and into the hose 40. As soon as sufficient water flows through the openings 44 to fill the interior of the hose to an extent such that there is a flow of water downwardly through the nipple 46 into the priming chamber 22, a siphoning action is established which will continue until all of the water in the ponding area has been sucked through the openings 44 and the siphoning action is discontinued by virtue of the flow of liquid in the hose sucki _ng air through the openings 44. In this way the device 10 is effective in its normal mode of operation to remove water which may accumulate in ponding areas on the roof immediately following the cessation of a rain condition which would otherwise create the standing water. It will be noted that after the completion of the siphoning action through the hose, any water remain¬ ing in the priming chamber 22 will simply- run out of the outlet opening 32 so that the device 10 is com¬ pletely drained of water. This is of significance during winter conditions where there may be intermit¬ tent periods of freezing. Referring now more particularly to Figure 6-8, there is shown therein another embodiment of a device, generally indicated at 70, which embodies the principles of the present invention. The device 70 includes a length of siphon hose similar to the siphon hose 40 previously described which is not illustrated in the drawings. As before, the dis¬ charge end of the siphon hose is adapted to be connected to a nipple 72 extending upwardly- from the upper end of a tubular housing structure, generally indicated at-74, which is similar to the tubular housing of the device-10-previously described. As shown, the tubular housing structure 74 includes a central elongated tube 76 having a lower closure disc member 78 sealingly engaged in the lower end thereof and an upper partition wall 80 sealingly secured to the interior periphery thereof at a position spaced below the upper end thereof. The inner periphery of the tube 76 between the lower closure member 78 and upper partition wall 80 defines a priming chamber 82 which is similar to the priming chaπber 22 previously described in connection with the device 10. As shown, nipple 72 extends through and is exteriorly peripherally sealed with respect to the upper partition wall 80 so that its lower end, which constitutes the lower end of the siphon hose means leading to the ponding area, is disposed in an operative relationship with respect to the priming chamber 82 such that negative pressure conditons ^> JU O within the priming chamber are communicated there¬ with. Thus, the nipple 72 functions in a manner similar to the nipple 46 previously described. The interior periphery of the main tube 76 disposed above the upper partition wall 80 defines with the latter a water receiving chamber 84 which is similar to the water receiving chamber 24 pre¬ viously described. Preferably, the open upper end of the chamber 84 has a screen assembly 86 mounted thereover which serves to permit the passage of water downwardly therethrough into the chamber 84 while preventing debris from entering the same. The upper ^ partition wall 80 is formed with an inlet opening 88 which serves to communicate the water receiving chamber 84 with the priming chamber 82. A float valve in the form of a table tennis ball 90 or the like is mounted within the water re¬ ceiving chamber 84. As shown, the floating ball valve 90 is of a diameter size in excess of the diameter size of the inlet opening 88 so that when seated in the annular surface defining the opening 88 the ball 90 will prevent flow of fluid from the chamber 84 to the chamber 82 in response to the establishment of -a differential pressure between the two chambers as when the pressure within the priming chamber 82 is a negative pressure. The operation of the ball valve 90 is such that when pressure conditions other than the nega¬ tive pressure condition previously described exist with respect to chamber 84 and 82 and water is directed into the chamber 84, such water will cause the float ball valve 90 to move upwardly with a buoyant action away from the annual surface defin¬ ing the opening 88 and thus permit passage of water from the chamber 84 into the chamber 82. It will be understood that a similar float ball value arrangement could be utilized in the device 10 for effecting the direction of water flowing in the run-off system into the priming chamber 22 if desired. In order to discharge water from the priming chamber 82 there is provided an inverted U-shaped tubular discharge structure, generally indicated at 92. This structure includes a first tubular leg portion 94 having its open lower end provided with an angular surface, as indicated at 96, dis¬ posed in the lower portion of the chamber 82 in a position adjacent the lower closure member 78. The upper end of-the first leg portion 94 communicates with one end of a tubular bight portion 98 disposed within the upper portion of the priming chamber 82. The opposite end of the tubular bight portion 98 is connected with a second tubular leg portion 100 which extends downwardly therefrom "" in parallel re¬ lation to the first tubular leg portion beyond the end 96 thereof and outwardly of the priming chamber 82 through the lower closure member 78 thereof. As shown, the exterior periphery of the tubular leg portion 100 is fixedly sealingly engaged with the closure member 78 as indicated at 102 which connec¬ tion serves to retain the inverted U-shaped tubular structure 92 in its operative position within the priming chamber 82 as aforesaid. The lower end of the tubular leg portion 100 is open as indicated at 104 so as to discharge into the run-off system within which the housing is mounted. The open end 104 is disposed below the open lower end 96 of the tubular portion 94. The inverted U-shaped tubular structure 92 thus constitutes a siphon for effecting the discharge of water from the priming chamber 82 into the run-off system. METHOD AND OPERATION OF DEVICE 70 As previously indicated, the device 70 in¬ cludes in addition to the housing structure 74 a siphon hose similar to the siphon hose 40 of the device 10 previously described. Moreover, the tubular housing structure 74 is mounted in the downspout of the run-off system of the flat roof construction in a manner similar to that previously described and shown in either Figure 1 or 2. It will be understood that with the housing structure 74 mounted within the downspout of the run-off system, the open top of the water receiving chamber 84 will be disposed in a liU EA, O PI f m wjpo position to receive a portion of any water flowing in the downspout of the run-off system as when a rai condition or the like is commenced. As this water enters the chamber 84 it tends to collect on the upper surface of the upper partition wall 80 and as the level of this water rises float ball valve 90 will be buoyantly moved upwardly out of engagement with the annular surface, defining the inlet opening 88. This upward floating movement of the ball float valve 90 allows the water within the chamber 84 to pass therefrom through the opening 88 into the priming chamber 82. As a portion of the water flowing in the run-off system is directed into the chamber 84 and flows past the inlet opening 88 into the priming chamber 82, the water level in the lower portion of the priming chamber 82 will rise. Initially, the flow of water into the priming chamber 82 displaces air outwardly through- the dis¬ charge structure 92 until the level rises above the lower open end 96 thereof. v Thereafter, displaced air passes outwardly of the priming chamber 82 up¬ wardly through the inlet opening either simultaneous with the downward movement of water therethrough or with an intermittent action similar to a gurgling action. As the aforesaid water flow conditions continue the water level also rises simultaneously within the first tubular leg portion 94 of the converted TU t _ U-shaped discharge tube structure 92. When the upper portion of the priming chamber 82 in which the tubular bight portion 98 is mounted is reached, water will begin to flow through the bight portion 98 and into the second tubular leg portion 100. As this water passes through the leg portion 100 toward the outlet 104, a siphon effect is established which tends to maintain movement of water upwardly through the first tubular leg portion 94 from the water contained in the priming chamber 82. Thus, once the predetermined level of the tubular bight portion 98 is reached, and the water begins to flow out of the inverted U-shaped structure 92, the latter will through the ' siphoning action thus started continue to displace water from the priming chamber 92. The size of the discharge structure 92 is such as to displace a quantity of water which is greater than that which can pass into the priming chamber 82 through the inlet opening 88. In this way, the water displacement establishes within the priming chamber 82 a negative pressure which causes water in the lower portion of the chamber 84 maintaining float valve 90 above the inlet opening 80 to be sucked into the chamber 82 along with the ball valve 90. Consequently, the initial effect of establishing the negative pressure conditions within the upper portion of the priming chamber 82 by virtue of the displace¬ ment of water therefrom to the run-off system through the discharge tube structure 92 is to cause the ball valve 90 to move into closing relationship with the inlet opening 88. Once ball valve 90 is engaged wit the seat defining the inlet opening 88, the nipple 7 and the siphon hose connected therewith provide the only other path of communication to the atmosphere for the negative pressure established within the priming chamber 82. Consequently, as the water from the priming chamber continues to be discharged through the end 104 of the discharge tube structure 92 and the water is displaced thereby from the priming chamber 82, the negative pressure thus created is transmitted through the nipple 72 and siphon hose to the inlet thereof, thus causing water communicating with the inlet to move past the inlet of the siphon hose through the siphon hose past the nipple 72 and into the priming chamber 82. Once thi flow is established, the siphon hose to the ponding area is primed and the siphoning action will continu so long as there is water in the ponding area to be removed. • The capacity of the siphon hose and nipple 72 in terms of the rate of flow of water into the priming chamber 82 is preferably greater than the capacity of flow provided by the discharge tube structure 92. With this arrangement, once the priming action has taken place and there is flow of water from the ponding area through the nipple 72 into- the priming chamber 82, the flow of water into the priming chamber will exceed that flowing out of the chamber through the discharge tube structure 92. Under these circumstances, the water level in the chamber 82 will rise above the predetermined level of the tubular bight portion 92 upwardly through the inlet opening 88 causing the ball valve 90 to move upwardly away from the surface defining the inlet opening 88 through a buoyant action. The water level will continue to rise until it overflows upwardly through the screen assembly 86 and pours over the outer tube 76 of the housing structure 74 into the run-off system. In this way, the screen¬ ing assembly 86 is back-flushed to insure that any debris accumulating on the upper surface thereof will be washed off and flow into the run-off system. Screen assembly 86 also serves to keep the ball valve 90 from passing out of the chamber 84. It can thus be seen that the operation of the device 70 is such that the priming of the siphon hose which serves to remove the water from the ponding area takes place as soon as sufficient water has entered the priming chamber 82 to reach the tubular "" bight portion 98 and effect a flow of water downwardly through the tubular leg portion 100 and out of the end 104. With this arrangement the siphoning action from the ponding area will continue throughout the existence of the rain condi¬ tion and after the rain condition has stopped the action will continue so long as there is water in the ponding area to be removed. The operation of the inverted U-shaped dis¬ charge tube structure 92 is such that water will continue to flow therethrough so long as there is water contained within the priming chamber 82 at a level above the lower open end 96. Moreover, the momentum of the flow is such that it.will tend to- suck up water in the bottom of the chamber 82 even after the level has dipped below the upper angular end at 96. Consequently, when the flow in discharge pipe structure 92 is finally completed, there will be a small amount of water left in the bottom of the priming chamber 82, however, this smal amount of water is insufficient to fully cover the open end 96. The device 70 is preferable for the reason that its operation enables the utilization of lengths of siphon hose which have an internal volume in excess of the internal volume of the priming chamber 82. Where this condition exists, the device 70 is still operable to effect a priming of the siphon hose in the following manner. The initial filling of the priming chamber 82 takes place in a manner previousl indicated through the inlet opening 88 until the predetermined level is reached, at which time flow through the inverted U-shaped discharge tube struc¬ ture 92 is commenced. The initial displacement of water from the upper end of the priming chamber 82 by the flow of water outwardly therefrom will close - 27 - valve 90 as aforesaid and the subsequent negative pressure generated by the lowering of the water level in the priming chamber 82 will serve to move water into the siphon hose. In the event that the priming > chamber 82 is exhausted of water before the siphon hose is primed and a flow therefrom into the priming chamber is commenced, the flow of water outwardly of the end 104 will cease, thus communicating the atmos¬ pheric pressure of the run-off system through the emptied tubular structure 92 with the priming chamber 82. As soon as the pressure within the priming chamber 82 rises to atmospheric level, the forces acting to pull ball valve 90 down into engagement with the annular surface defining the inlet 88 are relieved, causing the ball valve to float upwardly and permit water in the receiving chamber 84 to pass through the inlet 88 into the priming chamber 82 to again raise the level therein to the predetermined value necessary to commence flow outwardly through the discharge tubular structure 92. During this action, not all of the water which had previously flowed from the ponding area past the inlet end of the siphon hose will have flowed in the opposite direction outwardly to the ponding area past the inlet end. Consequently, during the next communi¬ cation of negative pressure, as when the flow of water out of the priming chamber is commenced by the operation of the discharge tube structure 92, there will be already contained with the siphon hose a certain displacement of water depending upon how much has been retained in the last cycle. This action can continue until there is sufficient displacement with the siphon hose to effect full priming and commence the flow into chamber 82. Another advantage of the utilization of the device 70 is that the flow provided through discharge tubular leg portion 100 may be utilized to prime additional siphon hoses in the manner suggested by the aforesaid patent Re.28,491, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference into the present specification for that purpose. Moreover, in accordance with the principles of the present invention, two or more additional siphon hose lines may be connected with the tubular leg portion 100 at the same vertical level as by the utilization of a cross-fitting or the like. The flow of water down¬ wardly through the tubular leg portion 100 past the branch openings causes a suction at the branch . .. . openings which is communicated with the additional siphon hoses and is operable to prime those siphon hoses which preferably have their inlet ends mounted at different ponding area locations on the flat ro -of. It will be understood that an arrangement of this type may be utilized in connection with device 10 by simply extending the discharge opening 32 into a discharge tube to which the cross-fitting can be - 29 - mounted. It-will also be understood that the lower closure member 78 of the device 70 may be provided with a leakage hole or passage similar to the passage 32 for the purpose of draining water therefrom and preventing damage by freezing. Under these circumstances, the size of the opening would be substantially less than that embodied in the. device 10, although by making the hole size similar to that shown in the device 10, a combination of the two procedures achieved can be secured. While it is preferred in accordance with the principles of the present invention to utilize water flowing in the run-off system to prime the siphon hose means through a positive displacement of such water from a priming chamber, it will be understood that it is within the contemplation of the present invention to effect such priming by establishing a negative pressure through flow of such water past an orifice as well as by positive displacement thereof. It thus will be seen that the objects of this invention have been fully and effectively accomp¬ lished. It will be realized, however, that the foregoing preferred specific embodiment has been shown and described for the purpose of illustrating the functional and structural principles of this invention, and is subject to change without depar¬ ture from such principles. Therefore, this inven¬ tion includes all modifications encompassed within the spirit, and scope of the following claims.";"CLAIMS 1. A method of removing water from a ponding area of a flat roof having a run-off system which is no longer operable to drain water from said ponding area which comprises the steps of utilizing a portion of the run-off water when flowing in said run-off system as a water source to prime a siphon device and siphoning the water from the ponding area with the siphon device so primed. 2. A method as defined in claim 1 where¬ in said siphon device include* 3 a housing defining a priming chamber therein mounted within the water run-off system at a vertical level below the vertical level of the ponding area of the flat roof and siphon hose means having an inlet end mounted in "" water sucking relation to the ponding area and an opposite end disposed in operative relation with said priming chamber such that negative pressure condition within said priming chamber are communicated therewit and wherein the portion of the run-off water utilized to prime the siphon device is directed into said priming chamber-to establish a predetermined water level therein and said priming is accomplished by lowering the water level in said priming chamber by displacing water therefrom into said run-off system to thereby establish a negative pressure within the priming- chamber which is communicated with said siphon hose means causing water from the ponding area to flow past the inlet end through the siphon hose means. 3. A method as defined in claim 2 wherein the establishment of the predetermined water level within said priming chamber is accomplished by directing a quantity of run-off water flowing in the run-off system as a result of the commencement of a rain condition or the like into said priming chamber while allowing the water in said priming chamber to discharge into the run-off system at a rate less than the rate of flow of run-off water into the priming chamber and wherein the lowering of the water level in said priming condition is accomplished as a result of the lessening of the flow in the run-off system as a result of the cessation of the rain condition or the like so that the quantity of water available to be directed into the priming chamber is less than the quantity of water flowing from the priming chamber. 4- A method as defined in claim 2 wherein the establishment of the predetermined water level in the priming chamber is accomplished by directing a portion of the run-off water flowing in the run-off system as a result of the commencement of a rain con- dition or the like into the priming chamber, utilizing the rising of the level of water within the priming chamber to said predetermined level to establish a siphon flow of water from the priming chamber into the run-off system and stopping the aforesaid direc¬ tion of water into said priming chamber in response to the establishment of a negative pressure within the priming chamber resulting from the flow of water from said priming chamber, which negative pressure is communicated with said siphon hose means causing water from the ponding area to flow past the inlet end through the siphon hose means. 5. A device for removing water from a ponding area on a flat roof having a water run-off system which is effective to drain water from said ponding area comprising: a housing defining a priming chamber therein adapted to be mounted within the water run-off syste at a vertical level below the vertical level of the ponding area of the flat roof, siphon hose means having an inlet end adapted t be mounted in water sucking relation to the ponding area and an opposite end disposed in operative relation with said priming chamber such that negativ pressure conditions within said priming chamber are communicated therewith, and priming means for (1) communicating run-off water flowing in said run-off system with said priming chamber when said housing is mounted therein as aforesaid so as to establish a predetermined water level condition within said priming chamber and (2) lowering said water level condition within said priming chamber by the displacement of water out of said priming chamber into said run-off system to thereby establish a negative pressure within the priming chamber which is communicated with said siphon hose means causing water from the ponding area to flow past the inlet end through the siphon hose means which flow continues by the siphoning action thus established until the water in said ponding area is substantially removed. 6. A device as defined in claim 5 where¬ in said priming means includes water inlet opening means communicating with said priming chamber adapted to be disposed within the water run-off system in a position to direct run-off water flowing in said run-off system into said priming chamber, and water discharge outlet opening means communicating with said priming chamber of a flow capacity less than the flow capacity of said water inlet opening means so that (1) when the flow of water in said run-off system increases as a result of the commencement of a rain condition or the like the quantity of water available to pass into said priming chamber through said inlet opening means is greater than the quantity of water which can pass from said chamber through said outlet opening means and (2) when the flow of water in said run-off system decreases as a result of the cessation of rain condition or the like the quantity of water, available to pass into said priming chamber through said inlet opening means is less than the quantity of water which can flow out of said priming chamber through said outlet opening means to thereby estab- lish the aforesaid displacement of water out of said priming chamber. 7. A device as defined in claim 6 where¬ in said housing includes an upper partition wall defining a water receiving chamber above said prim- ing chamber having an open upper end into which water flowing downwardly through a downspout in said run-off system can enter said receiving chamber. 8. A device as defined in claim 7 wherein ' said inlet opening means comprises an inlet tube exteriorly peripherally secured to said upper partition wall and opening upwardly into said water receiving chamber and downwardly into the lower end portion of said priming chamber. 9. A device as defined in claim 8 wherein said inlet tube includes an inlet portion extending above said upper partition wall, said inlet portion having a plurality of openings extending through the peripheral wall thereof, the total cross-sectional area of said plurality of openings being greater than the interior cross-sectional area of said inlet tube, at least some of said openings being disposed at the vertical level of said upper partition wall and some being spaced thereabove. 10. A device as defined in claim 8 wherein said upper partition wall includes a tubular nipple exteriorly peripherally secured to the central portion thereof, said siphon hose means including said nipple and a length of flexible hose having one end thereof fixedly secured to the upper end of said nipple in interior communicating relation therewith. 11. A device as defined in claim 9 wherein said upper partition wall has an air vent tube exteriorly peripherally secured thereto forming a part of said air displacement means, said vent tube having an upper bent-over end portion and a check valve in said bent-over end portion permitting the flow of air outwardly therέthrough but preventing the flow of air inwardly therethrough. 12. A device as defined in claim 5 wherein the inlet end of said siphon hose means is defined by the other end portion of said hose and a plug is mounted in the extremity of said other end portion of said hose, the peripheral wall of said other end - 36 - portion having an opening in one side thereof adapt to be disposed in sucking relation to water in said ponding area. 13.. A device as defined in claim 5 wherein said priming means includes water inlet opening means communicating with said priming chamber adapted to be disposed within the water run-off system in a position to direct run-off water flowing in said run-off system into said priming chamber, a water discharge siphon structure communi¬ cating with said priming chamber operable when the water in said priming chamber reaches a predetermin level to displace water from said priming chamber a a rate sufficient to establish a negative pressure condition within said priming' chamber, and valve "" means for closing said water inlet opening means when said negative pressure condition is established so that the communication-thereof wi said siphon hose means causes the aforesaid flow of water from the ponding area. '14. A device as defined in claim 13 wherein water discharge siphon structure includes a first tubular leg portion having an open lower end com- municating with the lower portion of the priming chamber, a tubular bight portion disposed in the upper portion of the priming chamber and a second tubular leg portion extending outwardly of the priming chamber and having an open lower end dis- charging into the run-off system at a position below the open lower end of the first tubular leg portion. 15. A device as defined in claim 13 or 14 wherein said housing includes an upper partition wall defining a water receiving chamber above said priming chamber having an open upper end into which water flowing downwardly through a downspout in said run-off system can enter said receiving chamber. 16. a device as defined in claim 15 wherein said inlet opening means comprises a circular opening in said upper partition wall communicating upwardly with said water receiving chamber and downwardly with the upper end portion of said priming chamber and said valve means comprises a floatable ball in said water receiving chamber of a diameter size greater than the diameter size of said circular opening. 17. In a combination including a flat roof having a ponding area and a water run-off system which is no longer effective to drain water from said ponding area and a device for removing water from said ponding area, the improvement which com¬ prises said device comprising means defining a priming chamber within the water run-off system at a vertical level below the vertical level of the ponding area of the flat roof, siphon hose means having an inlet end mounted in water sucking relation to the ponding area and an opposite end disposed in operative relation with said priming chamber such that negative pressure conditions -within said priming chamber are communi- cated therewith * , and priming means for directing run-off water flowing in said run-off system as a result of the commencement of a rain condition or the like into said priming chamber and displacing water directed into said priming chamber outwardly thereof into said run-off system in such a way as to establish a negative pressure within the priming chamber which is communicated with said siphon hose means causing water from the ponding area to flow past the inlet end through the siphon hose means which flow continues after the cessation of the rain condition or the like by the siphoning action thus established until the water in said ponding area is substantiall removed. 18. The improvement as defined in claim 17 wherein said priming means includes - 39 - water inlet opening means communicating with said priming chamber disposed within the water run-off system in a position to direct run-off water flowing in said run-off system into said priming chamber, and water discharge outlet opening means communica¬ ting with said priming chamber of a flow capacity less than the flow capacity of said water inlet opening means so that (1) when the flow of water in said run-off system increases as a result of the commencement of a rain condition or the like the quantity of water available to pass into said priming chamber through said inlet opening means is greater than the quantity of water which can pass from said chamber through said outlet opening means and (2) when the flow of water in said run-off system decreases as a result of the cessation of the rain condition or the like the quantity of water available to pass into said priming chamber through said inlet opening means is less than the. uantity of water which can flow out of said priming chamber through said outlet opening means to establish a displacement of water out of said priming chamber and thereby a negative pressure condition sufficient to cause the aforesaid flow of water from said ponding area. 19. The improvement as defined in claim 17 wherein said priming means includes water inlet opening means communicating with said priming chamber disposed within the water run-off system in a position to direct run-off water flowing in said run-off system into .said priming chamber, a water discharge siphon structure communi¬ cating with said priming chamber operable when the water in said priming chamber reaches a pre¬ determined level to displace water .from said primin chamber at a rate sufficient to establish a negative pressure condition within said priming chamber, and valve means for closing said water inlet opening means when said negative pressure condition is established so that the communication thereof with said siphon hose means causes the aforesaid flo of water from the ponding area. 20. A method for removing water from a ponding area of a flat roof having a run-off system which is no longer operable to dram water from the ponding area which comprises directing a quantity of the run-off water flowing in the run-off system as a result of the commencement of a rain condition or the like into a priming chamber, displacing water from the priming chamber back into the run-off syste in such a way as to establish a negative pressure condition within the priming chamber, and communi¬ cating the negative pressure condition to an end of a siphon hose at a vertical level below the level of the ponding area, the other inlet end of which is disposed in water sucking relation to the ponding area to thereby prime the siphon hose and commence the flow of water from the ponding area which flow after the cessation of the rain condition or the like continues until the water is substantially removed from the ponding area.";LOFTIN D;LOFTIN D;1978
+WO-1980000191-A1;19800207.0;19780703;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20333563.0;G01K7;H01C1, H01C17;G01K7;G01K   7/22B;A DEVICE FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND A METHOD FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF SUCH A DEVICE;"Device for temperature measurements, comprising a temperature-sensitive sensor (1) whose electrical properties, e.g. resistance, vary with the temperature, e.g. a thermistor (1), and which via two contacts (3, 4) is connected to two electric conductors (9, 10) arranged on a support (7), which electric conductors in turn can be connected to a reading unit for the reading of the actual values of current, voltage or the like corresponding to the temperature. In a preferred embodiment the said electric conductors are in the form of two metal layers (9, 10) on both sides of a support (8) made of plastics. The one metal layer (10) is interrupted by a gap (12) which is arranged to be bridged by the sensor (1), one contact (3 and 4, respectively) of which is connected to each conductor (10 and 9, 10', 11, respectively). Also a method for the manufacture of a device of the above-mentioned kind. A sheet (7a) of an electrically insulating material, e.g. plastics, coated with metal on both sides, is by said method electrically short-circuited along one edge; a gap, slit or the like (12a) being provided parallel with this edge, and the sheet being cut into strips (7) transversely to the short-circuiting (11, 11a) and to the said gap, slit or the like (12, 12a) with one contact (3, 4) connected to each metal coating (9, 10; 9a, 10a).";"THIS A DEVICE FOR TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT AND A METHOD .FOR THE MA2TIJFACTURΞ OP SUCH A DEVICE TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a device for temperature measurement, comprising a temperature- sensitive sensor, whose electrical properties, e.g. the resistance, vary with the temperature, e.g. a thermistor, 0 and which is connected via two contacts to two electric conductors arranged on a support, which electric ' conduc¬ tors in turn can "" be connected to a reading unit for the reading of the actual values of current, voltage or the lite corresponding to the temperature. 5 The invention also relates to a method for the manufacture of a device of the aforementioned type. - The device in accordance with the invention is mainly intended for use in medical temperature measurement. It is desirable therefore to make it simple and cheap so 0 that it can he discarded after application, that is to- say, so that it does not have to he re-used. To those versed in the art it will be clear, however, that the device in accordance with the invention can also be used in different circumstances, e.g. in purely indus- 5 trial applications, where a simple and inexpensive yet reliable reading of the temperature is required. ■ BACKGROUND ART The Swedish patent application 78.03046-7 (US patent 0 application 779 152) contains a description of different embodiments of a device similar to that according to the • invention and how the device according to the invention can be. applied. The idea behind the present .invention is to produce such a device, but which is of a simpler type and 5 which can be made by a simpler method of manufacture. 0 P1 - In the two Swedish patent applications 78.04-199-3 (US patent application 787 422) and (US patent application 879 193) different trimming procedures for devices similar to that according to the invention are 5 described. It should be possible to apply similar trimming procedures for the trimming of the device in accordance with the invention. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION . .. _ _ 0 The device in accordance with the invention is charac¬ terized in that the two electric conductors are arranged on both sides of the support which is in the form of an elongated strip and that the one conductor extends directly or via a suitahle extension over one edge of the support in 5 the direction towards the other conductor, but without reaching as far as the same, thus forming a gap, slit or the like which is arranged so that it is bridged by the sensor, one contact of which is connected to each conductor. The abovementioned construction makes possible a very 0 simple method of manufacture which also constitutes an object of the present invention. This method is charac¬ terized in that a sheet of an electrically insulating material, e.g. plastics, which is coated with metal on both sides is electrically short-circuited along one edge, that 25 a gap, slit or the like is provided parallel with this edge, that the sheet is cut into strips ransversely,to the short- circuiting and to the said gap, slit or the like and that a sensor is made to bridge this gap, slit or the "" like with one contact connected to each metal coating. 30 The abovementioned support can thus be constituted of a thin strip of plastics or similar electrically insulating material, the said conductors being arranged as thin metal coatings on opposite plane surfaces of the strip and the said gap can thus be provided transversely to the longi- 35 tudinal direction of the strip in the form of a "" cut in the one metal coating near one end of the strip. The short circuiting of the sheet provided metal coatings on either side used as a starting "" at rial can be achieved in various ways. It is broughtabout 5 preferably in that a soldering material or some other similar electrically conducting material is made to surround the edge in contact with both the metal coatings. Alternatively, the one metal coating can be allowed to extend beyond the plastic material in the support and this 10 coating can then be folded around the edge to make contact on the other side. The sensor used should be provided on one side with two contacts for connection to each conductor. On the opposite side the sensor is appropriately provided with a 15 third contact especially intended for trimming. This trimming may be carried by means of shot peening, laser or some other mechanical or chemical treatment. The abovementioned gap, slit or the like is appropriately produced by planing, scraping or some other kind of 20 machining. After the individual devices have been separated by cutting the starting material used into strips transversely to the short-circuiting and to the said gap , slit or the like , the striplike support s obtained can in turn be placed 25 c onto somewhat broader strips of a semi-rigid material, e .g. cardboard. The sensor and the connecting contacts are then _ ' """" „ . placed appropriately so that they are located fully within the surface of the broader strip which carries the support. The end of the support remote from the sensor, on the other 30 . . hand, is appropriately made to project beyond the end of the x .0 ZZ.~ is '' Z.:.i Z . er strip so as to facilitate the external connection to ontacts of the electric conductors . „ ., — . t .„ „ J 11 preferred embodiment of the subject of the invention .the. . somewhat broader strip consists of cardboard covered on 35 both sides with plastic material, which after the fixing of wipo > the support ≤ plastics-coated in such a manner that the sensor, the connecting contacts and at least the nearest part of the electric conductors are covered by means of a plastic layer which in a tight manner enwraps these parts to the somewhat broader strip. If the device in accordance with the invention is intended for medical usage, it is suitably .sterilized and packed in a sterile manner before being delivered to the ultimate user. BRIE? DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Fig.i shows a sensor intended for use in the manufac¬ ture of the device in accordance with the invention. Fig.2 shows a finished construction in accordance with the invention. Fig.3 finally shows a sheet prepared for the manufac¬ ture of devices in accordance with the invention. BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION A preferred embodiment of the subject of the invention is shown in fig.2. It consists of a sensor 1, which in the example shown is constituted of a thermistor. This thermistor is made up of an inner .ceramic material 2, whose electric resistance varies with the temperature. The thermistor is shown in untrimmed condition in fig.l. On its underside the thermistor is provided with two contacts 3 and 4 which, for example, may consist of a thin layer of silver. Similarly, the thermistor is provided on its upper side with a silver contact intended for trimming. The trimming may take place so that a small area 6 of the contact 5 is removed by mechanical treatment, e.g. shot peening or with the help of a laser beam. The thermistor is arranged on a support 7 which consists of an inner plastic material 8 with outer metal coatings 9 and 10. These metal coatings may , for example , consist of copper. At its front end , that is to say, the end provided with the sensor 1, the carrier 7 is short-circuited by a soldering 11 in such a manner that the metal coating 9 is in contact with a part 10' of the upper layer 10. This part 10' of the upper metal coating 10 is separated from the rest of this metal coating by a cut 12 which is meant electrically to isolate the two contacts 3 and 4 from one another. The support 7 with the thermistor 1 described above is placed in turn on a somewhat broader strip 13. This strip 13 may consist of an inner cardboard material 14 with outer plastic coatings 15 and 16. The support 7 is placed so that the thermistor 1 is located fully within the surface 17 of the somewhat broader strip 13 carrying the support 7. Ihe opposite end of the support , on the other hand , is arranged so that it projects beyond the somewhat broader strip ' 13* The idea behin i..d this is that the part of the whole construc- tion shown to the right in fig.2 should be capable of being dipped into an insulating plastic coating, so that the thermistor 1, connecting contacts 3 , 4 and 5 a d at least the nearest part of the electric conductors 9 and 10 are enwrapped in a tight manner to the corresponding end of the somewhat broader strip 13. This plastic wrapping can be made relatively thin by means of a transparent material and is therefore not shown in fig.2. The sterile package into which it is intended finally to pack the construction is also not shown. In fig.3 finally a plastic sheet is shown which has been prepared for the manufacture of devices similar to that according to fig.2. This plastic sheet consists there¬ fore of an inner plastic layer 8a with outer metal coatings 9a and 10a, the upper metal coating 10a being divided by a cut 12a to fona a detached part 10a » . This detached part 10a • is short-circuited with the layer 9a in that the latter is folded around the edge of the sheetlike starting material. Thus the construction differs here from the construction shown in fig. 2, where instead of the folded over part 11a a soldering 11 is applied. The broken lines 18a ' indicate how the sheet 7a is to be divided up before 5 or after the placing of thermistors 1 in the manner as shown in detail in fig. 2. Alternatively, the part 10a' could be eliminated in the construction according to fig. 3 in such a way that the gap 12a is formed directly between the coating 10a and the 10 folded over part 11a. No such embodiment has been shown in the drawings, however, since it represents an alternative which is evident to those versed in the art. Naturally, the invention is- not limited merely to the embodiments described above, but, it can be varied within 15 the scope of the following claims. Moreover, as mentioned earlier, its- application is not limited merely to the medical field. The reading of the measured values can take place in various ways, e.g. as described in the aforementioned patent 20 applications-. It is done preferably, however, with, the help of tongs of the type as shown in the patent application PCT/SE78/00013 submitted at the same time, reference to the relevant parts of which is made in this matter. * As an alternative to the,thermistor 1 a thermocouple 25 may be used, the electromotoric force of which varies with the temperature. K £A £T 0 PΪ_";"AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 16 January 1979 ng QI 7911 1. A device for temperature measurement comprising a temperature-sensitive sensor (1) , whose electrical proper- ties, e.g. the resistance, vary with the temperature, e.g. a thermistor, and which is connected via two contacts (3, 4) to two electric conductors (9,10) arranged on a support (7) , which electric conductors in turn can be connected to a reading unit for the reading of the actual values of current, voltage or the like corresponding to the temperature, the two electric conductors (9,10) being arranged on both sides of the support (7) which is in the form of an elongated strip, characterized in that the one conductor (9) extends directly or via a suitable extension (11) over one edge of the support (7) in the direction towards the other conductor (10) but without reaching as far as the same thus forming a gap, slit or the like (12) which is arranged so that it is bridged by the sensor (1) one contact (3,4) of which is connected to each conductor (9,10). 2. A device in accordance with claim 1 where the support (7) is constituted of a thin strip (8) of plastics or similar electrically insulating the said conductors being arranged as thin metal coatings (9,10) on opposite plane surfaces of the strip (8) , characterized in that the said gap (12) is provided transversely to the longitudinal direction of the strip (8) in the form of a cut (12) in the one metal coating (10) near one end of the strip (8) . 3. A device in accordance with claim 1, where the support (7a) is constituted of a thin strip (8a) of plastics or similar electrically insulating material with the said conductors arranged as thin metal coatings (9a,10a) on opposite plane surfaces of the strip (8a) , characterized in that one metal coating (10a) does not reach as far as the one edge of the strip (8a) , whilst the other metal coating (9a) overlaps this edge and is folded around the same, the said gap, slit or the like (12a) being formed between the two coatings (9a and 10a) as they do not reach, as far as each other. 5 4. A device in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the sensor (1) is provided with a third contact (5) especially intended for trimming on the side remote from the support which is especially designed for trimming. 10 5. A device in accordance with claim 1, characterized in that the support (7) , which is in the form of an elongated strip, is supported in turn by a somewhat broader strip (13) of a preferably semirigid material such as cardboard or the like. 15 6. A device in accordance with, claim 5, characterized in that the sensor and the connecting contacts (3,4,5) are located fully within the surface (17) of the broader strip (13). which carries the support (7) . 7. A device in accordance with claim 5, ' characterized 20 ; in that the end of the support (7) opposite the-sensor (1) projects beyond the one end of the broader strip (13) . . 8. • A device in accordance with claim 5, characterized in that the somewhat broader strip (13) consists of a cardboard coated on both sides with plastics. 25 9. A device in accordance with any one of claims 5-8, characterized in that the sensor (1) , the connecting contacts (3,4,5) and at least the nearest part of the electric conductors (9,10) are covered by means of a plastic layer which in a tight manner enwraps these 30 parts to the somewhat broader strip (13) . 10. A method for the manufacture of a device in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, charac- terized in that a sheet (7a) of an electrically insula¬ ting material, e.g. plastics, coated with metal on both sides, is electrically short-circuited along one edge, that a gap, slit or the like (12a) is provided parallel with this 5 edge, that the sheet is cut into strips (7) transversely to the short-circuiting (11,11a) and to the said gap, slit or the like (12,12a) and that a sensor (1) is brought to bridge said gap, slit or the like with one contact (3,4) connected to each metal coating (9,10; 9a,10a). 10 11. A method in accordance with claim 10, characterized in that the short-circuit is brought about in that the two metal coatings (9,10) are joined together via a soldering "" (11) . 12. A method in accordance with claim 10, characterized 15 in that the short-circuit (11a) is brought about in that the one metal coating (9a) is made to overlap one edge of the sheet and is folded around this edge to make contact with the other metal coating (10a) . 13. A method in accordance with claim 10, character!zed 20. in that the said gap, slit or the like (12,12a) is produced by planing, scraping or some other kind of machining.";HAKANSSON B, PERSSON P, WALL B;GAMBRO AB, HAKANSSONS IND AB, PERSSON P, WALL B, HAKANSSON B;1978
+WO-1980000192-A1;19800207.0;19780703;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20333565.0;G01K7;;G01K1, G01K7;G01K   1/00, G01K   1/14, G01K   7/00;A DEVICE FOR THE GRIPPING OF A TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICE AND FOR THE READING OF MEASURING VALUES OBTAINED WITH THE DEVICE;Device for the gripping of a temperature measuring device an d for the reading of measuring values obtained with this device. The said temperature measuring device comprises a temperature-sensitive sensor (1), whose electrical properties, e.g. the resistance, vary with the temperature, e.g. a thermistor (1), and which is connected via two contacts (3, 4) to two electric conductors (9, 10) arranged on a support (7), which electric conductors terminate in two contact surfaces at the end remote from the sensor (1). An arrangement in accordance with the invention, which is intended mainly to be used for medical temperature measuring, is characterized by at least two measuring contact surfaces which can be coupled together with the said contact surfaces (31, 32) arranged on the inside or insides of the jaws or a tonglike construction (18-26) These measuring contact surfaces constitute a circuit which in addition comprises a source of energy (45), a display unit (49) and means (46-48) for the conversion of the measuring value obtained to a value which can be read on the display unit (49).;"TITLE A DEVICE FOR THE GRIPPING OF A TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICE AND FOR THE READING OF MEASURING VALUES OBTAINED WITH THE DEVICE TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention relates to a device for the gripping of a temperature measuring device and for the reading of measuring values obtained with the device, this temperature measuring device comprising a temperature- -sensitive sensor, whose electrical properties, e.g. the resistance, vary with the temperature, e.g. a thermistor, and which, is connected via two contacts to two electric conductors arranged on a support, which electric conductors terminate in two contact surfaces at the end remote from the sensor. The device in accordance with, the invention is intended mainly to be used for medical temperature measurement. It will be clear, however, to those versed in the art that it can also be used in other circumstances, e.g. in purely industrial applications. BACKGROUND ART An embodiment of the device in accordance with the invention is specially adapted for temperature measuring devices of the type which is described in the Swedish patent applications 78.03046-7 (US patent application 779 152). , 78.04199-3 (US patent application 787 422) and (US patent application 879 183) • . Another embodiment of the subject of the invention is specially adapted for a temperature measuring device which is described in detail in the PCT application PCT/SE78/00012 submitted at the same time, which describes a simplified temperature measuring device and a method for the anu- facture of such a device. The latter temperature measuring device is also shown in fig. 2 of the drawings- discussed below. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The device in accordance with the invention is charac¬ terized by at least two measuring contact surfaces which can be coupled together with the said contact surfaces arranged on the inside or insides of the jaws of a tong¬ like construction, these measuring contact surfaces con¬ stituting part of a circuit which in addition comprises a source of energy, a display unit together with means for the conversion of the measuring value obtained to a value which can be read on the display unit. If the device in accordance with the invention is used for medical temperature measurement, the tonglike construc tion enables the user to grip and to read very reliably and rapidly a temperature measuring device placed, for example, in the mouth of a patient. At the same time this gripping and reading can take place in a satisfactorily hygienic manner. In cases where the said temperature measuring device has two electric conductors arranged on one and the same side of a support, each jaw of the tonglike construction can be provided on its inside with two measuring contact surfaces for the coupling together with the respective contact surfaces on the electric conductors. These con¬ tact surfaces are appropriately coupled together two and two with one from each jaw in such a manner that the temperature measuring device can be introduced with either side up. In the case where the temperature measuring device is designed so that its electric conductors are arranged on opposite sides of a striplike support, each jaw of the tonglike construction can be provided on its inside with only one measuring contact surface. The temperature measuring device used is appropriately made as small and simple as possible, so that it can be thrown away after use. The device for gripping and readi IjVJREAtT OMPI so as to be suitable for a normal hand. Conseo ^ uently, it is appropriate to provide it with means for guidance of the temperature measuring device and its contact sur- faces so that they may be led to make reliable contact with the measuring contact surfaces in the same. - The said means for guiding the temperature measuring device and its contact surfaces may consist, for example, of a substantially V-shaped groove inside one of the jaws and a corresponding projection on the inside of the other jaw. The abovementioned V-shaped groove and corresponding projection are appropriately designed so that their cross- . section diminishes towards the interior of the jaw and corresponds farthest in to the width of the temperature measuring device used. The device in accordance with the invention can be adapted so that it closes around the temperature measuring device used against the effect of a spring. In practice, however, it has been found appropriate if the jaws are adapted so that they are opened against the effect of a spring, which on closing of the jaws produces a certain minimum contact pressure between measuring contact surfaces of the device and corresponding, contact surfaces of the temperature measuring device used. The tonglike construction appropriately comprises a housing-like casing which encloses the said source of energy, e.g. a battery, the said means for conversion of the measuring traLue obtained, together with the said display unit which comprises an outer reading window, the casing forming one jaw, whilst the other jaw is formed by a finger grip part which is spring-moun ed in the casing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OP THE DRAWINGS Fig.l shows a first example of a temperature measuring ""BU EAU OMPI device which is suitable for use together with the device in accordance with the invention. Fig .2 shows a second example of such a temperature measuring device suitable for use together with the device in accordance with the invention. Fig.3 shows a device in accordance with the invention especially adapted for utilization together with the tempe ture measuring device in accordance with fig.l. Fig. -7 show four views perpendicular to one another o a component part of the device according to fig.3. Fig.8, 9 and 10 in the same manner show three views per pendicular to one another of a second component part of th device according to fig.3. Fig.11 and 12 in the same manner show two views perpen dicular ' to one another of a third component part of the device according to fig.3. •fi .13 shows a preferred embodiment of the device in accordance with the invention adapted for utilization together with the temperature measuring device according to fig.2. ' Fig.14-17 show three views perpendicular to one anothe partly in section, of a casing substantially corresponding to the shell shown in fig.13, but modified a little with regard to the outer shape . Fig.18-20 show three views perpendicular to one another of a finger grip component adapted to the casing according to fig.14-17. Fig.21 and 22 in the same manner show two view perpen¬ dicular to one another of a lid adapted to the casing according to fig.14-17. Fig.23 and 24 show schematically a shape of a contact suitable for the jaws on the construction shown in fig.13. Fig .25 and 26 show other contact shapes which are more suitable for the construction according to fig.3-12. Fig .27 and 28 show a pair of simple alternatives especially for the measuring device shown in fig.l. Fig. 9-32 shows schematically four different alternative contact arrangemen s. Pig.33 and 34 shows schematically how the different electrical components can be arranged in a simple manner so that they are readily exchangeable in the casing of the tonglike construction according to the invention. Fig.35 finally shows a schematic wiring diagram for the electric equipment present. TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES USABLE IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE INVENTION In fig.l a temperature measuring device is shown which is usable in association with the invention. However, in fig.2 a preferred temperature measuring device is shown, and this will therefore be described first. It consists of a sensor 1 which in the example shown is constituted of a thermistor. This thermistor consists of an inner ceramic material 2, whose electric resistance varies with the temperature. On its underside the thermistor is provided with two contacts 3 and 4, which for example may consist of a thin layer of silver. Similarly, the thermistor is provided on its upper side with a silver contact 5 intended for trimming. The trimming may take place in such a manner that a small area 6 is removed from the contact by mechanical treatment, e.g. shot peening or with the help of a laster beam The thermistor is arranged on a support 7 which consists of an inner plastic material 8 with outer metal coatings 9 and 10. These metal coatings may, for example, consist of copper. At its * front end, that is to say, at the end provided with the sensor, the support 7 is short-circuited by a soldering 11 in such a manner that the metal coating 9 is in contact with a part 10' of the upper layer 10. This part 10' of the upper metal coating 10 is separated from the rest of this metal coating by a cut 12 which is intended -jTu R A CT to isolate electrically the two contacts 3 and 4 from one another. The support 7 with the thermistor 1 described above in turn is placed on a somewhat broader strip 13. This strip 5 13 may consist of an inner cardboard material with outer plastic coatings 15 and 16. The support 7 is placed so that the thermistor 1 is fully located within the surface 17 of the somewhat broader strip 13 carrying the support 7. The opposite end of the support on the other hand is 10 arranged so that it projects beyond the somewhat broader strip 13. The idea behind this is that the part of the total construction shown to the right in fig.2 should be capable of being dipped in an insulating plastic coating, so that the thermistor 1, the connecting contacts 3,4 and L5 5 together with at least the nearest parts of the electric conductors 9 and 10 are enwrapped in a tight manner together with the corresponding end of the somewhat broader strip 13. This plastic wrapping iμay be made relatively thin with the help of transparent material and is therefore not 0 shown in fig.2. The sterile package, into which the con¬ struction is finally to be packed until its use, is also not shown. The measuring device in accordance with fig.l corresponds in principle to that according to fig.2. Consequently, the 5 same reference numerals have been used, but with the addition of the letter a.. The main difference is that the two elec¬ tric conductors 9a and 10a are arranged on one and the same side of the same supporting plastic layer 8a. Furthermore, this construction lacks the plastic-coated supporting sheet 13 of cardboard which is present in the construction according to fig.2. DESCRIPTION OF A FIRST EMBODIMENT OF THE DEVICE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE INVENTION In fig.3-12 a first embodiment of the device in accordance with the invention is de scribed. This first embodiment is mainly adapted to the temperature measuring device shown in fig. l which has its contacts 9a and lθa arranged on one and the same side of a support 8a. The construction shown consist s of a first tong-half 18 which is illustrated in fig.4-7 and a second tong-half 19 which is illustrated in fig.8-10. Furthermore, a lid 20 is included which is shown in fig.11-12. The two tong-halves are mounted on each other with the help of an axle 21 and are normally retained in open position with the help of a spring 22. The tongs are thus closed against the effect of this spring . The tong-half 18 is provided at its front end , that is to say, the lower jaw 23, with a substantially V-shaped groove 24. In the same manner the other tong-half 19 is provided at its front end, that is to say, the upper jaw 25 , with a corresponding projection 26. This V-shaped groove and this projection respectively are shown in the figures with constant cross- section. In practice , however, they are appropriately shaped so that their cross-section diminishes towards the interior of the jaw, so that they guide the contacts 9a and 10a of the measuring device 7a used even more securely to make contact with the corresponding contact surfaces inside the tong jaws. The latter contact surfaces are described in more detail in the following with reference to e .g. fig. 25 and 26. For the rest , fig.3-12 should be sufficiently clear, so that no further detailed explanation is required . PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE SUBJECT OF THE INVENTION Fig.13 shows an embodiment of the subject of the invention which is preferred from a point of view of design. How this embodiment which is preferred from a point of view of design can be produced in practice should be evident from fig.14-22 , which show a similar technical construction, but of a somewhat modified shape . The constructions according to fig.13-20 correspond in essential part s to the construction according to fig . 3-12. Consequently, the same reference numerals have been used, but with the addition of the letter t> in fig.13 and £ in fig.14-22. The construction according to fig .13 thus consists of square casing 18b which at it s one end is closed by a lid 20b. At the front end of the casing 18b is mounted a finger-grip part 19b. The casing 18b moreover has a reading window 27b which forms part of a display unit present inside the device . Furthermore , the casing com¬ prises an electric switch 28b which is operated when it is desired to read the temperature. At 29b finally an electric connection is indicated for the possible rechargi of a battery arranged inside the device . The construction according to fig.14-22 also consists a substantially square casing 18c and a grip part 19c . Moreover, a lid 20c is present . The construction according to fig.14-22 is intended mainly to be used together with the measuring device according to fig.2. It does not require, therefore, the same guidance of the measuring device as the device accord to fig.3-12. Consequently, there are no parts here corre ponding to the V-shaped groove 24 and the V-shaped project 26. The shape of the contacts is described in more detai in the following with reference to fig.23 and 24. The finger grip part 19c is mounted in the casing 18c with the help of an axle (not shown) which is intended to introduced into the holes 21c « and 21c * ' respectively. Furthermore , the construction is to be provided with a spr (not shown) corresponding to the spring 22 in the construc tion according to fig.3. This spring is appropriately arranged in such a manner, however, that it normally holds the two jaws 23c and 25c closed against one another. The opening of the tongs thus has to take place against the effect of the .spring force . Thus it will be this spring force which will produce a certain defined pressure on the contact surfaces of the measuring device used . SUITABLE CONTACT SHAPES In fig.23 and 24 a shape of the contact suitable for the construction according to fig.13 is described. Con¬ sequently reference numerals with the additional letter b_ are used . The same construction may also be used, however, in the embodiment according to fig.14-22. The line 30b indicates the outer contour for either the upper jaw 23b or for the lower jaw 25b. Numeral 31b indicates the contour of the contact surface of the lower jaw, whilst 32b designates the corresponding contact surface of the upper jaw. The respective contact surfaces, as shown in fig.24, may consist of a strip 33b and 34b respectively arranged in a groove 35b and 36b respectively in the upper jaw 23b and in the lower jaw 25 b respectively. It is also conceivable to have a further U-shaped strip in the lower jaw inside the upper jaw. This design may also be used conversely, so that two strips are placed in the upper jaw with a strip in the bottom jaw located in between. The strip should be made of a non-oxidizing material which gives good electric contact with e .g. copper. Thus e .g. an outer layer of silver or gold may be used . More¬ over, it is important that the realization is such that no unintentional short-circuiting in the circuits is obtained . In fig.25 is shown how two electric conductors 31' can be placed in two grooves 36 ' in a lower jaw substantially corresponding to the lower jaw 23 in the embodiment accord¬ ing to fig.3-12. In fig.26 a further contact arrangement is shown which is suitable for the embodiment of the subject of the invention shown in fig. 3-12. Here the lower jaw is designated 23"" and the upper one 25"". Furthermore, the electric contacts in the lower half are designated 31"" and those in the upper half 32 M . Thanks to the contact sheet 38"" and 39"" it is sufficient here to connect only the contacts 31"" to the working circuit included in the construction. In spite of this the measuring device according to fig.l can be introduced between the jaws 23"" and 25"" with its top side turned either upwards or downwards. If it is desired to use the construction according to fig.3-12, but with contacts only in the one jaw, the measuring device according to fig.l can be modified in the manner as indicated in fig.27 and 28. In the con¬ struction according to fig.27 the whole measuring device 7d is folded over at the end remote from the thermistor Id, so that electric conductors 9d and 10d corresponding to 9a and 10a are present once again on both sides of the measuring device. In the construction according to fig.28 it is instead the electric conductors 9e * and lOe that are bent around the edge of the end of the measuring device 7e remote fro the thermistor le. In fig.29-32 different contact arrangements are shown schematically. Fig.29 and 31 correspond closest to that according to fig. 6. In the same manner the construction according to fig.30 substantially corresponds to the con¬ tact arrangement according to fig.23-24. Fig.32 shows that it is also possible to have two contacts in the one jaw and a wider contact in the other jaw. INTERNAL ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT In fig.33 and 34 is shown schematically how the intern electrical equipment may be arranged so that it is readily exchangeable on a board 40' and 40"" respectively. The numerals 41', 41""; 42', 42"" and 43', 43"" indicate the part ^ BUREAU OMPI included such as e.g. a microprocessor, a transistor and a resistor respectively. The board 40» is subsequently connected electrically to the contacts 31a* and 32a' via a spring sliding contact 44' . In a corresponding manner the board 40"" is connected to the contacts 32a"" and 31a"" via a connection cable 44"", which means that the electrical parts may be taken out of the casing without the contact with contacts 31a"" and 32a""being broken. In fig.35 finally a simple wiring diagram of the electric system as a whole is shown. Numeral If designates the thermistor which forms part of the measuring device. 31f and 32f designate the contact surfaces on the measuring device used as well as the corres¬ ponding contact surfaces in the respective tong jaws. Numeral 45 designates a tuning and supply component which transmits a low current through If to measure the resistance of the same which varies with the temperature. The value obtained is tuned in the form of a signal to a processor 46 which may be said to constitute a small micro-computer. This m cro-computer contains e.g. a clock and an arithmetic element which can be programmed for different programmes, e.g. for measurement in °C or in °F. The correct programme is selected with the help of a control unit 47. Numeral 48 designates an actuating button which is operated when reading is required. The.value finally obtained is shown on a display unit 49. The source of energy required, e.g. a battery, may be included e.g. in part 45. Alternatively, it can be arranged separately and be connected in a suitable manner to the remaining parts of the system. The component parts 45-49 may be varied in their con¬ struction and function within wide limits. It would serve no purpose therefore to describe these parts in greater detail Anybody versed in the art who wishes to pursue the invention only needs to specify his wishes to a supplier of such parts, so that the latter can then ""tailor-make"" the parts in accordance with the wishes specified. Naturally, the invention is not limited merely to the embodiments described above,but it can be varied within the scope of the following claims. For example, as an alternative to the thermistor 1 (la) a thermocouple can be used, whose electromotoric force varies with the temperature. OMPI";"13 CLAIMS 1. A device for the gripping of a temperature measuring device (7) and for the reading of measuring values obtained with this device, this ' temperature measuring device com¬ prising a temperature-sensitive sensor (1) , whose electrical properties, e.g. the resistance, vary with the temperature, e.g. a thermistor, and which is connected via two contacts (3,4) to two electric conductors (9,10) , which terminate in two contact surfaces at the end remote from the sensor (1) , characterized by at least two measuring contact surfaces (31b,32b;31' ,31' ,31"",31"", 32"",32""; 31a 1 ,32a'; 32a"",32a"") which can be coupled to the said contact sur¬ faces and which are arranged on the inside or insides of the jaws of a tonglike construction, these measuring contact surfaces (31,32) constituting part of a circuit which in addition within said tonglike construction comprises a source of energy (45) , a display-unit (49) and means for the conversion of the measuring value obtained to a value which can be read on the display unit (49) . 2. A device in accordance with claim 1, for a temperature measuring device (7a) with the said electric conductors arranged on one and the same side of a support (δa) , characterized in that each jaw (23,25) of the tonglike con- struction is provided on its inside with two measuring con¬ tact surfaces (e.g. 31') for coupling together with the respective contact surfaces on the electric conductors (9a,10a), these measuring contact surfaces being appropriately coupled together two and two with one from each jaw in such a manner that the temper.atrure measuring device can be introduced "" with either side upwards (fig. 26,29,31). 3. A device in accordance with claim 1, for a temperature measuring device with the said electric conductors (7) arranged on opposite sides of a striplike support (8) , characterized in that each jaw (e.g.23b,25b) of the tonglike 14 ■• ' construction is provided on its inside with one measuring contact surface. 4. A device in accordance with claim 1, characterized b means (e.g. 24,26) for the guiding of the temperature measuring device (e.g.- 7a) and its contact surfaces to ma contact with the measuring contact surfaces (e.g. 31') . 5. A device in accordance with claim 4, characterized i that the said means for guiding of the temperature measur device (7a) and its contact surfaces are constituted of a substantially V-shaped groove (24) inside one of the jaws (23) and a corresponding projection (26) inside the other jaw (25) . 6. A device in accordance with claim 5, characterized i that the V-shaped groove (24) and the corresponding proje tion (26) have a cross—section which diminishes towards t interior of the 1 jaws and corresponds farthest^in to the w of the temperature measuring device (7a) . 7. A device in accordance with claim 1, characterized i that the jaws '.are adapted- so as to be opened against the - effect of a spring, which is adapted to produce the requi coupling pressure when the jaws enclose the temperature measuring device and its contact surfaces. 8. A device in accordance with any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that tonglike construction com- prises a housing-like casing (e.g. 18b) enclosing the sai source of energy (45) e.g. a battery, the said means (45- for the conversion of the measuring value obtained, toget with the said display-unit (49) which comprises an outer reading window (e.g. 27b) , this casing (18) forming one jaw (23b), whilst the other jaw is formed by a finger-gri part (19b) which is spring-mounted in the casing. TSUKϋ OMP";HAKANSSON B, PERSSON P;GAMBRO AB, HAKANSSONS IND AB, PERSSON P, HAKANSSON B;1978
+WO-1980000312-A1;19800306.0;19780811;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20333574.0;B01D46;B01D46;B01D46;B01D  46/00R30M, B01D  46/10, B01D  46/52, B01D  46/52F4;CLEANABLE MICRO FILTER;A cartridge or cassette micro filter (1) has separators (3) forming separate filter chambers or folds (2). A thin micro filter material (4) is stretched between the separators (3). A traversing vacuum nozzle or suction head (6) cleans dust or any deposit collected on the face material (4) of the filter and is successively applied to all chambers (12). The full effect of the vacuum is applied to a small portion of the filter in a sequential fashion. The vacuum sweeping may be automatic.;Cleanahle Micro Filter A cartridge or cassette filter with separators so arranged to form separate chambers to which vacuum may he applied to clean the dust collected or any deposit on the face material of the filter. In spite of the depth of the filter which has folds, the vacuum, once applied to each separate fold by traversing a suction head under the assembled folds, without entering between folds, remove material throughout the affected fold, the process is continued on the next fold, and so on. Filters with folded or loop filtering media may be so cleaned from outside the filter leaving the cassette intact and also in place. Automatic vacuum sweeping of filters arranged in rows or series is also claimed. T e separators in the arrangement of the filter descend to a particular level at which the vacuum sweep traverses so that each separator becomes apartition to create small chambers so that the full effect of the vacuum is applied to a small portion of the filter in sequential fashion. The separators may be further guarded or protected by a wire or other screen which will not interfere with the vacuuming process. The vacuum nozzle will progress so that its longitudinal dimension is parallel to the folds as opposed to crosswise traverse which is ineffective. This claim is for the discovery of the preferential OMPI * <_\ . W1iP p Oo rS, c.rryngenent required to obtain cleaning by vacuuming. Further the vacuum nozzle may have an opening the width of, wider or narrower than the space between the sepa¬ rators, it being a function of the quantity of vacuum air drawn that determines the width of the vacuum sweep slot. Ka ing a very narrow slot is claimed as new to allow traverse time in automatic operations when vacuum is applied to a single fold-chamber. The invention is illustrated by the drawing, having the following denominations: 1 cartridge micro filter 2 fold chamber 3 separator micro filter 5 wire or screen 6 suction nozzle • 7 vacuum suction 8- travel of vacuum nozzle 9 10 gas to be filtered 11 filtered gas 12 vacuum sucked filter cleaning air stream;Claims : 1. Cleanable air filter in the form of a cartridge or cassette with a folded porous sheet containing separator sticking into the folds and ending outside them at the same level, a suction nozzle being able to traverse the assembled folds just outside the separators and with the size corresponding to a fold. 2. Air filter as claimed in claim 1 characterized by a wire or other screen joining the outside ends of the separators and preventing the nozzle from entering into the folds. 3- Method of cleaning an air filter in the form of a cartridge or cassette with a folded microporous sheet containing separators sticking into the folds and ending outside them at the same level, characterised by a suction nozzle traversing just outside the separators and moving from one fold to another.;KERMAN K;CLEANAIR FOERSAELJNINGS AB;1978
+WO-1980000416-A1;19800320.0;19780814;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;24886128.0;A63F3;;A63F3;A63F   3/00A, A63F   3/04L, K63F   3/00B;METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INTERPRETIVE GAME;A method and apparatus for playing a game by posing a question (18) to a player to elicit one of several possible responses (20), each of the possible responses (20) having an answer value of the selected answer determining the players change of position (4) in the game. The questions presented may relate a dream and its context, and require the player to select one of several possible interpretations. His playing position is adjusted in proportion to the accuracy of the selected interpretation. The questions (18) presented may be broken into subsets (19), each subset comprising questions of comparable difficulty. The subset (19) from which the question for that playing turn will be taken may be determined in such manner that the likelihood of selecting a subset with questions of higher difficulty is smaller than the likelihood of selecting a subset with questions of lower difficulty.;"METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INTERPRETIVE GAME Background of the Invention This invention relates generally to the field of games. Various types of games are known to the prior art and include games of pure chance, such as roulette, bartering types of games, such as ""Monopoly"", memory games, such as ""Concentration"", games where one team member elicits proper answers from teammates by giving various types of clues, such as ""charades"" or ""password"", and others. Each of these popular games is competitive, and scoring or movement of a player marker along a game- board is determined by chance or by player respon-se. In each of these games known to the prior art, however, the scoring or player movement is determined according to an ""all-or-nothing"" rule. That is to say in games where player judgment or response is required, the answer has only one of two answer values - a correct response or an incorrect response. In none of the games of the prior art is scoring or player movement determined by a player response to a question where the responses may each take a relative answer value, i.e., ""most correct"", ""acceptable"", ""unac¬ ceptable or ""grossly unacceptable"". The present invention provides for such scoring. In the field of games heretofore known, no game deals specifically with the subject of dream inter¬ pretation. This area has been the subject of study by man for thousands of years. In many societies there have been selected members such as shamans, medicine men, and others, who the society believed to be gifted or skilled in dream interpretation. The meaning of an individual's dream was considered important, for instance as an augury or hidden truth concerning the dreamer or communication from the dead. Current studies estimate that people spend about twenty percent of their sleeping time dreaming. They dream four or five times a night, and each dream lasts about twenty minutes. Consequently, everyone has a variety of dreams which may be subject to interpretatio There is no certain way of interpreting dream and in fact, any dream interpretation is hypothetical. A variety of distinct schools of thought have developed as followers of, for instance, Alfred Adler, Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, and Frederick Perls. Consequently, therapists variously identify themselves with differing theories of dream interpretation and structure their analyses accordingly. A wealth of literature is available on the subject of psychoanalysis, psychology, and dream interpr tation presenting in academic fashion certain theories of analysis and their necessary framework for dream interpretation presenting in academic fashion certain theories of analysis and their necessary framework for dream interpretation. While this material has been presented in literary form or through lectures, both in academic context, it has not heretofore been the subjec of a game. Summary of the Invention: Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a game using questions propounded to the various game players with player scoring or a advancement determined by the answering response of the player, with each of several possible responses havi varying answer values. Another object is to provide a game to test the player's ability to interpret various information dealing with a variety of subject areas. A further object is to provide a recreational game of skill and acumen. Still a further object is to provide a recrea¬ tional game which will educate its game players. Another object is to provide a game where a variety of answers may be given by a game player to a question propounded, and the relative value of the particular answer given determines the scoring or player O advancement in the game. Another object is to provide a game where the questions which may be asked of a game player vary in degrees of difficulty, and where the benefit or detri- ment to be gained or lost by the responses varies in proportion with the difficulty of the question. Still a further object of this invention is to provide a game where questions to be asked of a player have varying degrees of difficulty, and where the selec¬ tion of the question to be propounded is determined by chance, where the probability of selecting a question of lower difficulty exceeds the probability of selecting a question of higher difficulty. Another object of this invention is to provide a game where the game players are required to interpret meaning of a dream. A further object of this invention is to provide a game where a player's interpretation of a dream is measured against an interpretation of that same dream in the same context by a prevailing school of thought. Briefly, these and other objects are achieved ■ by providing a game for two or more players where each player in turn is asked a selected question in a given area of subject matter, the responses to which have relative values as determined by accepted theories of the prevailing schools of thought. Each possible player response is associated with a player scoring addition or loss, or position marker advancement or retreat, in accordance with the relative answer value associated with the player's response. The questions may be in predeter¬ mined order or may be selected at random or by choice of the player. The questions may be divided into subsets, with selected subsets having more difficult questions than other subsets. Both the subset and the included question may be selected in predetermined order, or by selection by the player, or by a chance event. In one embodiment, the questions may relate a dream and its context or selected facts relating to the dreamer, and ask the game player to select one of a possible number of dream inter pretations. Each interpretation may have a relative answer value in accordance with interpretation of that same dream and context by prevailing schools of thought dream analysis. Brief Description of the Drawings: In describing the preferred embodiment of the present invention, reference will be made to the appende drawings in which: Fig. 1 is a plan view of a gameboard for playi one game of dream interpretation; Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic illustration showing a set of question cards for the game divided into subset Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic illustration of a set of answer cards divided into subsets corresponding to the question card subsets; Figs. 4a, 4b and 4c are diagrammatic illustra¬ tions of player markers which may be used in playing the game; Figs. 5a, 5b and 5c show three decks of corner cards used in playing the game; and Fig. 6 illustrates a chance device for selecti a question by each player during his turn. Description of a Preferred Embodiment: Fig. 1 shows a gameboard 2 particularly adapte to playing a game according to the present invention dealing with the subject matter of dream interpretation. Certain of a plurality of marker spaces 4 are disposed central area of the square gameboard 2. The marker spac 4 are preferably serially numbered for the orderly pro¬ gression of player markers 14 around the board. The gameboard 2 includes a starting position 6 and a winner circle or position 8. The starting position 6, adjacent the marker space ""1"" is disposed at one corner of the gameboard 2 and is labeled ""Zodiac"". The remaining thre corners 10, 11 and 12 of the gamebroad 2 are respectivel labeled ""Astrology"", ""Symbols"", and ""Mythology"". As will be seen, these corners may be designated as other cate¬ gories of information. After leaving the starting position 6,- and proceeding around the perimeter of the gameboard 2, in accordance with the digits associated with each marker space 4, the course of the game may follow marker spaces disposed in any desired fashion in the center of the board, so long as the course leads to a winner's circle or position 8, here designated ""Freudian Circle"". It is not necessary that the game course proceed around the peri¬ meter of the board, or even that the board be square. Any regular or irregular geometric shape may be used, such as a pentagon, hexagon, triangle, or such irregular shapes as a large question mark or a plan or elevational view of a human cerebrum. In the form illustrated, the spaces numbered 1 to 26 extend around the periphery of the board 2, and are interspersed with the ""Astrology"", ""Symbols"" • and ""Mythology"" corner positions. The sequence of numbered spaces continues as Nos. 27 through 32, desig¬ nated ""Post-graduate Training"", to Nos. 33 through 39, designated ""Analysis"", to return to Nos. 40 and 41 on the perimeter. The sequence continues from Nos. 42 to 49, designated ""Practice"" to the goal marked ""Freudian Circle."" Thus the advancement along the numbered spaces represents progressively regular study, postgraduate training, psychoanalysis and professional practice until the goal of the Freudian Circle is attained. In essence, a player's position on the numbered spaces indicates his level of achievement and his progress through the spaces represents his advancement towards the ultimate level of achievement. Three distinctive markers 14 are shown in Figs. 4a, 4b and 4c for movement along the markers spaces 4. These markers 14 may assume any shape desired so long as they are distinguishable and each will fit on a marker space 4. In the present embodiment, Zodiacal figures - ς__ΕEXif- O PI. Λ, WIPO «Λ are preferably employed, and Figs. 4a, 4b and 4c show certain figures associated with the Zodiac signs of ""Aries"", ""Aquarius"", and ""Cancer"". These figurines, as members of the Zodiac signs, connote the imprecise scie of dream interpretation, and are particularly well-suit to.comport with the astrological, symbological, and mythological features of this game. Alternatively, markers having portraits or comprising figurines of prominent philosophers, psychiatrists, or psychologists are suggested. The number of markers should be sufficie to accommodate the desired number of game players, whic must be at least two. The plurality of player-movement determining items 16 shown in Fi.gs. 2 and 3 comprise a set of questi cards 18 and a set of answer cards 20. Each question card includes indicia indicating a question for which a player response is required. Illustratively these ques tions may comprise a short narrative dealing with the context or dream history of a dreamer, a brief descripti of a dream, and a question requiring the player to inter pret the dream by selecting one of a plurality of pre¬ determined answers. Each of the answer cards correspond to a respective one of the question cards 18 and include indicia to indicate a player score gain or loss or a magnitude of marker advancement or retreat along the gameboard marker spaces 4. In essence, the answer cards provide for an adjustment in a player's achievement leve in accordance with his answer to the selected question. Wide latitude is embraced by this arrangement, the only essential feature being that the player responses to questions are associated with corresponding varying answ values. Thus, it is not necessary that the question be presented on a card separate from the answer card. The question may be read verbally by another player or by a non-player who reads from a single card, or from a bookl and may have immediate access to the answer values, as i a common arrangement for games played on broadcast telev sion. Neither is it necessary that the questions deal with the interpretation of dreams. So long as the ques¬ tion is framed reasonably to elicit one of a number of -responses, with each response having a corresponding individual answer value, then any subject area may be explored. For instance, the question may deal with the interpretation of art, theater, or music. The question may ask for an interpretation of historical fact or an economic situation or may require the player to answer a question dealing with science or sport. Thus, although the embodiment described relates to the interpretation of dreams, it will be understood that any subject area may be utilized so long as each question is associated with a number of responses having varying degrees of accuracy, probability or correctness, which thereby permits a corresponding variation in player advancement or detriment according to the elicited response. Neither is it essential that the question be presented in multiple choice form. Thus, the questions may be framed as ""matching-type"" questions, where the player is required to watch each of a plurality of ques¬ tions with a corresponding one a plurality of answers. An answer card or other appropriate answering key may score the player advancement or detriment in accordance with the value of the associations made by the player. Alterna¬ tively, the questions may be framed as ""fill-ins"" which require the player to read a question in the form of an incomplete sentence, leaving the completion to the player. The answer card or other answering key could provide a predetermined advancement or detriment to the player for each of several likely responses, even though it would not be certain to cover all possible responses of a ""fill-in"" question. The player-movement determining items 16 which present questions and weighted answers in the preferred form present interpretations drawn from a study of the work of many theorists and practitioners utilizing the most significant material developed by those working in the area of dream interpretation. The player should not therefore seek a single line of interpretation for the various dreams. Nor should he assume an arbitrary interpretation. Rather, the interpretation which is most closely related to the dreamer and situation should be selected. In general, dreams involve a variety of symbols, and a game player would have an advantage if he knows something about the use of such symbols. Howeve because the same feature in two dreams may symbolize two different antecedents, the game player should not rigidly apply a predetermined meaning to any one symbol. The selected question card 18 may contain an indication that the dream is ""recurrent"". This means that the dreamer has had the same dream over a period of days or years, and this factor must be considered by the player in formulating his response. The re¬ current dream usually points to a continuing problem faced by the dreamer which is reflected in the response choices for such questions. In the preferred embodi¬ ment other cards have also been marked with the indi¬ cation that the player is ""taking the position of"" or ""taking the role of..."". This is utilized where the dreamer supposes or imagines himself to be some other person, being or object in the dream. The question card indicates that the dream may be interpreted by taking the role of one of other persons, beings or objects. A third variation on the dream question cards 1 is the inclusion of a statement from the dreamer that is called ""association"". This association means the first o key statement that a dreamer makes about his dream. Som schools of thought, particularly the Freudian, emphasize the necessity of obtaining continuous associations in dream interpretation. Other schols have pointed out that these associations can be unknowlingly guided and that they may include a potpourri of antecedent thoughts, O feelings, or happenings that have no relationship to to the dream and should not be relied upon. The player is called upon to carefully analyze the dream in this context and- judge how heavily he should rely on the asociative material given. In a fourth variation, certain question cards 18 may contain a number of dreams which have transpired during a single night. Many people working in dream interpretation believe that knowledge of other dreams that occur during the same night as the dream being interpreted assists the interpretation. Thus, the question cards 18 may include other dreams. These four variations or special conditions described on the question cards raise particular prob- lems of interpretation. These or other types of special conditions indicated on the question cards 18 may be grouped according to degrees of question difficulty into subsets 19. Thus, each question on a question card in any one of the selection card subsets 19 will have approxi- mately the same difficulty. The answer pieces 20 will similarly be divided into subsets 21, and each of the question cards 18 will correspond to one answer card of the set 20 of the answer pieces. When a special condition is encountered, the opportunity for player advancement or detriment will be enchanced in the pre¬ ferred embodiment, although this is not necessary. It will be appreciated that in ' the preferred embodiment, the difficulty of the question is related to its potential achievement level advancement value and that this value is the same for all questions in a subset. The questions may be presented to a player in preselected order, or may be determined by chance or a combination of order and chance. Thus, questions may be asked in turn of players in a predetermined order, thereby precluding player control or opportunity for variance of the question difficulty. For example, the question cards may be shuffled so that there is no order - -TEXif~- OMPI - among the cards, while requiring that the players in rotation select cards from the top of the deck 18. Eac of the question cards 18 would be identified with an answer key which may take the form of an answer card 20. Alternatively, the subset from which the question 18 is selected may be determined randomly, as by the throw of dice, the spin of a roulette or similar wheel, the electronic random selection of a card number, or blind selection by the player of one of the remaining cards. In the preferred embodiment, a further embel¬ lishment is used. Each player selects a question card by the roll of dice 25. Each of the numbers which may thrown by the device is associated with one of eleven subsets 19 of question cards. The questions indicated the cards of the subset 19 associated with the dice throw totaling 7, the most probable number, are the least difficult questions. The most difficult question are included in the subset 19 of questions pieces 18 -wh correspond to the dice throw totaling either 2 or 12, t least probable throws. The question difficulty in the remaining subsets also varies inversely with the relati probablity of throwing a selected number with the dice. The player marker movements associated with the most difficult qquestion may have a wider range (i.e., great advancement for the better answers and greater retrogre sion for the poorer answers) than the questions of less difficulty. This feature allows the opportunity for amplified player movement with the amplification factor varying inversely with the probability of a random even The square shape of the gameboard 2 provides convenient corner starting position 6 and three other corners 10, 11, and 12 upon which to place corner cards 30. These cards may enhance the game by providing a second opportunity for a player to advance or retreat h market 14. The corner cards 30 each include indicia indicating a question which requires a player response. The subject matter of the questions may vary if desired, or may be segregated into a respective particular type of subject matter for each of the three corners 10, 11, and 12. In the embodiment described, these corners illustratively have been labeled respectively for ques¬ tions dealing with astrology, symbolism, and mythology. Each of the decks 30 includes a number of corner cards, each of which poses a question. The respective answers appear on the backs of the cards. Various rules may be devised to allow a player to select a corner card and may include, for instance, second or third roll of doubles on the dice 25, a chance selection of a predetermined number or symbol, or advancement of the marker 14 along the marker spaces 4 to a position terminating on a corner space 10, 11 or 12. The questions may be objective rather than the subject of interpretation, and thereby elicit an answer which is either correct or incorrect, rather than a response having vartious relative answer values. Accordingly a correct answer elicited from a player may allow that player's marker 14 to advance a bonus number of marker spaces 4 along the gameboard 2. If incorrect, the player may be forced to retreat a predetermined number of marker spaces 4. These corner cards have been selected from subject areas related to dream inter- pretation, and if this game is played in other subject areas, such as art, music, literature, science, economics or history interpretation, appropriate questions may be selected from corresponding related fields. Set of Preferred Rules: A preferred method of play is as follows: Each of the players selects a player marker 14 and the players throw one die or the dice to deter¬ mine the highest throw the player upon whom the pivilege of the first move is conferred. Thereafter playing will continue in clockwise rotation. The players arrange their markers 14 at the starting position 6 which is labeled with the indication ""Zodiac"". The first player throws the dice 25 to yield a certain number between 2 and 12. He then selects a question card 18. These question cards 18 are divided into eleven subsets 19. The cards of a card subset are lableled with a digit and letter, the digits ranging from 2 to 12 and the letters proceeding from A to H. If a player has rolled a 4, he selects the 4A card from the appropriate question subset deck 19. (The player who next rolls a 4 selects the ""4B"" question card 18 from the same No. 4 subset 19.) One of the othe players reads the question to the player whose turn it is. The question comprises a short narrative dealing with a dream. At the end of the narrative are four inter pretative statements, each of which is labeled ""A"", ""B"", ""C"", or ""D"". The player selects whichever interpretatio he considers most accurate. After locating the answer ca 21 which is labeled ""4A"" from the appropriate answer subset 21, either the player-in-turn or another player compares the answer selection with the legend on the answer card 20. For each of the interpretations A, B, C or D, an instruction will be given on the answer card 20 to advance or retract the player's marker a given number of spaces. If the most correct answer was the selection of the interpretation marked ""C"", the player will advance a greater number of marker spaces 4 than if he had selected a less correct answer. An incorrect answer would have a corresponding instruction on the answer piece 20 to retreat a certain number of marker spaces 4. As an example, a question card selected by rolling a 12 with the dice may say: ""Situation: A young woman of thirty-four who is unhappy in her marriage and is thinking of having an affair with a friend."" ""Dream: I meet a friend who has a white cat in a small cage. It is wild and mean and is perhaps an ocelot. The cage has two levels. The cat squeezes from the top to the bottom level. I open the cage just a tiny bit to let the cat get down to the bottom level. I was afraid that he was going to get out and I was sorry I had unlatched the cage. The cat was ferociously pushing against the door and bit and clawed clawed ' my hand "" , "" """" "" * ""Association: I am not sure who the friend was, but I think he's the man I am most interested in at the present time."" ""Interpretation: a. The woman is afraid that her friend who appears so quiet and nice is really a violent person. b. The woman is afraid of having an affair - because she believes it will only cause her suffering and pain. c. The woman is full of deep feelings that she is too frightened to understand or express, d. The woman unconsciously wants to be hurt."" After selection of one of the interpretatons a, b, c or d, the answer card is consulted, which may read: ""a. Take six steps back. b. Take two steps forward. c. Take six steps forward. d. Take two steps back. Other questions, of varying degrees of sophistication and complexity, will appear on other question cards, graded in accordance with probablity of selecting the card, and correspondingly graded answers will appear on the counterpart answer card. The play proceeds in this manner with the markers 14 moving sequentially along the marker spaces 4 until one player wins the game by reaching the last marker space, ""the Freudian circle"", after passing the regions marked ""Postgraduate Training"", ""Analysis"", and ""Practice"", showing progress twoard the goal. Experienced players may adopt a variation whereby selection of incorrect answers by players in advanced positions along the gameboard 2 requires a greater penalty. Thus, a player ""in practice"", (i.e., o whose marker 14 is on any marker space from number 45 to number 49), who selects an incorrect answer must retreat his marker 14 to the beginning of ""analysis"", marker space number 36. Similarly a player ""in analysis"" who selects an incorrect interpretation must retreat to the beginning of ""postgraduate training"", marker number 27. Finally, players in ""postgraduate training"" selectin wrong interpretations must retreat to the ""Mythology"" corner. In moving along the marker spaces 4, any player who lands his marker 14 on one of the corners 10, 11, or 12, (or, alternatively, who passes one of the corners) must select a corner card 30 of the appro¬ priate corresponding category. The corner card 30 for the corner 10- bear the legend ""astrology"". Selecting th top card from the ""astrology"" deck, the player-in-turn reads the question and formulates and pronounces his answer. Then each player in turn clockwise must answer the same question. After all players have formulated their answers and disclosed them, the selected corner ca 30 is turned over to reveal the desired answer. Any corect answer merits an advance of the markers 14 a numb of marker spaces 4, such as six. An incorrect answer by the player-in-turn may require a retreat of three marker spaces 4, while an incorrect answer by a player not in turn, may require a marker retreat of only two spaces. Alternatively, after each player determines his answer, without revealing it to the others, the answer card is consulted. If the player-in-turn is corrrect, he advanc his marker the preset number of spaces. If not, he must retrogress a set number of spaces, and the next player (e.g. clockwise) is given a chance to advance or be put back, depending upon the correctness of his answer. Thi continues only until a correct answer is attained . The corner cards 30 are utilized also by any OM player who rolls doubles on the dice 25. This procedure is the same as that described where a plyer landed his marker 14 at one of the corners. In sum, the game described herein includes several novel features. The use of questions posed to the game players in turn, to elicit one of several possible responses, each- response being associated with an answer value differing from answer values of other responses, is but one inventive aspect of the game. The use of the accuracy or degree of validity of an interpretation of a dream to determine player gain or loss is one of the other inventive features of the t game. Although the game is described herein as a board game, it need not be so limited. The players may play without a gameboard, which is one type of scoring device, and use others. For instance, the game may be scored by assigning point values to each possible response to a question of interpretation, and continuing the game until a certain score is accumulated. The scores could be recorded on paper or by an electronic display scoreboard, which is particularly well adapted for use with games played for television broadcast. Other arrangements for denoting player position may be used as desired. The questions posed to the game players in the game described above are questions calling for an interpretation. Each of various interpretations of an event may have a certain merit, and call for a cor- responding change in player position. It will be under¬ stood, however, that a game of interpretation may be played wherein only one of several possible responses is considered to be the correct response, and player position may be improved only by selecting that response. While such a scoring method follows an ""all-or-nothing"" rule, it does require an interpretation of- an event, a novel feature of the present invention. From the above description it will be apparent that the subject matter of this invention is capable of taking various useful forms, and it is preferred, therefore, that this disclosure be taken in an exemplar sense and the scope of protection afforded by determine by the appended claims. OM";"AMENDED CLAIMS (received by the International Bureau on 21 January 1980 (21.01.80) 1. A game designed to test players' abilities in a field of knowledge and to assign each player to one of a prede fined set of progressive achievement levels, comprising: a scoring device for displaying each player's achievement level, said scoring device initially showing the lowest level for each player; question posing means including a plurality of questions in said field of knowledge to be answered by the players, each question being of a fixed level-advancement valu selected from a plurality of different level-advancement value each question having at least two possible answers of differen validity; and means for providing a level-adjustment value fo each player in accordance with the answer he provides for a selected question and the level-advancement value of the ques¬ tion, said level-adjustment value being combinable with the achievement level indicated for that player by said scoring device to produce an updated achievement level. 2. A game in accordance with claim 1 further com¬ prising a selector operated by each player for randomly indi¬ cating which question is to be answered, said selector being adapted to indicate each question with a probability related t the level-advancement value thereof. 3. A game in accordance with claim 2 wherein said questions are arranged in subsets each inclduing question of a fixed level-advancement value different other subsets, sa selector indicating the subset from which a question is to be answered with a probability related to the level-advancement value of the questions included in the subset. 4. A game in accordance with any of claims 2 or 3 wherein said selector cooperates with said question posing mea to indicate each question with a probability which is inversel related to the level-advancement value of the selected questio 5. A game in accordance with any of claims 1-3 wherein said level-advancement value is related to the diffi¬ culty of the selected question. 6. A game in accordance with any one of claims 1-3 wherein said scoring device comrises: a gameboard having a continuous main course, said main course including a series of spaces extending about said board; and a plurality of distinctive markers, each of said markers being moved along said spaces by a different one of said players in playing said game, the position of each player's marker along the path indicating his achievement level, each marker being moved along said path in accordance with said level-adjustment value. 7. A game according to any of claims 1-3 wherein: said question posing means comprises a set of dream cards describing dreams of different degrees of difficulty of interpretation corresponding to level-advancement value, each dream card bearing a statement of a dream fact pattern and a plurality of possible interpretations of the dream, each of said possible interpretations having a relative validity differing from the others of said interpretations for the same dream fact pattern; and said means for providing a level-adjustment value comprises a set of answer cards each corresponding to a respective one of said dream cards and indicating the player's adjustment in achievement level for each one of the possible interpretations of the dream fact pattern repre¬ sented on its corresponding dream card, the indicated adjustment being related to the relative validity of the corresponding interpretation and the degree of difficulty of interpretation of the dream fact pattern. 8. The game apparatus according to claim 7 wherein certain of said dream cards indicate that said dream patterns are recurrent to the dreamer. 9. The game apparatus according to claim 7 wherein certain of said dream cards indicate that the dreamer of said dream fact patterns imagines himself to be taking the role of a object of said dream patterns. 10. The game apparatus according to claim 7 wherein certain of said dream cards indicate first statements of said dreamer about said dream patterns. 11. The game apparatus according to claim 7 wherein certain of said dream cards indicate that a plurality of dreams transpired during a single night by the dreamer. 12. A method of manipulating the components of a game for a plurality of players, said game including a pluralit of player movement-determining items, response means, and a scoring device, said method comprising the steps of: selecting by chance one of said player-movement determining items, each of said items indicating a question of one of a plurality of different levels of difficulty and having at least two possible responses of varying validity, each of said possible responses having a respective relative answer value corresponding to the validity of the response and the level of difficulty of the corresponding question, said answer value being indicated by said response means; selecting one of said possible responses; and adjusting said scoring device in accordance with the relative answer value of the selected response. 13. The method according to claim 12 wherein said adjusting a scoring device step comprises moving a marker along a continuous main course on a gameboard, said main course including a series of marker spaces extending about said gameboard. 14. The method according to claim 13 utilized in a game concerning the Interpretation of dreams, said player- movement determining items comprising a plurality of question cards forming question subsets each corresponding to the prob¬ ability of a chance determination, said selecting by chance step comprising the steps of: initiating a chance event means by each of said players in order; after each such initiation, selecting one of said subsets in accordance with the outcome of said chance determination; and selecting one of a plurality of question cards from said selected question subset, each of said ques¬ tion cards presenting a question dealing with the interpretation of a dream and requiring one of a selected number of player responses, each of said responses having relative answer value differing from relative answer value of at least one other response to said question. 15. The method according to claim 14 wherein each of said question subsets presents questions of a degree of difficutly differing from the degree of difficulty of ques¬ tions of other question subsets and the probability of selecting a question subset having questions of higher difficulty varies inversely with the degree of relative difficulty of said questions. 16. The method according to claim 15 wherein selection of a response to a question of a question sub¬ set of higher degree of difficulty determines a greater change in player position than selection of a response to a question of a quetion subset of a lower degree of difficulty. 17. The method according to claim 12 wherein the chance selection of a player-movement-determining item is characterized by selection of certain ones of said items having a probability of selection differing from probability of selec¬ tion of others of said items; and each of said player-movement-determining items indicates a question having difficulty varying from other items, said difficulty correlating inversely to the probability of selection of said item. 18. The method according to claim 17 wherein the magnitude of scoring adjustment corresponds to the difficulty of the question indicated on the selected player-movement- determining item. 19. A game in accordance with claim 4 wherein said level-advancement value is related to the difficulty of the selected question. 20. A game in accordance with claim 4 wherein said scoring device comprises: a gameboard having a continuous main course, sa main course including a series of spaces extending about said board; and a plurality of distinctive markers, each of said markers being moved along said spaces by a different one of said players in playing said game, the position of each player's marker along the path indicating his achievement level, each marker being moved along said path in accordance with said level-adjustment value. 21. A game in accordance with claim 5 wherein said scoring device comprises: a gameboard having a continuous main course, sa main course including a series of spaces extending about said board; and a plurality of distinctive markers, each of said markers being moved along said spaces by a different one of said players in playing said game, the position of each player's marker along the path indicating his achievement level, each marker being moved along said path in accordance with said level-adjustment value. __. .> ~ Vr 22. A game according to claim 4 wherein: said question posing means comprises a set of dream cards describing dreams of different degrees of difficulty of interpretation corresponding to level-advancement value, each dream card bearing a statement of a dream fact pattern and a plurality of possible interpretations of the dream, each of said possible interpretations having a relative validity differing from the others of said interpretations for the same dream fact pattern; and said means for providing a level-adjustment value comprises a set of answer cards each corresponding to a respective one of said dream cards and indicating the player's adjustment in achievement level for each one of the possible interpretations of the dream fact pattern repre¬ sented on its corresponding dream card, the indicated adjustment being related to the relative validity of the corresponding interpretation and the degree of difficulty of interpretation of the dream fact pattern. 23. A game according to claim 5 wherein: said question posing means comprises a set of dream cards describing dreams of different degrees of difficulty of interpretation corresponding to level-advancement value, each dream card bearing a statement of a dream fact pattern and a plurality of possible interpretations of the dream, each of said possible interpretations having a relative validity differing from the others of said interpretations for the same dream fact pattern; and said means for providing a level-adjustment value comprises a set of answer cards each corresponding to a respective one of said dream cards and indicating the player's adjustment in achievement level for each one of the possible interpretations of the dream fact pattern repre¬ sented on its corresponding dream card, the indicated adjustment being related to the relative validity of the corresponding interpretation and the degree of difficulty of interpretation of the dream fact pattern. 24. A game according to claim 6 wherein: said question posing means comprises a set of dream cards describing dreams of different degrees of difficulty of interpretation corresponding to level-advanceme value, each dream card bearing a statement of a dream fact pattern and a plurality of possible interpretations of the dream, each of said possible interpretations having a relativ validity differing from the others of said interpretations fo the same dream fact pattern; and said means for providing a level-adjustment value comprises a set of answer cards each corresponding to a respective one of said dream cards and indicating the player's adjustment in achievement level for each one of the possible interpretations of the dream fact pattern repre¬ sented on its corresponding dream card, the indicated adjustm being related to the relative validity of the corresponding interpretation and the degree of difficulty of interpretation the dream fact pattern. STATEMENTUNDERARTICLE 19 Claims 12-18 were amended in order to avoid any conflict with Rule 39. These claims now relate to a method for manipulating the components of a game, and the major components of the game are specifically set forth. These claims now relate to an actual process which could no longer be considered as coming under the schemes or essentially mental steps contemplated by Rule 39 (iii) . It is believed that there is therefore no longer any possible conflict of claims 12-18 with Rule 39.";PAVIS J;PAVIS J;1978
+WO-1980000429-A1;19800320.0;19780824;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141269.0;B63B9;H02P5, H02P7, B63H21;B63H21, B63H23, F02B3;B63H  21/12, B63H  23/24, R02B   3/06;POWER TRAIN CONTROLS AND CONNECTIONS FOR AUXILIARY VESSELS;The invention relates to power trains for auxiliary marine vessels such as tug boats. Prior power trains for such vessels lacked flexibility of operation, control, location, and were not as efficient as they could have been. In order to solve this problem power control units are used to control direct current drive motors which are used to power the propellers. Diesel motors (10) are used to drive alternating current generators. The output from these generators is supplied to direct current motors (20) which drive the propellers (24) of the vessel. The direct current motors (20) are controlled by silicone control rectifiers (17) and variable current controls (18). An additional benefit of the use of such a power train is that the diesel motors (10) may be located in the forward part of the vessel and the direct current motors (20) may be located in the aft part of the vessel for trim purposes and to shorten the propeller shaft. Benefits of this power train when used on auxiliary vessels are economy of fuel and space.;"-1- Description Power Train Controls and Connections for Auxiliary Vessel Technical Field The invention relates generally to power trains for powering auxiliary marine vessels, and more particularly to diesel-electric power trains having silicon voltage control rectifiers for vessels subject to a wide range of loads, uses and space limitations. In the prior art, power trains for the purposes note lacked flexibility of operation and control, and within such limitations often operated at less than maximum effi iency. Background Art The prior art "" , West German Patent No. 2,316,423, pro vided for a power producing unit comprising an electrical generating means for producing a constant alternating cur cent voltage, and power control units connected in series with the rotor coil of a shunt wound direct current motor means. Power control units are silicon rectifiers which rectify the alternating current voltage from the generati means. United States Patent No. 1, 861,750 provided for plurality of generators powered by diesel engines, the po producing units being parallel, and a plurality of motors in parallel with each other, but in series with the field coil of a direct current motor for rectifying and control ling current to the coil. United States Patent No. 3,148, 318, provided for using a rotor control to control motor speed for base revolutions per minute of 100% and less, a field coil controls to control motor speed for base revol¬ utions per minute of above 100%. United States Patent No. 3,351,830, provided for two motors driving one output sha through a gear box. "" RE Disclosure of Invention In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a power train for auxiliary marine vessels that is .controllable by a plurality of power control units in forward and reverse directions from zero to maximum revol¬ utions per minute. There is also provided a power train as stated above comprising a plurality of power producing and power using units that have respectively different performance charact- eristics that are complementary to supply a variety of loads at respectively maximum unit efficiency. There is also provided a standby for each power pro¬ ducing, using and control unit to prevent a failure of one from interferring with the flexibility and control for the full- efficient use of said power train. There is also provided a power train that is suscept- able to division for an installation of maximum convenience and space saving. There is also provided a method of complementing the maximum advantages of power producing and power using units and eliminating the respective disadvantages of both. Brief Description of Drawings The details of the invention will be described in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a typical power train according to the invention; figure 2 is a graph of a typical diesel engine performance curve; figure 3 is a graph of the per¬ formance curve of a shunt wound direct current motor; figure 4 is a graph of a propeller revolution per minute curve and vessel speed curve for a towing tug having a conventional reduction gear drive; figure 5 is a graph similar to figure 4 but with the tug free running with not tow, and with in¬ vention drive data comparably entered; figure 6 is a graph IU REΛTΓ OMP showing fuel consumption of a typical diesel engine run¬ ning at rated revolutions per minute; figure 7 is a graph similar to figure 5 comparing a two diesel reduction gear drive with two and three diesel electric drives according to the invention. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring to figure 1, a typical power train 9 of the invention comprises two main diesel motors - alter¬ nating current generator units, or power producing units 10, connected in parallel and to a smaller auxiliary diesel motor - alternating current generator, or power producing unit 12, through a transformer 14. A third diesel motor alternating current generator, or power producing unit 10', shown in phantom, may be added to the power train if desired. The output of power producing units 10 is rectified and voltage controlled by power control units 16 comprising four silicon rectifiers 17 and four variable current con¬ trols 18. • The silicon control rectifiers 17 are connected through magnetic contacts 19 to shunt wound direct current motors, orpower using units 20. Current through the shunt field windings 21 is regulated by said current controls 18 mounted between the output of said power producing units 10 and said field windings or coil 21. Main propulsion motor 20 respectively receive the output of a power control unit 16, the propulsion motors being mounted in pairs to drive respective main propellers and propeller shafts 24, either singly or jointly, through respectively common gear boxes 26. Single motors 20 are provided to drive main auxiliaries such as a bow thruster 28 and a tow winch 30, respectively. These motors are connected, each alternatively to a pair of silicon control rectifiers 17 and each to a variable current control 18 to provide standbys in case of a failure of one. OMPI Wlp < Referring to figure 2, the performance characteris¬ tics of a diesel engine is shown to be that torque and horsepower rises with revolutions per minute until a maximum for all three is reached. Since the diesel of t disclosure cannot safely be run above 900 revolutions pe minute, the torque and horsepower at this speed is maxi at 100%. Referring to figure 3, the performance charact istics of a shunt wound motor is shown to be that torque is constant at 100% from zero through 100% of base revol utions per minute to maximum at 100% of the base revolut ions per minute as voltage to motor is increased. There after revolutions per minute can be increased up to 200% of the base revolutions .per minute without damage by reducing shunt field current. In this mode, horsepower remains constant at 100% and the torque varies downward shown in figure 3. Referring now to figure 4, a tug and tow performanc curve shows that the 5578 shaft horsepower, the tug and tow will make 10.7 knots with propeller speed of 145.7 revolutions per minute. Now referring to figure 5, it i seen that when running free, the tug of figure 4 is limi by its gear reduction drive to a propeller speed of 150 revolutions per minute to use only 3330 shaft horsepower the 5578 shaft horsepower available to make 14.63 knots. It is seen in comparison, that thei electric drive of the invention with one engine of 2600 shaft horsepower can drive the tug 13.9 knots with both propellers at a speed of 140 revolutions per minute using all available shaft horsepower, which is only .73 knots less than the reduct ion gear drive does with two engines. If two engines ar used in the electric drive of the invention which can in crease its motor, shaft and propeller speeds without dam by reducing the motor field current, it is seen that at revolutions per minute all available 5200 shaft horsepow is used to drive the tug 15.7 knots. Referring now to figure 6, the fuel consumption curve of a diesel engine shows that fuel consumption per brake horsepower hour decreases as the load increases to its rated capacity. Thus in the case of figure 5 for the gear reduction drive tug, only 3400 brake horsepower of the.5750 available is used, that is about 60% for a fuel consumption rate of .409 pounds per brake horsepower hour, or 197.2 gallons per hour. Whereas the invention using one engine utilizes the full 2875 brake horsepower available to con- sume only .392 pounds per brake horsepower hour, or 158.3 gallons per hour. In free running, the electric drive of the invention will use 734 gallons of fuel per day less to travel the same distance, that is a savings of about 18%. Even if -the power train of the invention has about 10% loss against 3% loss in the gear reduction drive power train, or a net loss of 7%, nevertheless there is a fuel economy gain of 18%, plus half the lubricating oil and half the engine time expended for 8% slower time for the trip. Referring to figure 7, a further comparison is made as in figure 5, but with diesel engines of lesser brake horse¬ power in two and three engine installations. In addition to economy of operation, the power train of the invention lends itself to a further economy in the use of limited space available on an auxiliary marine vessel. Thus power producing units may be mounted forward to better trim the vessel without an addition of ballast when loaded or working, and the power using units may be mounted aft to shorten porpeller shafts and save the space required by longer ones. Power control units may be mounted wherever convenient, their mass and occupied space being negligible. It should be understood that the invention can be separately and jointly connected in any arrangement in number and function so that power using units can be run independently of each other off one power producing unit through one or more power control units, or vice versa.";"Clai s 1. Apparatus for interconnecting and controlling .units-o a power train for maximum flexibility and economy in the operation of auxiliary marine vessels having pro- • pellers and propeller shafts driven thereby, and com¬ prising in combination: a plurality of power producin unit means connected in parallel, each comprising ele trical generating means for producing a constant volt age and frequency alternating current, and diesel eng means for producing maximum torque and brake horsepow at maximum rated revolutions per minute with minimum fuel consumption per brake horsepower hour for drivin said electrical generating means; a plurality of powe control unit means connected in parallel with each ot and respectively in series with said power producing unit and comprising a plurality of silicon control re tifier means for rectifying and voltage controlling t constant voltage and frequency output of said electri cal generating means into variable voltage direct cur rent, and a plurality of electrical current control means connected in parallel with each other and in series with said electrical generating means for rec¬ tifying and varying the current; and a plurality of shunt wound direct current motor means having rotor coils and field coils, said rotor coils for connectin together in parallel, and to the silicon control rec¬ tifier means in series with said power producing unit means for activation and control of varying speeds of said direct current motor means below 100% of base revolutions per minute, said field coils being connec ed in series through said electrical current control means with said electrical generating means and in parallel with each other for activating said direct current means in combination with said silicon contro -βUR OM . Λ, rectified means and controlling said varying speeds above said 100% of base revolutions per minute of said direct current motor means. 2. Apparatus as described in claim 1 wherein a pair of said plurality of direct current motor means are mounted to jointly and severally drive each of said propellers and propeller shafts through a common gear box, the shunt wound field coils of said pair of direct current motor means being connected in series to current controlled direct current, and the rotor coils to voltage controlled direct current. 3. Apparatus as described in claim 1 wherein at least one of said plurality of shunt wound direct current motor means is for driving auxiliary equipment, and its rotor coil is connected alternatively to the silicon control rectifier means of a pair of said plurality of direct current motor means, and its field coil is connected to an independent current control means. 4. Apparatus as described in claim 1 wherein said plural¬ ity of ' power producing unit means are mounted forwardly in said auxiliary marine vessel for substantially trim¬ ming said vessel when loaded and working without the use of ballast and the loss of space therefor. 5. Apparatus as described in claim 1 wherein said plurality of power using unit means are mounted aft in said aux- iliary marine vessel for minimizing the length of said propeller shafts and the space required for said shafts. 6. Method of interconnecting and controlling units of a power train mounted in an auxiliary marine vessel for • complementing the maximum efficiency operating charac eristics of each unit with the other units for maximu operating efficiency of the combination, comprising t steps of: mounting diesel engine means having limite speed control and adapted to drive fully loaded at maximum rated speed a constant speed alternating curr generator for an output of constant voltage and fre- quency alternating current with minimum fuel consumpt connecting power control units to said constant volta and frequency alternating current output, said power control units having silicon control rectifier means for rectifying some o£ said alternating current outpu mounting shunt wound direct current motors having per formance characteristics of constant maximum torque up to maximum rated revolution ' per minute and maximum constant shaft horsepower t erebeyond; and connecting said shunt wound direct current motor to the output of said power control units for controlling the revol utions per minute of said power using units to fully load said diesel engine means for delivering and usin maximum engine per brake horsepower hour.";OBRIEN H;OBRIEN H;1978
+WO-1980000449-A1;19800320.0;19780814;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141267.0;C10L1;;C10L1;C10L   1/32B, C10L   1/32D;FUELS AND METHODS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION;A fuel comprises an emulsion of coal and water with a distillate fuel oil or water with a distillate fuel oil which is rendered stable by blending a residual oil with the distillate fuel oil component of the emulsion. The use of surfactants is in this way avoided.;"This invention is concerend with fuels which comprise emulsions of coal and water with distillate fuel oil or water with a distillate fuel oil. A fuel of the first kind is described in my United States patent 3,941,552 as is a technique for rendering the emulsion stable. A fuel of the second kind is described in my United States patent No. 3,749,318 issued July 31, 1973. In each of those patents and as is generally recognized, there is a need for the fuel to be rendered stable i.e. to stabilize the emulsion so that it may be transported, stored and burned effectively. The usual technique to achieve this end is to add to the com¬ ponents of the emulsion one or more surfactants such as described, for example, in United States patent No. 3,210,168 issued October 5, 1965 to Arnold J. Morway. The problem is that these surfactants are relatively expensive and detract from rather than add to the calorific value of the fuels. The present invention seeks to provide fuels in emulsion form which are stable and which do not include costly surfactants. Brief Summary of the Invention According to this invention, there are provided emulsions of coal and water with distillate oil or water with distillate oil which are emulsified and which are stabilized by blending a residual oil with the fuel. In particular one can obtain an emulsion using No. 2 fuel oil blended with a residual oil such as No. 4 or No. 6. The 4 or 6 oil (or mixtures of those and other residual oils) are generally in the proportion of less than 10% by weight of the distillate oil. Description of a Preferred Embodiment A fuel of this invention comprises a mixture of about 50% by weight coal particles of about 200 mesh size; 20% water; 25% No. 2 distillate oil; and 5% of No. 4 residual oil. In producing the fuel a slurry is formed of the water and coal and the oils are blended. Thereafter the blended oil is united with the slurry of coal and water and the resultant mixture is subjected to agitation to cause the formation of an emulsion. The agitation may be sonic agitation or an homogenizer or other mixing means as, for example, described in my aforementioned patent No. 3,941,552. Another fuel according to this invention is produced by blending 5% of No. 6 residual oil with 80% of No. 2 fuel oil then admixing the resultant blend with water, the water comprising 15% by weight of the mixture. The mixture is then agitated to form an emulsion. In each of the fuels described hereabove, the emulsion is stable having a so-called shelf-life of at least 1 week before any appreciable deterioration of the emulsion can be discerned.";WHAT IS CLAIMED IS 1. A fuel comprises an emulsion of coal and water with a distillate oil or of water with a distillate oil which emulsion is rendered stable by admixing a residual oil with said distillate oil component of the emulsion. 2. A fuel as claimed in claim 1 wherein said residual oil comprises between 1% and 30% by weight of said distillate oil. 3. A fuel as claimed in claim 1 wherein said distillate oil is No. 2 fuel oil. 4. A fuel as claimed in claim 1 wherein said residual oil is No. 4 oil. 5. A fuel as claimed in claim 2 wherein said residual oil is No. 4 oil. 6. A fuel as claimed in claim 3 wherein said residual oil is No. 4 oil. 7. A fuel as claimed in claim 1 wherein said residual oil is No. 6 oil. 8. A fuel as claimed in claim 2 wherein said residual oil is No. 6 oil. 9. A fuel as claimed in claim 3 wherein said residual oil is No. 6 oil. 10. A method of making a f el which comprises making a mixture of coal and water with a distillate oil or water with a distillate oil, adding a residual oil and thereafter subjecting the mixture to agitation to form a stable emulsion. 11. A method as claimed in claim 9 wherein said residual oil is mixed with said distillate oil prior to making said mixture with coal and water or with water alone.;COTTELL E;COTTELL E;1978
+WO-1980000492-A1;19800320.0;19780814;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25200194.0;G01B9;;G01J3;G01J   3/453R;REFRACTIVELY SCANNED INTERFEROMETER;An interferometer, preferably of the Michelson type, in which the reflectors (19, 21) associated with the interferometer arms (15, 17) are stationary, and scanning is accomplished by motion of a wedge-shaped refractive element (23) in one of the arms, the orientation of the refractive element and its direction of motion (24) being in specific mathematically derived directions which minimize the translatory displacement of the transmitted optical beam.;"REFRACTIVELY SCANNED INTERFEROMETER BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION: This invention relates to the field of interferometry, and partic¬ ularly to scanning interferometers intended for use in spectrometry. More specifically, its primary focus is on improving Michelson inter¬ ferometers intended for use in infrared Fourier transform spectrosco¬ pe My previously filed application, Serial No. 790, 97, filed April 25, 1977, and also titled ""Refractively Scanned Interferometer"", dis¬ closes an interferometer wherein scanning is accomplished by means of a single, uncompensated refractive element, preferably wedge- shaped in cross- section, used in conjunction with stationary reflectors in both interferometer arms. The significant advantages of such an arrangement, which are discussed in detail in that application, include a very substantial improvement in motion control during scanning, which for the first time makes it practical to use Fourier transform spectro- scopy as an on-line technique for such purposes as stack monitoring, medical gas analysis, liquid and gaseous process control, and the ana¬ lysis of gas chromatography fractions. The use of a wedge-shaped prism for interferometer scanning can introduce a problem, unless the orientation and direction of motion of the prism are properly designed. This problem is the translatory mo- - tion, or lateral displacement, of the optical beam during scanning motion of the prism. The problem is particularly significant when retro-reflec¬ tors are used as the mirrors for the interferometer arms. The primary concern of this application is to prevent lateral opti- cal beam displacement due to scanning motion of the wedge. There is a second form of beam displacement, which depends on wavelength rather than wedge position. Specifically, the angle through which a beam of radiation is bent on passing through the wedge will vary with wavelength, due to the chromatic dispersion of the wedge index of refraction. In a ""compensated"" wedge design described to me by Aaron Kassel, a con- sultant, in January, 1976, he proposed a double- edge arrangement, in which a stationary compensating wedge was included, having the same apex angle as the moving wedge in order to avoid the chromatic dispersion effect. Such a double-wedge arrangement is subject to the same problem. of lateral beam displacement due to wedge motion as is my single wedge design. The concepts covered by this application are required with either the single, uncompensated scanning wedge design, or the double-wedge design in which an additional stationary wedge ""com¬ pensates"" for the chromatic dispersion effect. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION: The present invention substantially avoids the problem just stated by the use of an optimum combination of wedge prism orientation and direction of motion. The orientation and direction of motion are in math¬ ematically derived directions which minimize the displacement of the re¬ fracted optical beam. More specifically, the wedge-shaped prism is so oriented and so moved that the apparent deflection points of parallel rays passing through the different thicknesses of the prism remain stationary. This condition can be met by first determining the location of the imag¬ inary line passing through all such apparent deflection points, and then translating the prism in such a way that its apex remains on this line. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS: Figure 1 is a diagrammatic plan view of an interferometer incor¬ porating the present invention; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic showing of the displacement of the opt¬ ical beam which occurs when a wedge refractive element is used for scan ning in the absence of the present invention; . Figure 3 is similar to Figure 2, except that it illustrates the in- , : creased scope of the problem when retro- reflectors are used instead of flat mirrors; • Figure 4 illustrates the explanation of the mathematical basis of this invention, showing a plan view of a wedge prism; and O Figure 5 illustrates a particular case of the mathematical analy¬ sis, in which the incident and emergent optical angles of the wedge prism are equal. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS: Figure 1 shows an interferometer coupled to a Fourier transform spectroscope. In this interferometer, a radiation source 11, prefer¬ ably using infra-red light, propagates radiation toward a beam-splitter 13, which causes a reflected beam 15 to take one path and a transmitted beam 17 to take another path. The beam 15 is shown being reflected back toward the beam-split¬ ter by a stationary reflector 19, preferably a retro- reflector. This re¬ flector determines the path length of radiation in the arm of the interfer¬ ometer which provides an unchanged path length. The other beam 17 is also reflected back toward the beamsplitter by a stationary reflector 21 , also shown as a retro- reflector. However, the path length of the radiation in this arm of the interferometer is changed by a refractive device. A single wedge-shaped member 23 is interposed as a scanning prism in the path of beam 17 between beamsplitter 13 and mirror 21. This wedge-shaped member is movable across the path of the beam, in the direction shown by the arrow 24, for the purpose of varying the length of the path by changing the thickness of refractive .material through which the radiation passes. A suitable driving means 25 is associated with wedge- shaped member 23 to move it back and forth across the path of the beam 17, thereby scanning the effective radiation path length. The reflected beams 15 and 17 are recombined at the -^beamsplitter 13, and a portion of the recombined radiation is propagated toward a suit¬ able detector 27, which responds to the radiation intensity. That-intensity will vary as the refractive wedge is moved across the path of radiation in one interferometer arm, thereby changing the phase relationship between radiation in that arm and radiation in the other, unchanging- length interferometer arm. Where the interferometer is used for spectrometry, a sample 29 of the material being analyzed may be placed either between the detec¬ tor 27 and the beamsplitter, as shown, or between the light source 11 and the beamsplitter. The interferometer of Figure 1 is shown as a ""dual detector"" sys¬ tem. Such an arrangement, which is made possible by the use of retro- reflectors, rather than flat mirrors, uses a second detector 31 to re¬ ceive radiation 33 propagated back in the general direction of the ""source;' but along a line parallel to, not coincident with, the radiation from the source. This separation between the beam from the source and the beam 33 permits the use of the second detector 31. If the electrical signals from both detectors are properly scaled and summed, the net signal can be nulled (i. e. , a zero output will be obtained for equal detector path lengths and no sample). When the sample is then placed between the beamsplitter and one of the detectors, the signal obtained will depend only on the properties of the sample. This ""dual detector"" approach greatly reduces the dynamic range required by the Fourier Transform computation equipment. Figure 1 also shows diagrammatically components of an electronic system used in a Fourier transform spectrometer, which would include a summing amplifier 35, a computer 37, and a spectral display 39. Coming now to the heart of the present invention, we consider the - optimum orientation of the wedge refractive element 23, and its desired direction of motion during scanning. As shown in Figure 2, the wedge refractive element 23 a, of the shape indicated, is not correctly aligned, if it is assumed to move in the direction of arrow 24a. The solid and dashed lines illustrate two posi¬ tions of wedge 23a during scanning; and the solid and dashed beams 41a and 43a show the beam (or ray) displacement caused by changes in the wedge position. In this figure, the stationary reflectors are shown as flat mirrors 19a and 21a. With such flat reflectors, beam displacement will generally not be a serious problem since each ray will, as shown, be directed back along its path of incidence. However, when retro- reflectors are used, a significant problem arises. For reasons discussed in detail in my prior application, identi¬ fied above, the use of retro- reflectors is highly desired, particularly in conjunction with my wedge refractive element. Figure 3 illustrates the beam displacement problem caused by the use of retro- reflectors in com¬ bination with a refractive scanning element. Here the displaced ray 43b (shown by the dashed lines) follows a different path after reflection and will not be coincident at the beamsplitter 13b with the corresponding ray 15b of the other interferometer arm. The situation is not quite as severe as Figure 3 may at first seem to imply, since for an extended wavefront there will still be a region of overlap of the two beams at .the beamsplitter. However, the efficiency of the interferometer will progressively degrade as the displacement be¬ comes worse. This will be especially pronounced if the wave fronts are curved, as will usually be the case. The solid and dashed curved lines 45 and 47 of Figure 3 indicate surfaces of constant optical phase. With proper alignment, the constant phase surfaces of the beams emerging from the two arms will be parallel, and constructive interference will occur simultaneously across the whole wavefront. On the other hand, if one of the beams is displaced, the surfaces will no longer be parallel, and lines (fringes) of alternating constructive and destructive interfer- --- ence will occur. This will greatly reduce the magnitude of the interfer- ogram obtained. The present invention minimizes beam displacement in a moving wedge by the use of an optimum combination of wedge orientation and .i _ . , direction of motion. The theoretical treatment which follows will serve to establish a general set of conditions for optimum performance. __ Figure 4 shows a generalized prism with two parallel optical rays following the paths indicated by the solid lines 51 and 53. Each of these rays has three segments, labeled respectively with the added letters (a), (b) , and (c). The points at which the lower ray 51 enters and leaves the * prism are labeled as (X j J- and (X 2> γ )* τhe an S les of deflection at the two surfaces are fi * and ft „. These can be calculated from Snell's law. For reference, we will assume a coordinate system centered at the prism apex, 55, with its x axis 57 parallel to the direction of pro¬ pagation of the parallel ray 51 (b) and 53 (b) within the prism. The first and second prism surfaces 59 and 61 make angles ° ., and < → with this x axis. If we extend the incident and emergent rays 51 (a) and 51 (c) by constructing the dotted lines 51 (d) and 51 (e) we find that these lines intersect at an apparent deflection point, labeled P (x, y). Likewise we will let P (x', y f ) designate the apparent deflection point of ray 53. If we wish to avoid beam displacement while translating the prism, we must find a direction of motion which does not change the apparent deflection points of the individual rays. We first note that if we draw a large number of parallel rays, all of these will have appar¬ ent deflection points falling on some line, 63. Furthermore, as we draw rays which intersect the prism closer to the apex 55, we find that line 63 must pass through the apex. The task at hand is to find the locus of the series of points P(x, y), i. e. : the equation of line 63. Once this line is determined, it is obvious that the exit path will not vary as long 'as the prism is translated in such a way as to keep the locus of apparent deflection points fixed in space. This will be true as long as the locus is a straight line, the prism is not rotated, and the movement is such as to keep the apex on the original locus 63. The solution is as follows. First note that the equations- of the inci dent and emergent rays are : . ' ' ~ (y-Y j ) = tan f χ (x-X^ (1) and (y-Y 2 ) = tan ^ (x-X 2 ) (2) , - Since ""P"" is the only point common to the two lines, we can solve OM WIP (1) and (2) simultaneously to obtain x and y in terms of the other para¬ meters. Each of these parameters is either an initial condition or can be found from Snell's law. The situation can be simplified by noting that the x axis 57 is par¬ allel to the light path in the prism. In this case, Y→ = Y ? = Y and equa¬ tions (1) and (2) become : y-Y = B j (x-X α ) (3) and y-Y = B→, (x-X g ) (4) where B 1 = tan A → , and B 2 = tan ' φ . We know that X^Y/A j and X 2 = Y/A„, where A- = tan^ and A ? = tan < . . Equation (3) thus becomes: * y-Y = B 1 (x-Y /A j ) or y-Y = -YB 1 /A 1 + B j X ' • or Y (B 1 /A 1 -l) = B j X-y. Dividing this by the similar form for equation (4) and re- arranging we obtain: χ B ^ B ^ Q) ___ y (1 _ c) (5) where we define C as C = (B-./A.. - 1) / (B ^ /A ^ -l). Since Bw , B„, A- , -and A„ are given constants, we see that equa- "" tion (5) describes a straight line through the origin. This is the locus of apparent deflection points. As a useful example, we take the symmetrical case of equal incident and emergent angles between the rays and the first and second .prism sur¬ faces. Again choosing the x axis parallel to the propagation- irection in the prism, we see that ^ = 180 - ft , < ~ 1 = 180 - c^ , and therefore B- = -B and A, = -A„. We have C=l and therefore x = 0. The locus is thus the y axis, which in this case is the center line of the prism. This is illustra¬ ted in Figure 5, wherein the locus of apparent deflection points P is on the center line 65 of the wedge-shaped prism. OMPI WIPO To summarize, we have found that the locus of apparent deflection points is a straight line passing through the apex of the prism. The em gent beams will remain stationary as long as the prism is moved in suc a way as to keep this locus fixed in space. This will be accomplished if the prism is moved in pure translation with its apex continuously on the locus; ie: the direction of motion must be along the locus. If the wedge tip is somewhat truncated, the apex is, of course, the point at which its sides would meet if extended. Referring back to the complete interferometer shown in Figure 1 , it will be apparent that the orientation and motion direction of the wedge like prism 23 are intended to maintain the apparent deflection point of beam 17 in the prism at substantially the same point in space as the prism is moved in the direction of arrow 24 for scanning purposes. This is insured by arranging that the apex of the prism moves along a line de fined by the series of apparent deflection points of the beam 17 in the moving prism. The following claims are intended not only to cover the specific embodiments disclosed, but also to cover the inventive concepts explain herein with the maximum breadth and comprehensiveness permitted by the prior art. The following meanings are intended for certain words used in the claims. The word ""uncompensated"" refers to the fact that no oppositely angled wedge is needed to bend the light back to its original direction. The word ""wedge"" is to be construed broadly to cover any refractive ele ment which changes the length of the light path as the ""wedge"" is moved across the light path. The word ""retro- reflector"" means reflectors which have the property of returning an incident beam in a cfixection par lel, to the direction of incidence, regardless of that direction, "" such as ""cube corner"", ""cats-eye"", or ""roof top"", reflectors. - J";"WHAT I CLAIM IS: 1. A scanning interferometer, of the type wherein an interference pattern is generated by comparing light components traveling along, res¬ pectively, a first fixed- length path and a second variable- length path, corώprising; a first stationary reflector determining the length of the first path; a second stationary reflector at the end of the second path; and a wedge-shaped prism intersecting the second path and movable across such path to cause path length scanning; the orientation of the prism and its direction of scanning- motion being such that the apparent deflection point of each optical ray passing through the prism remains at substantially the same position through¬ out scanning motion of the prism. 2. The scanning interferometer of Claim 1 wherein the incident and emergent angles of the optical beam passing through the prism are equal. 3. The scanning interferometer of Claim ' 2 wherein the direction of scanning motion of the prism is along its center line. 4. The scanning interferometer of Claim 1 wherein the stationary reflectors are retro- reflectors. 5. The scanning interferometer of Claim 4 wherein the wedge-shaped prism is a single, uncompensated refractive element. 6. A Michelson- type interferometer comprising: two stationary reflectors; and scanning means comprising a moving wedge- like refraction member which varies the light path length to and from one of the statio¬ nary reflectors; -t ... - the wedge- like member being arranged to move in puϊe trans¬ lation with its apex continuously on a line defined by the series of- apparent deflection points of the light in the moving refractive member. ' 7. The Michelson-type interferometer of Claim 6 wherein the stationary reflectors are retro- reflectors. 8. The Michelson- type interferometer of Claim 7 wherein the wedge¬ like member is a single , uncompensated refractive element. 9. A Michelson interferometer comprising : Two stationary reflectors; and scanning means comprising a moving wedge- like refractive member which varies the light path length to and from one of the station ary reflectors; the wedge- like member being arranged to move in such a way that the apparent deflection point of the light in the refractive member r mains on a line, the locus of which is defined by the following equation: x Ctan ø j - C tan f ) = y (1-C) where C = (tan 1 /tan °< 1 - 1)/ (tan β 2 /tan<< - 1 ), and where the angles → and β _ specify the direction of the incident and emergent beams respectively and **-.→ and ° ? specify the orientations of the first and second wedge surfaces respectively, all of these angles bei measured from an axis parallel to the propagation direction within the wedge. 10. The Michelson- type interferometer of Claim 9 wherein- the station¬ ary reflectors are retro- reflectors. 11. The Michelson-type interferometer of Claim 10 wherein the wedge like member is a single, uncompensated refractive element. 12. An interferometer comprising: a beamsplitter for directing radiation from a source in optical pat along two diverging arms of the interferometer; a first stationary reflector at the end of one interferometer arm; a second stationary reflector at the end of the other interferomete arm; ' - - a single refractive element in one of the interferometer arms for varying the optical path length in that arm; and means for causing translational motion of said refractive element across the optical path; -li¬ the orientation of the refractive element and its direction of motion being such that the apparent deflection point of the optical beam passing through the refractive element remains at substantially the same position throughout the motion of the refractive element. 13. The interferometer of Claim 12 wherein the stationary reflectors are retro-reflectors.";DOYLE W;DOYLE W;1978
+WO-1980000516-A1;19800320.0;19780828;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25118283.0;H04B1;G08B1, H04B1;G07C9, G08B1, G08B21, G08B25, H04B1;G07C   9/00E22, G08B   1/08, G08B  21/00, G08B  21/04, G08B  25/01D, H04B   1/034B;SWITCH MEANS FOR RADIO ALARM DEVICE;In a miniature concealable radio alarm transmitter (6) to be worn on the person, a switch means to activate the transmitter. The transmitter is preferably flat in shape, and includes a small battery (2) which extends across the end of the circuit board (6). Two spring contact members (3, 3') extend adjacent each end of the battery (2), which has button-type terminals (12, 12') on its ends. A soft sponge elastomer spacer (4, 4') is fitted between each contact member (3, 3') and its end of the battery. The spacer has a central hole. Finger pressure against either spring member (3, 3') forces it toward the adjacent battery terminal (12, 12') to make contact therewith. To connect the battery (2) to the circuit and energize the alarm transmitter, both spring members (3, 3') must be squeezed toward each other from opposite sides of the transmitter, making contact with each battery terminal. It is thus difficult to accidentally activate the transmitter. The switch means comprises two switches in series. The whole device is preferably cased in a bag-like enclosure (5) of soft flexible material with a cord (8) adapted to be hung around the wearer's neck.;"S itch Means for Radio Alarm Device Miniature radio transmitters worn on the person are known for the purpose of summoning police or medical aid in case of emergency. Such a transmitter may have a range of 100 or 200 m, and may form a part of a system that includes a re¬ ceiver which is adapted to activate an alarm or a telephone dialing device. The transmitter itself is preferably worn on the person, as by a neck strap or cord, and may be about the size of a paper match book or a cigarette lighter. Ordinary switches are not suitable for activating such a -tsTansmi-feter. --A—toggle -swi ch-for.example^e^^ -es-^t^g^hands-, one to hold the t transmitter»and the other-,.tp flip the switch;. Ordinary push-button switches are susceptible to false opera- ' ""tiofi when'the.-- earer.cleans against an object or;,, .in the case' of a cardiac patient, turns over in bed. "" -- "" "" '- ■ "" "" -'- , A switch means is needed-which is operable with one *,, , ' hand, requires little--space, cannot be operated.,by pressures! incident to normal activities, and is operable silefrttly in',a ' ■ -t - '. concealed manner. • ,.-,, . The present invention provides in a inature' a arm . t* . transmitter device adapted to be worn on the body -o'f a person' under the clothing: a battery, and a miniature radio trans¬ mitter built on a circuit board, said battery having a ' OMPI -2- terminal at each of its opposite ends and extending generall parallel to one side portion of said board; a pair of resil¬ ient metal spring contact and support members each secured to a said side portion adjacent one of said terminals and havin a contact portion extending generally outward opposite to on of said terminals; a pair of ring-like resilient insulating spacers each positioned between each said contact portion an its adjacent said terminal, said spacers electrically sepa¬ rating both said contact portions and terminals and also supporting said battery by its said terminals from said mem¬ bers, and an outer housing in the form of a soft flexible ba closing both said battery and transmitter, whereby squeezing pressure through said outer housing, simultaneously against both said support members toward each other is adapted to press both said contacts against their respective battery terminals to activate said transmitter. The transmitter comprises a circuit board about 4 cm. square with a small stick-shaped batter extending across one end. A suitable battery is a type known as NEDA 220, which delivers 15 volts and is about 1.5 cm. in diameter by 3.3 cm. long, with button-type terminals at its opposite ends. In the accompanying drawings:- Figure 1 is a front view of a transmitter and switch means according to the invention, with the soft case shown i section; - Figure 2 ""is a detail section view of one of the switch means; Figure 3 is a partial back perspective view of the ^ cir- .cuit-bo-ard -and a spring member; and . ... ? cFigure 4 is a partial sectional view of an. encapsulated transmitter. • ..'-.-In -Figure 1 the transmitter 1 is shown in block form. It will be understood that in practice it is typically a. suitable assembly of fifteen or twenty electronic components on a printed circuit board 6 of known type. - The- battery 2 preferably extends across the top edge 16 of the circuit board 6. It is supported by its ends through soft elastomeric spacers 4, 4', which in turn are held y OMPI -3- against the ends of the battery 2 by flat spring members 3, 3'. The whole assembly of transmitter 1 on board 6, and battery 2, may preferably be encased in a soft flexible bag-like case 5, which is shown in section. Case 5 may have a neck cord 8 attached to it, as shown. The transmitter 1 may be provided with an indicator lamp 7, normally a small light-emitting diode which protrudes through a small hole in the case 5. The indicator lamp 7 is preferably connected so that it lights when the switching contact pairs are both closed and the battery 2 is operable. Pressure against the points opposite the battery ends, as indicated by arrows Pi and ^ , serves to close the con¬ tacts to the battery and energize ' the transmitter 1. Figure 2 shows a cross-section of one of the switching elements. The ends of battery 2 carry button-type terminals 12, 12'. Opposite these terminals are contact buttons 13, 13 ' , which are soldered or otherwise fastened to the spring members 3, 3'. The terminal 12 and contact button 13 are held apart by the elastomeric spacer 4, which has an opening in the middle to clear them. The spacer 4 may be ' made of sponge or foam rubber or other material of similar physical properties. A suitable force P 2 , Figure 2, will press the contacts 12 and 13 together against the elastic separating force of the spacer 4. The construction at the other end of the battery, not shown in Figure 2, is the same. Referring back to Figure 1, both spring members 3 and 3' must be pressed toward each other by forces P-^ and P2 for contact to be made at both ends of the battery 2 to energize the trans¬ mitter 1. It will not do, e.g., to hold the transmitter 1 in one hand and press with the other hand against only "" one side of the device, either at P, or at P.. ' "" • -. ■ It will be apparent that other spring-type switching means may be used within the purview of the' invention,- pro¬ vided that they are dual in character and located at opposite points on the device. Figure 3 shows a preferred detailed construction for the spring members 3, 3'. Only member 3 is shown. It may be made of spring bronze or the like about 0.1 mm. thick. The side portion extends perpendicular to the "" plane of the boar 6 as shown. A bent-under portion 33 is provided which is fastened, as by soldering, to a suitable conductor 34 on th back side of the circuit board 6. The second spring member 3' , not shown in Figure 3, may be made and mounted in the same manner. Referring to Figure 4, a cross-section is shown of a modification in which the circuit board 6 and the transmitt 1 are encapsulated or potted in a suitable material. The front encapsulation is indicated at 10a, enclosing and wate proofing the electronic components such as are indicated at 18. The back side of the circuit board 6 may also be encap sulated or coated as at 10b. It will be noted that the battery 2 and its associated holding and contact and switching means 3, 4 are not part o the circuit board. The flat spring members 3, 3' protrude off the top edge 16 of the board 6. The spacers 4, 4 1 may be made of cellular foam-like material which liquids will not flow through, and be cement both to the spring members 3, 3"" and to the ends of the bat tery 2, making a waterproof assembly. In addition, the sof flexible case 5 may be sealed against the entry of water so that, for example, the whole device may be worn in a bathro shower. Such encapsulation and sealing is not feasible wit conventional switches which use, for example, internal slid or toggle mechanisms, since such a switch would have to be mounted on the circuit board 6. In addition, the switching and battery-support means of the invention has been found t permit a substantial reduction in size and weight of the co plete device, so that it can be worn comfortably under the clothing.";"What I claim is : 1. In a miniature alarm transmitter device adapted to be worn on the body of a person under the clothing: a bat¬ tery, and a miniature radio transmitter built on a circuit board, said battery having a terminal at each of its opposite ends and extending generally parallel to one side portion of said board; . a pair of resilient metal spring contact and sup¬ port members each secured to a said side portion adjacent one of said terminals and having a contact portion extending generally outward opposite to one of said terminals; a pair of ring-like resilient insulating spacers each positioned between each said contact portion and its adjacent said terminal, said spacers electrically separating both said con¬ tact portions and terminals and also supporting said battery by its said terminals from said members, and an outer housing in the form of a soft flexible bag enclosing both said bat¬ tery and transmitter, whereby squeezing pressure through said outer housing simultaneously against both said support mem¬ bers toward each other is adapted t*o.press both said contacts against their respective battery terminals to activate said tr nsmitter. 2. A device as in claim 1 wherein each said spacer is of cellular elastomeric material impervious to water. 3. A device as in claim 2, further comprising: a waterproof encapsulant encasing said transmitter inside said outer housing, and waterproof cement between each said spacer and its adjacent said member and terminal. 4. A device as in claim 1, 2 or 3, further comprising: a neck strap secured to said outer housing, said device being wearable around the neck under the clothing and energizable by squeezing against opposite sides of said device.";CATALDO T;CATALDO T;1978
+WO-1980000601-A1;19800403.0;19780907;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20333575.0;F04C1;F01C1;F01C1;F01C   1/16B;APPARATUS FOR TRANSFORMING PRESSURE AND/OR FLOW MOTION OF A FLUID TO ROTATIONAL MOTION OF A BODY,OR VICE VERSA;An apparatus for transforming pressure and/or flow motion of a fluid into rotational movement of a body, or vice versa, which apparatus includes a house (1), a central screw (3) and at least one additional screw (5a, 5b) cooperating therewith, said screws being positioned in channels (2, 4a, 4b) in said house. Pipe members (6a, 6b) are provided for the supply of a fluid to the channels of the house, said central screw being fixed to one of said pipe members. An energy transfer means (1, 30, 35) is provided integral with said house for transferring, in respect of a unit exterior to the house, a rotational movement from or to said house. For permitting supply and discharge of fluid at the same end of said house, said pipe members are disposed in each other, the inner pipe member (6b) communicating with a channel through said central screw for conveying said fluid to the other end of said house where the fluid is diverted by an end wall to be conveyed back through the channels in the house.;"APPARATUS FOR TRANSFORMING PRESSURE AND/OR FLOW MOTION OF A FLUID TO ROTA_ TIONA MOTION OF A BODY . OR VICE VERSA The present invention relates to an apparatus for transforming pressure and/or flow motion of a fluid, to rotational motion of a body, or vice vers . TECHNICAL FIELD Such apparatus include pumps in which the rotational movement of a ' rotatable body is imparted on a fluid, and motors in which the flow motion of a fluid is imparted on a rotational body. As disclosed in the following description the apparatus according to the invention has yet wider appliancies and advantageously may be incorporated as a rotor means in an electrical motor or an electrical generator. PRIOR ART The apparatus according to the invention is based on the technique of screw pumps. Screw pumps include at least two screws which operate in engagement and are provided rotatably in channels of a pump house against which they make contact, such that the fluid surrounding the screws is displaced in the longitudinal direction of the screws under influence of movement of the threads of the screws. A prior art screw pump operates with three screws, a central screw and two peripheral screws, of which screws only the central one is driven. The peripheral screws are provided diametral y opposed in engagement with the central screw. These outer screws run freely and serve as sealing slides. In this prior art screw pump the house is stationary and the central screw is connected to a motor for rotation in the house. U.S. patent specification No. 3,263,619 discloses a screw pump having a central screw and several peripheral screws engaged therewith. The central screw is stationary while the pump house is rotational. On the casing portion of the house a rotor means of that kind which is part o an electrical machine is attached, while a suitable electrical stator surrounds -the rotor and is supported in a case, in relation to which the central screw is stationarily fixed. In operating this latter apparatus as a screw pump the house is cause to rotate in that the rotor of the electrical machine is rotated. In thi way a fluid can be conveyed between the stationary central screw and the peripheral screws which latter in view of engagement with the stationary screw are brought to rotation when the house is rotated. The screw pump described in said U.S. patent specification No. 3,263, in several cases operates well. However, the structure of this screw pump is both compl cated and bulky. Moreover, the medium to be conveyed is fed to one side of the screw pump and taken out on the other side which is an obstacle to many appliancies of the screw pump. PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION The purpose of the invention is to achieve a new apparatus for trans¬ forming pressure and/or flow motion of a fluid to rotational movement of a body, or vice versa, which apparatus has an essentially simpler and less bulky structure than prior art screw pumps of this kind. This purpose is achieved by means of an apparatus for transforming pressure and/or flow motion of a fluid to rotational movement of a body, or vice versa, which apparatus comprises a first screw member provided in a central, first through channel in the house and provided with at least one thread around its periphery, which screw member is adapted for cooperation with at least one second screw member disposed in a second channel in the house in parallel with the first channel. The second channe communicates with said first channel along at least a portion of its exten sion, the thread of the second screw member being complementary with and engages the thread of the first screw member. According to the invention this apparatus is distinguished in that a first pipe member fixedly connected to said first screw member is in fluid tight rotational relation to the channels of the house at one end of the house, while the other end of the house is closed, that the first screw me ber has a longitudinal through channel which at one end connects to a se- f O cond pipe member within the first pipe member establishing an annular channel between said pipe members, and at its other end communicating with said channels in the house for establishing a fluid flow path from the second pipe member through the channel of the first screw member and the channels of the house to the annular channel, or vice versa. The threads of the screw members may be conventionally embodied. However, according to a preferred embodiment the threads are embodied as a cylindrical core around the periphery of which at least one strip or wire member is wound for forming threads, said strip or wire member at the ends thereof being attached to the core while between said ends being provided for movement. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is described more in detail in the following and with reference to the enclosed drawing including Figs. 1 to 4. Fig. 1 is a partly broken and partly longitudinally sectioned view of a first embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention employed as an electrically driven pump, or a generator driven by means of a fluid for producing an electrical current. Fig. 2 is a cross-section of a second embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention, a toothed transmission member being provided on the house of the apparatus around its casing portion; the apparatus according to this embodiment may be employed as a pump driven by means of the transmission member, or as a fluid motor where the power is taken out over the transmission member. Fig. 3 depicts the apparatus according to the invention employed as a pump driven by means of a drive belt, or as a fluid motor transferring kinetic energy to a drive belt. Fig. 4 illustrates a view similar to Fig. 1 of another embodiment of the invention which is suitable to operate as a hub in a wheel. PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY In Fig. 1 one embodiment of the apparatus according to the invention is disclosed, which embodiment primarily is intended for use as an electric- ally driven pump for conveying a fluid. However, as is evident from the following description below this embodiment may also be utilized as an electrical generator for generating electrical current. In Fig. 1 the unit which is essential for the invention is referenced IJVTREA "" , Λ, vvipo "" 10 and is surrounded- by a unit 20 which, as mentioned below, is comprised of a stator in an electrical machine. In the following the unit 10 is first described. This unit is also shown in cross-section in Fig. 2, where, however, the unit is provided with a gear 30. The unit 10 comprises a house 1 as a cylindrical body having a longitudinal, central cylindrical through channel 2 and two diametrically opposed cylindrical, likewise through channels 4a and 4b. The diametrically opposed or peripheral channels 4a, 4b are parallel with the central channel 2 and their central axes are dis¬ posed in the same plane as the central axis of the central channel, each at a distance therefrom which is less than the sum of the radius of the cen¬ tral channel and the radius of the peripheral channel in question. Thus, the peripheral channels intersect the central channel and there is communi¬ cation between the central channel 2 and the peripheral channels 4a, 4b along their entire extensions. - A central screw member 3 is provided in the central channel 2 in rota¬ tional relation to the house, the threads of the screw member sealing against the walls of the channel 2. In the same manner rotational screw members 5a and 5b with the threads are provided in each of the peripheral channels 4a and 4b, respectively, outer surfaces of the threads of said screw members sealingly engaging the boundary surface of the respective channel . The threads of the peripheral screw members 5a, 5b are complementary with the threads of the central screw member 3 and are in sealingly engage¬ ment therewith. The central screw member 3 is provided stationary while the house 1 is rotatable. The apparatus described above essentially corresponds to the embodi¬ ment of the previously known screw pump according to said U.S. patent spe- c.ification. In the embodiment illustrated in Fig. 1 the unit 10 is thus structured t the central screw member 3 with both its end portions extends from the house 1 and is inserted into cylindrical pipe members 6a and 6b, respec¬ tively. The central screw member at one end portion 3a at least thereof is rigidly fixed to the associated pipe member 6a, e.g. by press fitting. Between the pipe members and the house 1 a sealing means 8 of suitable kind is provided for preventing fluid leakage. This sealing means 8 can be embodied in numerous different ways, all as to wish. However, in the embodi¬ ment illustrated in Fig. 1 said sealing means is comprised of a circular end plate which by press fit is fixed in a recess in the house at the end portion thereof, said recess being coaxial with said first channel. A sealing ring 12 is positioned between the bottom of said recess .and the end plate. The peripheral screw members 5a, 5b at their ends are embodied cone- -shaped tapering into a cylindrical pin part having reduced cross-section for reduction of friction, if any, between the peripheral screw members and said sealing means 8. The embodiment of Fig. T is adapted for electrical drive. To this end the house 1 is embodied as a rotor of an electrical machine with a stator 20, which is schematically disclosed in phantom. The electrical machine formed by house 1 and stator 20 can be of any suitable kind, appropriate electrical adaptation being provided between house 1 and stator 20. Thus, in the embodiment according to Fig. 1 house 1 is provided with energy transferring or transforming means (the rotor) adapted to im¬ part rotational movement to the house from a unit (the stator) positioned exterior to the house, or to receive rotational movement from the house for transferring this energy to a unit (the stator) positioned exterior to the house. In that case the embodiment according to Fig. 1 is intended to be used as a pump, house 1 may be structured as a rotor of any kind of electrical motor, both DC- or AC-type, stator 20 of course being adapted to the struc¬ ture of the rotor. In AC-appliancies the motor may be of one phase of multiple phase type. In that case a reversible operation of the pump is required, such a motor is of course used that permits simple reversion of the direc¬ tion of rotation on the control panel of the motor. In that case the embodiment of Fig. 1 is intended to be used as a fluid generator for producing current, the house or the rotor, similarly to the above, may be of either DC- or AC-type, dependent on the wish for producing DC or AC-current. In this case house 1 can be embodied as a rotor of any suitable electrical generator, the stator of course being adapted to the structure of the rotor. Supposing the embodiment of Fig. 1 relates to an application of the apparatus according to the invention as a pump for conveying a fluid through pipe members 6a, 6b, then the rotor, i.e. house 1, preferably is structured as the rotor of an asynchronous motor. Thus, the house is provided with a sheet package having electrical conductors 11 countersunk in its casing portion. Stator 20 is provided with corresponding windings (not shown), for the driving of rotor 1. Electrical power is fed to stator 20 over leads 22, It is evident that the channels 2, 4a, 4b are made through the sheet package of house 1 and so a simple method of manufacturing is achieved. In case the fluid conveyed through house 1 tends to create corrosion or in any other way interfere with the boundary walls of the channels 2, 4a, 4b, these walls are preferably covered by means of a protective coating, or the channels are made in a bushing which is fastened within house 1. In the embodiment according to Fig. 1, where the central screw member is rigidly attached to the pipe member 6a, a bracket 9 is provided between stator 20 and pipe member 6a fer the fixing of this latter. Stator 20 is fixed in space by means of its base plate (not shown). Contrary to the "" apparatus according to said U.S. patent specification No. 3,263,619, in the apparatus according to the invention the energy trans¬ ferring means is integrated with the house. ' In this way a.compact and simp- le apparatus is achieved. It is appreciated that unit 10 within the scope of the invention can take great variety of embodiments, all of which disclose the characterizing features of the invention, viz. 1) that the central screw member is stationary attached to at least one of the pipe members for the feed and the discharge of a fluid, and 2) that the house is rotational and is provided with an energy trans¬ fer means for transferring rotational movements onto or from the house. Thus in unit 10 both the pipe members or only one thereof may extend into house 1, the sealing means 8 being modified for suitable adaptation thereto. House 1 does not either need to have cylindrical shape. However, for achieving balance in rotating the house it is preferred that the house has a symmetrical cross section in view of at least one lateral axis. Moreover, the peripheral screw members 5a, 5b can be provided with threads along a limited portion of their extensions, in which case communi¬ cation between the central channel 2 and the peripheral channels 4a, 4b can be limited to said portion. Moreover, the peripheral channels 4a, 4b in house 1 need not be through channels but can be closed at one end thereof by means of a wall fixedly connected to the house 1. The end portions of the peripheral screw members 5a, 5b may also be arbitrarily shaped; the shape of the end portions of the peripheral screw members disclosed in Ftg. 1 is preferred since this shape provides a reduced contact surface against said sealing means 8, the friction action thereby OM becoming small . The central screw member 3 can also be fixed at both its ends to the associated pipe members 6a, 6b. Moreover one of the pipe members can be attached to the house. This is particularly advantageous when unit 10 is employed as an oil pump for feeding oil to a combustion chamber, in which case the end of the pipe member facing away from house .1 can be bent and provided with means for discharging the oil into the combustion chamber at an angle to the pipe axis. When operating the pump the discharge end will rotate and the oil is spread over large area in the combustion chamber. In electrical appliancies house 1 preferably has its ends or end por¬ tions prolonged from the associated stator unit, the sealing against the pipe member 6a, 6b. being made outside the electrical machine. In this way greater safety is achieved in operation, since a failure in said seal- ing means will not permit leaking fluid to damage the electrical machine. Moreover, it is appreciated that if house 1 of the apparatus is a rotor of an electrical machine, this machine either being a motor or a generator, conventional commutators, slip rings and brushes can be pro¬ vided if required for the particular appliance. Said sealing means 8 can also be completed by bearing means of any kind, if considered advantageous in any specific embodiment of the appa¬ ratus according to the invention. Moreover, said screw members can have an arbitrary number of threads. It is realized that a greater number of threads result in a better sealing between the screw members and permits a higher pressure at the discharge end, when unit 10 is utilized as a pump. The pitch of the threads of the screw members is not critical but can be adapted to a value suitable for each application. A lower pitch will result in a better sealing between the screw members. Moreover, an increase of the distance along which the threads of the screw members engage each other also result in an ability of unit 10 for providing high pressure at its discharge end, when said unit is utilized as a pump. In the above description and according to the embodiment of Fig. 1 all screw members are cylindrical. However, in the apparatus the screw members may be embodied as other bodies of rotation and in that connection also the associated channels, such as cones or truncated cones. In this latter case, which due to more difficult conditions of manufacturing is less appropriate, the top of the central conical screw member is positioned adjacent the base surface of the peripheral conical screw members. The shape or cross-section of the threads is substantially trapezoi- dal. However, said threads can have any suitable cross-section, which for the application in question permits an appropriate or required sealing between the screw members and the house on one hand, and between the central screw member and the periphera-1 screw members on the other hand. Above and in the following description of the invention as well as in the claims the expression ""screw member"" includes any type of rotational body, the periphery of which is provided with one or several ridges or threadsspirally wound around said member, grooves being defined between adjacent ridges or threads. Conventionally the threads are made integral with the rotational body as a "" screw member. However, in accordance with the invention one or several of the screw members can ibe comprised of a core having one or several strips or wire members spirally wound around the core, and having desired cross-section. In this case a cylindrical core is pre¬ ferred. Preferably said wire member is comprised of spring wire material, the ends thereof -being fixed to the core, e.g. by welding, while said wire member intermediate its fixed points is displaceable in the longitudi¬ nal direction of the core. It is realized that also for this embodiment of the screw members, the threads of the central screw member formed by the wire member is to be complementary with the threads of said one or several peripheral screw members. Of course all screw members need not be structur- ed in one or the other way, but it is only required that the threads are complementary structured for giving the required sealing against the boundary walls of channels 2, 4a, 4b in the house 1 on one hand, and between the central screw member and the peripheral screw members on the other hand. It is realized that the capacity of the apparatus of the invention entirely is a matter of dimension which is substantially dependent on the diameter of the screw member and the number of peripheral screw members, which cooperate with the central screw member. Although the embodiment of the apparatus of the invention which has been described with reference to Fig. 1, includes two peripheral screw members 5a, 5b which cooperate with the central screw member 3, any number of the peripheral screw members can be arranged in the house in associated peri¬ pheral channels. For securing balance of the house and uniform operation in the apparatus it is required that the peripheral screw members are _ OM h>. ip uniformly distributed around the central screw member. A greater number of the peripheral screw members results in an increased capacity of the apparatus although the pressure, which can be attained with the apparatus when utilized as a pump, on the output side of the apparatus will be less. In the embodiment according to Fig. 1 of the apparatus of the inven¬ tion the peripheral screw members are shown with a smaller dimension than the central screw member. This relation depends on the fact that in view hereof the radial dimension of house 1 can be maintained reasonable. However, it is appreciated that the diameter of the peripheral screw mem- bers can have any suitable dimension, if considered advantageous, indepen¬ dent of the diameter of house 1, as long as the rigidity of the house is maintained. The embodiment of Fig. 2 discloses unit 10, house 1 around its casing portion being provided with an energy transforming or transferring means embodied as a transmission member 30 provided with teeth, which member is meant tb engage a corresponding member for transferring or transforming rotational movement to or from house 1. The embodiment of Fig. 3 discloses unit 10 utilized in connection with a belt 40, which is provided for transferring rotational movement to or from house 1. In this connection the casing portion of house 1 is provided with an energy transferring means inplemented as a transmission member 35 in the shape of a drive pulley belt 40. If desired, recesses adapted to the cogs or teeth of a driving belt can be formed in the surface of the drive pulley or the casing portion of the house. In this embodiment the two pipe members 6a and 6b are shown ' fixedly mounted on a frame by means of a respective bracket 19. It is realized that any kind of transmission member can be arranged on the casing portion of house 1, which transmission member permits the transfer of rotational motion between the transmission member of the house and a transmission member cooperating therewith. Of course, the type of transmission member is dependent on which type of transmission that is required. The embodiment of Fig. 4 is particularly advantageous for utilization as a hub in a wheel or similar, where only one side of the apparatus is a ailable for the feed and discharge of fluid. Similar to the embodiment according to Fig. 1 the apparatus according to the embodiment of Fig. 4 includes a house 1 shaped as an essentially cy¬ lindrical body having a central through channel 2 and two opposite parallel channels 4a, 4b closer to the periphery of the body. The latter channels along their extensions communicate with the central channel along at least one part of communication. Likewise a central screw member 3 is positioned in the central channel 2, which screw member over said communication parts engage a peripheral screw member 5a, 5b in each of the peripheral channels. The apparatus according to Fig. 4 differs from the embodiment accord¬ ing to Fig. 1 in that the feed and discharge of fluid take place at the same side of house 1. Thus, a pipe member 6a is provided rigidly fixed to the central screw 3 which protrudes from house 1. The central screw 3 have a longitudinal through channel (not shown) which communicates with an interior pipe member 6b coaxially positioned within pipe member 6a. Preferably, the connection between interior pipe member 6b and central screw 3 is rigid but could also be made for permitting mutual rotation, if desired. As shown in Fig. 4 central screw 3 protrudes out from house 1 only at one end thereof. At the other end of house 1 screw 3 terminates at the level of the peripheral screws and at this end the house is closed by means of an end wall . House 1 is provided with members of attachment or mounting for the fixing of an energy transfer means such as a transmission member in the form of a gear or a drive pulley. Thus, in Fig. 4 members of attach¬ ment shaped as longitudinal key grooves 12 are shown on the casing por¬ tion of the house. Instead of having members of attachment for the fixing of a transmission member house 1 can be embodied as the rotor of an electrical machine, in which- case, like the embodiment of Fig. 1, a stator is provided around the rotor and is fixed to the pipe member 6a. In this case the rotor is the energy transfer or transforming means. Having the above described structure the embodiment according to Fig. 4 is provided to operate in the same manner as the embodiments of Figs. 1-3, the pipe member 6a being fixedly mounted to a base plate (not shown). Fluid is fed to one end of house 1, e.g. through the interior pipe member 6b in the direction of the arrow, and flows through the channel in the central screw to the other end of the house where the fluid impinges the end wall and diverts to flow back through the channels 2, 4a, 4b to operate on the peripheral screw members 5a, 5b which thereby cause house 1 to rotate. The fluid flows out from house 1 through the space between central screw 3 andpipe member 6a to an annular channel formed between the pipe members 6a and 6b ancfin the direction of'the arrows depicted therein. It is realized that if the travel direction of the fluid is opposite to the direction of the arrows in Fig. 4 house 1 will rotate in the opposite direction. Instead of being discharged or fed in the axial direction the fluid in the annular channel between the pipe members 6a and 6b can be discharged or fed in a radial direction over a terminal means (not shown) on pipe mem¬ ber 6a. In this case the annular channel is closed at its end facing away from central screw member 3. In the embodiment according to Fig. 4 a sealing means 8 differently shaped from the sealing means in the embodiment of Fig. 1 is disclosed. Thus, pipe member 6a has a radial flange which faces the peripheral wall of the house. House 1 has at its end. facing pipe member 6a a portion protrud¬ ing inwards from"" its casing portion. Between said pipe flange and said pro- truding portion the sealing means is positioned in form of a sealing thrust bearing. For the assembly of the entire apparatus the house is structured for being opened at either end (not shown). It is realized that the peripheral screw members at their ends require bearingsand so does the central screw member 3 at its end facing away from pipe member 6a. Such bearingscan be implemented in a large number of ways by utilization of conventional technique and are not further discussed here. In the embodiment according to Fig. 4 the same conditions as to the structure and the number of screw members are applicable as for the embodi¬ ment according to Fig. 1. However, as previously mentioned, in the embodiment according to Fig. 4 the house is preferably intended to serve as a hub of a wheel.For this case pipe member 6a as distinguished from the previously described embodiments is rotatably mounted on a frame (not shown) by means of a suitable bearing. On the house a wheel (not shown) is fixedly mounted by means of suitable members of attachment, e.g. the key grooves 12 which are shown. Thus, the apparatus according to the invention can be utilized as a driving wheel assembly for vehicles, control of the fluid flow permitting rotation of the house and so the wheel fixed to the house, at a desired speed. The apparatus according to the invention permits a simple and effective assembly with.small exterior dimensions, which assembly can be utilized in connection with pumps, compressors, fluid motors and electrical generators. The apparatus according to the invention is completely symmetrical, and in operation it can simply be reversed, if desired.";CLAIMS 1. Apparatus for transforming pressure and/or flow motion of a fluid into rotational movement of a body, or vice versa, which apparatus includes a first screw member (3) positioned in a central, first through channel (2) in a house (1), and provided with at least one thread around its periphery, said screw member (3) being arranged to cooperate with at least a second screw member (5a, 5b) which is positioned in a second channel (4a, 4b) in the house parallel to said first channel, said second channel along at least a portion of its extension communicating with said first channel, the thread of the second screw member being complementary with and engaging the thread of said first screw member, characterized in that a first pipe member (6a) which is fixedly connected to said first screw member (3) is in fluid tight rotational relation to the channels (2, 4a, 4b) of said house at one end thereof, while the other end of the house (1) is closed, that said first screw member (3) has a.longitu- dinal through channel, that at -one end connects to a second pipe member (6b) within said first ' pipe member (6a) defining an annular channel between said pipe members (6a, 6b), and at its other end communicates with said channels (2, 4a, 4b) in the house for defining a flow path for the fluid from said second pipe member (6b) via said channel through said first screw member (3), and said channels (2, 4a, 4b) in the house to the annular channel, or vice versa. 2. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said house (1) is embodied as an energy transfer means for transferring energy between said house and a unit disposed exterior to the house. 3. Apparatus as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that said energy transfer means comprises a rotor in an electrical machine, which rotor is integral with said house (l),an electrical machine stator, which is adapted to the rotor, being provided around the house (1). 4. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that said house (1) is provided as a hub for a rotational member. 5. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that said rota¬ tional member is a wheel. 6. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that said rota¬ tional member is a wheel (30) provided with teeth. OMPI ,_ . ir-o 7. Apparatus as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that said rotational member is a drive pulley (35). 8. Apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 4 to 7, characterized in that said first pipe member (6a) is rotationally supported on a 5 frame. 9. Apparatus for transforming pressure and/or flow motion of a fluid into rotational movement of a body, or vice versa, said apparatus includ÷ ing a first screw member (3) positioned in a central first through channel (2) in a house (1) and provided with at least one thread around 10 its periphery, said screw member (3) being disposed for cooperation with at least one second screw member (5a, 5b) which is positioned in a second channel (4a, 4b) in the house parallel to said first channel, which second channel (4a, 4b) at least along a portion of its extension communicates with said first channel, the thread of the second screw 15 member being complementary with and engaging the thread of said first screw member, said first screw member (3) being stationary and said house (1) being rotatable, and said house (1) being provided with an energy transfer means (11, 30, 35) for transferring rotational movement to or from said house in respect of a unit disposed exterior to said 20 house characterized in that said house (1) is integral with said ener¬ gy transfer means (11, 30, 35) and that said screw member (3), at least at one end (3a) thereof, projects from the house and at this end is fixed to a pipe member (6a) connecting to said first channel (2) of the house. 25 10. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that said energy transfer means is comprised of the rotor (11) of an electrical machine, and that said rotor (11) defines said house (1), said channels (2, 4a, 4b) extending axially through said rotor. 11. Apparatus as claimed in claim 9, characterized in that said 30 energy transfer means is comprised of a transmission member (30, 35), , . and that said transmission member (30, 35) is fixedly connected to said house. 12. Apparatus as claimed in claim 11, characterized in that said transmission member is an annularly shaped member (30, 35) extending around 35 said house and being provided with means for engaging a belt, or provided with teeth. 13. Apparatus as claimed in any one of claims 9 to 12, characteriz- ed in that only one end of said first screw member (3) projects from sa house (1), the other end of said house (1) being closed, that said first screw member (3) has a longitudinal through channel, that at one end connects to a second pipe member (6b) within pipe member (6a) thereby defining an annular channel between said pipe members (6a, 6b) and at its other end communicating with said channels (2, 4a, 4b) in said house for defining a flow path for the fluid from said second pipe mem¬ ber (6b), via said channel through said first screw member (3) and said channels (2, 4a, 4b) in said house to the annular channel, or vice ver 14. Apparatus as claimed in claim 1 or 9, characterized in that at least one screw member (3, 5a, 5b) has a structure incorporating a cylindrical core around the periphery of whichat least one strip or wire member is wound for defining threads, and that said strip or wire member at its ends is fixed to said core, while being movably arranged intermediate its ends.;CEDERQUIST W;CEDERQUIST W;1978
+WO-1980000740-A1;19800417.0;19781009;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20330980.0;F16L37;;F16L37;F16L  37/62;PIPE COUPLING DEVICE;To enable easy and quick coupling of a conduit to the end of a pipe, the device comprises a casing (1, 5) having a replaceable, separate casing portion (5) with a resilient sleeve (4a, 4b, 4c), the radial dimensions of which are adapted to a particular pipe dimension. The sleeve is axially compressible between a stationary abutment (9) and a movable piston (11) having a channel (14) permitting the supply of pressurized fluid through the piston and into the end of the pipe (10a, 10b, 10c).;"Pipe Coupling Device The invention relates to a pipe coupling device, espe¬ cially for temporary connection of a conduit for pressurized fluid to a pipe section. A pipe coupling device previously known from the US patent 2 080 271 comprises a cylindrical, hollow casing or body to be permanently connected to a conduit for pressurized fluid. The casing is provided with a follower nut, which is threaded onto the casing and permits the insertion of two in¬ terior gaskets and an intermediate, metallic sleeve radially between the inside of the casing and the outside of the end of a pipe section fitted into the casing. Each gasket is of a standard cylindrical dimension and is formed of resilient material such as rubber or a rubber-like composition, where¬ as the intermediate sleeve is provided with external and in- ternal recesses or shoulders for receiving each of the gas¬ kets and preventing axial displacement of the latter, when the follower nut is screwed onto the casing. Moreover, the radial dimensions of the intermediate sleeve are chosen in view of the difference between the internal diameter of the casing and the external diameter of the pipe section to be coupled thereto. Thus, upon connection, the joint will be fluid tight. Moreover, standard casings and standard gas¬ kets can be used together with radially different intermedi¬ ate sieves for connecting pipe sections of different diame- ters. However, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a coupling device which pre its a simpLer and quicke coupling operation, especially for temporary connection of the device to various pipe sections, having different diame ters. Particularly, such a device is intended for use in con nection with leakage tests of pipes, fluid vessels, heat ex changers,motor parts and other objects which have to be flu tight. In such a test operation, the object to be tested is normally supplied with a pressurized fluid for a relatively short period of time so as to enable the testing of a large number of units in a given time period. For this purpose, the coupling device is of the kind comprising a hollow casing for permanent connection to a co duit for the supply of pressurized fluid, a resilient sleev being disposed in the casing and adapted to sealingly engag the cylindrical surface of the end of a pipe to be connec¬ ted to the casing, and the device is characterized in that the resilient sleeve is mounted in a separate casing part, which is easily replaceable by a corresponding separate casi part having its own resilient sleeve, the radial dimensions of the respective sleeve being adapted to a particular pipe dimension, and that the sleeve, upon mounting of the sepa¬ rate casing part, is axially compressible between a station ry abutment and a piston, which is operable for axial dis¬ placement in the casing and provided with a channel permit- ting the supply of said pressurized fluid through said pis¬ ton and into said pipe section. It has turned out that the inventive device, apart from permitting an easy and quick coupling operation when shifting from one pipe dimension to another, has the advan- tage that the axial holding power, by friction between the radially expanded sleeve (upon axial compression) and the surface of the pipe, is maintained approximately at the same high level irrespective of the various pipe dimensions in spite of the fact that the axial force,which is exerted by the pressure of the fluid and tends to axially separate the pipe from the coupling device, is heavily increased whe shifting from a smaller to a greater diameter of the pipe. The invention is explained further below with refe- rence to the drawings illustrating an exemplary embodiment of the inventive device. Fig. 1 shows in axial section a pipe coupling device according to the invention and the end of a pipe section to be connected thereto; Fig. 2 shows a device corresponding to that of Fig.l but having a casing part with a resilient sleeve of a larger internal diameter adapted to fit onto a pipe section- having a larger diameter than that of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 shows a device corresponding to that of Fig.l and 2 but being adapted to a still larger diameter; Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an essential advan¬ tage of the invention. The pipe coupling device shown ih-Figs 1 to 3 comprises essentially a cylindric casing 1, preferably made of metal, such as aluminium or steel, having an end wall 2 at one end and an internal thread 3 at the other end. In accordance with the invention, a sealing sleeve 4a,4b and 4c, respectively, of a desired dimension is replaceably disposed in the casing 1, namely in a separate cylindrical casing portion 5 which, by means of an external thread 6, is threaded into the re¬ maining portion of the casing 1 in the thread 3. The seal¬ ing sleeve 4a, 4b, 4c is made of elastic material, such as natural or synthetic rubber and is fitted between two rigid annular washers or plates 7a and 8a, 7b and 8b, 7c and 8c, respectively, the radial dimensions of which correspond es¬ sentially to the dimensions of the sealing sleeve 4a,4b and 4c, respectively, though the internal diameter thereof is somewhat larger than that of the sealing sleeve. The annu- lar plate 8a, 8b, 8c situated adjacent the free end of the casing portion 5 is seated against an internal shoulder or flange thereof, whereas the inner plate 7a,7b,7c situated at the opposite end of the sealing sleeve 4a,4b,4c is axial¬ ly displaceable within the casing portion 5. In order to effect an axial compression and, as a re¬ sult thereof, a radial expansion of the sealing sleeve.4a,4b, 4c upon fitting the pipe coupling device onto the end of pipe 10a,10b and 10c, respectively, to be connected sealingly, a piston 11 is axially movable in the cylindrical casing 1. At one end, the piston 11 is provided with a narrower porti 12, which protrudes axially through an opening in the end wall 2 and is sealed relative to the latter by means of a sealing ring 13 (Fig. 1) , e.g. an 0-ring inserted into a corresponding annular groove in the surface defining the opening of the end wall 2. A central, cylindrical channel 1 extends axially through the piston 11 from one end thereof to the other. At the protruding, narrower piston portion 12 a pipe fitting 15 is permanently screwed into a thread at the outer end of the central channel 14, so that 'the chan¬ nel 14 and the central hollow space of the sealing sleeve 4a,4b,4c communicate with a conduit 16 connected to the pipe fitting 15. The conduit 16 is preferably a flexible tube or hose connected to a fluid source (not shown) for th supply of pressurized fluid in the form of gas or liquid. The inner, radially wider portion of the piston 11 forms the piston itself and is actuated by the pressure of a fluid present in the annular space defined between, on th one hand, the external surface of the piston 11 and, on the other hand,the inside of the casing 1 and its wall 2 at one side (to the left in Fig. 1) of a piston sealing ring 17. Via a conduit 18 and a port 19 in the end wall 2, a desired working pressure can be applied in the annular space so as to displace the piston 11 axially towards the sealing sleev 4a, 4b, 4c, which under axial compression will expand radi¬ ally and inwardly against the external surface of the pipe section 10a,10b,10c. As a result, one obtains a fluid tight seal and a frictional engagement, whereby the coupling de- vice is held firmly onto the pipe section against the actio of the axially separating force exerted by the pressurized fluid. An essential advantage of the pipe coupling device a cording to the invention is that one can use the same casin 1, piston 11 and conduit 15, 16 and 18,19, respectively, fo a substantial range of the diameter of the pipe section, as illustrated by the pipe sections 10a, 10b and 10c, whereby only the casing portion 5 and the sealing sleeve 4a,4b,4c 0M need to be replaced as a unit (including also the plates 7a and 8a, 7b and 8b, 7c and 8c, respectively) when shifting to another dimension of the pipe section. Moreover, tests have shown that the axial holding force due to the friction between the sealing sleeve 4,4b,4c and the pipe section 10a,10b,10c is favourably related to the axially separating force exerted by the pressure in the con¬ duit 16. Thus, the holding force increases when increasing the pipe diameter (and the diameter of the sealing sleeve)within a rather large diameter region. This is shown in Fig. 4, which is a diagram illustrating the maximum working pressure (at which the sleeve 4a,4b,4c barely keeps its grip around the end of the pipe) as a function of the pipe diameter. Within the in¬ teresting diameter region D. (15 to 35 mm) , particularly with- in the region D_ (20 to 30 mm) , the curve is relatively flat, i.e. the maximum working pressure is essentially independent of the diameter of the pipe. Thus, it is possibly to use a constant pressure of the fluid, especially air, by which the piston 11 is actuated via the conduit 18 and the port 19. In principle, the pipe coupling device according to the invention can be modified for internal sealing of the pipe section 10a,10b, 10c, in which case the piston 11 is prefer¬ ably provided with a portion protruding from the casing por¬ tion 5, whereas the sealing sleeve 4a,4b,4c is to be inserted between the outer end of the casing portion 5 and an external ring flange or collar on the protruding portion of the piston. Furthermore, the interchangeable mounting of the cas¬ ing portion at the remaining part of the casing can, of course, be achieved by other means than the threads, e.g. by a bajonet- mount, a snap locking device or the like. The sealing sleeve 4a,4b,4c may also be compressed in another "" way than exerting pressure on the piston, e.g. by means of a lever mechanism which is manually operable . Moroever, it is possible to make use of the threads 3,6 of the casing portions of the embodiment shown in Figs.l to 3 in such a way that the thread 6 is screwed only partly • in¬ to the thread 3, whereas the piston 11 is provided with a stop face 20 co-operating with the inner end surface 21 of the OMPI casing portion 5, so as to form a stop means for the piston 11. If so desired, a rather high operating pressure could then be used, and the radial expansion of the sealing sleev 4a,4b,4c can be controlled by an axial adjustment of the casing portion 5 relative to the casing. O";"C L A I M S 1. A pipe coupling device, comprising a hollow casing (1,5) for permanent connection to a conduit (16) for the supply of pressurized fluid, a resilient sleeve (4a;4b;4c) being disposed in the casing and""adapted to sealingly en¬ gage the cylindrical surface of the end of a pipe (10a; 10b; 10c) to be connected to the casing, c.h a r a c t e r i z e d in that the resilient sleeve (4a;4b;4c) is mounted in a separate casing part (5) , which is easily replaceable by a corresponding casing part (5) having its own resilient sleeve (4b or 4c; 4a or 4c; 4a or 4b) , the radial dimensions of the respective sleeve being adapted to a particular pipe dimension, and that the resilient sleeve (4a;4b;4c) ,upon mounting of the separate casing part, is axially compressible between a stationary abutment (9) and a piston (11) , which is operable for axial displacement in the casing and provided with a channel (14) permitting the supply of said pressur¬ ized fluid through said piston and into said pipe section (10a; 10b; 10c). 2. A pipe coupling device as defined in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said separate casing por¬ tion (5) is tubular and at one axial end provided with a thread (6) to be screwed into the remaining part of the cas¬ ing (1,3) . 3. A pipe coupling device as defined in claim 1 or 2, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said channel (14) of said piston (11) extends axially through the latter and that the. piston (11) has a radially widened portion with a piston surface to be exposed to an actuation fluid for axially dis¬ placing said piston during the coupling operation. 4. A pipe coupling device as defined in claim 1, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that a rigid ring plate (7a, 8a; 7b, 8b; 7c, 8c) is inserted between said resilient sleeve (4a; 4b; 4c) and said abutment (9) and/or between said resi¬ lient sleeve and an end surface of said piston (11) . O PI s.<Vι. WviPOυ 5. A pipe coupling device as defined in claim 1 , c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that said piston (11,21) protrudes from the casing end (2) being axially opposed to said separate casing portion (5) and that the channel (14) of the piston (11) is adaped for permanent connection (15) to said conduit (16) . J";BERGSTRAND G;BERGSTRAND G, NOLEK SYSTEM AB;1978
+WO-1980000805-A1;19800501.0;19781023;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141271.0;B23D1;;B23D7, B23Q35;B23D   7/06, B23Q  35/10;VEHICLE BODY SURFACING AND DOLLY ASSEMBLY;In one embodiment, a sender unit (12) is attached to the portion of the body corresponding to the damaged opposite part and a surfacing unit (13) is attached to the damaged portion. A sending head (12), which is provided with surface contacting probes, is traversed over the undamaged portion. Each probe follows the contour of the body and transmits the contours to the surfacing unit (13). The surfacing unit (13) is provided with a surfacing head which traverses the damaged area in synchronization with the sending head. Chisel like cutters in the surfacing head are moved upwardly and downwardly by the vertical movement of the sender probes so that the cutters follow the contour of the undamaged surface and cut away filler material. This enables the filler material to be contoured rapidly and easily using the undamaged corresponding body portion as a template. In another embodiment, the cutters are replaced by small anvils which traverse the damaged portion and act as a dolly for initial straightening of the damaged portion.;"Vehicle Body Surfacing and Dolly Assembly DESCRIPTION Technical Field This invention relates to new and useful improvements in devices which facilitates the repair to body v.'ork cf cars , 5 tru ks ΌO tl _ like. Background.Art At.the present time, it is conventional, with minor damage, to fill same with a filler and then to surface this filling material prior to painting. With more severe damage, dollies 10 are used to back up the material which is then hammered into the approximate contour whereupon filler material is used and surfaced by hand. In both instances, it is sometimes difficult to match the contour of the damaged surface with the contour of the orig- 15 inal portion of the body work. This is particularly true when a double curved contour is being repaired such as on a fender or the like. Thus contour surfacing before paintin g - is a laborious and time consuming portion of the repair operation. 20 Disclosure of Invention This invention overcomes these disadvantages by providing a light weight and largely portable surfacer for body vehicle reshaping, and other ancillary repair which will effectively perform most of the handwork. ? ' j In one embodiment, it will consist of two similar components, one a sending unit and the other a surfacing unit with a con¬ nexion to transmit contours from the sending unit to the sur¬ facing unit. In single component usage, either the sending unit or sur- 30 facing unit can be used as a dolly or re-finisher or in other operations. An operator should therefore be able to prepare most surfaces more accurately and with much less time. The principal object and essence of the invention is there¬ fore to provide a device of the character herewithin describ which enables the sending unit to be placed on portion of th vehicle body matching the damaged portion and to use the un¬ damaged portion as a contour template to transmit contour information mechanically to the surfacing unit which is affi ed over the corresponding damaged portion of the vehicle bod Another object of the invention is to provide a device of th character herewithin described which enables the filler mat¬ erial to be machined accurately to the contour of the portio of the vehicle body being used as the template for the send¬ ing unit. Still another object of the invention is to provide a device of the character herewithin described in which either the seeding or surfacing units can be used as a dolly to back up the damaged portion of the vehicle body prior to filling and resurfacing. Still another object of the invention is to provide a device of the character herewithin described which will facilitate the preparation of damaged vehicle body surfaces, which is relatively economical and which is otherwise well suited to the purpose for which it is' designed. With the foregoing objects in view, and other such objects and advantages as will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which this invention relates as this specificat¬ ion proceeds, my invention consists essentially in the arran gement and construction of parts all as hereinafter more par¬ ticularly described, reference being had to the accompanying drawings in which: Brief Description of Drawings Fig 1 is a schematic isometric view of the front portion of a vehicle showing the device installed thereon. Fig 2 is an enlarged fragmentary isometric view showing a detail of the surf cer leg in working position. /-BU RE ' ' ' f OMPI ft. WIP0 Fi -3 is a fragmentary sectioned side elevation of one of the attaching legs. Fig 3A is an enlarged underside view of the connector bet- ween legs of the two legs of the sender and surfacing units. Fig 4 is a top plan view of Fig 3. Fig 5 is a top plan viewof -one of the frames -per se. Fig 6 is a side sectional view of Fig 5 along the lines 6-6 of Fig 3. Fig 7 is an enlarged fragmentary view similar to Fig 6 but sectioned in part. Fig 8 is an enlarged fragmentary view of the attachment of the lower side of the carriage to the frame. Fig 9 is a fragmentary partly schematic enlarged view of one part of the sending and surfacer heads. Fig 10 is a fragmentary partly schematic top plan view of the surfacer carriage enlarged with respect to Fig 1. Fig 11 is a fragmentary schematic top plan view of part of the surfacer component enlarged with respect to Fig 10. Fig 12 is a fragmentary schematic view showing the connect¬ ion between a sending unit probe and a surfacing unit sur¬ facer element. "" Fig 13 is a fragmentary schematic view of one of the sur¬ facing components in the uppermost position. Fig 14 is a view similar to Fig 13 but showing the unit in the lowermost position. Fig 15 is a fragmentary schematic top plan view showing the interconnection between surfacing units. Fig 16 is a fragmentary schematic view showing the method of rotating the surfacing units. Fig 17 is a schematic view of the drive connections to the device. Fig 18 is a top plan view of the bow assembly. Fig 19 is an end view of Fig 18. Fig 20 is a fragmentary isometric view of one end of the bow assembly. Fig.21 is a fragmentary isometric view of the positioning arm and leg of the bow assembly. In the drawings like characters of reference indicate corresponding parts in the different figures. Further Description Referring first to Fig 1, reference character 10 illustrates the front part of a vehicle with an area 11 having been dam¬ aged. A sending unit collectively designated 12 is secured to the corresponding portion of the vehicle body on the opposite side of the damaged portion 11, and a surfacing unit collect¬ ively designated 13 is secured to the corresponding position adjacent the damaged area 11 and connected to a source of power collectively designated 14 and shown schematically in Fig 16. In detail, the construction of units 12 and 13 are similar and where common components occur, the corresponding compon¬ ents in the surfacing unit 13 will be provided with a suffix ""A"". Each unit 12 and 13 comprises a substantially rectangular frame 15 and 15A detachably securable to the vehicle body by a plurality of leg attaching devices collectively design¬ ated 16 and 16A. Reference to Fig 3 and 4 will show details of the leg assemblies 16 and 16A. An attachment bracket 17 extends from a channel section slider 18 which in turn en¬ gages over one of the longitudinal frame mem. bers 19 of the frame 15. Both the channel member 18 and the frame member 19 are provided with longitudinally extending channels 20 carrying enclosed balls 21 to facilitate the sliding move¬ ment of the channel 18 longitudinally along the frame mem¬ ber 19 and means (not illustrated) are provided to detach¬ ably lock the channel 18 in position upon the frame member 19. The bracket 17 is pivotally secured to the channel 18 for OMPI 1P0 - rotational movement when viewed in plan (see Figure 4) a pivot pin 22 connecting the two parts together with the pin being secured to bracket 17, and a locking lever 23 opera- tively reacts between the bracket 17 and the channel 18 to detachably lock the bracket in the desired radial relation¬ ship relative to the channel 18. The bracket 17 includes an offstanding arm portion 24 carrying a tubular member 25 upon the distal end thereof engaging over an endwise movable tubular member 26 and being interconnected by means of a screw 27 screw threadably en¬ gaging through the upper end of the tubular member 26. The outer end 28 of the screw extends upwardly through the outer end of the tubular member 25 and may be engaged by a con¬ nector 29 as will hereinafter be described and also may be retained in the desired relationship by means of a brake . shown schematically by reference character 30 in Figure 3. Rotation of screw 27, by pressure upon member 26, raises or lowers the tubular member 26 relative to the tubular member 25. An electro-magnetic attaching block 31 is secured to the lower end of tubular member 26 and a circular vacuum assembly 32 surrounds the lower end of the tubular member 26 and is secured for limited universal connection in the form of a ball joint type connection. It may be connected to a source of vacuum.33 -within the source of power 14, although the natural action of the shape of pad 32 gives a certain amount of attachment by suction. The electro-magnetic block assists in attaching the leg to the vehicle body surface 34 and when positioned correctly, the vacuum 32 assists in holding the leg firmly to the sur¬ face. It will be observed that there are four adjustable leg assemblies 16 and 16A on the frames 15 and 15A respectively all of which may be adjusted so that a firm three or four point connection may be obtained for each of the sending and surfacing units. Means are provided so that, if desired, the leg lengths of the units 12 and 13 can be equalized and positioned radially to the same degree in order to facilitate the attachment of both units to either side of the vehicle. The two units are first clamped by the frames thereof in back to back relation¬ ship either by holding them manually or by simple clamps (not illustrated). During this action, the four legs are positioned in corresponding positions so that adjacent legs are interconnected one with the other. This interconnection takes the form firstly of the outer ends of the pivot pins 22 and secondly by means of connec¬ tors 29. The outer ends of the pivot pins of one of the units is provided with a V formation 22A and the outer ends of the corresponding pivot pins are chamfered or slightly pointed so that they will engage within the V grooves thus giving a temporary connection between the two so that rotation of one gives corresponding rotation of the other. The outer ends of the screws 27 are provided with flattened sides as shown in Figure 3A and the distal ends of the con¬ nector 29 are slotted to engage over these flattened sides as clearly shown by reference character 29A. The screw threads of the screws 27 are shaped so that out¬ ward or downward movement of the sleeve or cylinder 26 causes these screws to rotate and as they are bearably mounted for rotation within the outer ends 25A of the . sleeves 25, the screws rotate within sleeves 25 and also to- tate the connectors 29. Once the units are clamped in back to back relationship with the legs interconnected, the legs of the surfacing unit are positioned manually so that the pads 32 engage the sur¬ face of the metal surrounding the damaged portion. These adjustments may take the form of linear movement along the frame portions 19, radial adjustment around pivot pins 22 and in and out adjustment of the pads 32 relative _to the cylinders 25 all of which movements are automatically trans¬ mitted to the corresponding legs of the sender unit. When the three or four legs of the surfacing unit are correctly positioned, brake 30 may be applied and the locks 23 released so that they lock the brackets 17 radially with respect to pivot pins 22. At the same time the clamps (not illustrated) locks the the portions 18 relative to the frame members 19. The sender unit is then detached from the surfacing unit and moved to the opposite side of the vehicle and positioned so that the three or four legs accurately engages the multi- curved surface of the other side of the body thus locating the sender unit in the correct position relative to the surfacing unit whereupon it may be attached to the body or fender by the electro-magnetic block 31 and the vacuum cups 32. Reference should next be made to Figures 5 through 8 which illustrate one of the units 12 or 13, it being understood that they are similar insofar as these particular views are concerned. The frame collectively disgnated 16 includes the longitudin¬ ally extending members 19 and 19' together with the end frame members 35, said end frame members including manipu¬ lating or carrying handles 36. Situated within the channel making up -member 19, is a hori¬ zontal drive screw 37 journalled within the ends of the frame and extending beyond the frame in the form or exten¬ sions 38. Spacedand parallel from this horizontal drive screw 37 is a shaft rod 39 also mounted at the ends of the frame member 19. A steady or support rod 40 is situated within the channel 19' and also is mounted at the ends of the frame. A support block 41 is slidably mounted upon the shaft rod 39 and also bears on frame member 19 , and is apertured and provided with an internal thread engageable around the drive screw rod 37 so that rotation of the drive screw rod 37 will cause the block 41 to move longitudinally along the drive screw rod supported by the shaft rod 39 and frame member 19. A support block 42 slidably engages over the steady or sup¬ port rod 40 and a further steady or support rod 43 extends between the block 41 and the block 42. A vertical screw drive rod 44 also extends between block 41 and 42 so that movement of block 41 by rotation of the screw drive rod 37, not only moves block 41 horizontally but also the other block 42 together with the steady rod 43 and the vertical screw drive rod 44. A carriage 45 is mounted upon the steady or support rod 43 and is apertured and engages over the screw threaded rod 44 and is provided with internal screw threading adapted to complement the screw threading of rod 44. Rod 44 is jour- nalled for rotation by one end thereof within block 42 and by the other end thereof within block 41. The end within block 41 is provided with a spiral bevel gear 46 meshing diagonally on perpendicular axes with corresponding gear 47, slidable along the shaft rod 39 which is splined so that rotation of the shaft rod also rotates the corresponding gear 47 and hence the vertical drive rod 44. The ends of the shaft rod (not illustrated) also extend beyond the frame similar to the extension 38 hereinbefore _OMP described and all of these extending ends are preferably splined (not illustrated) and provided with quick connect means of a conventional nature to the drive means as will hereinafter be described. From the foregoing it will be appreciated that rotation of the horizontal drive screw 36 will move the carriage 45 across the frame and rotation of the shaft rod 47 will move the carriage vertically relative to the frame. In this particular embodiment, flexible drive shafts 48 and 49 extend from the source of power 14 with one of them being connected to one end 38 of the drive screw 37 by means of a conventional quick connection and the other being connected in a similar way to the corresponding end of the shaft rod 39 (not illustrated) . Reference to Figure 1 will also show that further flexible drive cables 48A and 49A extend from the opposite ends of the shafts or rods 37 and 39 to extending ends of similar shafts on the other unit 12 as shown in Figure 2 thereby giving exactly the same relative movement to the carriage 45A on the unit 22. Dealing next with the sender unit specifically, the carriage 45 includes a substantially planar screw plate 50 shown in Figures 9 and 12. A plurality of cylindrical casings 51 extend upwardly from the screw plate and each casing is provided with a tube of element 52 slidable therein and splined to prevent rotation of the tube 52 relative to the casing 51. For clarity, this spline is not shown in the drawings. A sensing element or component in the form of a ball 53 is journalled for rotation within the lower end of tube 52 and connects the surface 34 of the vehicle body when the sending unit is in position. These tubes or elements are in close contact with one another so that when the sending unit is mounted on the vehicle body as hereinbefore described, each tube will be positioned so that the balls 53 are in contact with the surface and in this regard, a spring 54 reacts be¬ tween the upper end of the tube 52, within the casing 51, and the upper end of the casing. Vertical movement of tubes or elements 52 within casing 51 causes rotation of a screw shaft 55 also mounted within the casing and being provided with a steeply pitched screw 56 of approximately Tube 52 is correspondingly internally threaded fir engagement on the screw shaft 55 and this en¬ gages the said threaded portions at intervals within the tube (not illustrated) . A bevel gear 57 is secured to the upper end of each of the shafts 55 and this in turn engages a further bevel gear 58 situated at right angles thereto which in turn is connected to a flexible drive cable 59. Each of these bevel gear assemblies and drive cables are contained within an elbow casing 60 situated at the upper ends of the casing 51 as shown schematically in Figure 9. All the drive cables 59 extend from the sending unit carriage 45 to the surfacing unti carriage 45A and these cables are collectively designated a contour transmitter in Figure 1. The carriage 45A of the surfacing unit 13 also includes a screw plate 50A which supports an enclosing casing 61 within which are situated surfacing components collectively desig¬ nated 62, each one corresponding to and operatively connected to one of the sender elements hereinabove described. These casings are mounted in an eccentric bushing 513 selectively rotatable for limited spatial adjustment purposes in plate 50 Each surfacing component 62 includes a drive tube 63 having a relatively narrow upper portion 64 and an enlarged lower end 65. This lower end is provided with gear teeth 66 on part of the surface thereof (see Figures 12 and 14) ' engageable by a worm gear 67 to which the aforementioned flexible drive cable 59 is connected, said drive cable passing downwardly between the narrow portions 64 of adjacent- drive tubes 63. The worm gear 67 is secured for rotation to the screw plate 50A so that rotation of this worm gear, causes the drive tube to raise or lower relative to the lower surface of the screw plate. A rotatable tube or element 68 is journalled for rotation within the drive tube 63 and is provided, in the present embodiment, with a chisel bit 69 detachably secured within the lower end thereof, said bit having a leading edge 70. An elongated spur gear 71 is secured to the upper end of the tube or element 68 and each of these spur gears meshes with an adjacent spur gear as clearly shown in Figure 14. These spur gears are provided so that the position of the leading edges 70 of the bits can be adjusted. In this regard, reference should be made to Figures 14 and 15 which includes an actuating spur gear 71A mounted on a fixed shaft 72 extending upwardly from the screw plate and having a projection 73 engaging in a spiral groove 74 on the inner surface of the spur gear. A push-pull element 75 operated from the source of power, moves this spur gear vertically thus rotating same through 180 and as this spur gear is meshed with one of the spur gears 71, rotation of spur gear 71A causes simultaneous and equal rotation of all of the other spur gears and hence the bits 69. In this connection, it will be appreciated that the initial position of the bits is such that they all face in one direction and when the spur gear 71A is moved vertically, then they all rotate through 180° as will hereinafter be explained. The narrow portion 64 of the drive tubes , is cut away in ""BU EAT J - OMPI part allowing worm gear 67 contact with gear teeth 66, The portion bearing the gear teeth 66 extends the full length of the drive tube so that the drive tube together with the rota¬ table tube 68 and bit 69 can move from the uppermost position shown in Figure 13 to the lowermost position shown in Figure 14. It will be noted that the depth of the spur gears 71 is not sufficient to allow this full movement between ad acent elements, but of course it will be appreciated that any change in contour is gradual -so that adjacent spur gears will always be meshed one with the other although a considerable range of movement is possible between a bit at one side of the casing 61 and a cit at the opppsite or diametrical side of the casing 61. Regardless of the position of the spur gear engaging with the splined spur gear 71A, they will always be engaged. Although the drawings show chisel type cutting bits 69 , nevertheless if the device is to be used as an anvil, these can be replaced with planar anvil type bits. Under these circumstances, it will be appreciated that the worm gear 67 together with the gear teeth 66, will enable the device to be used as a dolly or anvil as backlash or upward movement of the rotatable tubes and drive tubes cannot occur because of the worm drive effect. In usual operation, the sending and surfacing units are secured back to back and then the surfacing unit is position¬ ed over the damagedportion 11 with the sending unit attached • to it. Since the units are secured back to back with the transmitting-connector pieces 29 between corresponding leg assemblies, the positioning of the surfacer to the contour of the area surrounding the damaged portion will simultan¬ eously set leg lengths of surfacer and sender. The sender is then removed and because its corresponding legs have been adjusted, the sender is then readily positionable to the corresponding contour on the other side.of the vehicle since the leg legnths allow locationing in only the one place. Alternatively, the leg lengths of sender can be adjusted sep¬ arately after the surfacer legs have been adjusted by equalizing the corresponding legs of the sending unit. When the sending unit is in position, all of the balls 53 are engaged upon the undamaged surface of the body due to the extension springs 54 and each tube 52 is positioned rela¬ tive to the casing 51 thereby rotating the screw rods 55 by the necessary amount. These amounts are transmitted indi¬ vidually to the bits on the surfacing unit as hereinbefore described and they are adjusted so that the leading .edges are facing the direction of travel of the carriage. The controller 76 is programmed so that the desired movement of the carriage of the units, both vertically and horizon¬ tally or within a defined perimeter, is initiated through the drive cables 48 and 49 and 48A and 49A whereupon the carriages will traverse automatically as programmed. This removes paint and filler from the damaged are and pro¬ duces a contour identical to that being tracked by the sending unit with the leading edges of the chisels adjusting due to the control by the individual balls of the sending unit. Alternatively, the damaged surface is urged by mechanical means such as hammering or beating against anvil type bits until the damaged surface corresponds approx.ntely to the surface covered by the sending unit whereupon it can be filled and surfaced with the surfacing bits being substituted for the anvil or dolly type bits. Reference should next be made to Figure 17 which shows a schematic view of the drive connections to the unist. Upon certain circumstances , it is desirable, especially in dolly back-up operations in which the movement is irregular and thus being most often properly controlled by the operator, to have a control additional to the automatic controller 76 and this is indicated by reference character 77 in Figure 17. It consists of a multi-directional switch having a manually operable switch lever 78 which can be moved in any one of four directions so that it completes a circuit through segments 79A, 79B, 79C or 79D. 79A, 79B, 79C or 79D correspond to the four directions that the vertical and horizontal screws turn. The width of the contact segments together -with the contact arm of the center pole 78 determines the allowable ratio of any two directions which the override allows response to. This override switch may be considered as a switch with contacts spaced on a cir¬ cle numbered with four directions, with the north and south directions corresponding to the two vertical directions and with the east and west directions cooresponding to the hori¬ zontal directions. The center segment is not normally in contact being centered by spring pressure ( . shown schemat¬ ically by reference character 80). If, for example, upward or vertical movement is wanted, the segment 79A is contacted by the switch pull 78 sending current through the controller and causing the screw to move the carriage up. Since the positioning of the surfacer head, in its operating location, is fixed by the length of legs and since much of the filler material profiling and dolly back-up requires progressive lessening of the distance to attain final pro¬ file, a differential screw assembly 81 is provided and shown in Figure 9. This assembly is set in the surfacer screw plate 50 and adjusts by raising and lowering the block 82 within which the surfacer head is seated via the eccentric 51B. One type of differential screw assembly is shown and is similar to that illustrated in Volume 4 of INGENIOUS MECHANISMS FOR DESIGNERS AND INVENTORS, pages 297 and 298. Briefly, a nut block 83 extends from block 82 and engages around a screw threaded drive shaft 84, rotation of which by handwheel 85, raises and lowers the nut block 83. The handwheel 85 is a sliding fit on the square ended shaft portion of shaft 84. Part of the cylindrical length of the drive shaft 84 bears in a bushing 86 which in turn is externally screw threadably engaged within the fixed portion 87. Shoulders 88 of the bushing serve to limit its axial movement in the portion 87. In addition, the upper shoulder is designed as a straight tooth clutch 89, the other member of which is developed from the hub end of teh handwheel and identified by reference character 90. A spring 91 maintains the two parts 89 and 90 of the clutch, in a normally disengaged relationship. Since another pair of shoulders 92 fixed on the drive shaft, prevent its axial movement, rotating the handwheel produces a vertical travel of the nut block 83. The nut block is pro¬ vided with a smaller pitch thread than the external threads on the bushing. When the clutch is disengaged, the bushing remains station¬ ary while the drive shaft 84 is rotated by the handwheel 85 and the nut block tavels a distance equal to the pitch of the screw threads thereof, each revolution of the handwheel. • However, to produce speed differential and fine adjustment of the vertical relationship of the surfacer unit, the clutch elements 89 and 90 are engaged and the bushing now rotating in unison with the drive shaft 84, also moves axially. This axial movement of the bushing is transmitted to the drive shaft through the thrust against the shoulders 92. Movement of the bushing and drive shaft is opposite to the direction o the nut block but since the bushing and drive shaft only move a distance equal to the pitch of the bushing, per revolution, the net result is to reduce the travel of the nut block to a distance equal to the difference of the pitches of the bushing and the nut block. Figures 18 through 22 show a bow assembly collectively desig¬ nated 93 which is adapted to be detachably secured to either the sending or surfacing units 12 or 13. In conjunction with this bow assembly, a flexible trans¬ mitting cable assembly 59 is required in order to transmit the curvature set by the bow, to the surfacing unit. It will of course be appreciated that if the sending unit is used as the surfacer head, then a replacement of the head on the sending unit is required because the bits at this end of the head are the active or working parts of the surfacer. The reason for the bow assembly is that it can be used on non-compound curves or very slightly compound curves and enables curves which one might term ""symmetrical arcs"" to be transmitted. In shop operations, it is found that perhaps one third of the curves are of this type thus allowing the use of the less sophisticated bow and one frame either the surfacer frame or the sending frame thus realizing an economy in the pro¬ vision of equipment since most of the cost is represented by the basic surf cer and sending units. The bow assembly 93 is secured to the frame which can be situated in any convenient location, the curve of the bow can be set by the operator whereupon this curvature is transmitted to the surfacer unit on the work piece by the transmitting cable assembly. The bow assembly comprises a pair of brackets 94 which may be detachably secured to the frame- 15A by means of screws or - bolts 95 or quick securing means. An upstanding vertical flange 96 extends between the brackets and carries a bow rod 97 parallel to the frame as clearly shown. The bow assembly collectively designated 98, is mounted upon the bow rod 97 by a pair of squeeze positioners 99 secured to each end of a flexible strip 100 forming the bow. These squeeze positioners are apertured as at 101 and are main¬ tained in the diverging or apart position by means of V-springs 102 reacting therebetween as clearly shown in Figure 20, it being understood that the parts .99 are pivot- ally secured to the ends 103 of the bow 100. In other words when they are in the position shown in Figure 20, they cannot be moved along the bow rod 97 due to fric- tional interference but when they are squeezed together, this frictional interference is removed thus enabling the resilient strip 100 to be adjusted as to the arcuate curva¬ tures thereof by moving the ends 103 towards or away from one another along the rod 97.. Release of the squeeze positioners locks the bow in position upon the rod thus setting the cur¬ vature of the bow 100. A positioning link 104 slidably engages the bow rod 97 inter¬ mediate the ends thereof by means of the apertured block 105 and includes a vertical link 106 extending upwardly therefrom to which is attached apositioning arm 107 having a ring mounting 108 adjacent the end attached to the link 106. This ring bearing 108 receives one end of the contour transmitter 59 with the balls thereof engageable upon the flexible bow 100 so that as the device is traversed over the bow 100, the contour of the bow will be transmitted to the surfacer unit in a manner similar to traversing the sender unit over the surface of the vehicle body being used as a pattern. The positioning arm 107 is set in a support block 109 with a sliding fit. The support block is removably secured to the screw plate 50 of the carriage 45 so that movement of the carriage will move the positioning arm and link together with the block 105 along the bow rod 97 hence traversing the balls along the curved length of the bow plate or strip 100. In operation, the operator secures the bow assembly to either a surfacing or sender frame positioning the curve of the bow to correspond to that of the work surface and since the bow is used only on those surfaces curving in one direction, placement of the bow can be to either direction of the work surface. Care is required in ensuring that the bow assembly and frame are parallel to the curve being repaired. Then by using the squeeze positioners, the curve of the bow is selected to correspond to that curve desired on the work surface and the remaining operation is then similar to the regular operation. Since various modifications can be made in my invention as hereinabove described, and many apparently widely different embodiments of same made within the spirit and scope of the claims without departing -from such spirit and scope, it is intended that all matter contained in the accompanying specification shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not in a limiting sense. OMPI";"CLAIMS What I Claim as my Invention: 1. A vehicle body surfacing and dolly assembly for use with a source of power and comprising in combination a sending unit and a surfacing unit, means to detachably secure said surfac¬ ing unit over the area of the vehicle body requiring repair and means to detachably secure said sending unit over a cor¬ responding portion of the vehicle body having contours similar to the contours of the portion of the vehicle body requiring repair, each of said units including a frame, a carrier mounted on said frame for horizontal and vertical movement relative thereto, means operatively connecting said carriages to said source of power, a plurality of movable surface sensing element assemblies mounted in said carriage of said sending unit and contacting the vehicle body surface beneath said sending unit when secured to said vehicle body as afore¬ said, a plurality of movable surfacing components mounted in the carriage of said surfacing unit and contour transmitting drive cable extending between each of said surface sensing elements and a corresponding surfacing component whereby ver¬ tical movement of said surface sensing element is reproduced in the corresponding surfacing component, 2. The invention according to Claim 1 in which said sensing carriage includes a screw plate, each of said surface sensing element assemblies comprising a cylindrical casing extending upwardly from said screw plate, an element vertically slidable within said casing, means to prevent rotation of said element relative to said casing, a sensing component journalled for rotation in the lower end of said element and contacting the surface of the vehicle body, a screw shaft also mounted in said casing, means operatively connected between said element and said shaft whereby vertical movement of said element causes -corresponding rotation of said screw shaft and gear means operatively connected between said screw shaft on one end of said contour transmitting drive cable for rotating said drive cable. 3. The invention according to Claim 1 in which said surfacing unit includes a screw plate, each of said movable surfacing components including a drive tube, gear means operatively connected between said drive tube and the other end of said contour transmitting drive cable whereby rotation of said gear means causes corresponding vertical movement of said drive tub an element journalled for selective rotation within said drive tube, a surfacing bit secured at the lower end of said element and means to 'selectively rotate said element to position the surfacing bit as required. 4. The invention according to Claim 3 in which said last men¬ tioned means includes means interconnecting all of said ele¬ ments simultaneously and means operatively connected to said ' source of power to rotate said elements. 5. The invention according to Claim 2 in which said surfacing unit includes a screw plate, each of said movable surfacing components including a drive tube, gear means operatively connected between said drive tube and the other end of said contour transmitting drive cable whereby rotation of said gear means causes corresponding vertical movement of said drive tube, an element journalled for selective rotation within said drive tube, a surfacing bit secured at the lower end of said element and means to selectively rotate said ele¬ ment to position the surfacing bit as required. 6. The invention according to Claim 5 in which said last mentioned means includes means interconnecting all of said elements simultaneously and means operatively connected to said source of power to rotate said elements. 7. The invention according to Claim 1 in which said sending unit and said surfacing unit each includes a pair of horizon¬ tally spaced and parallel rails and a pair of vertically space and parallel rails, a carriage support block mounted upon each horizontal rail for movement therealong, said means operative¬ ly connecting said carriage to said source of power being operatively connected to one of said blocks to move same along said horizontal rail, a carriage support rod extending between said blocks, said carriage being mounted for vertical movement upon said support rod, a drive screw also extending between said blocks , means operatively connecting said drive screw to ^BUR ( OM said one of said blocks for rotating said drive screw and means operatively connecting said drive screw to said carriage whereby rotation of said drive screw moves said carriage along said carriage support rod, 8. The invention according to Claim 2 in which said sending unit and said surfacing unit each includes a pair of horizon¬ tally spaced and parallel rails and a pair of vertically spaced and parallel rails, a carriage support block mounted upon each horizontal rail for movement therealong, said means operatively connecting said carriage to said source of power being operatively connected to one of said blocks to move same along said horizontal rail, a carriage support rod extending between said blocks, said carriage being mounted for vertical movement upon said support rod, a drive screw also extending between said blocks, means operatively connecting said drive screw to said one of said blocks for rotating said drive screw and means operatively connecting said drive screw to said carriage whereby rotation of said drive screw moves said carriage along said carriage support rod. 9. The invention according to Claim 3 in which said sending unit and said surfacing unit each includes a pair of horizon¬ tally spaced and parallel rails and a pair of vertically spaced and parallel rails, a carriage support block mounted upon each horizontal rail for movement therealong, said means operatively connecting said carriage to said source of power being operatively connected to one of said blocks to move same along said horizontal rail, a carriage support rod extending between said blocks, said carriage being mounted for vertical movement upon said support rod, a drive screw also extending between said blocks, means operatively connect¬ ing said drive screw to said one of said blocks for rotating said drive screw and means operatively connecting said drive screw to said carriage whereby rotation of said drive screw moves said carriage along said carriage support rod. 10. The invention according to Claim 4 in which said sending unit and said surfacing unit each includes a pair of horizon¬ tally spaced and parallel rails and a pair of vertically spaced and parallel rails, a carriage support block mounted upon each horizontal rail for movement therealong, said means operativel connecting said carriage to said source of power being opera¬ tively connected to one of said blocks to move same along said horizontal rail, a carriage support rod extending between said blocks, said carriage being mounted for vertical movement upon said support rod, a drive screw also extending between said blocks, means operatively connecting said drive screw to said one of said blocks for rotating said drive screw and means operatively connecting said drive screw to said carriage where by rotation of said drive screw moves said carriage along said carriage support rod. 11. The invention according to Claim 5 in which said sending unit and said surfacing unit each includes a pair of horizonta ly spaced and parallel rails and a pair of vertically spaced and parallel rails, a carriage support block mounted upon each horizontal rail for movement therealong, said means operativel connecting said carriage to said source of power being opera¬ tively connected to one of said blocks to move same along said horizontal rail, a carriage support rod extending between said blocks, said carriage being mounted for vertical movement upon said support rod, a drive screw also extending between said blocks, means operatively connecting said drive screw to said one of said blocks for rotating said drive screw and means operatively connecting said drive screw to said carriage where by rotation of said drive screw moves said carriage along said carriage support rod. 12. The invention according to Claim 6 in which said sending unit and said surfacing unit each includes a pair of horizon¬ tally spaced and parallel rails and a pair of vertically space and parallel, rails, a carriage support block mounted upon each horizontal rail for movement therealong, said means operativel connecting said, carriage to said source of power being opera¬ tively connected to one of said blocks to move same along said horizontal rail, a carriage support rod extending between said blocks, said carriage being mounted for vertical movement upon said support rod, a drive screw also extending between said / ^BURE ( . _0MP blocks ' , means operatively connecting said drive screw to said one of said blocks for rotating said drive screw and means opera¬ tively connecting said -drive screw to said carriage whereby ro- ration of said drive screw moves said carriage along said carriage support rod. 13. A sending unit for a body--surfacing =assembly including a source of power and comprising in combination means to- detach¬ ably secure said sending unit to a vehicle body, a frame, a carriage mounted on said frame for horizontal and vertical move¬ ment relative thereto, means operatively connecting said carriage to said source of power, a plurality of movable surface sensing element assemblies mounted in said carriage and contacting the vehicle body surface beneath said sending unit, said carriage including a screw plate, each of said surface sensing element assemblies- comprising a cylindrical casing extending outwardly from said screw plate, an element vertically slidable within said casing, means preventing rotation of said element relative to said casing, a sensing component journalled for rotation in the lower end of said element contacting the surface of said vehicle body, a screw shaft also mounted in said casing, means operatively connected between said element and said shaft whereby vertical movement of said element causes corresponding rotation of said screw shaft, gear means on said screw shaft, and a con¬ tour transmitting drive cable operatively connected to said gear means and rotatable thereby. ""14. The sending unit according to Claim 13 in which said frame includes a pair of horizontal spaced and parallel rails and a pair of vertical spaced and parallel rails, a carriage support block mounted on each horizontal rail for movement therealong, means operatively connect said carriage to said source of power and being operatively connected to one of said blocks to move same along said horizontal rail, a carriage support rod extending between said blocks, said carriage being mounted for vertical movement upon said support rod, a drive screw also extending between said blocks, means operatively connecting said drive ■ screw to said- cne of said blocks for rotating said drive screw and means operatively connecting said drive screw to said carriage whereby rotation of said drive screw moves said carriage along OMPI ^ said carriage support rod. 15. The vehicle body surfacing unit, together with a source of power and comprising in combination means to detachably secure said surfacing unit over the area of a vehicle body requiring repair, said surfacing unit including a frame, a carriage mounted on said frame for horizontal and vertical movement relative thereto, means operatively connecting said carriage to said source of power, a plurality of movable surfacing components mounted in the carriage of said surfacing unit, said carriage including a screw plate, each of said movable surfacing components including a drive tube, gear means on said drive tube, an element journalled for selective rotation within said drive tube, a surfacing bit secured be¬ low the end of said element and means to selectively rotate said element to position the surfacing-bit as required. 16. The invention according to Claim 15 in which said sur¬ facing unit includes a pair of horizontally spaced and par¬ allel rails and a pair of vertically spaced and parallel rails, a carriage support block mounted upon each horizontal rail for movement therealong, said means operatively connec- ing said carriage to said source of power being operatively connected to one of said blocks to move same along'said hori¬ zontal rail, a carriage support rod extending between said blocks, said carriage being mounted for vertical movement upon said support rod, a drive screw also extending between, said blocks, means operatively connecting said drive screw to said one of said blocks for rotating said drive screw and ' means operatively connecting said drive screw to said carriage where- ^ by rotation of said drive screw moves said carriage along said carriage support rod. 17. The invention according to Claim 1 which includes a bow assembly for use with either of said sending and surfacing units and comprising a bow supporting rod, means mounting said rod upon said frame parallel to the ends thereof, a flexible and resilient bow strip, means mounting said strip to said rod, whereby the arc-of said bow strip can be selectively adjusted within limits, and means to operatively connect said, sensing element to said bow strip whereby movement of said carriage moves said last mentioned means along said bow strip. OMPI sensing element to said bow strip whereby movement of said carriage moves said last mentioned means along said bow strip. 18. The invention according to Claim 17 in which said means mounting said bow strip to said rod includes at least one squeeze positioner secured to- one end of—said bow strip and frictionally engaging with said bow supporting rod. 19. The invention according to Claim 2 which includes a bow assembly for use with either of said sending and surfacing units and comprising a bow supporting rod, means mounting said rod upon said frame parallel to the ends thereof, a flexible and resilient bow strip, means mounting said strip to said rod, whereby the arc of said bow strip can be select¬ ively adjusted within limits, and means to operatively connect said sensing element to said bow strip whereby movement of said carriage moves said last mentioned means along said bow strip. 20. The invention according to Claim 3 which includes a bow assembly for use with either of said sending and surfacing units and comprising a bow supporting rod, means mounting said rod upon said frame parallel to the ends thereof, a flexible and resilient bow strip, means mounting said strip to said rod, whereby the arc of said bow strip can be selectively adjusted within limits, and means to operatively connect said sensing element to said bow strip whereby movement of said carriage moves said last mentioned means along said bow strip. 21. The invention according to Claim 4 which includes a bow assembly for use with either of said sending and sur¬ facing units and comprising a bow supporting rod, means mounting said rod upon said frame parallel to the ends there¬ of, a flexible and resilient bow strip, means mounting said strip to said rod, whereby the arc of said bow strip can be selectively adjusted within limits, and means to operatively connect said sensing element to said bow strip whereby move¬ ment of said carriage moves said last mentioned means along said bow strip. 22. The invention according to Claim 19 in which said means ' BUREAU __OMPI_ y 23. The invention according to Claim 20 in which said means mounting said bow strip to said rod includes at least one squeeze positioner secured to one end of said bow strip and frictionally engaging with said bow supporting rod. 24. The invention according to Claim 21 in which said means mounting said bow strip to said rod includes at least one squeeze positioner secured to one end of said bow strip and frictionally engaging with said bow supporting rod. 25. The invention according to Claim 1 in which said means to detachably secure said units to a vehicle body includes a plurality of leg assemblies secured to said frame of each of said units and including means on the distal ends of said leg assemblies to detachably secure said leg assemblies to the vehicle body, means to selectively move said leg assemblies along said frame, means to position said leg assemblies radial¬ ly with respect to said frame and means to adjust the distance of the distal ends of said leg assemblies from said frame. 26. The invention according to Claim 25 which includes means to secure the frames of said unit in back to back relationship for mutual adjustment of the corresponding leg assemblies of said units, said last mentioned means including means to detach¬ ably interconnect the corresponding leg assemblies for mutual radial movement one relative to the other, and means to inter¬ connect the corresponding leg assemblies for mutual adjustment of the distance between the distal ends of said leg assemblies relative to the respective frames, said last two mentioned means detachably interconnecting said corresponding leg assemblies for mutual movement along the frames of said units.";FAHRNER D;FAHRNER D;1978
+WO-1980000832-A1;19800501.0;19781017;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25160965.0;C02B1;;C02F1, C02F3, C02F9, C02F11;C02F   1/52F, C02F   1/54, C02F   1/72, C02F  11/12C, C02F   3/00R, C02F   9/00, M02F 209/22;TREATMENT OF SEA DISCHARGED SEWAGE;Method and apparatus for treating sewage destined for discharge into the sea. The fluid treatment process comprises conducting the sewage through bar racks, and degritters (3) to remove large scale particles, extracting intermediate size particulate material in a rotary drum screen (5), introducing a chemical composition into the fluid to promote coagulation of particles having an average particle size of less than about 1 micron, filtering the fluid containing said coagulated particles through a deep bed multimedia filter (9), adjusting the quantity of dissolved oxygen in the filtrate to a predetermined level and discharging the oxygenated fluid to the sea some distance offshore to permit dispersal of any remaining contaminants by action of wind and currents.;"TREATMENT OF SEA DISCHARGED SEWAGE Background of the Invention This invention pertains to a method and appar¬ atus for treating waste water discharges. More specifi- cally, the invention relates to a method for treating sewage which is to be discharged to the sea. Still more specifically, the invention pertains to a method for treating sewage and waste water to remove suspended solids and- oils which menace the survival of edible marine species and to reduce the amount of BOD components in such fluids to predetermined levels. In general, sea coast cities have done less with respect to the treatment of sewage than have inland communities. The disposal technique employed by many such cities consits of conducting the sewage fluid to an outfall or discharge portal located a considerable distance from the shore. In many instances the sewage released into the sea through the off-shore outfall has not received any primary treatment or screening. While considerable attention has been devoted to locating the outfalls and directing the waste streams away from the shoreline, thus giving a degree of protection to the coastal environment, unpredictable changes in winds and currents can lead to the fouling of beaches and pollution of coastal waters. Recently, as a result of numerous scientific investigations, there has been a widening movement to halt pollution of the seas. Most sewage quality standards are directed to safeguarding the sources of potable water. Many of these standards are not necessary for controlling the composition of discharges to the sea. Thus, disssolved inorganic solids such as chlorides, sulfates, carbonates and phosphates may be present in greater concentrations in sea water. On the other hand, suspended solids, oils and greases, and certain toxic heavy metals (e.g., lead, cadmium and cobalt) must be removed in order to prevent pollution of the littoral and to protect the quality of coastal waters. Recent standards provide that water discharged to the sea must be essentially free of (1) material that is floatable ' or will become floatable upon discharge; (2) settable material or substances that form sediments which degrade benthic communiti or other aquatic life; (3) substances toxic to marine life due increases in concentrations in marine waters o sediments; (4) substances which significantly decrease the natural life to benthic communiti and other marine life; and (5) materials which result in aestheti¬ cally undesirable discoloration of the ocean surface. The hitherto available sewage treatment system have drawbacks which render them generally too expensive for discharge of treated materials to the sea. Conventional primary sewage treatment is based on some form of gravity separation. While such systems are successful in removing large-scale materials from th sewage stream, they only remove about 30 to 45% of the suspended solids. This means that the treated effluent in most instances will contain between about 275 and 350 milligrams per liter of suspended solids. This greatly exceeds the 50 to 75 milligrams per liter of suspended solids generally considered to be permissible for intro¬ duction to the sea. While by itself microstraining can be effectiv in removing 25-50% suspended solids, it must be preceded by coarse screening or primary treatment in order to reduce clogging of the fine mesh screens and excessive wear and abrasion. Moreover, the removal of slime and biological growths which accumulate on the strainer is not easily accomplished and requires the use of expensiv solvents. Conventional secondary sewage treatment is usually based on some form of bio-oxidation (e.g. bac- OMP terial degradation) or physio-chemical process. The effluent produced from such systems generally meets recently enacted standards for sewage discharges to the sea. However, secondary sewage treatment plants have several drawbacks. The cost of construction and operation for secondary treatment facilities is extremely high. Moreover, such plants require a large site near the coast where land is particularly expensive. Most communities are not willing to accept location of a secondary sewage treatment plant in highly developed neighborhoods adjacent to the coastline. The alternative to coastal siting. Conveying the sewage inland for secondary treatment and then conducting the treated effluent back to the shoreline for disposal to the sea, tends to increase the already high construction and operation costs. A more significant drawback is that the removal of contaminatns by bio- oxidation processes is easily upset by several factos, many of which cannot be easily controlled. This requires a reserve capacity for treatment and storage which in turn calls for additional space. The foregoing problems are overcome by the present invention in which heavy debris and relatively dense suspended materials in which heavy debris and relatively dense suspended material ' s are removed by conducting the effluent steam through bar racks and degritters, subjecting the effluent to narrow-range screening, admixing a coagulent composition with the effluent to promote agglomeration of microscopic suspended solids into particles having an average mean particle size between about 1 and about 70 microns, removing said agglomerated particles from the effluent screen by filtration through an ultra-high rate water filtration apparatus to produce a filtrate containing from about 50 to about 75 milligrams per liter of suspended solids, introducing oxygen, air or ozone into said filtrate to raise the level of dissolved oxygen and discharging the oxygen treated filtrate to the sea. Effluent from the process generally complies with recently enacted standards for sewage discharge to the sea. This procedure overcom most of the drawbacks of the prior art since ' it can remo the principal contaminants, including suspended solids, floating particles, settleable solids, grease, oil, heav metals and turbidity to the same degree as conventional secondary sewage treatment, but at less than half the cost. The area occupied by a treatment plant capable of practicing the process is less than 20% of that required by .a conventional secondary treatment plant of equivalen capacity. Moreover, the total elapsed time for treatmen required by the instant process is less than 15 minutes, as contrasted with the 5 to 8 hours required to achieve comparable contaminant levels in conventional secondary treatment plants. Although the process requires additio of coagulants and other chemicals to the fluid to be treated, the relatively low dosages involved require an expenditure equal to only 10 or 20% of the cost of chemicals or energy required for conventional secondary sewage treatment processes which usually call for the us of activated carbon. As a further benefit the instant process has a total energy requirement of about 0.2 kilo watt hours per cubic meter of treated sewage, considerab less than the corresponding figures for conventional bio oxidation treatment processes. The ultra high rate filtration apparatus (essentially a deep bed multi- medium filter) can operate at rates of flow substantiall above the design criteria for short periods of time. Accordingly, it is possible to treat periodic ""flush"" flows resulting from storm run offs. Also of importance is the fact that the entire process is compact and can b housed in a small completely enclosed building which doe not have an adverse aesthetic impact upon the surroundin coastal areas. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide an efficient process for treating sewage to be discharged to the sea. Another aspect of the invention is to provide sewage treatment process which is substantially less expensive to construct and operate as contrasted with conventional secondary sewage treatment systems. A further aspect of the present invention is to provide a process for the treatment of sewage destined for discharge to the sea which can remove suspended solids, floating particles, settleable solids, grease, oil and heavy metals to the same degree as conventional secondary treatment and which occupies a substantially smaller area than that required by a secondary treatment plant of equivalent capacity. A still further aspect of the present invention is to provide a rapid system for the treatment of sewage to be discharged in the sea. These and other aspects of the present inven- tion are more completely explained by consideration of the following description of a preferred embodiment of the invention described with reference to the accompanying drawing in which Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram indicating the flow of influent sewage through the process of the invention. The present invention will be described by reference to treatment and disinfection of a sewage influent stream containing suspended inorganic and organic solids, oils, greases, and heavy metals including for example sand, cinders, metal filings, and dissolved solids such as chlorides, sulphates, carbonates, phosphates and the like. Heavy metal contaminants such as lead, mercury, nickel and zinc, as well as other toxic metals including arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper; poisons including cyanide, and hydrocarbons inclduing for instance phenolic compounds and chlorinated hydrocarbons which are primarily of industrial origin should not be present in the influent in ecologically harmful quantities as they should be intercepted and treated at their source. The sewage influent is considered to be representative of that produced by a typical coastal city comprising a mixture of residential and industrial citizens. The topography of most coastal cities results in all waste streams being directed towards the sea. The streams are generally intercepted and conveyed to a smal central processing plant which is completely housed in a well ventilated structure having an architectural design which blends with its seaside location and does not depress the value of adjacent properties. If the city has a combined sewer and storm drain system, the hydraul capacity of the sewage treatment plant of the present invention can briefly handle 200% or even more of its design (dry weather) capacity which will afford satis¬ factory treatment for the dirtiest portion of storm run Off. This allows the treatment of the first flush of a combined storm sewer-sewage system. Referring to Fig. 1 of the drawing, the combin sewage influent (1) received at the treatment plant via the sewer system is first conducted through a sewage treatment arrangement (2) including bar racks or bar screens and a degritter (i.e. grit separator). Bar assemblies are usually arranged in racks or screens constructed of steel bars assembled within a steel frame These assemblies which are well known to the art have ba spacing designed to provide a clear opening range from a minimum of about 1/2 of an inch to 2 inches or more to meet the specific requirements of a particular influent situation. In most instances the bar rack is equipped with a cable operated cleaning rake to enable positive cleaning of the bars. In operation, the bar rack or screen intercepts the heavy debris carried with the intake flow such as fish, ice, branches, rags, mattresse cans, bottles and the like from the influent flow. This debris, accumulated on the bar screen, is removed by operation of the rake. The sewage flow is then conducted into a con¬ ventional degritter arrangement in which the more dense suspended materials (e.g. sand, cinders, and metal filings) are removed by differential settling; i.e. by retarding the fluid flow to a relatively slow velocity (about one to three feet per second) in a separation tan or channel. This permits the higher specific gravity solids to settle out in the channel while the lighter solids remain in suspension. If not removed at this stage, the grit entrained with the sewage flow can damage pump mechanisms and clog screens and filters encountered in subsequent processing operations. Furthermore, failure to remove grit can result in its accumulation in sewage digesters if these are used. Recovery of grit from digesters is extremely expensive and likely to interfere seriously with the sludge digestion procedure. Practice of the present invention is not limited to any particular degritting arrangement and any of the degritting devices well known in primary sewage treatment are satisfactory for use in the instant process. Such devices include channel-type grit chambers having an elongated and rectangular plan of the cross-section or outlet arrange¬ ments such that a fairly constant velocity can be main¬ tained with a normal flow limit. Depending upon the site location, the sewage effluent emerging from the primary treatment phase 3 is then raised to a height of about ten meters above ground level in order to provide a hydraulic head for further treatment by gravity. In most instances the lifting operation will be accomplished using pumps 4; however, processing operations conducted in suitable geographic locations may take advantage of natural terrain features to obtain the necessary hydraulic head. Thus, in those instances where the processing operation is located on a hillside, the influent sewage stream may enter at the highest point for possage through the bar screens and degritters, and proceed downhill for the remainder of the processing operation thereby eliminating the require¬ ment for a pumping operation. The sewage effluent which has been lifted by pumps 4 is then subjected to narrow range screened prefer¬ ably in a revolving drum screen apparatus. The raw sewage enters the revolving drum screen 5 through an inlet port on the upstream side of the unit. The revolving screen is O PI of conventional design and operates on the center flow principle in which liquid enters the center Of the scre passing from inside to the outside of the screening baskets. Thus, the entire submerged screening area is utilized to permit effective filtration. Accumulated trash and debris are conveyed to the top of the screen and discharged by gravity into a screening through. In the present invention, the screening media is a steel screen between No. 20 and NO. 60 mesh (No. 20 mesh bein equal to 10 squares per inch, and No. 60 mesh being equ to 60 squares per inch). The screen size is of some importance, as siz smaller than 60 mesh have been found to be subject to t same difficulties as in microstraining, while sizes larger than 20 mesh provide only coarse screening which would not prevent passage of large scale particles to t filter media. The liquified sewage is preferably poured ove the narrow range screens at a rate of 25 to 100 gallons per minute per square foot of wetted screen area. The drum screens are periodically cleaned by a backwash wat shower which is discharged vertically downward into the screening trough. The narrow range screening is pri¬ marily designed to remove smaller scale solid and strin materials (i.e., paper fibers, threads, etc.) which mig clog the filter media. In general, the drum screening will remove particles which are larger than 70 microns in order to protect the ultra high rate filter media. Passage of materials having a particle size greater tha 70 microns onto the filter surface would impair filter performance. Accordingly, an important aspect of the present invention is to conduct effective narrow screen operations. Despite careful narrow range screening in the rotary drum screening apparatus, the sewage effluent fr the screen will nonetheless contain a fairly high degre of suspended solids in the form of colloids, which are desirably removed prior to introduction to the filter O beds. Accordingly, predetermined doses of chemical compo¬ sitions which will precipitate colloids into -a soft mass or lead to formation of flocculant precipitates are intro¬ duced into the sewage effluent after it emerges from the narrow range screening operation. Suitable chemical compositions for use in effecting coagulation and floccu- lation of colloidal suspended solids within the sewage effluent include inorganic metal salts, natural and synthetic organic polymers and combinations of the pre- ceding ingredients. Inorganic salts which may be used as flocculants or precipitants include alum, e.g., ammonium sulphate of the general formulae M2• SO4. . M2'"" - (SO4.)3, . 24 H20 or M'M ! , , (SO.) 2 . 12H 0, wherein M 1 is monovalent and may be Na, K, Rb, Cs, NH. , Tl or Ag, and M' 1 ' is trivalent and may be Fe, Cr, Al, Mn, In, Tl, Ga, V, Co, Ti, or Rh. SeO. may replace SO.. Also useful are double salts of aluminum sulphate and the sulphate of the preceding monovalent metals. Especially preferred as a coagulant additive is ammonium alum (NH 4 ) 2 S0 4 .A1 2 (S0 4 ) 3 . 24 H 2 0. Generally, satisfactory coagulation and precipitate formation can be achieved by the addition of between about .5 and about 15 milligrams per liter of sewage of the preceding aluminum sulphate salts. It is especially preferred to use moderate doses of alum in the range of 10 to 40 parts per million of sewage in the present invention. Organic polyelectrolytes which are also useful as coagulating agents in the present invention include natural and synthetic anionic, cationic and nonionic organic polymers. Such polymers may be categorized as those capable of producing large chain-type ions in solutions and capable of carrying positive or negative groups along the polymer chain. These materials are generally classified s polyelectrolytes, are water soluble and include polyamines, polyaerylamides, starch, sodium carboxy methylcellulose, ethyleneoxide polymers, O PI carboxyl polymers, polyacrylic acid, polyacrolates of sodium or ammonium, polyamines, sodium algiriate, and alkyl guanideamine complexes. One preferred material is the sodium salt of a water soluble acrylic polymer (available as Cyanamer 370 from American Cyanamide Company). An equally suitable material is an anionic pol acrylamide formed by the copoly erization of acryla mide and acrylic acid (available from American Cyanamid as -Accurac 24) . In most instances introduction of between abo 0.25 and 1.0 milligrams per liter sewage of organic pol electrolyte provides satisfactory coagulation. In some instances it may be desirable to introduce both alum an one or more polyelectgrolytes to a particular sewage effluent in order to obtain optimum precipitation and flocculation of suspended particles. Under these circumstances the amount of each chemical additive introduced to the sewage stream will have to be adjuste to provide desirable results. It is also possible to recirculate the backwash after settling through the filters to take advantage of the remaining active electrolytes. The sludge can be collected and disposed of separately. To minimize the cost of sewage treatmen it is desirable to use the smallest quantity of poly- electrolytes and/or alum per liter of sewage effluent consistent with achieving optimum coagulation and flocculation of suspended colloidal materials. In operating the present invention the coagu¬ lating chemicals are generally introduced into a mixing basin 6 to which the sewage effluent from the drum screens 5 has been conducted. The overflow from the drum screens is conveyed to a conventional sludge thickener device and then via sludge pumps 8 and a sludge pressure pipeline 11 to a treatment plant for further refinement. The liquid overflow from the sludge thickener 7 may be fed to the primary treatment arrange ment 3 of the present invention to promote better grit separation and flow characteristics. In order to avoid OMP disturbing the aesthetic and environmental amenities of the coastline, the sludge is pumped through a small diameter underground pressure pipeline to an inland site where it can be digested and disposed of in an economical fashion. The drum screens 5 and filters 9 are backwashed with water at periodic intervals to cleanse them of accumulated contaminants. The backwash from the drum screens 5 and high rate filters 9 is generally con¬ ducted along pipeline 11 and carries up to 90% of all the contaminants removed by the instant invention. Both alum and polyoelectrolyte organic chemical compositions may be added directly to the sewage in the mixing basin or device 6 to assure maximum dispersion of these coagulants in the liquid. • Polyoelectrolytes are preferably added to the effluent stream beyond the mixing basin to avoid the possibility that the mixing action may result in breaking up the relatively long polymer chains into smaller components, thereby depriving them of their action as flocculating agents. However, alum is prefer- ably introduced into the effluent stream at a point before the stream enters the mixing basin. This affords addi¬ tional opportunity for admixture of the alum constituent with the sewage. The coagulation operation agglomerates small particles having an average size less than 1 micron to form particles having a size in the range between about 1 micron and 70 microns. Efficient coagulation is an important aspect of the present invention since particles having a size below 1 micron might not be trapped in the ultra high rate filtration apparatus 9 and could escape to the sea. Introduction of the coagulating chemical compo¬ sitions results in coagulation or flocculation of inorganic and organic solids suspended in the sewage effluent. In addition, heavy metals which may be present in the effluent, e.g., phosphorus are precipitated by the addition of alkaline materials (e.g., lime) to larger particle sizes which are easily entrapped on the filter media during subsequent processing operations. In contrast to prior art techniques, the sewage OMPI . treatment system of the present invention does not requ a separate settling tank or basin into which ' coagulated and flocculated materials are delivered for settling. Instead, after introduction of the chemical coagulating compositions the sewage effluent is led directly from mixing apparatus 6 into the ultra high rate filtration apparatus 9. The sewage is delivered in a suitable pipe of conduit from the inline mixer 6 directly to the ultra high rate filters 9. The ultra high rate filters of th present invention are designed to treat water or other liquids containing a concentration of suspended matter the order of from 20 to 500 milligrams per liter at extremely high filtration rates of from about 10 to abo 90 gallons per minute per square foot of filter area. simplified terms, such filters accomplish filtration in depth and remove contaminants from the fluid screen, at least in part, by physical absorption on the surfaces o the filter media granules. The high rate filters usually employ a plural of overlying media beds. Each filter consists of two o more beds of relatively coarse media, the composition a size of the respective beds differing from each other i contrast to prior art filters employing a single filtra tion medium. Because the combined depth of the filter beds is much greater than has been employed in the past, special backwashing facilities are provided to afford adequate cleansing of the media. In most operations th flux rate on the ultra high rate filter beds ranges fro about 25 to about 80 cubic meters of sewage effluent per square meter of filter bed per hour. The ultra high rate filter apparatus collects the fine flock (having a particle size between about 1 and about 70 microns) were created by addition of the coagulating chemicals to the waste stream or present as part of the untreated sewage flow. Suspended solids in most waste water discharges reduced on the order of 90% to 98% in the filtrate. OM A typical high rate filter installation for treatment of waste water generally consists of several open cells of the type used in prior art ""rapid"" sand filters. The uppermost filter bed having a thickness between 1-1/2 and 4 feet may consist of pea size (i.e., 4mm average size) anthracite granules of a size between about 3 and 12mm. A second underlying bed having athick- ness of 1-1/2 to 3 feet and consisting essentially of coarse sand (e.g., 2mm average particle size) is provided. The larger Particles are removed in the anthracite layer, while the smaller size ranges including finely dispersed dils are removed in the second layer. The sand and anthracite beds are supported on a filter bottom designed to permit uniform distribution of the filtrate, backwash water and air at high rates when the fluid has achieved a predetermined head loss. Ultra high rate water filtration apparatus suitable for use in the present invention is described in Nebosine et al U.S. Patent No. 3.,512,649, granted May 19, 1970 and Nebolsine et al U.S. Patent No. 3,746,172, granted July 17, 1973, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The exact design of the ultra high rate filtration apparatus for a particular sewage treatment will be selected based upon several factors including the nature of the waste to be treated, flow rate desired, media type and depth, back- washing procedures and the affect provided by addition of particular coagulating chemicals. The finely flocked and coagulated colloidal particles having an average particle size on the order of between about 1 micron and about 70 microns created by the coagulant chemical are intercepted and retained on the ultra high rate filter bedgs. In a preferred embodiment of the present inven¬ tion, the filtration apparatus is operated at flux rate of between about 10 and about 40 gallons per minute per square foot of filter bed area. The filtrate from the ultra high rate filters 9 is delivered to the outfall pipe 20, while the backwash fluid is conveyed via sludge thickener 7 and sludge OMPI pumps 8 to the sludge pressure pipeline for delivery t treatment plant including digesting apparatus whidh is prefereably located some distance inland. In order to raise the level of dissolved oxy in the filtrate prior to its introduction to the sea, is treated with atomized air within the confines of ou fall 20. The treatment is carried out by injecting at ized air at a discharge air pressure of between about and 100 lbs. per square inch and preferably 50 lbs. pe square inch. Thus, despite the fact that the filtrate contains some BOD contaminants, the waste water return to the sea has a controlled content of dissolved oxyge as may be required for the surrounding sea water. One of the basic aims of sewage treatment hd always been to limit the concentration of BOD (i.e., compositions which have a Biochemicl Oxygen Demand) so not to excessively deplete the dissolved oxygen in the receiving water body. However, due to the different eccological conditions encountered in confined fresh water bodies and the open sea, it is not necessary to adopt the same stringent BOD concentration limits for discharges to the sea and higher levels can be tolerat Instead of air, oxygen or ozone may be injected into the sewage in the enclosed outfall pipe under pressure. Atomization of the pressurized air, oxygen or ozone may be carried out through a micro- porous body (e.g., sandstone), or a sparger, or a jet. An electrical monitor device located at the diffuser ports 10 (i.e., discharge) of the outfall pipe 20 is employed to compare the amount of dissolved oxygen in discharge waste water with that in the surrounding sea water. If the concentration of dissolved oxyen in the sewage effluent is beneath that found in sea water, th monitor signals electrical apparatus controlling the a injection system to deliver increased quantities of atomized air to the effluent in the outfall pipe. The diffuser portals 10 are located well off shore and spa at a considerable distance from one another along outf pipe 20. As an optional step, the sewage may be treated with ozone or chlorine just prior to being released into the sea through the diffuser portals. The entire sewage treatment process of the present invention reuires an elapsed time of between about 5 and about 15 minutes as contrasted with prior art techniques which require between 5 and 8 hours to effect complete treatment. The total, land area required to house the.process of the present invention is extremely small and all the required apparatus and procedures can be carried on within a well ventilated building of modest size on the order of a large single fai ily residence. Furthermore, the process decreases the capital and oper¬ ating costs for -a sewage treatment plant as it has minimal energy requirements since the sewage effluent need only be lifted a maximum of about ten meters above the level of the sewer system inlet. In most instances the process requires approximately 0.2 kilowatt hours of energy per cubic meter of treated sewage, a fraction of the corre- sponding figures for conventional secondary sewage treat¬ ment. A particular advantage of the present invention is the ability to inject predetermined quantities of dis¬ solved oxygen into the sewage effluent thus insuring the presence of sufficient oxygen to enable survival of benthic communities in close proximity to the sewage outfall. As a rule, it has been found desirable to raise the level of dissolved oxygen in the filtrate slightly above that normally present in the surrounding sea water. This will enable the survival of marine species in the area directly adjacent to the diffuser ports, despite the presence of any BOD constitutuents remaining in the sewage stream after treatment. The process of the invention removes between about 80 and 98% 0 f the suspended solids (e.g., floating particles, settleable solids, grease, oil, turbidity, heavy metals and phosphates) and achieves performance equal to con¬ ventional secondary sewage treatment at less than half OMPI the construction and operational cost. Tests have con¬ firmed that sewage plants constructed in accordance wit the present invention can meet the sea water effluent quality standards recently adopted by the State of California. O";"(received by the International Bureau on 4 December 1979 (04.12.79)) 1. A method of treating sewage fluid for discharge through an outfall to a body of sea water which comprises: removing dense suspended particulate materials from said fluid; passing said fluid through a fine mesh screen, which is between 20 and 60 mesh; introducing a coagulant composition to said fluid, said coagulant composition comprising a member selected from the group consisting of an alum composition, a poly¬ electrolyte, or mixtures thereof to promote coagulation of colloidal size particles in said fluid; filtering said fluid containing said coagulated particles through a deep bed multi-media filter to produce a filtrate essentially free of particles between about 1 micron and about 70 microns; detecting the presence of a lower quantity of oxygen in said filtrate than in the sea water into which said filtrate is to be discharged by comparing the quantity of dissolved oxygen in said filtrate with the quantity of dis¬ solved oxygen in the sea water; raising the quantity of dissolved oxygen in said filtrate to at least the level present in said sea water in response to the detection of said lower quantity of oxygen by blowing an atomized oxygen containing gas under pressure into said filtrate; and discharging said oxygen treated filtrate to the sea water through said outfall. 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said removing step comprises conducting said fluid through a roughing screen or bar rack. 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said removing step comprises passing said sewage fluid through a grit collection chamber. _OMPI_ WIPO 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said fine mesh screen is between 2 and 60 mesh. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein said coagulant composition comprises a member selected from the group con¬ sisting of an alum composition, polyelectrolyte, or mixtures thereof. .6. The method of claim 1 wherein said coagulant is the alum composition, and said alum composition has the genera formula M 2 ' S0 4 .M '"" - (S0 4 ) 3 . 24 H 2 0 wherein M' is monoValent and is selected from the group consisting of sod ium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, ammonium, tellurium and silver, and M 11 ' is trivalent and is selected from the group consisting of iron, chromium, aluminum, manganese, indium, tellurium, gallium, vanadium, cobalt, titanium and rhodium. 7. The method of claim 6 wherein M' is selected from the group consisting of hydroxylamine or the radical of an organic quaternary base. 8. The method of claim 6 wherein said coagulant composition is a polyelectrolyte and, said polyelectrolyte is a synthetic organic polymer containing repeating units of acrylic acid. 9. The method of claim 8 wherein said deep bed filter comprises a concrete casing formed with a first upstanding wall and coordinate walls bounding a deep industrial filter chamber and carrying at its upper side area a second upstanding wall and coordinate walls bounding a fluid-receiving chamber, said first upstanding wall having at its lower area and exterior thereof coordinate walls bounding a chamber for receiving clarified fluid, horizontally positioned distributor troughs in the filter chamber across its upper area above the filter bed and receiving fluid directly through openings in a wall of the fluid-receiving chamber first named, a floor wall in the filter chamber, means for supporting said floor wall substantially above the base of the filter chamber, a plurality of distributor blocks on the flooring and adapted to support a filter bed, said distributor blocks being formed with through-slots therein for the passage of fluid, a plurality of open-ended nozzles passing through the floor wall to a distance below the same and having flow communication with the slots in the distributor blocks, a valved backwash discharge pipe extending from said fluid receiving chamber, a valved back-wash inflow pipe and also a valved outflow pipe extending from the filter chamber below its floor wall, and means for admitting jets of air to the area of the filter chamber below said floor wall thereof for agitating the filter bed during back wash thereof. 10. The method of claim 9 which comprises adjusting the amount of dissolved oxygen in said filtrate to a predeter¬ mined level by blowing an atomized oxygen-containing gas under pressure into said filtrate. 11. The method of claim 10 wherein said gas is selected from the group consiting of air, oxygen, and ozone. 12. The method of claim 11 which comprises cis- charging said filtrate to the sea through an outfall pipe having diffuser ports located a predetermined distance away from the shoreline. 13. The method of claim 12 which comprises disin¬ fecting said filtrate with chlorine before discharging said filtrate to the sea. 14. The method of claim 13 which comprises intro¬ ducing from about 0.1 to about 1.0 milligrams per liter of sewage of said polyelectrolyte into said sewage fluid. 15. The method of claim 1, 5 or 10 which comprises introducing from about 5 to about 15 milligrams per liter of sewage of said alum into said sewage fluid. MPI 16. The method of claim 1 which includes raising the level of dissolved oxygen in said filtrate to a level higher than the level of dissolved oxygen in the surrounding seawater. 17. Apparatus for treating sewage fluid for discharge to the .sea which comprises: means for removing heavy debris from said sewage fluid; means for removing dense suspended particulate materials from said sewage fluid, said means for removing parti¬ culate materials being in fluid interconnecting relationship with said means for removing heavy debris; a fine mesh screen receiving the fluid output of said means for removing dense suspended particulate materials; means for introducing a coagulant composition to said fluid to promote coagulation of colloidal size particles in said fluid; a deep bed multi-media filter in fluid communica¬ tion with said means for introducing a coagulant composition, said filter yielding a filtrate essentially free of particles between about 1 micron and about 70 microns; means for detecting the presence of a lower quantity of oxygen in said filtrate than in the surrounding seawater into which said filtrate is to be discharged by compar¬ ing the quantity of dissolved oxygen in said filtrate with the quantity of dissolved oxygen in the surrounding seawater; means for raising the quantity of dissolved oxygen in said filtrate to at least the level present in said seawater in response to a signal indicating a lower level of oxygen in said filtrate than in said seawater from said means for detecting by blowing an atomized oxygen containing gas under pressure into said filtration; and means for discharging said oxygen treated filtrate";NEBOLSINE R;HYDROTECHNIC CORP;1978
+WO-1980000950-A1;19800515.0;19781101;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141276.0;B65B43;;B65B3;B65B   3/02C;SINGLE LINE,DUAL STATION INDEXING PACKAGING MACHINE;A method of, and a packaging machine for forming, filling and closing containers (94). In accordance with the method, container blanks, (87) are intermittently advanced in pairs along a container bottom end forming rotary path (90) for forming the bottom ends of the containers (94). The containers (94) are then transferred in pairs into a straight, single line filler path where they are intermittently advanced in pairs into a plurality of filling stations (131) and closing stations (133) for filling and closing the containers (94). The packaging machine includes an intermittently rotatable container bottom end former turret (90) having a pair of container mandrels (103) at each of a number of spaced work stations. Container blanks (87) are transferred onto the mandrels (103) and they are then moved through a container bottom end rotary forming path, and then transferred onto a straight, single line filler apparatus (122) which is disposed tangential to the rotatable container bottom end former turret (90). The bottom end formed containers (94) are intermittently advanced, or indexed, by pairs through the single line filler apparatus for filling the containers and through a heater (140) and sealing means (145) for closing the containers.;"SINGLE LINE, DUAL STATION INDEXING PACKAGING MACHINE This invention relates generally to the container packaging art, and more particularly, to a single line, dual station, indexing packaging machine for forming, filling and closing containers. BACKGROUND ART It is known in the container packaging art to provide automa¬ tic packaging machines for forming, filling and closing containers. However, a disadvantage of the prior art automatic container packag¬ ing machines is that they are large, expensive and complicated in structure. A further disadvantage of the prior art automatic con¬ tainer packaging machines is that each container packaging machine is designed with a particular structure for operation on one or more sizes of containers, and other type structures are provided in other packaging machines for operation on other sizes of containers, where- by interchange ability of parts between said prior art packaging machines is not achievable to any great extent. United States patent No. 3, 918, 236 discloses an automatic packaging machine for forming, filling and closing containers which includes a container bottom former turret which intermittently ad- vances containers along a container bottom end forming rotary path, in a single station indexing machine. Two formed containers are transferred to a ""left hand turret"" for filling and two formed con¬ tainers are transferred to a ""right hand turret"" for filling. The containers are filled and closed while advancing through a double indexing rotary path. Other examples of prior art packaging ma¬ chines are disclosed in U. S. patents Nos . 1, 893, 169, 3, 350, 837 and 3, 491, 506. DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the container packaging art, and t a method and machine for forming, filling and closing containers. In accordance with the method of the present invention, container blanks are intermittently advanced in sets of pairs, of containers along a container bottom end forming rotary path and through a plurality of bottom end processing stations for forming the bottom ends of the containers. The bottom end formed containers are the transferred in pairs into a straight, single line filler path, and th are intermittently advanced in pairs into a plurality of filling and closing stations for filling and closing the containers . The packaging machine of the present invention includes an intermittently rotatable container bottom end former turret having a pair of container mandrels at each of a number of spaced work stations. A pair of container blank magazines are disposed adjac the container bottom end former turret, and means is provided fo transferring the container blanks from the magazines onto the pai of mandrels. A straight, single line filler apparatus is disposed adjacent the rotatable container bottom end former turret, and me is provided for transferring the containers in sets of pairs from t bottom end former turret onto a straight, single line filler appara for filling and closing the containers. The containers are dual ind ed, or indexed in pairs, through said single, line filler apparatus . The packaging machine of the present invention may be eon structed and arranged for processing a range of small size contai ers, or a range of intermediate size containers, or a range of lar size containers. An advantageous feature of the invention is that t rate of interchangeability of parts between the various model ma¬ chines for processing different size containers is higher than here tofore achievable by the prior art packaging machines. The advan ageous rate of interchangeability of parts results in lower produc costs, less inventory and less service parts . The packaging mac of the present invention is simpler than the prior art machines, easier to maintain as far as cleanliness and repair services are concerned. OMP IP BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS Figure 1 is a front elevation view of a first illustrative pack¬ aging machine for forming, filling and closing gable top containers in accordance with the method and principles of the present invention. ~ Figure 2 is op plan view of -the packaging machine illustrat¬ ed in Figure 1, taken along the line 2-2 thereof, and looking in the direction of the arrows . Figure 3 is a front elevation view of packaging machine struc¬ ture added to the packaging machine of Figures 1 and 2, for folding the gable top of containers into a flat position, and sealing the same to form flat top containers . Figure 4 is a top plan view of the packaging machine structure illustrated in Figure 3, taken along the line 4-4 thereof, and looking in the direction of the arrows . Figure 5 is a front elevation view of a second illustrative packaging machine for forming, filling and enclosing flat top contain¬ ers in accordance with the method and principles of the present invention. Figure 6 is a top plan view of the packaging machine structure illustrated in Figure 5, taken along the line 6-6 thereof, and looking in the direction of the arrows . Figure 7 is a right end elevation view of the packaging machine structure illustrated in Figure 5, taken along the line 7-7 thereof, and looking in the direction of the arrows . Figure 8 is a top plan view of a third illustrative packaging machine for forming, filling and closing flat top containers in accord¬ ance with the method and principles of the present invention. BEST MODE OF CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a first illustrative packaging ma- chine embodiment which illustrates the best mode of carrying out the method and principles of the present invention. The container forming, filling and closing machine illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 is particu¬ larly adapted for use with gable top cartons or containers of the type shown: in the United States patents Nos . 3, 120, 333; 3, 185, 375; 3, 185, ' 376; 3, 270, 940; 3, 294, 310; and, 3, 406, 892. For a comple description of the gable top type of container which may be forme filled and closed by the machine illustrat ed in Figures 1 and 2, r ence may be had to the aforementioned patents. As shown in Figures 1 and 2, the numeral 10 generally de nates a machine base which is provided with a plurality of suitabl support legs 11 for supporting the base on a floor surface 12. Th illustrative machine includes a pair of container blank magazines, generally indicated by the numerals 13 and 14, which are adapted supply conventional flat folded, side seamed tubular container bla 17 (Figure 1) to a rotary container bottom forming apparatus, gen ly indicated by the numeral 20. The container bottom forming ap tus 20 receives the container blanks 17 in sets of two, and then he folds and seals the container bottom closures in pairs so as to pr erected open-ended tubular containers indicated by the numeral 2 (Figures 1 and 2). The rotary container bottom forming apparatu moves clockwise with an intermittent or indexing motion, and car each set of two containers 22 through eight stations, after which t erected containers 22 are transferred in sets of two onto a single conveyor me ans, generally indicated by the numeral 23. The con means 23 then intermittently advances the bottom end formed cont ers 22 in sets of two along a single straight line filler path throu a plurality of filling and closing stations for filling and closing the containers. In accordance with the aforedescribed general procedure, container blanks 17 are withdrawn one at a time from each of the magazines 13 and 14 by appropriate vacuum nozzle or cup mechan which comprise container blank feeders generally indicated by the numerals 15 and 16. The container blank magazines 13 and 14 m be of any suitable conventional type magazines. A suitable contai blank magazine is shown in U. S. patent 3, 212, 413. The vacuum n zle carton feeder mechanisms 15 and 16 are primarily of a charac described in U. S. patent No. 2, 357, 535, and each comprises a pl ality of nozzles which project from a suitable housing to engage on panel of a container blank 17. The nozzles retract to withdraw a container blank 17 from the respective magazine 13 and 14, and t nozzles then rotate and carry the container blanks 17 to a dual co tainer station on the container bottom end forming rotary apparat or turret 20. The container feeders 15 and 16 square the containe blanks 17 into a general rectangular pos ition in the usual manner, and theji each of the squared container blanks 17 is moved upward onto an individual mandrel 24 on the container bottom end forming apparatus 20 by a suitable carton loader means, generally indicated by the- numeral 18 in Figure 1. A suitable carton loader means for loading cartons onto a mandrel is described in U. S. patent 3, 212, 413. The loader mechanism 18 has a loader arm long enough to engage the lower ends of both of the cartons 17 extracted by the feeders 15 and 16 and raise them up simultaneously onto individual mandrels 24. As shown in Figure 2, the container botto end rotary forming apparatus 20 is provided with eight stations, and each of these stations includes a pair of container mandrels 24. As shown in Figure 2, the magazine 13 would load a carton 17 onto the trailing mandrel in each set of pairs of mandrels, which is indicated by the numeral 2, and the magazine 14 would load a container blank 17 onto the leading mandrel in each set of pairs of mandrels, which is indicated by the numeral 1 in Figure 2. The mandrels 24 are preferably of the conventional four-post water-cooled type. It will be understood that each one of the eight stations on the container bottom end rotary forming apparatus 20 is provided with a pair of mandrels 24 which may be of any conventional type, as for example, of the type shown and described in U. S. patent No. 3, 303, 761. As shown in Figure 2, the container bottom end forming ap¬ paratus or turret 20 indexes in an intermittent motion so as to move the various stations thereon in a counterclockwise direction, as viewed in Figure 2. As illustrated in Figure 2, the container bottom end rotary forming apparatus 20 includes first and second load stations, at each of which is disposed a pair of mandrels 24. Each of the sta¬ tions receives a blank 17, as described above. The pair of erected containers 17 on the mandrels 24 are indexed from the second load station to a bottom end heating station indicated by the numeral 25 - (Figure 2), Any suitable container bottom heating apparatus may be used, as for example, the heating apparatus disclosed in U. S. patents Nos. 3, 249, 025 and 3, 392, 458. A pair of containers 17 after being heated at the bottom end heating station 25 is then indexed in a single movement to the next station 26 which is a tucking station. It will also be understood that any suitable container tucker apparatus may be employed for tucking the bottom end of the containers 17, as for example, the container tucker apparatus as shown in U. S. patent No. 3, 166, 994; 3, 187, 647; and, 3, 398, 659. OMPI IPO After the bottom ends of the containers 17 have been tucked, and tacked if desired, the containers are then moved in an intermit tent or indexing motion through a pair of bottom sealing stations 27 and 28. Any suitable conventional bottom end sealing means may b employed at the sealing stations 27 and 28, as for example, the se ing means disclosed in U. S. patent No. 3, 347, 017. After the second sealing station 28, the containers 22 are t indexed clockwise to an open station 29, and thence indexed again the rotary container bottom end forming turret is moved again to a discharge or container strip station 30. As illustrated in Figure 1, a pair of bottom end formed containers 22 are simultaneously strip from the pair of mandrels 24 at the strip station 30. The pair of c tainers 22 are transferred downwardly by a suitable vacuum cup means, indicated generally by the numeral 31 in Figure 1. The vacuum cup means 31 is moved upwardly by a suitable air cylinder the like, so as to engage the lower ends of the pair of formed conta ers 22 at the strip station 30, and strip them off the mandrels 24 at that station, and moved them downwardly into separate positions o a single straight line suitable conveyor means, generally indicated by the numeral 23. » The carton conveyor means 23 may be of any suitable type, for example, a chain type conveyor of the type illustrated in U. S. patent No. 3, 239, 995. The chain type conveyor shown in the last tioned patent includes upper and lower chain courses which extend horizontally above a slide bar 38, along which the cartons 22 are moved by the chains. Each of the containers 22 is engaged by finge or plates fixed to the links of the upper and lower chains, respectiv The chains, as indicated by the numeral 21 in Figure 2, are traine over suitable idler sprockets 32 at the entrance end of the conveyor and over suitable drive sprockets 33 at the exit end of the conveyor The sprockets 32 and 33 are mounted on suitable vertical shafts, a indicated by the numeral 37 in Figure 2. As illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, a pair of bottom end form containers 22 are moved from the strip station 30 to the left, in an intermittent or double indexing motion into a dating station indicated by the numeral 34. The containers 22 are then indexed by pairs in intermittent, double indexing manner to the next station 35 which is top end break station. 'Any suitable conventional dating and top end closure panel break apparatuses may be employed at the stations 3 and 35. A suitable top end breaker apparatus is shown and describ in U. S. patent No. 3, 207, 049. The containers 22 are then double indexed whereby in the next position the leading container 22 of each pair is in the first fill station 50. and the..trailing, carton 22 is in an open station 36. The packaging machine 10 illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 is adapted for filling large cartons or containers, as half-gallon containers and similar metric size containers, and it is provided with a suitable eight station filler apparatus, generally indicated by the numeral 39. The eight filler stations are indicated by the numeral 50 in Figure 1. The filler apparatus 39 has eight filler tubes which are each disposed over one of the eight filler stations 50, and which are indicated by the numerals 41 through 48. A leading container 22 of a pair of indexed containers would receive a quarter fill portion from each of the fill tubes 41, 43, 45 and 47, as it is indexed past the filler-means 39. The trailing container 22 in each pair of indexed containers would receive four equal fill portions from the fill tubes 42, 44, 46 and 48 as it is indexed past the filling means 39. . The filler means 39 is connected to a suitable source of fluid being packaged in the containers 22, as for example, a suitable source of milk. The filler apparatus 39 may be any suitable conventional filler apparatus as,, for example, a piston or spray type filler apparatus of the type illustrated in either one' of U. S. patents Nos . 3, 195, 781 and 3, 334, 668. Another suitable filler apparatus which may be optionally employed is one which is used by the Ex-Cell-O Corporation of roy, Michigan, on its packaging machines, Models QMD and QM2D, and known as the ""AccuFiller"". After receiving the last fill portion from the filler apparatus 39, the filled cartons 22 are double indexed by the conveyor 23 through a two station de-foamer apparatus . The de-foamer stations are indi¬ cated by the numeral 53 in Figure 1, and the de-foaming tubes are indicated by the numerals 52. Any suitable conventional de-foamer apparatus may be employed in conjunction with the filler apparatus 39. After the de-foaming stations 53, the containers 22 are double indexed by the conveyor 23 into one of the top end tucking stations 55 of a suitable top end tucking apparatus, generally indicated by the numeral 54. The top end tucking apparatus 54 may be any suitable conventional type as, for example, it may be of the type disclosed and described in U. S. patent No. 3, 918, 236. The top end tucking operation results in further breaking or flexing of the top end closure elements about their score lines . OMPI The conveyor 23 next indexes the containers 22 in pairs through a four-station top end heating apparatus, generally indicated by the numeral 56, and which includes four stations 57. The top end heating apparatus 56 may be any suitable conventional type, as for example, it may be of the type shown in either of U. S. patents Nos. 3, 309, 841 or 3, 370, 399. After the heating operation, the conveyor 23 next indexes the containers 22 in pairs through a two station top end closing operation, and then through a two station top end-sealing operation. The numer- al 59 designates the top end closing stations and the numeral 61 desig¬ nates the top end sealing stations. The numeral 58 generally desig¬ nates the top end closing apparatus, and the -numeral 60 generally indicates the sealing apparatus. Any suitable conventional top end closing and sealing apparatus may be employed as, for example, the top end closing and sealing apparatus disclosed in U. S. patent 3, 370, 399 A suitable ultrasonic sealing means which may optionally be employed is one which is used by the Ex-Cell-O Corporation of Troy, Michigan, on its packaging machines known as Models QMD and QM2D. After the containers 22 have been sealed, they are moved in an indexing or intermittent movement to a two station unload or discharge position indicated by the numeral 62 from where they are unloaded by any suitable unloading apparatus onto a suitable discharge conveyor or the like for conveying the filled and sealed containers to a further processing station for delivery purposes. The machine of the present invention may be provided with any suitable operator's control me ans. The machine of the present invention is provided with a suitable electric drive motor 63 which is provided with a suitable gear reducer means and an output drive shaft 64 that is connected by any suitable drive me ans with the bottom end forming turret 20 and the conveyor me ans 23 for driving the same. The other filling and closing units which require power are also opera- tively connected to the output shaft 64 for driving said units. Any suitable control circuit means may be employed for controlling the operations of the various units of the machine since the control circuit means does not form any part of the present invention. The machine of the present invention provides a small, inex¬ pensive and simplified machine for providing maximum production in a minimum amount of space. The single line, dual station indexing machine of the present invention is simple and less expensive to make than a continuous motion packaging machine since it has fewer operating parts. The various filling and closing units are adjustably mounted on the machine base 10- at -their respective stations to per¬ mit adjusting of these units to ove-rcome any stretching of the chains for the conveyor 23. The single line, dual station indexing structure of the present invention provides a machine which provides a maxim¬ um of production in a minimum amount of floor space, and a machine that is clean, simple and easy to service. The various portions of the filling and closing units at each of the stations are accessible so as to provide quick and easy servicing of the same. For the one-half gallon machine shown in Figures 1 and 2, the various stations are spaced five inches apart, and this spacing can be maintained because of the adjustability of the various station units, even though a chain type conveyor me ans is employed. The packaging machine illustrat- ed in Figures 1 and 2 can fill and close one hundred gable top, half- gallon containers per minute, although it only moves at the rate of fifty containers per minute, because the machine is working or pro¬ cessing two containers at a time. Another advantage of the machine of the present invention is that maximum interchange-ability of parts is provided between machines for processing containers of various capacities or sizes. « The container packaging machine illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 forms, fills, closes and seals containers with gable tops, either straight or slanted. If it is desired to convert the container packag- ing machine of Figures 1 and 2 to a machine capable of providing universal flat top containers, then the additional structure illustrated in Figures 3 and 4 may be added to the structure of Figures 1 and 2. As shown in Figures 3 and 4, a machine base extension, generally indicated by the numeral 66, is operatively attached by any suitable means to the machine base 10 of the structure of Figures 1 and 2, and it is provided with suitable support legs 67. A container conveyor means, generally indicated by the numeral 68, is operative¬ ly mounted on the top of the machine base extension 66 for carrying the containers 22 through the steps of gable tab heating and folding over the gable top ends of the containers and sealing them in a flat position to form flat top containers. The added container conveyor means 68 is a chain type con¬ veyor constructed the same as the container conveyor 2-3 for the packaging machine illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The conveyor means 68 includes upper and lower chain courses which extent OMPI horizontally above a container slide bar 73 which forms a continu tion of the container slide bar 38 of the conveyor structure shown Figure 1. The conveyor chains are indicated by the numeral 69 i Figure 4, and they are trained over suitable idler sprockets 70 at the discharge end of the conveyor 68, and over suitable drive sprockeis72 which are mounted on the idler sprocket shafts 37 of t conveyor structure 23 of Figure 2, so that the added conveyor me 68 is also driven by the same power means that drives the convey means 23 of the machine structure of Figure 2. The idler sprocke 70 are operatively mounted on suitable vertical shafts, as indicate by the numerals 71 in Figure 4. The added structure of Figures 3 and 4, includes a four- station heater means, generally indicated by the numeral 74, for heating the gable top tab, and each of the heater stations is indicat by the numeral 75. The heater means 74 may be any suitable con ventional type, as for example, it may be similar to the heater structure employed for the container top end heating means 56 in t structure of Figure 1. The added conveyor means 68 intermittent moves the gable top filled and closed containers, in sets of two co tainers, from the discharge station 62 of the structure of Figures and 2 through the heater means 74, arAI thence through an eight - station folding and sealing means, generally indicated by the nume 76 in Figure 3, for folding the slant gable tops of the containers 2 over to form flat top containers 78 of the type illustrated in U. S. patents Nos . 3, 869, 078 and 4, 085, 885. The eight stations of the folding and sealing means 76 are designated by the numeral 77 in Figures 3 and 4. The filled flat top containers 78 formed by the structure of Figures 3 and 4 are then conveyed onto a suitable dis charge conveyor, or the like, for conveying the filled flat top con- tainers to a further processing station for delivery purposes . Figures 5, 6 and 7 illustrate a packaging machine made in accordance with the principles of the present invention for formin filling and closing containers known as universal flat top container which have a tab on the top for sealing down the top. end closure panels to form a flat top container. U. S. patents Nos. 3, 896, 078 and 4, 085, 885 illustrate flat top containers which may be process by the packaging machine illustrated in Figures 5, 6 and 7. The packaging machine illustrated in Figures 5, 6 and 7 is constructed and arranged to operate in the same manner as the pa aging machine illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, with a difference bei that the structure illustrated in Figs. 3. and 4 for folding over and sealing flat the tops of the containers has been incorporated in the machine of Figures 5, 6 and 7 to provide a single unit. A further dif¬ ference is that the packaging machine illustrated in Figures 5, 6 and 7 is adapted for processing smaller size of containers . In one em¬ bodiment, the machine of Figures 5, 6 and 7 may be made with 2- 1/4"" square cross section statioiB-for processing cartons or con¬ tainers having a capacity of 4, 6, 8 or 10 ounces. Another embodi¬ ment of the machine of Figures 5, 6 and 7 may be made with 2-3 /4 "" square cross section stations for processing quart size containers, or liter size containers . The center line of the processing stations are spaced 4"" apart so that the machine structure of Figures 5, 6 and 7 is designed to run either the aforementioned smaller size containers or the larger size containers by simply interchanging the mandrels on. the bottom end rotary former turret and various other filling and closing components along the container filler processing line. However, the basic overall structure is the same between machines of the type shown in Figures 5, 6 and 7, regardless of the size containers they are adapted to process . Figures 5, 6 and 7 illustrate a second embodiment of the in¬ vention. As shown in Figure 5, the numeral 80 generally designates a machine base which is provided with a plurality of suitable support legs 81 for supporting the base 80 on a floor surface 82. As shown in Figure 2, a pair of container blank magazines, generally indicated by the numerals 83 and 84 are operatively mounted on the base 80 and they are structurally and functionally the same as the magazines 13 and 14 of the first embodiment of Figures 1 and 2. Container blanks 87 are withdrawn from the magazines 83 and 84, and squared, by container blank feeders 85 and 86, respectively, and carried to con- tainer load stations 91 and 92 in the same manner as in the first em¬ bodiment of Figures 1 and 2. As shown in Figure 5, the packaging machine of Figures 5, 6 and 7 is provided with a suitable electric drive motor 88 which has an output shaft 89 for driving all the moving parts employed in the machine in the same manner as the motor 63 for the first embodiment of Figures 1 and 2. A container bottom end rotary forming apparatus or turret, generally indicated by the numeral.90 is operatively disposed on the base 80 adjacent the magazines 83 and 84. A container blank loader apparatus, generally indicated by the numeral 102, moves a OMPI WIPO container blank 87 upwardly from each of the container load statio 91 and 92, onto a mandrel 103 on a container bottom end rotary forming turret generally indicated by the numeral 90. The contain blank feeders 85 and 86, the loader apparatus 102, and the contain bottom end former turret 90 are structurally and functionally the same as the corresponding parts in the first embodiment of Figure 1 and 2. As shown in Figure 5, the container bottom end former turret 90 moves the container blanks 87 clockwise in pairs, in an intermittent movement, through a heating station 106, a bottom en tuck station 107, two seal stations 108 and 109, and an open statio 110 to a container strip station 111. A suitable container stripper means, generally indicated by the numeral 93, simultaneously mo a pair of bottom end formed containers 94 at the strip station 111 downwardly from their mandrels 103 into a pair of adjacent separa positions on a single straight chain type conveyor me ans, generall indicated by the numeral 95. The container stripper means 93 and the conveyor means 95 are structurally and functionally the same the corresponding parts in the first embodiment of Figures 1 and 2 The conveyor means 95 includes upper and lower chain courses of chains 97, a container slide bar 96, idler sprockets 98, and drive sprockets 99. The conveyor means 95 is disposed tan- gentially relative to the container bottom end former turret 90 in t same manner as the conveyor means for said first embodiment. As viewed in Figure 5, the container bottom end former turret 90 is disposed at the left end of the conveyor means 95 and may be termed a right hand machine as compared to the left hand machine of Figures 1 and 2. The bottom end formed containers 94 are moved in pairs b the conveyor means 95 in an intermittent movement through a seri of filling, closing and sealing operations in the same manner as in the first embodiment. The containers 94 are indexed through an idle station 114, and . through a tamp and top end breaker me ans, generally indicated by the numeral 117, and which includes the ta station 115, the breaker station 116, and the tamp station 118. The conveyor means 95 next indexes the containers 94, by pairs, through a filler and de-foamer station area, generally indi¬ cated by the numeral 122, which includes four fill stations two de-foam stations 132. A filler apparatus, generally indicated by the numeral 121 has four filler tubes 123, 124, 125 and 126 for filling the containers 94- in two shots or two one-half fill portions as they are indexed by pairs through the fill stations 131. The numeral 121 ' in Figure 6 indicates a modification that could easily be made to provide a larger capacity filler me ans for a larger size container to provide a filling operation in three fill portions. As shown in Figure 5, two de-foamer tubes 127 and 128 are operatively disposed over, the two de-foam stations 132. The filler and de-foamer me ans 121 is structurally and functionally the same as the filler and de-foamer means 39 of the first described embodiment. After leaving the de-foamer stations 132, the containers 94 are indexed through a number of top end closing stations 133. The top end closure means is generally indicated by the numeral 134, (Figure 5) and it is structurally and functionally the same as the top end closure means 54 of the first described embodiment. The containers 94 are indexed. from the top end closure sta¬ tions 133 to a pair of sealing stations 136 at which the top gable ends are sealed by a suitable conventional sonic sealing means, generally indicated by the numeral 135. It will be understood that other suit¬ able sealing me ans may be employed instead of the sonic seal me ans 135. The containers 94 are next indexed through a pair of further seal stations 138 where the slant gable top ends are further engaged by a suitable conventional pressure means 137. After leaving the pressure means 137, the cartons 94 are moved through an idle station 139 and thence through a number of heating stations 141 where they are heated by a suitable heater means, generally indicated by the numeral 140, and which is structurally and functionally the same as the heater means 74 employed in the modification structure shown in Figures 3 and 4. The heated slant gable top ends of the containers 94 are next folded over by a suitable sealing me ans, generally indicated by the numeral 145, which com¬ prises an elongated water cooled pressure rail 146. The pressure rail 146 has a curved front end which cams or folds over the slant gable top of the containers to a flat position and successive indexing movements under the water cooled pressure rail 146 seals a hold down tab on the folded over slant gable top to form a flat top filled container. -The water cooled pressure rail 146 is structurally and functionally the same as the water cooled pressure rail 76 shown in the modification of Figures 3 and 4, and it is a convention al t ^e ^^ of pressure rail. The numeral 147 in Figure 5 generally indicates a filler calibration control lever. Figure 8 illustrates a packaging machine made in accordanc with the principles of the present invention, and which comprises a twin unit that includes the machine structure of Figures 5, 6 and 7, and a mirror image of the same. The parts of the packaging mach of Figure 8 which are the same as the parts of the machine shown i Figures 5, 6, 7 and 8 have been marked with the same reference numerals followed by the small letters ""a"" and ""b"" to illustrate the corresponding parts of the twin machine. The twin part s of the packaging machine of Figure 8 functions in the same manner as the packaging machine illustrated in Figures 5 through 7, but the produ tion is greater. The packaging machine of Figure 8 conveys the filled and closed flat top containers from the ends of the machine conveyor means onto a further pair of discharge conveyors, genera indicated by the numerals l-50a and 150b. The packaging machine illustrated in Figures 5, 6 and 7 is capable of processing one hundred and fifty containers per minute of the small cross section type containers, as for example, contain ers of four, six, eight or ten ounce sizes. The packaging machine of Figures 5, 6 and 7 can process one hundred and twenty-five con¬ tainers of the larger type quart or liter size container. The twin packaging machine illustrated in Figure 8 is capable of processing three hundred containers per minute of the aforementioned small cross section sizes. It is also capable of having its mandrels and other necessary parts interchanged to process a larger size contai such as a quart or liter size container at 250 containers per minute An advantageous feature of the packaging machines illustrat in Figures 1 and 5 is that the rate of interchangeability of parts be- tween these two machines, that is, the left hand and right hand ma¬ chines of one size, is very high, and it has been found to be about a proximately ninety-two percent. The rate of interchangeability of between the small cross section container (Figure 5) right hand ma chine and a quart size right hand machine (Figure 5 with a filler 12 is about ninety-one percent. The rate of interchangeability betwee the right hand quart size machine and the half-gallon size (Figures and 2) machine is about thirty- five percent. The interchangeability advantage of the packaging machine of the present invention results in lowered production costs, less inventory of parts, and less serv parts required in the field. O WI INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY The packaging machine of the present invention is adapted for use in packaging liquid products, granular products, and simi¬ lar products capable of being loaded into a container from a flow type filler apparatus, as for example, various dairy products, ■ ■-- •- soft drinks-, flow. able-solid flood .products., .and liquid type products such as oils and the like. OMPI Λ,. WIPO";"C L A I M S 1. A method of forming, filling and closing containers com prising the steps of forming the bottom ends of containers, filling t containers, and closing and sealing the top ends of the containers, characterized by the steps of : (a) intermittently advancing containers in sets of a plura of containers along a container bottom end forming rotary path into a plurality of bottom, end processing stations having plural position for forming the bottom ends of the containers; (b) transferring simultaneously a plurality of the bottom end formed containers into a straight, single line filler path; and, (c) intermittently advancing the bottom end formed con¬ tainers in sets of a plurality of containers along- the straight, singl line filler path into a plurality of filling and closing stations for fill and closing the containers. 2. The method of forming, filling and closing containers as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that : (a) the sets of a plurality of containers are intermittentl advanced along the bottom end forming rotary path at a speed equal to the speed at which the sets of plurality of containers are intermi tently advanced along the straight, single line filler path. 3. The method of forming, filling and closing containers as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: (a) each of the sets of a plurality of containers includes least two containers, and each set of at least two containers is inde ed along the bottom end forming rotary path and along the straight, single line filler path to advance at least two containers during eac intermittent advancement. 4. A method of forming, filling and closing containers as claimed in claim 3, characterized in that: (a) said containers are gable top containers. 5. A method of forming, filling and closing containers as claimed in claim 4, characterized in that it includes the steps (a) folding the gable top over and sealing the same in the folded over condition to produce filled and closed flat top container OM WIP 6. A packaging machine for forming, filling and closing con¬ tainers, comprising a container bottom end former turret, and a container- filler- apparatus including container top end closing and • sealing means, c h ar a ct e r i z e d in that :- (a) the container bottom end former turret is a rotatable container bottom end former turret having a plurality of container mandrels at each of a plurality of spaced work positions on said . turret; (b) a plurality of container blank magazines is disposed adjacent said container bottom end former turret; (c) there is means for transferring container blanks from said container blank magazines and expanding the blanks, and loading the blanks onto said container bottom end former turret on said plur¬ ality of mandrels at each of said spaced work positions, at a plurality of container load stations; (d) a straight, single line filler apparatus is disposed ad¬ j acent said rotatable container bottom end former turret; (e) there is means for transferring to the filler apparatus a plurality of bottom end farmed containers, fro each of said plurality of mandrels on the container bottom end former turret, at a container strip station; and, (f) there is means for intermittently rotating the container bottom end former turret and for operating the filler apparatus in an intermittent motion. 7. A container packaging machine as claimed in claim 6, c h a r a c t e r i z e d in that : (a) the container bottom end former turret is intermittently rotated at the same speed as the intermittent operation speed of the straight, single line filler apparatus. 8. A container packaging machine as claime d in claim 7, c h ar a c t e r i z e d in- that : (a) said plurality of mandrels at a work position on the con¬ tainer bottom end former turret includes at least two mandrels for holding at least two container blanks, so that at least two containers are intermittently advanced with each intermittent advancement of the container bottom end former turret and each intermittent opera¬ tion of the filler apparatus . OMPI 9. A container packaging machine as claimed in claim 8, characterized in that : (a) said container bottom end former turret comprises multi-station turret with loading, bottom end heating, bottom end tucking, bottom end sealing and stripping stations; and, (b) said filler apparatus comprises a multi-station, sin line apparatus with a plurality of loading, top end breaking, filler top end tucking, top end heating, top end closing and sealing stati 10. A container packaging machine as claimed in claim 9, c aracterized in that: (a) each of the stations on said straight, single line fill apparatus is provided with at least two container positions for pro cessing at least two containers at each station. 11. A container packaging machine as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that: (a) said straight, single line filler apparatus includes a straight line container conveyor means having one end disposed at the container strip station of the container bottom end former tur for receiving at least two bottom end formed containers during e transfer operation of bottom end formed containers to the filler a paratus. 12. A container packaging machine as claimed in claim 1 characterized in that : (a) said straight line conveyor means is tangentially dis posed relative to the container bottom end former turret. 13. A container packaging machine as claimed in any one claims 11 or 12, characterized in that: (a) said filler apparatus includes a plurality of containe filling and closing mechanisms adjustably disposed at said loading top end breaking, filler top end tucking, top end heating, and top closing and sealing stations along said straight line conveyor mea 14. A container packaging machine as claimed in any one of claims 11, 12 or 13, c aracterized in that; (a) said containers are gable top containers. 15. A container packaging machine as claimed in claim 14, characterized in that: (a) said filler apparatus is provided with. eans for folding over the gable top of each container; and, ■ (b) means for sealing the folded over gable tops to provide filled and closed flat top containers. 16. A container packaging machine as claimed in any one of claims 11 through 15, characterized in that: (a) said rotatable container bottom end former turret is disposed at the right end of the filler apparatus conveyor means, as said container packaging machine is viewed from the front side thereof. 17. A container packaging machine as claimed in any one of claims 11 through 15, characterized in that: (a) said rotatable container bottom end former turret is disposed at the left end of the filler apparatus conveyor means, as said container packaging machine is viewed from the front side thereof. 18. A container packaging machine comprised of the packaging machines as claimed in claims 16 and 17, characterized in that; (a) the container packaging machines as claimed in claims 16 and 17 are disposed with their rotatable container bottom end former turrets adjacent each other on a common base to form a twin container packaging machine. OMPI Λ, WIPO -";ALLEN R, KAUFFMAN I;ALLEN R, KAUFFMAN I;1978
+WO-1980000995-A1;19800515.0;19781103;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25504128.0;F16J15;B62D27;B60G25, B62D33, F16F1, F16F15, F16J15;B60G  25/00C, B62D  33/06C, F16F   1/373A, F16J  15/00, F16J  15/10;VIBRATION AND DUST ISOLATION SYSTEM;The vibration and dust isolation system for use in isolating first and second spaced elements (20, 22) which together form at least a part of the structure (14) to be sealed. A resilient strip (30) is interposed between the elements and a fastener (26) secures the elements in sandwiching relation to the strip. The improved strip is generally planar with a considerable majority (40) of the strip having a first thickness less than the spacing between the first and second element, an edge (42, 56) having a second thickness somewhat greater than the spacing, and a load bearing portion (38) having a thickness somewhat greater than the spacing and comprising a considerable minority of the total surface of the strip. The load bearing portion is the predominant part of the strip contacting both elements.;"IBRATION ' A D DUST ISOLATION SYSTEM Technical Field This invention relates to a vibration and dust iso¬ lation system as may be used in- connection with two spaced elements whose interface is to be sealed by a resilient strip such that vibration transmission between the elements is minimized. Background Art Prior art of possible relevance includes the fol¬ lowing United States Letters Patents: 4,066,058 issued January 3, 1978 to Anderkay; 4,067,531 issued January 10, 1978 to Sikula; 3,738,670 issued June 12, 1973 to Jelinek et al; 3,990,737 issued November 9, 1976 to Palmer; and 3,319, 918 issued May 16, 1967 to Rapata. There are many diverse types of apparatus in use today wherein components are subject to vibration and wherein it is desired to prevent or otherwise minimize transmission of such vibration from one component to another. and, at the same time, seal the interface. of the σomponents . A very typical example, of such an apparatus is a vehicle. In many cases, the operator cab for a vehicle is formed of sheet, metal secured to the vehicle frame which also mounts the vehicle prime mover. Vibrations imparted to the vehicle frame by the prime mover and/or the underlying terrain over which the .vehicle may be traveling can be transmitted to the cab causing the panels thereof to vibrate. The resulting vibration and noise level within the cab is quite severe and will contribute substantially to operator fatigue. Thus, it is highly desirable to prevent such vibrations from being transmitted to the cab panels so that the operator may operate the vehicle in a relatively quiet and vibration free environ¬ ment. At the same time, particularly in the case of con¬ struction vehicles, dust in the environment may be voluminous and it is desired to prevent the entry of.-such dust or other foreign material into the interior of the cab. All of the foregoing patents, with the exceptipn of the Rapata patent, relate to typical uses of vibration and OMPI dust isolation systems and it will be appreciated that gen¬ erally, the resilient strip utilized must, in addition to providing sealing and vibration isolation, be a load bear¬ ing element, frequently supporting the weight of a cab or the like. As a consequence of being loaded, the resilient strip becomes less effective as a vibration isolation devic Disclosure of the Invention In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided for use in a vibration and dust isolation system of the type including first and second spaced elements, at least one of which is capable of undergoing undesirable vi¬ bration and which together form at least part of a structur to be sealed, a resilient strip interposed between the firs and second elements, and a fastener securing the elements in sandwiching relation to the strip such that the strip seals the interface between the elements and impedes the transmission of vibration across the interface, and an im¬ proved sealing strip. The strip is generally planar with a considerable majority of the strip having a first thickness less than the spacing between the first and second elements -when the strip is installed therebetween. The strip 'furthe includes an elongated edge having a second thickness some¬ what greater than the spacing so as to engage the first and second elements when installed and seal against the element The strip further includes a load bearing portion comprisin 'the remainder of the strip and of a thickness somewhat • • greater than that of the spacing. The load bearing portion is the predominant part of the strip contacting both of the elements while constituting a considerable minority of the surface area of the strip. As a consequence, such vibration as may be trans¬ mitted due to the fact that the resilient strip is load bearing can be transmitted only across the relatively small amount of the surface of the strip that constitutes the loa bearing portion. Therefore, undesirable vibration trans¬ mission through the resilient strip is held to a minimum while the strip still provides for good sealing between the elements. O Λ. WII Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a somewhat schematic side elevation of an apparatus in which an embodiment of a vibration and dust iso¬ lation system made according to the invention can be used; the apparatus being in the form of an articulated vehicle; Fig. 2 is an enlarged, fragmentary section taken approximately along the line 2-2 of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is an enlarged, fragmentary, plan view of a resilient strip in a relaxed condition; - Fig. 4 is a further enlarged fragmentary vertical section taken approximately along the line 4-4 in Fig. 3; Fig. 5 is a further enlarged vertical section taken approximately along the line 5-5 in Fig. 3. Best Mode For Carrying Out The Invention An exemplary embodiment of a vibration and dust iso¬ lation system made according to the invention is illustrated in the drawings and, in Fig. 1, is shown in the environment of a vehicle. However, it is to be understood that the in¬ vention, is not limited to such uses and can be used with efficacy in other environments wherever both vibration and dust isolation are required, particularly where a resilient strip utilized for the purpose is also subjected to mechani¬ cal loading. With reference to Fig. 1, there is illustrated a vehicle having a frame 10 supported above the underlying terrain by wheels 12. The frame 10 mounts an operator cab 14 which typically will be formed of sheet metal or the like and may include glass panels 16 as well as sheet metal pa¬ nels (not shown) which undergo undesirable vibration. The vibration maybe imparted to the vehicle either by unevenness of the underlying terrain over which the vehicle is traveling, changes in loading upon the vehicle while it ' is performing work, the operation- of a prime mover such as an engine housed in engine compartment 18, etc. In any event, it will be appreciated that such vibration will be first applied to the frame 10 which then can possibly transmit it to the cab 14. As alluded to previously, vibration in the operator area defined by the cab 14 is undesirable as is the entry there into of foreign material as, for example, dust that might be generated during operation of the vehicle. As seen in Fig. 2, the frame 10 will typically in¬ clude a metallic frame member 20. The cab 14 will include metallic frame members 22 which mount sheet metal panels 24 as well as the glass 16 (Fig. 1) . A 'fastener in the form o a bolt 26 secures the frame members 20 and 22 to each other to assemble the cab 14 to the frame 10. The fastening of the frame members 20 and 22 together by the bolt 26 is in— direct in that a resilient grommet 28, which may be regarde as conventional for the purposes of the present invention, is interposed between one of the elements, namely the eleme 22, and the fastener 26. To avoid metal to metal contact between the frame members 20 and 22 which would facilitate the transmission o vibration and which might not provide as adequate of a seal as might be desired, a resilient strip 30 is interposed be¬ tween the two. The resilient strip 30 both seals the inter face of the frame members 20 and 22 and : :resists the trans— - mission of vibrations across such interface. Turning now to Fig. 3, the resilient strip 30, may in fact, be made up of several such strips extending about entire periphery of the underside of the cab 14 and connect to each other by dovetail connections 32. One section 34 o the strip' 30 will now be described with reference to Figs. and 4. As seen in Fig. 4, the strip 34 is generally planar and is provided with apertures 36 (see also Fig. 2) through which the fastener 26 and the grommet construction' "" 28 may extend in fastening the frame members 20 and 22 together. The apertures 36 are located in load bearing portions 38 of the section 34. The thickness of the section 34 at the load bearing portion 38 is slightly greater than the spacin between the facing sides of the cab 14 and frame 10 when the strip 30 is installed. In the usual case, the thicknes may be on the order of about 10% so that approximately a 10% compression of the load bearing portions 38 will result when the strip is installed. A considerable majority of the section 34, shown O PI WIPO at 40 in Fig. 4, and constituting substantially all of the remainder of section 34 other than the load bearing portions 38 as seen in Fig. 3 is also provided and has a thickness less than the spacing between the frame members 20 and 22 when installed so that as seen in Fig. 2, spaces 42 result. Thus, over the part 40 of the section 34, there will be no contact between the section 34 and the frame members. The thickness of the section 34 of the strip 30 about the edge 44 of the section 34 is of intermediate thickness. That is, the edge 44 has a thickness greater than the majority 40 of the section 34 and slightly less than that of the load bearing portions 38. The precise thick¬ ness chosen for- the edge 44 will be dependant upon the de¬ gree of compression to which the load bearing portions 38 are subject, the thicknes-s being chosen so that opposing sides 46 and 48 of the edge 44 sealingly contact respective ones of the frame members 20 and 22 as shown in Fig. 2 to sealingly engage the same. The thickness of the edge 44 will further be such that when such contact is made, there will be very little compression of the edge 44 so tha ' the same acts substantially only as a seal and not as a load bearing part of the strip 30. As can be seen from the drawings, the sides 46 and . 48 of. the edge 44 are relatively narrow so that the total surface area of contact of the edge 44 by the frame members 20 and 22 is very small, particularly in relation to the size of the load bearing portions 38 which preferably are circular as illustrated. Consequently, the load bearing portions 38 are the predominant part of the section 34 of the strip 30 contacting both of the frame elements 30 and 32 while constituting a considerable minority of the surface area of the strip. Thus, because the vast majority of the surface area of the section 34 of the strip 30 -is spaced from the frame members by the spaces 42, and-the edge 44 is •-. not appreciably compressed when installed,. ' the only surface path for vibration transmission is through the load bearing portions 38 which are small in relation to the entire structure. Therefore, the size of the vibration transmission path is minimal with a comensurate minimization in the amount of vibration transmitted. The strip 30 may include an additional section 50 connected to the section 34 by a dovetail connection simila to that shown at 32 but not illustrated in Figs. 3-5. The section 50 includes an upper planar surface 52 which will normally be in contact with the upper, frame member 22 when installed. The lower surface 54 of the portion 50 includes a rectangular boss 56 having an aperture 58 provided for th same purpose as the apertures 36 in -the section 34. The boss 56 serves as a second load bearing portion similar in function to the load bearing portions "" 38 and has essentiall the same thickness. Its thickness is greater than that of the vast majority of the remainder of the section 50 as can be seen in Fig. 4. The thickness is such that when install the boss 56 will be compressed to the desired extent, usual ly 10%, and when so compressed, ' ..the unde surface .54.of the section 50 will be spaced ' above the frame member 20 and out of contact therewith. For sealing purposes, the periphery of the section is provided with a peripheral lip 60. The lip 60 extends downwardly and at the lip 60 the effective thickness of the section 50 is greater than that of the boss 56. A bevel 62 above the edge of the section 50 on the upper surface 52 -thereof is provided. Consequently, when installed and compressed to the desired degree, the presence of the bevel 62 will cause the edge 60 to deflect outwardly and in seal¬ ing contact with the frame 'member 20. Because the lip 60 deflects, compression therein is minimized and vibration transmission through the lip is also minimized. As with the section 34, the section 50 provides a vibration transmission path substantially only through the boss 56 which constitutes a considerable minority of the surface area of the section 50 while being the predominant part thereof in contact with both the frame members 20 and - 22. Contact by the lip 60 is minimized because of its narrowwidth and vibration will not transmit therethrough readily by reason of its deflected condition when installed OM Fig. 5 illustrates a further section 66 of the strip 30 which does not include a load bearing portion. The upper surface 68 of the section 66 is generally planar and the lower surface 70 is surrounded by a peripheral groove 72 which in turn is surrounded by a down turned, outwardly tapered lip 74 defining the edge of the section ■ 66. The thickness between the surfaces 68 and 70 is less than the spacing between the frame members 20 and 22 when the section ' 66 is installed so that only the surface 68 will contact the frame member, namely the frame member 22. The stirface 70 will be spaced from the frame member 20. The taper of the lip 74 causes the same to deflect outwardly when installed, the thickness of the section 66 thereat being such that the lip 74 will contact the lower frame member 20. The groove 72 assists in- insuring an outward deflection of the lip 74. Again, because the lip 74 de¬ flects, as opposed to compresses, when installed, only mi¬ nimal vibration transmission can occur thereat. Industrial Applicability In use, the strip ' 30 consisting of the section 34, 50 and 66, and possibly other like sections as well, will be disposed appropriately on the frame member 20 with the lips 60 and 74 directed downwardly. The sections will be secured together through the dovetail connection 32 and the apertures 36 "" and 58 aligned with the fastener receiving locations in the frame members 20 and 22. The cab 14 may then be disposed in place on the strip with fasteners. 26 "" inserted through grommets 28 to compress the load bearing portions 38 and 56 to the desired degree as mentioned pre¬ viously. The lips 60 and 74 will deflect to seal against the lower frame member 20 while the upper surfaces 52 and 68 the corresponding sections 50 and 66, of course, sealingly en- gage the upper frame member 22. The opposing sides 46 and 48 of the- edge-44 of the section 30 will touch corresponding frame members 20 and 22 without being appreciably, compressed. As a consequence, the vast majority of contact with the strip 30 by both frame members 20 and 22 will only at the load bearing portions 38 and 56 the edge 44 being subject only to minimal compression and the lips 60 and 74 deflecting rather than compressing. Thus, a con¬ siderable majority of the total surface area of the strip 30 will not be in contact with both frame members 20 and 22 reducing the cross section of the vibration trans mission path and thereby greatly reducing the amount of vibration transmitted. At the same time, sealing at the edge 44 and the li 60 and 74 will be provided. Thus, vibration transmission to the cab 14 is greatly reduced and yetj the interior thereof is sealed from dust, noise and the like. The invention also permits the use of harder elastomers having long life and good wear resistance in forming the strip than could otherwise be used and still achieve desirable vibration isolation. Consequently, the strip of the invention provides excellent vibration isolation and sealing and has an extended trouble-free life.";"HAT IS CLAIMED IS; 1. In a vibration and sealing isolation system of the type ' including first and second, spaced elements (20,22) at least one of which is capable of undergoing undesirable vibration, and which together for a -least part of a struc¬ ture (14) to be sealed, a resilient strip (30). interposed between said first and second elements, and a fastener (26) securing said elements in sandwiching relation to the strip such that the strip seals the interface between the elements and impedes the transmission of vibration across said inter¬ face, the improvement wherein said strip is generally planar with a considerable majority (40) of the strip having a first thickness less than the spacing between said first and second elements when said strip is installed therebetween, the strip further including an elongated edge (44,60) having a second thickness somewhat greater than said spacing so as to deflect when installed and seal against one of said elements, and a load bearing portion (38,56) comprising the remainder of the strip and of a thickness somewhat greater than said spacing, said load bearing portion being the predominant part of the strip contacting both said elements while constituting a considerable minority of the surface area of the strip. 2.. the vibration and sealing isolation system of claim 1 said fastener extends through an aperture (36,58) in said strip said aperture being located in said load bearing portion. 3. The vibration and sealing isolation system of claim 2 wherein said edge is defined by a relief (62) on one face (52) of said strip and a lip (60) on the opposite face (54) . 4. The vibration and sealing isolation system of claim 3 wherein said relief is a bevel (62) on said one face, the remainder of said one face (54) being planar. 5. The vibration and sealing isolation system of claim 4 wherein said edge extends about substantially the entire periphery of said strip. - REAT- OMPI /,, WIPO A 6. ' The vibration and -sealing isolation system of claim 1 wherein at least part of said edge is defined by a lip having an outward taper (44,58), 7. The vibration and sealing isolation system of claim 1 wherein said load bearing portion (56) has a thick¬ ness less than the effective thickneόs of said edge (60) . 8. The vibration and sealing isolation system of claim 1 wherein said load bearing portion.(38) has a thick¬ ness greater than that of said edge (44) . 9. The vibration and sealing isolation system of claim 1 wherein said strip is formed of a plurality of interconnected sections(34,50,66) , at least one of which (34,50) is provided with said "" load bearing portion (38,56) - O";SHULKE D;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, SHULKE D;1978
+WO-1980001004-A1;19800515.0;19781101;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;25257239.0;G01J3;;G01J3;G01J   3/453;DUAL BEAM FOURIER SPECTROMETER;Dual beam Fourier-type spectrometer incorporating distinct sample (11) and reference (13) beams which enter the Michelson-type interferometer on the same side of the beamsplitter (17) and propagate at slightly different angles through the interferometer. The portions of both beams which emerge from the side of the beamsplitter (17) opposite the input side are directed to two separate optical detectors (33 and 35) the outputs of which are electronically subtracted. In a preferred embodiment, the interferometer is of the refractively scanned type, wherein the increased field-of-view facilitates the use of beams having different propagation angles.;"DUAL BEAM FOURIER SPECTROMETER Background of the Invention This invention relates to spectroscopy and particu¬ larly to Fourier transform spectroscopy, in which a Michelson interferometer is generally used. The pattern traced out, as the length of one interferometer arm is scanned, is the Fourier transform of the wavelength . spectrum. This invention more specifically relates to a ""dual beam"" Fourier spectrometer. For the present discussion, the term, .""dual beam"" will refer to an .optical system incorporating a Michelson interferometer and having two distinct optical paths in either the input or output of the interferometer (or both) . In a dual beam Fourier spectrometer, these paths are used to simultaneously obtain (a) data from a material sample under study and -(b) data for reference purposes from a sample-free region. This use of the term dual beam should be distinguished from the use of the same term to refer to the fact that the Michelson interferometer is itself a ""dual beam"" sys¬ tem, i.e., an interferometer in which light is separated by the beamsplitter into two beams and then recombined. ""Dual beam"" spectroscopy is the subject of Chapter 7 of the book ""Chemical Infrared Fourier Transform Speσtro- scopy"" by Griffiths, published by John Wiley & Sons. The importance of dual beam Fourier spectroscopy (FS) stems from the fact that the interferogram corresponding to a broad radiation spectrum will have a very high peak- value (central maximum) when the path lengths of the two interferometer arms are equal (see Griffiths, Fig. 1.11). In order to electronically perform the Fourier transforma¬ tion required to obtain the spectrum, it is first necessary to digitize the interferogram, and the cost of Analog-to- Digital (A/D) converters rises rapidly with increased According to Griffiths, the system described above is probably the preferred .approach to dual, beam Fourier spec- trome ry. However, it has- the disadvantage of requiring large area retro-reflectors and a beamsplitter with high optical quality over the full aperture. And, needless-to- say, precise control of -the motion of a large retro-reflec¬ tor is difficult. In addition, the fact that the two beams emerge from opposite sides of the beamsplitter means that they will be affected in different ways by the properties of-the beamsplitter. Of particular significance is the effect of the second (low reflectance) surface of the beam¬ splitter. The resultant imperfect matching of the two beams can be quite significant. This problem is recognized by Griffiths (see pages 177 and 183) who states that it may, in part, be caused by oxides of germanium on the upper surface of the beamsplitter (page 177) . In addition to the design described above, Griffiths discusses several other dual beam spectrometers, some of which have the separated beams in the source portion of the system, rather than the detector portion. All of these systems share the common feature that the two beams either emerge from or enter opposite sides of the beamsplitter. They thus share the beamsplitter asymmetry problem men¬ tioned above. Summary of the Invention The present invention eliminates the problem of imper¬ fect beam matching by having both beams of the dual beam spectroscope emerge (and reach the radiation detecting means) on the same side of the beamsplitter, preferably the side of the beamsplitter opposite the entering radiation. It is desirable that the radiation source propagate the dual beams through the interferometer at slightly different angles. In a preferred version of the present invention, the concepts just discussed are combined with a ""refractively scanned interferometer,"" of the type first disclosed in__my_ prior application Serial No. 790,457, filed April 25, 1977 Because the refractive scanning concept solves certain- problems inherent in the use of dual beam spectrometers, this combination provides important synergistic benefits. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a diagrammatic showing of a spectrometer wherein the optical, or interferometer, portion illustrate my improved dual beam system; Figure 2 is a diagrammatic showing of the optical por tion of the preferred system utilizing refractive scanning ' and Figure 3 is a diagrammatic showing of means for ob¬ taining the optimum arrangement of radiation in a dual bea system, wherein the two beams have maximized overlap at th beamsplitter. Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments Figure 1 illustrates one embodiment of my invention. Radiation from two adjacent sources 11 and 13, or from adjacent areas on a single source, is collimated by means of lens 15, o other suitable optical means, and is direct¬ ed to beamsplitter 17 of a Michelson interferometer. Rad¬ iation from source 11 is represented in the figure by solid lines, and radiation from source 13 is represented by dashed lines. After being split and reflected by fixed and moving mirrors 19 and 21, the radiation is recombined at the beamsplitter. The portion emerging from the side of the beamsplitter opposite the input side is imaged by optical means 23. The term ""input side"" refers to the side of the beamsplitter where the radiation source is located. Since the two radiation source areas 11 and 13 are spatially distinct, the corresponding radiation beams will propagate at slightly different angles through the inter¬ ferometer and will be imaged in separate adjacent areas. The radiation in these two image areas is re-directed by mirrors 25 and 27 and imaged by optical means 29 and 31 on detectors 33 and 35. The outputs of the two detectors are fed into a difference amplifier 37. If a sample to be analyzed 39 is interposed in one of the spectrometer beams, an interferogram will appear at the ■output of the difference amplifier. This can be processed by a Fourier transform computer 41 and fed to a suitable display means 43 to give absorption spectrum of the sample. A significant distinction between the system of Figure 1 and the previous dual beam Fourier spectrometer systems is that the portions of the radiation corresponding to the reference and sample beams, respectively, follow paths which enter the interferometer on the same side of the beamsplitter and which emerge on the opposite side of the beamsplitter. As a result, they are affected in approxi¬ mately the same way by the beamsplitter characteristics. Unlike the earlier systems, my design gives rise to sample .and reference interferograms having the same polarity. In -order to obtain cancellation, it is thus necessary to take the difference between the signals obtained from the two detectors rather than the sum. A preferred embodiment of the optical portion of my invention is shown in Figure 2. This embodiment uses the angular beam differentiation approach of Figure 1 combined with a refractively scanned interferometer such as that described in my earlier patent application (Serial No. 790,457). The embodiment in Figure 2 differs from Figure 1 in two respects. First, retro-reflectors are used as the interferometer mirrors, rather than flat reflectors. Second, both reflectors are stationary, and scanning is accomplished by the displacement of a wedge-shaped refrac¬ tive element across one of the interferometer arms. In Figure 2, the wedge-shaped refractive element is designated by the numeral 51. The two radiation sources are 11a and 13a, the collimating lens is 15a, and the beam¬ splitter is 17a. The two reflectors are retro-reflectors 19a and 21a, both of which are stationary. Scanning is accomplished by moving wedge-shaped element 51 across th£ radiation path to vary the optical path length in one arm of the interferometer. The advantages of refractive scanning have been dis¬ cussed in my earlier application. Combining this type of 5 scanning with dual beam operation presents some unique de¬ sign considerations.- In particular, a review of the vari¬ ous earlier dual beam systems reveals that most of them cannot be used with retro-reflectors, since they are so designed as to require input and output beams which travel 1.0 at different angles within the interferometer. ' A retro- reflector will not accommodate such an arrangement because it automatically returns the beam on a path parallel to it direction of incidence. Of the previous dual beam systems with which I am fa- 15 miliar, only that of Burroughs and Chamberlain is designat ed for use with retro-reflectors. ' However, this system ha the disadvantage of requiring the input and output beams t , be transversely displaced from each other and, in fact, to -be non-overlapping at the beamsplitter. This necessitates 20 the use of a beamsplitter and retro-reflec-tors having twic the width of the usable aperture. It can thus substantial ly increase the criticality, and hence cost, of the optica components. In our case, it would also require an increas in the size of the moving refractive wedge. 5 In the design shown in Figure 2, the two beams are differentiated by angle of propagation. Since no attempt is made to detect the portions of the beams emerging on the input side of the beamsplitter, the input and output beams can be overlapping, and a significant reduction in required 0 component size will result. As shown, the beams are com¬ pletely overlapping at the input collimating element. As they travel through the interferometer, they partially separate due to their different propagation angles. An optimum arrangement would require maximum beam 5 overlap at some point within the interferometer, such as at the beamsplitter. This can be accomplished by placing an area-defining aperture at the beamsplitter. The beam displacement then is equally balanced between the input and output arms, and the overall size requirements are reduced. Such an area-defining aperture is illustrated in Fig- ure 3. The beamsplitter 17b has an aperture area 53, de¬ fined by radiation-blocking- areas 55 and 57 located along the upper and lower ends of the beamsplitter. The aperture 53 restricts the allowed combination of propagation angles and lateral positions, so as to result in the symmetrical configuration of limiting rays illustrated in the figure. This balances the displacement between the input and output optics, and thus provides the maximum overlap of the two beams within the interferometer. A possible objection to the use of angular differenti- ation for dual beam operation arises from the fact that angular field-of-view of a Fourier spectrometer has inher¬ ent limitations. If the available field-of-view must be . shared between two beams, the throughput (or total light ""transmitting ability) of each beam will be reduced. This objection is substantially reduced by the embodiment of Figure 2, since the use of refractive scanning can be shown to result in an increase in the angular field-of-view approximately in proportion to the index of refraction of the refractive element. This increase is sufficient that, • even with angular beam dif erentiation, the available throughput will exceed that which can be effectively uti¬ lized by many infrared detectors, i.e., the throughput will be detector limited. We have seen that the embodiment of Figure 2 takes advantage of the large field-of-view of refractive scanning while minimizing the sizes of the various optical compo¬ nents by maximizing the overlap of the sample and reference beams. It also shares the advantage of the embodiment in Figure 1, resulting from the fact that the two beams emerge from the same side of the beamsplitter and hence are af¬ fected in the same way by its optical characteristics. The following claims are intended not only to co the specific embodiments disclosed, but also to cover inventive concepts explained herein with the maximum breadth and comprehensiveness permitted by the prior a """;"What I claim is : 1. In a Fourier transform spectrometer which includes a Michelson-type interferometer having a beamsplitter which divides source radiation between a fixed-length path and a variable-length path, the combination of: radiation-propagating means for causing dual radiation beams to enter the interferometer on one side of beamsplit¬ ter; and radiation-detecting means for separately detecting the dual radiation beams as they emerge from the other side of the beamsplitter. 2. The spectrometer of Claim 1 which also includes: means for electrically subtracting the outputs of the separately detected dual radiation beams. 3. The spectrometer of Claim 1 wherein the dual beams - from the radiation-propagating means pass through the in¬ terferometer at slightly different angles. 4. The spectrometer of Claim 3 which also includes: . means for causing maximum overlap of the dual radia- tion beams at some point within the interferometer. 5. The spectrometer of Claim 4 wherein maximum over¬ lap of the dual radiation beams is caused by an area-limit¬ ing aperture at the beamsplitter. 6. That method of analyzing a material sample in .a spectrometer which includes- an interferometer beamsplitter, which method comprises: propagating a sampling radiation through the interfer¬ ometer and through the material sample, said radiation originating on one side of the beamsplitter; propagating a reference radiation through the inter- ferometer, which radiation does not pass through the mate¬ rial sample, said radiation originating on the same side o the beamsplitter as the sampling radiation; detecting the sampling radiation as it emerges from the other side of the beamsplitter; detecting the reference radiation as -it also emerges from said other side of the beamsplitter; and comparing the detected sampling and reference radia¬ tions to determine the radiation variation caused by the presence of the material sample. 7. A dual beam spectrometer comprising: a beamsplitter for dividing radiation into two optical paths; radiation-propagating means which directs two radia- tion beams along non-coinciding paths toward one side of the beamsplitter; and radiation-detecting means which detects separately the - - two radiation beams emerging from the other side of the beamsplitter. 8. The dual beam spectrometer of Claim 7 wherein one radiation beam passes through a material sample area, and the other radiation beam passes through a reference area. 9. The dual beam spectrometer of Claim 8 wherein the radiation propagating means comprises two radiation sources. 10. The dual beam spectrometer of Claim 8 wherein the two radiation beams are derived from adjacent areas of the same radiation source. 11. The dual beam spectrometer of Claim 8 wherein the two radiation beams are directed, respectively, to two optical detectors. 12. The dual beam spectrometer of Claim 11 which also comprises: means for electronically subtracting the outputs of the two optical detectors. 13. The dual beam spectrometer of Claim 8 wherein the two radiation beams propagate through the beamsplitter at different angles. 14. The dual beam spectrometer of Claims 7, 8, 12 or 13 which also comprises: retro-reflectors located at the end ' of each optical - path, taken-,by-the..radiation- after it leaves the beamsplit¬ ter, said retro-reflectors returning said radiation toward the beamsplitter; and means for varying the length of one of such optical paths with respect to the other. 15. The dual beam spectrometer of Claim 14 wherein the means for varying the length of one optical path com¬ prises a moving refractive element. 16. A dual beam spectrometer, of the type including an interferometer, comprising: means for propagating a sampling radiation beam and a reference radiation beam at different angles; beamsplitting means for dividing both radiation beams into reflected and transmitted beams directed along two interferometer arms; reflectors defining the end of each interferometer .arm and reflecting the beams back toward the beamsplitter, the length of one interferometer arm being variable for scan¬ ning purposes; two detectors located optically on the side of the beamsplitter opposite the radiation-propagating means; means for separating the sample and reference beams o said opposite side of the beamspli-tter and directing said beams, respectively, toward the two detectors; and means for electronically subtracting the outputs of the two detectors to reduce the-peak detected signal. 17. The dual beam spectrometer of Claim 16 wherein the reflectors are retro-reflectors, and wherein there is included a wedge-shaped refractive element for causing path-length scanning within the interferometer.";DOYLE W;DOYLE W;1978
+WO-1980001035-A1;19800529.0;19781120;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;24930763.0;A23L1;A23L1;A23K1, A23L1, B02B1, B02B3, B02C9, F16J15;A23K   1/00B, A23L   1/10, A23L   1/10M, B02B   1/04, B02B   3/00, B02C   9/04, F16J  15/00;METHOD OF PROCESSING GRAIN;A method for processing grain to provide a flour or grit product suitable for human consumption and by-products suitable for use as animal feed and industrial products which includes forming a slurry (18) of the grain with water and passing the slurry through a plurality of pump stages having turbine pumps (22) equipped with turbine pump impellers to remove the husks from the grain kernels without cracking a substantial portion of the kernels. The slurry is then passed through a centrifuge (26) to remove excess water (28), surface dried and passed through an aspirator (34) to separate the husks from the grain kernels. The dehusked kernels are sent through a centrifugal impact cracker (42) to break up the kernel and separate the germ and oil from the endosperm. The broken kernel pieces are then milled to produce flour (48).;"METHOD OF PROCESSING GRAIN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the processing of grains and, more particularly, to an improved process especially useful for milling grain sorghum. Grain sorghums offer a tremendous potential as a world food supply. Sorghums grow over a wide range of climatic conditions. They provide a higher yield per acre than smaller cereal grains, comparable to or greater than corn. Additionally, grain sorghums have a higher protein content than corn, although less than that of hard winter wheat. However, in spite of the foregoing advantages, grain sorghums are not used widely for human consumption in the United States and other highly developed countries. This is due to the fact that flour milled by conventional processes from grain sorghums has a bitter taste from the tannie acid content of the grain. Also, the color of the conventionally processed flour makes it undesirable for baked goods. Additionally, it has been ound that if a conventional roller mill is used in processing grain sorghums, the flour has a gritty aftertaste . It would be desirable to provide a method for processing grain sorghums that overcomes those disadvantages because flour made from grain sorghums has the potential for being a superior food product. Such flour is a low gluten flour, desirable for making soft baked goods. When grain sorghum flour is blended with wheat flour, the mixture has baking qualities equivalent to soft wheat flour but at a savings in cost on the order of 10%. By controlling the ratio of sorghum flour to wheat flour, the quality of the mixture can be maintained constant, even though the quality of the individual flour may vary as a result of changing climatic conditions. Additionally, flour produced from grain sorghum is bland and accepts flavors very well, thereby reducing the amount of flavoring and sweeteners required by many recipes. Still furthe grit by-products from the processing of grain sorghums can be utilized replace corn grit in extruded food products at savings in the order of 10%. Th grit in large particles can also be substituted for rice with a higher- nutrition value at less than half the cost and can be precooked and reshaped to equivalent to instant rice products. The grit products tend to hold up bett than similarly prepared rice, and can be prepared in the same manner regular rice. Thus, with a proper processing method, grain sorghums have t potential of providing an economical food product which additionally gives t capability to develop new products and flavors. SUMMARY OF , THE INVENTION In accordance with the principles of this invention, an improv method for the processing of grain includes the steps of mixing cleaned gra kernels with water to form a thick slurry, pumping the slurry through plurality of stages of pumps equipped with throttle valves to remove the hus from the kernels, removing the excess water from the slurry, surface dryi and aspirating to separate the husks from the kernels. Grains other th sorghums can then be milled. However, in the ease of sorghums, the addition steps of separating the germ and oil from the endosperm is necessary a preferably a hammer mill is used to form the flour. A centrifugal impa cracker is preferred for performing the separation step. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The foregoing will be more readily apparent upon reading t following description in conjunction with the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating steps in accordance with t principles of this invention for removing the husks from the grain sorghu kernels; FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing the steps in the processing grain sorghum after the husks have been removed in accordance with the ste of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a flow diagram showing steps in producing corn meal form masa if corn rather than grain sorghum is processed in accordance wi the flow diagram of FIG. 1; and FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing steps involved in produci wheat flour if wheat is processed in accordance with the flow diagram of FI 1. O *. W DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to FIG. 1, shown therein is a flow diagram of an improved method for removing and separating grain husks from kernels. This method is especially useful in the processing of grain sorghums and in particular for the processing of milo. The method is initiated by removing the grain from storage, step 10, and then cleaning the grain at step 12. This step of cleaning is to remove dirt, trash, cracked or small seed and other grains which may be utilized as feed, 14. A conventional cleaner may be utilized such as that used for cleaning seed. The cleaned grain is then put in intermediate storage, 16, until further processing is to take place. When it is desired to continue processing the grain, it is sent to a tank for mixing, at step 18, with water, 20, to form a very heavy slurry. During the mixing process, the water level in the mix tank is preferably maintained so that there is approximately two pounds of water for every one pound of grain. It has been found that this heavy slurry gives improved results, but the ratio of water to grain is not critical. The slurry is then sent through a plurality of pumping stages, 22, each consecutive pair of which is separated by a pressure reducing valve, 24. Improved results are achieved by using an open bowl turbine pump with the impellers raised to make the pump inefficient and to pass the grain as a whole kernel without cracking the grain. In some instances, it is necessary to remove some of the material, of which the pump impellers are constructed, from the pump impellers to provide the necessary clearance. It has been found that as many as 60 or more pump stages may be utilized to give the desired result, which is a removal of the husk from the kernel. The purpose of each of the valves, 24, is to act as a pressure reducing valve and to retard flow of material. The output of each pump stage is suitably at a pressure of approximately 20 psi and that the pump input is suitable at a pressure in the range of 2 to 3 psi. It is possible to work at higher pressures but the lower pressure provides a lower power consumption and hence a lower cost. The valve, 24, is a pinch valve in which air pressure against a deformable tube within a casting is utilized to reduce the pressure but the deformable tube does not allow any clogging to take place. Illustratively, the transit time through the pump stages is in the order of eighteen minutes. After the slurry has passed through the pumps, it is sent through a centrifuge, 26, which removes excess water, 28. The slurry is then surface dried, 30, illustratively by means of a fluidized bed dryer which only removes the surface moisture, 32. In effect, the surface drying only dries the husk and -tfϋRE ζ/"" OMPI ° the surface of the kernel while much of the internal moisture of the kern remains. As part of the dryer there is provided an aspirator hood whi aspirates, 34, the surface dried mixture of husks and kernels to remove t dried and lighter husks, 36. The step of surface drying, 30, is relatively sho and provides many advantages. Primarily, the cost of drying is significant reduced, a relatively low temperature of approximately 150 F being used. has also been found that if the kernels of the grain sorghum are moist, th succeeding process steps are much more effective. A moisture content approximately 22% at the output of the fluidized bed dryer is suitable. It only necessary that the husk be sufficiently dry to be removed by th aspirator. While the surface moisture is removed, much of the intern moisture remains. Referring now to FIG. 2 depicted therein is a flow diagra showing the processing of dehusked grain sorghum kernels, picking up at poi A denoted by reference numeral 38, from FIG. 1. The dehusked kernels can b but are not necessarily, sent through a No. 10 mesh vibrating screen stage, 4 The pieces which do not pass through the screen, but rather remain on th screen, are sent to a centrifugal impact cracker 42. The cracker is suitably centrifugal fan which has flat blades extending radially outward from a centr rotating shaft and a conical member at its input side to direct the incomin kernels toward the outer half of the blades. The impact of the blades hittin flat against the kernels causes the kernels to be broken into smaller piece The presence of internal moisture contributes to better separation of the ger and oil from the endosperm. These pieces are sent to an aspirator stage, 4 which separates the very fine and dust-like particles from the heavier an larger broken pieces. These dust-like particles are then sent to a final sifte the output of which is grain sorghum flour, 48, suitable for huma consumption. The larger pieces which pass through the aspirator stage 44, ar then sent to a No. 7 mesh vibrator screen stage, 50. The unbroken piece which do not fall through the screen, 50, are normally grains other tha sorghum, and are utilized as animal feed, 52. The smaller pieces which fa through the No. 10 mesh vibrating screen, 40, and the No. 7 mesh vibratin screen, 50, are sent through a sizing screen stage, 54, which includes Nos. 1 14, 24 and 35 sizing screens and a pan for collecting the fines. In sizing screen stage 54, the pieces of kernel are separated int four sized groups. The pieces of a size larger than No. 10 mesh go to gravit separator stage, 56. The pieces in size between No. 10 and No. 14 mesh go t gravity separator stage, 58. The pieces in size between No. 14 and No. 24 mes O go to gravity separator stage, 60. The pieces between No. 24 and No. 35 mesh go to gravity separator stage 62. The pieces that are smaller than No. 35 mesh are collected in a pan and are fines that can go directly to the sifter. The first three gravity separator stages separate their respective particles into heavy, medium and light weights. The last gravity separator stage, 62, separates its particles into heavy and light weight. The lighter mass particles have been found to contain the germ and oil of the kernels and may be used as a eed by-product or the germ and oil may be extracted at stage, 64. The medium density particles usually comprise some germ or oil attached to an endosperm particle, and are returned to the cracker, 42. The heavy endosperm particles are sent to a hammer mill stage, 66. When processing grain sorghums, it has been found that a more suitable product may be obtained through the use of a hammer mill or honey comb mill rather than a conventional roller mill since a higher moisture content can be tolerated. If a grain sorghum is processed in a roller mill, it has been found that the flour produced thereby has a gritty aftertaste, whereas the flour produced by the use of other mills, such as a hammer mill has no such bad aftertaste. It is believed that the presence of moisture during milling contributed to the reduction in the gritty aftertaste. The output of the hammer mill stage, 66, is sent to an aspirator stage, 68. The fine dust-like particles pickup up by the aspirator are sent through sifter 46 where they are turned into flour 48 suitable for human consumption. The heavy grit particles not pickup by the aspirator stage, 68, can be either returned to the hammer mill, if only flour is desired as indicated by the dash line 71, or sent to a sizing screen stage 70, from which they may be marketed, 72, as a by-product suitable, for example, for making extruded food products. The method disclosed with reference to FIG. 1 may also be applied to dehusking corn and wheat. It has been found that utilizing the method disclosed with reference to FIG. 1, approximately a 10% savings in capital equipment eost and a 20% savings in operating cost may be achieved due to the fact that a continuous process is utilized rather than a conventional batch process for dehusking corn and wheat. If it is desired to manufacture masa, a corn meal product, the method disclosed in FIG. 3 for using the dehusked corn which is present at point A in FIG. 1, may be utilized. In this method, the dehusked corn is cooked, 74, utilizing steam, 76. The cooking lasts about 18 minutes, depending on the required glutenization. The cooked corn is then sent through a wet gr stage, 78, and then air column dried, 80, to form the masa, 82. This is significant improvement over present methods which include adding lime a boiling to glutenize the starches, and steeping at 150 F for 9 to -IS hours, remove the husk. It is important to note that the quality of corn required making masa using the process of the present invention is much lower th that required in conventional processes, since kernels with stress fractures c be used. If it is desired to process wheat which has been dehusked usi the method disclosed in FIG. 1, as shown in FIG. 4 the dehusked wheat at po A is sent to a mill, 84, which provides wheat flour, 86, at its outp Conventional sifting and purifying steps, not shown, can be incorporated. Accordingly, there has been described an improved method processing grain sorghums, which method may also be utilized for dehuski corn and wheat with a substantial savings in both capital equipment costs a operating expenses. When grain sorghums are processed, according to t disclosed method, the resulting product is substantially less expensive tha corresponding wheat product. A low gluten flour is produced which especially good for baking soft goods, this flour being bland and accepti flavoring and sweeteners very well. By-products include animal feed havin value which will be nearly equal to the cost of the grain being processed. grit suitable for use as a rice substitute, but which is more nutritional and l than one-half the cost of commercially available rice products can obtained. The grit can also be utilized to manufacture extruded food produc It is thus apparent that the improved method according to this invention i substantial improvement over prior art methods and provides a new use fo widely available and highly advantageous grain. Although a preferred embodiment of the present invention been described, it is understood that variations and modifications may incorporated within the scope of the present invention. For example, althou a centrifuge is described for removing the water from the slurry, other me may be used to accomplish the same result. Similarly, other means may used to detach the germ and oil from the endosperm and to grind the kern into flour. What is claimed is:";"1. A method of processing grain comprising the steps of: mixing water with the grain to form a slurry; pumping the slurry successively through a plurality of pump stages to separate the husks from the kernels without cracking* a- substantial percentage of the kernels; removing the water from the grain slurry; surface drying the grain; and aspirating the grain to remove the husks from the kernels. "" 2. The method of Claim 1 wherein the step of pumping the slurry comprises passing the slurry by a plurality of rotating impellers to work the husks loose from the kernels. 3. The method according to Claims 1 or 2 wherein the step of pumping comprises reducing the pressure in the pump stages using a pressure reducing valve disposed between two adjacent pump stages. 4. The method according to any of Claims 1 - 3 wherein each of the pump stages utilizes a low efficiency open bowl turbine pump. 5. The method according to any of Claims 1 - 4 wherein the grain is a sorghum. 6. The method according to Claim 5 wherein the sorghum is milo. 7. The method according to any of Claims 1 - 6 further comprising the step of cracking the aspirated kernels. 8. The method according to Claim 7 wherein the step of cracking is performed by passing the grain through a centrifugal impact cracker. 9. The method according to Claims 7 - 8 wherein the step of cracking is performed by using a fan having flat blades extending radially outward from a central rotating shaft. 10. The method according to any of Claims 7 - 9 wherein t step of cracking includes separating the germ and oil from the endosperm the kernels. U. The method according to any of Claims 1 - 10 wherein t mixing step comprises adding approximately two pounds of water to one pou of grain. 12. The method of Claim 1 and further comprising the steps sizing the cracked kernels, separating the cracked kernels, and milling t sized kernels into flour. 13. The method according to Claim 12 wherein the milli occurs in a hammer mill. 14. The method of Claim 12 wherein the sizing step compris passing the cracked kernels through a multiple stage sifter having a plurali of mesh screens. 15. The method of Claim 12 wherein the separating st comprises passing the cracked kernels through a gravity separator. 16. The method according to any of Claims 1 - 4 wherein t grain is wheat and further comprising the step of milling the wheat kerne resulting from aspirating the wheat to form flour. 17. The method according to any of Claims 1 - 4 wherein th grain is corn and further comprising the step of steam cooking the kernels. * 18. The method of Claim 17 and further comprising the step wet grinding the cooked kernels. 19. The method of Claim 18 and further comprising the step drying the ground kernels. 20. The method according to Claim 19 wherein the groun kernels are air column dried.";HART E;MILO INT INC;1978
+WO-1980001066-A1;19800529.0;19781116;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141277.0;C01B13;C01B13;C01B13;C01B  13/02F, C01B  13/08;OXYGEN PRODUCTION BY MOLTEN ALKALI METAL SALTS;A continuous process for separating oxygen from air by means of a reversible chemical reaction wherein air is reacted with an oxygen acceptor which is subsequently decomposed to yield the product oxygen, and then recycled. The only energy input required is a conventional combustible fuel, and one object of the process is to reduce the amount of fuel energy required for oxygen production. The oxygen acceptor is a molten solution of alkali metal salt comprised predominantly of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. An efficient process is achieved with this salt by conducting oxygen absorption in multiple countercurrent stages. The compression energy requirement is minimized by combining isothermal and adiabatic compression, and the recovery of compression energy is maximized by processing the exhaust in the sequence combustion, partial expansion, heat exchange, and completion of expansion. Salt-to-salt heat exchange between reaction regions minimizes the pumping requirements.;"Description Oxygen Production by • Molten Alkali Metal Salts Technical Field This invention relates to processes wherein oxygen is produced by a decomposition type chemical reaction, and then the oxygen deficient composition, termed an ""oxygen acceptor"", is regenerated for recycle by reaction with air or other oxygen containing gas mixture. ' ' Background Art This application is a coπtinuation-in-part of U.S. application 7999^5 filed on May Z , 1977 by the above applicant. Research leading to the invention disclosed herein ωas funded in part by a grant from the U.S. Government. The prior art of this field αf invention includes U.S. Patents 3856923, 3579292, 2*t18^02, and 3121611. Numerous oxygen acceptors have been identified, including BaD, IMa 2 π0 3 , CuClgt SrO, and Hg. The attribute of chemical air separation processes as a class is that the high pressure air which undergoes reaction and thereby loses part αf its oxygen is still at high pressure after the reaction. Therefore it can be expanded through a turboexpander, recovering most or all of its compression energy. In contrast, in cyrogenic processes the air must be cooled and then depressurizεd to develop the desired cooling effect, thereby expending the compression energy. The most efficient liquefaction processes consume electrical energy at the relatively high rate of .29 kLJhr (1 M3) per kg 0 2 produced, which is equivalent to a thermal input of 22,8 kcal/mole 0 2 or 1300 BTU/lb 0„, given 33% conversion efficiency. Nevertheless, the liquefaction process has been superior to prior art chemical separation processes for various reasons. Most prior art processes have involved either an acceptor or an oxidized acceptor or both which are present OMPI in the solid state. This has made circulation αf the acceptor composition difficult, and therefore most processes have been batch mode. Most batch made processes have involved large pressure differences between the oxidation and decompositio parts of the cycle, and therefore have suffered from excessive vent and purge losses. Some processes have attempted to • minimize this pressure difference by conducting the decomposition reaction at a higher temperature than the oxidation reaction. This imposes a large heat requirement: not only does the sensible heat of the acceptor have to be furnished, but the full endothermic heat requirement of the deco pαsitiαn reaction must also be supplied. Those two heat requirements substantially exceed the 22.8 kcal/ mole needed for liquefaction. Another problem encountered in prior art processes is that the equilibrium p0„ of the acceptor "" composition withdrawn from the absorber has always necessarily been less than or equal to the p0„ of the exhaust gas withdrawn from the absorber. This is because oxygen can only be transferred from a gas to :aπ acceptor if the p0_ of the gas is higher than that σf the acceptor. Therefore the larger the fraction of oxygen extracted from the supply air, the lower the exhaust p0 2 becomes, and hence the lower the equilibrium 0 2 of the oxidized acceptor, making decomposition more difficult and inefficient. Other problems with the prior art processes are that some of them produce unacceptable amounts αf impurities in the product gas, e.g. chlorine or mercury, . and some experience an unacceptable loss rate of the acceptor, due to chemical breakdown, chemical iπactivatioπ, or other possible causes. The background art which describes the chemical behavior of molten alkali metal nitrate and nitrite salts consists αf numerous articles from technical journals, including the following: Bartholomew.}. R.F., The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 70, 1966, pages 3442-3446; and Freeman, E. S., The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 60, 1956, pages 1487-1493, published in Eastoπ, Pennsylvania by the Mack Printing Co. Several characteristics of the reaction between those salts and oxygen have been noted. High levels αf nitrogen oxides 'have been invariably noted, as high as several percent, which is several orders of magnitude above environmental limits. The reaction kinetics have been quantified, showing a relatively high activation energy. At higher temperatures the salt decomposes to the solid oxide. Disclosure of Invention The invention claimed is an oxygen acceptor composition which is liquid and remains liquid when reacted with air at process conditions, and which does not introduce undesirable impurities in the product oxygen. The invention also includes the disclosure of a process which takes advantage αf the unique characteristics of the new oxygen acceptor, thereby substantially reducing the amount of energy necessary to produce oxygen. The oxygen acceptor is a molten mixture αf alkali metal salts, The salt anioπ composition includes SO to 94% nitrate, 4 to 25% nitrite, and 2 to 25% combined peroxides and super- oxides, where % signifies molar percent. The cation composition includes sodium and potassium in any proportions, preferably between 30% and 70% sodium, balance potassium. Important features αf the process are as follows. First, the reaction between the salt and air is conducted in multiple countercurrent stages, thereby enabling the salt p0 2 to approach that of the incoming air, and greatly exceed that of the exhaust air. The net result αf the countercurrent multi- staged absorption is that for a given decompαstion pressure and level of oxygen extraction, it is possible to greatly reduce the absorption pressure, thereby markedly improving overall process efficiency. Secondly the exhaust air is processed as follows: combusted with fuel; partially expanded; heat exchanged against incoming air, and then fully expanded. This sequence recovers maximum mechanical energy from the exhaust while still supplying air preheat requirements, owing tα the heat being applied to the process at the hottest possible temperature. Thirdly, it is advantageous tα have the absorption reaction and decomposition reaction in heat exchange relationship. This has the effect of substantially reducing salt pumping • requirements and also minimizing the temperature difference between the two reactions. Finally, the total amount of - OREA OMPI cα pression energy required for given process conditions can be minimized by using an isothermal compressor (i.e. one with stage coaling) fallowed by an adiabatic compressor, where each compressor furnishes at least one fourth of the total compression power. By using the above identified salt composition as the oxygen acceptor in a process incorporating the above features, with the approximate operating conditions subsequently tα be disclosed, it is possible to generate oxygen with a thermal energy input of 1.8 MJ/kg 0 2 , which is only 60% αf the liquefaction plant thermal energy requirement. Brief Description αf Drawings Figure 1 is a flowsheet illustrating the sequence αf major process steps which yield a high process-efficiency, including conventional absorption and decomposition towers. Figure 2 illustrates an alternative configuration for the absorption and decomposition towers wherein heat exchange is advantageously effected between the respective reactions. Figure 3 illustrates the ther odynamic behavior of the oxygen acceptor, and particularly the dependence αf its equilibrium p0 2 on salt concentration as well as on temperature. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention The best mode for carrying out this invention requires that a very specific salt composition be used as the αxygeπ acceptor. That composition has been found to be widely useful for producing oxygen in a variety of processes. The best process for producing oxygen using the above composition will vary with input conditions and process objectives, for example whether or not air is already available at high pressure, whether high temperature waste heat is available, and whether it is desired tα cogεπεratε mechanical or electrical power or nitrogen in addition tα αxygeπ. For the simple case αf a stand-alone process in which it is desired to produce only oxygen starting with ambient air and using a standard fuel as essentially the only energy input, a process will be disclosed which takes full advantage of the above composition, .producing oxygen very efficiently. Thus the best mode discussion will disclose the essential aspects αf the salt composition, the processing steps and apparatus for one process objective, and the best operating conditions for that same process. Salt Composition The following reaction stαichiometrics are present in the salt, where M signifies an alkali metal cation, i.e. either sodium or potassium: ( 1 ) MND 2 (1) + 36D 2 (g) = MN0 3 (1) (2) M 2 0 2 (1) + 0 2 (g) = 2M0 2 (1) (3) MN0 2 (1) + M0 2 (1) = MN0 3 (1) + )SM 2 0 2 (1) (4) 2 0 2 (1) + C0 2 (g) = 2 C0 3 (1) + έ0 2 (g) (5) M 2 0 2 U) + H 2 0(g) = 2 MOH(l ) + H ) 2 (g) (6) 2MN0 2 (1) = M 2 0 2 (1) + N 2 (g) + 0 2 (g) (7) N 2 (g) + 1.50 2 (g) =• N Q ( g) + N0 2 (g) The first reaction is most descriptive of the major exchange of oxygen between the salt phase. As oxygen reacts with the salt, the nitrate concentration increases and the nitrite concentration decreases. These species approximate ideal solution behavior, i.e. their activity is essentially equal tα their mole fraction. The equilibrium constant expression for reaction (1) is: ΔB K p = a(MN0 2 ) ( P°2 = ~ This expression shows that the equilibrium p0„ αf this oxygen acceptor is not only a function αf temperature, as is the case with all other oxygen acceptors, but it is also a function of the amount αf oxygen reacted with the salt, i.e. αf the changing activities of the nitrates and nitrites. Figure 3 illustrates that functionality - the equilibrium pC (in atmospheres) is seen to vary at constant temperature (degrees Kelvin) as the salt nitrate fraction varies, where the nitrate fraction signifies the ratio a(MN0 3 ) a(MN0 3 ) + a(MN0 2 ) Figure 3 was derived from experimental data,- and applies to cation compositions of between 30% and 70% sodium, balance potassium. Pure salt data is found in the references, and varies only slightly from the values shown in Figure 3. The above dependence of p0 ? on salt concentration is the reason a marked advantage is obtained from multistage counter- current absorption, ϋihen p0„ does not depend on the oxygen loading of the oxygen acceptor, as with most prior art acceptors, then the acceptor pCL is relatively constant throughout the absorber, and at a value which necessarily must be lower than the p0„ of the exhaust oxygen depleted air. iith the current salt and a countercurrent reaction however, the ther αdynamic limitations are that the incoming (oxygen deficient) salt must have a p0 ? lower than the exhaust oxygen depleted air, and also the exiting (oxygen loaded) salt must have a pO lower than the - ^ incoming air. Accordingly the exit salt pQ 2 can be much greater than the exhaust air pD_ The alkali metal peroxides and superoxides also undergo an exchange of oxygen with the gas phase, thereby contributing to the net production of oxygen, as shown in reaction (2). However their presence has been found to be much more vital than the small reaction (2) contribution would indicate, for two reasoπsj It has been found that when only trace concentrations of superoxides and peroxides are present, all gases withdrawn from the molten salt have excessively high concentrations αf nitrogen oxides, as high as several percent. However when the combined peroxide and superoxide concentration is 2% αr greater, the nitrogen oxides are reduced to close to their equilibrium values, i.e. in the low ppm range. Reaction (6) shows that the salt pN„ varies inversely with the oxide concentration; it is hypothesized that the lowest energy path for the salt to relieve the high nitrogen tension associated with low oxide concentration is via NO generation, which would account for the high NO levels in those circumstances. Secondly, a combined peroxide an.d superoxide concentration greater than 2% has been found tα markedly improve reaction kinetics. For example pure * . αxygeπ was bubbled through a mixture of pure nitrate and nitrite salt virtually without effect. Then the bubbling was repeated at the- same temperature after.adding 2% peroxides plus superoxides to the melt. The αxygeπ reacted rapidly and almost quantitatively with the second melt. This observation suggests the hypothesis- that -the -actual reaction mechanism which leads to the overall reaction (1) is probably primarily a combination of reactions (2) and (3). However irrespective of any hypothetical explanations, a critical minimum concentration of approximately- 2% combined peroxides and superoxides has been found to yield advantageous results, and should be maintained. The upper limit on combined peroxide and superoxide con¬ centration is not as critical. However high concentrations will reduce the purity level αf the prαduct oxygen by producing nitrogen (e.g. reaction (6))„ and also are more corrosive, hence a nominal upper limit of 25% is cited, where it is normally preferable tα remain close to the lower limit. The nitrate and nitrite concentrations provide the bulk of the oxygen carrying capability αf the salt, hence it is desirable to maximize their combined concentration, i.e. to minimize the concentration αf inert salt diluents or impurities. The impurities of greatest concern are carbonates and hydroxides, which will form from the C0„ and H„0 naturally present in air according to reactions (4) and (5). In order tα limit the carbonate and hydroxide concentration to less than approximately 10% at steady state, the C0„ and HpO concentrations in the supply air must be reduced to 6ppb and 1ppm respectively. This requirement for a high degree of purification of C0 ? and H 3 is shared by other chemical air separation processes and also by air liquefaction processes, and standard techniques are available to achieve it: molecular sieves, BaO guard reactors, etc. The ratio of nitrate to nitrite concentration in the salt corresponds to the equilibrium pE values encountered at process conditions, and ranges roughly from 4 tα 25. In other words, the anion composition αf the salt should include from 50 tα 94% nitrate and from 4 to 25% nitrite. The. cation composition αf the salt is an important means by which the anion composition can be maintained within desired OMPI raπges at steady state conditions. The free energy of formation of a given salt εonstitueπt typically varies with choice of cation. Hence varying the cation..mixture changes the -ΛG~, i.e. the stability, σf each constituent, and the concentration αf each varies with its stability. The temperature range αf intere far this oxygen acceptor is approximately 800K to 1100K; at the low end it is limited by reaction kinetics whereas at the high end it is limited both by corrosion and by a tendency of the salt to decompose' to solid oxide. Idith potassium cation, the nitrate is most stable, followed by nitrite, superoxide, peroxide, and then oxide. Hence in potassium salt the superoxide is the preponderant species of oxide, and its concentration typically ranges from 1 to 10%. With sodium the peroxide is much more stable "" : more so than the nitrite, and at higher temperatures even more so than the. nitrate. Thus pure sodium salts typically have peroxide concentrations in the range αf 15 tα 75% at equilibrium, depending on process conditions. The main effect αf mixing sodium and potassium cations is to reduce the peroxide concentration while leaving the relative concentrations αf nitrate, nitrite, and superoxide relatively unchanged. This has several advantageous effects, including lower melting paint, lower combined total αf superoxide plus peroxide, which minimizes N„ and corrosion, and causes the concentrations of peroxide and superoxide tα be the same order of magnitude. Also the salt cost is lower than with pure pαt "" assium cations. Uiith lithium cations the oxide is significantly more stable than any other species. It is so stable that the liquid oxide activity reaches the point at. which pure solid oxide condenses out of solution, and hence the melt slowly irreversibly decomposes to solid oxide. Fortunately with both sodium and potassium .cations the liquid oxide activity is low enough to preclude this condensation. However this limits the lithium cation capacity of the salt to no more than approximately 15%. In summary, a salt cation composition of 30 to 7-0% sodium, balance potassium, is preferred. However, compositions outside this range, even including same lithium, will also be found useful. O Process Disclosure (Best Made for Carrying Out the Invention) Referring to Figure 1, air is compressed tα an intermediate . pressure in isothermal compressor 1 (i.e. a compressor incorpαr- ating means far air cooling), purified of COr, and H„0 in a conventional purification apparatus 2, and then adiabatically compressed to the absorption pressure in compressor 3. This compression combination has been found tα yield the most efficient overall result. Strictly isothermal compression takes less mechanical energy but requires too much additional thermal energy from the heat exchanger; conversely, strictly adiabatic compression requires much greater mechanical energy, which the thermal savings in the heat exchanger are not sufficient to offset. By combining isothermal and adiabatic compression in that order, at least a 5% net energy savings is realized in the overall process ralative tα using either type αf compression alone, provided each compressor carries at least 25% of the total compression duty. The pressurized purified air is heated in heat exchanger 4 and then reacted with the oxygen acceptor in absorption tower 5. This tower can be any configuration in which multistaged countercurrent contact is obtained between the salt and air, for example packed tower, bubble cap or sieve tray tower, . etc. The exhaust air, substantially depleted in oxygen content, then enters a combustion chamber .6 and it is reacted with a fuel such as distillate, natural gas, or fuel gas. This raises its temperature and further depletes its free oxygen content. Then it is partially expanded in turbo-expander 7. The degree of expansion is controlled to regulate the turbine exhaust tem- perature, which in turn controls the temperature αf the air entering the absorption tower. After the partially expanded exhaust is heat exchanged against the incoming air in heat exchanger.4, the expansion to ambient. pressure is completed in turbo-expander 8. The above exhaust treatment sequence ensures that heat is added to the process at the hottest possible temperature, which improves efficiency. Also, the hottest temperature in heat exchanger 4 is substantially below maximum process temperature . Oxygen loaded salt from absorption tower 5 is reduced in pressure and then sprayed or routed into decomposition tower 9. This tower can also be any of several conventional configurations including a packed tower or even a simple single stage pot type reactor. The decomposition ' reaction is slower than the absorption reaction. Also the gas volume handled in the decomposition tower is larger due tα its lower pressure. Both factors con¬ tribute to the appreciably larger size of the decomposition tower relative tα the absorption tower. The oxygen depleted salt withdrawn from the decomposition tower is increased in pressure and recycled to absorption tower 5 by pump 10. The product oxygen is withdrawn from the decomposition tower over¬ head, heat exchanged against the supply air, further coaled as appropriate, and then compressed in evacuation compressor 11. In the absorption and desorption apparatus just described, the eπdothεrrnic heat of the decomposition reaction is supplied by the sensible heat of the salt. For each 1% of nitrate which decomposes tα nitrite plus oxygen, the salt is cooled by approximately 9 C. As decomposition temperature decreases, the decomposition pressure decreases markedly. In order to avoid pressure difficulties with the decomposition reaction, its temperature should not be more than 50K below the absorption reaction temperature. Therefore in the above apparatus the - * amount of salt which can be reacted per cycle is limited tα approximately 5%, which in turn requires a relatively large amount of salt pumping. It has been found that the required amount of salt pumping can be reduced, and hence the overall process efficiency can be increased, if the process is con- figured such that at least part αf the decomposition reaction • heat requirement is supplied from the exothermic heat released by the absorption reaction. That is, the absorption reaction salt and decomposition reaction salt are configured in heat exchange relationship, thereby minimizing the temperature difference between the two by the heat flow between them. An apparatus which accomplishes' this result is illustrated in Figure 2. Absorption is conducted in one or more cylinders 21 containing appropriate packing tα effect efficient countercurrent contact. A sleeve 22 encloses the cylinders and serves as a container for salt undergoing the desorptiαπ reaction. Thus heat exchange -is- effected through the- all -of -cylinder- 21, which may be finned or otherwise modified to improve heat transfer. Salt from t.ie absorption reaction is depressurized and sprayed into- optional decomposition tower 23 r . hich cools it and releases some αf the product αxygeπ. Then it is routed tα sleeve 22, where it picks up heat and cools the absorption reaction, thereby releasing additional oxygen. Finally it is increased in pressure and recycled back to the absorption cylinder 21 by pump 24. The pump can advantageously be a vertical submerged pump which avoids sealing difficulties, or. other known high temperature designs, including the blow case pump. The entire absorption-decomposition apparatus illustrated in Figure 2 can advantageously be substituted for the simpler apparatus without heat exchange in Figure 1. Operating Conditions The best mode for producing oxygen using the above dis¬ closed salt composition in the above disclosed process sequence uill be achieved by adhering to the following operating conditions. The temperature αf the absorption reaction should be in the range αf 900-1000K, and that αf the decαmpostiαπ reaction in the range 850-975H. Overall process efficiency is strongly enhanced by decreasing the absorption reaction pressure and by increasing the fraction of oxygen which is extracted from the incoming air. The latter parameter is limited by the amount αf αxygen which must be left in the exhaust tα provide the stoichiα- mεtric requirements far combustion with fuel. Combustion requires on the order of 15% of the inlet supply of oxygen, and hence the fraction αf αxygen extracted should range from 0.7 to 0.9. For a given fractional β extraction, lower absorption pressures require lower decomposition pressures. For fractional Or, extraction in the above range, the absorption pressure will be between 16 and 50 times the decomposition pressure. The minimum practicable decomposition pressure is determined by size?, of required equipment, rate of salt loss by evaporation or eπtraiπ eπt, and power required for the vacuum compressor, and OMPI WIPO is on the order of 0.1 atmosphere. Normally decomposition pressures in the range of 0.1 tα 3 atmospheres will be used, typically 0.4 atmosphere. This results in absorption pressures of 5 to 30 atmospheres, typically 10. The reaction temperatures "" and pressures strongly affect the change in oxygen loading of the salt between the two reactions, which in turn is related tα the salt circulation rate. The amount of salt reacted per cycle falls in the range of 2% to 14% (molar percent), and the corresponding salt circulation rate is betweεπ 15 and 100 males of salt circulated per mole of αxygeπ produced. Example operating conditions for thε flaw sheet of Figure 1 are presented in the fallowing table. In the table, the tεm- peraturε and pressurε of the process stream exiting thε indicated component are tabulated. Also shown are thε powεr ratings and efficiencies αf the rotating machinery. The power ratings reflect steady state production of oxygen at a rate of 300 metric tons per day. Temperatures are in degrεes Kelvin, with degrees Fahrenheit indicated in parentheses. Pressures are in atmos¬ pheres, and power is in kilowatts, either mechanical or thermal as appropriate. Thε first compressor 1 has sufficient cooling to approximate a 333 K isothermal compressor, and compresses the air tα 5.13 atm. The adiabatic compressor 3 further compresses the air tα 11 atm., as it adiabatically heats up to 435 K. The res- pective power ratings are 3.734 kϋJ and 1947klιl, that is the adia¬ batic compressor supplies 34.3% of thε total compression power. Thε air is then heatεd tα 900 K in heat exchaπgεr 4, which has a thεrmal duty rating of 8874 kliJ. Than thε air is introducεd into absorption towεr 5 in countercurrent contact with circulating salt. The absorption tower in thε εxamplε has four theoretical plates.. The 0 2 of the incoming air is 2.31 atm., and it exits at a total pressurε of 10.7 atm and a p0 2 which has been reducεd to 0.6 atm., at 931 K. Thε salt εntεrs- thε absorption tower at a nitrate fraction αf 0.86 and a pO ™ of 0.5 atm. In the successive stages, its nitrats fraction iπcrεasεs to 0.89 and its. p0 2 increases in each stage to 0.86, 1.35, 1.91, and finally 2.31 atm., the exit concentration. The changing salt composition as it adiabatically traverses the absorption tower O Compoπent .Pressure .Temperature, Power.Efficiency Compressor 1 5.13 333 (140) 3734 .8 Compressor 3 11 - 435 (323) 19-47 .8 Heat exchanger supply 10.9 900 (1160) 8874 Absorption tower gas 10.7 931 (1215) Combustor 10.5 1278 (1840) 5455 Turbo-expander 7 3.22 967 (1280) 4881 .85 Heat exchanger exhaust 3.22 491 (423) ' Turbo-expander 8 1 1860 .85 Decomposition tower gas 0.35 927 (1209) Evacuation compressor 333 (140) 394 .8 Absorption tower salt 10.9 953 (1256) Decomposition tower salt 0.35 927 (1209) Pump 11 928 (1210) 673 is plotted on Figure 3, and indicated by trianglεs. Thus the p0„ of the ' salt exiting the absorber, 1.91, is much greater than the 0.6 p0„ of the oxygen depleted air withdrawn from the absorber, and approaches that αf thε incoming air. Aftεr "" heating the exhaust to 1278 K by combustion with fuel at a heating value rate of 5455 kid (677 BTU/lb 0 2 ), the hot ' exhaust is expanded to 3.22 atm. and 967 K. This pressurε and corres¬ ponding temperature provide the rεquirεd air preheat temperature of 900 K. Then thε residual compression energy is recovered in turbo-expander 8, another 1860 kid. The possibility will be noted of mounting compressor 3 and expander 8 on a single shaft/ reduction gear complex, and similarly for compressor 1 and expander 7. A small motor generator gearεd to εach co plεx could supply εlectric power for pump and evacuation compressor operation, and also furnish startup power. The gas pressure in the dεsόrber is 0.35 atm., which is the supply pressure to both thε pump 10 and thε evacuation compressor 11. The dεsorber salt in decomposition tower 9 only is decrεasεd tα a p0 2 of 0.5 however, due tα kinetic limitations, and the tradeoff against the rεquirεd size of and residence time in the decomposition reactor. Overall, the energy required for αxygen production ia the process of the above example is less than 55% of the thermal enεrgy rεquirεd tα run a αdεrn liquefaction plant having a 33% thermal to mechanical conversion efficiεπcy. Othεr operatin cαnditiαns within the disclosed operating ranges will be found to yield even further improvements in energy efficiency. For example, thε dashed line loop on Figure 3 reflects thε salt composition locus for an absorption-decomposition cycle using the heat exchange apparatus of Figure 2, and the same endpoint pressures as εxamplε 1. The major change is that salt loading cycles betwεεn 86% nitrate fraction and 92.5% nitrate fraction, vice between 86% and 89%. This reduces pump power by slightly more than half, and yields about a 6% further reduction in total process εnεrgy requirement.";"1. A continuous procεss for sεparating αxygeπ from air com¬ prising reacting an oxygen acceptor with air in an absorption reaction, separately decomposing thε oxidizεd oxygen acceptor tα yield oxygen and regenerated Dxygeπ acceptor, and recycling the oxygen acceptor, characterized in that the oxygen acceptor is a molten solution of alkali metal salt comprised of a cation ' composition of sodium and potassium cations and an anion composition αf * 50 to 94%.nitrate, 4 to 25% nitrite, and 2 tα 25% combined peroxide and superoxide. 2. Thε process of claim 1 wherεiπ thε absorption reaction between thε molten alkali metal salt solution and air is conducted in multiple, countercurrent stages, whereby the p0„ αf the salt withdrawn from the absorption reaction is greater than the p0„ of the oxygen depleted air withdrawn from the absorption reaction. 3. The procεss of claim 2 comprising the additional steps of combusting a fuel with the oxygen depleted air, thereby yielding a hot combustion gas; partially expanding the hot combustion gas-to recovεr mεchanical energy in a turbo-expandεr; hεat exchanging thε partially expanded com¬ bustion gas against the air supplied to the absorption, reaction,; and completing the expansion of the cσoled partially expanded combustion gas to recover additional mechanical energy. 4. The procεss αf claim 3 comprising thε additional step of transferring heat from the salt undergoing the absorption reaction to the salt undergoing the decomposition reaction. 5. The process of claim 2 comprising thε additional step of compressing the air to absorption reaction pressurε using a cooled compressor first followed by an adiabatic com¬ pressor, wherein each compressor supplies at least 25% of the total compression power. ( OMPI 6. Thε prαcεss of claim 2 whεrεin thε decomposition reaction is conductεd in at least two sequεntial stagεs. 7. Thε procεss of claim 1, 2, 3, or 4 whεrεin the absorption reaction tempεraturε is in the range 875-1000 5 thε absorption rεactioπ pressure is in the range 5-30 atm; the decomposition reaction temperature is in the range 850-975 K; the dεcompositioπ rεaction pressure is in thε raπgε 0.1-3 at thε fraction of 0 2 εxtractεd from air is in thε ragπe 0.7-0. 10 the ratio of absorption pressure tα decomposition pressure is in the range 16-50; the salt, molar circulation per mole αf αxygeπ produced is 15-100 moles/mole; ' and thε cation composition is in the range αf 30 to 70% ""15 potassium, balancε-sodium. OM A, IP";ERICKSON D;ERICKSON D;1978
+WO-1980001083-A1;19800529.0;19781115;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141278.0;C22C38;C22C38;C21D1, C21D9, C22C38, F16H55;C21D   1/20, C22C  38/12;LOWER BAINITE ALLOY STEEL ARTICLE AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME;A lower bainite alloy steel article particularly suitable for gears, bushings and the like includes carbon in the range of 0.60 to 0.80 Wt.% manganese in the range of 0.45 to 1.00 Wt.%, silicon in the range of 0.15 to 2.20 Wt.%, molybdenum in the range of 0.40 to 0.70 Wt.%, and the balance substantially iron. A process of heat treatment of the article includes the steps of quenching it from a first temperature at a preselected rate and of holding it at a second temperature for less than about two hours to complete transformation of the alloy directly from an austenite morphology to a substantially complete low temperature bainite morphology.;"Description Lower Bainite Alloy Steel Article And Method Of Making Same Technical Field This invention relates generally to a low temperature bainitic alloy steel and an effective and energy-conserving process for making an article of such alloy. Background Art Carburized and hardened alloy steel gears are widely used for vehicle power trains in order to obtain a sufficient resistance to surface pitting and high bending loads, and thereby a generally desirable service life. However, .the heat treating and processing of such gears takes a long time, uses a considerable amount of energy- and, accordingly, the gears are expensive. Dras¬ tic quenching of the gears is also often required, which results in considerable distortion. Moreover, even with such extensive processing, the microstructure of the gears is inhomogeneous and the gears lack sufficient case toughness at the desired high hardness levels. Likewise, nitrided alloy steel gears are relatively brittle at relatively high hardness levels, for example, above a magnitude of about .58 on the Rockwell C hardness scale (Rc58) , and do not exhibit a relatively uniform metallo- graphic structure. The properties of some bainitic alloy steels are very desirable as a substitute for the above-men¬ tioned martensitic steels. For example, in high carbon steels low temperature bainite is more ductile than artensite at the same hardness level. But most prior art bainitic alloy steels have utilized controlled amounts of potentially critical and/or expensive materials such as chromium and nickel. Exemplary of the OMPI ., WWI1PPOU ^-v_ art in this area are the following U.S. Patents Nos.: 3,418,178 to S. A. Kulin et al on December 24, 1968; 3,303,061 to J. E. Wilson on February 7, 1967; 2,128,621 to B. R. Queneau on August 30, 1938; 3,298,827 to C. F. Jatczak on January 17, 1967; .3,348,981 to S. Goda et al on October 24, 1967; 3,366,471 to M. Hill et al on January 30, 1968; 3,418,178 to S. A. Kulin et al on December 24, 1968; 3,528,088 to H. Seghezzi et al on September 8, 1970; and 3,907,614 to B. L. Bramfitt et al on September 23, 1975. A considerable portion of the available carbon is tied up by the critical alloy in the aforementioned patent references so that a relatively coarse crystallographic texture is formed that is detri¬ mental to the toughness and hardness of the final articl Another disadvantage is that when such critical alloys are utilized, the austenite transformation temperature i generally raised, thereby requiring increased amounts of energy and adding to the processing costs. U.S. Patent No. 1,924,099 issued to E. C. Bain et al on August.29, 1933 describes a process known as austempering.' Such process involves the steps of: a) heating a steel article above an upper critical tempera¬ ture to assure a change in the morphology of the article to substantially 100% austenite; b) quenching the articl below approximately 540° C. (1000° F.), but above the temperature of martensite formation or the so-called martensite start (M s ) line; and c) holding the steel article at such an intermediate temperature for a pre¬ selected period of time sufficient to convert the morphology of the article to a form other than 100% martensite. While time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams are known on various prior art steels, the allo compositions and austempering processes resorted to have suffered two general deficiencies. Firstly, the quenching step has involved cooling at a rate such that ' OM the transforming start (T s ) curve of the alloy has been crossed and undesirable upper transformation products such as proeutectoid ferrite/carbide, pearlite, and upper bainite formed. This is due to a major degree t the relatively critical time period of the alloy to the usual nose portion of the transformation- start curve. The undesirable crossover of such nose portion results in a loss of toughness and hardness. Secondly, the heat treat holding times sufficient to obtain substantially complete transformation have been too long, for example, five hours or more. For ' general commercial applications, such an extended holding period is substantially impractical and represents a considerable waste of energy and time. Still another factor of major importance is that as the body of the article to be produced increases in thickness, its cooling rate decreases. As a conse- • quence, although thin nails or the like having an appre¬ ciable proportion of lower temperature bainite may have been made because such articles could be rapidly cooled in a practical manner, it is believed that the prior art TTT diagrams of the materials of such articles would not permit the practical production of a substantially com¬ plete lower temperature bainite morphology when the section thickness is increased to about 12mm (1/2"") , for example. Thus, the composition taught by U.S. Patent No. 3,528,088 to H. Seghezzi et al on September 8, 1970 is not desirable for an article thicker than about 12mm (1/2"") because the austempered morphology of the article would vary nonuniformly across its cross section away from substantially complete lower bainite, and the hard¬ ness would undesirably drop below a magnitude level of about 55 to 58 on the Rockwell C scale. The anchoring device of the Seghezzi patent also undesirably utilizes the potentially critical element chromium. U.S. Patent No. 3,196,052 to K. G. Hann on June 28, 1961 is represen¬ tative of another alloy steel for a thin wire that has substantially the same problems. In some instances, such as in U.S. Patent No. 2,814,580 to H. D. Hoover on November 26, 1957, process¬ ing of certain steel alloys has been accomplished at a holding temperature which is above the level of lower bainite formation. In other instances, although a lower holding temperature may have been established, austenite pearlite, upper bainite or martensite have been undesir¬ ably present to an excessive proportion in comparison with the lower temperature bainite, for example, above a individual or collective proportion of about 10 Vol.%. The present invention is directed to overcomin - one or more of the problems as set forth above. Disclosxire .of Invention In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a low temperature bainite alloy steel article is provided having carbon in the range of 0.60 to 0.80 Wt.%, manganese in the range of '0.45 to 1.00 Wt.%; silic in the range of 0.15 to 2.20 Wt.%, molybdenum in the range of 0.40 to 0.70 WT.%, and the balance substantiall iron, with the article having a substantially complete low temperature bainite morphology. In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a bainitic alloy steel article is mad by heating an article of the above-mentioned elements in the proportions indicated to the austenite transformatio temperature range to assure a substantially 100% austeni morphology, quenching it at a preselected rate, holding the article at a preselected temperature for less than, about two hours to substantially complete transformation of the alloy directly to low temperature bainite. Subsequent cooling of the article can result in a throug hardness level of a magnitude in excess of R c 57 and a relatively high tensile strength. In accordance with still another aspect of the invention, a drive train gear is formed of alloy O ., steel having a substantially complete low temperature baini e microstrueture. Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic time-temperature- transformation diagram for a first example bainitic alloy steel article of the present invention and including a heat treatment processing route. Fig. 2 is a second diagram of the type illus¬ trated in Fig. 1, of a second example bainitic alloy steel article made in accordance with the present ' invention. Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention The composition of the low temperature bainitic alloy steel article according to the present invention consists essentially of the following elements in the proportions indicated: Elements Broad Range Preferred Range Most Desirable (Wt.%) (Wt.%) Amount Wt.%) Carbon 0.60 - 0.80 0. 65 - 0.75 0.70 Manganese 0.45 - 1.00 0. 60 - 0 .70 0. 65 Silicon 0.15 - 2.20 1.20 - 2. 00 1.50 Molybdenum 0.40 - 0.70 0 . 50 - 0. 60 0. 55 Iron Remainder Remainder Remainder Preferably, but I believe not essentially, boron in the broad range of 0.0003 to 0.004 Wt.% is con- trollably added to the above-designated composition. More particularly, a boron range of 0.002 to 0.0035 Wt.% is preferred, and the most desirable amount is about 0.003 Wt.%. In the composition of the novel alloy steel of this invention carbon (c) is present in the relatively high amounts indicated to impart the desired strength and hardness throughout the body of the article. Carbon is an austenite former, and is present in the minimum O PI amount stated to assure that a relatively uniform through-hardness value of a magnitude in excess of about R c 56 on the Rockwell C hardness scale can be obtained in the finished article. Below the value of about 0.60 Wt.% the alloy would lack sufficient hardness and strength. Above the value of about 0.80 Wt.% the alloy would become less ductile and/or too brittle, and the amount of carbon present would undesirably contribute to the formation of free carbides. Moreover, the, range of carbon set forth assures that substantially complete transformation to low temperature bainite can be positively obtained. Manganese (Mn) is also an austenite former and ferrite strengthener. Below the minimum established value of about 0.45 Wt.% the strength and hardness of the article produced would be lower than that desired, and there would not be enough manganese to tie- up at least ' some of the sulfur usually present in residual amounts and to form manganese sulfide rather than undesirable iron sulfide. Above the maximum established value of about 1.00 Wt.% the ductility of the article would be lowered excessively. Silicon (Si) is also a ferrite strengthener and is effective in the amounts indicated to assure the desired tensile strength and hardness of the final low temperature bainite alloy, as well as for grain size control. Below a minimum value of about 0.15 Wt.% would be insufficient for deoxidation purposes and for the desired level of hardness in the range of magnitude above about R c 56. Above a maximum value of about 2.20 Wt.% the toughness decreases to the .point where excessive embrittlement occurs, and graphite tends to form. Molybdenum (Mo) reduces graphitization, is a ferrite strengthener, and provides the desired hardena- bility characteristics to the low temperature bainite alloy. In general, the stated amounts of carbon, O I manganese, silicon, and molybdenum serve to lower the martensite start (M s ) transformation portion of the process route permitting the lower bainite transformation to occur at a relatively low holding temperature for increased hardenability of the article and at a savings in energy. Furthermore, these four elements optimize the position of the transformation start curve so that quenching, does not have to be achieved at an excessive rate. More specifically, the # nose portion of the trans- formation start curve is thereby desirably located to the right on the TTT diagram sufficient to allow quench¬ ing of articles of thicker cross section at a more practical rate that will minimize distortion of the article and still result in relatively uniform through- hardening thereof. Below a minimum value of about 0.40 Wt.% molybdenum hardness undesirably decreases and the transformation start curve is too far to the left so that quench rate problems arise. On -the other hand, above a maximum value of about 0.70 Wt.% of molybdenum the trans- formation completed curve is located too far to the right on the TTT diagram, resulting in an extended, required holding time of above two hours and a corresponding waste of energy. Boron (B) improves bainite hardenability. The addition of boron (B) is preferred because the boron plus molybdenum plus silicon conserve these elements and provide a more advantageous rightward position of the transformation start curve and to thereby permit more practical cooling rates for articles of various thickness during austempering. Boron and molybdenum and possibly silicon retard the polygonal ferrite reaction without retarding the bainitic ferrite reaction. Furthermore, the boron acts as an intensifier from the standpoint that it. intensifies the reaction of. the other major elements. Boron is present in the minimum amount indicated to enable the proportions of molybdenum and/or gOREAtT OMPI manganese to be disproportionately reduced for economy, while simultaneously providing the desired morphology. However, going above the maximum value of about 0.004 Wt.% is believed detrimental to toughness. Some undesirable residual elements, such as sulfur (S) .and phorphorus (P) are usually present in • commercial steels. On the other hand, other residual elements, such as copper (Cu) , chromium (Cr) , titanium (Ti) , etc. may also be present in relatively small. amounts with some degree of benefit. However, all of these residual elements should be individually limited to less than 0.30 Wt.%, and preferably limited to less than 0.20 Wt.%. A first example of the low temperature bainite steel alloy of the present invention has the following composition: Element Wt.% C 0.62 Mn 0.64 Si 0.29 Mo 0.46 B 0.011 Cr 0.07 Ni 0.03 Cu 0.03 P 0.02 S 0.006 Al 0.01 V 0.001 Fe Remainder A second example of the low temperature bain¬ ite steel alloy of the present invention has the following composition: Element Wt..% „ Mn 0. 68 Si 1. 35 Mo 0. 43 B 0. .0014 '""' Cr 0. ,08 Ni 0. ,03 P 0. ,02 S 0. .004 Al < o. ,01 V 0. ,002 Fe Remainder A third example has t following cc Element wt.% • C 0. .76 Mn 0, .62 Si 0. .38 Mo 0, .51 B 0, .0021 Cu 0, .12 Cr 0, .09 Ti 0 .059 Ni 0 .04 S 0 .027 P 0 .013 V 0 .011 Zr 0 .005 Al <0 .01 Fe Remainder . A fourth example has e following Element Wt.% C 0.72 Mn 0.65 Si 2.02 Mo 0.54 __ OMPI Λ. IPO Element (Cont'd.) Wt.% (Cont'd.) B 0.0033 Cu 0.17 Ti "" 0.15- Cr 0.14 Ni 0.06 Al 0.047 S 0.019 P 0.015 V 0.014 Zr _ 0.006 Fe Remainder The first example lower bainite alloy steel embodiment set forth above had a TTT diagram as illus¬ trated in Fig. 1, including a transformation start curve 10 and a transformation complete curve 12. A heat treat¬ ment processing route 14, therefor, is also shown, and it is to be noted that the processing route desirably avoids intersection with a- nose portion 16 of the trans¬ formation start curve. More particularly, the processing route 14 for making an article of the first example composition included the initial formation of a 76mm x 76mm (3"" x 3"") ingot and subsequently rolling and/or forging the ingot down to a 38mm x 38mm (1-1/2"" x 1-1/2"") bar. The bar was heated to a preselected first temperature 18 within the austenite transformation temperature range. For the first example composition the lower end of such temperature range, often referred to as the upper critica temperature, was about 770° C (1420° F) , so that the preselected first temperature was established above that • limit at about 820° C (1510° F) . Preferably the bar is heated in a salt bath. In the instant example the bar was most desirably heated in a nontoxic, electrically heated chloride salt bath to the approximate preselected first temperature point 18 noted in Fig. 1. The bar I was maintained at such temperature for about 5 to 10 minutes to assure a substantially complete austenite microstructure. The second step after heating the bar to the preselected first temperature 18 is to relatively ' rapidly cool or quench the heated bar as indicated in Fig. 1 while missing the nose portion 16 of the trans¬ formation start curve 10 particular to the alloy steel composition of the present invention. If the heated bar is quenched toward a preselected second temperature 26 too slowly, a significant portion of the microstruc¬ ture would be undesirably transformed to pearlite because the processing route would pass through a pearlite region 20 between curves 10 and 12 as indicated in Fig. 1. If it is quenched at a slightly faster rate in a bath of a higher temperature, then an undesirable upper bainite microstructure could be formed because the processing route would pass through an upper bainite region 22 as shown in Fig. 1. Thus, it may be appre- ciated that it is imperative to transform the austenite microstructure of the bar or similar article directly to a lower bainite microstructure by choosing a preselected cooling rate 28 sufficient for avoiding crossing of the transformation start curve 10 until reaching a preselec- ted lower range of temperatures. Preferably, the lower end of such lower bainite range is defined by a pre¬ selected second temperature 26 located within a band of temperatures adjacent the M s line 24 for the composition of elements selected in order to maximum the fina hard- ness of the article. For example, I prefer that the preselected second temperature 26 be limited to less than about 15° C (30° F) above or below the M s line. The preselected second temperature should be above the M s line if it is desired to substantially avoid trans- formation to martensite. However, even ' if such temperature is below the M s line by the amount indicated, ""gTJKEA OMPI I believe that the percentage of martensite formation will be limited to less than about 10 Vol.%. The M s temperature for the first example alloy was about 270° C (520° F) , and the preselected second temperature 26 chosen was 260° C (500° F) . The upper end of the lower bainite range is defined by a preselected third tempera¬ ture 30 of about 350° C (660° F) . If the preselected third temperature is raised to a higher temperature, the alloy may be transformed at least in part into an upper bainite microstructure with its undesirable coarser grain structure. In view of the above-stated considera¬ tions, the bar is preferably quenched in a second salt bath having the preselected second temperature 26. In the instant example the bar was quenched in a nontoxic, electrically heated nitrate-nitrite salt bath at the preselected cooling rate 28 indicated in Fig. 1. It is of note to appreciate that the time scale along the bottom of Fig. 1 is of advantageous logarithmic form, so that in this way the cooling rate 28 approximates a sub- stantially straight line throughout a significant portio of the first 10 seconds or so of the processing route 14. In the instant example the second salt bath was main¬ tained at a quenchant temperature of about 260° C (500° F) , and approximately 0.6 Wt.% water was added to the salt bath for greater quench severity. The third step of the processing route 14 is. to hold or maintain'the bar at a relatively stable temperature between the above-mentioned lower and upper temperature reference lines 26 and 30 for a preselected period of time just prior to the transformation start curve 10 and thereafter to the transformation.complete curve 12 to complete the transformation of the alloy steel to a substantially complete low temperature bain¬ ite microstructure. By this term it is meant that there is less than 10 Vol.% of retained austenite, substanti¬ ally no pearlite, and less than about 10 Vol.% transfor- mation to martensite in the subject lower bainite alloy steel. Since the hardness of the article increases as the holding temperature. approaches the M s line 24, it is desirable to maintain the bar or article at or adjacent the preselected second temperature 26. In the instant example, such, isothermal heat treat transformation is complete when the processing route 14 reaches the trans¬ formation complete curve 12. Thus, the tranformation start and complete curves 10 and 12 define the left and right time-indicating boundaries of a lower bainite transformation region 32, while the lines 26 and 30 define the lower and upper temperature boundaries of the same region which varies in a range of about 250° C (482° F) to 350° C (660° F) for the subject alloy. Ad- vantageously, the time scale along the bottom of the lower bainite transformation region 12 indicates that the length of holding time required for the first example alloy steel is only about 1800 seconds. This is a great improvement over the extended holding time period of prior art. On the other hand, for reduced hardness applications the ' holding time can be reduced to about 800 seconds by raising the temperature of the second salt bath and the subsequent holding temperature to a point adjacent the line 30 in order to save energy and time. The fourth step of the processing route 14 not shown in the drawing, is to remove the article from the second salt bath and allow air cooling thereof at sub¬ stantially ambient temperatures. Such step is taken after the transformation complete curve 12 has been breached by the processing route. The second example of the low temperature bainitic alloy steel set forth above was advantageously so constructed as to move the transformation start and transformation complete curves 10 and 12 to the right when looking at the time-temper ture-transformation diagrams as may be noted by comparing the second example diagram of Fig. 2 with that of Fig. 1. This is advan¬ tageous for allowing the article to be. cooled at a slower or more practical rate by quenching, as would be the case for an article having a thicker cross section, and yet would still assure positive attainment of a substanti¬ ally complete lower temperature bainite microstructure. The second example had a relatively higher proportion of silicon, an upper critical temperature of about 800° C (1470° F) , and a martensite. start (M s ) temperature of about 260° G (500° F) . Accordingly, the preselected firs temperature 18 to assure substantially complete austenite formation of the second example was about 850° C (1560° F) the preselected second temperature was about 260° C (500° F) , and the curves and regions corresponding to tho of Fig. 1 are identified with the same reference numerals with prime indicators appended thereto. In viewing Fig. 2, note that the length of the. holding time required at or adjacent the preselected second temperature 26' for complete lower temperature bainite transformation is still only about 2400 seconds, or two-thirds of an hour. More importantly, the quench severity necessary to avoid the nose portion 16* has been appreciably reduced as may be noted by comparing the brok line cooling rate 28 of the first example alloy steel to the solid line cooling rate- 28' of the second example. The horizontal distance between lines 28 and 28' is indicative of the extra time that is available for the necessary quenching, and it is apparent that much larger articles can be heat treated along the processing route 14' than the route 14. Hardness readings taken of all four of the lower bainite alloy steel examples set forth above varied generally in magnitude between 55 and 57 on the Rockwell C hardness scale. However, by maintaining the amount of carbon at about 0.70 Wt.% and silicon at about 1.50 Wt.%, I believe that hardness levels of about 59 on the Rock- well C scale can be consistently attained after the stated heat treat process period of . less than two hours. Notched tensile strength test specimens were • machined from bars of the first and second example alloy steels having a 0.5"" diameter (12.7mm) cylindrical neck portion with a 60° V-notch centrally thereabout, and with the notch having a depth of about 0.357"" (9.07mm) and a notch radius of 0.006"" (0.15mm). The first and second bainite alloy steel test specimens registered notched tensile strength measurements of 1174.5 Mp a (170,348 psi) and 1,332.43 M pa (193,246 psi) when heat treated in accordance with the processing routes 14 and 14' respec¬ tively. As a comparison, test specimens. of the same first and second alloy steel compositions heat treated by quenching the specimens from about the preselected first temperatures 18,18' into a hot oil bath at about 95° C (205° F) , cooling, and subsequently tempering in a furnace for a period of one hour at about 250° C (480° F) were made. Because of such different heat treatment these comparison specimens exhibited a substantially com¬ plete martensite microstructure and notched tensile strength measurements of 752.66 Mpa (109,160 psi) and 962.27 M pa (139,561 psi) respectively. Thus, the greatly improved notched tensile strength of the bainite alloy steel of the present invention is apparent, with the second example (Fig. 2) alloy composition exhibiting a substantial increase in tensile strength over the first example (Fig. 1) . The amount of retained austenite in the first example lower bainite steel alloy and the first example comparison martensite specimen was not measurable by X-ray diffraction analysis, while the second example lower bainite steel alloy and the second example compari¬ son martensite specimen measured at 5.7 Vol.% and 6.7 Vol.% respectively. This indicates that the increased amount of silicon in the second example alloys tended to stabilize the austenite so that proportionately more was retained, and also that the amount of retained austenite in the method of the present invention can be expected to remain below 10 Vol.%. An examination of the microstructure of the first example alloy steel indicated a predominantly homogeneous lower bainite structure including cementite (Fβ3θ precipitated within the ferrite laths. In com¬ parison, the second example alloy steel with its higher - silicon content was of finer homogeneous lower bainite form including epsilon carbide (Fe2C) precipitated within the ferrite lath boundaries. Industrial Applicability In view of the foregoing, it can be appre¬ ciated that the through-hardened, low temperature -bainitic alloy steel of the present invention exhibits physical properties that could be extremely useful for a wide number of applications including gears, bushings, bearings and the like. Particularly, it exhibits the potential for use in a power train gear having a plurality of teeth thereon for increasing gear static strength to a level of magnitude of 50%, reducing gear distortion by a level of magnitude of 75%, and maintain¬ ing equivalent pitting resistance when compared to con 1 - ventional carburized and hardened steel gears at a minimal increase in cost. The subject lower bainite alloy steel is economical to produce, yet is adaptable to manufacturing procedures requiring no natural gas, for example. Moreover, the entire thermal transformation time is less than about two hours. This has been made possible to a considerable extent by preselected combina¬ tions of alloying elements which have resulted in shiftin the transformation start curve 10 to the right sufficient for allowing practically attainable rates of cooling for the solution, in so positioning the completion curve 12 as to reduce holding time, and in lowering the M s line - uR O /,, WI 24 to achieve the desired high level of hardness. For example, by the addition of carbon alone the M s line is lowered about 35° C (60° F) per 0.01 Wt.% carbon to desirably allow the transformation to be achieved at relatively lower temperatures. Furthermore, the pre¬ selected amount of boron indicated is believed to increase the time available to lower the temperature of the article being quenched to the transformation temperature, and the amount of molybdenum has a significant effect in reducing the holding time required to complete isothermal transformation to lower bainite. Significantly too, all of the preselected elements, except boron, lower the M s line. Other aspects, objects and advantages of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. OMPI";"Claims 1. A bainitic steel alloy article comprising carbon in the range of 0.60 to .0.80 Wt.%, manganese in the range of 0.45 to 1.00 Wt.%, silicon in the range of 0.15 to 2.20 Wt.%, molybdenum in the range of 0.40 to 0.70 Wt.%, and the balance substantially iron, said article having a substantially complete low temperature bainite morphology. 2. The bainitic steel alloy of claim 1 including less than 10 Vol.% retained austenite in the microstructure. 3. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 1 including a plurality of additional elements individually limited to less than 0.30 Wt.%. 4. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 1 including boron in the range of 0.0003 to 0.004 Wt.%. 5. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 4 including a plurality of residual impurities individually limited to less than 0.20 Wt.%. 6. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 1 wherein said article has a composition compris¬ ing carbon in the range of 0.65 to 0.75 Wt.%, manganese in the range of 0.60 to 0.70 Wt.%, silicon in the range of 1.20 to 2.00 Wt.%, molybdenum in the range of 0.50 to 0.60 Wt.%, and boron in the range of 0.0003 to 0.004 Wt.%. OMP /_, IP 7. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 6 wherein said article has a composition comprising about 0.70 Wt.% carbon, 0.65 Wt.% manganese, 1.50 Wt.% silicon, 0.55 Wt.% molybdenum, 0.003 Wt.% boron, and the balance iron, with residual impurities individually limited to less than 0.30 Wt.%. .8. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 1 wherein said article is austempered to directly form a substantially complete low temperature bainite microstructure uniformly therethrough, said microstruc¬ ture having substantially no pearlite or upper bainite therein. 9. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 1 wherein said article is heated to a preselected first temperature (18) , quenched toward a preselected second temperature (26), and maintained substantially at said preselected second temperature (26) for a pre¬ selected period of time sufficient for transformation of the article directly to substantially complete low temperature bainite microstructure. 10. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 9 wherein said preselected period of time is less than about two hours. 11. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 5 wherein said article is heated to a preselected first temperature (18) , quenched toward a preselected second temperature (26), and maintained substantially at said preselected second temperature (26) for a pre¬ selected period of time sufficient for transformation of the article directly to a substantially complete low temperature bainite microstructure. REXCΓ OMPI /,, WIPO . 12. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 11 wherein said preselected second temperature (26) is limited to less than about 15° C above or below the martensite start line (24) for the composition- selected. 13. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 1 wherein said article exhibits a hardness level above about Re 56. 14. The bainitic .steel alloy article of claim 1 wherein said article is a gear having a plurality of gear teeth thereon. 15. The bainitic steel alloy article of claim 1 wherein said article is a bushing. 16. A method of making a bainitic steel alloy article comprising: step (a) forming an article of an alloy com¬ prising carbon in the range of 0.60 to 0.80 Wt.%, manganese in the range of 0.45 to 1.00 Wt.%, silicon in the range of 0.15 to 2.20 Wt.%, molybdenum in the range of 0.40 to 0.70 Wt.%, and the balance substantially iron; step (b) heating the article to a preselected first temperature (18) within an austenite transformation temperature range; step (c) quenching the article toward a pre¬ selected second temperature (26) at a rate sufficient to avoid transformation until a preselected lower range of temperatures is reached; and step (d) holding the article at the preselected second temperature for a preselected period of time to transform the morphology of the article directly from austenite to an essentially lower temperature bainite microstructure. 17. The method of claim 16 wherein said pre¬ selected period of time is less than about two hours. 18. The method of claim 16 wherein said pre¬ selected first temperature (18) is above an upper critical temperature such that step (b) results in forming a substantially complete austenite microstructure. 19. The method of claim 16 wherein said pre¬ selected second temperature (26) is limited to less than about 15° C above or below the martensite start line (24) for the composition selected. 20. The method of claim 16 wherein said pre¬ selected first temperature (18) is about 850° C. 21. The method of claim 16 wherein said pre¬ selected second temperature (26) ' can vary in a range of about 250 to 350° C. 22. The method of claim 16 wherein said pre¬ selected second temperature (26) is about 260° C. 23. The method of claim 16 wherein step (c) includes quenching the article in a salt bath. 24. The method of claim 16 wherein step (b) includes immersing the article in a chloride salt bath, and step (c) includes quenching the article in a nitrate- nitrite salt bath. 25. In a drive train gear of the type having a plurality of gear teet thereon for meshing engagement with another gear, the improvement comprising: said drive train gear being formed of alloy steel having a substantially complete low temperature bainite microstructure. • jR A_ OMPI IPO 26. The improvement of claim 25 wherein said gear has less than 10 Vol.% of. retained austenite. 27. The improvement of claim 25 wherein said gear has substantially no pearlite or upper bainite in the microstructure. 28. The improvement of claim 25 wherein said gear has a fine homogeneous lower bainite microstructure form including epsilon carbide (Fe 2 C) precipitated within the ferrite lath boundaries. 29. A method of making a low temperature bainite steel alloy gear comprising: Step (a) forming a gear having a plurality of gear teeth thereon of alloy steel having preselected weight percentages of carbon, manganese, silicon, molybdenum, and the balance substantially iron; Step (b) heating the gear to a preselected first temperature forming a substantially complete austenite morphology; Step .(c) quenching the gear toward a preselecte second temperature at a rate . sufficient to avoid trans¬ formation until a preselected lower range of temperatures is reached; and Step (d) holding the gear at the second temperature for a preselected period of time sufficient to transform the morphology thereof dire.ctly from austeni to substantially complete lower temperature bainite. 30. The method of claim 29 including a pre¬ selected weight percentage of boron in the alloy steel. OMP";RICE S;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, RICE S;1978
+WO-1980001102-A1;19800529.0;19781117;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;20333591.0;F25B49;F25B29;F25B5, F25B29, F25B45, F25B47;F25B  29/00B, F25B  45/00, F25B  47/02B, F25B   5/02;A METHOD FOR RUNNING A COOLING-HEATING PUMP;The defrosting of the evaporators by means of hot high pressure liquid from the compressor has previously been done either by reversing the plant that is alternating use of the condensers as evaporators and evaporators as condensers and vice versa or by doubling the evaporators, one of them being active while the other is defrosted. There are disadvantages with both systems and the purpose of the invention is to eliminate these disadvantages and to provide a plant which is simple as far as construction and operation is concerned and which gives a high average factor a year for the heating effect emission. This has been achieved by the fact that the evaporators (21, 22), which are to work as heat emitters at defrosting are essentially completely emptied from the refrigerant, which after compressing and condensing is stored in a container (15). The defrosting of the emptied evaporator(s) (21, 22) is done by means of refrigerant condensate under high pressure from the container (15), and supercooled condensator is added to the evaporators, being under heat-absorption, from the defrosted evaporators via an operation container (17). Refrigerant condensate is also led via the operation container (17) to the one or those evaporators (21, 22) intended as heat absorbers and/or heat emitters.;"AMETHOD FORRUNNINGACOOLING-HEATINGPUMP Background of the invention . _ The present invention refers to a method of running a cooling-heating pump plant with an improved heat recovery and defrosting, said pla.nt comprising one compressor, at least one condenser and at least two evaporators, said components being connected to each other via. necessary conduits and said evaporators being defrosted by means of hot high-pressure liquid from the compressor. The invention also refer- to a cooling-heating pump plant for performing the method. At previously known heat recovery systems with cooling-heating pumps the defrosting is done by reversing a valve so that the working medium in form of hot gas rushes inco the exterior battery, which before the reversing was active as a.n evaporator. The reversing is done very quickly and may result in a serious shock in the system and consequently a shortened length of life. The sudden pressure rise in the cold exterior battery may cause a steam collapse, which results in a.momentary change of high pressure and suction pressure, and an expansion will be achieved in the compressor instead .of a Compression. In the exterior battery, working as an evaporator before the rever- sation, there is always a large amount of liquid refrigerant left, and a sudden change of the reversing valve may, unless certain measure are taken, empty liquid refrigerant into the compressor resulting in a compressor damage. The reversing valve used at known system is a four-way valve, through which high-pressure gas from the compressor as well as low-pressure gas from the exterior battery flows. The temperature of the high.-pressure gas can be about 90°C, while the temperature of the low-pressure gas is about +0 . Thus there is a. larg difference of temperature between the two refrigerants in one and same valve, which naturally demands a. lot from the reversing valve, where at the same time heat losses arise. Moreover it is not possible to arrange heat exchangers downstream of the battery for supercooling of the refrigerant, and there is also a great risk of overheating of the low-pressure liquid of the evaporator ba.ttery. fe« It is also known (Swedish patent No. 358.025) to double the .number of evaporators and to defrost the one that is inactive for the moment. At defrosting- hot high-pressure gas is led from the com¬ pressor to the intake side of the evaporator. The hot high-pressur gas, however, has a considerably worse defrosting effect than a corresponding high-pressure liquid, and as the evaporator, the receiver and the connected pipe system are filled with high- -pressure gas, the defrosting requires considerable time. After the defrosting the condensate from the receiver must be forced to circulate through the evaporator once more before it, via the expansion valve, can be provided to the suction side of the compressor in an expanded state, that is as low-pressure gas. The bringing back of the condensate to the system and the storing of said condensate in the receiver takes plenty of time. During the whole defrosting cycle the evaporator is inactive, which can only be accepted at such systems where a doubling of one and the same function unit is done. When it is desired to utilize every evaporator at a maximum, such a long stoppage cannot be allowed. Letting the high-pressure gas from the compressor pass through the condenser to the receiver and from there achieve a defrosting of any evaporator is not possible, as the throttle means will expand the refrigerant so that the evaporators work as heat absorbers instead of heat emitters, thus increasing the frost formation instead of achieving a defrosting. Summary of the invention The purpose of the previous invention is to eliminate the above mentioned disadvantages and to provide a method and a cooling- -heating pump plant, which is simple as far as construction and ' operation is concerned and which gives a high average factor a year for the heating effect emission. This task has been solved by the fact that the one or those of the evaporators working as heat emitters (e.g. at defrosting) are emptied from essentially all the refrigerant, which after compressing and condensing is stored in ' a container,—that the defrosting of the emptied eva- porator(s) is done by means of refrigerant condensate under high pressure from the container, and supercooled refrigerant condensate is added ' to 1_he evapora * tor(s) being- under average running heat absorption from said defrosted evaporators via an operation con¬ tainer, and that, (if necessary) after repeating- he first phase, the refrigerant condensate is led via the operation container to the evaporator(s) intended as heat absorbers and/or heat emitters. The cooling-heating pump plant distinguishes itself by the charac¬ teristics stated in claim 2. By irst emptying the system from the refrigerant , at the same time as the compressed refrigerant is condensated and stored in the con- tainer, the hot high-pressure liquid will, when the valves are opened, rush into the evaporator which is to be defrosted, and as the liquid is many times over a more effective heat carrier than gas, an immediate defrosting will occur. The supercooled high-pressure liquid from the defrosted evaporator is not led back to the compressor but is led directly to an operation container, from which the refrigerant can be distributed to other evaporators of the system or to the evaporator, which has been defrosted. By the particular design of the cooling-heating pump plant the refrigerant will always be led against the current relativt to the air or to the refrigerant which smears the battery, and this re¬ sults in a higher degree of efficiency and causes that standard flange batteries can be used as evaporators or condensors. Further¬ more conventional, high-capacity liquid distributors to the batte- ries can after the expansion valve be used during the cooling, heating as well as defrosting period, which is not possible with conventional cooling-heating pump plants. It is also possible and quite advantageous to let the high-pressure liquid to the evaporator as well as the low-pressure liquid from said evaporator pass through a heat exchanger, whereby a supercooling of the high-pressure liquid is achieved as well as a separation of gas from the low— ressure liquid, and by this a protection of the compressor against hammering. One of the advantages of the heat exchanger is also a quich retu of oil. As any our-way-reversation valve is not used, any losse of capacity on the hot gas side are not acquired, when the oil passes the valve, and special oil or heat separators can also be _.5 dispensed with. The system will be relatively inexpensive as it includes mainly standard components or modified ones. Q Brief description of the drawings The description will herebelow be further described with referen to enclosed drawings illustrating some embodiments. 15 Figure 1 schematically shows the construction of a cooling-heati pump plant, where cooling as well as heating requirements can ex Figure 2 shows a somewhat modified embodiment of the plant illu¬ strated in igure 1. Zu Description of the preferred embodiment Referring to the drawings, 10 stands for a compressor, 11 for a high-pressure line, 12 a condenser, e.g. a finned element, arran in a heater 13 for e.g. radiator hot water. The outgoing line 1 25 from the condenser 12 is connected to the upper part of a chargi container 15 for the working refrigerant. A line 16 starts from bottom side of the charging container and connects this containe with the upper part of an operation container 17- pilot valve 1 is arranged in the connection line 16 and on both sides of said 30 valve there are two branching lines 19 and 20, which lead to a number of evaporating batteries 21 and 22 designed with a heat- ' -absorbing as well as a heat-emitting function, at which the del very line 19 is connected to the inlet side of the evaporators, respectively, and the return pipe 20 to the outlet side of the 35 evaporators, respectively. A feeding line 23 leaves the bottom part of the operation con— tainer 17» and a pressure control 35 i s connected to said feeder, which also is connected to the inlet sides of "" the evaporators, respectively. In the feeding line 23, in close connection to the evaporators 21 and 22, respectively, a thermostatic expansion valve 5 is arranged. In the embodiment illustrated in figure 1 the eva¬ porator 22 is designed as an air-cooled or air-heated heat ex¬ changer, respectively, serving as a re-condenser or as an eva¬ porator. The evaporator 21 forms for example the cooling battery of a freeze box, freezing chamber, freezing gondola or the like, and more than one evaporator can of course be connected to the system, Furthermore a return line 26, leading to the suction side of the compressor 10, is connected to the outlet sides of the evaporator batteries 21 and 22. Pilot valves 27, 28, 29 and 30 are arranged in the delivery line 19 and in the return line 26, in close connec¬ tion to the evaporators 21 and 22. In the return pipe 20 and in close connection to the evaporator batteries 21 and 22 there are arranged non-return valves 33 and 3***', closing in the direction towards said batteries. The cooling plant with heat production as well as heat recovery, illustrated in figure 1 , is intended to be used in shops equipped with freezing gondolas or the like, where there is also a need of hot water for tapping and radiator hot water. The plant works in the following way. The compressor 10 suctions vaporized working refrigerant from the evaporator batteries and pumps this via the pipe-line 11 to the condenser 12, where part of the heat is emitted to the surrounding water in the cold water stratum (layer) of the radiator heater 13» The high—pressure gas, coming from the compressor 10, is condensated mainly in the condenser 12, and the high-pressure liquid is led via the line 1 to the charging container 15, which has such a large volume that it holds an essential part of the total working refrige- rant. At refrigerating operation during the summer, when there is littl tapping of hot water and no radiator heating is needed, it may be required to emit surplus heating to the outdoor air, at which the evaporator 22, designed as an air-cooler or an air-heater, respec tively, is supplied with high-pressure liquid from the charging container 15, provided that the valve 18 is closed and the valve 29 in the supply line 19 of the evaporator 22 is open. High-press liquid can thus pass through the evaporator 22, and as the valve 30 is closed, the refrigerant can be led to the return pipe 20 vi the non-return valve The further cooled high-pressure liquid is thus led to the operation container 17, from where the refrige rant is led via the feeder 23 to the. evaporation battery 21. As the valve 27 is closed, the refrigerant passes the expansion valve 2"". * . ic'r -isans that the evaporator 21 works as a heat ab- sorber an.. :_:!_ the products in the freezing gondola. Low-pressu gas frcr. .. :. - evaporator 21 is led through the open pilot valve 28 and back :o the suction side of the compressor 10. During the winter months it can be appropriate to let the evapora tor battery work as a heat absorber, at which the valve 18 is ope and high-pressure liquid can pass through the charging container 15 as well as the operation container 17, the high-pressure liqui then being led via the feeder 23 from the operation container to expansion valve 25 of the evaporator 22. At this operation the va 29 is closed and the valve 30 open. In case the evaporation battery 21 is to be defrosted, this batte and its line-system will be emptied by closing the pilot valves 2 29 and 30 and the control valve 18, while the pilot valve 28 is open. The compressor 10 will then such out all the low-pressure liquid from the system at the same time as high-pressure liquid is pumped to the charging container 15. The defrosting is done by opening the valve 27 and- closing the valve 28, so that high-pressure liquid from the charging containe 15 can rush into the evaporator battery 21, where the hot refrige¬ rant during very short time will defrost the evaporator, at which cooled high-pressure liquid is led to the operation container 17 via the non-return valve 33 and the return pipe 20. During the whole operation moment, that is the emptying, the charging and the defrosting, the evaporation battery 22 works as a. heat ab¬ sorber, provided that the valve 29 is closed and the valve 30 is open while the condenser 12 works as a heat emitter. In order to definitely ensure an effective separation of gas from the low-pressure liquid to protect the compressor against hammering, it is favourable to connect a heat exchanger 36 in the line system in front of the evaporator batteries, as schema¬ tically illustrated in figure 2. Hereby three important f nctions are achieved, that is a supercooling of the high-pressu 3 ' .. . ' - * .i.i on its way to the evaporator, an effective separation of t"" - --. τ from the low-pressure liquid so that only dry, well sat r_. :. . j-_r returns to the suction side of the compressor, and a guaranteed good oil return to the compressor during the whole cooling period. The embodiment according to figure 2 differs from the one shown in figure 1 only by the fact that said heat exchanger is connected to the system in front of each evaporator, and that the plant com¬ prises three evaporators of which the evaporator 2k is designed as a_n.air_.cooled or air-heated exchanger, while the evaporators 21 and 22 are included in the refrigerating producer of the cooling plant. In other respects the function of the plant is the same as has been described in connection to figure 1. The invention is not limited to the described embodiments but a number of modifications are possible within the scope of the claims, BAD";"C L A I M S 1. A method of running a cooling-heating pump plant with im¬ proved heat recovery and defrosting, said plant comprising a compressor, at least one condenser in the form of an inner flanged battery and at least two evaporators in the form of outer flanged batteries, said components being connected to each other via required lines and said evaporators being de¬ frosted by means of hot high-pressure liquid from the compressor c a r a c t e r i z e d t h e r e b y, that the one or those evaporators (21, 22), intended to work as heat emitters (e.g. at defrosting), are essentially completely emptied from the refrigerant, which after compressing and condensing is stored in a container (1 ). that th-3 -_ *■ -;frosting of the one or those emptied evaporators (21, 2__ , ii done by means of a refrigerant condensate under high rii- r . from the container (l ), and supercooled refrigerant c r.i.r.sate is supplied to the one or those evaporators (21, 22) being under average running (heat absorption) from the said defrosted evaporators via an operation container (17) a d that, perhaps after a repeating of the first phase, the refrigerant condensate via the operation container (17) is led to the one or those evaporators (21, 22) intended as heat absorbers and/or heat emitters. 2. A cooling-heating pump plant for performing the method acco ding to claim 1, comprising a compressor (lθ), at least one con- denser (12) in the form of an inner flanged battery and at least two evaporators (21 , 22) in the form of outer flanged batteries, which components are connected to each other via necessary lines and which evaporators are defrosted by means of hot high-pressur liquid from the compressor, c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e - r e b y, that a charging container (1 ) for the working refrige¬ rant is arranged in the line between the condenser (12) and the evaporators (21, 22 etc), that an operation container (17) for the refrigerant is connected in series after the charging con- tainer (15) and a control valve (18) is arranged in the connec¬ tion line (16) between these containers, that said connection line (16) after the control valve (18) is branched, and the branching line (20) via a non-return valve (33, 3*+) each being connected to the outlet side of the evaporators (21, 22), respec¬ tively, that a feeding line (23) starting from the bottom part of the operation container, is connected to the inlet sides of the evaporators, respectively, via one expansion valve (25) each. 3. A cooling-heating pump plant according to claim 2, c a ¬ r a c t e r i z e d t h e r e b y, that pilot valves (27, 29 and 28, 30 respectively) are arranged in the supply line (19) and the return line (26) of the evaporators, in the flow direc¬ tion seen before and after the defrost.' .? evaporators (21, 22), respectively. h . A plant according to claims 2 and Z . c h a r a c t e r i ¬ z e d t h e r e b y, that a heat exchanger (36) is connected to the feeder (23) starting from the bottom part of the operation container (17), before the expansion valve (25). The heat exchanging refrigerants consist ^of a working refrigerant (low-pressure liquid), coming from the belonging evaporator, as well as of a working re¬ rigerant, (high-pressure liquid), coming from the operation con¬ tainer (17). 5- A plant according to claims 2-k, c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e r e b y, that the condenser (12) consists of a finned element arranged in a. cold water stratum of a hot-water heater or a regenerator (13) • 6. A plant according to any of the previous claims, c h a ¬ r a c t e r i z e d t h e r e b y, that a. pressure watch (35) is arranged in the feeder (23), starting from the operation container (17), said pressure watch intended to control- the start and stop of the compressor and the turning on and off of the evaporators and the defrosting. 7- A plant according to the claims 2-6, c h a r a. c t e r i •z e d t h e r e b , that at least one evaporator (k6) is arranged. as a heat exchanger in a waste water tank (h ) , air delivery channel, ground conduit or the like, the return line of said evaporator being connected to the compressor (lθ) via a pressure regulator.";GOETTINGER H;GOETTINGER H;1978
+WO-1980001104-A1;19800529.0;19781124;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;25510098.0;F28D1;;F16J15, F28D1, F28F1;F16J  15/00, F28D   1/04, F28D   1/053, F28D   1/053E6, F28F   1/32;HEAT EXCHANGER HAVING INCLINED TUBES;"A heat exchanger (10) has first and second cores (12, 14) arranged in a ""V"" configuration with the inner, directly adjacent ends being spaced apart a preselected distance for purging debris. The first core (12) has an axis ""A"" and a plurality of fins (40) defining an inlet surface (18) and an outlet end (44). An elongated tube (46) extends through the fins (40) and has a transverse axis ""T"" oriented with respect to axis ""A"" at a preselected angle to increase air flow and reduce pressure drop across the core. The second core (14) has a plurality of fins (40) defining an inlet surface (22) and an outlet end (44). The first and second core fins (40) are truncated at the corner defined by the respective inlet surface (18, 22) and outlet end (44) to expose more core surface area for a given frontal area.";"Description . Heat Exchanger Having Inclined Tubes -Technical Field This invention relates to a heat exchanger and, more particularly, to core construction for in¬ creasing heat rejection and improving air flow. Background Art Heat exchangers of the type used in earth- moving vehicles must have sufficient capacity to cool the engine by the passage of air through and around the heat exchange- element. In the past, it has been necessary sometimes to use large fans operating at high speeds to provide sufficient air flow through the heat exchange element. Unfortunately, large fans use excessive power, cause vibration and noise which is undesirable. Because of current noise regulations, the use of large fans is now restricted and other means must be found to provide effective cooling without excessive noise. One way to increase cooling capacity is taught by Roelf J. Meijer and Jan Mulder in U.S. Patent No. 4,034,804 which issued July 12, 1977. Meijer and Mulder disclose a radiator operable with a flow of air for cooling a quantity of water and formed as zigzag or folded walls, each of which contains air ducts. Cooling water pipes are arranged in a number of flat cores, the upper and lower sides of which are located in the front and rear planes, respectively, of the radiator. The cores are connected together alternately on their front and rear sides in an airtight manner. The zigzag pattern increases the cooling capacity by increasing the surface area exposed to the flow of air without increasing the size of the radiator. There is, however, a problem with debris plugging the cores and reducing cooling capacity. Under some field conditions where large quantities of airborne fuzz and debris are present, the debris and fuzz may be readily caught by the front edges of the water tubes which are flush with the front of the core and also become embedde between the cooling fins. At the junction of the cores at the rear of the radiator, air flows downward which increases the opportunity for airborne debris to collect on the fins thereby reducing cooling. Furthermore, at low vehicle speeds there may not be any air flow at the junction— hence no cooling. Meijer and Mulder recognize that plugging may be a problem and provide a fine gauge to be placed around the outside of each core.- This in effect is a mere screen which itself can become plugged. Since the air flow changes direction abruptly inside the radiator from a horizontal flow to a down¬ ward vertical flow, areas exist where there is little or no flow and plugging occurs. Because of the change in direction of the air flow, even the fine gauze will clog. Recognizing that clogging is a problem with zigzag or folded core radiators, Erwin Bentz devised a novel way to easily unclog a radiator core as described in U.S. Patent No. 4,076,072 granted February 28, 1978. Bentz uses reversible cores which can be rotated 180° to expose a clean core surface to incoming air while the reverse, clogged core surface is cleaned by the exit flow of air through the core. While this rever¬ sibility allows the clogged cores to be cleaned easily, . reversing the cores takes time and is done when the radiator is visibly clogged. Apparatus is provided for rotating all the cores at one time, but again this is done in response to a visual observation. /., Charles Miller and Raymond Stratton devised a heat exchanger similar to the heat exchanger of Bentz which uses recessed tubes, closely spaced fins, and a space or gap at the junction so that the inner directly adjacent legs are spaced apart. Unfortunately, the extremely close fin spacing, 0.79 to 1.57 fins per mm, restricts air flow through the core; yet, this close spacing is necessary to prevent plugging. It is therefore desirable to have a heat ex- changer with closely spaced fins which does not unduly restrict air flow through the cores. It is also desir¬ able to increase the heat rejection of the. core for a given frontal area thereby increasing the cooling effectiveness of the heat exchanger. Disclosure of Invention In one aspect of the invention, a heat ex¬ changer comprises first and second cores each having an inlet surface and an outlet end. The cores are- posi¬ tioned with the inlet surfaces facing toward one another and are angularly oriented one relative to the other forming a general ""V"" configuration with the inner adjacent ends being spaced apart. Each of the cores is truncated at the corner defined by the respec¬ tive inlet surface and outlet end. In another aspect of the invention, a heat exchanger comprises a plurality of closely spaced fins defining a first core having an axis ""A"" and an inlet surface and at least one tube extending through the fins of the first core and spaced from the inlet surface. The tube has a transverse, axis ""T"" oriented with respect to the axis ""A"" at a preselected angle. By truncating the corners of the cores they can be fitted more closely together to increase cooling capacity for a given overall heat exchanger dimension. Angularly orienting the tube relative to the core axis OMPI Λ. WIPO also orients the tube relative to the incoming air- stream to increase the heat rejection. Thus, the heat exchanger has closely spaced truncated fins and angu¬ larly oriented tubes to decrease the pressure drop across the cores thereby increasing cooling effective¬ ness. Brief Description of Drawings FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a heat ex¬ changer having a number of cores arranged in a zigzag pattern; FIG. 2 is a somewhat "" enlarged partial section¬ al view of the cores showing the tubes angularly oriente relative to the axis of each core; FIG. 3 is a sectional view similar to FIG. 2 • but showing a different embodiment; and FIG. 4 is a partial sectional view taken along line IV-IV of FIG. 1. Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention Referring to FIG. 1, a self-purging heat ex- changer 10 has a number of cores, such as first, second and third cores 12,14, and 16 for example, arranged in a zigzag pattern as viewed from the top or along a horizontal cross section. The first core 12 has an inlet surface 18 and an outlet surface 20. The second core 14 has an inlet surface 22 and an outlet surface 24 and is positioned with the inlet surface 22 facing toward the inlet surface 18 of the first core 12. The cores 12,14 are angularly oriented one relative, to the other in a general ""V"" configuration with the inner, directly adjacent ends being spaced apart a distance in the range of about 2 to 10 mm. If the space or gap 26 is less than about 2 mm wide, air flow therethrough is extremely limited and debris will accumulate in the gap 26. Conversely, if the gap 26 is more than about 10 mm wide, there is too much airflow therethrough which reduces the airflow through the cores 12,14 and parti¬ cularly along the inlet surfaces 18,22. 5 Where there is only one core or an end core, such as the third core 16, a gap 26* is provided be¬ tween the core 16 and the surface 28 of a supporting frame 30. The gap 26' has a width in the range of about 3 to 10 mm. If the gap, 26' is less than about 10 3 mm, there, is insufficient width for debris to escape. If the gap 26' is larger than about 10 mm, airflow through the core 16 and particularly along its inlet surface 34 is reduced. The cores 12,14 define an included angle in 15 the range of about 20 to 70 degrees while core 16 and frame 30 define an angle in the range of about 10 to 35 degrees. The core 16 and frame 30 also have a general ""V"" configuration. Cores 16 and 12,14 may be used together with advantage, particularly where two or more •20 liquids require cooling. The third core 16 has an outlet surface 36 and is positioned with the outlet surface 36 facing toward the outlet surface 24 of the second core 14 in a general inverted ""V"" configuration. The inner 25 directly adjacent ends of: the inverted ""V"" are arranged to be substantially airtight so that no air flows therethrough but is diverted through the inlet surfaces 22,34. The third. core 16 may be substantially parallel to the first core 12 or may be nonparallel thereto. 30 Additionally, each ""V"" may be symmetrical or nonsymmetri- . cal with.other ""V's"". Referring to FIGS. 1 and 4, each core, core 12 for example, is comprised of a plurality of closely spaced. £ins 40 defining.the inlet and outlet surfaces 35 18,20 and defining inlet and outlet end surfaces 42,44. The number of fins per mm is in the range of about 0.79 OMPI to 1.57. The fins preferably have a straight longitudi¬ nal profile but can have a wavy, serpentine profile. Straight fins are preferred from the standpoint of purging while wavy- fins dissipate more heat for given core dimensions. Referring to FIGS. 1-4, each core has at least one tube 46 extending through the fins 40 and spaced from the inlet surface 18 a distance in the range of about 2 to 4 mm. The tube 46 is preferably spaced from the outlet surface 20 a similar distance. At distances less than about 2 mm the tube 46 is exposed to debris which is snagged and held by the tube 46 thereby contributing to core plugging. At distances greater than about 4 mm, heat transfer from the front of the tube 46 adjacent the inlet surface 18 is affected . and the fins 40 are subject to mechanical stress and bending. Each core has a thickness-in the range of abou 15 to 40 mm as measured between the inlet and outlet sur faces 18,20. Where there are a plurality of tubes, whic is preferred, they are spaced apart about 10 mm or so and have a thickness in the range of about 2 to 3 mm. By this construction a heat exchanger 10 is formed which has a core thickness to hydraulic diameter of about 10 to 50. The hydraulic diameter is defined as four times the flow area divided by the perimeter of the opening for the flow and refers to the space between the fins 40, not within the tubes 46. It is this con¬ struction which, while providing adequate cooling and not plugging, creates a pressure drop across the cores and therefore does not offer maximum heat rejection. The heat rejection is improved by the construction as set forth below. Referring to FIG. 2, the first core 12 has an axis ""A"" and the second core 14 has an axis ""B"". The tube- 46 has a transverse axis ""T"" oriented with ' respect to the axis ""A"" at an angle a in the range of about 100 to 120 degrees. Similarly, tube 46' has its axis • ""T"" oriented with respect to the axis ""B"" at an angle. b in the range of about 100 to 120 degrees. The first . and second cores 12,14 are angularly oriented one relative to the other at angle c in the range of 20 to 70 degrees as previously mentioned. By this construction, the axes ""A"",""B"" of the first and second cores 12,14 are each angularly oriented in a range of about 10 to 35 degrees from the direction in a range of about 120 to 140 relative to the direction ""D"" of the fluid stream. At angles less than about 120 degrees, the fluid stream is reflected by the tubes 46 in a direction opposite to direction ""D"" thereby impeding the fluid stream and creating a greater pressure drop across the core. At angles greater than about 140 degrees, the air flows generally over the tubes but the flow path length is increased which increases the pressure loss. By inclining the tubes 46 at an angle of about 120 to 140 degrees, instead of at 110 or 180 degrees, heat rejection is improved by about 3 to 6 percent which is a significant gain. This construction produces incidence angles X' , V in the range of about 40 to 60 degrees. The incidence angle is typically defined as the supplement of angles X and Y so that an incidence angle of zero is derived where the air flow is aligned' with the tubes and flows over the inlet edge of tubes first. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the first core 12 is truncated at the corner defined by its inlet surface 18 and outlet end 44. The second core 14 is truncated at the corner defined by its inlet surface 22 and outlet end 44"" and is spaced from the first core 12 a OMPI /,, WIPO „ distance in the range of 2 to 10 mm at the truncated corners. Each of. the cores 12,14 is truncated at the corner defined by the respective outlet surface 20,24 and inlet end 42,42' with the truncated corners abuttin the immediately adjacent core. The truncated corners are preferably chamfered (FIG. 2) but can be of a rounded configuration (FIG. 3) . The chamfers preferably have a width in the range of about 1.5 to 8 mm. A chamfer about 1.5 mm wide at the two opposite corners of each core reduces the projected frontal area of each core by about 3 mm while reducing core width by about.31/2 percent. By tipping the tubes to an incidence angle of about 120 to 140 degrees and providing chamfers about 1.5 mm wide, heat rejection for a given total frontal area increases by about 4 to 6 percent. The square corners can be trun¬ cated because they are the part of the fins furthest from the tubes and thus transmit less heat. Tipping the tubes allows a larger chamfer to be made, hence only opposite corners need be chamfered rather than all four corners. Industrial Applicability During operation, air approaches the heat exchanger 10 from the front in direction ""D"". Because the tubes 46 are inclined with respect to the direction ""D"" of the air stream, the air is urged over the tube surfaces and between the tubes as indicated by arrow ""E"". The cores are fitted into a smaller space because the opposite corners are truncated. By having the gap 26 between the adjacent truncated corners, two results are achieved. First, debris entering between the cores has a place to exit and, second, air flowing through the gap 26 causes a tangential flow ""F"" parallel to the inlet surfaces of the cores. Thus, the flow is rm - D ORlG1 A!S ε] divided into a component ""E"" which flows over and be¬ tween the tubes 46 and a smaller component ""F"" which flows out through the gap ' 26. Other aspects, objects and advantages of t is • invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims.";"Claims . 1. A heat exchanger (.10), comprising: a plurality of closely spaced fins (40) defi a first core (12), having an axis ""A"", an inlet surfac (18) , and an outlet end (44) ; and at least one elongated tube (46) extending through the.fins (40) of the first core (12) and space from the inlet surface (18) , .said tube (46) having a transverse axis ""T"" oriented with respect to the axis at an angle in the range of about 100° to 120"". 2. A heat exchanger (10), as set forth in claim 1, including: a second plurality of closely spaced fins (4 defining a second core (14) having an axis ""B"" , an inl surface (22), and an outlet end (44'); and at least one elongated tube (46') extending through the fins (40') of the second core (14) and spa from the- respective inlet surface (22) , said first and second cores (12,14) being angularly oriented in a gen ""V"" configuration with the inner adjacent ends being spaced a distance in the range of about 2 to 10 mm one from the other, each of said first and second pluralit fins (40,40') each being truncated at the corner defin by the respective inlet surface (18,22) and outlet end (44,44'). 3. A heat exchanger (10) , as set forth in claim 1, wherein the axis ""A"" of the first core (14) i oriented in a range about 10° to 35° from a direction ""D"" of a fluid stream relative to the first core (12) the tube axis ""T"" is oriented in a range of about 120° 140° relative to the direction-""D"" of said fluid strea - fy 4. A heat exchanger (10) , as set forth in claim 1, wherein the fins (40) have a width in the range of about 15 to 40 mm. 5. A heat exchanger (10) , as set forth in claim 1, wherein the number of fins (40) per mm is in the range of about 0.79 to 1.57. 6. A heat exchanger (10), comprising: a first core (12) having an inlet surface (18) , an outlet surface ( . 20) t and an outlet end (44) ; a second core (14) having an inlet surface (22), an inlet end (42'), an outlet surface (22), and an outlet end (.44'), and being positioned with the inlet-surface (22). facing toward the inlet surface (18) of the first core (12) , said cores (12,14) being angularly oriented one relative to the other and forming a general ""V"" configuration with the inner adjacent ends being spaced a distance in the range of about 2-10 mm, each of said cores (12,14) being chamfered at the - corner defined by the inlet surface (18,22) and outlet end (44,44'), each of said chamfers having a width in the range of about 1.5 to 8 mm. 7. A heat exchanger (10) , as set forth in claim 7, including: a third core (16) having an inlet surface (34) , an inlet end (42"") , and an outlet surface (36) and being positioned with the outlet surface (36) facing toward the outlet surface (24) of the second core (14) forming a general inverted ""V"" configuration, each of said- second and- third cores- (14,16) being chamfered at the corner defined by the outlet surface (24,36) and inlet end (42',42""), each of said chamfers having a width- in the range of about 1.5.to 8 mm and abutting one another. 8. A heat exchanger (10) , as set forth in claim 6, wherein the first and second cores (12,14) each include a plurality of closely spaced fins (40) defining the inlet (18,22) and outlet (20,24) surfaces of the core (.12) ; and at least one elongated tube (46) extending through the fins (40) of the core (12) and spaced from the inlet surface (18) . - /..";HESTON D, MILLER C;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, HESTON D, MILLER C;1978
+WO-1980001105-A1;19800529.0;19781124;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141284.0;F28F7;;F28D1, F28F1;F28D   1/053, F28D   1/053E6, F28F   1/32;SELF PURGING HEAT EXCHANGER;"A self purging heat exchanger (10) has first and second cores (12, 14) arranged in a ""V"" configuration with the inner, directly adjacent ends being spaced apart for purging debris which enters between the cores (12, 14). Each core (12, 14) has a plurality of closely spaced fins (40) which define an inlet surface (18, 22) and an elongated tube (46) which extends through the fins (40) and is spaced from the inlet surface (18, 22). Debris which enters the heat exchanger (10) travels along the inlet surfaces (18, 22) to the space (26) between the cores (12, 14) without being impeded by the tubes (46).";"Description Self Purging Heat Exchanger Technical Field This invention relates to a heat exchanger and, more particularly, to core construction for con¬ tinuous purging of debris. Background Art Heat exchangers of the type used in earth- moving vehicles must have sufficient capacity to.cool the engine by the passage of air through and.around the heat exchange element. In the past, it has been necessary sometimes to use large fans operating at high speeds to provide sufficient air flow through the heat exchanger element. Unfortunately, large fans use excessive power, cause vibration ' and noise, which is undesirable. Because of current noise regulations, the use of large fans is now restricted and other meanjs must be found to provide effective cooling without excessive noise. One way to increase cooling capacity is taught by Roelf J. Meijer and Jan Mulder in U.S. Patent No. 4,034,804 which issued July 12, 1977. Meijer and Mulder disclose a radiator operable with a flow of air for cooling a quantity of water and formed as zig-zag or folded walls, each of which contains air ducts. Cooling water pipes are arranged in a number of flat cores, the upper and lower sides of which are located in the front and rear planes, respectively, of the radiator. The cores are connected together alternately on their front and rear sides in an air-tight manner. The zig-zag pattern increases the cooling capacity by increasing the surface area exposed to the flow of air without increasing the size of the radiator, There is, however, a problem with debris plugging the cores and reducing cooling capacity. Under some field conditions, where ' large quantities of air-borne fuzz and debris are present, the debris and fuzz may be readily caught by the front edges of the water tubes which are flush with the front of the core and also embedded between the cooling fins. At the junction of the cores at the rear of the radiator, air flows downward which increases the opportunity for air-borne debris to collect on the fins thereby reducing cooling. Furthermore, at low vehicle speeds., there may not be any air flow at the junction - hence no cooling. Meijer and Mulder recognize that plugging may be a problem and provide a fine gauze to be placed around the outside of each core. This in effect is a mere screen which itself can become plugged. Since the air flow changes direction abruptly inside the radiator from a horizontal flow to a down¬ ward vertical flow, areas exist where there is little or no flow and plugging occurs. Because of the change in direction of the air flow, even the fine gauze will clog. Recognizing that clogging is a problem with zig-zag or folded core radiators, Erwin Bentz devised a novel way to easily unclog a radiator core as des¬ cribed in U.S. Patent No. 4,076,072 granted February 28, 1978. Bentz uses reversible cores which can be rotated 180 degrees to expose a clean core surface to incoming air while the reverse, clogged core surface is cleaned by the exit flow of air through the core. While this reversibility allows the clogged cores to be cleaned easily, reversing the cores takes time and is done when the radiator is visibly clogged. Apparatus is provided for rotating all the cores at one time, but again, this is done in response to a visual observation. OMPI A. WIPO It is therefore desirable to have a heat exchanger which has a large cooling capacity gnd does not require the use of excessively noisy fans. It is also desirable to have a heat exchanger which is self purging during-operation thereby preventing clogging. The core should be arranged such that the air stream does not make abrupt changes in direction and such that there are no area of zero velocity air flow. Disclosure of Invention In one aspect of the present invention, a heat exchanger has a plurality of closely spaced fins defining an inlet surface. An elongated tube extends •through the fins and is spaced from the inlet surface. In another aspect of the present invention, a heat exchanger has first and second cores each having inlet and outlet surfaces. The inlet surfaces of the first and second cores face one another and the cores are angularly oriented one relative to other in a general ""V"" configuration with the inner directly adjacent ends being spaced apart. Since the elongated tube is spaced from the inlet surface, debris traveling along the surface is not caught by the tube and clogging does not occur because of the tube. Arranging the cores in a ""V"" configuration increases the cooling capacity without increasing overall size thereby decreasing the need for large fans. The space at the bottom of the ""V"" faci¬ litates the purging of debris to prevent clogging during operation. Air flows through the cores at increased densitywithout a drastic change in direction. Brief Description of Drawings FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a heat exchanger consisting of a number of cores arranged in a zig-zag pattern; QMPI FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic sectional view of a core taken along line II-II of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic end view of the core taken along line III-III of FIG. 2; and 5 FIG. 4 is somewhat enlarged partial sectional view similar to FIG. 1 but illustrating only one core. Best Mode For Carrying Out The Invention Referring to FIG. 1, a self purging heat 10. exchanger 10 has a number of cores, such ' as first, second and third cores 12,14, and 16 for example, arranged in a zig-zag pattern as viewed from the top or along a horizontal cross-section. The first core 12 has an inlet or upstream 15 surface 18 and an outlet or downstream surface 20. The second core 14 has ' an inlet surface 22 and an outlet surface 24 and is positioned with the inlet surface 22 facing toward the inlet surface 18 of the first core 12. The cores 12,14 are angularly oriented one relative 20 to the other in a general ""V"" configuration with the inner, directly adjacent ends being spaced apar€ a distance in the range of about 5 to 10 mm. If the space or gap 26 is less than about 5 mm wide air flow therethrough is extremely limited and debris will 25 accumulate in the gap 26. Conversely, if the gap 26 is more than about 10 mm wide, too much air flows therethrou which reduces the air flow through the cores 12,14 and • particularly along the inlet surfaces.18,22. Where there is only one core or an end core, 30 such as core 28, a gap 26' is provided between the core 28 and the surface 32 of a supporting frame 30. The gap 26' has a width in the range of about 3 to 10 mm. If the gap 26' is less than about 3 mm, there is insufficien width for debris to escape. If the gap 26' is larger 35 than about 10 mm, air flow through the core 28 and particularly along the inlet surface 34 is reduced. The cores 12,14 define an angle in the range of abou 20 to 70 degrees, preferably 40 degrees, while core 28 and frame 30 define an angle in the range of about 10 to 35 degrees, preferably 20 degrees. The core 28 and frame 30 also have a general ""V"" config¬ uration. Cores 28 and 12,14 may be used together with advantage,, particularly where two or more liquids require cooling. The third core 16 has inlet and outlet surfaces 36,38 and is positioned with the outlet surface 38 facing toward the outlet surface 24 of the second core 14 in a general inverted ""V"" configuration. The inner directly adjacent ends of the inverted ""V"" are arranged, to. be substantially air-tight so that no air flows therethrough but is diverted through the inlet surfaces 22,36. The third core 16 may be substantially parallel to the first core 12 or may be nonparallel thereto. Additionally, each ""V"" may be symmetrical or nonsym etrical with other ""V's""'. Referring to FIGS. 1-3 each core, core 12 for example, is comprised of a plurality of closely spaced fins 40 defining the inlet and outlet surfaces 18,20 and defining first and second end surfaces 42,44. The number of fins per mm is in the range of about 0.79 to 1.57. The fins preferably have a straight longitudinal profile but can have a wavy, serpentine profile. Straight fins are preferred from the standpoint of purging while wavy fins dissipate more heat for given core dimensions. Because of the close fin spacing, the waviness ' is acceptable where the nature of the debris to be purged allows it to roll along the surface of the core. Referring to FIG. 4, each core has at least' one tube 46 extending through the fins 40 and spaced from the inlet surface 18 a distance ""F"" in the range of about 2 to 4 mm. The tube 46 is preferably spaced from the outlet sur ace 20 a similar distance ""R"". At distances less than about 2 mm the tube 46 is exposed and catches debris thereby contributing to core plugg- ing. At distances greater than about 4 mm heat transfer from the front of the tube 42 adjacent the inlet surface 18 is affected and the fins 40 are subject to mechanical stress and bending. Each core has a thickness ""T"" in the range of about 15 to 40 mm as measured between the inlet and outlet surfaces 18,20. Where there are a plurality of tubes they are spaced apart about 10 mm or so. By this construction a heat exchanger 10 is formed which has a core thickness to hydraulic diameter of about 20 to 24. The hydraulic diameter is defined as four times the flow area divided by the perimeter of the opening for the flow and refers to the space be¬ tween the fins 40, met within the tubes 46. Industrial Applicability During operation, air approaches the heat exchanger 10 from the front as shown by arrow ""A"" in FIG. 1 flows through the cores as shown by arrows ""B"" and ""E"". There is a flow of air through the gaps 26, as shown by arrow ""D"", which causes a substantial tangential air flow component, ""C"" and ""G"", along the cores. This tangential flow slides and rolls debris along the core surfaces without catching on fins 40 or tubes 46. The tubes 46 do not catch debris because they are recessed and the fins 40 do not catch debris because the debris slides and rolls in the same direction- as the fins 40. Because of the close spacing of the fins 40, debris does not enter between the fins 40. The gap 26 is sufficiently wide to allow debris to escape rather than become caught in the gap 26. Because of the gap 26 the tangential flow, ""C"" and ""G"" keeps the debris sliding and rolling toward the gap 26. Since there is no significant downward flow or downward tendency for the debris to move, other than gravity, the fins 40 do not catch the debris. One core or any number of cores can be used to cool one or more liquids in the same cooling space of a vehicle. The water from the engine, engine oil, and refrigerant can all be cooled in the same basic space by varying the angular orientation to accommodate the required number of cores. The heat exchanger 10 has a large cooling capacity because the closely spaced fins 40 readily dissipate heat thereby reducing the need for large capacity fans.- Because of the -gap 26 and -the resulting tangential air flow during operation, the heat ex¬ changer 10 purges itself to prevent clogging. Air flowing through the cores is compressed for better cooling, but is not directed downward in a manner to catch debris on the fins 40. Because the tubes 46 are recessed, they do not catch debris either. Other aspects, objects and advantages of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims.";"Claims 1. A heat exchanger •(10) , comprising: a plurality of closely spaced fins (40) defining an inlet surface QL8) . ; and at least one elongated tube (.46) extending through, the fins- (.40) and being spaced from the inlet surface (.18) a distance in the range of about 2 to 4 mm. 2. A heat exchanger (10) , comprising: a first core (12) having an inlet surface (18) and an outlet surface (20) ; and a second core fJL4) having an inlet surface (22) and an outlet surface (24) and being positioned with the inlet surface C22) facing toward the inlet surface (18) of the first core (12) , said cores (12,14) being angularly oriented one relative to the other in a general ""V"" configuration with the inner, directly adjacent ends being spaced apart a distance in the range of about 5 to 10 mm. 3. A heat exchanger (10), as set forth in claim 2, including a third core (.16) having an inlet surface (36) and an outlet surface (.38) and being positioned with the outlet surface (38) facing toward the outlet surface (24) of the second core (14) in a general inverted ""V"" configuration. 4. A heat exchanger (.10) , as set forth in claim 2 wherein the first and second cores (.12,14) each include a plurality of closely spaced fins (40) defining the inlet and outlet surfaces (18,22;20,24) and first and second end surfaces (42,44) of the cores; -and at least one elongated tube (46) extending through the fins (40) and being spaced from the inlet surface (18,22) a distance in the range of about 2 to 4 mm. 5. A heat exchanger (10), as set forth in claim 2, .wherein the first and second cores (12,14) define an angle in the range of about 20 to 70 degrees. 6. A heat exchanger (.10) , as set forth in claim 2, wherein the first and second cores (12,14) each have a thickness in the range of about 15 to 40 mm as measured between the inlet and outlet surfaces (18,22;20,24) . 7. A heat exchanger (10), as set forth in claim 4, wherein the number of fins (40) per mm is in the range of about 0.79 to 1.57. 8. A heat exchanger (10), as set forth in claim 4, wherein the fins (40) have a serpentine longitudinal profile. 9. A heat exchanger (10), comprising: a frame member (32) having a surface (30).; and a core (28) having an- inlet surface (34) and being positioned with the inlet surface (34) facing toward the surface (30) of the frame member (32) , said core (28) and frame member (32) being angularly orient¬ ed one relative to the other in a general ""V"" con¬ figuration with the inner directly adjacent ends being spaced apart a distance in the range of about 3 to 10 mm. 10. A heat exchanger (10) , as set forth in claim 9, wherein the core (28) and frame member (32) define an angle in the range of about 10 to 35 degrees.";BENTZ E, STRATTON R;BENTZ E, CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, STRATTON R;1978
+WO-1980001146-A1;19800612.0;19781204;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141288.0;B22C1;B22C3, B22C9;B22C1, B22C9;B22C   1/16D;METHOD OF MAKING AND USING A CERAMIC SHELL MOLD;A method of making a shell mold (6) includes alternately applying a ceramic coating composition (8) and a stucco composition (10) to an expendable pattern, the presence of graphite being substantially avoided therein, and applying a barrier coating (16) thereto including a ceramic powder, a binder, and a preselected amount of graphite. A preferred range of graphite of about 13 to 17 Wt.% in the barrier coating (16) minimizes decarburization of a ferrous article formed in the cavity of the shell mold (6).;"Description Method of Making and Using A Ceramic Shell Mold Technical Field This invention relates to the preparation of a ceramic shell mold useful for investment casting pur¬ poses, and particularly to a method of making a shell mold that will effectively reduce the amount of surface decarburization of a ferrous article formed in the shell mold. Background Art Investment casting, also referred to as the ""lost wax"" pro'cess, typically involves alternate appli¬ cations of a ceramic coating composition and a stucco composition to an expendable pattern in order to provide a multi-layered shell mold. The pattern is usually made of wax, plastic, or similar material which is melted out to leave a correspondingly shaped internal cavity into which molten metal is poured. Unfortunately, there have been many attempts to control the surface finish and the amount of decar¬ burization of steel investment castings. The problem of a metal-mold-atmosphere reaction at the time of pouring and initial stages of solidification of the molten metal has continued to cause an undesirable carbon-free zone adjacent the surface of the article as well as surface blemishes. The methods of minimizing this phenomenon have included casting in a vacuum, use of inert gas shrouding, the addition of reducing agents into the mold cavity prior to pouring, preheating the mold in a carbonaceous atmosphere prior to casting, etc. All of these production steps are costly, time-consuming or raise issues of safety to foundry personnel such as by producing noxious vapors. O PI Λ. WWIIPPOO •. U.S. Patent No. 3,184,813 issued to P. J. O'Shea on May 25, 1965 and U.S. Patent No. "" 3,296,666 issued to N. G. Lirones on January 10, 1967 are repre¬ sentative of the large number of ceramic dip coat compo- sitions used in building up multi-layered shell molds. Frequently, the compositions of the shell mold layers are tailored for the specific metal. In the past, for example, graphite has been added to the usual coating composition of a ceramic powder and a binder in order to improve surface finish and to minimize the amount of decarburization of steel articles. But while the use of a relatively uniform amou of graphite throughout the full cross section of the shel mold wall has resulted in some improvement in the quality of the castings, surface irregularities and localized carburization have been observed because of the undesirab •contact of the molten metal directly with the graphite particles. Moreover, the strength of the individually applied layers is reduced by graphite addition and the shell mold is more costly than desired. The present invention is directed to over¬ coming one or more of the problems as set forth above. Disclosure of Invention In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a ceramic shell mold is made by alternately applying coating compositions and stucco compositions to an expendable pattern forming a resultant multi-layered mold substantially free of graphite, and applying a barri coating to the exterior surface of the multi-layered mold, with the barrier coating including a mixture of a ceramic powder, a binder, and a preselected amount of graphite. Preferably, the amount of graphite in the barrier coating is limited to a range of about 4 to 20 t.% of the solid portion. OM .- W WIIPP In another aspect of the invention, the shell mold is preferably made by heating the multi-layered mold and forming a resultant hardened mold before the. barrier coating is applied. 5. In another aspect of the invention, the above- described multi-layered mold and barrier coating are heated and a ferrous molten metal poured into the cavity, whereupon after cooling and removal of the article from the mold the article will be noted to have minimal sur- 0 face carbon depletion and a relatively smooth surface. Brief Description of Drawing The sole figure is a diagrammatic and enlarged, fragmentary cross sectional view through a multi-layered shell mold having a barrier coating thereon in accordance 5 with the present invention. Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention A preferred method of making a ceramic shell mold 6 comprises the steps of "" alternately applying a ceramic coating composition 8 and a stucco composition 10 0 to an expendable or thermally meltable pattern a pre¬ selected number of times, firing such multi-layered mold to remove the pattern and provide a hardened mold 12 having an internal casting cavity 14, and applying a barrier coating 16 including a ceramic power, a binder and a 5 preselected amount of graphite as is generally illustrated in the drawing. The presence of any significant amount of graphite is preferably avoided in the multi-layered mold, particularly adjacent the casting cavity 14, and is preferably controlled to a range of about 13 to 17 Wt.% 0 graphite of the total amount of the solid portion of the barrier coating 16. The aforementioned ceramic coating composition 8 basically includes a ceramic powder and a binder. Typically, the ceramic powder is selected from the group O PI W . consisting essentially of fused silica, vitreous silica, crystalline silica, alumina silicate, alumina, magnesium silicate, zircon, zirconium silicate, and clay treated to remove impurities, and can be mixtures thereof. The binder is selected from the group consisting essentially of colloidal silica sol, ethyl silicate, aluminum phos¬ phate, and aqueous alkali metal silicate. The stucco composition 10 basically includes conventional granular refractory materials such as zircon. The multi-layered mold, made by alternately applying the ceramic coating composition 8 and the stucco composition 10 a preselected number of times to the patter is desirably substantially free of graphite. By this term it is meant that less than 0.5 Wt.% graphite is present in the multi-layered mold before the barrier coating 16 is applied. More particularly, a preferred method of making the ceramic shell mold 6 includes the following steps: Step (a) Forming an expendable or meltable pattern of wax, plastic or similar material of a con¬ struction having the desired shape; Step (b) Applying a prime or first ceramic coating composition 8 including fused silica flour, finely divided zircon, a limited amount of nitrile poly¬ mer latex for low temperature strength, for example 2 Wt.%, and colloidal silica sol including water in the form of a slurry to the pattern by dipping the pattern into an agitated thixotropic slurry thereof, removing the coated pattern therefrom and allowing a preselected amount of draining and initial stages of setting thereof; Step (c) Applying a coarser or stucco coating composition 10 including granular refractory material such as zircon to the still wet first coating composi¬ tion 8 by sprinkling same thereon from a conventional rainfall sander, or alternately by immersing it in a conventional fluidized bed, and with the AFS grain size of the stucco coating composition being generally limited to a range of from about 35 mesh to 20 mesh (about 0.5mm to 0.8mm); Step (d) Drying the coated and stuccoed pattern for a preselected time period, for example 30 minutes to 6 hours, to a waterproof or gelled shape and providing a first layer 18; Step (e) Alternately repeating Steps (b) , (c) , and (d) a preselected number of times while prefer¬ ably increasing the-relative coarseness of the solid particles therein, for example for nine cycles, and providing a multi-layered ""green"" mold having a plurality of the layers 18, each layer being about 1mm (.040"") thick and intimately associated with each other as is representatively indicated in the drawing; Step (f) Heating the multi-layered ""green"" mold in an autoclave at a preselected first temperature of about 180 to 200° C (350 to 400° F) for about 5 to 25 minutes, melting out and removing the pattern, and providing some strength to the mold; Step (g) Firing the multi-layered mold in a furnace at a preselected second temperature of about 800 to 1400° C (1500 to 2500° F) , and preferably about • 1000° C (1800° F) for about one hour to provide a hardened mold 12 having an exterior surface 20, and an interior surface 22 facing the casting cavity 14 as shown in the drawing; Step (h) Applying a barrier coating layer 24 to the exterior surface 20 of the hardened mold 12 while it is at a preselected third temperature of about 200° C (400° F) , the barrier coating layer including a mixture of zircon, fused silica, finely divided graphite, and colloidal silica sol, the AFS grain size of the ' OMPI /.- WIPO - * graphite particles being preferably limited ' in size to passing through a . 200 mesh sieve (less than about 0.075mm or 0.003""), and being most desirably limited to a range of about 600 mesh to 325 mesh (about .01mm to .05mm), and limiting the amount of graphite to a range of about 4 to 20 Wt.% of the solid or dry portion of ' the mixture; Step (i) Drying the barrier coating layer for a preselected period of.time; Step (j) Repeating Steps (h) and (i) a plural¬ ity of times, for example ' three times, to provide a plurality of the graphite containing barrier coating layers 24 to define the multi-layered barrier coating 16 as shown in the drawing; and Step (k) Heating the hardened mold 12 and the barrier coating 16 in a furnace of the like to a pre¬ selected third temperature of about 900 to 1400° C (1650 to 2550° F) , and preferably about 1050° C (1920° F) to make the ceramic shell mold 6. Subsequently, a ferrous molten metal such as steel is poured into the casting cavity 14 of the cerami shell mold 6. M * ost desirably, the mold is maintained at a temperature of about 1000° C (1830° F) , or slightly below, since the molten metal poured therein is about 1350 to 1700° C (2460 to 3100° F) and this minimizes the temperature differential therebetween. Various modifications of Steps (a) through (k) set forth above can be visualized without departing from the spirit of the present invention. For example, drying Step (d) can be achieved under ambient air conditions for a.period of about one-half to one hour, or alternatively the drying can be achieved in an oven or furnace at a temperature slightly above ambient temperature to reduce the holding time. Of course, the temperature cannot be elevated too much because the OM pattern either can melt or can expand to the point of unduly stressing the relatively weak walls of the partially complete mold. One of the advantages of this method of investment casting is that it is easier to melt out and . remove the pattern from the multi-layered mold because it has a thinner section during intermediate Step (f) than the equivalent strength prior art shell mold has at the time of pattern removal. I have also noted a consistently higher quality of the hardened molds 12 when compared with the thicker prior art molds. Further¬ more, Step (g) can be achieved without the. eed for a reducing atmosphere because the multi-layered mold is substantially free of graphite at that stage. Moreover, in Step (h) zircon can be replaced by an equivalent amount of alumina silicate. The barrier coating is preferably about 78 Wt% of dry materials including the aforementioned zircon or alumina silicate, fused silica, and graphite, and the remaining 22 Wt.% is substantially liquid binder including the colloidal silica sol. Specifically, the preferred pro¬ portions of the dry materials in the barrier coating 16 are about 75 parts zircon, 25 parts fused silica, and 11 to 25 parts graphite by weight. In actuality. Steps (h) , (i) , and (j) were achieved by repetitively dipping the hardened mold 12 while hot into an agitated thixotropic solution of the aforementioned ceramic and graphite materials for about four or five seconds and removing the mold to permit substantial gelling of the ceramic materials during periods of about 30 seconds therebetween in ambient air. The fact that the mold is hot accelerates the gelling and tends to bridge the ceramic materials over any minor imperfections. Such dipping was automatically accomplished by a known mechanical dipping apparatus O PI -8- provided with a suitable timing and counting control system, not shown. Industrial Applicability In order to determine the optimum range of graphite in the barrier coating 16, various weight percentages of graphite were added to the zircon and fused silica portions thereof. Steel articles were made by pouring steel of about 0.3 Wt.% carbon into the heated ceramic shell molds 10 as mentioned above, and the carbon free depth (CFD) and maximum affected depth (MAD) from the surface of the article measured after sectioning of the article. The carbon free depth (CFD) is a ' measure of the thickness of the surface zone that has experienced substantially total decarburization. The maximum affected depth (MAD) is a measure of the thickness of a thicker surface' zone that has experienced at least partial decarburization or a substantive deviation from the carbon level of the central body portion of the article. The test results were as follows: Prior Art 4.8 Wt.% 9.1 Wt.% 13.1 & 16.7 Wt.% CFD 0.3mm 0.13mm 0.10mm 0.05mm (0.012"") (0.005"") (0.004"") (0.002"") MAD 0.9mm 0.64mm 0.51mm 0.3mm (0.035"") (0.025"") (0.020"") (0.012"") Thus, the test data indicates that the prior art ceramic shell mold with substantially no graphite therein exhibited an undesirably high level of decarbur- ization, and the articles prepared in accordance with one aspect of the present invention exhibited a decreasing degree of decarburization as the proportion of graphite in the barrier coating 16 increased up to about 17 Wt.%. OMP In addition to such decarburization measure¬ ments, which typically reflect the amount of surface material that must be removed so that any subsequent heat treatment effect of the carbon will be uniform throughout the steel article, the surface smoothness of the test articles was noted. . For example, the relatively frequent valleys of about 1.5mm (0.060"") maximum depth in the prior art articles were proportionately ' reduced to minimal blemishes of less than about 0.4mm (0.015"") with the- addition of' graphite toward 15 Wt.% in the barrier coating 16. I found out also that at about 3.4 Wt% graphite the effect on decarburization was minimal, whereas at the other end of the range at about 20 Wt.% graphite, the graphite was difficult to keep in suspen- sion, tended to agglomerate and thereby weaken the layers, and did not appear to result in any significant change in the results from that of about 15 Wt.% graphite proportion. In view of such beneficial results, the broad range of graphite in the barrier coating 16 is about 4 to 20 Wt.%, the preferred range is about 13 to 17 Wt.%, and the most desirable amount is about 15 Wt.%. It is of note to appreciate that the problems of decarburization and surface blemishes of investment cast articles is more severe when the amount of carbon in the ferrous molten metal is reduced toward 0.1 Wt.% carbon. Thus, the method of the present invention is particularly useful for minimizing decarburization of steel articles with less than 1.5 Wt.% carbon. Moreover, although the preferred method of making the shell mold 6 includes the step of heating the multi-layered mold prior to applying the barrier coating 16 thereto, I contemplate that the multi- layered mold substantially free of graphite and the barrier coating can be sequentially built-up and then the resultant structure heated to remove the. wax patter and to form hardened shell mold 6. In either method, graphite is reactive to oxygen, and the reaction is accelerated as the temperature increases. In a crystal line material such as the shell mold, graphite will travel in the porous interstices thpreof during heating I theorize that during pouring of molten metal into the shell mold a portion of the graphite in the barrier coating 16 diffuses inwardly toward the casting cavity 14 while at the same time a portion of the carbon in the molten metal tends to diffuse into the shell mold where oxygen is available. Under any theory, however, carbon depletion is greatly minimized by the method of present invention. Other objects, aspects and advantages of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. OMPI ?";"CTaims 1. A method of making a ceramic shell mold (6) comprising: step (a) alternately applying a coating composition (8) including a ceramic powder and a binder, and then a stucco composition (10) including granular refractory material to an expendable pattern a preselected ' number of times, drying the coating between applications, and forming a resultant multi-layered mold, said multi- layered mold "" being substantially free of graphite; Step (b) applying a barrier coating (16) to the exterior surface of the multi-layered mold, said barrier coating (16) including a mixture of a ceramic power, a binder, and a preselected amount of graphite within a range of about 4 to 20 Wt.% of the solid portion of the barrier coating (16) . 2. The method of claim 1 wherein said preselected amount of graphite is in a range of about 13 to 17 Wt.% of the solid portion of the barrier coating (16). 3. The method of claim 1 wherein said pre¬ selected amount of graphite is about 15 Wt.% of the solid portion. 4. The method of claim 1 wherein said pre¬ selected amount of graphite includes graphite particles of a size less than about 0.075mm. 5. The method of claim 1 wherein said pre¬ selected amount of graphite includes graphite particles limited to an AFS grain size range of about 0.01mm to 0.05mm. 6. The method of claim 1 including heating the multi-layered mold, removing the pattern, and forming a resultant hardened mold (12) having an internal cavity (14) between Steps (a) and (b) . 7. The method of claim 6 wherein the barrier coating (16) is applied by repetitively dipping the hardened mold (12) into and removing the hardened mold (12) from an agitated thixotropic solution of the barrier coating (16) . 8. The method of claim 6 including main¬ taining the hardened mold (12) at a preselected tempera¬ ture above ambient during application -of the barrier coating (16) . 9. The method of claim 6 including applying the barrier coating (.16) to the hardened mold (12) while the hardened mold has a temperature of about 200° C. 10. The method of claim 6 wherein the barrier coating mixture is a thixotropic solution of zircon, fused silica, graphite and colloidal silica sol. 11. The method of claim 6 wherein the barrier coating mixture is a thixotropic solution of alumina silicate, fused silica, graphite and colloidal silica. 12. A method of investment casting of a ferrous article in a shell mold (6) comprising: Step (a) applying a coating composition (8) including a ceramic powder and binder to an expendable pattern, said ceramic powder being selected ' from the group consisting essentially of fused silica, vitreous silica, crystalline silica, alumina silicate, alumina silicate, alumina, magnesium silicate, zircon, zircon¬ ium silicate, and clay, and binder being selected from the group consisting essentially of colloidal silica sol, ethyl silicate, aluminum phosphate, arid aqueous alkali metal silicate; • Step (b) applying a stucco composition (10) - including a. granular refractory material: Step (c) alternately repeating Steps (a) and (b) a preselected number of times and forming a multi- layered mold; Step ' (d) heating the multi-layered mold and forming a hardened mold (12) having an internal cavity (14); Step (e) applying a barrier coating Q.6) to the exterior surface (20) of the hardened mold (12) at a location spaced from the internal cavity (14) , said barrier coating (16) having a solid portion and being a mixture of a ceramic powder, a binder, and a preselected amount of finely divided graphite, said preselected amount of graphite being within a range of about 4 to 20 Wt.% of the solid portion of the barrier coating (16); • Step (f) heating the hardened mold (12) and barrier coating (16) and forming a hot shell mold (6) ; and Step (g) pouring a ferrous molten metal into the internal cavity (14) of the hot shell mold (6). 13. The method of claim 12 wherein the coating and stucco compositions (8,10) are substan¬ tially free of graphite. 14. The method of claim 12 wherein the multi-layered mold includes less 0.5 Wt.% graphite. 15. The method of claim 12 wherein said preselected amount of graphite is in a range of about 13 to 17 Wt.%. O P";OSTROWSKI R;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, OSTROWSKI R;1978
+WO-1980001147-A1;19800612.0;19781207;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141290.0;B23K9;;B23K9;B23K   9/28D;WELDING TORCH COOLED BY LIQUID-GAS TRANSITION;During operation of a welding torch (10), electrode wire (17) travels through a contact tip assembly (14) directly into a weld area. The assembly (14) is exposed to elevated temperatures which can cause damage from weld spatter and increased deterioration of the assembly (14). In the welding torch (10), a liquid is received by first apparatus (44) and gasifies owing primarily to the elevated welding temperatures at the first apparatus (44). The result is to cool the assembly (14) and substantially overcome the problems of temperature. In a nozzle (18) equipped torch (10), the nozzle (18) directs a portion of the gasified liquid to the welding area for shielding the welding operation. In one aspect of the nozzle (18) equipped torch (10), a contact tip (25) of the contact tip assembly (14) is positioned in contact with the nozzle (18) for taking better advantage of the first apparatus (44) to cool both the contact tip (25) and nozzle (18).;"Description WELDING TORCH COOLED BY LIQUID-GAS TRANSITION Technical Field The invention relates to welding torches. More particularly, the invention relates to cooling the welding torches. Background Art In the use of a welding torch, it is desirable to cool the torch as much as possible in order to sub- stantially prevent damage to said torch from the elevat¬ ed temperatures of the welding operation and from weld - spatter. For example, in arc welding operations . involving the use of gas for shielding the arc area of the weld, the welding torch has a nozzle and a contact tip. During welding, wire passes through and is support¬ ed by the contact tip which is positioned directly adjacent the weld area. The nozzle directs gas supplied to the torch, such as carbon dioxide gas, into the weld area for shielding purposes. The gas is generally supplied from a supply tank through hoses to the torch. Said gas can also be supplied in liquid form to a location upstream of the torch where it is gasified before entering the torch. In the torch, the nozzle is connected to a body of the torch and the contact tip is connected to a central guide housing. Both the contact tip and guide housing are positioned inside the torch body and are insulated from the nozzle and torch body. Electrical current is passed through the central guide housing and contact tip to the electrode wire to provide the electrical potential between the wire and work piece necessary in arc welding operations. -2- ' The contact tip and nozzle . , positioned immediately adjacent the weld area, are directly expos¬ ed to the elevated temperatures of welding. During such operations , it is desirable to cool both.the 5 nozzle and the contact tip to prevent ""burn through"" owing to the high temperatures and to prevent build-up of weld spatter, which can result in frequent replace¬ ment of the nozzle or contact tip and interference with gas flow to the arc area. 0 Heretofore, the contact tip has been cooled by liquid, generally water, circulated through the guide housing adjacent the contact tip. The nozzle is air- cooled except for indirect cooling effects from the ■ guide body through the insulated area between the 15 nozzle and guide body. Such welding torch construction is disclosed in U.S. Patents 3,689,733 which issued to Mai^arovic on September 5, 1972, and 3,529,126 which issued to Reeh on September 15, 1970. Matarovic also uses the shielding gas supplied to the torch to cool 20 the outer or handle portion of the torch by directing the flow of gas through a portion of the torch associat ed with the handle. Another type of welding involving problems of elevated temperature is that which does not require gas 25 for shielding purposes, such as in electro-slag welding. The welding torch does not, therefore, generally make use of a nozzle. The contact tip is connected directly to the body through a mounting assembly and the electri cal current passes through the body and contact tip to 30. the wire. Cooling of the contact tip and the mounting assembly is also important to prevent damage to the welding torch owing to problems similar to those dis¬ cussed above which are associated with the high temper¬ atures created in the welding process. The cooling of the above described welding torches, particularly in a heavy duty cycle of automat¬ ed or robot welding, is sometimes not adequate. • It is therefore desirable to provide apparatus to more directly cool the contact tip and the associated mounting element or nozzle, where present. It will be appreciated that the use of liquids, which absorb heat during gasification, in direct association with the nozzle or contact tip can provide cooling of said elements during the gasifi¬ cation process. This is particularly true in the use of such liquids as carbon dioxide which absorb a relatively high amount of heat energy during gasifi¬ cation. Thus, preferably, liquid is supplied into the welding torch and directly onto the nozzle, contact tip or elements closely associated thereto for gasification owing to the elevated temperatures of welding at said components of the torch. In a preferred embodiment, the nozzle can be in direct contact with the contact tip, which can serve to improve heat transfer, and thus cooling, relative to liquid supplied at only one of said contact tip and nozzle. Advantageously, the size of the welding torches is reduced by eliminating the necessity of both liquid coolant inlet and outlets. In gas shielded welding, portions of the gasified liquid can also be directed to the weld area thus eliminating the need for. additional apparatus to also supply shielding gas to the welding torch. Disclosure of Invention In one aspect of the present invention, a welding torch has a body and a contact tip assembly associated with said body. First means is provided for receiving a flow of liquid and maintaining a flow of gas relative to the contact tip assembly in response to OMPI /,. WIPO gasification of the liquid at said first means. , Second means is provided for delivering liquid to said first means. In another aspect of the present invention a welding torch has a body, a contact tip assembly and a -nozzle. The nozzle is connected to the body. The contact tip assembly has a contact tip positioned in direct contact with the nozzle. During welding operations, the contact tip assembly, and the nozzle, if present, are exposed to the elevated temperature of welding which can cause adherence of weld spatter and increased deterioration of the welding torch. Gasification of the liquid at the first means acts to cool the contact tip assembly and substantially overcome the above mentioned problems Where present, the nozzle directs some of the gasified liquid toward the weld area to shield the welding operation. The nozzle is preferably positioned in contact with the contact tip in order to take further advantage of the cooling functions of the first means relative to both the nozzle and the contact tip. Brief Description of Drawings FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2. is a diagrammatic end view of FIG.- 1; FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view taken along lines IV-IV of FIG. 3; FIG. 5 is a partial diagrammatic cross- sectional view showing yet another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6 is a partial diagrammatic cross- sectional view showing still another embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 7 is a partial diagrammatic cross- sectional view shewing still yet another embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 8 is a partial diagrammatic cross- sectional view showing yet one more embodiment of the present invention. ' Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring to the drawings, a welding torch 10 has a body 12, a contact tip assembly 14 and an elec- trόde pathway 16. The electrode pathway 16 passes through the body 12 'and the contact tip assembly 14. The contact- tip assembly 14 is associated with the body 12 and supports electrode wire 17, which passes through- the electrode pathway 16 during welding operations as is known in the art. A wall 15 defines one portion of the electrode pathway 16 and includes a- replaceable liner and a conduit guide as is also known in the ' welding art. Each of the separate embodiments shown in the drawings is hereinafter more fully discussed with respect to the particular construction and operation of said embodiments. Referring to the embodiment of FIG, 1, the welding torch 10 has a nozzle 18 having first and second end portions 20,22. Said nozzle 18 is connected • at the first end portion 20 to a first end portion 24 of the body 12. The contact tip assembly 14 includes a contact tip 25 having first and second end portions 26,28 and being associated with the nozzle 18 and the body 12. The electrode pathway 16 passes through the contact tip 25 and opens on the first end portion 26 of said contact tip 25 adjacent the second end portion 22 of the nozzle 18. Said embodiment is intended princi¬ pally for use in gas shielded, arc welding applications owing to the use of a nozzle which, by definition, include that portion of a welding torch directing gas for shielding purposes to the arc area of a weld during tfl OM use of the torch. The nozzle 18 of Fig. 1, for example- is of unitary construction with the body 12. Said nozzle 18 can also be removable or welded to the body 12, as is done in Fig. 3 with a mounting element to be 5 described herein. <. The contact tip 25 of the welding torch 10 of FIG. 1 is positioned in direct contact with the nozzle 18-. It should be understood -that direct contact indicates that there is no substantial ba'rrier, such as 10 an electrical or heat insulating material or air gap, for example, between the nozzle 18 and contact tip 25 which can interfere with the transfer of hea , t between said nozzle 18 and contact tip 25.- The nozzle 18 has an opening 30 having a surface 32. The second end 15 portion 28 of the contact tip 25 is positioned in said opening 30 and in contact with the surface 32 of said opening 30. The first end portion 26 of the contact tip 25 is positioned adjacent the second end portion 22 of the nozzle 18. The nozzle opening 18 and second end 20. portion 28 of the contact tip 25 preferably have mate- able tapering configurations as shown. The contact tip assembly 14 includes a set screw 33 which removably maintains the contact tip 25 in position. Said welding torch 10 includes a current pathway passing from an 25 input lead connecting bolt 34 at a second end portion 36 of body 12, through said body 12, and the nozzle 18 and to the contact tip 25 for providing electrical potential across the electrode wire 17 and a work piece (not shown), during welding operations. The tapering 30 surface to surface contact of the nozzle 18 and contact tip 25 provides a positive current pathway through the welding torch 10. The embodiment of FIG. 8 shows another aspect of the present invention with respect to welding 35 torches of the gas shielding type and will be discussed hereinafter in more detail. The torch 10 has the Tu elements as previously described with respect to the embodiment of FIG. 1. However, the nozzle 18 and body 12 are electrically insulated by a liner 35 and. an air gap 37 from the electrode pathway 16 and contact tip assembly 14 as is generally known in the art. Said electrical insulation also establishes a heat transfer barrier between the nozzle 18 and contact tip 25. • Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 3, the welding torch 10 is of the type intended principally for welding which does not require a gas shield, such as welding of the electro-slag type. • Said embodiment can also be used for arc welding without gas shielding. The contact tip ' assembly 14 includes the contact tip 25 as previously discussed and a mounting element 38. The contact tip 25 "" is connected to the body 12 through- the mounting element 38. A current pathway through the torch .10 is thus established through the mounting element 38 and contact tip 25 similar to the torch 10 of FIG. 1. A connecting element 40, shown as, for example, a bolt 42 is positioned in engagement with the contact tip 25- to maintain it in position in the mount¬ ing element 38 in a manner similar to that discussed with reference to FIG. 1. As shown, FIG. 3 includes a pair of contact tips 25 and associated elements. Also, an insulating element 39, such as a ceramic coating, is positioned on an outer surface 41 of the welding torches 10 described herein, except for Fig. 8, in order to electrically isolate the torches 10 and pre¬ vent a short circuit between the torch 10 and a work piece (not shown) . Handles or similar apparatus can be added for manually operated torches. In the welding torches 10, first means 44 is provided for receiving a flow of liquid and controllably maintaining a flow of gas to a- preselected location relative to the contact tip assembly 14 in response to gasification of said liquid at said first means 44. .- wIiPrOυ Said first means 44 is associated with and positioned immediately adjacent the contact tip assembly 14. Second means 46 is provided for controllably delivering a preselected amount of liquid to said first means 44. 5 In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the first means 44 is positioned on one of the nozzle 18 and contact tip assembly 14 (FIGS. 1 and 6 and FIG. 5, .respectively) . In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the first means 44 is positioned on the contact tip assembly 14. Thus, said ιo first means 44 can be positioned on the mounting ele¬ ment 38, as is shown in FIG. 3, or on the contact tip 25 as shown in FIG. 7. The first means -44 includes an expansion element 43. The one of the contact tip assembly 14 and 15 nozzle 18 having said first means 44 in a particular embodiment has a surface 50 defining said expansion element 48. For example, in FIG, 1 the nozzle 18 has the first means 44 and the second end portion 22 of said nozzle 18 has an opening 52 having sidewalls 54. 20. The surface 50 defining the expansion element 48 includes said sidewalls 54. In embodiments similar to FIG. 3, the surface 50 defining the expansion element 48 is positioned on one of the contact tip 25 and mounting element 38 as shown in FIGS. 7 and ' 3, respecti 25 vely. In FIG. 8, the contact tip assembly 14 ' has the mounting element 38 having the surface 50 and connect¬ ing the contact tip 25 to a central insulated conduit 56. The surface 50 in said embodiments are of a con¬ figuration and defined in a manner similar to the 30 surface 50 discussed above with respect to FIG. 1. It should be understood that other configurations of the expansion element 48 can be used without departing from the invention. The electrode pathway 16 can pass through the 35 expansion element 48 as shown in some of the embodiment The opening 52 can also have a bottom wall 58 with the Λ, surface 50 defining the expansion element 48 including said.bottom wall 58 (FIGS. 5 "" and 7). When the elec¬ trode pathway 16 does not pass through the expansion element 48, it is preferable to provide external access 5 through the expansion element 48 for cleaning purposes. Thus, as seen in FIG. 3, for example, the connecting element 40 has a surface 60 and is removably connected to the contact tip assembly 14. The surface 50 defin¬ ing the expansion element 48 includes said surface 60 0 of the connecting element 40. The welding torch 10 of the type shown in FIG. 1 can also be similarly con¬ structed by removably connecting the connecting element 40 to the nozzle 18 (FIG. 6). The. second means 46 includes a tube 62, . 5 preferably of a capillary type, and an orifice 64 having a preselected configuration and being connected to or positioned on said tube 62. The orifice 64 is -spaced a preselected distance from the first means 44 or expansion element 48 which is determined by the 0 capability of the system to deliver the liquid as desired to the expansion element 48. Said orifice 64 is oriented sufficient for directing said liquid delivered to the expansion, element 48 to a preselected position at and onto said expansion element 48. Said 5 preselected- position is preferably located centrally on the surface 50, defining the expansion element 48, such as, for example, the surface 60 of the connecting element 40 (FIG. 3) . Liquid is delivered through the tube- 62 and orifice 64 onto the surface 50 defining the 30. expansion element 48 for purposes hereinafter discussed. The welding torch 10 includes a gas flow pathway 66 in fluid ' communication with the first means 44 or expansion element 48. Said pathway 66 is. of a configuration sufficient for directing a flow of- gas 35 from said expansion element 48 to a location spaced from the contact tip assembly 14. As is shown, the OMPI /,, WIIPPOO body 12 has a central chamber 67 and the gas flow pathway 66 includes said chamber 67. The electrode pathway 16, tube 62 and orifice 64 are also positioned in said central chamber 67. The second end portion 36 of the body 12 has an opening 68 having a preselected configuration. The gas flow pathway 66 includes said opening 68. One embodiment of the opening- 68,- shown in detail in FIG. 4, is positioned in a head element 70 of the body 12. The opening 68 can also be of a con- figuration and orientation as shown in FIG. 1. A second gas flow pathway 72 is also contain¬ ed in welding torches of the type described with respec to FIG. 1. Said gas flow pathway 72 is positioned in fluid communication with the first means 44 or expansio element 48 and with, the first end portion 26 of the contact tip 25. In the preferred embodiment, ' said gas flow pathway 72 includes a passageway 74 through the nozzle 18 and opening on the first and second end portions 26,28 of said nozzle 18. .The nozzle 18 has a plurality of passageways 74 as is best seen in Fig. 2, for example, to assure a flow of gas to surround the first end portion 26 of the contact tip 25. It should be understood that said gas flow pathways 66,72 can also be of other configurations and orientations, such as conduits externally fixed to the welding torch 10, without departing from the invention. It should be understood that the configuratio of the welding torches herein described can be of other configurations without departing from the invention. Industrial Applicability. In the use of the welding torch 10, liquid under pressure passes through the orifice 64 onto the expansion element 48 and gasifies owing primarily to the elevated temperature during welding of the surface 50 defining the expansion element 48. The gasification . resu.lts in cooling of the torch 10-and, in the case of a nozzle equipped torch 10, some gas is directed to the first end portion 26 of the contact tip 25 for shield¬ ing purposes. For example, operation of the welding torches described subjects the contact tip 25 and the nozzle 18 or mounting element 38 to extremely high temperatures owing to their close proximity to the weld location. Liquid is supplied in a hose 69 at the head element 70 and to the tube 62 for delivery to the orifice 64. The orifice 64 directs the liquid preferably in a steady stream onto the sur ace 50 defining the expansion element 48. The elevated temperature of the surface 50 tends to gasify the liquid upon contact. In the case of some types of liquids, such as carbon dioxide, for example, which is a preferred coolant, the instability of the liquid phase also tends to promote gasification. The resultant gasification cools the contact tip 25 and nozzle 18 or mounting element 38 substantially prevent- ing building of weld spatter and deterioration of the welding torch 10 at the high temperatures of welding. The nozzle 18 or mounting element 38 are preferably constructed of a highly conductive material, such as copper, to promote heat transfer for maximum cooling. The contact tip 14, however, is preferably of a material of high temperature hardness, such as tungsten carbide, to resist wear resulting from the passing of the elec¬ trode wire 17 therethrough. The expansion element 48 controllably main- tains a flow of the gasified liquid generally upward from the contact tip 25 as a result of the liquid dropping onto the expansion element 48 and the sudden gasification at elevated temperatures. The gas.ified liquid or gas tends to "" pass through the central chamber 67 and opening .68 of the body 12 to the atmosphere (.shown by flow lines 76 in FIGS. 1, 3 and 4) . The f OMPI \ f "" WIPO configuration of the expansion element 48 also tends to promote gasification and the flow of gas by increasing surface area and controlling the gasification process. It is the inventor's opinion that as liquid is spilled centrally into the expansion element 48 as disclosed liquid and gasified portions of the liquid will move outwardly from the stream of liquid and upwardly adjacent the sidewalls 54 of the , opening 52 toward the central chamber 67 of the body 12. Where gas shielding is desired, a back pressure of gas is created by the size or configuration of the vent opening 68 in order to induce a flow of gas through the passageways- 74 in the nozzle 18 and toward the first end portion 26 of the contact tip 25. Said gas flow is shown by flow lines 78- in FIGS. 1 and 8. In other words, gas is metered from the central chamber 67 of the body 12 and to the atmosphere in order to establish sufficient back pressure in the chamber 67 to encourage flow through the nozzle passageways 74. The size of the passageways 74 also determine the amount of shielding gas available. Gas also tends to flow in the electrode pathway 16 adjacent the electrode wire 17 owing to the back pressure or to the action of the moving wire 17. This provides some blocking of air or contaminates entering into the welding torch 10 for more efficient torch operation. It will be readily apparent that the preselected amount of liquid deliver¬ ed by the second means 46, or through the tube 62 or orifice 64, will depend upon the amount of cooling necessary and the magnitude of the back pressure which limits the flow of the gas. As will be understood from a study of draw¬ ings, the construction of the embodiments disclosed in FIGS. 1-7 is generally applicable one to the other with the exception of the use of a nozzle or mounting element for particular types of welding. The embodimen O W ς>£ FIG. 3 can also be adapted to welding of the gas shielding type by removing one of the contact tips 25 or the electrode wire 17 to provide a passageway through the mounting element 38. It should also be appreciated that the embodiment of FIG. 8 will not make significant use of the cooling effect on the nozzle 18 owing to the isolation -of the nozzle 18 from contact tip assembly 14. Annular cooling passages in the torch 10, such as for water, are also eliminated in said embodiments owing to dual use of the liquid in some torches and delivery of the liquid directly onto the nozzle 18 and contact tip 25 area of the torch 10 '' for cooling purposes. Other aspects, objects and advantages will become apparent from a study of the specification, drawings and appended claims. vl! . * \-ci";"Claims 1. In a welding torch (10) having a body (12) , a contact tip assembly (14) and an electrode pathway (16) , said contact tip assembly (14) being associated with the body (12) , said electrode pathway , 5 (.1.6) passing through said body (;12) and contact tip • assembly (14) , the improvement comprising: first means . (.44) for receiving a flow of liquid and controllably maintaining a flow of gas to a preselected location relative to said contact tip 10 assembly (.141 in response to gasification of said liquid at said first means ( . 44) , said first means (.44). being associated with and positioned immediately adjacent said contact tip assembly (.14) ; and second means (46). for controllably deliverin 15 , a preselected amount of liquid to said first means (44) . 2. The welding torch (.101, as set forth in claim 1, including a nozzle (.181 connected to the body (12) and wherein the contact tip assembly (.141 is 20 positioned adjacent said nozzle C181. 3. The welding torch (.10) , as set forth in claim 2, wherein said first means (44) is positioned, o one of the contact tip assembly (.14) . and the nozzle ( . 18) . 25 4. The welding torch (10) , as set forth in claim 1, wherein the first means (44) is positioned on the contact tip assembly (14) . O 5. The welding torch (10) ,- as set forth in claim 2, wherein said contact tip assembly (14) has a contact, tip (25) , said nozzle (18) and contact tip (25) each having an end portion- (22,26) and said electrode pathway (16) opens on the end portion (26) o the contact tip (25) adjacent said end portion (22) of the nozzle (18) and including a gas flow pathway (72) positioned in fluid communication with the first means (44) and with said end portion (26) of the contact tip (25). 6. The welding torch (10), as set forth in . claim 5, wherein said gas flow pathway (72). includes ' - a passageway (74) through the nozzle (18) . 7. The welding torch (10) , as se * t forth in claim 3, wherein said first means (44) includes an • expansion element (48) and the one of said nozzle C18) and contact tip assembly (14) having said first means (44) has a surface (50) defining said expansion element (48). 8. The welding torch (.10) , as set forth in claim 7, wherein said nozzle £181 has the expansion element (48) , said second end portion (22) of the nozzle (18) has an opening (52). having sidewalls (.54) and the surface (50) defining said expansion element (48) includes said sidewalls (54) . 9. The welding torch (10), as set forth in claim 8, wherein said opening (.52). has a bottom wall (58) and said surface (50) defining the expansion element (.48) includes said- bottom wall (58) . 10. The welding torch (10), as set forth in claim 7, wherein the electrode pathway (16) passes through the expansion element (48) . 11. The welding torch (10) , as set forth in claim 4, wherein the first means (44) includes an expansion element (48) and said contact tip assembly (14) has a surface (50) defining said expansion elemen (48). 12. The welding torch (.10), as set forth in claim ll, wherein the contact tip assembly (.14) in¬ cludes a contact tip (25). and a mounting element (38) , said contact tip (25) being connected-to the body (12) through the mounting element (38) and said surface (.50) is positioned on one of said contact tip (25L and said mounting element (38) . 13. The welding torch (.10), as set forth in claim 12, wherein the one of the contact tip C.251 and the mounting element (.38) having the surface (.50) defining the expansion element (481 has an opening (.52) having sidewalls ' (.54) and said surface (50). includes said sidewalls (.54) . 14. The welding torch (.10) , as set forth in claim 11, wherein the electrode pathway (.16). passes through the expansion element (.48) . 15. The welding torch (10), as set forth in claim 14, wherein the opening 52) has a bottom wall (58) and said surface (60). defining the expansion element (.48) includes said bottom wall (58) . 16. The welding torch (10) , as set forth in claim 11, including a connecting element (40) haying a surface (60) and being removably connected to said • contact tip assembly (14) and said surface (50) defin- ing the expansion element (48) includes said surface . (60) of the connecting element (40) . 17. The welding torch (10) , as set forth in claim 16, wherein said connecting element (40) is positioned in engagement with the contact tip (25) . 18. The welding torch (10) , as set forth in claim 8, including. a connecting element (40) having a surface (60) and being removably connected to said nozzle C18) and wherein said surface (.50) defining the expansion element (48) . includes said surface (601 of the connecting element (.401. 19. The welding torch CIO) , as set forth in claim 18, wherein said connecting element (40). is positioned in engagement with the contact tip 25) . 20. The welding torch (.10) ,as set forth in claim 1, wherein said ' second means (.46) includes a tube (.62) and an orifice (.64). having a preselected configu¬ ration and being connected to said tube C62) and spaced a preselected distance from said first means (44) . 21. The welding torch (.10) , as set forth in claim 20, wherein said orifice ( ' 64) is oriented suffi-r cient for directing said liquid delivered to the first means ( . 44) to a preselected position at said first means (44) . OMPI /.. IPO 22. The welding torch (.10), as set forth in - claim 1, including a gas flow pathway (66) positioned in fluid communication with the first means (44) and being of a configuration sufficient for directing a flow of gas from the first means (.44) to a location spaced from the contact tip assembly (.14) . 23. The welding torch (.10), as set forth in claim 22, wherein the body (12) has first and second end portions (.24,36) and a central chamber (.67) and is connected at the first end portion (24) to the first end portion (20). of the nozzle ( "" .181 and said gas flow pathway (66) includes said central chamber C.67).. ' 24. The welding torch CIO), as set orth in claim 12, wherein said second end portion C.36Ϊ of the body (.12) has an opening (.68). -having a preselected configuration and the gas flow pathway (66). includes said opening (1681. 25. A welding torch (101, comprising: a body (.121; a contact tip assembly (14) , having a surface (50) and being connected to said body (12) ; an electrode pathway (.16). passing through said body (12) and said contact tip assembly (14); first means (44) for receiving a flow of liquid and controllably maintaining a flow of gas to a preselected location relative to said contact tip assembly (14) in response to gasification of said liquid at said first means (44) , said first means (44). being positioned on the contact tip assembly (14). and including an expansion element (48) defined by the surface (.50) of said contact tip assembly (14) ; (Clai 25 cont ' d) : second means (46) for controllably delivering a preselected amount of liquid to said first means (44) ; and a gas flow pathway (16) positioned in fluid communication with the first means (44) and being of a configuration sufficient for directing the flow of gas from the first means (44) to a location spaced from the contact assembly (14) . 26. A welding torch (10), comprising: a body (12) ; a contact tip assembly (14) associated with . said body (1-2) ; an electrode pathway (16) passing through said body (1-2) and said contact tip assembly (14) ; first means (44). for receiving a flow of liquid and controllably maintaining a flow of gas to a preselected location relative to said contact tip assembly (14) in response to gasification of said liquid at said first -means (44)., said first means (44) being associated with and positioned immediately adjacent said contact tip assembly (14) ; and second means (46) for controllably delivering a preselected amount of liquid to said first means (44). OMPI /,- WIPO - - 27. In a welding torch (10) having a body (12) , a nozzle (18) , a contact tip assembly (14) and a electrode pathway (16), said nozzle (18) having first and second end portions (20,22) and being connected at 5 the first end portion (20) to the body (12) , said contact tip assembly (14) having a contact tip (25) having a first end portion (26) and -being associated with said nozzle (18) and said body (12) , said electro pathway (16) passing through said body (12) and said 0 contact tip assembly (14) and opening on said first en portion (26) of the contact tip .(25). adjacent the second end portion (22). of the nozzle (18) , the improv ment comprising: said contact tip (25) being positioned in 5 direct contact with said nozzle (18) . 28. The welding torch (10), as set forth in claim ' 27, including first means (44) for receiving a flow of liquid- and controllably maintaining a flow of gas to a preselected location relative to said contact Q tip assembly (14) in response to gasification of said liquid at said first means (44)., said first means (.44) being positioned on one of the contact tip assembly (14) and the nozzle (18) . 29. The welding torch (10), as set forth in 5 claim 27, including a current pathway- passing through the body (12) and the nozzle (18) to the contact tip (25). 30. The welding torch (10), as set forth in claim 27, wherein the welding torch (10) has an outer 30. surface (41) and including an insulating element (39) positioned on said outer surface (41 • 31. The welding torch (10) , as set forth in claim 27, wherein the nozzle (18) has an opening (30) having a surface (32) -and the contact tip (25) has a second end portion (28) positioned in said opening (30) and in contact with the surface (32) of said opening (30). * . 32. The welding torch (10) , as set forth in claim 31, wherein said opening (30) of the nozzle (18) and the second end portion (28) of the contact tip (25) have mateable tapering configurations. 33.- The welding torch (10), as set forth in claim 28, wherein the first means (44) includes an • expansion element (48) and the one of the contact tip assembly (14) and the nozzle (.18) having said first means (.44) has a surface (50) ' defining said expansion element (48) . 34. The welding torch (10) , as set forth in claim 33, wherein the second means (46) includes a tube (62) and an orifice (.64). having a preselected configu- Q ration and being connected to said tube (62) , said orifice (64) being oriented sufficient for.directing said liquid delivered to the first means. (44) onto the expansion element (48). 35. A welding torch (10) , comprising: a body (12) having a first end portion (24) and a central chamber (67) ; a nozzle (18) having first and second end portions 020,22) and being connected at the first end portion (20) to the first end portion (24) of the body (12) , said first end portion (20) having a surface (50) and an opening (52) having sidewalls (54) , said surface (50) including said sidewalls (54) ; a contact tip assembly (14) having a contact tip (25) , said contact tip (25) having a first end portion (20.) and being positioned in direct contact with said nozzle (18) ; an electrode pathway (16) passing through said body (12) and said contact tip (25) and opening on said first end portion (26-) of the ' contact tip (25) adjacent the second end portion (22) of the nozzle (18); first means (.44) for receiving a flow of liquid and controllably maintaining a flow of gas to a preselected location relative to said contact tip assembly (14) in response to gasification of said liquid at said first means (44) , said first means (44) including an expansion element (48) defined by the surface (50) of the first end portion (26) of the nozzle (18) ; second means (46) for controllably delivering a preselected amount of liquid to said first means (44); and a gas flow pathway (66) in fluid communicatio with the expansion element (48) and being of a con¬ figuration sufficient for directing a flow of gas from the expansion element (48) to a location spaced * from the nozzle (18) and the contact tip . (25) . Λ, 36. A welding torch (10) , comprising: - a body (12) ; a nozzle (18) having first and second end portions (20,22) and being connected at the first end portion (20) to the body (12) ; a contact tip assembly (14) having a contact tip (25) , said contact tip (25) having a first end portion (26) and being positioned in direct contact with said nozzle (18); and an electrode pathway (16). passing through said body (12) and said contact tip (25) and opening on said first end portion (.26) of the contact tip (25) adjacent the second end portion (22) of the nozzle (18). .";FRANTZREB J;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, FRANTZREB J;1978
+WO-1980001152-A1;19800612.0;19781129;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141287.0;B60C23;;B60C23, G01L17;B60C  23/00C;PRESSURE GAUGE;Pressure gauge which is adapted to be continuously mounted on the valve stem of the inflated device. It includes an airtight enclosure positioned within an outer housing which enclosure expands towards the inflated device in response to increasing gas pressure. Cooperating with this expansion of the airtight enclosure is a piston like member (474 and 742), which includes means (472 and 760), for controlling the expansion of the airtight enclosure. The control means is calibrated so that the piston like member moves an axial distance in an amount proportional to the pressure of the gas in the tube. The piston has an indicator band (480) painted thereon which positions itself opposite appropriate psi markings (406) on the outside of the housing. This provides a ready indication of the pressure. The means for releasing the pressure into the expandable, airtight enclosure, is further adapted to enable additional pressurized gas to be introduced into the inflated device. Alternate embodiments provide an airtight enclosure formed by an expandable means (70, 142 or 156), which expand away from the inflated device.;"PRESSURE GAUGE [TECHNICAL PIEKD This invention is directed to pressure gauges generally, but more particularly to a pressure gauge which can "" be screwed on to a valve stem or continuously mounted to the inflated device. BACKGROUND Maintenance of gas pressure within an inflated device is a desirable effect particularly in tires used on motor vehicles. Through maintenance of proper tire pres¬ sure levels the vehicle is made safer, improved tire wear • •is achieved and better gas mileage- obtained. An added benefit of improved tire wear and gas mileage through "" proper inflation is a reduction in the demand on our precious oil reserves - a fact of major significance in this day of energy conservation consciousness. Also, continuously monitoring, attachable or direct mounted gauges have been developed. These, typi- cally, provide for a continuous monitoring of the tire pressure but, with the exception of a few devices recently developed, they preclude the inflating of the tire when required without first removing the gauge from the valve stem. More recently, however, gauges have been developed which are directly mounted to the tire and which also allow for the pressurization of the tire while it is in place. Such gauges are described in U.S. Patent Nos. 3,451,418 and 3,592,218. The particular device described in the former • patent, however, is a rather complex apparatus. This can be concluded from a casual glance at the various figures of the drawings. The device described in the '218 patent is com¬ plex to operate requiring the operator to hold the body of the gauge with his thumb and forefinger to twist it, while observing the extended gauge portion (which protrudes into the cup formed by his hand such that it is partially OMPI A,, WO -Λ/ obscured thereby). Purther, this gauge is inordinately long. Also, when one is filling a tire through such a* gauge, the operator is required to remove the air hose, grasp the body as above, not the pressure, reapply the air hose, etc., until the desired pressure is achieved - a relatively lengthy process. It is a primary object of this invention to provide a pressure gauge which in line with the simplicity of the overall gauge,, provides a simple means for inflating the inflatable device when the gauge is in place and which includes means for sensing the pressure of the device with¬ out removing the gauge. It is a primary object of-the best mode of the invention, as presently contemplated, to provide a gauge which includes a doubling back of the pressure monitoring portion of the gauge to thus reduce its length and so as to avoid interference problems with curbing. It is a further object of the adaptation of this invention which includes the doubling back feature, to provide a gauge which utilizes standard valve and other related parts, for simplicity of design and economy of manufacture. It is an object of various adaptations of this invention to provide a pressure gauge for an inflatable device which can be detachably mounted to the device and which is simple in construction and consequently, inexpen¬ sive to fabricate. It is an object of another adaptation of this invention to provide a simple means for ""sealing"" the gauge upon rupture of its elastomer!c part, thereby pre¬ venting further leakage from the inflated device. It is an object of yet another adaptation of this invention to provide a gauge which continually monitors the pressure of the tire and which allows the operator of the vehicle to tell from afar, whether or not the device pressure has deviated from a previously set pressure. It is an object of one adaptation of this inven¬ tion to provide a pressure gauge for an inflatable w c s e ac a y moun e o e ev ce an c s simple in construction and consequently, inexpensive to fabricate. It is yet another important object of the inven¬ tion to provide a gauge which includes a doubling back of the pressure monitoring portion of the gauge to reduce its length, thus avoiding interference problems with curbing. It is a further object of this invention to pro- vide a gauge v/hich utilizes standard valve and other related parts, for simplicity of design and economy of manufacture. DISCLOSURE 0_P THE INVENTION This invention describes a pressure gauge for measuring the pressure of an inflatable device v/hich in- eludes a design which is affixed to a standard valve stem as the latter is already in place on a tire rim. A second design of this embodiment includes a standard valve core assembly as part of the gauge itself with the composite in¬ serted in a tire rim as a single gauge-valve unit. In both of these designs, air is released into the gauge proper only when the pressure reading stem is actuated. The re¬ leased air is directed axially away from the valve stem initially by a first channel, and into a second channel, disposed transversely to the first channel. The latter directs the air radially outward from said first channel and into an airtight enclosure of variable volume. The latter is formed by a piston-like member disposed in a cylindrically shaped enclosure positioned concentrically outward of the valve stem. It increases in volume in re- sponse to increasing gas pressure, in an axial direction, toward the inflatable device. Calibrated spring means control the variation of the volume such that the variation is proportional to the pressure of the released gas. The piston-like member is suitably marked, for example, with a colored circumferential band. Eor a given gas pressure, the piston-like member is displaced such that the band aligns itself opposite the appropriate psi indication disposed on a transparent outer housing. An alternate embodiment of the invention compris means defining a first enclosure, internal to which is an ' 5 expandable, diaphragm-like material which is bonded in a suitable fashion to the first enclosure to thereby form an ""airtight"" secondary enclosure within the first. Inlet ports in the first enclosure allow for entry of pressurize gas from the inflatable device into the airtight enclosure 0 • Positioned on the longitudinal axis of the gauge is a shaftrϋke member, including a flanged end, adapted to operate the valve in the valve stem of the inflatable . device, when the gauge is in place on the valve stem. Thi releases the pressurized gas from the inflatable device 5 into the inlet ports previously mentioned. The shaft ex¬ tends the length of the gauge and has a bushing positioned on the end opposite the flange end. The axial length of the bushing is such that when inflating means, like an air pump, is applied to the bushing end of the gauge, the 0 bushing cooperating v/ith the inflating pump moves the shaf axially towards the inflatable device. This enables the higher pressure gas in the inflating means to run the length of the gauge and enter the inflatable device. As a pressure monitor, v/hen the bushing-shaft 5 is depressed by the operator's finger, the pressurized gas is released into the airtight enclosure, and the elastomer diaphragm expands in response thereto. It urges a piston¬ like member axially positioned outward of the diaphragm. The force exerted thereon by the pressurized gas acting 0 through the diaphragm, is counteracted by the calibrated spring means which resists-the actual movement of the . piston in a predictable fashion. The piston thus moves in a rel.ationship proportional to the pressure of the gas in the inflated device. The piston again is suitably 5 marked at a prescribed position along its axial length, which is coordinated v/ith psi indicia on the first en¬ closure forming means such that -it aligns itself v/ith that marking signifying the pressure of the gas then internal to the inflatable device. In this last embodiment, if the diaphragm rup¬ tures, the piston, spring and diaphragm are designed such 5 that they cooperate with each other to seal off the air¬ tight enclosure. This prevents leakage of the pressurized gas to the ""outside world"" through the gauge. Alternate forms of this last embodiment of the invention call for replacing the diaphragm as described 0 above v/ith a hollow- flexible tube or bellows or an ""0-ring tt - sealed, piston arrangement. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the following de- 5 tailed description and appended claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is an elevational view of one embodiment of the subject invention. Figure 2 is a partial, cross-sectional, eleva- 0 tional view of the embodiment of Figure 1. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional, elevational view of a part of the embodiment of Figure 1. Figure 4 is a plan view taken along lines 4-4 in Figure 3« 25 Figure 5 is a perspective view of a standard valve core assembly. Figure 6 is a cross-sectional, elevational view of the embodiment of Figure 1 being used in the reading mode. ~-Q Figure 7 is a cross-sectional, elevational view of the embodiment of Figure 1 being used in the inflating mode. Figure 8 is a cross-sectional, elevational view of a modified version of the embodiment of Figure 1. 35 Figure 9 is a partial, cross-sectional view of one type of seal which can be used in the embodiment of Figure 1. Figures 10, 11 and 12 are elevational views of various adaptations of the embodiment of Figure 1. Figure 13 is an elevational view of still another embodiment of the invention. Figure 14 is a plan view taken along lines 14-14 in Figure 13. Figure 15 is a perspective view of the seal em¬ ployed in the embodiment of Figure 13. Figure 16 is a perspective, sectional view talcen - along lines 16-16 in Figure 15. Figures 17 and 18 are partial, sectional views of an.aspect of the design of the embodiment of Figure 13. Figures 19, 20 and 21 are various alternative caps which can be employed with the various embodiments depicted. Figure 22 is a perspective view of yet another embodiment of the subject invention. Figure-23 is a cross-sectional, elevational view taken along lines 23-23 of figure 22. Figure 24 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 24-24 of figure 23. Figure 25 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 25-25 of figure 23. Figure 26 is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 26-26 of figure 23. Figure 27 is an elevational view of the gauge of figure 23 being used in one mode of operation. Figure 28 is an elevational view of the gauge of figure 23 being used in a second mode of operation. Figure 29 is an elevational view of a variation, in part, of the gauge of figure 23. Figure 30 is an elevational view of a variation, in part, of the gauge of figure 23. Figure 31 is an elevational view of a variation, in part, of the gauge of figure 23. Figure 32 is an elevational view of still an¬ other embodiment of the subject invention. Figure 33 is an end view of the gauge as shown 33-33. Figure 34 is a perspective view of the gauge of figure 32. Figure 35 is an end view taken of the gauge of .figure.34 as viewed in the direction of lines 35-35. Figure 36 is an elevational view of the gauge of figure 32 shown in place on an inflatable device. , Figure 37 is an elevational view in section showing the gauge of figure 32 in cooperation with gas pumping means to inflate the inflatable device. Figures 38 and 39 depict an improvement in one aspect of the embodiment of figure 32. Figures 40, 41 and 42 show in elevational, sec¬ tional viev/s, alternate adaptations of the embodiment of figure 32. Figures 43 and 44 show in elevational, sec¬ tional viev/s, an application of the in situations wherein the gauge is supplied as part of the original equipment. DESCRIPTION OF THE BEST MODS • Referring now to Figure 1, there is shown an em¬ bodiment of the present invention which implements the principles thereof. In this embodiment, gauge, 402, is designed to utilize standard valve cores v-zhich have been proven through many years of successful use. The gauge shown in Figure 1 employs an .interconnecting arrangement between the standard valve core and the end of the gauge v/hich interfaces v/ith the air pump. This arrangement enables the gas station attendant to utilize presently available valve core removal and insertion tools. He is thus able to follow the procedures he presently employs to ' change or repair a flat tire without the need for any special tooling. The embodiment to be described employs a doubling back feature, v/hich results in a compact gauge avoiding in¬ terference problems v/ith curbing and the like. The present embodiment can be mounted as an integral part of the rim and tire assembly with the attendant advantages of that arrangement. One variation of the present embodiment includes a stem portion which is adapted to accept a plurality of spacer washers to achieve a sufficient distancing from the rim to allow the indicating portion of the gauge to be positioned outward of the wheel cover .for easy viewing. The stem includes a threaded end portion for mounting the gauge to the wheel rim. By moving the spacers from one side of the rim to the other, variations in the distance the gauge protrudes beyond the wheel cover can be achieved, thus accomodating various v/heel designs. The second variation of the -present embodiment has the stem portion of the gauge embedded in a standard rubber mounting member which is pressed into the rim much like today's valve stem arrangements. This affords a fixe spacing for the gauge and it is most suitable for certain v/heel designs. The gauge of this embodiment lends itself to being bent at the stem portion to allow the upper part of the gauge to fold into the profile of the wheel eliminatin curb interference problems. The present embodiment also employs improved indicating means resulting in more accurate readings by the user. Referring now particularly to Figure 1, there is shown one variation of the present embodiment, 402, which includes an inflating and reading activating end, 404, contoured to interface with standard air pump equipment an to facilitate pressure reading by allowing use of the opera tor's finger to obtain a pressure reading. The indicating portion of the gauge, 406, is dis posed in the mid portion of the gauge while the mounting thereof is effected by the spacer and nut arrangement shown at 408. The indicating means, 406, can include number indicia reflecting the pressure range of the particular gauge and serrations disposed about, the perimeter of the gauge for purposes of securing an 0-ring. (not shown) at a desired pressure level. However, where the gauge is sup- plied, for example, as factory installed equipment, on a given tire size, more often than not, the pressure for that tire will be constant at a particular psi. Thus, a painted ring, 410, would be positioned on the indicating portion of the housing at this particular pressure level. This ring v/ould work in conjunction with an indicator band, 412, internal to the outer housing, v/hich would move in response to actuation of the pressure reading mechanism, 404. When the indicator band, 412, is axially aligned v/ith the painted band, 410, the tire is properly inflated. Mounting means, 408, for securing the gauge to rim, 414, includes a plurality of spacer washers, 416, which are interposed between a shoulder on the upper portion of the gauge and the rim. The gauge with the spacers on the mounting stem thereof is placed in the accommodating hole in the tire rim and a sealing ring, 418, and back up washer, 420, placed on the stem and drawn up tightly to the rim by the double locking nut arrangement, 422 and "" 424. The plurality of spacer washers, 416, space the upper portion of the gauge from the rim so that the dis- tance, 426, between the rim and the wheel cover, 428, is sufficient to enable ready viewing of the gauge. The spacing,,430, is a function of the number of spacer washers employed and will vary depending on the particular wheel design. 432 shows the wheel-rim in phantom for that ar¬ rangement when the wheel cover, 428, is somewhat closer than that just described. Here the sealing ring, 434, is behind the rim with the spacers, 416 (although not shown in phantom) positioned on the gauge stem between the backup washer, 436, and the two nuts, 422 and 424. For a particular stem length, all of the spacer washers, 416, must be employed, together with the sealing rim,"" backup washer and double locking nut arrangement in order that the end of the stem, 438, is flush v/ith the ex posed surface of the nut, 424. In a typical design, the spacers can provide 0. inches of adjustment in the length of the gauge protrudin outv/ard from the tire rim. By placing combinations of th spacers on either side of the rim the position of the gau outward from the tire assembly can be varied accordingly. The mid portion of the gauge is preferably cove by. a rubber sleeve, 440, eliminating ""chatter"" which migh otherwise occur vith the banging of the gauge body agains the wheel cover, 428. Referring now to Figure 2, there is shown a cut away, sectional view of this embodiment of the pressure gauge. The gauge is seen to comprise an inner housing member, 442, which includes a first centrally disposed cavity, 444, extending a substantial part of the length o the gauge through the stem thereof at one end so as to be able to communicate with the inside of the tire. On the other end of cavity, 444, is a second cavity, 446, which is threaded in part and contoured to accept a standard valve core assembly. The inner housing further includes third cavity, 448, in which is disposed the inflating and pressure, reading connecting assembly, 404. Through the wall of the inner housing surroundi the third cavity, 448, there is provided at least one radially extending through hole, 450. The outside of the upper portion of the inner housing wall defining the third cavity can be threaded as shown at 452 in order to accept a valve stem cap for pur¬ poses of protecting the inner workings of the gauge from the elements and as a ""seal"" against any leakage which mi result if the core assembly malfunctioned. The outside circular wall, 454, of the inner housing is a tightly toleranced surface for purposes of t invention. The surface, 454, extends a substantial part the length of the inner housing terminating in a first annular ledge, 456, which extends radially a distance until it is terminated by a second circular wall, 458, having a -diameter which is substantially concentric with the diameter of the first wall, 454. The second outer wall, 458, extends an additional axial length until terminated in a second annular ledge, 460. The latter terminates in an outer wall, 462, of the inner-housing. The inner housing extends further to form a rim- mounting portion, 466, which has a smooth section, 468, extending a distance comparable to that taken up by the spacer washers, 416, and the .sealing ring and backup washer, 418 and 420. This insures an optimum seal by the sealing ring, 418, and the mounting stem of the gauge to avoid leakage therebetween. The mounting portion, 466, terminates in a threaded section, 470, for receiving the double nut arrangement, 422 and 424, which cooperate to se¬ cure the gauge to the tire rim. The indicating means for this embodiment is shown at 474. It comprises an annular collar, 476, which has an inside diameter substantially equal to the diameter of the surface, 454, of the inner housing. The collar includes an annular groove, 478, which has a painted band, 480, on -the radially inv/ard surface thereof. The indicating means further includes a cylin- drically shaped extension arm, 482, which terminates in an annular flange section, 484.- Positioned on the top surface, 485, of the collar, 476, is an annular, channel shaped portion, 486, which may -be formed as an integral portion of the indicating means member, 474, or be a separate piece which is commented to the top surface thereof. The reason for the cylindrically shaped indicating means having a flanged end section, 484, is to eliminate the tendency for such a configuration to cock due to the unsyrαmetrical force exerted on the under surface, 487, of the annular collar, 476, by the top coil, 488, of the spring, 472. The flange section is designed such that it will contact the inner wall of the outer housing before any significant tiiting of the collar portion can take place. The length of the extended arm, 482, takes into consideration the amount of tilt that might be expected due to this unsymmetrical force and the clearances and manufacturing tolerances of the involved pieces, so as to eliminate any significant tiiting. This design feature also eliminates scoring of the inside surface of the outer housing by the annular collar, 476. This insures continued visibility of the band, 480, over the life of the gauge. Positioned in the channel, 486, is a T-shaped seal, 490. Its mating surface with the channel is-shaped and contoured to adapt readily thereto. The open portion of the V-shape is directed away from the channel. Surrounding the inner housing, the calibrated spring, and the indicating means, is an outer housing member, 492. It includes an annular collar, 494, which has an inner diameter substantially equal to the diameter of the outer wall, 454. Extending axially downward from the collar as viewed in Figure 2 is an annular protrusion, 496, which includes at least one radially extending throug hole, 498, or slit cut into the protrusion. The hole, 498 communicates with the through holes, 450, via the annular cavity, 499. The protrusion at 496 includes an annular ridge portion; 500, which stabilizes the seal, 490, in the at-rest position to thus eliminate binding of the seal against the mating surfaces of the inner and outer housing. The housing further includes a cylindrical wall, 502, which extends a substantial part of the gauge, resting on ledge, 460. The inside surface, 504, of the wall is likewise a tightly toleranced surface and is concentric with the surface, 454, of the inner housing - in a typical situation to within a .001 inches. Radial hole,'464, is drilled through the wall, 502, and sleeve, 440, to reduce the back pressure behind the indicating means during opera tion. A collar ring, 506, ' is threaded on to the upper end of the inner housing and cemented to the top surface of the collar, 494, of the outer housing to keep the assembly intact and airtight. Referring now to Figures 3, 4 and 5, there follows a detailed discussion of the assembly and interconnection of the standard valve core assembly, 508, and the inflating- pressure reading interconnecting assembly, 404. The inflating and pressure reading interconnect- ing assembly, 404, comprises an extension shaft, 510, which includes a cap portion, 512, connected to a cylindrical portion, 514. The latter is joined to a square or rectangu¬ lar section, 516, which terminates in a cylindrical cup - portion, 518. The cap portion of the shaft includes an arcuate section, 520, including, as is seen in Figure 4, flattened surfaces, 522 and 524, which facilitate use of a standard valve core removal tool to extract the interconnecting assembly from the gauge. The cap, 512, further includes a cylindrical disk portion, 526, which is disposed between the arcuate section, 512, and the cylindrical portion of the shaft, 514. A bleeder hole arrangement including hole, 528, along the longitudinal axis of the shaft, 514, and a hole, 530, transverse thereto are drilled in the shaft and connect the top of the arcuate section with the cavity, 532, sur¬ rounding the shaft, 514. The end, 534, of the cylindrical cup section, 518, is rolled over the raised portion, 535, of the valve stem, 536. This makes the extension shaft an integral part ' of the valve core assembly. The interconnecting assembly, 404, further com¬ prises a coupling collar, 538, which locks the extension shaft, 514, to the valve core assembly, to enable the integral unit to turn as if it were one assembly. The collar in the embodiment described is basically cylinαri- cally shaped with appropriately contoured cutouts which fit over coacting portions of the shaft extension and valve core assembly. E.g., the upper portion, 540, of the co is either square or rectangular or can be keyed, whatev is appropriate, to be compatible v/ith the corresponding portion, 516, of the shaft. The lower portion of the c lar, includes a cutout, 542, which bridges the flats, 5 and 546, of the standard valve.core assembly, normally with an appropriate tool to remove that assembly from t tire. Thus it can be seen that the collar, 538, loc by the upper cutout, 540, to the extension shaft and to valve assembly, 508, by the cutout, 542, provides for unison movement of the shaft extension and valve core a sembly v/hen rotated. Thus by connecting a standard val removal tool to the flats, 522 and 524, of the cap, 512 and rotating same, this rotational movement is transmit via the shaft, 514, to the standard core assembly, 508, enabling its removal from the gauge. This embodiment thus seen to utilize tools that are presently readily a able and not of special design. While the standard core assembly outlined is to be the type where the sealing spring is internal to core body, it should be apparent that this embodiment i readily adapted to utilize that type of core assembly w the sealing spring is external to the valve body. The interconnecting assembly, 404, further in cludes a butterfly valve, 548, which has an O.D. somewh larger than the I.D. of the inner surface, 550, of the inner housing and an inside diameter substantially equa the O.D. of the cylindrical portion, 514, of the shaft, The valve, 548, is made of an elastomeric material whic can withstand air pressures during . the tire filling ope tion in excess of the pressure range of the gauge so th it is able to allow for the passage of air into the tir but prevent the leakage of air thereby during the readi mode. The assembly, 404 , further includes a backup v/asher, 552, which holds the butterfly valve, 548, against the disk portion, 526, of the cap through the force of spring, 554. ϊ e latter spring has an I.D. approximately equal to the diameter of the cylindrical portion, 514. The spring sits on the top of collar, 538, and is biased against the flat washer, 552, in the at-rest mode. The spring through its exertion of an axially directed upward force on the shaft, provides a positive force on the valve stem, 536, insuring that it is maintained in a closed position. - It also thrusts the butterfly valve upward to provide a tighter seal at the extremities thereof with the surface, 550. This inherently forces the operator to place his finger over the bleeder hole, 528, and to exert sufficient force when taking a reading so as to insure sealing thereof. To assemble the interconnecting assembly, 404, with the standard valve assembly, 508, before insertion into the gauge unit, the valve, 548, and flat washer, 552, are first placed over the shaft, 514. The spring and coupling collar are then set in place with the coupling collar forced up the shaft (as viewed in Figure 3) until the bottom thereof clear the cup, 518. The end of the cup, 534, is then rolled over the ridge,-535, thus making the two pieces integral, whereupon the collar is released. Referring now to Figures 6 and 7, what follows is a description of the reading and filling operations employ¬ ing the embodiment of the gauge presently under discussion. Referring initially to Figure 6, the user in attempting to determine the tire pressure places a finger on the top of the gauge housing covering the hole, 528, and forcing the shaft, 514, downward. The bottom of portion, 516, of the shaft, moving axially, contacts the valve stem, 536, de¬ pressing it into the core assembly thus releasing the air from the tire. The released air follows the path of the arrows, 555, initially upward in the first channel, 556, . then transverse to that channel through a second channel formed by the radially disposed holes, 558 and 560. The released air passes into the enclosures on either side of the axially extending protrusion, 496, and exerts itself symetrically on the upper surface of the seal, 490. The resulting force on the seal drives the extremities there against the -mating walls of the inner and outer housing and forces the indicating means,474, downward. The calibrated spring,- 472, resists this motion and when its displacement results in a force equal to that exerted by the air pressure, the indicating means assumes an equili rium position. At that point, the painted band in groove, 478 is disposed opposite the appropriate indicia on the outs of the outer housing, 492, corresponding to the pressure within the tire. Preferably the groove, 478, is cut deeply enou into annular collar, 476, so that the user must- view the band in the groove almost perpendicular thereto. Thus t distance, 566, between the actual psi reading and the apparent ""psi reading"" is minimized to reduce the parall error in gauge reading. During the reading operation, because the fing is in place on top of the gauge, the released, pressuriz air is prohibited from venting from the gauge via holes 530 and 528. Also, the released air cannot escape past the butterfly valve, 548, because it is designed to resi the anticipated forces exerted thereon by the pressurize gas expected for a particular tire design. After a reading with the finger removed from t gauge, the shaft, 514, is returned to the at-rest positi by the force exerted by spring 554 and the one in the co assembly. Yalve stem 536 closes, prohibiting further re lease of the pressurized air. The air trapped in the channels, 556, 558 and 560, and in the enclosure of varyi volume above the seal, 490, is bled off from the gauge through the holes 530 and 528. Figure 7 depicts the filling operation. The ai pump nozzle, 568, is placed over the gauge as is normall done v/ith present valve core assemblies. The pressure o the air in the pump, is sufficient to force the perimete of the butterfly valve, 548, downward allowing for the entry of the pressurized air into the gauge. For a typical design, this pressure requirement might be in the vicinity of 40 psi or greater. The nozzle, 568, contacts the button portion of the stem, 510, forcing the shaft downward such that it depresses the valve stem, 536. The pressurized air from * the pump proceeds down the channel, 556, into the core assembly, 508, and into the cavity, 444, v/hereupon it enters the tire. When the tire is at the anticipated pressurized level, the nozzle can be removed and the actual pressure checked according to the procedure set forth with respect to Figure 6. If more air is needed the nozzle can be replaced in position or, if in the first instance too great a pressure had been applied, the air can be released by successively depressing the interconnecting assembly allowing the air to vent through the bleeder holes 530 and 528. Referring now to Figure 8 there is shown an al- ternate sealing arrangement to use in lieu of the butterfly valve previously described. The sealing valve assembly, 570, comprises a modified cap portion, 572, including an extended disk portion, 574, having an annular groove, 576, cut therein. Positioned in the groove is an 0-ring of appropriate elastomeric material. The inner housing, 442, is modified from that described in Figure 2 so as to now include a cutaway por¬ tion, 582. The distance between the location of the 0-ring and the top of the cutaway "" portion is such that when the • stem, 584, is depressed for purposes of taking a reading, the 0-ring does not reach the cutaway portion, 582. This . prevents leakage of the released air past the stem and in¬ sures that it is directed into the area of the seal, 490, which reacts as described with respect to Figure 6. How¬ ever, when the tire is being filled the air pump nozzle depresses the stem, 584, more deeply into the body of the gauge such that the 0-ring now is disposed in the cutaway area, 582. The dimensions of the O-ring are such -with re spect to the diameter of the cutaway section, 582, that t pressurized air from the air pump nozzle can pass there¬ between and thus fill the tire. Figure 8 also depicts an adaptation of the presently described embodiment of the invention which al¬ lows for its utilization as a gauge to be screwed on to a standard valve stem already .in place in a tire. Referring now to figure 9 there is shown an alte native to the ""V"" shaped seal, 490, described in Figure 2. The annular ring seal, 586, comprises a central portion, 588, which is substantially rectangle in profile but in¬ cludes a groove cut therein at 590 which mates with the annular ridge, 500, of- the axially extended protrusion, 496. The annular ring, 586, further includes angled wing section, 592 and 594, which extend radially outward and inward, respectively, from the rectangular portion, 58 to provide a seal against the corresponding surfaces of th inner and outer housing. When the gauge employing the typ seal shown in Figure 9,is activated for purposes of obtain ing a reading, the released gas enters the enclosures, 596 and 598, as with the ""Y"" seal so as to exert an equal forc on each of the two annular wing sections. This insures that a symmetrical force is exerted on each of these sec- tions so that there isn't a ""sticking"" of the seal to one surface or the other due to an unbalanced force. The seal may be bonded or cemented tothe annular collar, 476, of the indicating means, although this is not necessary. The collar is then driven downward in response to the force exerted on the seal in an identical manner as that described previously with respect to the ""V"" seal. The dimensions of the seal, particularly the annular wing sections and the material thereof are selected to provide an adequate seal against a blow-by of .. the pressurized gas but, at the same time, afford a minimu resistance to the force exerted by that gas in order that the seal not hang up. Figure 10 shows an adaptation of the gauge of th presently described embodiment which employs two painted bands, 600 and 602, on the* outer surface of the outer sur¬ face of the outer housing. This accommodates a typical situation found with respect to the pressure differential between tires located on the front wheels and tires located on rear wheels. Original equipment manufacturers can use this simple technique to preset the tire pressures for the front and rear tires for a particular tire size and vehicle. The tires to be used on the front of the vehicle would be pressurized until the indicator band, 604, aligns itself with the upper band as viewed in Figure 8 - representing the recommended tire pressure for front tires. The same would be done with respect to the rear tires except that now the tires would be pressurized until the band, 604, lined up behind the painted band, 600, set at the recom¬ mended pressure for the rear tires. Thereafter, in use, an operator would only have to check the pressures in each of the tires to make sure that the band, 604, v/as aligned behind either one of the ' tv/o painted bands, 600 or 602 - depending on whether it v/as the front or rear tires. This convenience would eliminate the operator's need to refer to an owner's manual or the like to check the recommended pressure. Figure 11 depicts a modification of the present embodiment where the mounting stem, 606, is bent to accom¬ modate those applications where an upright adaptation for the gauge might result in curb clearance problems. The bent stem folds the gauge body into the profile of the wheel thus avoiding these problems. Since only the stem is bent, the operation of the gauge is unimpeded and is identical to that described above. Figure 12 depicts yet another adaptation of the* basic gauge design of this embodiment wherein the method for mounting the gauge body to the rim employs a standard valve seat, 608, which is cemented or otherwise affixed to the gauge body, 610. This ' is a suitable means for securing the gauge to the rim in those circumstances where the wheel design is fixed and there is no need for the mounting _ OMPI Δ adjustment feature described above. ' This is most appropri¬ ate again as part of the original supplied equipment.for a car where the design and profile of the wheel is known and can be accommodated. Referring now to Figure 13, there is shown still another embodiment of the present invention. The version of the invention depicted, as with the previous embodiment, utilizes standard valve cores but is a somewhat simpler and less complex version. It, too, employs the doubling back feature of the embodiment shown earlier and like the embodiment shown in Figures 1 through 12, it is mounted as an integral part of the rim and tire assembly either employing the threaded stem-nut connecting arrangement or the molded rubber adapta tion. ~ It is readily seen from the drawings* and the ac¬ companying discussion that practically all of the modifica¬ tions and variations described with respect to the earlier embodiment are likev/ise applicable to this adaptation. In the design shown in Figure 13, gauge, 700, includes an inner housing member, 702, having a first cen¬ trally disposed cavity, 704, communicating axially with a second cavity, 706, which is threaded and contoured, as at 708, to accept a standard core unit (see Figure 5), such as 710. Cut into the inside threaded wall of the second cavity, 706, is an axially extending cutout, 712. This is better seen from the plan view in Figure 14. This runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the gauge and provides a passageway whereby the cavity, 706, is able to communi- ' cate with an angled thru hole, 714, which, in turn, com¬ municates with the enclosure, 715. As before, the outside wall of the second cavitj'"" is threaded as at 716 to accept a standard valve cap or the dual purpose cap to be described hereinafter. The outside circular wall, 718, of the inner hous ing extends a substantial length. At the tire end, an end piece, 720, is press fitted thereon. The latter includes a first annular ledge, 722, which is terminated by circular wall, 724. Typically, the circular wall, 724"", is concen¬ tric to within .001 inches of the surface, 718, of the inner housing.- The circular wall, 724, extends from the ledge, 722, to a second annular ledge, 726, which provides a flange surface against which.abuts grommet, 728, which is interposed before the flange and the tire rim, 730, and the threaded end, 732, of end piece 720. Nut 734 is used to secure the unit to the rim. The upper end, .736, of the inner housing includes an annular collar, 738. This provides a ledge, 740. Indicating means similar to the design previously described with respect to the embodiment in Figure 1 and following,is shown generally at 742. It includes an annular collar, 744, having an annular groove, 746, with suitable painting or other marling disposed therein. Although not as pronounced in this view as in Figure 2, it is understood, of course, that the groove 746 may be cut as deeply as in the earlier described embodiment with the attendant advan¬ tage. The indicating means further includes a cylin- drically shaped extension arm, 748, connected to the annular collar, 744, and directed longitudinally towards the tire. This extension terminates in an annular flange section, 750. Disposed on the top side of the annular collar, 744, is an annular, elastomeric seal, 752, which is cemented or otherwise secured to the top surface, 754, of the collar, 744. Biased against the undersurface, 756, of the collar, is the top coil, 758, of calibrated spring, 760. The bottom coil of the latter, 762, rests on the ledge, 722. A cylindrically shaped, clear plastic housing, 764, forms the outer housing member and is disposed, between the ledge 740 of the inner housing member and the ledge, 726, associated with the end piece 720. The housing is bonded to the ledge at 740 to provide an airtight seal. The inside surface, 766, of this outer housing member is relatively tight toleranced and typically, concentric with the surface, 718, again, to within .001 inches. Further, for purposes described with respect to the earlier embodi ments, the cylindrical wall includes a vent hole 768. Because of the manner in which air is introduced into the expanding enclosure, and the particulars with re¬ spect to the design of the elastomeric seal, 752, it, typically, v/ill require means for keeping the seal from closing off the thru hole 714. This is accomplished with the use of a snap ring, 770, disposed in an appropriate groove in the inside wall, 766, of the outer housing member. The ring limits the upward movement of the indi¬ cating means so as ' to prevent the constant spring force exerted by spring 760 from deforming and causing cold flow of the seal, 752, which would cause a v/edging effect and hinder the operation of the gauge. As before, the gauge of the present embodiment can include an ""anti-rattle"" protective covering, 771 to eliminate noise between the gauge and the cover. Referring now to Figures 15 and 16, there is sho an elastomeric seal which is considered to be of suitable design for this embodiment. It includes a semi-circular ridge, 772, which extends to angled wing sections, 774 and 776. The latter are then juxtaposed to the relatively rectangular section, 777. The seal rests on surface 754 o the collar 744 and may be cemented thereto if found neces¬ sary. The ridge section, 772, of the seal includes a plurality of slits, 778, which affords appropriate passage ways for the air entering the enclosure, 715, to contact and coact with both of the winged sections, 774 and 776. This allows for a balanced force to be exerted by the air entering the enclosure on the seal, which, in turn, mini¬ mizes the cocking of the indicating means. The ridge 772 rests in groove 779 when the gauge is not being used. The durometer of the elastomeric seal, 752, is chosen so as toavoid a closing down of the air passageways. This, plus the effect of the snap ring, 770, allows for the air to pass to either side of the ridge when the indicating means is in the at-rest position. Referring to Figures 17 and 18, alternatives to the snap ring approach.of Figure 13 are shown. In Figure 17 an annular ridge, 780, is molded on to the inside wall, 766, of the outer housing member, 764. This ridge engages the flange, 750, and provides the necessary effect to keep the ridge portion, 772, of the seal from closing off the thru hole, 714. In Figure 18, a ledge, 782, is molded in the inside wall which coacts with the flange, 750, to achieve the same end. Figures 19, 20 and 21 depict various cap designs which provide a normal closure for .the gauge and which in¬ clude on their opposite end, a means for actuating the valve in the embodiment shown in Figure 13, to thus allow the taking of a pressure reading. Particularly referring to Figure 19, the cap, 784, includes a centerpost portion, 786, and a circular side wall portion, 788. These define an annular cavity into v/hich is placed a gasket, 790. The v/idth of the cavity is such that the cap may be placed over the end of the gauge just described without there being a significant lateral movement. This insures that the centerpost, 786 will contact the actuator portion, 792, of the valve core assembly. The gasket, 790, is disposed in the cavity and cooperates with the end of the gauge to seal that point to thus prevent the escape of air when the reading is being talcen. Referring back to Figure 13, when the cap is * employed (or one's finger) to take a reading, air flows out of the tire, up through the standard core assembly, 710, and into the enclosure, 715, via the cutout, 712, and angled thru hole 714. The direction of air flow is shown by the arrow, 794, in Figure 13. The air entering the en- closure, 715, is directed onto the winged sections, 774 and 776, of the seal and exerts a force thereon to drive the indicating means downward until the painted groove, 746, aligns itself v/ith the corresponding pressure The cap further includes a knurled section, -796, for ease of removal. The internal portion of the cap whic is normally disposed on the end of the gauge includes a cutout section, 798, of appropriate design so as not to actuate the end, 792, of the valve stem in the at-rest position. The internal portion of that end of the cap is threaded at 800 so it may be screwed on to the gauge. It •J Q may further include a gasl^et, "" 802, to eliminate leakage. Figure 20 show ' s another adaptation of the dual function cap where the portion which interfaces with the gauge during the pressure reading mode includes a threaded inner wall, 804, v/hich screws on to the end of the gauge ■ γ c until centerpost 806 contacts the valve actuator. Again, gasket 808 seals the end of the gauge to prevent leakage. Figure 21 shov/s a threaded centerpost, 810, λ-/hich screv/s into the gauge until the gasket, 812, seals off the end. Although the various caps shown are metal and 20 employ gaskets to seal the gauge, it is understood that the cap can be made from a suitable elastomeric material which provides the means for sealing in and of itself. The gauge depicted in Figure 13 is a lighter v/eight adaptation of the present invention which has less of an impact on the balance of the tire and results in 25 less stress on the rubberized mounting when such is used to secure the gauge to the tire rim. Further, the adapta¬ tion just described is smaller in diameter which enables it to be utilized with standard wheel covers. 30 Referring now to figures 22 th.ru 26, inclusive, there is shown another variation of the basic invention described herein, v/hich requires that the operator of the gauge depress the body portion of the gauge in order to obtain a pressure reading. 35 Figure 23 describes a preferred embodiment of such a gauge. It includes a first enclosure 200, formed between an inner housing 202 and an outer housing 204. The tv/o housings are bonded together at annular seams * 206 and 208 to form the annular cavity identified as the first enclosure 200. The outer housing 204, is an inverted cylindri¬ cal cup made from a transparent material such as clear plastic. As viewed in figure 22, the exterior of the outer housing, 210, has embossed or imprinted thereon a range of numerals 212 corresponding to the range of pres- sures expected during the use of the gauge. The range of pressures can be postioned at annular increments around the outer perimeter of the housing so that the gauge provides the operator with a 360° readout capability. Further, groups of serrations (not shown) may be inter- posed betv/een each grouping of numerals to accommodate an ""0-ring"" indicating band (also, not shown, in the em¬ bodiment)• The outer housing is cutout at point 214 to accommodate an annular ring portion 216 of the inner housing. The inner housing, 202, includes a main, hollowed-out cylindrical portion 218. The housing in¬ cludes a cup-shaped portion defined by annular sidewall 220. The sidewall terminates at the one end by flanged portion 222. At the opposite end of the inner housing is located the previously identified annular ridge 216. As noted earlier the main portion 218 is hollowed-out to form a cylindrical opening 224 v/hich is threaded to ac¬ cept other parts of the gauge as v/ell as the standard tire valve. Thru holes 226 and 228 run through the main por- tion of the inner housing 218, transverse to the longi¬ tudinal axis of that member, near the annular ridge end. The circular flanged portion 222, includes an opening 230 v/hich is best seen in figure 26. Although not dis¬ cernible from figure 23, the outside wall 232 of the inner housing can have a slight taper to it, being in¬ clined towards the longitudinal axis of the gauge in the downward direction as viewed in figure 23. This reduces OMPI frictional forces as the ""0-ring"" is deformed under in¬ creasing pressures. A second enclosure, of variable volume is forme within the first enclosure 200. The second enclosure 234 (best seen in figures 27 and 28) is formed by an ""0-ring"" 236, which is bonded to a piston-like, spacer member 238 by a suitable adhesive. The ""0-ring"" is a standard catalog item having a thiclαiess in the plane perpendicular to the longitudi¬ nal axis of the gauge, which is slightly larger than the radial thickness of the first enclosure at its widest point, which because of the taper mentioned earlier, would be at the bottom of the first enclosure 200, as viev/ed in figure 23. The ""0-ring"" exerts sufficient pres¬ sure on the walls defining the first enclosure such that the leakage of the pressurized gas thereby is eliminated. The piston-like member 238, is an annular ring of suitable material which has a first surface 240 of con- cave shape to which the ""0-ring"" is bonded. The axially opposite face or surface of the ring 242 is substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of the first enclo¬ sure but includes an interrupted, annular ridge 244 v/hich spaces the member 258 off from the inside surface 246 of the outer housing. As noted, the ridge 244 is interrupted at various locations around its circumference, such at points 248, 250, and 252 and 254 in figure 25, to insure that the pressurized gas can contact the maximum area on the surface 242. Although the ""0-ring"" and piston-like member are illustrated as separate pieces, to take advantage of the ready availability of standard sized ""0-ring"", it is understood that the piston-like member and ""0-ring"" can be molded from rubber or suitable elastomeric material and formed in one pieces with the profile shown in fi¬ gure 23. Located in the central portion of the gauge is the valve stem actuating mechanism which allows the operator to either take a reading of the pressure' in the tire or to inflate same if so desired. The gas releasing and inflating mechanism includes a cap portion 256, which includes a cylindrical cup portion 258 disposed axially from a flanged portion 260. Extending axially from the opposite side of the flanged portion 260 is a threaded cylindrical portion 262 which has an outside diameter corresponding to the inside diameter of cylindrical opening 224 in the main portion 218 of the inner housing. On the inside wall of cylindrical cup portion 258, there is an annular groove 264. The annular groove 264 bas a slanted lower edge 265 disposed axially inward from the upper end of the gauge. The cylindrical cup portion terminates at the uppermost axial end thereof, as viewed in figure 23, in a flanged portion 266 which slightly overhangs the cylindrical opening formed by the main portion of cup 258. The flanged portion 260 of the cap 256 has an outside diameter (O.D.) equal to the O.D. of the outer housing 204. The under surface 270 of the flange can be bonded to the upper surface of the inner and outer housing by a suitable adhesive. This provides an ad¬ ditional airtight seal to eliminate a potential leakage path. The threaded cylindrical portion or stem 262 is only threaded at the end thereof which meets with the threaded opening 224. The portion of the threaded stem 262 nearer the flange 260 has the threads removed. This provides an annular channel 272 which is contiguous with the openings 226 and 228. Further, the threaded stem 262 includes slots 274 and 276 running parallel to the longitudinal axis thereof which provide a channel for directing gas released from the inflatable device to the annular cutout 272 and thence, through the open- ings 226 and 228, into the second enclosure 234. The valve actuator member 278 is a cylindrical member having a U-shaped profile with an axially extend- ing pin member 280. At the axially upper portion of the actuator member, there is located a circular flange 282 having an O.D. substantially equal to the inner diameter of cup member 258. Located in the sidewall "" 284 are thru holes 286 and 288. These form part of the channel for directing gas into the inflatable device. A hose contacting member 290 includes a cylin¬ drical disc 292 and an axially extending, rod-like mem¬ ber 294 which makes contact with the valve stem in the air hose. Positioned at the axial upper end of the gauge is a retainer cup 296 including a main cylindrical por¬ tion 298 having a cylindrical opening 300 at the center thereof opening into a larger cylindrical opening 302 defined by sidewall 304. The main portion 298 includes an annular groove 306 in which there is disposed a suitable ""0-ring"" 308. The main portion 298 of the re¬ tainer cup is of appropriate diameter such that the flange 266 restricts the upward axial movement of the cup 296. Interposed between the upper surface of the disc 292 and the under surface of main portion 298 is a sealing gasket 310 which has an inside diameter sub¬ stantially equal to the diameter of rod member 294 and is thick enough in the horizontal plane, as viewed in figure 23, to seal off the cylindrical opening 300. Positioned in the opening defined by sidewall 284 is a spring member 312 which contacts surface 314 of valve actuator member 278 on the one end and the surface 316 of disc member 292. Surrounding the sidewall 284 is a second spring 318 which on the one end contacts the under surface of flange 282 and on the other end the top surface of a spanner nut 320. The spanner nut has a threaded, outside peri¬ meter whose diameter is equivalent to that of the cylin¬ drical opening 224. The nut includes an interior open- 5 ing 322 through v/hich the pin member 280 passes in the assembled position. Notches 324 and 326 allow for the use of a ' spanner wrench in the assembly of the gauge. Positioned in the first enclosure 200 is a third spring 328 v/hich contacts the upper surface of 10 flange 222 at the one end and at the other end, a retainer spacer 330, which is bonded to the ""0-ring"" 236, at the opposite end. This third spring is cali¬ brated to control the movement of the piston-""0-ring""- retainer ring combination, in response, to air pressure, 15. such that the last mentioned combination settles at a postion.opposite the marking indicative of the pressure of the gas within the inflated device. Although identified in the drav/ings as a separate piece, it is to be realized that the retainer 20 ring 330, may be molded to together v/ith the piston- ""0-ring"" combination mentioned earlier to form a one- piece unit. Painted on the radially outward wall of the combination formed by member 238, ""0-ring"" 236 and the 25 retainer spacer 330, would be a suitabbly colored annu¬ lar ring 332 v/hich, of course, moves with those combined pieces to postiόn itself opposite the pressure indica¬ tion in the range 212 to reflect the pressure of the gas in the inflated device. The ""0-ring"", 236, itself 30 can provide the necessary indication without the need . or an additional painted band. Assembly The gauge shown at figure 23 is assembled by first postioning the spring 328 around the main portion 35 218 of inner housing 302 and postioning above that, the ""0-ring""-piston member-retainer ring combination 236- 238-330. The first enclosure is then formed by cement¬ ing the outer housing 204 to the inner housing 202 at the seams 206 and 208. The cap portion 256 is threaded into the circu¬ lar opening 224 until the flange 260 contacts the top surface of the inner and outer ' housing. As noted earlier the under surface 270 can be bonded to the upper surface of the inner and outer housing if desired. Next the retainer cup 296, v/ith ""0-ring"" 308 in place, is inserted into the opening defined by cylin¬ drical portion 258. Then the hose contacting member 290, with gas¬ ket 310 in place is inserted through opening 300. The valve actuating member 278 with spring 312 postioned within the opening formed by sidewall 284 is inserted in¬ to the opening defined by sidewall 258. Spring 318 collars sidewall 284 and the spanner nut 320 is inserted into the opening 224. The nut is threaded up into the opening until the bottom surface thereof, 334, is flush v/ith the bottom surface 336 of pin member 280. The length of springs 312 and 318 are selected such that when, surfaces 334 and 336 are flush, spring 318 is exerting an upward force on flange 282 while spring 312 is exerting an up¬ ward force on disc 292. Space betv/een the end 338 of threaded stem 262 and the top surface of the spanner nut is provided to allow for adjustment of the spanner nut to compensate for that situation v/here the valve stem 340 is not flush with the top surface of the valve wall 342. Operation The gauge is threaded onto the valve wall 342. The disposition of the first enclosure relative to the threaded opening 262 and the valve is such that the second enclosure 234 increases in volume in the direc¬ tion of the inflatable device as the pressure inside the device increases. Referring particularly to figure 27, there is shown the use of the gauge described in figures 22 thru 26, as it is employed to read the pressure in a tire. With the gauge in place on the valve wall 342, the operator places one of his fingers over the opening 302, depressing the retainer cup 296 by downward . pres- sure of his finger. Since flange member 282 is kept in contact with the under surface of portion 298 of the retainer cup by spring 318, the valve actuator member 278 responds to the depressing force exerted by the operator and moves downward as v/ell. Pin member 280 contacts the valve stem 340 forcing it downward also. After approximately 1/32 inches travel, air is released from the inflated device traveling upward therefrom in the direction of the arrov/s. Air first travels through opening 322, into the portion of cylindrical opening 224 immediately between the top surface of the spanner nut 320 and the surface 338 of the* stem 262, and then upward through the slots 274 and 276 into the annular cutout 272. From there it travels into the second enclosure 234 via the circular openings 226 and 228. The force of the pressurized gas working on the surface 242 drives the piston-""0-ring""-retainer disc combination downward until the annular band 332 is postioned opposite the air pressure of the device. Air is prevented from leaking out of the gauge during this operation, along paths 344 and 346 due to the sealing action of the ""0-ring"" 308 against the slanted lower edge, 268, of the annular groove 264 and by the sealing action of gasket 310, respectively. When the operator removes his finger from the cup 296, the spring 318 having been compressed further by the action of the operator taking a reading, exerts a force upv/ard as viev/ed in figure 27 on the flange 282 such that the retainer cup is restored to the at-rest position shown in figure 23. Air trapped in the enclo- sure 234 slowly leaks out therefrom by passing betv/een the flange 282 and the cylindrical wall 258 and out through the groove 264 and the space betv/een the flange O PI 266 and the sidewall 304. The inflating operation can be best understood by referring to figure 28. This shov/s an air hose 348 connected to the gauge with the hose valv.e member 350 contacting the rod member 294 so -as to drive it downward relative to the retainer cup member 296. By depressing ' the air hose contacter 290, the seal formed by.gasket 310 over the opening 300 is broken. Air released from the hose 348 moves along the path of the arrbv/s in fi¬ gure 28 into the opening 302, down through the opening 300, into the opening 352 and then into the opening 354 by way of the thru holes 286 and 288. The air continues downward through the open- ing 322 and then into the cavity, defined by the valve wall 342. : Simultaneously the valve stem 340 has been depressed sufficiently by the contacting action of the air hose valve gasket 356 contacting the sidewall 304 of retainer cup 296. As explained with respect to fi¬ gure 27, the downward force applied by the valve gas¬ ket 356 is transmitted through the retainer cup and the actuator member 278 to the valve stem. The seal¬ ing action formed by the cooperation between the ""0-ring 308 and the slanted lower edge 265 of the groove 264 -prevents the entering air from exiting from the guage. Also, as the air hose is pressed down onto the gauge, gasket 356 contacts the top surface 357 of flange 266. This provides an additional seal. It is to be noted that in addition to inflat¬ ing the tire, pressurized air entering from the air hose 348 is also directed into the enclosure 234 via the openings 226 and 228. This provides a continuous monitor of the tire pressure while it is being inflated. Upon removal of the air hose from the gauge, the restoring spring 318 forces the actuator member 278 upwards until the main portion 298 of the cup contacts flange 266 of the retainer cup 296. The ""O-ring"" 308 is then positioned in the annular groove 264. Pin num¬ ber 280 moves upward so that its lower end 336 is again 5 flush v/ith the surface 324, whereupon the valve stem 340 closes. Air trapped in enclosure 234 leaks out of the gauge in the same manner as described with respect to figure 27. Referring now to figure 29, there is shown a ° gauge which is basically similar in all respects to that shown in figure 23 except that the means which coacts , with the valve stem either releases pressurized gas from the tire or responds to device inflating means to thus inflate the tire is simplified. In this adaptation the 5 retainer cup 296, actuator member 278 and hose contact 290 are replaced by a single actuating mechanism 358. The member 358 includes a hose contacting button 360 a main cylindrical portion 362 and a valve actuating pin 364. 0 The member 358 is positioned in cavity 366 formed by somewhat simplified cap portion 368. The member 358 is captured in the cavity 366 and forced upv/ard therein by the action of spring 370 interposed between the under surface of cylindrical 5 portion 362 and the top of the spanner nut 320. The operation of this embodiment v/ith respect to talcing a reading and, as well, inflating a tire is identical to that disclosed with respect to figures 27 and 28. The main difference here is that the sealing 0 action when taking a reading is performed by the opera¬ tor's finger alone. Likewise, when used in the inflating mode, the only seal preventing escape of entering air from the gauge is the one formed by the air hose gasket 356 and the top surface 371 of the cap. 5 Referring now to figure 30 there is shown a variation of the means employed for forming the variable volume enclosure. Again, the details of the construction of the remainder of the gauge are substantially identi¬ cal to those associated with the gauge of figures 23 or 29. Here, the means forming the variable volume enclo- sure comprise an annular piston-like member 372 which has embeded in its radially inward and outward walls, ""0-rings 374 and 376 of suitable diameter. As air enters the chamber 378 in either the pressure reading or inflating mode, the piston 372 travels within the volume 378 until there is equilibrium between the force exerted by the calibrated spring 380 and the pressurized ' gas working on the surface 383 of the piston. An extension art 384 running axially along a part of the length of the gauge includes a flanged portion 386. On the radially outv/ard wall of the flanged portion 386 is painted a suitable annular band which would locate itself opposite the particular number on the pressure range located on the outer housing, corresponding to the pressure of the gas in the inflated device. Of course, the presence of the arm 384 is not necessary to the operation of the parti¬ cular, embodiment illustrated, and it is obvious that the ""O-ring"" 376 itself could perform the necessary indica¬ tion given a properly calibrated spring 380, The walls 388 and 390 are again tapered rela- . tive to each other such that they move away from each other towards the bottom of the gauge as viewed in figure 30. Referring to figure 31, there is shown yet another embodiment of the gauge which employs yet an- other means for forming the enclosure of variable volume. The remainder of the gauge is identical to either the embodiment of figure 23 or figure 29. Here, the ""piston"" member 392 is a cup shaped, annular member, which has flexibly inner and outer edges 394 and 396. The edges 394 and 396 are designed so as to be biased against the walls 398 and 400 respectively, effecting the necessary seal to prevent air leakage around the member 392. Again, the operation of the gauge in both the reading and inflating modes is identical to that previously despribed with respect to figure 27 and 28. Referring to Figure 32, there is depicted yet another design which implements the principles of the subject invention. The device as shown includes, first of all, housing means 10 which form a first en¬ closure. The housing means 10 comprises* a lower housing portion 12 which, preferably, is fabricated from an opaque plastic or similar material. The lower hous¬ ing in the preferred embodiment shown is, typically, cylindrical in shape. It includes a lower end 14 v/hich has an internal thread 16, enabling the gauge to be • screwed on to a tire valve stem. The lower housing 12, includes an outer cylindrical wall 18 which extends approximately 1/2 the length of the overall gauge. In¬ ternal to the cylindrical wall 18 and coaxial with the longitudinal axis of the gauge is an inner cylindrical wall, 20. The inner cylindrical wall is connected to the outer cylindrical wall by a cylindrical disc-like section 22, which lies in a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the gauge. This disc-like portion includes a plurality of cylindrical, inlet ports 24 which run parallel to the longitudinal axis of the gauge. The inlet ports 24 provide a means whereby the chamber 26, defined by the lower end 14 of the housing 12 and the cylindrical disc 22, communicates with the annular chamber 28 formed above the cylindrical disc 22, between the inner cylindrical wall 20 and the outer cylindrical wall 18. Sandwiched between the internal thread 16 and the under side of cylindrical disc is a standard ""O-ring"" 30 constructed from an elastomeric material such as rubber. Additionally, integral with an protruding from the bottom side of the cylindrical disc 22 in an axial direction, is a knife-like annular edge, 32. The upper end 34 of the inner cylindrical wall 20 is formed in a U-shaped fashion. Similarly, the out¬ er cylindrical wall includes a U-shape ridge 36, internal of the wall 18 v/hich also extends the full perimeter of the wall 18. The first enclosure means, ^ 10, also includes ah upper housing 40 which is of the same general cylin¬ drical shape as the lower housing 12. Whereas the lower housing can be made of an opaque plastic material for reasons soon to become obvious, the upper housing 40. is made, of a transparent plastic material. Embossed on the outer surface of the upper housing, is a suitable arrangement of numbers 42 in figure 34 positioned sequen- tially along the axial length of the upper housing wall beginning v/ith the lower number tov/ards the bottom of the gauge, as viewed in Figure 34, ascending to a higher number at the top of the gauge. These numbers represent the pressure range of a gauge given its particular appli- cation - e.g. when used to measure tire pressure the range would be that shown in Figure 34. To improve the visibility aspect of the pressure gauge of this invention these numerals • are displayed in identical groupings, spaced 120° apart, about the perimeter of the upper housing wall. Another arrangement of numbers can be seen located at 43 in figure 34. Interposed between each grouping of numerals just described, at 120° spacing, are three groups of axially positioned serrations 44. These cooperate with another ""O-ring"" 46 and the indicating band 48, v/hose • function and location are described later on to provide a ready indication of the deviations of the tire pressure from the previously set level. The upper housing 40 includes an outer cylin- drical wall 50 which has an outside diameter virtually the same as the inside diameter of outer cylindrical wall 18 of the lower housing 12. When finally assembled the outer wall 50 nests within the outer wall 18. The bottom end of the outer cylindrical v/all 50 ""as viewed in Figure 33, is U-shaped and together v/ith the U-shaped ridge 36 forms substantially, a circular groove into v/hich the diaphragm ring 54 is positioned as soon to be described. Coaxial v/ith the outer cylindrical vall 50 and extending, axially, approximately the same length as the outer v/all 15 is an inner cylindrical vall* 56. Both walls are connected to each other by a disc like member 58 which lies in a plane substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the gauge and v/hich, again, is integral both v/ith the outer cylindrical v/all 50 and the inner cylindrical v/all 56. The inner- cylindrical v/all 56 also includes at its bottom end, a U-shaped ridge 60 v/hich extends the perimeter of the "" inner cylindrical wall 56 and v/hich, together with the ridge formed at the upper end 34 of the inner cylindrical v/all 20 provides a circular groove into which the inner ring 62 of the previously mentioned diaphragm is positioned. Both inner walls, 20 and 56, are hollow so that v/hen they are aligned in final assembly they form a cylindrical passageway 65, which runs the length of the gauge, connecting chamber 26 to chamber 71, the latter being formed as described below. An annular chamber 64 is formed betv/een the outer wall 50 and the inner wall 56. Communicating between this annular chamber 64 and the environment outside the gauge, for reasons soon to become obvious, there exists a vent hole 66 v/hich passes through the disc-like member 58. Extending axially upward from the disc-like member 58 is a cylindrical protrusion 68 which is. adapted in a known fashion to fit a pump inflating hose. The protrusion, 68, forms a third annular chamber 71. The protrusion 68 is threaded to accept a standard protective J U EA75 OMPI cup (not shown) . When completely assembled there is interposed between the U-shaped ridges of the inner and outer walls 5 20 and 18 of the lower housing 12 and the inner and outer walls 56 and 50, respectively, of the- upper housing 40, a diaphragm assembly 70 made of a highly flexible, low friction material such as rubber,. It includes an inner ring"" section 62, sandwiched between opposing U-shaped 10 ridge in the inner walls 56 and 20 and an outer ring 54 interposed betv/een the U-shaped ridges of outer wall 50 , and ridge 36. The diaphragm rings are inter-connected by an annular piece of flexible rubber material which for purposes of the particular configuration illustrated "" 15 in Figure 32, is essentially U-shaped. When finally assembled, rings 54 and 62 are bonded to the ridge sec¬ tions of the inner and outer walls of both housings. This insures an airtight enclosure into which the pressur¬ ized air within the tire is released. 20 As part of the gauge, means are provided for releasing the pressurized air in the tire into the gauge. Further the releasing means is adapted to provide for inflating the tire when the gauge indicates that the pressure has dropped below a-desired minimum. The 25 pressure releasing means preferably includes a steel cylindrical shaft 72 which extends the length of the gauge and which is located at the axial center of the gauge within the passageway 65 formed by the inner v/all 20 and the inner wall 56. The shaft 72 terminates in a 30 flange 74 at the lower end 14 of the gauge. The flange lies in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the shaft 72, and includes an annular recess into v/hich is placed a sealing gasket 76 v/hich cooperates with knife edge 32 to form a seal for purposes soon to be described. Press 35 fitted onto the opposite end of the shaft 72 is a bushing 78 generally made of steel. Positioned substantially in the upper annular O , A chamber 64 is located means, 80, for both controlling the variation of the volume of annular chamber 28 and for giving to the observer an indication of the pressure in the tire. In the embodiment described means 80 includes a piston like member 82 of cylindrical shape which has an outside diameter substantially, equal to the inside diameter of the outer wall 50. The piston member is made of a smooth, plastic-like material v/hich minimizes * fric¬ tion betv/een the surfaces, enhancing the sensitivity and accuracy of the gauge. The piston like member 82 includes an axially extending cylindrical wall 84 v/hich barely contacts • the inner surface of outer wall 50 and a section 86, integral v/ith the cylindrical wall portion 84 and perpendicular thereto. The inner axially extending surface 83 of the horizontal section is in substantial contact v/ith the outer surface of inner v/all 56. The underside 88, of the horizontal section 86 has generally, a U-shaped con¬ figuration. The inner and outer extremities, 90 and 92 respectively, of the U-shaped underside are contoured to take the shape of the inner and outer diaphragm rings 62 and 54 respectively. This provides an ""airtight"" seal in a manner soon to be described if and v/hen the diaphragm 70 ruptures. The arcuate contour of the extremities 90 and 92 is better seen in Figures 36 and 37. Cylindrically shaped piston member 82 defines a cavity 94 between the inside surface of wall 84 and the outside surface of v/all 56. Nested in this cavity and extending the axial length of the gauge between hori¬ zontal section 86 and disc like member 58 is a callibrated coil spring, 96. Spring 96 is preferably made from a suitable spring steel selected to have the necessary spring constant to counteract the force exerted on the piston like member 82 by the pressurized gas in chamber 28 acting through diaphragm 70. Depicted in Figure 32 is a cylindrical, cup-*- shaped, covering device 98 of suitable opaque material, such as plastic which hides ' the ""exposed"" end of the spring 96 for the purpose of enhancing the appearance of the gauge. Where employed, the covering device includes a vent hole 99 to enable air otherwise under compression in chamber 94, to escape. The indicating feature of means 80 is provided, in combination, by an annular colored band 48 which pre¬ ferably is painted in a suitable annular recess in cylin¬ drical v/all 84. This insures that the band is not rubbed from the outer surface of the cylindrical wall 84 due to the constant axial movement of the piston member 82 with¬ in the chamber 64 when the gauge is in place. ASSEMBLY The unit is assembled by first positioning the opaque cover 98 in the upper housing portion 40. The coil spring 96 is next placed within the cover 98 followed by the piston member 82. The diaphragm is positioned in the lower housing such that rings 54 and 62 rest in grooves 36 and 34 re- * spectivfily. The rings 54 and 62 are secured thereto by a suitable bonding material. The outer wall 18 and the lower housing 12 are then either slipped over the outer cylindrical wall 50 of the upper housing 40 and bonded thereto or, alternately, it is threaded onto the upper housing with suitable bond¬ ing cement calking the threads to insure an airtight seal between the contacting surfaces of the tv/o outer walls. Prior to mating the upper and lov/er housings, bonding material is added to ridges 52 and 60 to thereby provide an airtight seal between those surfaces and the top por¬ tion of diaphragm rings 54 and 62. The means for releasing or suppling air to the tire is next positioned in the gauge. The flange-shaft unit 74-72 is inserted in the passageway 65. The steel bushing 78 is then press fitted over the top end of the shaft 72 thereby retaining the latter in place in the gauge. As can be best appreciated from figure 36, al- though not depicted therein, a coiled spring member can be interposed between ' the * bottom of the bushing 78 and the top of the disc like member 58 within the chamber 71 to minimize any rattling of the shaft when the gauge is disconnected from the tire stem, and improve the seal between gasket 76 and edge 32. Figures 36 and 37, are useful 'in understanding the operation of the gauge. The gauge is screv/ed on to the tire valve stem 100 until the top of the valve stem 102 contacts the O-ring 30, compressing it as shown. Considering the design of the standard tire valve stem, the height of he flange member 74 of the gauge is such that when the gauge is threaded on the standard valve stem 100 the underside 104 of the flange 74 contacts the valve actuating rod 106 depressing it a sufficient amount, typically on the order of .025 to .032 inches, to enable a sampling of the pressurized gas within the tire to enter the annular chamber 28 through inlet ports 24. The pressurized gas contacts the diaphragm 70 forcing it upward as viewed in Figure 36 and eventually to the point v/here is assumes the contour as depicted in Figure 36 v/hich includes conforming itself to the U-shaped underside section 88 of piston 82. The piston member 82 is forced upward in response to the pressure exerted by the gas through the diaphragm 70. Coil spring 96 as a consequence is compressed betv/een the section 86 and the disc like end cap 58. Because the diaphragm 70 forms an • airtight barrier between chambers 28 and 64, the air in compression in chamber 64 is forced out of chamber 64 through vents 99 and 66. As noted earlier the spring constant for spring 96 is chosen so that the force exerted D the spring in opposition to the force exerted by the pressurized gas on the piston like member 82, is such that when the annular band 48 is opposite the appropriate pressure reading on the numerical display 42, the spring force exactly balances the force exerted by the pressur- 5 ized gas. If it is desired to further inflate the tire, an air pump hose 108, as shown in Figure 37, may be presse on to the protrusion 68. The valve stem rod 110 positione in the head of the pump hose 108 contacts the bushing 78. Q The bushing 78 is depressed and in turn forces a down¬ ward movement of shaft 72 and flange 74. The sealed forme betv/een gasket 76 and the knife-like annular ridge 32 is ""broken"" enabling pressurized gas supplied from a compre- sor (not shown) to pass along the length of the gauge 5 through the passageway 65 past ridge 32 and into the valve stem 100 located on the device to be inflated. The axial length of the bushing 78 is such that the bottom side of bushing 78 as viewed in Figure 37 will not contact the top of the disc like member 58 when the inflating hose 108 is in place. This insures that the seal formed betv/een the gasket 76 and the knife-like ridge 32 is ""broken"", enabling the tire to be inflated. As the pressure of the gas in the inflated de¬ vice increases the piston member 82 rises further in cham- ber 64, The person inflating the device will remove the inflating hose 108 v/hen the annular band 48 has reached the desired pressure level. At this time the operator would remove the hose 108 and slip O-ring 46 to a new position on the gauge opposite the band 48. A convenient reference is established which subsequently enables the operator to determine whether or not the tire has lost . pressure. Alternately, it may be desirable to release a certain amount of pressurized gas from the tire. In this case, the operator would depress the shaft 72 by pressing down on the bushing 73, thus breaking the seal betv/een the gasket 76 and the edge 32. ' Downward movement of the shaft will cause the valve actuating rod 106 to further depress resulting in the venting of pressurized gas from the tire, via the passageway 65 * The bushing is kept depressed until the annular band drops to a portion oppo¬ site the desired pressure.' Figures 38 and 39 depict in a partial, sec- tional view, air improved version of the underside sur¬ face of the piston member 82 which is employed where it is important to have a more sensitive gauge. The improve¬ ment calls for providing a cylindrical appendage 112, end¬ ing axially from section 86. The cylindrical appendage improves the sensitivity and thus the accuracy of the gauge by reducing the frictional forces occurring between the surface of the diaphragm and the walls which the dia¬ phragm contacts, viz., the inner surface of v/all 50 and the outer surface of v/all 56. Vfliereas in the previous^ discussed U-shaped design, the counter-acting force ex¬ erted on the piston member 82 by the spring 6 had to overcome a shearing or frictional force at the interface between the diaphragm and the two cylindrical* walls as v/ell as compressive forces in the diaphragm, the improve- ent of Figure 38 need only overcome a relatively low adhesive force between the diaphragm and the wall. In effect the diaphragm is ""peeled"" from the tv/o v/all sur¬ faces. Thus the calculations determinative of the spring constant can assume, more correctly, ""zero"" frictional forces with the result that a more sensitive and accurate gauge is developed. Figure 39 illustrates an aspect of the inven¬ tion, common to the design previously described, i.e., • Figures 32, 36 and 37, but which is better pictorialized ' in Figure 39. This feature might be called a ""fail safe"" capability. In effect, this ""fail safe"" capability pre- vents the gauge from becoming a device for deflating the tire when the former malfunctions, particularly through rupture of the diaphragm 70. The possibility of diaphragm rupture is a practical consideration after the gauge has been utilized for extended periods of time. This is due in part to the continual up-down movement of the piston in response to pressure fluctuations in the tire. This pressure fluctuation is a continuing thing due in part to the rough road conditions to which the tire may be subjected, the increase in pressure due to tire heating and similar other disturbances. A ruptured condition is demonstrated in Figure 39 by opening 114. Absent the ""fail safe"" design the air passing from the chamber 28 through opening114 would pass betv/een the sid of the piston 82 and the wall 50. However, when the dia phragm ruptures causing a reduction in the force support ing the piston 82 in an elevated position, spring 96 forces the piston 82 downward as viewed in Figure 39 until the inner and outer extremities SO and 92 of the underside of the piston contact the diaphragm rings 62 and 54 respectively. Sufficient contact area is provide betv/een the rings and the contacting portion of the grooved extremities so that the piston 82 is prevented from 3_ιγ further downward movement. At worst, the pre- sure in the tire is reduced to an amount such that the force exerted on the piston 82 by the remaining pres- surized gas is just balanced by the spring force exerted by spring 96 at the point of contact betv/een the grooved extremities and the diaphragm rings. Further deflation is prevented. The person inflating the tire can detect the fact that the diaphragm in the gauge is ruptured v/hen he goes to inflate the tire. The tire would expand in • response to the increasing air pressure but the gauge wi fail to respond due to the exiting of the gas through th ruptured diaphragm. Also the piston 82 would rise up ever so slightly causing a passing of the air through the vent hole 66 giving use to a hissing sound. Noting this, the operator knows he has a defective gauge. "" Figures 40, 41 and 42 are particular variations of this latter discussed design where alternate means for forming the airtight enclosure of variable volume are de- pioted. For the purposes of discussion v/ith regard to figures 40, 41 and 42, the means for releasing the pres¬ surized gas from the inflated tire, viz., the shaft-flange- bushiiig arrangement, 72, 74 and 78 respectively, will not be discussed. Suffice* it to say that the operation of this aspect of the . particular embodiments of Figures 40, 41 and 42 is essentially identical to ' that previously described. Referring to Figure 40, the chamber 26 vents through inlet ports 24 ' into a air-tight volume 28 of variable volume which is maintained air-tight by tv/o 0- rings one 16 and one 18 which form a suitable airtight seal betv/een piston 120 and housing walls 122 and 124. The overall design of the embodiment of Figure 40 as far as the housing construction is concerned is somewhat sim- plified in that a gauge consists of a basic cylindrical housing 126 of clear plastic v/ith an end cap 128 either bonded or threaded into the cylindrical opening at the top 130 of the gauge. Tv/o additional 0-rings 138 and 140 are position- ed in the bottom of the chamber 28, each of the 0-rings having a diameter substantially equal to the diameter of housing walls 124 and 122, respectively. V/hen the 0- ings 116 and/or 118 wear to a point that they no longer provide an airtight seal between the piston 120 and the surfaces of the housing walls 122 and 124, the spring 96 will force the piston downward as viewed in Figure 40 until the chambered edges 134 and 136 contact the 0-rings 138 and 140 respectively. Through this technique, the ""fail safe"" capability described in the earlier embodiment is provided in this configuration. Suitable pressure indicia would be located on the outer surface of wall 122 as well as serrations for locating the O-ring 46. The indicating aspect of the gauge is essentially the same as that previously des¬ cribed. Figure 41 discloses an embodiment v/herein the chamber of variable volume 28 is formed by an annularly shaped bellov/s, 142. One end of the bellows 142 is bonded to the bottom of the chamber 44 such that it en¬ compasses the inlet ports 24, thus providing an airtight ' enclosure. The opposite end 146 of the bellov/s is ""cappe off"" by a lightweight plastic, disc-like member 148, which is bonded in place to the end 146 of the bellows. The disc like member 148 would have the indicator band 48 annularly disposed about its perimeter with corres- ponding pressure markings again positioned axially along the outer surface of the housing wall. The housing con¬ struction is similar to that shown in Figure 40.v/ith the exception that the venting hole 66 is not required. This is so because of sufficient clearance between the member 148 and the inside walls of the housing. In this configuration provided the seam 150 betv/een the end cap 152 and inner cylindrical housing 154 is bonded, there is no need for the ""fail safe"" additions of the previously discussed designs. Figure 42 shows yet another embodiment where the airtight folume is provided by a flexible, helically- shaped, hollow tube 156 which communicates with chamber 26 through port 158. In this configuration upon release of the pressurized gas of the inflated tire, the gas enters the helical coil 156 at end 157 which is bonded to the inner surface 160 of the bottom portion 162 of the housing 164. The coil in response thereto extends itself in an axially upward direction as viewed in Figure 42 much in the manner of the v/ell known Bourdon tube. This conversion of pressure to axial displace¬ ment is transmitted to piston member 166 which is made of opaque plastic and v/hich includes the familiar 'BU indicator band 48. The design of the tube and the spring constant of the spring 96 are selected so that the annu¬ lar band 48 is positioned opposite the corresponding 5 pressure indication on the surface of the housing 164. Again, as was the case v/ith the device of Figure 41, there is no requirement for a vent hole such as that shown at 66 in Figure 32 and 40. . Because of the* con¬ struction of the flexible tube 156, which typically could o be a lightweight plastic or metal the device is inher¬ ently ""fail safe"" so as to preclude the necessity of pro¬ viding a scheme similar to that incorporated in the pre¬ viously described embodiments. In this design the heli¬ cal coil is wound around the center stem conserving 5 axial length. In another variation of this design, the coil itself is calibrated such that its axial movement is pro¬ portional to the air pressure within. This eliminates the need for spring 96, further simplifying the design. 0 Finally, another variation of the embodiment of Figure 32 is shown in Figures 43 and 44. The basic design of Figure 32 is incorporated in this embodiment which is intended to be supplied as part of the original tire when delivered by the tire manufacturer or new car 5 dealer. The main difference betv/een the design of Figures 43 and 44, and those previously described, is the require-* ment that a coil spring 170 be disposed betv/een the bush¬ ing 78 and the top side of disc like member 58. This spring, 170, in effect replaces or serves the same func- 0 tion as the spring formally found in the tire valve stem. Spring 170 exerts a sufficient upward pressure as viewed in Figure 43 to maintain a sufficient seal between the gasket 76 and the knife edge 32 to prevent leakage from the gauge at that point. 5 As shown, the outside surface of outer wall 18 is bonded to a rubberized, tire valve structure 172 which is secured in the tire side v/all 174 i n a lαiown manner. UREATT __0MPI__ The tire would be inflated in the same manner as des¬ cribed earlier. Figures 43 and 44 show a modification of the design previously described which may be a desirable adaptation of the basic design. It includes the pro¬ visioning of a filler tube 176 which is bonded, in place in the vent hole 66. The filler tube 176 would be fabri¬ cated from copper or similar material v/hich could be readily cut and then crimped or soldered to provide an airtight termination as shown in Figure 44 at' 178. Employing this variation, the gauge manufac¬ turer would be able to preset a given lot of gauges for use at a particular pressure - the one most suitable for a given tire. A range of these type gauges would be provided v/hich covered existing and anticipated recom¬ mended pressures as set by -the tire manufacturers. uring the manufacturer of the gauge and after it is assembled, the gauge v/ould be positioned on a suit- able tire simulating device which could be inflated to the desired pressure for that gauge. Initially, piston 180 would be forced upward until the top thereof, 182, contacted the underside, 184, of the end cover. (Spring 186 in this application would not be the calibrated type disclosed earlier. Its main function in this applica¬ tion would be to insure that the piston 180 is thrust downward if the diaphragm ruptures to give an indica¬ tion that the gauge has failed) . After inflating the tire simulating device, pressurized gas would be introduced into chamber 64 through filler tube 176. The gas in chamber 64 would exert a downward force on piston 180. The piston v/ould move down and the pressure of the gas supplied through filler tube 176 would be varied until the piston assumed an intermediate axial position. The annular band 48, of course, would position itself in a corresponding axial position. A permanent annular, masking bank 196 v/ould - "" B __ then be painted on or otherwise permanently affixed to the outer surface of housing 198 at the same axial loca¬ tion as the band 48. . The filler tube 176 would be crimped and/or soldered or sealed in some other suitable way to prevent the pressurized gas from escaping from chamber 64. The gauge could then be removed from the simulating device and prepared for delivery. The gauge just described v/ould be delivered to tire suppliers or others whose 30b it is to mount tires. .The gauge would be supplied with instruc¬ tions which would note its particular operating pressure. The supplier would install the gauge-valve device in a tire whose recommended pressure would be that of the gauge. The tire v/ould then be inflated until the annular band 48 positioned itself behind the masking band 196. At this point, the supplier would know that the tire is inflated at the correct pressure for that tire. Subsequently, the motor vehicle operator could tell If the tire was not at the right pressure by noting that band 48 was no longer positioned at the same axial position as "" indicator band 196. He could then take the necessary corrective action in order to re-establish the proper operating pressure. The approach just described as noted earlier eliminates the need for a calibrated spring and thus pro¬ vides a less costlier gauge. Further, motor vehicle operators with no idea of the right pressure required by their tires need only know to align the bands 48 and 196 to achieve the proper pressure and thus insure pro- per operating conditions. It is to be noted in the embodiment depicted in Figure 43, that the previously described means for inflating the tire-bushing, shaft and flanges 78, 72 and 76 respectively, could be replaced by a standard valve stem v/hich v/ould be fitted in the disc like end 58 in a suitable fashion. Other variations of the specific constructions disclosed will be apparent to those skilled in the art and must be considered to be v/ithin the breadth of the invention as defined in the appended claims . -BU .A.";"' WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: - 1. A gauge for measuring the pressure of an in¬ flatable device characterized by: (a) a valve stem assembly centrally disposed 5 within said gauge; (b) means for forming a first enclosure said first enclosure concentrically disposed outwardly of said valve stem; (c) means for forming a second enclosure of ~-~ variable volume within said first enclosure; (d) means for affixing said gauge to the in¬ flatable device; (e) first channel means for directing gas released from v/ithin the inflatable device via said valve - i -5 stem axially away from said inflatable device; (f) second channel means, communicating with said first channel means, for directing the released gas radially outward from said first channel means and into said second enclosure; 2 ^ said second enclosure increasing in volume in an axial direction toward the inflatable device for in¬ creasing gas pressure; (g) means for controlling the variation of the volume of said second enclosure such that said variation 5 is proportional to the pressure of the gas; and (h) means for indicating said variation in re¬ sponse to the pressurized gas to thereby give a measure of the pressure of the gas. 2. The gauge of. Claim 1 wherein said indicating ^ means includes: (a) an annular band adapted to move axially in response to the variations of the volume of said airtight enclosure; (b) a transparent housing comprising that por- -> tion of said first enclosure wherein said annular band moves; and (c) at least one grouping of numerals, each grouping extending axially along the length of said transparent housing and corresponding to the range of pressures to be measured by said gauge, each grouping positioned radially about the perimeter of said trans¬ parent housing a predetermined distance from another grouping. 3. The gauge of Claim 1 wherein said valve stem is a part of said inflatable device said means for affixing said gauge to the inflatable device including means for affixing said gauge to the valve stem. 4. The gauge of Claim 1 wherein the means for forming said second enclosure of variable volume includes a V-shaped seal operatively connected to said indicating . means, said seal having the opened portion of said V- shape directed in an axial direction away from said in- flatable device, said seal coacting with said indicating means in response to the released gas entering said secon enclosure to cause said second enclosure to increase in volume for increasing gas pressure. 5. The gauge of Claim 1 wherein said means for affixing said gauge to the inflatable device include: (a) an elongated mounting stem, said mounting stem including a cavity connecting said inflatable device to said valve stem for directing gas to and from said inflatable device from said gauge; (b) a plurality of spacer means positioned on said mounting means for spacing said first enclosure a desired distance from said inflatable device; and (c) locking means for securing said stem to sa inflatable device. 6. The gauge of Claim 1 further comprising mea for coacting with said valve stem to release the pressur¬ ized gas within the inflatable device, said coacting mean also adapted to respond to device inflating means to thereby cause the device to be inflated, said means for c acting including: (a) a cap portion for cooperating v/ith an operator's finger on said device inflating means; (b) an extension shaft including first and O A, ip connected to said cap portion, said shaft further includ¬ ing a valve stem coupling section, said coupling section secured to said valve stem whereby said valve stem is axially removable from said gauge in unison with said shaft; (c) a coupling collar including, (i) a first cavity, said first cavity geometrically shaped to conform to the out- - line of said second extending section of said shaft, (ii) a second cavity, said second cavity geometrically shaped to conform to a correspondingly shaped section of said "" valve stem; whereby rotational motion ap¬ plied to said cap portion is transmitted through said shaft to said coupling collar and in turn to said valve stem such that said valve stem can be removed from or in- serted into said gauge; and (d) a sealing valve arrangement concentrically disposed about said first section of said shaft, said valve arrangement providing the necessary resistance to gas released from said inflating device to prevent said released gas from escaping from said gauge, said valve arrangement further adapted to respond to device inflating means so as to enable pressurized gas to enter said in¬ flatable device around said sealing valve arrangement and through said gauge. 7. The gauge of Claim 6 wherein said cap portion includes flattened surface ' s for coacting with valve stem removal and insertion tools. 8. The gauge of Claim 6 wherein said shaft in- • eludes a bleeder hole arrangement, said bleeder hole ar- rangement communicating between the environment outside the gauge and said first channel, whereby released gas is vented from said gauge after the taking of a pressure read¬ ing. 9. The gauge of Claim 6 wherein said means for coacting further comprises a spring member concentrically disposed about said shaft and biased between said ' couplin collar and said sealing, valve arrangement, said spring 5 member exerting a positive force on said sealing valve arrangement so as to insure an airtight seal thereof when said gauge is not in use and further exerting a positive force through said shaft on the seal portion of said valve stem so as to insure an airtight seal thereof. 0 10. The gauge of Claim 9 wherein said sealing valve arrangement includes a butterfly valve disposed about the cylindrical portion of said shaft and interposed between said spring member and said cap portion. 11. The gauge of Claim 6 wherein said sealing 5 valve arrangement includes an O-ring shaped valve disposed in a corresponding niche in said cap portion. 12. The gauge of Claim 1 wherein said means for indicating includes, (i) an annular collar having a 0 concentric groove cut therein, (ii) a cylindrically shaped exten¬ sion arm extending axially from said annular collar towards said inflatable device, 5 (iϋ) seal means disposed upon said collar and responsive to the force exerted by said released gas to drive said indicating means axially towards said inflatable device, and 0 (iv) an indicating band disposed in said groove, said band aligning with suitable markings on said first enclosure forming means to indicate the pressure of said released gas. 5 13. The gauge of Claim 12 wherein said means for controlling the variation of the volume of said second enclosure is a spring member disposed between said annular collar and said first enclosure forming means, said- cylin- drically shaped extension arm of said indicating means in¬ cluding a radially extending flange member fixedly con¬ nected thereto, said flange member coacting with said first enclosure forming means to prevent said indicating means from substantially tilting due to forces exerted thereon by said spring membe . forming part of the second enclosure volume control means. 14. The gauge of Claim 13 wherein said cylin- drically shaped extension arm masks at least part of the coils of said spring member forming part of the second enclosure volume control means. 15. The gauge of Claim 12 v/herein said groove in said annular collar is cut to a predetermined depth so as to minimize any associated parralax error in reading said gauge. 16. The gauge of Claim 1 wherein said means for indicating include at least one band on the outside of said first enclosure forming means. 17. The gauge of Claim 16 including a second band on the outside of said first enclosure forming means, said first band representing one pressure and said second band representing a second different pressure. 18. The gauge of Claim 1 wherein said means for affixing said gauge to said inflatable device include an elongated mounting stem, said mounting stem bent so as to minimize curb interference problems. 19.. A gauge for measuring the pressure of an inflatable device having a valve stem characterized by: (a) means for forming a first enclosure; (b) means for forming an airtight enclosure of variable volume within said first en¬ closure; (c) means for affixing said gauge to the valve stem; (d) means for coacting with the valve stem to release the pressurized gas within ITUREAT / - _ OMPI "" the inflatable device into said airtight enclosure, said releasing means alsς adapted to respond to device inflating 5 means to thereby cause the device to be inflated; (e) means for controlling the variation of theVolume of said airtight enclosure such that said variation if proportional 10 . to the pressure of the gas; and (f) means for indicating said variation in response to the pressurized gas to there¬ by give a measure of the pressure of the gas, "" said indicating means including, 15 (i) an annular band adapted to move axially in response to the varia¬ tions of the volume of said air¬ tight enclosure; (ii) a transparent housing comprising 20 that portion of said first enclo¬ sure wherein said annular band moves; (iii) at least one grouping of numerals, each grouping extending axially 25 along the length of said transparent housing and corresponding to the range of pressures to be measured by said gauge, each grouping posi¬ tioned radially about the perimeter 30 of said transparent housing a pre¬ determined distance from another grouping; (iv) at least one grouping of serrations, each of said latter groupings extend- 35 Ing axially along the length of said transparent housing; and (v) an indicator ring, adaptable to move -BU E OfΛPI axially along the length of said transparent housing and adapted to cooperate with said serrations to thereby be restrained against unin¬ tended axial movement.";GELLOS A;GELLOS A;1978
+WO-1980001153-A1;19800612.0;19781129;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141285.0;B60K41;F16D25;F16D25, F16D48, F16H59, F16H61, F16H63;F16D  25/11, F16D  48/02B, F16H  61/06H1, R16H  59/08R;BIDIRECTIONAL POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM;In a bidirectional power transmission system including a bidirectional, hydraulically engaged clutch (18) adapted to be coupled to a source of rotary power (10) and to a rotary drive (14) and having two hydraulic inlets (30, 32) each for receiving hydraulic fluid under pressure, one (30) to engage the clutch to cause one direction of rotation of the drive and the other (32) to engage the clutch to cause the opposite rotation of the drive, a source (34) of hydraulic fluid under pressure, a direction control valve (40) interconnecting the source and one or the other of the inlets, a hydraulic pressure modulating device (36) connected between the source and the valve, the improvement including an accumulator (46) connected to each of the inlets between the clutch and the valve for receiving hydraulic fluid under pressure when the valve is directing fluid to the associated inlet.;"Description Bidirectional Power Transmission System Technical Field This invention relates to a bidirectional power transmission system, and more specifically, to such a system wherein there is included a hydraulically en¬ gaged clutch for controlling the directional output of the system. Background Art Many power transmission systems requiring a bi¬ directional rotary output utilize hydraulically en¬ gaged clutches for controlling the rotational direction of an output of the system. Such systems including hydraulically engaged direction control clutches may be found, for example, in construction vehicles or the like. In the usual case, an engine will provide a rotary, unidirectional input to a clutch assembly having two clutches, both of which may be hydraulically engaged and spring disengaged. When one of the clutches is en- gaged, the rotational output of the clutch assembly will have the same direction of rotation as that of the engine. When the other clutch is engaged, the rotational output of the clutch assembly will be in a direction opposite that of the engine. In a typical case, each of the clutches in the assembly will be formed of a clutch pack which may be compressed by a hydraulic piston when hydraulic fluid under pressure is applied against the piston. Typically, the clutch may brake a ring gear in a planetary gear set and, of course, the system will include means where¬ by both clutches cannot be simultaneously engaged. The systems will usually include some sort of pressure modulating device interconnecting a source of - U RE AcT OMPI Λ WIPO . hydraulic fluid under pressure such as a pump' and a valve which is utilized to select the direction of the assembly output, that is, control the engagement of one or the other of the clutches. The modulating means is typically a modulating relief valve and frequently, the same do not modulate pressure build-up to the desired extent, particularly at relatively low pressures. Thus, during initial engagement of such a clutch, ""grabbing"" in the clutch pack will occur rather than smooth en- gagement as desired. This, in turn, is communicated to components connected to the output of the clutch assem¬ bly as well as components therein and produces consider¬ able shock. Shock, in turn, reduces the useful life of such components causing premature wear and failure thereof. Disclosure of the Invention In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided in a bidirectional power transmission system including a bidirectional, hydraulically engaged clutch adapted to be coupled to a source of rotary power and to a rotary drive and having two hydraulic inlets, each for receiving hydraulic fluid under pressure, one to engage the clutch to cause one direction of rotation of the drive and the other to engage the clutch to cause the opposite rotation of the drive, a source of hy¬ draulic fluid under pressure, a directional control valve interconnecting the source and one or the other of the inlets, and a hydraulic pressure modulating de¬ vice connected between the source and the valve, the improvement including accumulator means connected to each of the inlets between the clutch and the valve. Each receives hydraulic fluid under pressure when the valve is directing fluid to an associated inlet for modulating pressure build-up therein to thereby provide smooth clutch engagement to minimize shock in the drive OMPI ™ WIPO° during initial engagement of the clutch. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following specification taken in connection with the accompanying drawings . Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 is a schematic of a bidirectional power transmission system made according to one embodiment of the invention; Fig. 2 is a graph illustrating the pressure rise in a prior art system; Fig. 3 is a graph similar to that of Fig. 2 but illustrating the pressure rise in a system made accord¬ ing to the embodiment of the present invention. Best Mode For Carrying Out The Invention An exemplary embodiment of a bidirectional, power transmission system made according to the invention is illustrated in Fig. 1 and is seen to be used in con¬ nection with an engine 10 having a rotary output shown schematically at 12. Ultimately, the engine 10 is to provide rotary power to a driven element 14. The driven element 14 includes a rotary input 16, shown schematicall . Interconnecting the engine output 12 and the driven element input 16 is a clutch assembly, generally desig- nated 18. The clutch assembly 18 is for providing direction control in a conventional fashion. The same includes a forward clutch, generally designated 20, and a reverse clutch, generally designated 22. When the forward clutch 20 άs engaged, both the output 12 and the input 16 will be rotating in the same direction while when the reverse clutch 22 is engaged, the input 16 will be driven in a direction oppositely that of the output 12. Each of the clutches 20 and 22 is comprised of a clutch pack including interleaved clutch disks. ' Clutch disks 24 are, for example, splined to the housing 25 of "" the assembly 18 while alternate ones of the clutch disks 26 may be splined, for example, to the radially outer surface of a ring gear in a conventional fashion. Each clutch 20 and 22 includes a hydraulic piston 28 by which the pack comprising the disks 24 and 26 may be compressed. When such occurs, the disks 26 are no longer free to rotate thereby braking the associated ring gear. Disengagement of each clutch 20 and 22 is typically provided for by the use of a spring (not shown) biasing the associated piston 28 away from the pack. Hydraulic fluid under pressure may be directed to each of the pistons 28 through associated inlets 30 and 32 in the assembly 18 from a source 34 in the form of a hydraulic pump. Typically, but not always, the pump 34 will be driven by the engine 10. The output of the pump 34 is connected to a modu¬ lating means in the form of a conventional modulating relief valve 36. The modulating relief valve 36 is operative to control the rate of pressure increase from the pump 34 but inherent in its construction is an inability to provide such control at relatively low pressures. For example, for a maximum pressure of about 300 psi, smooth pressure build-up provided by the modulating relief valve 36 can generally only be obtained from about 45-50 psi on upward to the maximum system pressure. Hydraulic fluid under pressure from the valve 36 is conveyed via a conduit 38 to a direction selector spool valve 40 of conventional construction. The valve 40 can route hydraulic fluid under pressure to the in¬ lets 30 via a line 42, to the inlet 32 via a line 44, or to neither. When fluid under pressure is applied to the line 42, the forward clutch 20 will be engaged while when fluid under pressure is applied to the line OMP 44, the reverse clutch 22 will be engaged. When fluid under pressure is applied to neither line, neither clutch will be engaged. An accumulator is connected to each of the lines 42 and 44 and serves to modulate pressure build-up in each line over the lower part of the range of system pressures. Thus, the accumulator acts over that part of the range wherein the valve 36 is ineffective to provide for smooth engagement of the clutches at low pressures, that is, during initial engagement. According to the present invention, the accumula¬ tors are defined by a single, opposed spring accumulator, generally designated ' 46. The same includes a body 48 having a bore 50 therein. A piston 52 is slidable with- in the bore 50 and divides the same into two chambers 54 and 56. The piston 52 carries a seal 58 so as to isolate the chambers 54 and 56 from each other. Addi¬ tionally, oppositely directed stops 60 project axially from both ends of the piston 52. Compression coil springs 62 in each of the chambers 54 and 56 abut opposite sides of the piston 52 and serve to bias the same to a predetermined position within the bore 50, normally, a central position as illustrated. To provide substantially identical pressure modulating characteristics irregardless of whether the forward clutch 20 or the reverse clutch 22 is being engaged, both of the springs 62 have substantially identical spring rates . The system is completed by a line 64 connecting the chamber 54 to the line 42, and thus to the inlet 30 and by a line 66 connecting the chamber 56 to the line 44, and thus to the inlet 32. Industrial Applicability In operation, when it is desired to engage the forward clutch 20, the valve 40 will be shifted appro¬ priately to route fluid under pressure from the line 38 to the line 42. Typically, the valve 40 will include means whereby, for such a configuration, the line 44 will be connected to the hydraulic reservoir of the system. Fluid will flow through the line 42 through the inlet 30 to encounter the piston 28 for the forward clutch 20. The piston 28 will begin to move to engage the forward clutch pack. As the clutch pack begins to compress, resistence toward further movement of the piston 28 will increase resulting in pressure in the line 42 elevating. Such elevating pressure will result in the piston 52 in the accumulator 46 moving to the left against the bias of the leftmost spring 62. And, as the spring 62 compresses, it will offer increasing resistence to such movement of the piston 52. In any event, the chamber 54 which varies in volume as the piston 52 moves will receive some of the ' fluid from the pump 34 thereby modulating the pressure build-up in the line 42 so that the pressure build-up is gradual, in a large part, controlled by the value of the spring 62 resisting leftward movement of the piston 52. Operation of the system when the reverse clutch 22 is engaged is essentially the same. The advantages of the system can be readily as¬ certained by a comparison of Figs. 2 and 3, the former illustrating pressure characteristics of a prior art system without the accumulator and the latter illustra¬ ting the pressure characteristics of a system with the accumulator. Referring to Fig. 2 , typically, there will be a fairly abrupt increase in pressure from zero to about 15 psi as shown at A. This increase is tolerable with¬ in the system since the pressure is relatively low and is taken up by friction as well as resistence to move¬ ment of the pistons imposed by the springs (not shown) OMPI ,_. WIPO 7 - which bias the pistons to a non-engaged position! Shortly thereafter, an abrupt increase, shown at B, occurs from 15 psi to 45 psi. This will occur upon initial engagement of the disks 24 and 26 and because the same is so abrupt, smooth engagement will not occur, but rather, there will be ""jumping"" which will impose shock loads upon components of the clutch 18 as well as the drive 14. As alluded previously, such shock loads increase wear and shorten the life of the system. After about 45 psi has been attained in the system, the modulating relief valve 36 takes over and there will be a relatively smooth increase, shown at C, up to the maximum system pressure, for example, 300 psi. In a system made according to the present inven¬ tion/ the initial increase to 15 psi, shown at A in Fig. 3 is also present. However, as mentioned, this is tolerable. The rate of pressure increase is shown in Fig. 3 at B 1 over the range from 15 psi to 45 psi and it will be observed that it is relatively smooth, virtually a downward extension of the modulation provided at C 1 by the modulating relief valve 36. Consequently, there will be no jumping within the clutch pack being engaged and no shock generated by such jumping. During the time period covering the pressure increase from 15 psi to 45 psi, the piston 52 of the accumulator will be shifting and at about 45 psi, it will be at the end of its stroke, one or the other of the stops 60 abutting the end of the bore 50 to which it is adjacent. At this time, the modulating effect provided by the valve 36 will, of course, take over and cause smooth pressure increase up to maximum system pressure. In addition to the advantage of eliminating shock during initial engagement of the clutch, the exemplary embodiment of the invention provides a further ad¬ vantage in terms of minimizing spacial requirements for the components thereof. The unique construction of the accumulator 46 provides for accumulators for both inlet ports in a single structure thereby con¬ siderably reducing the amount of space that would be required if two separate accumulators, one for each inlet, were employed.";"Claims 1. In a bidirectional power transmission system including a bidirectional, hydraulically engaged clutch (18) adapted to be coupled to a source of rotary power (10) and to a rotary drive (14) and having two hydraulic inlets (30,32) each for receiving hydraulic fluid under pressure, one (30) to engage the clutch to cause one direction of rotation of the drive and the other (32) to engage the clutch to cause the opposite rotation of the drive, a source (34) of hydraulic fluid under pres- sure, a direction control valve (40) interconnecting the source and one or the other of said inlets and a hydraulic pressure modulating device (36) connected between said source and said valve, the improvement comprising an accumulator means (36) connected to each of said inlets between said clutch and said valve, each for receiving hydraulic fluid under pressure when the valve is directing fluid to the associated inlet for modulating pressure build-up therein to thereby provide smooth clutch engagement to minimize shock in said drive during initial engagement of said clutch. 2. In a bidirectional power transmission system including a bidirectional, hydraulically engaged clutch (18) adapted to be coupled to a source of rotary power (10) and to a rotary drive (14) and having two hydraulic inlets (30,32) each for receiving hydraulic fluid under pressure, one (30) to engage the clutch to cause one direction of rotation of the drive and the other (32) to engage the clutch to cause the opposite rotation of • the drive, a source (34) of hydraulic fluid under pres- sure, a direction control valve (40) interconnecting the source and one or the other of said inlets and a hydrau¬ lic pressure modulating device (36) connected between said source and said valve, the improvement comprising a double accumulator (46) including a body (48) having a bore (50) , a piston (52) slidable within the bore and dividing the same into two chambers (54,56) op¬ posed spring means (62) biasing said piston towards a predetermined position within said bore, and means (42,64; 44,66) connecting each of said chambers to a corresponding one of said inlets. 3. The bidirectional power transmsision system of claim 2 wherein said opposed spring means comprise two springs, there being a spring in each said chamber, said springs having substantially equal spring rates. 4. In a bidirectional power transmission system including a bidirectional, hydraulically engaged clutch (18) adapted to be coupled to a source of rotary power (10) and to a rotary drive (14) and having two hydrau¬ lic inlets (30,32) each for receiving hydraulic fluid under pressure, one (30) to engage the clutch to cause one direction of rotation of the drive and the other (32) to engage the clutch to cause the opposite rota- tion of the drive, a source (34) of hydraulic fluid under pressure, a direction control valve (40) inter¬ connecting the source and one or the other of said in¬ lets and a hydraulic pressure modulating device (36) connected between said source and said valve, the im- provement comprising a double accumulator including a body 48 divided into two variable volume chambers (54,56) separated by a movable element (52), and means (62) biasing said element against movement relative to either of said chambers, each of said chambers being connected (42,64; 44,66) to a corresponding one of said inlets.";BLAKE W;BLAKE W, CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO;1978
+WO-1980001194-A1;19800612.0;19781211;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141294.0;F16D33;;F16D33, F16H41, F16H61;F16H  41/30, F16H  61/00K;TRANSMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM;A transmission control system (10) for a transmission including a torque converter (66) has fluid inlet and fluid outlet passages (64, 80) connected to the torque converter (66), a pressure regulating valve (20) for relieving fluid from a pressure source (12, 16) to the inlet passage (64) of the torque converter (66), and a flow limiting passage (96) directly connecting the inlet and outlet passages (64, 80) for continually bypassing fluid past the torque converter (66) and controlling the pressure drop thereacross.;"Description Transmission Control System Technical Field The present invention relates to a trans- mission control system, and more particularly to a control system for improved fluid flow control with respect.to a torque converter and an associated heat exchanger. . Background Art The-Warner Gear Division of Borg-Warner Corporation located at Muncie, Indiana, manufactures a single-speed transmission known as a Model PR1 Power Ranger Shuttle Transmission. This transmission is used with a Model No. Wll torque converter manufactured by the Borg _ Beck Division of Borg-Warner Corporation and located at Sterling Heights, Michigan. That trans¬ mission and associated hydraulic torque converter find particular utility in the power train of a fork lift truck, for example. The referenced transmission and torque con¬ verter has heretofore utilized a transmission control system that has experienced fluid flow control problems including undesirable pressure fluctuations at the fluid inlet passage to the torque converter. Moreover, a pressure relief valve or regulator incorporated in that transmission control system has undesirably relieved an excessive proportion of fluid from the inlet passage of the torque converter directly to the outlet of a cooler which, receives and cools fluid from the outlet passage of the torque, converter. Thus, under certain conditions an undesirable portion of the circulating fluid bypasses the cooler via that relief valve, so O PΓ ° that the torque converter cooler. low rate did not uniformly increase over, the operating range as desired. A large number of valves are known which can modulate and control the. fluid flow rate to and from a torque converter or alternately the pressure at the inlet and/or outlet thereof.. Some valves can even control multiple combinations of these parameters. However, these valves are not only usually complex and costly in construction, but also they take up.valuable room where space is at a premium. Still further, what is needed is a solution to the aforementioned problems that can be incorporated in commercially available transmission control systems with but minimal delay to . the ultimate consumer. The present invention is directed to over¬ coming one or more of the problems as set forth above. Disclosure of Invention In accordance with one aspect of the present invention a flow limiting passage directly connects a fluid inlet passage to a torque converter and a fluid outlet from the torque converter. Thus, although a preselected amount of fluid is caused to continually bypass the torque converter, such amount is still desirably directed to the torque converter cooler. Advantageously, because of the incorporation of the controlled fluid flow bypass passage around the torque converter, a pressure relief valve associated with the transmission control system is no longer adversely affected by back.pressure fluctuations at the inlet passage to the..converter, and also the fluid flow rate through both the cooler.and the torque converter increase uniformly in.:proportion to an increase in the torque converter,.input speed. * -^OTIX ' OMPI . IPO Brief Description of Drawings Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of one embodiment of the transmission control system of the present invention with a portion of the valving shown therein broken open to better illustrate* details thereof. Figure 2 is a diagrammatic view of the torque "" converter- shown in Figure 1, with a- fragmentary portion thereof shown in. cross section to illustrate certain fluid passages therein. Best Mode for Carrying Out the 'Invention Referring initially to Figure l,.a trans¬ mission control system 10 is shown as having a pump 12 which draws fluid from a sump 14 and. directs it through a main line conduit 16 as a fluid pressure source to a transmission control assembly 18 and to a pressure regulator valve or pressure relief valve 20. The transmission control assembly ' 18 includes a control pr_. - .. inching valve 22 connected to the pressure source and a directional selector valve 24 connected to the control valve 22 and the pressure source. Manual control of the directional selector valve enables a forward clutch 32 or a reverse clutch 34 to be controllably supplied with pressure fluid for operation of the associated vehicle. Such transmission control assembly 18 can be of conventional construction, such as has been hereto¬ fore incorporated on the previously mentioned Model PR1 Power Ranger Shuttle Transmission,. produced by Borg- Warner Corporation. A known pressure relief valve 36 is connected to the main line conduit 16 to provide a.preselected maximum pressure level thereat. For example, at a setting of about 138Q KPa (200 psi) the relief valve 36 OMPI /,. WIPO .. relieves fluid from the main line conduit back to the sump 14. The pressure regulator valve 20 has a housing 38 defining an elongate cylindrical bore 40, a pressure port 42, an inlet port 44, an outlet port 46, and a drain port 48, all communicating with the bore. A valve spool 50 having a pair of spaced apart cylindrical lands 52, 54 and a neck 56 is reciprocably disposed in the bore, and the valve spool is continually biased to the left when viewing the drawinq by a compression sprinq 58. A preselected pressure at the pressure port 42, for example of about 830 KPa (120 psi) , serves to overcome the spring and move the spool to the right when viewing the drawing. A throttling slot 60 formed in the land 54 is then placed in open communication with the inlet port 44, whereupon fluid in the main line conduit 16 is relieved to an outlet conduit 62 Via the inlet port, the throttling slot and the outlet port 46. A major purpose of the pressure regulating valve 2.0 is to cut off fluid flow to the torque converter 66 when the pressure in the main line conduit drops below its preselected pressure level setting, and thus to assure that the transmission control assembly 18 will get full benefit of this available flow from the pump 12 for fast response during a transmission shift. Fluid in the outlet conduit 62 from the regulating valve 20 is directed to an inlet passage 64 leading to a hydrodynamic torque converter 66. As shown in Figure 2, this torque converter has a pump or impeller element 68 coupled to an engine, not shown, a reactor element 70 suitably coupled to a stationary tubular member 72, and a turbine element 74 connected to a rotaty shaft 76 leadinq to a transmission, not shown. OMPI Basically, the torque converter is similar in construction to the Model WH torque, converter produced by Borg & Beck and the transmission, is similar in construction to the Model PR1 Power Ranger Shuttle Transmission produced by Warner Gear as previously mentioned. With the construction of the torque con¬ verter 66 shown in Figure 2 it is apparent that fluid charging pressure is directed to the torque converter via the inlet passage 64 located in part between the tubular member 72 and. a surrounding rotary member 78. Fluid is communicated from the torque converter via an outlet passage 80 defined in part between the shaft 76 and the tubular member 72. ' Because of such relationship the inlet and outlet passages 64 and 80 present some restriction to fluid flow. "" Referring again to Figure 1, from the outlet passage 80 of the torque converter 66 heated, fluid flows to a cooler or heat exchanger 82 where its temp¬ erature is desirably reduced prior to being passed on to a conduit 84 and to a plurality of lubrication points 86. A pressure relief valve 88 of known con¬ struction is in fluid communication with the conduit 62 leading to the inlet passage 64 of the torque converter 66. such that at a preselected pressure thereat, for example about 900 KPa (130 psi) , fluid is allowed to flow from the conduit 62 to a conduit 90 and the.conduit 84 in bypassing relation to the cooler 82. This relief valve protects the torque converter 66 by limiting the maximum pressure level at the inlet passage thereto. A branch conduit 92 having a flow control orifice 94 therein is. connected between the main line conduit 16 and the inlet passage 64.of the torque converter 66. The flow control orifice' is preferably about 1.52 mm (0.060"") in diameter so that a fluid flow • rate of about 1.9 to. 3.8 litres/min. (1/2 to 1 gpm) will be directly communicated to the inlet passage of the torque converter to insure that it is supplied with at least a preselected minimum amount of fluid at all times, such as during a transmission shift when the pressure regulator valve 20 is closed. In accordance with the present invention, a flow limiting passage 96 havinσ an effective orifice diameter of about 3.8 mm (0.150"") is directly connected between the inlet passage 64 and the outlet passaαe 80 in fluid bypassing relation to the torque converter 66. In this way, a preselected proportion of the fluid flow to the inlet passage 64 can be continually passed directly to the cooler 82. Industrial Applicability In actual operation of the transmission control system 10, the input speed of the impeller 8 of the torque converter 66 varies with engine speed, for example from about 1000 to 2400 rpm. With the transmission in neutral the fluid flow rate through the torque converter desirably increases relatively uni¬ formly from about 7.6 to 18.9 litres/min. (2 to 5 gpm) . Simultaneously, the cooler flow rate desirably increases relatively uniformly from about 15.1 to 30.3 litres/min. (4 to 8 gpm) . Thus a flow rate of about 7.6 to 11.4 litres/min. (2 to 3 gpm) continually occursthrough the torque converter bypass passage 96. This contrasts sharply with the operation of the known transmission control system without the flow limiting a bypass passage 96, wherein the flow rate "" BUREA _OMPI ' increased across the cooler with increasing engine speed ' only up to the point where the back pressure at the inlet passage 64 to the torque converter became so high and erratic that the relief valve 88 located thereat opened. This undesirably influenced the pressure level in the main line conduit as well as in the torque . converter, and also adversely affected operation of the transmission control assembly 18. Moreover, the increased quantity of fluid passing through the relief valve 88 did not pass through the cooler 82 contributing to an undesirable build up in the fluid temperature of the transmission control system 10. As best shown- in Figure 2, the low limiting "" passage 96 is preferably located in the region of the torque converter 66. For example, the flow limiting passage 96 can be defined in the tubular member 72 operatively connected to the converter reactor element 70. In the embodiment illustrated the flow limiting passaqe 96 extends radially throuqh the tubular member to be in direct fluid communication with the inlet and outlet passages 64, 80 located thereat. In such location the flow limiting passage results in immediately improved operating performance of the transmission control assembly, without the need to provide another valve to solve the previously set forth problems or without any significant change to the system. Other aspects, objects and advantages of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims.";"Claims 1. In a transmission control * system (10) for a transmission including a torque converter (66) , and of the type having fluid inlet and outlet passages _ (64,80) leading respectively to and from the torque converter (66) , a source of fluid pressure (16) , and a pressure regulating valve (20) for relieving fluid, from the source. (16) at a preselected pressure to the fluid inlet passage (64), the improvement comprising: a flow limiting passage (96) directly connec¬ ting said fluid inlet and outlet passages (64,80) to • said torque converter (66) . 2. The transmission control system (10) of claim 1 wherein said torque converter '{66 ) includes a turbine element (74) , a rotary shaft (76) connected to the turbine element (74) , and a tubular member (-72) surrounding the rotary shaft (76) , the flow limiting passage (96) being defined in said tubular member (72) . 3. The transmission control system (10) of claim 2 wherein said torque converter (66) has a reactor element (70) and said tubular member (72) is connected to said reactor element (70) . 4. A transmission control system (10) comprising: a hydrodynamic torque converter (66) ; fluid inlet and outlet passages (64,80) connected to said torque converter .66 } ; a fluid pressure source (12,16); OM Λ- WIP pressure regulating valve means (20) for relieving fluid from said source (12,16) at a first preselected pressure to said inlet passage (64) ; pressure relief valve means (88) for relieving fluid from said inlet passage. (64) at a second preselected pressure above said first preselected pressure; and a flow limiting passage (96) directly connec¬ ting said fluid inlet and outlet passages (64,80) and being of a construction sufficient for continually and controllably bypassing fluid around said torque con¬ verter (66) . 5. The transmission control system (10) of claim 4 wherein sai torque converter (66) includes a tubular member (72) , said inlet and outlet passages (64,80) are located radially interiorly and exteriorly of said tubular member (72) , and said flow limiting passage (96) is defined through said tubular member (72).";MASTER R;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, MASTER R;1978
+WO-1980001236-A1;19800626.0;19781221;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141309.0;A47C7;E05C9, B60N1;A47C7, B60N2, E05C9;B60N   2/10, B60N   2/38;DUAL LATCH FOR VEHICLE SEAT;A latch assembly for a pivoted vehicle seat (14) which provides sufficient locking capability to permit a seat belt (15) to be mounted on the frame (10) of the seat as opposed to the base (16) of the vehicle. The latch assembly includes two slidable horizontally spaced apart latch blocks (20, 20') mounted on the frame (10) of the seat (14) for engaging base mounted catches (22, 22'). Two actuator arms (48, 48') coupled to the frame, are operatively connected to each latch block (20, 20') and are secured to and positioned by an operator actuated release member (36). Movement of the actuator arms (48, 48') causes the latch blocks (20, 20') to disengage the base (16) mounted catches (22, 22') substantially simultaneously.;"Doscription DUALLATCHFORVEHICLE-SFAT . _ , Technical Field This invention relates to vehicle seats adapted to be pivoted about a horizontal axis and more particular¬ ly to a seat latching assembly for improved restraint dur¬ ing rapid deceleration of the vehicle. Background Art Seats for vehicles, such as earth-working eguip- ment and tractors, often include a frame with a cushion mounted thereon wherein the frame has a horizontal axis about which the seat is permitted to pivot for operator access to a compartment below. Generally, a latch • ' -assembly retains the seat in position and if the operator desires access to the compartment or to the area behind the seat, the latch is released and the seat is pivoted about the horizontal axis. Gwin, U.S. Patent 3,879,082, issued April 22, 1975, discloses such a seat mounted for rotation about the base or pedestal of the vehicle. The locking mechanism for retaining the seat in position consists of a locking member connected in a scissors fashion and adapted to be moved from a locking position into an unlocked position by a knee-actuated release member. The seats of the type discussed above are usually provided with a seat belt for the operator. The seat belt arrangement is secured to the frame of the vehicle. The seat belt has not been secured to the seat frame because the seat locking assembly cannot be relied upon to restrict pivotal motion of the seat in the event of an accident or sudden stop. Other locking assemblies cannot satisfactorily be relied upon to hold the seat in position in the event O PI of rapid deceleration of the vehicle. For example, Forbes, U.S. Patent 1,417,239, issued May 23, 1922, entitled Latch Device for Vehicle Doors, and Coffron, U.S. Patent 1,908,958, issued May 16, 1929, entitled Automobile Doorlock, disclose door latch or lock arrange¬ ments employing only a single catch which would not be considered satisfactory if employed to arrest the pivotal motion of a vehicxe seat having a seat belt mounted on the seat, U.S. Patent 3,731,962 to Samuel H. Enochian, issued May 8, 1973, entitled Latch Operating Mechanism for Bulkheads, shows two pairs of latches operated by a single actuator for securing a bulkhead between two sections of a boxcar, or the like. The use of two pairs of latches and a pivoted actuator for a seat latch¬ ing device is not practical. Disclosure of Invention In one aspect of the invention, a latch assembly is provided for a frame pivotably mounted about a base. The assembly includes at least two latch blocks which are movable between a base engaging and a base disengag¬ ing position. A single operator-actuatable release member is secured to the latch blocks which, when pulled, positively and simultaneously move the latch blocks into the base disengaging position. The latch assembly is particularly advantageous for use with pivoted vehicle seats since the assembly is sufficiently strong to withstand additional load require¬ ments as during rapid deceleration of the vehicle. More- over, since both latch blocks are secured to a common release member, a positive and simultaneous release of both latch blocks is assured. O PI IPO Since both latch blocks are simultaneously actuated by one hand manipulation of the release member, the other hand is left free to perform other operations, such as pivoting the seat forward and the like. Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 is a top view of the seat frame having a latch assembly of an embodiment of the present invention engaged with a base-mounted catch; Fig- 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 2-2 in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 3-3 of Fig. 1 showing the. release member and an associated guide; Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional .view taken through the line 4-4 of Fig. 1 illustrating the spring loaded """" bars and the latch blocks; Fig. 5 is a top view of the seat frame showing the latch assembly of Fig. 1 disengaged from the base- mounted catch; Fig. 5a is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 5a-5a of Fig. 5; Fig. 6 is a side view of a cushion mounted on the frame to form a seat which is pivoted or rotated forwardly for operator access below; and Fig. 7 is a view taken along the line 7-7 of Fig. 6 illustrating the latch block and a portion of a spring-loaded bar. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring to Figs. 1 through 4, a seat frame 10 provides support, for a bottom cushion 12 mounted thereon to form the lower portion of a seat 14. Seat belt 15 is secured at 13 to frame 10 and seat 14. The seat 14 includes side frames 17 which interconnect the bottom cushion 12 -and a back 19 together as a unit. Frame 10, . and hence seat 14, is pivotably mounted on a base 16 of a vehicle (not shown) by pins 18 and 18'. In Fig. 1, the sockets for pivotally supporting the pins 18,18' are not shown, since the pivotal mounting of the seat is conventional. The seat frame 10 has a pair of elongate latch blocks 20 and 20* which engage base-mounted catches 22 and 22', respectively, to retain seat 14 in the position shown in Fig. 4. When the latch * blocks 20 and 20' are disengaged from the catches 22 and 22', the operator is able to pivot or rotate seat 14 forward, or clockwise, •to the position shown in Fig. 6. Although the seat 14 is shown to be rotatable about pins 18 and 18 ',. it is understood that the latch assembly of the present invention operates equally well with a seat having only a bottom cushion 12 and wherein the back cushion is bolted or affixed to the vehicle. Latch block 20 and catch 22 are parallel to and horizontally spaced apart from latch block 20* and catch 22' so that the entire seat 14 is restrained from ro¬ tation when the latch blocks 20 and 20' are in a catch- engaging position with the base 16 of the vehicle. This configuration assures that the seat 14 will not rotate about pins 18 and 18' as a result of the forward momentum of the operator (who is restrained by seat belt 15) when the vehicle experiences sudden deceleration. - Latch blocks 20,20' are coupled to rods 24,24', respectively, for reciprocal movement within U-shaped housings 26,26' fastened beneath frame 10. Rods 24,24' are provided with compression springs 28,28' which act upon plates 30,30* secured to rods 24,24' and upon frame 10 to urge latch blocks 20,20' into engagement with catches 22,22'. The ends of rods 24,24' are threaded to receive- nuts 32,32', which nuts abut frame 10 for adjust ¬ ing the position of latch blocks 20,20' with respect to catches 22,22'. Latch blocks 20,20* are provided with slots 3473 "" ' intermediate the length of the blocks, the purpose of which will be described. A release member 36 has a handle portion 38 and two spaced apart parallel rods 39 extending from the handle to the rear of seat 14. The handle 38 lies parallel to the front of the seat 14 jus below and inside the front edge of the seat. A cutout 37 is provided in the seat frame 10 so as to permit ready insertion of a hand for releasing the seat latch. Rods 39 are slidably retained on the seat frame 10 by guide plate 40 and spacer 41 (Figs. 1 and 3) which are held in place by nut and bolt assemblies 42. The ends of rods 39 are secured to a • plate 44 carrying a transversely extending pin 46 upon which the proximal ends 43,43' of the outwardly extending actuator arms 48 and 48 ' are pivotally mounted. The arms 48,48' are retained on the pin by a washer 47 and key 49 (Fig. 2). Actuator arms 48 and 48' extend through openings 51 . (Fig. 2) in the walls of the U-shaped housings 26,26 * and through slots 34 and 34', respectively, of latch blocks 20 and 20'. The distal ends 50 and 50' of actuator arms 48 and 48 * are retained by pin assemblies 52 aid 52' secured to frame 10 outboard of the latch blocks 20,20'. The pin assemblies 52,52 * include posts 54,56 and 54',56' which are spaced apart by a distance greater than the width of the distal ends 50,50' of the actuator arms 48, 48' for free axial and pivotal movement therebetween. As shown in Figs. 1, 5 and 7, each slot 34 and 34' is provided with spaced side walls 57,57' with each wall shaped to form an apex or point 58,58'. The points 58,58' in each slot are in alignment with each other with the space between the points 58,58' being slightly greater than the width -of the arms 48,48' to enhance pivotable motion of the actuator arms 48 and 48' with respect to latch blocks 20 and 20' . industrial Applicability Assuming that an operator of a vehicle having the seat 14 with the latch assembly herein described desires to pivot or to rotate the seat, he pulls handle 38 forward to theposition seen in Fig. 5. The rods 39 slide relative to the guide plate 40 to pull the pin 46 and proximal ends 43,43* of the arms 48,48' forward whereupon the distal ends 50,50* move axially and rotate between the fixed posts ' 54,56, 54*,56' bringing with them the latch blocks 20,20'. The latch blocks 20,20' are moved longitudinally against the force of the springs 28, 28' as the arms 48,48' apply force to the front apex or point 58,58' of the slots 34,34* in the blocks 20,20*. With the handle 38 forward, the latch blocks 20,20' clear the catches 22,22' on the base 16 of the vehicle whereupon the seat 14 may be grasped by the free hand of the operator and pivoted upward. An appropriate bar • 60 nested below the rear of the seat 14 (Fig. 5) can be pivoted upward to support the seat in the raised position of Fig. 6. When the operator releases the handle 38, springs 28 and 28* urge latch blocks 20 and 20' toward the rear portion of frame 10 taking with them the arms 48,48' which are pivoted about the posts 54,56, 54' ,56* by the force applied to arms 48,48' by the rear apexes or points 58,58' of the slots 34,34'. The proximal ends 43,43' of the arms 48,48' and pin 46 will pull the release member 36 rearward into position ready to be used OMPI WIPO again to release the seat. The handle 38 of release member-.36 is-released as s.oon aa. the latch, blocks 20,20* clear the catches 22,22' whereupon the latch blocks • 20,20' are extended rearward of the seat frame 10. Upon . lowering, the rear, of -the seat, the. angled faces, of the latch blocks 20,20' will contact the tops of the catches 22,22' and will urge the latch blocks 20,20' and rods 24, 24' against the springs 28,28' to compress the springs and permit the latch blocks 20,20' to clear the tops of the catches 22,22*. The latch blocks 20,20* will then be guided into the position whereby the springs 28,28' will drive the latch blocks into latched position with the catches 22,22'. .----.:-.—-when ther-seat 14 is in. the latched position, latch blocks 20 and 20' engage catches 22 and 22' and the operator of the vehicle may then assume a seated position and secure the seat-mounted seat belt 15 around his waist. The two latch blocks 20,20' engaged within their respective catches 22,22* assure the positive retention of the seat 14 against rotation or pivoting developed by momentum, as during a sudden deceleration.";"Claims 1. A latch assembly pivotably mounted about a base (16), comprising: a frame (10) ; a first latch block means (20,24) mounted on said frame (10) movable between a base engaging and base disengaging position; a second latch block means (20',24') mounted on said frame movable between said base engaging an base disengaging position; a first actuating arm (48) having means (52) for pivotably connecting said first arm (48) to said frame, said arm (48) being connected to said first latch block (20); a second actuating arm (48*) having means (52*) for pivotably connecting said second arm to said frame, said arm (48') being connected to said second latch block (20*); and a single releasing means (36) coupled to said first (48) and second (48') actuating arms for causing said latch blocks (20,20') to move simultaneously from a catch (22) engaging position to a catch disengaging position. 2. The latch assembly of claim 1 wherein said first and second latch block means each include: a latch block (20,20') adapted to engage said base (16) in said base engaging position; a slot (34,34*) in said latch block (20,20') for receiving said actuating arms (48,48*) for simul¬ taneously moving said latch blocks (20,20'); and spring means (28,28*) for urging said latch block means into said base (16) engaging position. 3. The latch assembly of claim 1 wherein said frame (10) includes a cushion (-12) -to form, a seat (14) adapted for a vehicle and further including: a seat belt (15) secured to said frame. 4. The latch assembly of claim 1 wherein said single release means (36) for simultaneously moving said first and second latch block means (20,20', 24,24*) fur¬ ther includes: spring means (28) for retaining said first and second latch block means (20,20*) in said base en¬ gaging position. 5"". ' The ~ latch assembly of claim 1 wherein said means (52,52*) for pivotably connecting said first and second arms (48,48*) to said frame each includes: spaced apart members (54,56, 54',56') on said frame wherein each actuating arm is retained there¬ between. ■* grB.t tr 6. n a vehicle seat (14) pivotably mounted about a horizontal axis (18) on the base of the vehicle, having a latch assembly for restraining pivotal motion of said seat (14), comprising: a release member (36) coupled to said seat (14); a first actuator arm (48) having a proximal end (43) and a distal end (50); a second actuator arm (48') having a proximal end (43') and a distal end (50*); means (46) connecting said release member (36) to the proximal ends (43,43*) of the first and second actuator arms (48,48*) ; a first means (52) for receiving the distal end (50) of the first actuator arm (48); a second means (52*) for receiving the distal end (50') of the second actuator arm (48*) ; a first latch block means (20) mounted on said seat and movable between a base (16) engaging position and a base disengaging position; a second latch block means (20*) mounted on said seat and movable between a base (16) engaging position and base disengaging position; coacting means (34) on said first latch block means (20) receiving said first actuator arm (48) ; a second coacting means (34*) on said second latch block means (20*) receiving said second actuator arm (48') , wherein said first and second latch block means are moved into and out of said base disengaging position in response to movement of said release member. 7. The latch assembly of_ claim 6 wherein eac coacting means is a slot (34,34') with a first side and a second side which meet at a point (58) to enhance pivotable movement of the actuator arm (48,48') with respect to the latch block means (20,20'). 8. The latch assembly of claim 6 wherein a seat belt (15) is secured to said vehicle seat (14) . 9. A latch assembly for a frame (10) com¬ prising: a base (16) pivotally supporting said frame (10); a first latch means (20) mounted on said frame (10) for movement between a base engaging and base dis¬ engaging position; a second latch means (20') mounted on said frame (10) for movement between a base engaging and base disengaging position; a first actuating arm (48); means (52) for pivotably connecting said first actuating arm (48) to said frame, said arm (48) being connected to said first latch means (20) ; a second actuating arm (48') ; means (52*) for pivotably connecting said second actuating arm to said frame, said arm (48*) being connected to said second latch means (20*); and a single releasing means (36) coupled to said first arm (48) and said second arm (48') for causing said latch means (20,20*) to move simultaneously from a catch(22,22"") engaging position to a catch (22,22') disengaging position.";GIANESSI A;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, GIANESSI A;1978
+WO-1980001250-A1;19800626.0;19781213;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141300.0;B05C7;;B05C7, B05D7;B05C   7/04;CLOSED APPARATUS AND METHOD OF COATING THE INTERIOR OF A TANK;A closed apparatus (10) and method for coating the interior of a tank (12) includes a plurality of interconnected conduits (36, 40, 60, 178), valves (34, 58) and a pump (62) for supplying a coating solution to the tank and draining the tank while containing deleterious fumes. Another plurality of conduits (66, 42), valve (64), and a pump (68) can work therewith to supply a hot curing solution to the tank.;"Description Closed Apparatus and Method of Coating the Interior of a Tank . Technical Field This invention relates to the field of coating the inside surfaces of a tank, such as a fuel tank, and particularly to an apparatus and method for doing same while the apparatus contains noxious fumes. Background Art Liquid coating solutions are known which can form a thin elastomeric or plastic film of material on the inside surfaces of a tank. Such a film, of about 0.05 to 0.10mm ' (0.002 to 0.004"") thickness, can minimize condensation and rμst formation within.the tank, can seal small cracks, and can serve to contain weld spatter or foreign particles on the interior surfaces of the fabricated, ferrous sheet ' s of the tank. One family of liquid coating solutions of the elastomeric or rubberized coating type is particularly useful for coating the inside of- a tank containing oi . ^ or fuel, since it is resistant, to such liquids. But,^-. unfortunately, such family incorporates an appreciable proportion of a solvent known as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) for carrying the nitrile rubber phenolic resin material. This ketone solvent carrier produces delete¬ rious or noxious fumes and, in addition, is relatively volatile. A great deal of time and manual labor is involved in filling and emptying the tank of the liquid coating solution, in supplying a gas to the interior of the tank to dilute the fumes, and in supplying a hot gas or liquid to cure the film of the coating on the inside walls of the tank. Moreover, it is desirable, to -2- recover and reuse the solvent and/or the various gases and liquids used in the process, and this gives rise to the need for filters and separators adding to the complexities of the apparatus. The present invention is directed to over¬ coming one or more of the problems as set forth above. Disclosure of Invention In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, an apparatus includes first means for connec- ting a tank into a substantially closed system and second means for applying a coating solution to the inside surfaces of the tank, draining the solution therefrom and.forming a film thereon while containing fumes from the coating solution. i accordance with another aspect of the invention, a process is provided substantially as set forth above. Preferably, the process involves recover¬ ing a carrier solvent portion of the coating solution by using a solvent recovery device to convert the fumes back to a liquid within the substantially closed system. A still further aspect of the invention involves the process step and associated apparatus for curing the film on the interior walls of the tank, r -~ * s: bl while maintaining the substantially closed system. Advantageously, the present invention provides conditions of relatively low volatility throughout the apparatus and monitors the substantially enclosed system to sequentially direct liquids and/or gases therethrough and to and from the tank, while containing same. Brief Description of the Drawings Figure 1 is a diagrammatic elevational view of a substantially enclosed apparatus for coating the •s -3- interior surfaces of a tank in accordance with the present invention. Figure 2 is a diagrammatic and fragmentary elevational view showing an alternate embodiment device for curing the film on the interior surfaces of the -tank simultaneously with supplying a gas to the tank with the apparatus of Figure 1. Best Mode for Carrying out the Invention Referring to the drawing, there is shown a closed apparatus or tank coating system 10 for coating the interior of a tank 12, such as a vehicle fuel tank, hydraulic tank, water tank, or the like. The tank and a control console 14 for operation of the apparatus are advantageously located elevationally above a separating floor 16 which forms the ceiling of an enclosed or substantially gastight room 18. The fuel tank 12 is initially manually connected to the system at connection points or couplings 20,22,24 and 26 and remains a part of the substantially closed system until the coating process has been concluded, whereupon another fuel tank is connected to the system in its place. In general , liquids in three storage tanks 28,30 and 32 are directed sequentially to and away from - • * ■ s: bl • the fuel tank 12 by remote manipulation of a four- position directional control valve 34. A main line or conduit 36 leading between the directional control valve and the fuel tank is thereby placed into fluid communication with similar conduits 38,40 and 42, leading to the three storage tanks, or alternately is blocked as is schematically indicated at 44. A valve 46 is connected to the conduit ' 38 and is selectively connected to either a conduit 48 or a conduit 50 having a, filter 52 disposed therein. The first or cleaning solvent tank 28 is connected to the conduits 48,50 ^JREΛ throύgh a conduit 54 and a first reversible fluid pump 56. Likewise, a valve 58 is connected to the conduit 40 and to a conduit 60 leading to the second or coating solution tank 30 via a second reversible fluid pump 62. And, a valve 64 is connected to the conduit 42 and to a conduit 66 leading to the third or hot curing solution tank 32 via a third reversible fluid pump 68. A valve 70 is also connected to the conduit ■ 40 and to a conduit 72 communicating with the eleva- tionally upper portions of the tanks 28,30 and 32 for communicating fumes or gases to a solvent recovery device 74 via a conduit 76 having a one-way check valve 78 therein. The solvent recovery device 74 has a suitable cooling and condenser apparatus, as known in the art (not shown) , the solvent fumes to liquid solvent and to deliver same to convert to a small solvent storage tank 80 via a conduit 82. A fourth pump 84 directs the liquid solvent back to the main cleaning solvent tank 28 via a conduit 86 having a shut-off valve 88. When a fluid level sensor 90 is tripped or energized indicating that the fluid level in the tank 80 has reached a preselected level, then the control console 14 reacts thereto to operate the pump 84 and to open the valve 88 for reducing ' £he fluid level to a r relatively low amount. At this"" point the fluid level sensor 90 turns off the pump 84 and closes the valve 88 to allow the solvent fluid level in the tank 80 to rise again. The closed room 18 is preferably provided with a reducing type atmosphere under about 35 kPa (5 psi) pressure above standard atmospheric pressure. In the instant example, carbon dioxide (CO-) gas is supplie to the room from a storage tank 92, although it is contemplated that any dilution gas selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon would be satisfactory for reducing the oxygen level ""and -5- relative proportion of solvent "" fumes within the room. The automatically operated mechanism to do this includes a hydrocarbon concentration analyzer 94 having a conduit 96 communicating with the gas in the closed room. If the level of solvent fumes in the room increases beyond a preselected volumetric percent, then a signal line 98 from the analyzer to a valve 100 is energized to auto¬ matically cause the valve to open and carbon dioxide gas to enter the room from a supply conduit 102 connec- ' ted to the tank 92. When the pressure in the room is • increased to about the 35. kPa (5 psi) pressure, a relief valve 103 opens to release excess gas to the atmosphere. In much the same way as the hydrocarbon con- centration analyzer 94, an oxygen concentration analyzer 104 is mounted above the floor 16 and has a conduit 106 leading into the room 18. If the level of oxygen in¬ creases beyond a preselected volumetric percent of the gases in the room, then a signal line 108 also leading to the valve 100 is energized automatically to open the valve 100 and to increase the level of carbon dioxide in the room. The dilution gas can be supplied to the fuel tank 12 from the storage tank ' 92 ' by way of a supply.r- """" T-÷ conduit 110 having a conventional heater unit 112 aacf?! . an on-off valve 114 in series therewith. The dilution gas can exit the tank 12 via the conduit 36, a branch conduit 116, an on-off valve 118, and an extension conduit 120 communicating with the solvent recovery device 74. From the solvent recovery device the dilu¬ tion gas can be returned to the storage tank 92 via a conduit 12-2 having a pump 124 therein. Furthermore, the pressurized dilution gas in the storage tank 92 is in continual communication with the upper ends of the tanks 28, 30 and' 32 via a conduit 125 and individual one-way check valves 127 to provide a relatively low preselected pressure level above atmospheric thereat. Air can exit the fuel tank 12 via a conduit 126 from that valve to a vent conduit 130 leading to a point spaced from the control console and tank area, for example the exterior of the building in which the closed apparatus 10 is received. The oxygen concentration analyzer 104 also is capable of monitoring the oxygen concentration in the dilution gas storage tank 92, for example at a valve 13 connected to the tank 92 via a conduit 134. If the oxygen level in the dilution gas storage tank 92 unde¬ sirably exceeds a preselected volumetric percent at a conduit 136 leading to the valve 132, then a signal line 138 is automatically energized to pass a signal to the valve 132 and to vent a portion of the dilution gas to the vent conduit 130. A bulk storage tank 140 connec ted to the supply conduit 102 is adapted to automat¬ ically refill the storage tank 92 and to maintain a preselected pressure level. The output conduits 54,60 and 66 from each of the main pumps 56,62 and 68 are advantageously protecte from overpressurization by conventional pressure relief valves 142,144 and 146 respectively. For example, T"" should the pressure in conduit 54 be elevated beyond-'a preselected value, for example 240 kPa (35 psi) , then the valve 142 would automatically open to return fluid back to the tank 28 via the return conduit 148. Like¬ wise, the relief valve 144 relieves fluid pressure in the conduit 60 via a return conduit 150, and the relief valve 146 relieves fluid pressure in the conduit 66 via a return conduit 152. The hot curing solution in the tank 32 is preferably continually filtered to remove solid contami OMP nants as by a recirculation system embodying a pump 154 and a filter 156 disposed in a recirculation conduit 158. As some residual portion of the hot curing solution can get into the cleaning solvent tank 28, an oil-liquid solvent separator 160 is contemplated for returning relatively clean liquid solvent to the tank 28 via a conduit 162 and directing the separated oil to a recovery tank 164 via a conduit 166. In addition to the fluid level sensor 90 associated with the solvent storage tank 80, fluid level sensors 168,170 and 172 are associated with the conduits 54,60 and 66 respectively for indicating fluid levels therein. Another fluid level sensor 174 is associated with the fuel tank 12, as is a pressure level sensor 176. The pressure level sensor 176 is in communication with a conduit 178 having an on-off valve 180 with the conduit 178 being connected between the fuel tank and the extension conduit 120 leading to the solvent recovery device 74. Industrial Applicability In general, the closed apparatus 10 eliminates as much manual handling of the fuel tank 12 as possible, while simultaneously providing a savings of time and labor during the sequential steps of coating and curing the coating on the interior of the fuel tank. In actual operation, the instant embodiment uses the previously mentioned methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) carrier solvent that has been recovered from the coating solution to flush the fuel tank 12 and remove oil and foreign material from the nterior thereof. The fuel tank is thereafter filled and drained with the previously mentioned coating solution of the MIBK carrier solvent and nitrile rubber phenolic resin and a solvent recovery OMPI stage preliminarily sets the coating. Then the fuel tank is preferably illed and drained wit oil to cure the coating. For the entire operation, the control console 14 serves as a minicontroller and nerve center with appropriate electrical circuitry connected to the various valves and sensors of the system, not shown, so that the following operational sequence can be appro¬ priately carried out: Step (a) - The fuel tank 12 is manually connected to the closed apparatus 10 at the connections 20,22,24 and 26. Step (b) - The programmed control sequence is started at the control console 14 by manually pushing a button or the like, not shown. Valves 114 and 128 are thereby automatically opened permitting carbon dioxide or other dilution gas to purge the fuel tank. Specifi¬ cally, heated carbon dioxide under pressure communicate with the fuel tank 12 from the storage tank 92 via the supply conduit 110 and the heater 112. Simultaneously, a substantial proportion of the retained air in the. fuel tank 12 is forced out the top via the conduit 126 and opened valve 128 to the vent conduit 130. .- ^ Step (c) - After a preselected period o£ : . - !o : time, for example 30 seconds, the control console 14 automatically closes the valve 128 to allow the carbon dioxide gas to pressurize the fuel tank 12. Step (d) ' - Pressure level sensor 176 acts through the control console 14 to close valve 114 at a preselected pressure, for example about 140 kPa (20 psi) above atmospheric pressure. In the event that the preselected pressure at the pressure level sensor is not reached, or if the pressure thereat drops below a second Lower preselected pressure after a preselected period of time, for example about 100 kPa (15 psi) ^ . after 30 seconds, then the control console OMP automatically stops the coating process to enable an operator to check the system for leakage. Step (e) - At the end of the pressure cycle of Step (d) valve 180 is automatically opened, the directional control valve moves from a .closed first position of radial alignment with the blo.cked conduit 44 to a second axial position communicating the main conduit 36 with the conduit 38. Simultaneously, valve 46 automatically opens and the first pump 56 is actuated to supply MIBK liquid solvent in the tank 28 to the fuel tank 12 at a preselected rate, for example, 380 1/min (100 gp ) . Opened valve 180 permits the fumes from the solvent entering the fuel tank and the carbon dioxide gas to go to the solvent recovery device 74 via conduits 178 and 120. Also, carbon dioxide enters the top of the solvent tank 28 via the check valve 127 preventing a vacuum thereat. Step (f) - When the MIBK liquid solvent substantially reaches the full position as indicated by the level sensor 174, the level sensor is energized to signal the control console 14, valve 114 is opened, valve 180 is closed, the valve 46 changes its position to directly communicate conduits- 38 and 50, and the~~- ÷ first pump 56 reverses direction to drain the liquid -• ~^ ' solvent from the fuel tank 12 via the -filter 5-2 and return it to the cleaning solvent tank 28. Pressurized carbon dioxide entering the fuel tank from the conduit 110 ' accelerates draining, and any pressure in the top of the solvent tank 28 is vented via conduit -76 and check valve 78. Step (g) - When the conduit 54 is empty as indicated by the fluid level sensor 168, the sensor is automatically energized to signal the control console 14 and thereafter valve 46 is closed and the directional control valve 34 moves to a third axial position communi- -lo¬ cating the main conduit 36 with the conduit 40. The valve 114 is closed and the valves 180 and 58 are opened and the second pump 62 pumps the liquid coating solution in the tank 30 to the fuel tank 12 via conduits 60,40 and 36. Step (h) - Fluid level sensor 174 detects a substantial full tank of the coating solution, and through communication with the control console 14 closes valve 180, opens valve 114, and reverses the pump 62 under the direction of the control console 14. This drains the liquid coating solution from the fuel tank 12, leaving an uncured film on the interior surface thereof, and returns it to the tank 30. Step (i) - When the fluid level sensor 170 indicates an absence of the coating solution fluid- in the conduit 60 and that the fuel tank 12 has been drained, then valve 58 is closed, and valves 70 and 180 are opened permitting a hot dilution gas solvent extrac¬ tion step to be initiated. Specifically, for example, hot carbon dioxide in the conduit 110 flows into the fuel tank 12 at connection point 20, out the tank at 24, and to the solvent recovery device 74 via conduits 178 and 120. At the same time.the liquified sol-vent. in the fuel tank can pass by gravity and -flow of the ^ . carbon dioxide gas back down the conduits 36, 40 and 72 and to the solvent recovery device 74 via the check valve 78. This is continued for a preselected period of time, for example about 3 to 5 minutes, and partially cures the film on the interior of the fuel tank. Step (j) - At the end of Step (i) the control console 14 moves directional control valve 34 to a fourth position communicating the main conduit 36 with the conduit 42, valves 70 and 114 close, valves 64 and 180 open and the third pump 68 pumps a hot curing solution, preferably oil for example at about 150°C_- (300°F) , up into the fuel tank 12 v-ia conduits 66, 42 and 36. Step (k) - Level sensor 174 detects when the fuel tank 12 is full of the hot curing solution, and 5 the control console thereafter reacts thereto and closes valve 64 and stops the pump 68 for a preselected period of time, for example 20 minutes, in order to cure and harden the .film of the coating on the interior surface of the fuel tank. 10. Step (1) - After the time period of Step (k) the control console 14 automatically closes valve 180 and opens valves 64 and 114 and the third pump 68 is reversed to drain the oil from the fuel tank 12 and return it to the tank 32. 15 Step (m) - When the conduit 66 and thus the fuel tank 12 is empty of oil, the level sensor 172 signals the control console 14 which closes valve 64, moves the directional control valve 34 back to the first or blocked position and pressurizes the fuel tank 20 12 with the hot carbon dioxide gas via the conduit 110. The pressure sensor 176 senses the pressure increase to about 140 kPa (20 psi) whereupon a signal is directed to the control console and valve 114 is subsequently closed. ' . "" . - ' . 25 Step (n) - If after a preselected period of time, for example 10 minutes, the pressure level of about 140 kPa (20 psi) is retained, then the fuel tank coating operation is complete and valve 128 opens to vent the fuel tank to the atmosphere via the vent 30 conduit 130. In each of the Steps e, g, and j of filling the fuel tank 12 with liquid, ' it is to be noted that positive pressure is provided by the carbon dioxide gas in the conduit 125 via each of the check valves 127 to 35 the upper ends of the respective tanks 28, 30 and 32. OMPI Furthermore, during each of the Steps f, h and 1 of draining liquids from the fuel tank, positive pressure is provided by the carbon dioxide gas in the conduit 110 to accelerate such action. In either instance pulling of a vacuum is advantageously avoided. Referring now to Figure 2, a fragmentary view of the fuel tank 12 is illustrated along with portions of the conduits 36, 110, 126 and 178 previously discussed However, in this alternate embodiment hot oil curing of the film on the interior of the fuel tank has been replaced by radiation heat curing. Specifically, after previously discussed Step (i) , an infrared radiation heating device 182 is elevationally lowered over the fuel tank so that a plurality of infrared heat sources 184 are in proximity to the external peripheral ' surfaces of the fuel tank. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide gas is communicated into the tank from the conduit 110 and out of the tanks by way of the conduit 178. In view of the foregoing, it is apparent that the closed- apparatus 10 minimizes manual handling of • the tank 12 during applying a film to the inside surfaces thereof and during subsequent curing of the film. Advantageously, deleterious fumes from the carrier solvent in the coating solution~are contained within ' !' ~ the apparatus, are converted back to a liquid by the"" • recovery device 74, and are returned to the liquid solvent storage tank 28 for economic reuse during initial cleaning of the tank. In addition, the oxygen level is continually monitored in the room 18 and in the dilution gas storage tank 92, and the hydrocarbon level is continually monitored in the room 18 to maintain a relatively low level of volatility thereat. It is contemplated also, that the subject apparatus can be utilized with coating solutions containing carrier solvents other than the ketone family. OMPI Other aspects, objects and advantages of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims.";"Claims 1. A closed apparatus (10) for coating the interior of a tank .(12) , comprising: first means (20, 22, 24, 26) for connecting the tank (12) to the apparatus (10) and providing a substantially closed system; and second means (30, 62, 60, 34, 36, 178, 180,. 120, 74, 80) for applying a coating solution that can form deleterious fumes to the interior of the tank (12) , draining the coating solution from the tank (12) , forming a film oh the interior of the tank (12) , and containing the fumes within the closed apparatus (10) . 2. The closed apparatus (10) of. claim.1 including third means (32, 68, 66, 34, 36, 184) for heating and hardening the film while containing the fumes within the apparatus (10) . 3. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 1 including means (92, 110, 114, 126, 128) for supplying a diluting gas to the tank (12) and controllably purgin air from the tank (12). . . - . _,. ^ .-- -. α: bl • 4. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 1 including means (28, 56, 54, 46, 38, 34, 36) for supplying a cleaning solvent to the tank (12) and draining the cleaning solvent from the tank (12) . 5. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 1 wherein said second means (30, 62, 60, 34, 36, 178, 180, 120, 74, 80) includes a second tank (30) for containing a supply of the coating solution, conduit means (60, 34, 36) connecting the first and second tanks (12, 30), and a reversible pump (62) disposed, in series with said conduit means (60, 34, 36). OMPI 6. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 1 wherein said second means (30, 62, 60, 34, 36, 178, 180-, 120, 74, 80) includes a device (74) for liquifying the fumes and tank means (80, 28) for storing the liquid from the fumes. 7. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 2 wherein said third means (32, 68, 66 , 34, 36, 184) includes a third tank (32) for containing a supply of hot curing solution, conduit means ( 66 , 34, 36) connec- ting the first and third tanks (12, 32), and a rever¬ sible pump (68) disposed in series with said conduit means (66, 34, 36) . 8. The closed system (10) of claim 2 including a substantially enclosed room (18) for containing a substantial portion of each of said second means (30, 62, 60, 34, 36, 178, 180, 120, 74) and third means (32, 68, 66 , 34, 36), and means (92, 102, 100, 96, 94, 98, 106, 108, 104) for controllably supplying said room (18) with a gas providing a preselected reducing gas atmosphere therein. 9. A method of coating the. interior of a∑: bl tank (12) , comprising: • ' Step (a) connecting the tank (12) to a closed apparatus (10) ; and Step (b) applying a coating solution that forms deleterious fumes to the interior of the tank (12) and draining the tank (12) by way of the apparatus (10) to leave a film thereon, while containing the fumes within the closed apparatus (10) . 10. The method of claim 9 including: delivering a dilution gas to the tank (12) while controllably purging air from the tank (12) immediately after Step (a) . 11. The method of claim 9 including: pressurizing the tank (12) with a gas after Step (a) . ' . 12. The method of claim 9 including: supplying a solvent that forms fumes similar to the deleterious fumes from the coating solution to the tank (12) in order to clean the tank (12) and draining the tank (12) while containing the . fumes within the closed apparatus prior to Step (b) . 13. The method of claim 9 including: passing a hot gas through the tank (12) and recovering a solvent carrier portion of the coating solution in a solvent recovery device (74) . 14. The method of claim 9 including: Step (c) applying a ho ,t-• .solution to the - r .-- .- ...~_ . interior of the tank (12) , holding the hot solution i.n- - the tank (12) for a preselected period of time suffi¬ cient to substantially cure the film, and draining the tank (12) while containing fumes within the closed apparatus (10) . 15. The method of claim 9 including: supplying oil to the interior of the tank (12) a,t a temperature of about 150°C for a preselected period of time to cure the film. OMPI 16. The method of claim 9 including: placing a heating device (182) in the prox¬ imity of the tank (12) and curing the film. 17. The method of claim 16 including: passing a gas through the tank (12) during curing of the film. 18. A closed apparatus (10) for coating the interior of a tank (12) , comprising: a coating solution tank (30) ; a reversible fluid pump (62); means (60, 58, 40, 34, 36) for connecting said tank (12) , said reversible fluid pump (62 . ) and said coating solution tank (30) and being of a construc¬ tion sufficient for containing gases. 19. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 18 including: a substantially closed room (18), said tank (12) being located outside of said room (18) , said reversible fluid pump (62) and said coating solution tank (30) being located in said room (18); and means (92, 100, 102, 94 ""' , ' 104) for controllably"" "" ' supplying a reducing gas to said~room (18) . ~ 20. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 18 including: a curing solution tank (32); a -second reversible fluid pump (68); and second means ( 66 , 64, 42, 34) for connecting said tank (12)', said curing solution tank (32), said second reversible fluid pump ' (68), and said first means "" (60, 58, 40, 34, 36) . OMPI » IP 21. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 20 wherein said first means (60, 58, 40, 34, 36) and said second means (66, 64, 42, 34) includes a common direc¬ tional control valve (.34) . 22. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 20 including: a solvent tank (28) ; - a third reversible pump (56); and third means (54, 48, 46, 38, 34) for connec- ting said tank (12) , said solvent tank (28) , said third reversible pump (56) , and said first means (60, 58, 40, 34, 36) . 23. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 18 including: a heating device (182) . 24. The closed apparatus (10) of claim 23 including: means (110, 92, 178, 120, 74, 122) for deliver¬ ing a gas through said tank (12) while heating said tank (12) with said heating device (182) . τ. - - T Λ -s -. . s: bi OMPI_";WARNER H;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, WARNER H;1978
+WO-1980001256-A1;19800626.0;19781221;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141308.0;B22C13;B05C5, B05C19;B01J8, B05C19, B22C9, B22C13;B22C  13/08A;INVESTMENT CASTING MOLD FORMING APPARATUS;Investment casting mold forming apparatus including a vertically extending housing (10) having a top (22), a bottom (28) and an access opening (20) intermediate the top and the bottom, a diffuser (26) within the housing below the opening and above the bottom, a pressure fluid inlet (32) in the housing between the bottom and the diffuser for providing fluid so that a fluidized bed and particulate material may be generated above the diffuser, and a distributor (50, 52, 60) introducing particulate material into the housing at its top and above a fluidized bed therein such that the particulate material so introduced may descend, by gravity, within the housing towards the fluidized bed.;"Description Investment Casting Mold Forming Apparatus Technical Field This invention relates to apparatus for forming molds to be used in investment casting procedures, and more specifically to an apparatus for applying particu¬ late material to a mold core used in precision casting. Background Art Prior art of possible relevance includes the following United States Letters Patents: 2,932,864 issued April 19, 1960 to Mellen et al; 3,713,475 issued January 30, 1973 to Roelofs et al; and ' 3,788,380 issued January 29, 1974 to Jassbn et al. Conventional methods of applying a dry particu- late material to a precision mold core for forming an investment casting mold include the use of ""rainfall"" sanders, a fluidized bed, a rotating drum, and manual application. The previously identified Jasson et al and Roelofs et al patents exemplify typical fluidized bed application methods . The rotating drum method is illustrated in the above identified Mellen et al patent. In rainfall sanders, the particulate material is intro¬ duced above the mold core and permitted to fall, like raindrops, under the influence of gravity to impinge upon the mold core. As is well known, the molds are built up in a step by step process on a core which may be formed of a relatively fragile material such as wax. Frequently, ten or more coatings will be required. Because the density of particulate material is typically much greater in a fluidized bed than in other methods, the application of particulate material can be accomplished more rapidly in such a bed than by other methods. However, in most cases., for the first few coats, fluidized bed application cannot be utilized due to the particulate material scrubbing, and thus, deforming the core. Difficulty may also be encountered in fluidized bed processing of long, narrow mold cores. Such cores are relatively weak and may break in fluid¬ ized bed processing if not supported by some buildup of particulate material thereon by prior coatings. When such occurs, the broken part remains in the fluidized bed and, of course, will be subject to the dynamic forces present therein. Because its mass will typically be much greater than that of a typical particle, when the broken part strikes a core, breakage will occur with the consequence that an ever increasing number of broken parts will remain in the bed causing an ever increasing rate of breakage. These difficulties of fluidized bed processing can be overcome through the use of rainfall sanders or rotary drum applicators. However, application by such means is quite slow and time consuming and therefore more costly. And irrespective of the type of application em¬ ployed, various difficulties are attendant their use. In rainfall sanders and rotary drum applicators, the underside of the mold core cannot be coated without ro¬ tating or otherwise manipulating and changing the posi¬ tion of the mold core within the unit. In the case of fluidized beds, the upper surface of the core cannot easily be coated without such rotation or manipulation. Consequently, uneven application of the parti¬ culate material may occur or the processor must utilize expensive manipulating equipment to rotate or otherwise shift the position of the core within the processing apparatus. And because such movement of the core is necessary, residence time of a core within the processor must necessarily be increased, thereby slowing down the process and contributing to its expense. Disclosure of the Invention The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems as set forth above. According to the present invention, there is provided an investment casting mold forming apparatus including a housing having an access opening through which mold cores may be introduced or removed, a diffu¬ ser within the housing, a means for directing air under pressure to the underside of the diffuser so that particulate material, when in the housing above the diffuser, will form a fluidized bed, and a means for \ introducing particulate material into the housing at a position spaced from the fluidized bed and for di¬ recting particulate material toward the fluidized bed. As a consequence of this construction, initial coating of a mold core may be accomplished solely . through use of the means that direct particulate material towards the fluidized bed and without using • the fluidized bed to avoid scrubbing of the mold core and/or breakage thereof. Once a sufficient number of coatings have been applied to the core so as to make fluidized bed processing possible, further coatings may be added by the combined action of the fluidized bed and the particulate material -directing means by locating the core between the two. This, in turn, mini¬ mizes any requirement for manipulation or movement of the core to insure even coating while permitting the high speed use of fluidized bed coating procedures. At the same time, the invention minimizes floor space requirements by providing the capability of fluidized bed coating and other coating in a single structure. Other objects and. advantages will become appa¬ rent from the following specification taken in connection with the accompanying drawings. ' Brief Description of the Drawings Fig. 1 is a front elevation of an investment casting mold forming apparatus made according to the invention; Fig. 2 is a side elevation of the apparatus; Fig. 3 is a vertical section taken approximately along the line 3-3 in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is an enlarged, fragmentary view, of part of a recirculating conveying system with parts shown in section for clarity. Best Mode For Carrying Out The Invention An exemplary embodiment of an investment casting mold forming apparatus made according to the invention is illustrated in the drawings and with reference to-- Fig. 1 and 2 is seen to include a vertically elongated housing, generally designated 10, mounted on a base 12. The mid-part of the housing 10 is rectangular in cross section and is defined by three suitably inter ¬ connected plates 14, 16, 18. The side of the housing 10 opposite the plate 16, which is the rear plate, is left open so as to define an access opening 20 through which mold cores may be disposed within the housing 10 or removed therefrom by any suitable mechanical means. The .. -top of the housing 1© s defined by a down-. wardly opening, cylindrical cap 22 which in turn is secured by any suitable means to the upper edges of the plates 14, 16 and 18. Immediately below the plates 14, 16, 18, the housing 10 includes a box shaped section 24 which is open both top and bottom and which, as will be seen, contains a fluidized bed. The -lower end of the box section 24 is closed by a conventional diffuser plate 26 or membrane. The bottom of the housing 10 is de ¬ fined by a removable, rectangular, upwardly opening cap 28. A plurality of releasable latching devices 30 are disposed about the periphery of the bottom of the housing 10 and include overcenter linkages for securing the bottom 28 to the box section 24 in such a way as to sandwich, in sealing relation, the membrane 26. As seen in Fig. 2, one side of the bottom 28 includes a pressure fluid inlet 32 which in turn is connected to the output of a conventional centrifugal fan 34 (Fig. 1) . Thus, the bottom 28 of the housing 10 defines a plenum for receipt of a fluid under pressure, usually air, such that the same may be directed upwardly through the diffuser or membrane 26. When such occurs, and when the particulate material used in forming a mold is disposed within the housing 10, a conventional fluidized bed will exist within the box section 24. The membrane 26 is removable for cleaning pur¬ poses simply by releasing the latches 30 and lowering . the bottom 28 to the point that the membrane 26 can be removed -from .between the box section 24 and the bottom 28. To assist in raising and lowering the bottom 28 during removal or installation of the membrane 26, a plurality of inflatable bladders 36 of conventional construction are disposed where illustrated between the base 12 and the underside of the bottom 28. To raise the bottom 28, the bladders 36 may be pressurized. When the bottom 28 is to be lowered, air from the in¬ terior of the bladders 26 may be released as through conventional valve stems. Near the upper edge of the access opening 20, a pair of elongated rail ' s 38 extend along "" the side plates 14 and 18. Similar rails 40 are located along the plates 14 and 18 near the lower extremity of the access opening 20 and defined by channels connecting the plates to the box section 24. A screen 42 may be removably dis¬ posed on either set of rails 38 and 40 by removal and installation from and through the access opening 20. The purpose of the screen 42 in either location, will be described in greater detail hereinafter. As best seen in Figs, 2 and 3, a pyramid shaped duct 50 extends rearwardly from the cap 22 adjacent the upper surface of the same and is in fluid communica¬ tion with the interior thereof. A vertically extending conduit 52 opens to the interior of the duct 50 at its bottom and extends downwardly to a housing 54 located at about the level of the membrane 26 as best seen in Fig. 2. : .diagonally extending conduit 56 is in fluid communication with the interior of the housing 54 as well as the interior of the housing 10. The conduit 56 opens to the interior of the housing 10 just above the membrane 26 and well below the upper surface of the particulate material forming a fluidized bed in the box section 24 when the apparatus is in operation. A shutoff valve 58 is located in the conduit 56 and is . operable to cut off the flow of material through the conduit 56 when desired. A series of baffles 60 are mounted at spaced lo¬ cations within the cap 22 and extend thereacross. The same are rotatably mounted on rods 62 which are jour¬ nalled in the cap 22 and extend from the sides thereof as best seen in Fig. 3. Suitable means are provided on the exposed ends of the rods 62 for rotating the same, >and thereby rotating the. corresponding baffle 60. In addition, suitable means may be provided for locking the rods 62, and thus the baf les 60, in any desired posi¬ tion of rotation. Turning to Fig. 4, the lower end of the housing 54, includes a plenum 66 having an inlet 68 through which fluid under pressure, usually air, can be intro¬ duced into the plenum 66. The upper end of the plenum 66 is provided with diffusers.70 which, for economy sake, may be in the form of sound mufflers, typically employed in exhausts for pneumatic tool systems or the like. The conduit 56 enters the housing 54 above the plenum 66 and thus, when the valve 58 is opened, parti- culate material from the flui d - ! * Λ ^ in the housing 10 ma y d o ^ COΩtain ^ with- 9 iϋ ay dr °P u nder the influence of grav i ty i nto the interior of small ,f,ul β u„ i diz.ed be .d is established 4 when a i r . . under pressure is directed i i n- n * ι , 68. • c e<ϊ lnto t e inlet • T hus, there is provided a Λl ' e+ - uting the P-ticulatel at erI 2 in ""a i ! ? diStri"" tarn. m normal operation, the sleen w,' "" ^ rails 38 which will furth er . 0 β ° n the MM - I - , ,. rurther serve to distribute the part i culate material and w icb will retain any l ge ' clumps of material, including broken parts. When it is desired to clean the particulate material, the £ πreen 42 may be disposed on the rails 40 and the particulate circulated in ! the path just mentioned, proper sized particles descending into the box section 24 through the screen 42 and oversized as well as clumps being retained on the screen 42 for easy removal through the access opening 20. Industrial Applicability In a typical method of operation, a bare mold core, formed of wax or the like, will be introduced into the housing 10 through the access opening 20. The coating material, in particulate form, contained within the box section 24 is permitted to descend therefrom into the housing 54 at a rate controlled by the setting of the valve 58. From the housing 54, it is conveyed to the distributor provided by the cap 22 and appert- nances to fall on the mold core in a manner similar to that found in the typical rainfall sander. If desired, the fluidized bed 24 may be generated at this time, but it is not necessary to do so. If the bed is in operation, the mold core introduced into the housing 10 should not be lowered'""into the bed or else undesirable scrubbing or breaking may'occur. Coatings are built up on the core in the usual fashion by successive introductions into the housing 10 and when the composite structure is sufficiently strong as to withstand the forces encountered in the fluidized bed, it may be set in operation or, if already in opera- tion, the partially coated molds lowered into it ' .within the box section 24. At this time, typically, particu¬ late material will continue to be distributed through the housing 10 from the cap 22 to insure that the upper¬ most surface of the core is coated without requiring undue manipulation of the core within the fluidized bed. ' O In some instances, ' at this stage in the opera- tion, distribution of particulate material from the cap 22 may be terminated and coating achieved solely through the use of a fluidized bed. From the ' foregoing, it will be appreciated that an apparatus for use in forming molds for use invest¬ ment casting and made according to the invention pro¬ vides several advantages over the prior art. For ex¬ ample, a single handling apparatus can be used to introduce molds into the housing 10 to be treated by both rainfall and fluidized bed application. This is in contrast to prior art procedures wherein two such handling devices would be required, one for a rainfall or rotary applicator, and one for a fluidized bed. Similarly, the required space necessary for the apparatus in terms of floor space occupied is minimized since two differing operations can be performed at a single station as opposed to two separate stations re¬ quiring considerably more space in the prior art. Additionally, manipulation requirements during coating may be minimized through simultaneous application through both fluidized bed and rainfall application of particulate material. The apparatus is easily_ dapted for cleaning and removal of undesirable material by disposing the screen 42 on the rails 40 and is self-cleaning during normal operation when the screen 42 is disposed on the rails 38. And, of course, capital investment is re¬ duced as one apparatus can perform the functions of two heretofore required. OMPI";"Claims 1. Investment "" casting mold forming apparatus comprising: a vertically extending housing (10) having a top (22) and a bottom (28) and an access opening (20) intermediate the top and bottom; a diffuser (267)'within said housing below said opening and above said bottom; means (32) for introducing a fluid under pres¬ sure into said housing between said bottom and said dif juser whereby a fluidized bed of particulate ma¬ terial may be established within said housing ' above said; diffuser; and means (50,52,60) for introducing particulate material into said housing at an elevated position therein above said fluidized bed such that the parti¬ culate material may descend within said housing after being introduced thereto. 2. Apparatus for use in forming molds for'in¬ vestment casting comprising: a housing (10) having an access opening (20); a diffuser (26) in said housing; means (32) for directing air under pressure to the underside of said diffuser so that particulate material, when in said housing above said diffuser, will form a fluidized bed; means (52/60) within said housing and spaced from said fluidized bed for directing particulate material toward said fluidized bed; and means (52,54,56) for withdrawing particulate material from said fluidized bed and providing it to said directing means to provide for circulation of the particulate material. O 3. The apparatus of claim 2 including a screen (42) within said housing and within the path of cir¬ culation of said particulate material. 4. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said scrren is removable from said housing through said access opening, and means (38,40) for removably supporting said screen within said housing in a first position closely adjacent said directing means and a second po¬ sition spaced from said first position in the direction of said fluidized bed. 5. The apparatus of claim 3 wherein said withdrawing means comprises an air conveyor (52,72,74, 76,78,80,90). 6. Investment casting mold forming apparatus comprising: a vertically extending housing (10) having a top (22), a bottom (28), and an intermediate access opening (20); a diffuser (26) within said housing below said access opening, said bottom defining, a plenum below said diffuser; a fluid entrance (32) i -said housing in fluid communication with said plenum^for receipt of a pres¬ surized fluid that may pass upwardly through said diffuser to generate a fluidized bed of particulate material above the diffuser when particulate material is within said housing; a particulate material distributor (50,60) at said housing top having a particulate material entrance (52) for dis-fcributing particulate material about the housing such that the particulate material may descend by gravity to said fluidized bed, a particulate material exit (56) just above said diffuser and within the fluidized bed through OMPI which particulate material may exit the fluidized bed; and a conveyor (52,54) interconnecting said exit and said particulate material entrance for conveying parti- culate material received from said exit to said distri¬ butor to establish a particulate material circulation path.";OSTROWSKI R;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, OSTROWSKI R;1978
+WO-1980001262-A1;19800626.0;19781221;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141319.0;B29H17;B29H17, B32B35;B29D30;B29D  30/52, B29D  30/54;REMOVABLE TREAD BELT AND METHOD OF RECAPPING SAME;Structure and method for recapping removable tread belt (10) vehicle tires (12) wherein a new tread portion (11) is applied to a machined outer surface (21') of a worn tread belt (10). The new tread portion (11) may be applied to the machined belt surface by means of an adhesive layer (23) and subsequent application of pressure and/or heat as in an oven (24). The applied tread may be in the form of separate sections (30) arranged in end-to-end annular series (35) either directly on the machined adhesively coated surface or in the form of a preformed annular configuration. Alternatively, the replacement tread may be applied to the adhesively bonded surface as an annular body (37). The molding of the tread configuration in the body (37) may be effected by use of molding platens (38, 39) which may be suitably heated to effect the molding of the desired tread and the bonding of the body (37) to the machined worn belt (10). The reinforcing portion (16) of the worn belt (10) is reused in the completed reworked belt (36).;"- - Description REMOVABLE TREAD BELT AND METHOD OF RECAPPING SAME Technical Field This invention relates to retreading and more particularly to the recapping of a removable tread belt for a replaceable tread tire. Background Art It has been conventional to recap worn tires by utilizing a new removable belt to replace the worn tread on -che tire carcass. * It is also conventional to recap the carcass directly by bonding a new tread directly thereto. Examples of prior art patents which illustrate conventional tire recapping methods include the Elmer J. Wasko United States Letters Patent 3,802,977, issued April 9, 1974, which teaches the retreading of the tire casing by utilization of a previously vulcanized tread which is cemented on the buffed, worn periphery of the casing. Wasko teaches the use of a specially configured bag to cover the precured tread so as to contain steam in heating and vulcanizing the adhesive to permanently cement the tread to the prepared tire casing. Robert E. Sausaman, in United States Letters Patent 3,839,123, issued October 1, 1974, shows a pre- vulcanized annular tread section which is similarly applied to the buffed or otherwise prepared worn tire carcass or casing. Sausaman teaches the use of internal pressure in forcing the carcass against the annulus which is structurally adapted to tightly engage the worn carcass prior to the application of pressure thereto. A pressurized fluid heating medium is circu¬ lated within the casing so that the tread section is cured thereto in the bonding operation. In United Sta ' tes Letters Patent 3,868,284, issued February 25, 1975, Bernard E. Hogan Sr. et al teach an apparatus and method of recapping worn tires with a precured tread arranged so as to maintain the sidewalls of the tire carcass relatively cool during the bonding operation. The heat is applied through the precured tread and a mold is utilized to introduce direct fluid pressure onto the outer surface of the tread to provide both pressure for the bonding opera— tion and to provide a portion of the heat transfer means. Jan-Eric Lennar Wulker, et al, in United States Letters Patent 4,053,265, issued October 11, 1977, show a mold for retreading pneumatic tires which is resilient and has an outer face of a normal unstretched diameter smaller than the outer diameter of the tire tread. A vulcanizable rubber band is provided around the tire carcass and the ring mold is first expanded and then fitted over the thusly applied band. The mold is then allowed to contract and is centered on the body while the tire is being rotated. The entire unit has been heated to a temperature sufficient to fuse the band and permit the ring mold to emboss the tread design onto the band which is concurrently vulcanized and bonded to the tire body. Disclosure of Invention The present invention comprehends an improved recapped removable tread belt manufacture. More specifically, the invention comprehends the utilization of preformed tread sections in recapping a worn tread belt. The recapped tread belt more specifically in¬ cludes an annular belt base having an accurately circu¬ larly cylindrical machined outer surface, and a plural¬ ity of tread sections secured in end-to-end annular relationship to the belt base surface. O PI Adhesive may be provided between the juxta¬ posed ends of the belt tread sections which may be cured concurrently with the curing of the belt sections to the worn removable tread belt. The machined outer surface..may be disposed closely outwardly of the reinforcing portion of the belt base, as desired. The invention further comprehends the provision of such a recapped tread belt wherein the tread is ap— plied in the form of a continuous strip tread section secured annularly about the belt base surface. The invention further comprehends the improved method of reconstructing such removable tire belts having worn tread portions including the steps of arrang- ing the worn belt in a cylindrical configuration with • the worn tread portion thereof outermost, removing the worn tread portion to expose an outer cylindrical bond¬ ing surface, and bonding a replacement tread portion to the bonding surface. A layer of adhesive may be applied to the bond¬ ing surface which is set while the replacement tread portion is in contact therewith to effect the desired manufacture. The manufacture may include the step of pre- forming a plurality of replacement tread portion sec¬ tions and the bonding step may comprise a step of bonding the sections in end-to-end relationship, as well as to the bonding surface. A pressure force may be applied to the sec- tions to urge the sections forcibly in intimate asso¬ ciation with the adhesive coating bonding surface. . The tread may be formed in an unmolded strip applied to the bonding surface concurrently with the bonding of the strip to the machined belt surface. The worn tread may be removed as by machining, buffing, trimming, etc., as desired. OMPI -4- The worn belt may be mounted on a radially out¬ wardly acting mandrel during the bonding step. The man¬ drel may be rotated during the bonding step to provide further improved manufacture of the recapped belt. Thus, the invention comprehends an improved structure for use in recapping a tire having a worn tread belt previously mounted on a tire carcass and an improved method of effecting the retread -manufacture.. Brief Description of Drawings FIGURE 1 is a fragmentary transverse section of a replaceable tread tixe; FIGURE la is a perspective view of a tire illus trating a worn tread belt portion thereof; FIGURE 2 is a fragmentary transverse section of a tire having a worn tread belt; FIGURE 2a is a section taken substantially alon the line 2a-2a of Piguxe 2; FIGURE 3 is a fragmentary section illustrating the step of removing the worn portion of the tread belt; ""FIGURE 4 is a fragmentary transverse section illustrating the application of adhesive to the partially prepared tread belt; FIGURE 5 is a fragmentary transverse section illustrating the provision of the replacement tread on the adhesively bonded, partially prepared tread belt; FIGURE 6 is a fragmentary section illustrating the step of heating the assembly of Figure 5 to effect a bonding of the recapping tread to the tread belt; FIGURE 7a is a fragmentary perspective view of one form of tread for use in the recapping of the tread belt; FIGURE 7b is a fragmentary perspective view of another form of tread for such use; FIGURE 7c is a fragmentary perspective view of still another form of tread for such use; OMPI FIGURE 8 is a perspective view of an annular arrangement of the recapping-tread elemens suitable for installation on the partially prepared tread belt; FIGURE 9 is a side elevation of a recapping belt in extended arrangement made up of- preformed tread sec¬ tions disposed in end-to-end relationship; FIGURE 10 is a perspective view of the completed annular tread belt; and FIGURE 11 is a fragmentary perspective view illustrating a step in forming the tread in situ on the reworked belt by means of tread-forming elements engaging the annular periphery thereof. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention In the illustrated embodiment, a structure for use in recapping a worn tread belt and method of forming the same are shown wherein a removable belt 10 is recapped with a new tread portion 11 so as to permit renewal of tread material in a worn replaceable tread tire, such as ■ tire 12 shown in Figure la. One conventional form of tire includes an inner annular carcass portion 13, as seen in Figure 1, having a removable belt 10 mounted on an outer surface 14 thereof. The tread portion 15 of the belt may become worn, such as illustrated in Figure 2. Convention¬ ally, when the belt has become so worn, the belt has been removed and replaced with a new belt. Heretofore, the worn belts have been scrapped. The present invention comprehends an improved manufacture wherein the worn removable belt is recapped, thereby providing a substantial economy and improved util- ization of natural resources by permitting the reuse of a substantial part of the worn removable belt including the reinforcing portion 16 as a base, as shown in Figure 3. As shown in Figure 2, in carrying out the manu- facture of the present invention, the worn belt 10 may be placed on a suitable mandrel 18 during the reworking oper¬ ation after having been removed from the tire carcass 13 in the conventional manner well known to those skilled in the art. Mandrel 18 may comprise an annular mandrel sup- porting the belt circumferentially, as illustrated in Figure 2, so as to permit facilitated handling of the worn belt in the recapping operation. As shown in Figures 2 and 2a, the mandrel may be provided with a grooved outer surf ce 19 for receiving the radially inwardly projecting annular ribs 20 of the re¬ placeable belt for facilitated handling of the removable belt in the recapping operation. As shown in "" Figure 3, the wprn belt 10 may have the outer worn portion 21 thereof removed by machining or similar operation to define an accurate annular outer sur¬ face 21' for receiving the new tread portion 11. In the illustrated embodiment, the worn tread portion 21 is remove by a grinding operation, such as by application of grind wheel 22 to the outer surface portion. In the illustrated embodiment of Figure 4, a layer of adhesive* 23 is applied to the machined outer sur¬ face 21' of the removable belt, and as shown in Figure 5, the new tread portions 11 may be secured to the surface 21' by the adhesive 23. The adhesive may comprise a rub- ber adhesive. As shown in Figure 6, the completion of the bonding of the new tread portion to the reworked worn tread belt may be effected by heating the assembly on the mandrel 18 in a suitable apparatus, such as oven 24, de- fining a heating chamber 25 which may be heated by any suit able means, such as electric heating coil 26. Chamber 25 may, if desired, be placed under a positive pressure so as to firmly urge the new tread portions against the ad¬ hesive 23 and, thus, assure a positive bond to the reworked belt surface 21*. O PI Referring to Figures 7a, 7b and 7c, different tread configurations may be utilized as desired in the recapping of the belt. Thus, as shown in Figure 7a, a first tread configuration 27 may be utilized, as shown in -Figure 7b, a different tread configuration 28 may-be util¬ ized, and as shown in Figure 7c, a still different tread configuration 29 may be utilized, it being understood that the tread configurations illustrated are exemplary only and that the invention comprehends the utilization of any desired tread configuration in recapping the belt. The tread portion may be formed of a plurality of segmental sections, such as sections 30. The inven¬ tion comprehends the selective bonding of the tread sec¬ tions"" to the prepared worn belt portion by either placing the individual sections on the adhesive coated surface 21' individually, or by firstly forming them into an annu¬ lar arrangement and applying the annulus to the adhesive coated annular surface 21'. Thus, as shown in Figure 9, the individual sections may be laid out in a series, hav- ing the confronting ends 31 and 32 secured as by suitable adhesive. As illustrated in Figure 9, the complete re¬ placement tread length may be laid out in a rectilinear series which, as shown in Figure 8, may then be brought to an annular configuration with the opposite ends 33 and 34 of the series being joined adhesively to complete the annular arrangement 35. The completed annular retreaded belt 36 is illus¬ trated in Figure 10 showing the secured assembly of the new tread portion 11 to theremovable belt 10. The reworked belt 36 may now be utilized as a replacement for the orig¬ inal worn belt of the tire 12 by the mounting thereof to the original tire carcass 13 in the conventional manner. Referring now to Figure 11, a modified method of providing the new tread on the belt is shown to include the step of providing the tread configuration in an annular body 37 mounted about the machined, reworked belt portion. Annular body 37 may comprise an uncured rubber tread por¬ tion which may have the tread configuration molded there¬ in concurrently with the bonding of the material to the machined belt portion by means of molding platens 38 and 39 movable against the moldable body 37 in diametrically opposed directions, as shown in Figure 11. Thus, the for¬ mation of the desired tread configuration and the securing of the new tread to the reworked worn belt portion may be concurrently effected for further facilitated economy and simplicity in manufacture. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the tread body 37 may be comprised of conventional unvulcanized rubber or any other suitable tread material, as desired. As shown in Figure 11, the interior of the machined worn belt portion may be sup- ported on a suitable mandrel 40 during the tread forming and bonding operation. Thus, the invention comprehends the removal of the worn tread of a removable tire belt by suitable means, such as buffing or machining, and the replacement of the worn tread portion with a new tread portion. The replace¬ ment may be effected selectively by providing a plurality of individual tread sections about the circumference of the reworked belt outer surface, by the placement of an annular molded tread element thereabout, or by forming the tread on a tread body placed about the reworked belt portio by concurrently forming the tread configuration and bond¬ ing the tread means to the reworked belt portion. The bond ing and forming operations may be performed in a suitable - autoclave or by suitable heating and pressure-applying means as are conventionally utilized in the tire-forming art. By utilizing the removable belt base portion, a substantial saving in the provision of new tread material for the belt is effected as not only is the requirement for rubber material minimized, but also the wire reinforc¬ ing portion.of the belt may be reutilized. ■ 5MEA^~ O PI Industrial Applicability The invention may be utilized in conjunction with all forms of vehicle tires and the like utilizing removable belts. By minimizing the amount of new material necessary to effect the recapping of the worn tread belt, a substantial economy and energy saving is obtained. The invention has been found to be highly efficacious in con¬ nection with the recapping of removable tread belts for earthworking vehicle tires which are of relatively large size and wherein the retreading thereof by replacement of the removable belts is very expensive. The use of the present invention realizes a substantial economy in par¬ ticular in connection with tread belts for such large size vehicle tires. Other aspects, objects and advantages of this invention can be obtained f om a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. The foregoing disclosure of specific embodiments is illustrative of the broad inventive concepts comprehended by the invention. OMPI";"Clai s 1. Recapping structure for use in recapping a worn removable tread belt tire (12) , said recapping struc¬ ture comprising: an annular worn belt (10) constructed to be installed on the tire (12) provided with a base (16) hav¬ ing an accurately circularly cylindrical machined outer surface (21'); and a replacement tread (11) secured in annular relation¬ ship about said belt base surface to define a retreaded tread belt (36) . 2. The recapping structure of Claim 1 wherein said surface (21') is provided with a layer of adhesive (23) defining means for providing a bond of said replace¬ ment tread (11) to said surface. 3. The recapping structure of Claim 1 wherein said replacement tread (11) is defined by a plurality of sections (30) in end-to-end relationship and adhesive (23) is provided between juxtaposed ends (31,32) of the tread sections, said adhesive defining means providing for a cured bond between said tread section ends. 4. The recapping structure of Claim 1 wherein said belt base includes an annular reinforcing portion (16) and said machined outer surface (21*) is disposed closely outwardly of said reinforcing portion. 5. Recapping structure for use in recapping a worn removable tread belt tire (12) , said recapping struc¬ ture comprising: an annular worn belt (10) constructed to be installed on the tire (12) provided with a base (16) having an accurately circularly cylindrical machined -- SLEAl OMPI IPO outer surface (21'); and a continuous strip tread section (35) secured annu- larly about said belt base surface (21'). ' 6 "" . ' "" The""recapping structure of Claim 5 wherein said surface (21') is provided with a layer of adhesive (23) providing for a cured bond of said continuous strip tread section (35) to said surface (21'). 7. A method of reconstructing removable tire belts (10) having a worn tread portion (21) comprising the steps of: arranging the worn bel (10) in an annular configur¬ ation with the worn tread portion (21) thereof outermost;, removing the worn tread portion to expose an outer cylindrical bonding surface (21*); and bonding a replacement tread portion (11) to said bonding surface (21'). 8. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 7 further including the steps of applying a layer of adhesive (23) ' to said bonding surface (21') and setting the adhesive with the replacement tread por¬ tion (11) in contact therewith to effect said bonding. 9. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts • of Claim 7 further including the step of preforming a plurality of replacement tread portion sections (30) and said bonding step comprises a step of bonding said sections (30) in end-to-end relationship to said bonding - surface (21'). 10. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 7 further including the step of preforming a plurality of replacement tread portion sections (30) and said bonding step comprises a step of bonding said sections (30) to each other in end-to-end relationship "" and to said bonding surface (21'). 11. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 7 further including the step of preforming a plurality of replacement tread portion sections (30). and said bonding step comprises a step of bonding said sections (30) in end-to-end relationship to said bonding surface (21') while applying a pressure force to said sections urging ' the sections forcibly into intimate asso¬ ciation with the adhesive coated bonding surface. 12. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 7 wherein the strip (37) of curable tread- forming material is applied to said bonding surface (21*) and the bonding step comprises a step of curing the strip while applying a tread configuration mold (37,38) thereto to bond the strip to said bonding surface and concurrently form a desired outer replacement tread portion configura¬ tion (27,28,29, etc.). 13. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 7 further including the steps of applying a layer of curable adhesive (23) to said bonding surface (21'), applying a strip of curable tread-forming material C37) to the adhesive-coated bonding surface (21'), and concurrently curing the adhesive and the strip while ap¬ plying a tread configuration mold (37,38) thereto to bond the strip to said bonding surface and concurrently form a desired outer replacement tread portion configuration (27,28,29, 35c). 14. Th method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 7 wherein the step of removing the worn tread portion (21) comprises a step of machining the belt. OMPI 15. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 14 wherein said- machining step comprises a step of buffing the worn tread (21) from the belt (10). 16. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 14 wherein said machining step comprises a step of trimming the worn tread (21) from the belt (10) . 17. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 7 wherein the step of arranging the belt in a cylindrical configuration comprises the step of re- moving the worn belt (10) from the tire carcass (13) and mounting the worn belt (10) on a radially "" outwardly expand¬ able mandrel (18) prior to the worn tread removing step, said mandrel (18) being -urged outwardly during said bond¬ ing step. 18. The method of reconstructing removable tire belts of Claim 7 wherein the step of arranging the belt in a cylindrical configuration comprises the step of re¬ moving the worn belt (10) from the tire carcass (13) , and mounting the worn belt (10) on a radially outwardly expand- able rotatable mandrel (18) prior to the worn tread removing step, said mandrel being rotated during said worn tread removing step. OMPI WIPO";GRAWEY C;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, GRAWEY C;1978
+WO-1980001266-A1;19800626.0;19781219;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141310.0;B60P1;B65G67;A61G3, B60P1, B60P3, B60R3;A61G   3/06A, B60P   1/43A;VEHICLE ENTRANCE RAMP;Simple, power operated, operator controlled, extendable ramp (7) at the entrance-way of a motor bus over which a wheelchair passenger may propel himself in entering or leaving the vehicle at a bus stop without the vehicle operator having to leave his seat. The motor bus (1) has a side door at its forward end which when opened accommodates laterally outward extension of a ramp (7) from a normally stowed position below the floor (9) of the bus, a portion of the ramp adjacent its outer end serving as a step (10) for entering the bus when the ramp (7) is in its stowed position (Fig. 1). Extending longitudinally of the ramp (7) and journalled therein at its outward end is a lead screw (12) which is rotatively driven by a rotary power motor (15) mounted to the inner end of the ramp (7). A nut (16) threadedly engaging the screw (12) is hingedly mounted to the lower end of a step riser (11) which is hinged at its upper end to the bus floor (9) so as to swing up to a position coplanar with the ramp (7) when the ramp is fully extended. A bell crank (23, 24) having an arm (23) underlying the ramp is actuatable by a fluid motor (25) to swing the inner end of the ramp (7) and lower end of the riser (11) upwardly to their co-planar relation when the motor (15) comes into abutment with the nut (16) during outward extending movement of the ramp (7). The outer end of the screw (12) is provided with wrench flats (14) to enable manual rotation of the screw (12) in case of power failure. Lamp (35) both conceals the opening (30) in riser (11) and illuminates the ramp (7).;"VEHICLE ENTRANCE RAMP TECHNICAL FIELD My invention relates to vehicle entranceways and exitways and particularly to ramps associated therewith for facilitating the passage therethrough of wheelchairs and the like. BACKGROUND ART Although there has long been a need for an extendable ramp at the entranceway of a motor bus, for example, over which a wheelchair passenger may propel himself in entering or leaving the vehicle at a bus stop, no one to my knowledge has heretofore devised a practical device of this type which is power operated, simple in design and low in cost, and controllable by the vehicle operator without leaving his seat. Although wheelchair ramps which can be manually slid out through a side doorway of a vehicle are known in the prior art, as for example the two U.S. Patents No. 1,717,303 and No. 1,884,513 to Barclay, the U.S. Patent No. 3,730,361 to Haynes, their operation was cumbersome and could only be effected from a position outside of the vehicle. Also none of these prior devices either utilized a portion of the ramp in its stowed position as a step, or provided for the step riser to swing upwardly so as to extend the ramp surface to the vehicle floor in the extended position of the ramp. DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION It is therefore among the principal objects of my invention to provide a power operated ramp to facilitate wheelchair passengers and the like in enter¬ ing and leaving a vehicle, such as a motor bus; to provide such a ramp which is normally stowed below the vehicle floor adjacent an entranceway to the vehicle, and, when extended, moves outwardly through the entrance¬ way and automatically tilts upwardly toward its inner end to provide a rigid inclined platform leading to the sidewalk or roadway exteriorly of the vehicle; to provide such a ramp whose extendable, end portion is spaced below the vehicle floor to serve as a step for other persons entering the vehicle when the ramp is in its stowed position; to provide such a ramp including a normally vertical step riser in the vehicle entranceway which swings upwardly about the adjacent edge of the vehicle floor to form the innermost end portion of the ramp when the ramp is in its fully extended position; and to provide such a ramp whose extending and retracting movements are power actuated by a lead screw extending longitudinally of the ramp and threadedly engaging a nut mounted to the step riser. The means by which the above stated objects and advantages of my invention are realized will be clearly understood from the following description of a preferred embodiment thereof selected for purposes of illustration, having reference to the drawings, wherein: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS FIGURE 1 is a perspective view of a motor bus having a side entranceway equipped with my improved ramp, the latter being shown in its stowed position. FIGURES 2 and 3 are views similar to FIGURE 1, but showing the ramp partially and fully extended, respectively. FIGURE 4 is an enlarged view showing a portion of the bus in transverse vertical through the entranceway, the ramp and its associated parts being seen in the stowed position of FIGURE 1. FIGURE 5 is a view similar to FIGURE 4 but showing the ramp fully extended with its outward end resting on a sidewalk, as seen in solid lines, or, as seen in broken lines, on the roadway adjacent the bus. FIGURE 6 is a further enlarged fragmental view, similar to FIGURES 4 and 5, but showing the riser and other associated parts of the ramp in greater detail and at positions intermediate those of FIGURES 4 and 5. FIGURES 7 and 8 are enlarged detail sectional views taken in the directions of the arrows 7-7 of FIGURE 4 and 8-8 of FIGURE 6, respectively. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION A vehicle such as a motor bus 1, whose general configuration is best seen in FIGURES 1, 2 and 3, has an entranceway or door opening 2 through which passengers may enter or leave the vehicle when it is stopped for that purpose adjacent a curb 3 and adjoining sidewalk 4 bordering the roadway 5. In the particular vehicle illustrated this door opening is located in the right hand side thereof, laterally opposite the operator's station 6 which is at the front end on the left hand side of the vehicle. Extendable through the door opening 2, primarily for the convenience of wheelchair passengers, is a ramp which is designated generally by the numeral 7. This ramp includes a main platform-like rigid • member 8 of generally rectangular shape which, in its stowed position (FIGURES 1 and 4) , has the major portion of its length disposed under the vehicle floor 9. When thus stowed, however, a portion of this ramp member projects laterally outward toward the door opening to form a step 10 for use of other OMPI passengers in boarding and alighting from the vehicle. Extending between the edge of the vehicle floor laterally opposite the door opening and this step forming portion of the platform member 8 is a riser 11 which swings to a position co-planar with the member 8 as the ramp 7 reaches its fully extended position (FIGURES 3 and 5) , such swinging movement of the riser being accompanied by upward tilting movement of the member 8 toward the vehicle floor. Longitudinal movement of the ramp member 8 between its stowed and extended positions is power actuated by a lead screw 12 which is recessed within an upwardly facing groove 13, best seen in FIGURES 7 and 8, provided generally centrally in the upper face of the member 8 and extending longitudinally thereof from its innermost end. This groove terminates short of the outermost end of the ramp member 8 so as not to extend outwardly beyond the riser 11 when the ramp is in its stowed position. A thrust bearing 13, mounted to the ramp member 8 within this groove, serves to journal the outward end of the lead screw and support it against relative longitudinal movement with the member 8. The outermost end of the lead screw adjacent the bearing 13 is provided with wrench flats 14 to enable manual rotation of the lead screw in the event of a power failure. At its innermost end the lead screw is supported and rotatively driven by a reversible rotary motor 15 which is mounted to the ramp member 8. Inter¬ mediate of the bearing 13 and motor 15 the lead screw extends through and is threadedly engaged by a nut 16 having a connection to the vehicle floor. The latter connection, as best seen in FIGURES 6 and 8, includes . the riser 11 whose upper extremity has a hinged connection 17 to the vehicle floor adjacent the edge thereof nearest the door opening, and a pair of brackets 18 which are attached, as by screws 19, to the back of the riser and have oppositely inturned lower leg portions 20, 21 journalably received in circular openings provided therefor in opposite sides of the nut 16. Suitably pivoted, as by the pin 22, to the vehicle is a bell crank having one arm 23 underlying the ramp member 8 and a second arm 24 which is connected to a power actuator 25. This power actuator is shown for purposes of illustration as being in the form of a fluid pressure motor having a cylinder 26 pivotally connected by a pin 27 to a frame member 28 of the vehicle and having a piston rod 26' pivotally connected to the bell crank arm 24, so that when fluid pressure is applied within the cylinder 26 the rod 29 will move outwardly thereof and rotate the bell crank from its position shown in FIGURE 4 to the position shown in FIGURE 5, thereby raising the inward end of the ramp member 8 toward the level of the vehicle floor 9. A microswitch 29 is preferably provided on the housing of the rotary motor 15, for actuation when the motor 15 moves into abutment with the back side of the riser 11 during outward actuation of the ramp member 8 by the lead screw 12. This microswitch serves to both interrupt the power supply to the lead screw motor 15 and to initiate introduction of fluid pressure to the cylinder 26 of the bell crank actuator. During the resultant upward tilting movement of the ramp member the riser 16 is also caused to swing upwardly and outwardly toward the door opening about its hinged connection 17 to the vehicle floor. Simultaneously therewith, the brackets 18, whose inturned leg portions are journalled in the nut 16, effect a further laterally outward extending movement of the ramp member 8 until the ramp member and riser reach their co-planar relation with each other seen in FIGURES 3 and 5. As best seen in FIGURES 6 and 8, the central portion of the riser has an opening 30 therein, into which the upper ortion of the lead screw motor 15 is recessed when the riser and ramp member are in such co-planar relation. Suitable anti-friction means, such as rollers 31 and 32, journalled on the vehicle side frame member 33 and on the bell crank arm 23, respectively, are provided for rollably supporting the ramp member in the vehicle. Other rollers 34 may also be journalled in the outer end of the ramp member 8 for reducing frictional drag between it and the surface of the sidewalk 4 or roadway 5 during deployment and retraction of the ramp. Also if desired, a lamp 35 may be hinged to the riser over the opening 30 therein, to both conceal the latter and illuminate the ramp member. It will be appreciated that relatively simple circuitry (not shown) will enable control of the lead screw motor 15 by the vehicle operator from his regular seated position, whereby the lead screw may first be rotated in one direction to effect extension of the ramp for use by a wheelchair passenger desiring to leave or board the bus at a bus stop, following which the lead screw may then be rotated in the reverse direction to retract the ramp. Although I have above described and illustrat¬ ed in the drawings what is believed to be the best mode of carrying out my invention, it is recognized that various minor changes in the parts and their arrangement may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed. OMP";What is claimed is: 1. In combination with a vehicle having a door opening and a floor within the vehicle opposite said opening, a ramp member movable through said opening from a stowed position within the vehicle to an extended position laterally of said floor, a lead screw journalled in the ramp member for longitudinal movement therewith through said opening, a motor mounted on the ramp member and drivingly connected to axially rotate the lead screw, a nut threadedly engaging the lead screw and connected to the floor for effecting longitudinal ove- ment of the screw and ramp member when said motor is energized, said door opening being spaced from the adjacent lateral extremity of said floor, said ramp member in its stowed position being spaced below said floor and projecting to the door opening to form a step, a riser for said step, said riser having a hinged connection to the floor accommodating swinging movement of the riser toward the door opening, said nut being connected to the floor by said riser and having a hinged mounting on the riser accommodating said swinging ove- ment of the riser during outward movement of the ramp member and lead screw through the door opening, and means for elevating the end of the ramp member innermost of the vehicle into substantially co-planar relationship with the riser when the ramp member has been fully extended from its normally stowed position under the floor. 2. The combination of claim 1 wherein said elevating means comprises a bell crank pivotally mounted in., the vehicle below the ramp member, said bell crank having an arm extending into abutment with the underside of the ramp member, and a power actuator for rotating said bell crank in the ramp-elevating direction. 3. The combination of claim 2, including vehicle mounted roller means underlying said ramp member adjacent the door opening, and other roller means at the ramp abutting end of said bell crank arm. 4. The combination of claim 2, wherein said bell crank includes a second arm, said power actuator being mounted to the vehicle below the floor and operatively connected to said second arm for effecting rotation of said bell crank. 5. In combination with a vehicle having a door opening and a floor within the vehicle opposite said opening, a vehicle frame underlying said floor, a ramp member movable through said opening from a stowed position under said frame to an extended position laterally of said floor, a lead screw journalled in the ramp member for longitudinal movement therewith through said opening, a motor mounted on the opposite end of the ramp member and drivingly connected to axially rotate the lead screw, a nut threadedly engaging the lead screw for effecting longitudinal movement of the screw and ramp member when said motor is energized, and nut supporting means hinged to the vehicle floor and operative to tilt the ramp member upwardly and inter- connect its said opposite end and the adjacent edge of the floor when the ramp member is in its extended position. 6. The combination of claim 5 wherein said door opening is spaced from the adjacent lateral extrem¬ ity of said floor and wherein said ramp member in its stowed position is spaced below said floor and projects to the door opening to form a step, said nut supporting means constituting a riser for said step when the ramp member is in its stowed position. OMPI;MANNING D;MANNING D;1978
+WO-1980001267-A1;19800626.0;19781212;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141298.0;B60R21;;B60R21;B60R  21/08, B60R  21/213, B60R  21/231D, L60R  21/231N;OCCUPANT RESTRAINT AND PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR AN AUTOMOTIVE VEHICLE;A system for restraining and protecting the occupants on the front seat of an automotive vehicle against injury as a result of a collision, wherein an expansible bag (35) is stored in a folded, inoperative position in a compartment (44) on the underside of the roof of the vehicle and generally overlying the laps of the driver and passengers. A pair of elongated arms (51, 52) are pivotally mounted in the vehicle for movement between an upwardly inclined, inoperative position adjacent the windshield posts (53, 54) to a downwardly inclined, operative position adjacent the inner sides of the side doors (21, 22). The distal ends (55) of the arms are connected to the expansible bag (35) and serve to rapidly withdraw and unfold the same from the storage compartment when the system is triggered. After the bag (35) is unfolded and deployed, fluid under pressure is supplied to a pair of laterally spaced compartments (37, 38) in the bag through passages (131, 132) in the arms. A central compartment (39) of the bag inflates with air at atmospheric pressure as a result of inflation of the laterally spaced compartments.;"Description Occupant Restraint and Protection System For An Automotive Vehicle Technical Field This invention relates to a restraint and protection system for the occupants of an automotive vehicle, and more particularly relates to a system employing a rapidly inflat¬ able cushion for protecting the driver and passengers on the front seat of an automotive vehicle against injury as a re- suit of a collision of the vehicle with another vehicle or object. Background Art Various devices and systems have been heretofore ad¬ vanced to protect the driver and passengers of an automotive vehicle against injury as a result of a collision of the vehicle with another vehicle or object. Examples of some early devices developed for this purpose and which employ netting for surrounding and restraining forward movement of the passengers of the vehicle prior to and during a colli- sion are disclosed in the U.S. patents to Pryor No.2,025,822, Barrick et al No. 3,692,327 and John No. 3,795,412. Such systems were objectionable because of the likelihood of injury to the face and neck of the occupants of the vehicle as a re¬ sult of the high relative speed of contact with the netting. In more recent years, automotive vehicle passenger re¬ straint and protection devices have been developed which uti¬ lize one or more inflatable bags to provide a resilient cush¬ ion between the driver and passengers of the vehicle and the internal structure thereof so that the possibility of injury to the driver and passengers is reduced in the event of a collision. Some examples of devices of this character are disclosed in the U.S. patents to Kemmerer et al No.3,552,769, Irish et al No. 3,642,303, Graebe No. 3,747,952, Kramer et al No. 3,788,666 and Ventre et al No. 3,795,414. While the restraint and protection devices disclosed in thes ' e patents were an improvement over, the devices employing net- ting or solid barriers to prevent forward movement of the driver and passengers of the vehicle in the event of a co¬ llision, the mounting of the bags of many of these devices was such that the bags could be deflected to one side or the other of the vehicle by the forwardly moving bodies of the driver and passengers. Consequently, the protection of- * fered by such devices was somewhat uncertain, particularly in collisions other than head-on. The manner in which the driver and passenger protec¬ ting structures of the devices heretofore developed are moved into their operative positions has also undergone some development. Thus, in the U.S. Barrick et al Patent No. 3,692,327, for example, movement of a safety curtain of elastic fabric or mesh from an inoperative horizontal posi¬ tion above the driver and passengers of the vehicle to an operative, downwardly depending position embracing the head and upper torso of the driver and passengers is effected by forward and downward swinging movement of a U-shaped frame to which the safety curtain is attached. In the U.S. Brown Patent No. 3,782,756, a pair of elongated arms are pivotally mounted in the passenger compartment of the vehicle and are movable between an upwardly extending, generally vertical position and a rearwardly extending, generally horizontal position as a result of the inertia force developed by large counterweights on the lower ends of the arms. The rearward and downward swinging movement of the arms serves to pull a protective, resilient material shield downwardly and rear¬ wardly from a stored position above the driver to an opera¬ tive position across the face and upper torso of the driver. Since the vehicular safety system disclosed in the Brown pa-tent depends upon the inertia force developed in the counterweights of the pivotal arms, such system is of ques¬ tionable reliability and value in other than head-on colli- 5 sions and is likely to present a safety hazard to the occu¬ pants of the vehicle. Different types of triggering arrangements have also been utilized in the automotive vehicle passenger protec¬ tion devices heretofore advanced. Thus, while the safety 10 device is disclosed in the U.S. Pryor Patent No. 2,025,822 was actuated by the driver's foot, the U.S. Hass et al Patent No. 3,495,675 discloses a vehicle safety apparatus wherein either a brake pedal operated switch or a manually operated switch can be utilized to trigger the operation of 1*5 the apparatus. Triggering devices responsive to movement of the front bumper of an automotive vehicle have also been em¬ ployed to trigger the operation of a passenger restraint and protection system installed in the vehicle. Some ex¬ amples of triggering arrangements of the latter type are 20 disclosed in the U.S. Patents to D'Antini No.2,842,372, Gillund et al No. 3,703,300, Jones No. 3,718,332, Hass et al No. 3,495,675 and DeLorean et al No. 3,815,703. However, the triggering arrangements disclosed in the aforementioned group of patents suffer from the common defect that they 2* ^ may not trigger the associated passenger protection system unless the vehicle contacts the bumper of another vehicle or object at substantially the same height as the bumper of the vehicle having this type of triggering arrangement and in a substantially head-on collision. 30 Disclosure of Invention Accordingly, it is a general object of the present in¬ vention to provide a novel and improved restraint and pro¬ tection system for protecting the driver and passengers of an automotive vehicle, which is not subject to the afore- ■ "" mentioned disadvantages and shortcomings of the prior art. Another object is to provide a novel restraint and pro- tection system for protecting the driver and passengers of an automotive vehicle, wherein an inflatable bag is utilized to forcefully engage the lap and pelvic area of the driver and passengers on the front seat of the vehicle so that the occu- pants are held in their seats and restrained against forward movement in the event of a collision. A further object is to provide a novel restraint and pro¬ tection system of the foregoing character, wherein a pair of laterally spaced arms are pivotally mounted in the vehicle and utilized to effect rapid deployment of the inflatable bag of the system. Still another object is to provide a novel restraint and protection system of the foregoing character, wherein the path of movement of the inflatable bag of the system is such as to minimize the possibility of injury to the driver and passengers of the vehicle as the bag is being deployed and inflated. A still further object is to provide a novel restraint and protection system of the foregoing character, wherein the in- flatable bag of the system includes a plurality of compart¬ ments and wherein at least one of the swingable arms of the system serves as a conduit for conducting fluid under pres¬ sure to at least one of the compartments of the bag while at least one of the other compartments of the bag fills with air at atmospheric pressure as the bag expands. Another object is to provide a novel restraint and pro¬ tection system of the foregoing character, wherein the in¬ flatable bag of the system begins to deflate at a controlled rate after the bag is fully inflated and the bodies of the driver and passengers are pressing forward on the bag in order to reduce the possibility of the driver and passengers rebounding from the bag after a collision. A further object is to provide a novel restraint and protection system of the foregoing character, which will protect the driver and passengers of the vehicle against injury in multiple collision accidents and in case the vehicle rolls over. A more particular object is to provide a novel restraint and protection system of the character described, which is actuated by a forward movement of the steering wheel of the vehicle. A further object is to provide a novel restraint and pro- tection system of the character described, which permits the driver of the vehicle to gain confidence in the protective capabilities of the system and the time interval involved for the system to become fully operative without actually actuating the system. Still another object is to provide a novel restraint and protection system for the driver and passengers of an auto¬ motive vehicle, wherein the containers used to store fluid under pressure for deploying and inflating the driver and passenger protecting bag of the system are stored outside the passenger compartment of the vehicle so that the possi¬ bility of injury to the driver and passengers from rupturing of the containers is minimized. A still further object is to provide a novel occupant re¬ straint and protection system of the character described, wherein the components of the system occupy a minimum of space in the vehicle so that all of the usual accessories can be mounted on the dashboard of the vehicle. Another particular object is to provide a novel and im¬ proved restraint and protection system for the driver and passengers of an automotive vehicle which is simple in con¬ struction, has a high degree of reliability, and is econom¬ ical to manufacture. Briefly described, the present invention contemplates a novel and improved restraint and protection system for pro- tecting the driver and passengers on the front seat of an automotive vehicle or the like in the event of a collision with another vehicle or object. The system, to be herein¬ after described in detail, includes expansible cushioning means that is adapted to be stored in a collapsed, folded condition in a storage compartment on the underside of the roof of the vehicle so as to generally overlie the knees of the driver and front seat passengers. The expansible cushion¬ ing means includes a plurality of compartments at least one of which is adapted to be connected to a source of fluid under pressure and the other of which is adapted to fill with air at atmospheric pressure as the cushioning means ex¬ pands to an operative position engaging the lap and pelvic areas of the driver and passengers on the front seat of the vehicle. Actuating means for effecting rapid deployment and expan¬ sion of the cushioning means is incorporated into the vehicle in which the system is installed and includes at least one and preferably a pair of elongated, laterally spaced, movable members, each of which is mounted for pivotal movement be¬ tween an inoperative position remote from the driver and pas¬ sengers and an operative position adjacent to the side doors of the vehicle and in laterally spaced relation from the laps of the driver and passengers. One end of each elongated mov- able member is connected to the cushioning means so that pivotal movement of these members effects unfolding of the cushioning means when the system is actuated. Pivotal move¬ ment of the movable members to their operative position is effected by fluid pressure actuated means, which includes a pair of piston and cylinder assemblies having extensible rods connected to the movable members. A solenoid-actuated control valve means controls the flow of fluid under pressure from a reservoir thereof to the piston and cylinder assemblies of the fluid pressure actuated means and cushioning fluid valve means is provided in con¬ duit means respectively connecting the inflatable compart¬ ments of the cushioning means with another pair of reservoirs of fluid under pressure. Another conduit means bleeds fluid • *■> from the pressurized compartments of the cushioning means at a controlled rate when a vent valve member in each cylinder assembly shifts to a position venting the other conduit means to the atmosphere in response to movement of the cylinder rods to their fully extended positions. 10 Energization of the solenoid of the control valve means is controlled by a trigger switch in an electrical circuit of the system, the switch being responsive to movement of the steering wheel of the vehicle from its normal position to a position forwardly thereof. A vehicle speed responsive 15 switch and an inertia switch in the electrical circuit prevent energization of the solenoid of the control valve means if the speed of the vehicle is less than a predetermin¬ ed speed or if the vehicle has been decelerated or acceler¬ ated beyond a predetermined limit prior to the time that the 20 trigger switch is closed by forward movement of the steer¬ ing wheel. A two-position mode selector switch is also provided in the electrical circuit of the system, the latter switch per¬ mitting the system to be operated either in a normal manner 5 or in a practice mode. Thus, when the selector switch is po¬ sitioned to operate the system in a normal manner, the system is actuated and the cushioning means is deployed and inflated whenever the trigger switch in the steering column of the vehicle is closed by forward movement of the steering wheel. 30 Locking means and detent means in the steering column of the vehicle respectively prevent turning and rearward movement of the steering wheel after the latter is moved forwardly to actuate the system and the selector switch is positioned to operate the system in a normal manner. OMPI ° When the selector switch is in its practice mode posi¬ tion, a solenoid connected to the detent means in the steer¬ ing column is energized so that the detent means is held in a retracted position and prevented from holding the steering wheel in its forward position. The locking means is not ren¬ dered inoperable at this time, however, so that the steering wheel becomes locked against rotation as long as it is held in its forward position by the driver against the force of a spring, which tends to shift the wheel rearwardly to its normal operating position. In addition, the electrical cir¬ cuit also includes signalling means providing signals to the driver of the vehicle indicative of the position of the de¬ tent in the steering column, and another signal symbolizing complete deployment and inflation of the cushioning means, the latter signal occurring after a predetermined time inter¬ val subsequent to closure of the trigger switch in the steer¬ ing column by forward shifting of the steering wheel. Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 is a fragmentary perspective view of the forward portion of the passenger compartment of an automotive vehicle having a restraint and protection system installed therein and showing the passenger protecting bag of the system in phantom lines as it would appear when fully deployed and in¬ flated; Fig. 2 is a fragmentary side elevational view showing the approximate location and positions of some of the components of the restraint and protection system of the present inven¬ tion when the latter is installed in an associated automotive vehicle and inoperative; Fig. 3 is a fragmentary, side elevational view, of the upper end of one of the swingable arms of the restraint and protection system of the present invention and showing addi¬ tional details of the manner in which the bag is stored in a folded, inoperative position in its storage compartment in OMPI the roof of the vehicle? Fig. 4 is a fragmentary elevational view taken substan¬ tially along the line 4-4 of Fig. 2; Fig. 5 is a fragmentary plan view of one of the swingable arms which deploy the inflatable bag of the system and show¬ ing the inclination of the pivot pin of the arm in a hori¬ zontal plane? Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 2 but showing the posi¬ tion of the parts of the system after the system has been actuated and the inflatable bag of the system has engaged the driver of the vehicle; Fig. 7 is a fragmentary sectional view, -with portions thereof in elevation, showing the connection of one end of a flexible hose with the pivot end of one of the swingable arms of the restraint and protection system of the present• invention; Fig. 8 is a longitudinal sectional view, with some parts in elevation, of one of the cylinder assemblies utilized to effect movement of one of the swingable arms of the restraint and protection system of the present invention; Fig. 9 is a diagram of the fluid circuit of the restraint and protection system of the present invention; Fig. 10 is a wiring diagram of the electrical circuit of the system; Fig. 11 is a longitudinal sectional view, with some parts in elevation, of a portion of the steering wheel and steering column of an automotive vehicle and showing the spatial re¬ lationship of the components of the system when installed in the steering column and with the steering wheel in its normal operating position; Fig. 12 is a fragmentary sectional view of a portion of the steering column illustrated in Fig. 1.1 and showing the re¬ lationship of the parts of the system when the steering wheel has been shifted inwardly to actuate the system; Figs. 13 and 14 are fragmentary longitudinal sectional views of a portion of the cylinder assembly illustrated in Fig. 8 and showing the internal parts of the assembly in the positions they occupy during different stages of operation of the system; Fig. 15 is a transverse sectional view taken along the line 15-15 of Fig. 8; Fig. 16 is a fragmentary longitudinal sectional view of a portion of another piston and cylinder assembly embodying the features of the present invention; and Fig. 17 is an enlarged transverse sectional view taken along the line 17-17 of Fig. 16. Best Mode of Carrying Out Invention In Fig. 1, a portion of the interior of the automotive vehicle, in the present instance, a passenger automobile, is illustrated and indicated generally at 20. The vehicle 20 in¬ cludes a body having left and right side doors, indicated at 21 and 22, respectively, a hood 23, and a roof 24 defining the passenger compartment of the vehicle. The vehicle 20 also includes a dashboard 26, and a steering wheel 27 is rotatably mounted in a steering column 28. For purposes of clarity of illustration and description of the various struc¬ tural features of the present invention, the usual controls and front seat of the automotive vehicle 20 have been omitted. Referring now to Figs. 2-6, inclusive, in conjunction with Fig. 1, it will be seen that the vehicle 20 includes a restraint and protection system for preventing forward move¬ ment of the driver and any other passengers seated on the front seat, indicated at 32 in Figs. 2 and 6, so that injury to the driver and passengers is prevented or substantially reduced in the event that the vehicle 20 is involved in a collision with another vehicle or object. The restraint and protection system comprises expansible cushioning means in the form of a bag, indicated generally at 35, when inflated, extends laterally across the passenger compartment of the au¬ tomobile 20 between the doors 21 and 22 and somewhat rear- wardly of the dashboard 26. When fully deployed and inflated, the bag 35 engages the chest and pelvic areas of the driver and any other front seat passengers so as to firmly hold these occupants in their seats prior to, during and after a collision. As best seen in Fig. 1, the bag 35 is of a unitary con¬ struction and includes at least one and preferably a plur- ality of compartments, there being two laterally spaced com¬ partments 37 and 38 adjacent the left and right doors 21 and 22 of the vehicle, and a central compartment 39. The later¬ ally spaced pair of compartments 37 and 38 are adapted to be filled with fluid under pressure from separate reservoirs mounted outside the passenger compartment in the vehicle 20, while the central compartment 39 is adapted to fill with air at atmospheric pressure as the bag 35 expands. To this end, the central compartment 39 is isolated from the compartments 37 and 38 and is provided with an orifice 36 (Fig. 1) through which air is drawn to inflate the compartment 39 as the com¬ partments 37 and 38 expand. A laterally extending band of strengthening material 40 is secured to the compartments 37- 39 to reinforce the central portion of the bag and limit for¬ ward deflection thereof when engaged by the bodies of the driver and passengers. As best seen in Figs. 1 and 6, the cross sectional shape of the bag 35 is that of a teardrop with the wider portion thereof disposed toward the lap and chest areas of the driver and passengers on the front seat of the vehicle. A laterally extending section of generally transparent, flexible material, indicated at 41, is secured to the upper marginal edge, in¬ dicated at 42, of the bag and the upper margin, indicated at 43 of the transparent section 41 is secured to the base of an elongated, inverted, generally U-shaped storage compart- OMPI ent 44 mounted in an elevated position in the passenger com¬ partment of the automobile 20 so as to generally overlie the knees of the driver and any passengers on the front seat 32 of the vehicle. Specifically, the storage compartment 44 is preferably mounted in a recess in the underside of the roof 24 of the vehicle 20 so that the compartment 44 and bag 35 are substantially concealed from view when the bag is in a folded, compact, inoperative position. The upper margin 43 of the bag section 41 is secured to the base portion, indi- cated at 45, of the compartment 44 by a contoured plate mem¬ ber 46, which is held in clamping engagement with the margin 43 of the bag section 41 by a plurality of laterally spaced pairs of screws 47, one pair being shown in Fig. 3. An elongated, plate-like door 48 is hingedly connected as at 49 to the forward wall of the compartment 44 so as to swing about an axis adjacent to the lower end of the front wall. The door 48 thus not only maintains the bag 35 in a folded condition in the compartment 44 when the system is in¬ operative, but also hides the bag from the view of the driver and passengers. The expansible compartmented portions 37-39 of the bag 35 may be of any suitable material capable of being folded to a compact size and withstanding the stresses imposed thereon by the bodies of the driver and the passengers on the front seat 32 of the automobile during a collision. Rubberized or plasticized nylon are examples of some materials which might be used in the construction of the compartmented portions of the bag 35. The laterally extending, transparent section 41 of the bag 35 may likewise be any suitable material having the de¬ sired strength and transparency characteristics. Open weave netting of nylon cord is an example of one type of material suitable for use in the construction of the transparent sec¬ tion 41 of the bag 35. O According to the present invention, the restraint and protection system includes actuating means for effecting rapid deployment or unfolding of the bag 35 from its inoper¬ ative position illustrated in Fig. 2 to its operative posi- tion illustrated in Figs. 1 and 6. Such actuating means com¬ prises at least one and preferably a pair of laterally spaced, movable members or arms 51 and 52 mounted in laterally spaced relation in the passenger compartment of the vehicle for pivotal movement about generally horizontal axes extending laterally of the vehicle and located somewhat behind the dash¬ board 26. Specifically, the arms 51 and 52 are located in the vehicle 20 adjacent to the intersection of the lower ends of the left and right windshield posts, indicated at 53 and 54, and the pivot axes of the arms 51 and 52 are inclined with respect to the horizontal, indicated by the broken line 56, which also extends laterally of the vehicle 20. Thus, in Fig. 4, it will be seen that the pivot axis indicated at 57, of the left arm 51 is defined by a bolt 58, which is inclined down¬ wardly from the horizontal line 56 by an angle A, and is in- clined forwardly from the line 56 by an angle B (Fig. 5) . Consequently, the distal ends, indicated at 55, of the arms 51 and 52 will swing through arcs which lie in laterally spaced planes inclined upwardly and inwardly and toward the front end of the vehicle 20. Since the shape and positions of the doors, roof and wind¬ shield posts will vary in different vehicles, the magnitude of the angles A and B will likewise vary for different ve¬ hicles. However, the angles A and B will be chosen so that the arm 51 will swing from its inoperative position adjacent to the windshield post 53, as shown in Fig. 2, to a down¬ wardly and rearwardly inclined operative position illustrated in Figs. 1 and 6. The pivot axis (not shown) of the arm 52 is likewise inclined downwardly and forwardly with respect to the horizontal line 56 at the same angles A and B as is the ^JREΛ OMPI arm 51. Swinging movement of the arms 51 and 52 between their operative and inoperative positions is effected by fluid pressure actuated means in the form of a pair of piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 (Figs. 2, 4, 6, 8 and 9), which may be mounted at the sides of the vehicle body imme¬ diately forwardly of the doors 21 and 22 thereof. Since the assemblies 63 and 64 are identical, only the assembly 63 will be described in detail. Thus, the piston and the cylinder assembly 63 includes an elongated casing 66 having an extensible and retractable plunger rod 67 mounted therein. One end of the rod 67 is pivotally connected as by a pin 68 to the outer end of a plate-like crank portion 71 on the arm 51. The inner end of the rod 67 is connected to a piston 65 (Fig. 8) that is shift- ably mounted in the casing 66. The lower end of the casing 66 is pivotally secured to the frame or other structural mem¬ ber of the body of the vehicle 20 as by a pin 72 extending through a cross bore in a boss 73 at the lower end of the casing 66. Thus, when fluid under pressure is supplied to the lower or head end of the piston 65 to effect extension of the rod 67, the crank portion 71, and consequently the arm 51, will be caused to pivot in a clockwise direction as viewed in Figs. 2 and 6 about the bolt 58. The arm 51 will thus be caused to rapidly swing from its inoperative position remote from the driver and adjacent to the windshield post 53 (Figs. 2 and 4) to its operative position in closer proximity to the driver and front seat passengers, as illustrated in Fig. 6. Swinging movement of the arms 51 and 52 toward their operative positions is limited by pocket means carried on the inner sides of the doors 21 and 22. Such pocket means prefer¬ ably comprises a pair of brackets 75 and 76 (Figs. 1, 2 and 6) which are generally Z-shaped in cross section with the con- necting sections of the brackets providing abutment portions, indicated at 74. The brackets 75 and 76 are bolted or other¬ wise rigidly secured to the inner sides of the doors 21 and 22. Referring now to Figs. 8 and 9 in conjunction with Figs. 1-6, inclusive, the internal construction and manner in which fluid under pressure is supplied to the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 to effect swinging movement of the arms 51 and 52 will now be described. As best seen in Fig. 8, it will be noted that the inner end of the plunger rod 67 is pro¬ vided with an enlarged head 82 which is shiftably mounted in an axial bore 83 in the piston 65, the latter being shiftably mounted in the bore, indicated at 86, of the casing 66. One end of a coil spring 87 engages the head 82 of the rod 67 and the opposite end of the spring 87 engages the end wall 88 of a tubular retainer 89 threaded into the skirt of the piston 65. The axial length of the rod head 82 is less than the length of the bore 83 in the piston 65 so as to permit a pre¬ determined amount of relative movement between the rod 67 and piston 65. The reason for this relative movement, which com¬ prises a lost motion connection between the head 82 of the rod 67 and the piston 65, will be described more fully.herein¬ after. The lower or pivot end of the casing 66 is closed as by a tubular plug 94 threaded into this end of the casing 66 and having the boss 73 formed- integrally therewith. A seal, such as an O-ring 96, may be provided between the mating end faces of the casing 66 and plug 94 to prevent leakage in this area. The inner end face, indicated at 97, of the plug 94 forms a stop for limiting movement of the piston 84 toward the pivot end of the casing 66, and the interior of the plug 94 defines a first chamber 98 in the piston and cylinder assembly 63, which is intersected by a radial bore 101 and 102 in the plug 94 and casing 66, respectively. One end of a conduit 103 is - JREΛ O PI threaded into the bore 102. Thus, when fluid under pressure is supplied to the chamber 98 from the conduit 103, the piston 65 will shift toward the rod end of the cylinder 63 and cause the plunger rod 67 to extend. The arm 51 will thus be caused to swing about its pivot bolt 58, as prev¬ iously described. The plunger rod 67 is supported in the rod end of the casing 66 by a bearing 106 mounted in an axial bore 107 in a fitting 108 threaded into the rod end of the casing 66. A seal 109 is provided in the outer end of the fitting 108 and retained therein by a closure plate 110, the plate 110 in turn being secured to the plug fitting 108 by a plurality of screws 111. The plunger rod 67 also extends through the tubular por- tion indicated at 112, of a vent valve member 113, the tubu¬ lar portion including a reduced diameter extension 114 which extends through an opening 116 in an intermediate wall 117 in the casing 66. The wall 117 and fitting 108 define another chamber 118 in the casing 66, and the full diameter or land portion, indicated at 115, of the vent valve member 113 closely fits but slidably engages the inner surface, in¬ dicated at 86a, of the chamber 118. The vent valve member 113 thus comprises vent valve means for gradually reducing the pressure in the compartment 37 of the bag 35, as will be described in greater detail hereinafter. Another seal assembly 119 is mounted in a recess 120 in the intermediate wall 117 to prevent leakage of fluid from the chamber 118 through the bore 116 into the reduced fi- a eter portion, indicated at 121, of a chamber 122 on the opposite side of the wall 117. A radial bore 123 is provided in the side wall of the casing 66 on the piston side of the intermediate wall 117, the inner end of the bore 123 communi¬ cating with a reduced diameter portion 121 of the chamber 122. One end of a conduit 126 is threaded into the bore 123 and permits fluid.under pressure to be supplied to the chamber 122 ' or removed therefrom as the piston 65 moves toward the rod end of the cylinder. According to the present invention, after the pistons 65 complete their strokes in the cylinder casings 66 and the arms 51 and 52 have completed their downward swinging move¬ ment, fluid under pressure begins to flow into the compart¬ ments 37 and 38 of the bag 35. The manner in which this is accomplished is best understood by referring to the fluid circuit diagram illustrated in Fig. 9 in conjunction with Figs. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6. With initial reference to Figs. 2, 4 and 6, it will be noted that the arms 51 and 52 are hollow and have passages therethrough for conducting fluid under pressure to the compartments 37 and 38 of the bag 35. Thus, the passage through the arm 51 is indicated at 131 in Figs. 2, 6 and.9, and the passage through the arm 52 is indicated at 132 in Fig. 9. The passages in each arm extend from an enlarged boss 133 adjacent the pivot end thereof to nozzle openings in the distal ends 55 of the arms, the nozzle openings being connected to the bag compartments 37 and 38. Thus, the nozzle opening in the arm 51 is indicated at 137 in Figs. 1, 3, 5 and 9, and the nozzle opening in the arm 52 is indicated at 138 in Figs. 1 and 9. The manner in which fluid under pressure is supplied to the passages 131 and 132 in the arms 51 and 52 will only be described in con¬ nection with the arm 51, it being understood that the same construction is employed in the arm 52. In order to communicate fluid under pressure to the passage 131 in the arm 51, a portion, indicated at 139, of the passage 131 in the boss 133 is enlarged and threaded to receive a clamping member or sleeve 140 (Fig. 7) . The axi- ally inner end, indicated at 142, of the sleeve 140 may be beveled to mate with a correspondingly beveled internal shoulder or tapered seat 143 at the inner end of the en¬ larged portion 139. The diameter of the interior, in¬ dicated at 141, of the sleeve 140 is such as to permit the O PI end portion, indicated at 144, of a flexible conduit or hose 145 to be received- herein when the latter has been ex¬ panded by an expander member or bushing 147. The axially inner and outer ends, indicated at 148 and 149, respect- ively, of the bushing 147 are beveled, and the bevel angle of the inner end 148 is substantially equal to the bevel angle of the internal shoulder 143. The bevel angle of the outer end 149 of the bushing 147 is likewise substantially equal to the bevel angle of an internal shoulder 150 in the sleeve 140. Consequently, the portions of the hose 145 be¬ tween the shoulder 143 and bushing end 148 and between the shoulder 150 and bushing end 149 are clamped between sub¬ stantially parallel surfaces. When operably positioned in the end portion 144 of the hose 145, the bushing 147 defines a pair of external shoulders 151 and 152 on the hose 145 substantially adjacent to the beveled, inner and outer ends 148 and 149 of the bushing. Thus, the internal shoulder 150 of the sleeve 147 will engage the external shoulder 152 of the hose and the external shoulder 151 of the hose will engage the internal shoulder 143 at the inner end of the enlarged passage por¬ tion 139 when the sleeve 140 is fully threaded into the boss 133. The inner diameter of the bushing 147 is sub¬ stantially equal to that of the passage 131 in the arm 51. Thus, when it is desired to connect the end portion 144 of the hose 145 with the passage 131 in the arm 51, the sleeve 140 is initially slipped over the hose and then the bushing 147 is inserted into the end portion 144 until the remote end of the hose projects somewhat beyond the axially inner end 148 of the bushing 147. The end portion 144 of the hose with the bushing 147 disposed therein is then in¬ serted into the threaded counterbore 139 and the sleeve 140 is then threaded into the counterbore 139 until the por¬ tions of the hose between the internal shoulder 143 and inner end 148 of the bushing 147 and between the internal shoulder 150 of the sleeve 140 and the outer end 149 of the OMP bushing 147 are tightly clamped between these structures. To this end, the outer end of the ' sleeve 140 may be pro¬ vided with means facilitating the application of torque thereto. Such means preferably comprises a plurality of 5 slots 153 with which a suitable wrench may be engaged. The same structure and procedure may be used to connect the end of a flexible conduit or hose-146 with the passage 132 in the arm 52. As heretofore mentioned, fluid under pressure from a 10 pair of reservoirs or tanks, which are indicated at 155 and 156 in Fig. 9 and which are preferably mounted outside of the passenger compartment of the vehicle e.g. on the engine compartment firewall, is supplied to. the passages 131 and 132 in the arms 51 and 52 by the flexible conduits 15 or hoses 145 and 146, respectively. However, cushioning fluid under pressure in the reservoirs 155 and 156 is pre¬ vented from flowing through the hoses 145 and 146 until the system is actuated by cushioning fluid valve means in the form of a pair of normally closed, two-way valve assemblies 20 161 and 162, respectively. The cushioning fluid valve assemblies 161 and 162 are identical and are the type requiring a predetermined pilot pressure to be applied thereto before they open. To this end, a pair of conduits, indicated at 163 and 164 in Fig.9, 25 supply pilot pressure to the valve assemblies 161 and 162 and cause the valves to open when the pilot pressure be¬ comes sufficiently high to overcome the force of springs 165 biasing the valves to their closed positions. The pilot pressure acting on the valve assemblies 161 and 162 30 will not rise to a value sufficient to open the valves until the volumes of the chambers 98 cease to expand due to the pistons 65 completing their strokes in the cylinder casings 66. Recesses or notches, indicated at 166, are provided in the movable portions of the valve assemblies 35 161 and 162 for receiving spring biased detents (not shown) which hold the valves in their open positions. ■ OMPI The application of pilot pressure to the valves 161 and 162 is controlled by control valve means, indicated gen¬ erally at 170, which also controls the application of fluid under pressure from another reservoir or tank 172, which is likewise preferably mounted outside the passenger compart¬ ment of the vehicle and on the engine compartment side of the firewall. The tank 172 is connected to the chamber 98 of the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 and sup¬ plies motive fluid thereto to cause the arms 51 and 52 to rapidly swing from their inoperative to their operative positions. The control valve means 170 is preferably of the four-way, two-position, solenoid-actuated type having two pairs of passages 173, 174 and 175, 176 therein and is normally biased by a spring 177 to a first or normal posi- tion wherein the passage 173 provides communication between, a fluid conduit 178 and another fluid conduit 179, which is connected to a pair of branch conduits 181 and 182. The conduit 178 is connected to the reservoir or charge tank 172 and the branch conduits 181 and 182 are connected to another pair of valve means 183 and 184, which are of the two-way, quick-release, pilot-pressure actuated type. The quick-release valve means 183 and 184 have passages 185a which communicate pilot pressure from the branch con¬ duits 181 and 182 to the valve means to hold them in posi- tions where passages 185b therein ' connect the branch con¬ duits 181 and 182 with the conduits 126, the conduits 126 comprising third conduit means communicating with, the cham¬ bers 122 in the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 as previously described. The valve means 183 and 184 also have passages 185c therein which directly connect the con¬ duits 126, and hence the chambers 122, with vent passages 189 connected to the atmosphere when the valves are shifted by springs 185d to their conduit venting positions. When the control valve means 170 is in its first posi- tion, the passage 174 thereof connects a conduit 186 with a pair of branch conduits 187 and 188, the latter respect¬ ively being connected to the conduits 103 of the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 74; Consequently, the chambers 98 of the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 are vented through the branch conduits 187 and 188 and conduit 186 to the atmosphere. The pistons 65 in the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 are thus biased toward and may engage the end faces 97 of the closure plugs 94, depending upon the adjustment of the linkage between the arms 51 and 52 and plunger rods 67. Another pair of pilot-pressure actuated, two-way, un- loader or exhaust valves 191 and 192 are provided in a pair of conduits 193 and 194, respectively connected to the branch conduits 187 and 188. Pilot pressure from the tanks 155 and 156 is communicated to the exhaust valves 191 and 192 through conduits 195 and 196, the latter con- duits being connected to the conduits 145 and 146 upstream from the valves 161 and 162. The purpose and function of the valves 191 and 192 will be more fully described here¬ inafter. Shifting of the control valve means 170 to a second position wherein the passage 175 connects the conduit 178 from the charge tank 172 with the conduit 186 and branch conduits 187 and 188, and wherein the passage 176 connects the conduit 179 with the atmosphere so that the chambers 122 in the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 are connected to the atmosphere, is achieved by a solenoid 197. Current is supplied to the solenoid 197 from an electrical circuit, illustrated in Fig. 10, and in response to control means in the form of a manually actuated trigger switch 200 in the circuit and mounted in the steering column 28. closure of the switch 200 occurs when the steering wheel of the vehicle is shifted to a position forwardly of its normal operting position. The aforementioned electrical circuit with the switch 200 located therein, is illustrat¬ ed in Fig. 10. Referring now to Fig 10 it will be seen that the solen¬ oid 197 and trigger switch 200 are located in a branch conductor 204 of the electrical circuit, the switch 200 having a fixed pair of contacts 201 and 202 and a mov¬ able contact 203. - The ends of the branch conductor 204 are respectively connected to supply lines 205 and 206, which have terminals 207 and 208 connected to a suit- able source of electrical energy, such as the battery of the vehicle in which the restraint and protection system of the present invention is installed. Closure of the switch 200, which is normally open, to energize the solen¬ oid 197 depends upon the position of another, manually actuated, mode selector switch, indicated generally at 210. The selector switch 210 may be conveniently mounted on the dashboard 26 of the vehicle 20, as shown in Fig. 1, and includes a plurality of pairs of contacts, one pair being indicated at 212 and 213 and being provided in the branch conductor 204 between the trigger switch 200 and the solenoid 197. A movable contact member 214 connects the contacts 212 and 213 of the switch 210 when the latter is in a first or normal position. Such position of the switch 210 is represented by the full line arrow in Fig. 12 and the word ""operate"". In addition to the pair of contacts 212 and 213 of the selector switch 210, a switch 215, responsive to the speed of the vehicle 20, and an inertia switch 216, are provided in the series in the branch conductor 204. Thus, the switches 215 and 216 must both be closed in order for the solenoid 197 to be energized upon closure of the switch 200. The speed responsive switch 215 may be of any desired type but preferably includes a pair of fixed contacts 215a and 215b and a contact member 215c which is movable into engagement with the fixed contacts 215a and 215b by a rotatable cam 217 connected to the drive for the speed¬ ometer speed indicator needle. The arrangement is such that the movable contact member 215c will engage the fixed contacts 215a and 215b whenever the vehicle reaches a pre¬ determined speed. It is contemplated that the movable OMP contact member 215c will engage the fixed contacts 215a and 215b when the speed of the vehicle reaches or exceeds about 35 miles per hour. The inertia switch 216 may be of a type having a pair of fixed contacts 216a and 216b and a movable contact mem¬ ber 216c which is normally biased into engagement with the contacts 216a and 216b by a spring 218. The switch 216 also includes an inertia force responsive element or weight 219 having a recess or notch 220 therein for receiving a detent (not shown) which holds the weight 219 in its accel¬ erated position and the movable contact member 216c sep¬ arated from the fixed contact 216b. It is contemplated that the magnitude of the decelera¬ tion or acceleration force required to cause the contact member 216c to separate from the contact 216b is less than what occurs in a head-on or side collision and greater than that which occurs with heavy braking, quick maneuvering or maximum acceleration of the vehicle. As will be apparent from Fig. 10, the electrical circuit of the restraint and protection system of the present in¬ vention includes another branch conductor 222 connected to the branch conductor 204 between the trigger switch 200 and the speed responsive switch 215. A pair of fixed con¬ tacts 223 and 224 are provided in the branch conductor 222. and a movable contact member 225 which connects the con¬ tacts 223 and 224 when the selector switch 210 is in its first or normal operating position. The opposite end of the branch conductor 222 is con¬ nected to a pair of sub-branch conductors 227 and 228, the latter being connected to the main supply line 206. A pair of lamps 229 and 230, or some other suitable sig¬ nalling means, are provided in the sub-branch conductors 227 and 228 and are preferably positioned on the dash panel 26 and right front door 22, respectively. Note the Figs. i, 2 and 6. Thus, the lamps 229 and 230 will be illumin¬ ated when the selector switch 210 is in its normal oper- ating position and the speed of the vehicle is greater than that required to effect closure of the speed respon¬ sive switch 215. When illuminated, the lamps 229 and 230 inform the driver and passengers of the vehicle that the system is ready for actuation. Referring now to Figs. 11 and 12, the location and manner of actuation of the trigger switch 200 will now be described. As best seen in Fig. 11, the trigger switch 200 is mounted internally in the steering column 28 on the exterior of a tubular support member 232. The tubular support member 232 is provided with a mounting flange 233 at its inner end, the flange 233 being secured by a plur¬ ality of screws 234 to adjacent structure in the steering column 28. A bearing sleeve 236 is mounted in the tubular support member 232 and has an opening 237 adjacent the axially inner end thereof to permit a roller 238 connected, to the movable contact member 203 of the switch 200 to extend through the opening 237 and an aligned opening 242 in the support member 232. T e steering wheel 27 includes a tubular shaft portion 244, which is connected to the hub of the steering wheel 27 and which is axially and rotatably shiftable in the bearing sleeve 236. Rotational movement of the steering wheel 27 is translated to the steering mechanism of the vehicle through another shaft 246, concentric with the tubular shaft portion 244 and secured thereto against relative rotation by splines 247. A bearing assembly 245 supports the shaft 246 in the tubular support member 232 and the splines 247 are of a sufficient length to accomo- date a predetermined amount of relative axial movement between the shaft portion 244 and shaft 246. An enlarged head 248 is provided on the outer end of the shaft 246 to limit axially outward movement of the shaft portion 244 and steering wheel 27. The inner end of a coil spring 252 engages the head 248 of the shaft 246 and the outer end of the spring 252 bears against a nut 253 threaded into OMPI the tubular shaft portion 244. Consequently, the steering wheel 27 is biased axially outwardly toward its normal or rearward position indicated by the reference numberal 27 in Fig. 11 and in full lines in Fig. 2. A garter spring 254 is preferably disposed around the tubular shaft portion 244 of the steering wheel 27 and is partially received in an annular groove 256 in the outer periphery of the shaft portion 244. The garter spring 254 also extends into an annular recess 257 in the inner sur- face of the tubular support member 232. The bearing sleeve 236 terminates adjacent to the groove 256 so that the spring 254 can expand into the recess 257 when the steering wheel 27 and tubular shaft portion 244 are- shifted for¬ wardly. As heretofore mentioned, the trigger switch 200 is adapted to be closed by the driver of the vehicle when suf¬ ficient forward force is applied to the steering wheel 27 to overcome the force of the coil spring 252 and the force required to shift the garter spring 254 out of its groove 256 and onto the full diameter of the shaft portion 244. Thus, as the steering wheel 27 and shaft portion 244 move axially inwardly in the tubular member 232, the roller 238 of the trigger switch 200 contacts an annular, tapered surface 258 on the inner end of the tubular portion 244. When the steering wheel 27 reaches its axially inner or system triggering position, indicated at 27' in Fig. 11 and in full lines in Fig. 6, the roller 238 of the trigger switch 200 will have been cammed upwardly or in a direc¬ tion to cause the movable contact member 203 to engage the contacts 201 and 202, as shown in Fig. 12. Assuming that the speed responsive switch 215 and inertia switch 216 are closed, current will then flow through the branch conduit 204 to energize the solenoid 197 and shift the control valve 170 from its first position illustrated in Fig. 9 to its second position wherein fluid under pressure in the charge tank 172 is supplied to the fluid conduit 186 and its branch conduits 187 and 188, and wherein the fluid conduit 179 and its branch conduits 181 and 182 are vented to the atmosphere through the passage 176 of the valve 170. « The conduit 186 and branch conduits 187 and 188 thus comprise first conduit means for conducting fluid under pressure from the tank 172 or source to first chambers 98 in the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64, and the conduits 145 and 146, together with the passages 131 and 132 in the arms 51 and 52, comprise second conduit means for conducting fluid under pressure to the compart¬ ments 37 and 38 of the bag 35 or cushioning means. Thus, when the chambers 98 of the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 are charged with fluid under pressure from the tank 172, the arms 51 and 52 will swing rapidly from their inoperative to their operative positions illus¬ trated in Figs. 1 and 6. Thereafter, fluid under pressure in the tanks 155 and 156 flows into and causes the compart¬ ments 37 and 38 of the bag 35 to rapidly inflate and en¬ gage the lap and pelvic areas of the driver and any other passengers on the front seat of the vehicle. According to the present invention, it is desirable to prevent turning of the wheels of the vehicle prior to and after a collision with another vehicle or object. To this end, locking means in the form of an external ring gear 262 on the axially inner end of the shaft 244 is provided for engaging an internal ring gear 263 (Fig. 11) at the inner end of the tubular member 232 for locking the steering of the vehicle 20. Fig. 12 shows the ring gears 262 and 263 in mesh and the steering gear shaft 246 locked against rotation when the steering wheel 27 has been shifted in¬ wardly to its system triggering position. In order to prevent the driver of the vehicle from pulling the steering wheel 27 rearwardly to interrupt the cycle of operation of the restraint and protection system and thus perhaps cause greater injury to the driver and ^ ■ ^REA • OMPI passengers than would otherwise occur, detent means is pro¬ vided in the steering column 28 for engaging the tubular shaft portion 244 and for preventing rearward or outward movement of the steering wheel 27 once it has reached its fully inwardly shifted position. Such detent means prefer¬ ably comprises the radially inner end, indicated at 264, of the- armature, indicated at 265, of another solenoid 266 mounted on a boss 267 on the outer periphery of the tubular member 232. The armature 265 extends through a radial bore 268 in the boss 267, which is counterbored to accommodate a disk-like spring retainer 272 adjacent the end 264 of the armature 265. An opening 274 is provided in the bear¬ ing sleeve 236 to permit the end 264 of the. armature 265 to engage the outer surface of the tubular shaft portion 244 and to extend into an annular groove 276 in the outer periphery of the shaft portion. The groove 276 is axially positioned on the tubular portion 244 so that the end 264 of the armature 265 will extend into the groove, as shown in Fig. 12, when the ex- ternal ring gear 262 is fully meshed with the internal ring gear 263. A spring 277 engages the retainer 272 and norm¬ ally biases the armature 265 inwardly toward the shaft portion 244. Thus, when the driver of the vehicle shifts the steering wheel 27 forwardly to the position thereof in- dicated at 27' in Fig. 11 and in full lines in Fig. 6, the end 264 of the armature plunger 265 extends into the groove 276 and the steering wheel 27 is retained in its forward position. With the foregoing construction and assuming that the speed responsive switch 215 and inertia switch 216 are closed, when the solenoid 197 of the control valve 170 has been energized by closure of the trigger switch 200, the downwardly moving arms 51 and 52 will cause the bag 35 to be rapidly deployed and thereafter inflated with pressurized fluid flowing into the compartments 37 and 38 from the tanks 155 and 156. Specifically, about .10 to .14 seconds will be required to effect complete unfolding and inflation of the bag 35 from the time the trigger switch 200 is closed by forward movement of the steering wheel 27. The rate of movement of the bag 35 toward the driver and passengers on the front seat of the vehicle is about 35 mph during deployment and inflation, which is unlikely to cause any injury to the driver or passengers. Moreover, when the arms 51 and 52 initially reach their operative position illustrated in Figs. 1 and 6 and the compartments 37 and 38 of the bag 35 are fully inflated, the pressure in the compartments 37 and 38 is about 25 psi. As previously mentioned, it is desirable to initiate a reduction of pressure in the compartments 37 and 38 after these compartments have been fully inflated and the bodies of the driver and passengers are exerting pressure on the bag 35 in order to prevent the driver and passengers from rebounding from the bag after a collision. To this end, a pair of bleed conduits 283 and 284 (Figs. 8 and 9) are re¬ spectively connected to the conduits 145 and 146, down- stream from the cushioning fluid valve assemblies 161 and 162 and to ports 285 in the casings 66, which communicate with the chambers 118 (Fig. 8) in the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64. At least one and preferably a plur¬ ality of vent ports 287a-287h are provided in the wall of each casing 66 in axially spaced relation from the ports 285, the full diameter portion 115 of each vent valve mem¬ ber 113 controlling communication between the bleed conduit 283 and vent ports 287a-h. Since the construction of the vent valve member 113 and the structure utilized in the piston and cylinder assembly 64 to effect gradual reduction of the pressure in the com¬ partment 38 is identical with that utilized in the piston and cylinder assembly 63 to effect gradual reduction of the pressure in the compartment 37, only the vent valve member 113 and the related structure of the piston and cylinder assembly 63 will be described in detail. ""2TURE ' Thus, as previously mentioned, the tubular portion 112 of the vent valve member 113 includes a reduced diameter extension 114 which defines a shoulder 286 at the piston end of the tubular portion 112. The shoulder 286 serves 5 as a stop to position the full diameter or land portion 115 of the vent valve member 113 in radial alignment with the inner ends of the vent ports 287a-h when the shoulder 286 engages the intermediate wall 117. A coil spring 288 is positioned between the rod end face, indicated at 289, 10 of the tubular portion 112 and the sleeve bearing 106, and biases the vent valve towards the position thereof illus¬ trated in Figs. 8 and 13 closing the vent ports 287a-h. Movement of the vent valve member 113 to the position thereof shown in Fig. 14 where the full diameter portion 15 115 uncovers the vent ports 287a-h and permits communica¬ tion between the bleed conduit 283 and the vent ports does not take place when the piston 65 completes its stroke and the rod end face, indicated at 290, of the piston 65 en¬ gages a shoulder 291 at the rod end of the chamber 122, 20 as indicated in Fig. 13. Instead, movement of the vent valve member 113 to the position shown in Fig. 14 occurs after a shoulder 292 at the piston end of the rod 67 en¬ gages the end face, indicated at 293, of the extension 114 and the rod 67 moves outwardly relative to the piston 65 5 until the spring 288 becomes completely compressed. The spring 288 also prevents movement of the vent valve mem¬ ber 113 as a result of increased pressure in the chamber 122 due to movement of the piston 65. The aforementioned additional incremental movement of 30 the rod 67 relative to the piston 65 occurs as a result of movement of the arm 51 into engagement with the abutment portion 74 (Fig. 1) of its bracket 7.5, the latter move¬ ment being due to the forwardly directed force of the body of the driver and front seat passengers acting on the bag 35 35 due to a collision. Prior to the application of this force on the bag 35, the arm 51 is slightly spaced from the abutment portion 74 of its bracket 75 and the head 82 of the rod is engaged with the inner surface, indicated at 295, of the piston 65, as shown in Fig. 13. However * , when the collision occurs, the rod 67 extends, the vent valve member 113 shifts and the ports 287a-h are uncovered. Con¬ sequently, fluid under pressure in the compartment 37 will be reduced at a rapid, controlled rate due to the orifice action of the vent ports 287a-h, thereby preventing the bag 35 from remaining fully inflated and the driver and pass- engers rebounding from the bag in the event of secondary impacts to the vehicle 20. Since the springs 87 and 288 oppose movement of the plunger rod 67 beyond its normal extended position, the rod 67 will retract into the cylinder 63 to the position there- of shown in Fig. 13 as soon as the force applied to the bag by the bodies of the driver and passengers has dis¬ sipated. The spring 288 will then shift the vent valve member 113 toward the wall 117 and block the vent ports 287a-h. Consequently, the compartment 37 of the bag 35 will remain partially inflated after the first impact and thus provide additional protection to the driver and pass¬ engers in case of secondary impacts. Free movement of the vent valve member 113 in its bore 86a is provided for by at least one and preferably a plur- ality of arcuate, pressure equalization ports 296 (Figs. 8, 13, 14 and 15) in the full diameter portion 115 of the vent valve member 113. In Figs. 16 and 17, an alternate vent valve construc¬ tion is illustrated for connecting the bleed conduit 283 with the vent ports 287a-h in the piston and cylinder assemblies of the system. Since identical constructions will be used in both piston and cylinder assemblies, the arrangement and related structure of only one of the piston and cylinder assemblies will be described in de- tail, namely the piston and cylinder assembly 63a con¬ nected to the arm 51. Like reference numerals will be used to identify parts identical with those of the pre¬ vious embodiment. The vent valve construction illustrated in Figs. 16 and 17 thus includes a vent valve member 313, which is similar to the vent vaive member 113 in that the valve member 313 includes a tubular portion 312 and a full di¬ ameter or land portion 315 at the rod end of the tubular portion. The tubular portion 312 is slidably mounted on a plunger rod 67a, which is shiftably mounted in the casing 66a of the piston and cylinder assembly 63a, and the full diameter portion 315 closely fits but slidably engages the inner surface 316 of a vent chamber 318 at the rod end of the casing 66a. A closure fitting 322, similar to but shorter in length than the closure fitting or plug 108, is threaded into the rod end of the casing 66a and serves to define the chamber 318. A coil spring 323 is received in an annular clearance in the fitting 322, the spring 323 serving to bias the vent valve member 313 toward the inter¬ mediate wall 117 of the casing 66a to a position where the full diameter portion 315 of the valve member closes the vent ports 287a-h. Axial movement of the vent valve member 313 from a position wherein the end face, indicated at 326, of the tubular portion 312 engages the adjacent surface, indi- cated at 327, of the intermediate wall 117 to the position thereof illustrated in Fig. 16 where the spring 323 is com¬ pletely compressed and the full diameter portion 315 moves past the vent ports 287a-h so as to permit communication between the bleed conduit 283 and vent ports is achieved by locking means carried by the tubular portion 312 of the vent valve member 313. Such locking means preferably com¬ prises, at least one and preferably three circumferentially spaced, radially shiftable detents 332a-c (Fig. 17) slid¬ ably mounted in cup-shaped housing 333 having their open ends threaded into radial bores 334 in the tubular portion 312. -gTEEATT OMPI to WIPO -*. ~ The detents 332a-c are biased radially inwardly toward the plunger rod 67a by springs 336 mounted in the housings 333 and are adapted to extend into an annular groove 337 in the plunger rod 67a. The groove 337 is positioned in the rod 67a so that the detents 332a-c move into the groove 337 when the rod end face, indicated at 341, of the piston, indicated at 342, of the assembly en¬ gages a shoulder 343 defined by a reduced diameter portion 121a at the rod end of the cylinder bore 86. As in the previous embodiment, engagement of the end face 341 of the piston 342 with the shoulder 343 does not effect movement of the vent valve member 313 to its Fig. 16 position establishing communication between the bleed conduit 283 and the vent ports 287a-h. Instead, such move- ment depends upon an additional incremental amount of move¬ ment of the plunger rod 67a relative to the piston 342 and occurs when the arm 51 is caused to move into engagement with the abutment portion 74 of its bracket 75 due to the forwardly acting force of the body of the driver and pass- engers on the front seat of the vehicle on the deployed and inflated bag 35. Thus, when the torsos of the driver and passengers en¬ gage the deployed and inflated bag 35, a sufficient force will be applied to the plunger rod 67a to overcome the force of a spring 344 disposed between the enlarged head, indicated at 345, of the rod 67a and a retainer 346 secured to the skirt of the piston and to shift the rod outwardly in the cylinder 66a to the position thereof illustrated in Fig. 16. Such additional movement is provided for by the excess length of the bore, indicated at 347, in the piston 342, with respect to the axial length of the enlarged head 345 on the piston end of the rod 67a. Communication is thus established between the bleed conduit 283 and the vent ports 287a-h so that pressure in the compartment 37 is re- duced at a controlled rate as long as the forwardly acting force of the bodies of the driver and passengers on the bag OMP 35 continues. However, this force usually dissipates shortly ' after the initial impact of a collision. Con¬ sequently, the springs 344 and 323 will cause the rod to retract into the cylinder and shift the valve member 313 to its former position closing the vent ports 287a-h. Gradual deflation of the bag 35 to prevent the driver and passengers from rebounding from the bag in the event of secondary impacts to the vehicle 20 is thus provided for by the vent valve member 313. The full diameter portion 315 of the vent valve mem¬ ber 313 is likewise preferably provided with a plurality of arcuate, pressure equalization ports 296a to facilitate movement of the valve member 313 in the chamber 318. As previously mentioned, a pair of pilot pressure actuated exhaust valves 191 and 192 are connected to the branch conduits 187 and 188 by conduits 193 and 194. The exhaust valves 161 and 162 serve to relieve any residual pressure in the branch conduits 187 and 188 and conse¬ quently in the chambers 98 of the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 when the pressure in the tanks 155 and 156 falls to atmospheric or some other low value. When the chambers 98 are connected to the atmosphere, the driver and/or the passengers may lift the bag 35 and swing the arms 91 and 92 upwardly toward the windshield posts 53 and 54 in order to get out of the vehicle. As heretofore mentioned, the occupant restraint and protection system of the present invention incorporates a practice mode of operation to permit the driver of the vehicle to simulate activation of the system and thereby gain confidence in the reliability of the system and also to gauge the space travelled by the vehicle in which the system is installed during the time interval from the in¬ stant the system is triggered by inward movemement of the steering wheel 27 until the bag 35 would be fully deployed and inflated. To this end, the selector switch assembly 210 of the electrical circuit of the system includes two additional sets of contacts namely a pair of fixed contacts 357 and 358 in a branch conductor 359 of the circuit and in series with the windings of the solenoid 266, and another pair of contacts 361 and 362 in another branch conductor 363, the contacts 361 and 362 being in series with a timer 365 in the branch conductor 363. Movable contact members 366 and 367 provide or prevent current flow across the pairs of contacts 357, 358 and 361, 362, respectively. The timer 365 includes a pair of contacts 371 and 372 in another branch conductor 373 and controls the position of a movable contact member 374 which connects and dis¬ connects the contacts 371 and 372. Signalling means in the form of a lamp 376 is provided in the conductor 373, illumination of the lamp 376 comprising a signal corres- ponding to the instant when the bag 35 would be fully de¬ ployed and expanded in its operative position. Preferably, the lamp 376 is mounted in a prominent location on the vehicle 20 so as to be visible to the driver while the driver is observing objects through the front windshield during a simulated collision. One such location for the lamp 376 is the hood 23 of the vehicle 20, as shown in Fig. 1. The solenoid 266 also includes two additional pairs of contacts 377, 378 and 379, 380, which are alternately con- neeted by a contact member 381 movable in response to movement of the solenoid armature 265. The contacts 377 and 378 are in a parallel branch conductor 382 having sig¬ nalling means in the form of a red lamp 383 therein and the contacts 379 and 380 are in another branch conductor 384 having a signalling means in the form of a green lamp 385 therein. Physically, the red and green lights 383 and 385 are positioned in a housing 387 (Figs. 1, 10 and 11) on the upper portion of the steering column 28 of.the vehicle so as to be readily visible by the driver. Thus, when the movable contact members 366 and 367 are in their broken line positions illustrated in Fig. 10, current will flow through the windings of the solenoid 266 and cause the armature 265 to retract radially outwardly against the force of the spring 277, as shown by the broken line positions of the detent end of the armature and spring retainer and indicated at 264* and 272' in Fig. 11, respect¬ ively. When the plunger 265 is in its broken line retract¬ ed position illustrated in Fig. 11, the movable contact member 381 will be in engagement with the contacts 379 and 380. Consequently, the green light 385 on the steering column 28 will be illuminated. The driver is thus made aware of the fact that the detent end 264 of the solenoid plunger 265 will not move into the groove 276 in the shaft portion 244 of the steering wheel assembly.27 when the latter is shifted forwardly to its system actuating posi- tion 27'. If the armature 265 does not retract when the selector switch 210 is shifted to its ""practice"" position, due to a defective solenoid, for example, the armature 265 will remain in its full line position illustrated in Fig. 11 and the red light 383 will be illuminated. The driver should then not attempt to operate the system in its practice mode. If neither the red light 383 or green light 385 is illuminated when the switch 210 is shifted to its ""prac¬ tice"" position, the driver should likewise not attempt to operate the system in its practice mode. Closure of the movable contact member 367 sets up the branch circuit 363 so that current will flow through the timer motor 365 whenever the trigger switch 200 is closed. Thus, with the switch 210 in its ""practice"" position, the timer motor 365 will be energized whenever the trigger switch 200 is closed by forward movement of the steering wheel 27. After the timer motor 365 cycles, the movable contact member 374 of the timer 365 connects the contacts 371 and 372 and causes the lamp 376 on the hood 23 of the vehicle to be illuminated. The time interval for this to occur after forward shifting of the steering wheel 27 is about .125 seconds. Normal Operation of the Vehicle Occupant Restraint and Protection System Assuming that the occupant restraint and protection system of the present invention has been properly installed in an automotive vehicle, such as the vehicle 20, i.e. the bag 35 is folded and stored in the compartment 44 in the roof 24 of the vehicle 20, the tanks 155 and 156 and 172 are charged with a suitable fluid under pressure, such as compressed air, and the mode selector switch 210 (Fig. 1) on the dashboard 26 of the vehicle is in its ""operate"" position, the system is ready for operation by the driver in the event of a collision. Assuming now that the vehicle 20 is underway and has reached a speed in excess of about 35 miles per hour, the movable contact member 215c (Fig. 10) will close the con¬ tacts of the speed responsive switch 215 and thereby per¬ mit current flow through the branch conductor 204 of the circuit. It is further assumed that the movable contact member 216c of the inertia switch 216 remains in contact with the fixed contacts 216a and 216b of this switch due to the absence of any inertial loads on the vehicle suf¬ ficient to open the same. Positioning of the selector switch 210 in its ""oper¬ ate"" position causes the movable contact members 214 and 225 to engage their fixed contacts 212, 213 and 223, 224, respectively, so that the normally open, driver actuated trigger switch 200 controls current flow through the wind¬ ings of the solenoid 197 (Figs. 9 and 10) of the master control valve assembly 170. Engagement of the movable contact member 225 with the fixed contacts 223 and 224 causes the lights 229 and 230 on the dashboard 26 and inner side of the right door 22 (Figs. 1 and 10) of the vehicle 20 to be illuminated so that the driver and passengers are alerted to keep-their arms away from the doors or at least clear of the brackets 75 and 76 (Fig. 1) into which the swingable arms 51 and 52 will move. Positioning of the selector switch 210 in its ""operate"" OM position also moves the movable contact members 366 and 367 away from their fixed contacts 357, 358 and 361, 362, re¬ spectively. Consequently, no current will flow through the windings of the solenoid 266 (Figs. 10, 11 and 12) in the steering column 28 so that the detent end 264 of the arma¬ ture 265 of the solenoid 266 will be free to move inwardly into engagement with the notch 276 of the steering wheel shaft 244 when the steering wheel is shifted forwardly to its triggering position, illustrated in full lines in Fig. 6 and in phantom lines and indicated at 27' in Fig. 11. Separation of the movable contact member 367 from its con¬ tacts 361 and 362 also prevents energization of the timer 365 (Fig. 10) and illumination of the light 376 (Figs. 1 and 10) on the hood 23 of the vehicle. So long as the solenoid 197 of the control valve 170 remains deenergized due to separation of the contacts of the trigger switch 200, fluid under pressure from the tank 172 (Fig. 9) is supplied to the rod end faces of the pistons 65 (Fig. 8) in the cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 so that the actuating rods 67 thereof are . maintained in their re¬ tracted positions shown in Figs. 2, 4 and 8. Pressure in the branch conduits 181 and 182 also maintains the quick- release, two-way valves 183 and 184 in the positions there¬ of preventing fluid flow through the vent passages 189 of these valves. The downward or retracting force applied to the crank portions 71 of the arms 51 and 52 by the rods 67 also holds the arms 51 and 52 in their upwardly inclined inoperative positions adjacent the left and right windshield posts 53 and 54 of the vehicle, as shown in Figs. 2 and 4. Assuming now that the driver of the vehicle observes a traffic hazard of sufficient probable danger to justify actuation of the restraint and protection system of the present invention, he need only exert sufficient forward pressure on the steering wheel 27 of the vehicle to over¬ come the force of the spring 252 and the resistance to movement of the garter spring 254 out of its groove 256 and cause the wheel and its tubular portion 244 (Fig. 11) to telescope into the steering column 28 a sufficient distance to close the switch 200 and trigger the operation of the system. Triggering or closure of the switch 200 occurs sometime after the roller 238 of the switch engages and be¬ gins to roll up onto the tapered portion 258 of the steering wheel shaft 244 since the roller 238 is connected to the movable contact member 203 of the switch. Closure of the switch 200 energizes the solenoid 197 and causes the control valve 170 (Fig. 9) to shift against the force of the spring 177 to a position where the passage 175 connects the conduit 178 from the tank 172 to the conduit 186 and the passage 176 connects the conduit 179 to the atmosphere. Once the control valve 170 has shifted to its aforementioned posi¬ tion, it remains in this position due to the engagement of a detent (not shown) in the recess 180 of the control valve 170. Forward movement of the steering wheel 27 to its broken line position 27' in Fig. 11 also results in interlocking of the external and internal ring gears 262 and 263 so that rotation of the steering wheel 27 in either direction is prevented. In addition, the detent end 264 of the armature 265 of the solenoid 266 moves into the annular groove 276 in the tubular shaft portion 244 of the steering wheel assembly, thereby preventing the driver from pulling the steering wheel rearwardly and opening the trigger switch 200 to interrupt the cycle of operation of the system. Shifting of the control valve 170 to its second or system operating position permits fluid under pressure from the tank 172 to flow into the chambers 98 (Fig. 8) of the piston and cylinder assemblies 63 and 64 through the branch conduits 187 and 188. Consequently, the pistons 65 rapidly shift toward the rod ends of the cylinders and cause the plunger rods 67 to extend. Extension of the plunger rods 67 causes the arms 51 and 52 to rapidly pivot from their • g ( REA inoperative positions adjacent the windshield posts 53 and 54 toward their operative positions embraced by the brackets 75 and 76 (Fig. 1) . After the pistons 65 have completed their strokes and the end faces 290 of the pistons have engaged the shoulders 291 at the rod ends of the cylinders, pilot pressure in the branch conduits 187 and 188 will rise to a value sufficient to shift the normally closed two-way valve assemblies 161 and 162 (Fig. 9) to their open positions. When so shifted, the valve assemblies 161 and 162 are held in an open posi¬ tion by detents (not shown) , which extend into the recesses 166 of these valves. When the valve assemblies 161 and 162 are in their open positions, fluid under pressure in the tanks 155 and 156 flows through the conduits 145 and 146 to the passages 131 and 132 in the arms 51 and 52 and thence into the inflat¬ able compartments 37 and 38 of the bag assembly 35. Thus, the compartments 37 and 38 of the bag assembly 35 are rapidly filled with fluid under pressure after the bag has been withdrawn from its storage compartment 44 and is un¬ folded. In.other words, unfolding or deployment of the bag and inflation thereof take place in sequence. When fully deployed and inflated, the bag 35 exerts a substantial downward and rearward pressure on the pelvic areas and chests of the driver and passengers on the front seat of the vehicle, thereby preventing the driver and passengers from moving forwardly in the vehicle and injuring them¬ selves against the internal structure thereof when the col¬ lision occurs. When the forwardly moving bodies of the driver and passengers contact the bag 35, the force is transmitted to the arms 51 and 52 to cause them to shift downwardly into engagement with the abutment portions 74 (Fig. 1) of the brackets 75 and 76. This additional movement of the arms 51 and 52 causes the rods 67 to extend the additional amount provided by the clearance between the heads 82 on the ends of the rods 67 and the end faces 294 of the retainers 89. Such additional extension also results in the shoulders 292 on the plunger rods 67 engaging the end faces 293 of the tubular extensions 114 of the vent valve members 113 and causing the vent valve members 113 to shift to a position establishing communication between the conduits 283 and 284 (Fig. 14) . Consequently, pressure in the compart¬ ments 37 and 38 of the bag 35 is gradually vented to the at¬ mosphere at a controlled rate through the vent ports 287a-h in the rod end of the cylinder casings 66. Such venting continues so long as the bodies of the driver and/or passen¬ gers on the front seat of the vehicle are in contact with the bag 35 and are exerting forward force thereon sufficient to overcome the force of the springs 87 and 288. In the alternate piston and cylinder construction 63a shown in Figs. 16 and 17, shifting of the vent valve mem¬ bers .313 to the positions thereof shown in Fig. 16 where the vent ports 287a-h are uncovered and communication is estab¬ lished between the conduits 283 and 284 is achieved by the ' spring biased detents 332a-c and groove 337 in the plunger rods 67a. Thus, when the end faces 326 of the tubular por¬ tions 312 of the vent valve members 313 are engaged with the adjacent surfaces 327 of the intermediate walls 117 and the end faces 341 of the retainers 346 of the pistons 342 are engaged with the shoulders 343 at the rod end the cyl- inder bores 86, the detents 332a-c shift into the groove 337 and lock the vent valve members 313 to the plunger rods 67a. Consequently, the additional extension of the plunger rods 67a provided by the excess length of the bores 347 in the pistons 342 with respect to the axial lengths of the r od heads 345 will cause the vent valve members 313 to shift to their Fig. 16 position and permit the pressure in the bag compartments 37 and 38 to be gradually reduced in the same manner as the vent valve members 113. As soon as the initial impact force has dissipated, the arms 51 and 52 will move upwardly a slight distance away from the abutment portion 74 of their brackets 75 and 76. Consequently, the plunger rods 67 retract into their cylinders due to the force of the springs 89 and 288 and the vent valve members 113 shift to their positions shown in Fig. 13 closing the vent ports 287a-h. Further venting of fluid from the compartments 37 and 38 of the bag 35 is thus prevented. However, in the event of a multiple collision accident, further venting of the compartments 37 and 38 through the vent ports 287a-h via the branch bleed con¬ duits 283 and 284 will again take place whenever the forward momentum of the bodies of the driver and passengers is suf¬ ficient to cause the arms 51 and 52 to move downwardly and engage the abutment portions 74 of their brackets 75 and 76. The vent valve members 313 will likewise shift to posi¬ tions closing the ports 287a-h when the forward force of the driver and passengers on the bag 35 has dissipated and will shift to positions permitting further venting of the compartments 37 and 38 in the event of subsequent collisions. Gradual deflation of the bag 35 is advantageous in that the bag is also available to protect the passengers in the event of a rollover since the bag tends to hold the pass¬ engers in their seats. Practice Operation of the Vehicle Occupant Restraint and Protection System Assuming that the driver of the vehicle wishes to si u- late actuation of the system to become familiar with the time interval involved to effect complete deployment and inflation of the bag 35 from the instant the steering wheel 27 is shifted forwardly to actuate the system and to get• some idea as to the distance that would be travelled by the vehicle during this time interval, the system may be oper¬ ated in a practice mode for these purposes. Thus, assuming the driver is travelling down the highway at a speed in excess of 35 miles per hour and he desires to set up the system for its practice mode of operation, he need only manually shift the selector switch 210 from its ""operate"" to its ""practice."" position illustrated in broken lines in Fig. 10. Shifting of the switch 210 to its practice position causes the movable contact members 214 and 225 to separate from their fixed contacts 212, 213 and 223, 224, respect¬ ively. Thus, the solenoid 197 (Figs. 9 and 10) of the con- trol valve 170 will not be energized and the lamps 229 and. 230 (Figs. 1, 2, 6 and 10) on the dashboard 26 and right side door 22 of the vehicle will not be illuminated. Shift¬ ing of the selector switch 210 to its ""practice"" position also causes the movable contact members 366 and 367 to move into engagement with their fixed contacts 357, 358 and 361, 362, respectively. Consequently, current is supplied to the windings of the solenoid 266 (Figs. 10-12) , inclusive) so that the armature 265 of the solenoid 266 will retract into its broken line position illustrated in Fig. 11. There- fore, the detent end 264 of the solenoid armature 265 will not extend into the annular groove . 276 in the tubular steering wheel shaft 244 when the steering wheel 27 is shifted forwardly by the driver to its system triggering position illustrated in full lines in Fig. 6 and in phantom lines in Fig. 11 and indicated at 27'. When the armature 265 of the solenoid 266 is in its retracted position, the movable contact 381 (Fig. 10) will be in engagement with the fixed contacts 379 and 380 so that the green light 385 in the housing 387 (Figs. 1, 2 and 6) on the steering column 28 of the vehicle is illuminated. The driver is thus made aware of the fact that the armature 265 is retracted so that the steering wheel 27 can be. pulled rearwardly into its normal, unlocked position after the same has been shif¬ ted forwardly to its. system triggering position when the internal and external ring gears 262 and 263 on the shaft portion 244 and support member 232 are meshed. If the armature 265 does not retract to its broken line position illustrated in Fig. 10, the movable contact member 381 will remain in engagement with the fixed con- tacts 377 and 378. Consequently, the red light 383 will be illuminated and the driver should not attempt to operate the system in its practice mode . OtøPI Engagement of the movable contact member 367 with its fixed contacts 361 and 362 also sets up the circuit so that when the triggering switch 200 is closed, the timer motor 365 will be energized and the light 376 (Figs. 1 and 10) on the hood 23 of the vehicle will be illuminated when the timer completes its cycle. Such cycle is of short dura¬ tion (about .10 to .14 seconds) and is substantially equal to the time required for the arms 51 and 52 to swing down¬ wardly and unfold the bag 35 and also for the compartments 37, 38 and 39 of the bag 35 to become fully inflated. As soon as the timer 365 has cycled and the light 376 has been illuminated, the driver may release his forward pressure on the wheel 27 to permit the spring 252 (Figs. 11 and 12) to shift the wheel 27 rearwardly to its normal oper- ating position illustrated in full lines in Fig. 2 and in phantom lines in Fig. 11 and indicated at 27. The steering wheel 27 will, however, become locked against rotation when shifted forwardly to its system triggering position because of the meshed relation of the ring gears 262 and 263. The driver may operate the system in its ""practice"" mode as often as desired but subsequent practice operations should not be made before the timer 365 has completed its cycle. From the foregoing description, it will be apparent that the occupant restraint and protection system herein dis- closed possesses many advantages over systems heretofore developed and presently in use in that it permits the driver to decide when the system is to be triggered and also provides greater protection to the driver and passen¬ gers on the front seat of the vehicle after the system has been actuated than is provided by existing systems. Moreover, the system herein disclosed also minimizes the risk of injury to the driver and passengers during deployment and inflation of the bag and also protects the driver and passengers in the event that the vehicle rolls over because the bag will hold the driver and passengers in their seats. In addition, the provision for effecting gradual deflation of the bag after initial inflation re¬ duces the possibility of injury to the driver and front seat passengers due to their rebounding from the bag. The occupant restraint and protection system is also superior to systems heretofore advanced in that because of the simplicity, reliability and reduced number of com¬ ponents thereof, the overall reliability of the system is much greater than existing systems.";"Claims 1. A system for restraining and protecting the driver and passengers of an automotive vehicle against injury as a result of a collision of the vehicle with another vehicle or object, said system comprising expansible cushioning means adapted to be mounted in said ve¬ hicle in a collapsed, inoperative position and expand¬ able to an operative position engaging the driver and passengers seated on the front seat of said vehicle so as to restrain said driver and passengers against forward movement in said vehicle and thereby prevent injury thereto in the event of a collision, at least one movable member mounted in said vehicle for pivot¬ al movement between an inoperative position remote from the driver and passengers and an operative posi- tion in close proximity to the pelvic areas of said driver and passengers, one end of said movable mem¬ ber being connected to said cushioning means and operable to extend and hold the latter in its oper¬ ative, expanded position, and actuating means for effecting pivotal movement of said movable member from its inoperative to its operative position and expansion of said cushioning means. 2. The restraint and protection system of Claim 1, in which a pair of said movable members are provided in said vehicle and mounted in laterally spaced relation therein. The restraint and protection system of Claim 2, in which said movable members comprise a pair of elong¬ ated rigid arms mounted for pivotal movement about axes extending generally laterally of said vehicle. 4. The restraint and protection system of Claim 3, in which the pivot axis of each of said arms is in¬ clined downwardly and forwardly with respect to a horizontal axis extending laterally of said vehicle, whereby said arms swing in arcs which lie in later¬ ally spaced planes inclined upwardly and inwardly and toward the front end of said vehicle. 5. The restraint and protection system of Claim 3, in which said arms are generally disposed adjacent to the windshield posts of said vehicle when in an in¬ operative position and are disposed in a somewhat downwardly inclined position and adjacent to the side doors of said vehicle when in an operative position. 6. The restraint and protection system of Claim 5, in which pocket means is carried on each of the side doors of said vehicle for receiving a portion of a respective one of said swingable arms and retaining said arms in their operative positions. 7. The restraint and protection system of Claim 6, in which each pocket means comprises a bracket secured to the inner side of one of said doors and having an abutment portion and a flange portion, said abut- ment portion limiting swinging movement of the arm associated therewith toward its operative position and said flange portion overlapping the laterally inner side of said arm and preventing laterally in¬ ward deflection thereof when said arm is subjected to stresses from said cushioning means. 8. The restraint and protection system of Claim 3, in which said arms have passage means therethrough for conducting fluid under pressure to said expansible cushioning means. The restraint and protection system of Claim 8, in which an outlet port is provided in said one end of each arm, and said outlet ports communicate with the interior of said cushioning means. ^OS-E 10. The restraint and protection system of Claim 9, in which said expansible cushioning means comprises a flexible material bag having a pair of laterally spaced, compartments therein, and the outlet ports 5 in said arms respectively communicate with said compartments. 11. The restraint and protection system of Claim 10, in which said bag has another compartment disposed be¬ tween said laterally spaced pair of compartments, 0 and said other compartment has a port therein com¬ municating with the atmosphere, whereby said other compartment fills with air at substantially atmos¬ pheric pressure as said laterally spaced compart¬ ments fill with fluid under pressure and expand. 1 12. The restraint and protection system of Claim 7, in which a laterally extending band of strengthening material is secured to said ends of said arms and said bag, said strengthening material reinforcing the central portion of said bag and limiting for- 20 ward deflection thereof. 13. The restraint and protection system of Claim 1, in which said expansible cushioning means has an upper, laterally extending marginal edge, and an elongated, laterally extending section of generally transparent, 25 flexible material is secured along its lower edge to the upper marginal edge of said bag, the upper edge of said section of material being secured to structure on the roof of said vehicle, said generally trans¬ parent material section being of sufficient vertical 30 length to permit the driver to see through said section and the windshield of said vehicle and ob¬ serve conditions ahead of said vehicle after said bag is fully deployed and expanded. 14. The restraint and protection system of Claim 13, in which said section of generally transparent, flexible material is of an open weave netting. 15. The restraint and protection system of Claim 13, in which an elongated storage compartment is secured to the underside of the roof of said vehicle and extends laterally thereof so as to generally overlie the knees of the driver and passengers on the front seat of said vehicle, the upper edge of said transparent material section is secured to said storage compart¬ ment, and said bag is stored in a folded condition in said compartment. 16. The restraint and protection system of Claim 15, in which said compartment has an open bottom, a door closes the open bottom of said compartment, and said movable member holds said door closed and said bag in said folded condition when said movable member is in its inoperative position. 17. In a system for restraining and protecting the driver and passengers of an automotive vehicle against in¬ jury in the event of a collision, the improvement of an expansible bag adapted to be mounted in said ve¬ hicle and expandable from an inoperative, collapsed position to an operative, expanded position engaging the driver and passengers on the front seat of said vehicle and preventing said driver and passengers from contacting the internal structure of said ve¬ hicle forwardly of the driver and passengers, said bag having at least one compartment adapted to be filled with fluid under pressure and at least one other compartment adapted to be filled with air at atmospheric pressure as a result of expansion of said one compartment. 18. The expansible bag of Claim' 17, in which said bag includes a pair of said first mentioned compart¬ ments, and said second mentioned compartment is disposed between said first mentioned pair of com- partments. 19. The expansible bag of Claim 18, in which said com¬ partments are arranged in side-by-side relation so that said bag extends laterally across the in¬ terior of said vehicle when said bag is in an ex- 0 panded, operative position. 20. A hose connection for connecting one end of a re¬ silient, flexible hose to one end of a passage in a movable member, said passage being adapted to con¬ vey fluid under pressure to an expansible cushion- 15 ing means or the like connected to said movable member, said hose connection comprising a tubular expander member positioned in the portion of said hose adjacent to said one end thereof, said ex¬ pander member being sized to expand said portion 20 of said hose and define at least one external shoulder on the exterior of said hose, and a tubu¬ lar clamping member surrounding and engaging said expanded portion of said hose and mounted in an enlarged portion of said passage adjacent to said 5 one end of said passage, said tubular clamping mem¬ ber having an internal shoulder engaging the ex¬ ternal shoulder on said hose portion and sealingly retaining said hose portion in the enlarged por¬ tion of said passageway. 30 21. The hose connection of Claim 20, in which said ex¬ pander has axially inner and outer ends and is positioned in said portion of said hose inwardly from said one end thereof so that said first men¬ tioned external shoulder is substantially located 3 adjacent to the axially outer end of said expander O PI . WIPO . member and so that another external shoulder is defined on said hose substantially adjacent to the axially inner end of said expander member, said other external shoulder sealingly engaging 5 an internal shoulder in said movable member at the inner end of the enlarged portion of said passage. 22. The hose connection of Claim 21, in which said internal clamping member shoulder and the axially 10 outer end of said expander member are beveled to substantially the same angle, whereby the portion of said hose between said clamping member shoulder and the axially outer end of said expander mem¬ ber is clamped between substantially parallel sur- 15 faces. 23. The hose connection of Claim 21, in which said in¬ ternal movable member shoulder and the axially inner end of said expander member are beveled to substantially the same angle, whereby the portion 20 0 f said hose between said internal movable member shoulder and the axially inner end of said ex¬ pander member is clamped between substantially parallel surfaces. 24. The hose connection of Claim 20, in which the inside 25 diameter of said expander member is substantially equal to the inside diameter of said passage. 25. The hose connection of Claim 20 r in which said clamping member is threaded into the enlarged portion of said passage in said movable member. 3 26. The hose connection of Claim 25, in which said tubu¬ lar clamping member is longer than the enlarged portion of said passage in said movable member so that a portion of said clamping member extends out¬ wardly from said movable member, and means is 35 provided on the outwardly extending ' portion of said clamping member to facilitate threading of said clamping member into said movable member. 27. A system for restraining and protecting the driver and passengers of an automotive vehicle or the like against injury due to a collision of said vehicle ' with another vehicle or object, comprising ex¬ pansible cushioning means having an inoperative, compacted position and an operative, expanded posi¬ tion engaging and restraining the driver and pass- engers against forward movement in said vehicle, actuating means for effecting movement of said cushioning means from said inoperative to said operative position, and control means, responsive to movement of the steering wheel of said vehicle to a position forwardly of its normal operating position for triggering said actuating means. 28. The restraint and protection system of Claim 27, in which said actuating means includes an elec¬ trical circuit, and said control means comprises trigger switch in said electrical circuit and mounted in the steering column of said vehicle. 29. The restraint and protection system of Claim 28, in which another, normally open switch is pro¬ vided in said electrical circuit in series with said trigger switch, said last mentioned switch being responsive to the speed of said vehicle and being closed when said vehicle reaches or exceeds a predetermined* speed. 30. The restraint and protection system of Claim 29, in which said predetermined speed is about thirty five miles per hour. 31. The restraint and protection system of Claim 28, in which another, normally closed inertia switch is pro¬ vided in said electrical circuit in series with said trigger switch, said last mentioned switch being movable to an open position whenever the inertia force acting thereon due to acceleration, de¬ celeration or maneuvering of said vehicle exceeds a predetermined magnitude. 32. The restraint and protection system of Claim 31, in which the magnitude of the inertia force required to open said inertia switch is greater than that de¬ veloped during normal acceleration, deceleration, or maneuvering of said vehicle. 33. The restraint and protection system of Claim 28, in which a vehicle speed responsive switch and an in¬ ertia switch are provided in said electrical circuit in series with said trigger switch, said speed re¬ sponsive switch being normally open and movable to a closed position when the speed of said vehicle exceeds a predetermined value and said inertia switch being normally closed and movable to an open position whenever the inertia force acting on said switch is greater than that developed during normal acceleration, braking and maneuvering of said ve¬ hicle. 34. The restraint and protection system of Claim 28, in which locking means is provided in the steering column of said vehicle for locking said steering wheel against rotation after said wheel has been moved forwardly to its system triggering position. 35. The restraint and protection system of Claim 34, in which the steering wheel of said vehicle includes a shaft portion slidably mounted in a support member in said steering column, and said locking means com¬ prises gear means carried by said shaft portion and said support member, said gear means being in mesh when said steering wheel is in said triggering posi¬ tion. OMPI 36. The restraint and protection system of Claim 35, in which said gear means comprises an external ring gear on the shaft portion of said steering wheel and an internal ring gear at the inner end of said support member, the teeth of said external ring gear engaging the teeth of said internal ring gear when said steering wheel is in said triggering position. 37. The restraint and protection system of Claim 35, in which detent means is provided in said steering column for preventing rearward movement of said steering wheel after said wheel has been shifted forwardly to its system triggering position. 38. The restraint and protection system of Claim 37, in which said detent means is shiftable between a first position extending into a groove in the shaft por¬ tion of said steering* wheel and a second position spaced from said groove and permitting free forward and rearward movement of said wheel, and spring means is provided for biasing said detent means toward said first position. 39. The restraint and protection system of Claim 38, in which a mode selector switch is provided in said elec¬ trical circuit to permit- the driver of said vehicle to practice triggering said system without actually doing so, said mode selector switch having a first position permitting said trigger switch to trigger said actuating means by forward shifting of said steering wheel and a second position preventing said trigger switch from triggering said actuating means when said steering wheel is shifted forwardly, where¬ by the driver of said vehicle can practice triggering said system by moving said mode selector switch to its second position and then shifting the steering wheel of said vehicle forwardly from its normal-posi- ""gUREATj- OMPI _« -54- tion to its system triggering position. 40. The restraint and protection system of Claim 39, in which a solenoid having an extensible and retract¬ able armature is provided in said electrical circuit, one end of said armature comprises said detent means, said solenoid being operable when energized to hold said detent means in said second position, and said mode selector switch being operable to energize said solenoid when said selector switch is in said second 10 position. 41. The restraint and protection system of Claim 40, in which said electrical circuit includes signalling means adapted to provide a signal to the driver of said vehicle indicating that said detent means is 15 in said first position. 42. The restraint and protection system of Claim 41, in which said electrical circuit includes second sig¬ nalling means adapted to provide another signal to the driver of said vehicle indicating that said- de- 20 tent means is in said second position. 43. The restraint and protection system of Claim 42, in which said first and second signalling means com¬ prises a pair of lamps mounted in a conspicuous location in said vehicle. 25 44. The restraint and protection system of Claim 39, in which third signalling means is provided in said electrical circuit and operable to provide a signal corresponding to the instant when said cushioning means reaches its fully expanded, operative position, 30 and timing means is provided in said electrical circuit for delaying the operation of said third sig¬ nalling means for.a time interval substantially equal to the time required for said cushioning means to ex¬ pand to its operative position after said actuating 35 means has been triggered. ^^ RE OMP 45. The restraint and protection system of Claim 44, in which said third signalling means comprises a lamp mounted on said vehicle in a position readily visible by the driver. 46. In a system for restraining and protecting the driver and passengers of an automotive vehicle or the like against injury from impacting against the internal structure of said vehicle due to a collision with another vehicle or object, said system including ex- pansible cushioning means having an inoperative, col¬ lapsed position and an operative, expanded position between the driver and passengers of said vehicle and the structure of said vehicle forwardly of the driver and passengers, the improvement of actuating means for effecting rapid expansion and movement of said cushioning means from its inoperative to its opera¬ tive position, said actuating means comprising a movable member connected to said cushioning means and adapted to be mounted in said vehicle for move- ent between an inoperative position remote from the driver and passengers and an operative position close to the driver and passengers, fluid pressure actuated means connected to said movable member and operable to effect movement thereof from its inoperative to its operative position, first conduit means connect¬ ing said fluid pressure actuated means with a source of fluid under pressure, control valve means in said first conduit means, said control valve means being movable from a first position preventing fluid under pressure from said source from flowing to said fluid pressure actuated means and a second position per¬ mitting fluid under pressure from said source to flow to said fluid pressure actuated means, and triggering means for effecting movement of said con- trol valve means from said first position to said second position. -^OTEXCΓ OMPI , WWIIPPOO - 47. The restraint and protection system of Claim 46, in which said fluid pressure actuated means comprises an elongated cylinder having a bore therein and a piston shiftably mounted in said bore, said piston defining first and second chambers in said cylinder on opposite sides thereof, one end of an elongated rod extends through said second chamber and is ' con¬ nected to said piston, and said first conduit means communicates with said first chamber, whereby fluid 10 under pressure in said first chamber causes move¬ ment of said piston in a direction to effect exten¬ sion of said rod and movement of said movable mem¬ ber to its operative position. 48. The restraint and protection system of Claim 47, in 15 which second conduit means connects said cushion¬ ing means with a source of fluid under pressure separate from said first mentioned source, and valve means is provided in said second conduit means for controlling the flow of fluid under pressure from 20 said second source to said cushioning means, said cushioning fluid valve means being normally closed and movable to an open position in response to the application of pilot pressure thereto from said first conduit means. 25 49. The restraint and protection system of Claim 48, im which detent means is provided for holding said cushioning fluid valve means in an open position. 50. The restraint and protection system of Claim 48, in which one end of a third conduit means is connected 30 to said second conduit means between said cushioning fluid valve means and said cushioning means, the other end of said third conduit means communicates, with a third chamber in said cylinder separate from said first and second chambers, and vent valve means is 35 provided for connecting said third chamber with the atmosphere to relieve pressure in said second con¬ duit means and said cushioning means. 51. The restraint and protection system of Claim 50, in which the other end of said third conduit means is connected to an inlet port in said cylinder, said inlet port communicates with said third chamber, at least one vent port is provided in said cylinder in communication with said third chamber and spaced from said inlet port, and said vent valve means comprises a vent valve member mounted in said third chamber and shiftable between a first position preventing communication between said inlet port and said vent port and a second position permitting communication between said inlet and vent ports. 52. The restraint and protection system of Claim 51, in which stop means is provided at one end of said second chamber for limiting movement of said piston in said rod extending direction, said one end of said rod is mounted in said piston so as to be movable axially relative thereto, and coacting means is car¬ ried by said rod and said vent valve member for effecting movement of said vent valve member to said second position in response to axial movement of said rod relative to said piston and after said piston has engaged said stop means. 53. The restraint and protection system of Claim 52, in which said vent valve member has a tubular portion of lesser diameter than the internal diameter of said third chamber and a disk portion of substantially the same diameter as said third chamber, said tubular por¬ tion is slidably mounted on said rod and said disk portion slidably engages the inner surface of said third chamber, said disk portion divides said third chamber into two parts, and at least one pressure equalization port is provided in said disk portion ■ * ZE T?r OMPI Λ. WWIIPPOO A and establishing communication between said parts of said third chamber "" . 54. The restraint and protection system of Claim 53, in which said coacting means comprises a shoulder on said rod and an extension of said tubular portion of said vent valve member. 55. The restraint and protection system of Claim 53, in which said coacting means comprises a groove in said rod and at least one detent carried by the tubular portion of said vent valve member and extendable into said groove. 56. The restraint and protection system of Claim 51, in which said second source of fluid under pressure comprises a tank mounted in said vehicle and filled with fluid under pressure, and said vent port is sized to permit fluid to escape from said tank and said cushioning means at a controlled rate after said cushioning means is fully inflated. 57. The restraint and protection system of Claim 50, in which third conduit means connects said second chamber with said control valve means, and quick- release valve means is provided in said third con¬ duit means between said second chamber and said control valve means, said quick-release valve means being responsive to the pressure in said third con¬ duit means and movable to a position connecting said third conduit.means with the atmosphere when the pressure in said third conduit means falls below a predetermined value. O PI";SCHAUNNESSEY J;SCHAUNNESSEY J;1978
+WO-1980001306-A1;19800626.0;19781212;WO;A1;XX;20090507.0;new;20333594.0;F16J15;F02G1;F02G1, F16J15;F02G   1/053S, F16J  15/00B3, F16J  15/40D, F16J  15/56, R02G  53/03, R02G  70/50, R05C 225/08;PISTON ROD SEAL;Piston rod sealing means of the type in which oil is applied to the low pressure side (5) of the seal and used to prevent scape of high pressure gas between the piston rod (6) surface and a surrounding surface of a plastic material gland (12) are improved by providing the gland (12) with a tubular extension (15) of slightly increasing inner diameter in the direction against the high pressure side (4) of the seal. The gland (12) is forced against the piston rod surface, but the tubular extension (15) is not influenced by the force on the gland (12).;"PISTON ROD SEAL This invention relates to a construction comprising sealing means for preventing gas. leakage along-_a recl-linearly-reciprocating piston rod, a wall through which the piston rod extends, a high pressure gas chamber at one side of said wall, a low pressure gas chamber at the other side of said wall, said sealing means including oil-feed means inducing around the piston rod in the low pressure gas c * harriber a film of oil and Massing means ' ma__ntaining radial forces on a gland mounted around the piston rod adja¬ cent to said wall. The basic principle of the prior art seals is that a oil film is drawn between th adjacent surfaces of the piston rod and the sealing gland. This oil film will be moving towards the high pressure gas chamber and prevent leakage of gas in a very efficient manner. Seals of this type have been described in e.g. the British Patent Specifications Nos 1342707 "" and 149686. However, in certain applications such as hot gas engines leakage of oil into the high gas pressure chamber should be avoided. The prior art referred to above shows means for removing the oil passing the gland. Said means may include a special scraper ring - known e.g. from the British Patent Specification No 1458797 and may even include special filters. The known constructions have therefore been rather complicated and thus expensive. The object of the invention is to provide a simpler and thus more reliable and cheaper construction of a seal suitable for a hot gas engine and according to the invention this is obtained thereby that the sealing gland is provided with a tubular extension having a slightly increasing inner diameter in the direction towards the high pressure chamber, the extension being located outside the part of the gland exposed to radial forces. Hereby it is obtained that any oil passing between the gland and the piston rod in the direction towards the high pressure gas chamber will be accumul¬ ated in the ring - shaped gradually widening reservoir limited by the piston rod surface and the inner surface of the tubular extension of the gland. The slightly increasing gap between said surfaces will cause a pumping effect during the oscillating movement of the piston rod and rev¬ erse the oil flow until a balance between the oil transportation in the tw directions along the piston rod is obtained. The invention will be described in more detail with reference to the draw¬ ing showing a vertical section through a construction according to the invention. • '' - ■ - - The construction shown consists of a housing 1 forming a part of a wall 2 carrying a cylinder 3 of a hot gas engine. Said cylinder contains a workin gas - e.g. hydrogen - of a pressure which may vary cyclically between 15 and 20 MPa. The interior of the cylinder is designated by the reference numeral 4. The housing 1 extends into a crank casing 5 containing air at atmospheric pressure. Apiston rod 6 the lower end of which is shaped as a cross-head 7 extends through a central opening in the housing 1. The piston rod 6 also extends through an opening in a cover 8 fastened at the top of the housing 1. A seal 9 is provided between ad acent surfaces of the piston rod 6 and the opening in the cover 8. The seal 9 serves to main tain a uniform gas pressure below the cover 8 corresponding to the mean gas pressure above the cover 8. However, the seal 9 may be omitted as an oscillating pressure below the cover 8 generally will have no detrimental influence upon the device.. The central opening in the housing 1 limits a cavity 10 having a conically depressed central bottom surface 11 engaged by a correspondingly shaped' gland 12 made of graphite reinforced polytetrafluorethylene. Said gland 12 is wedged between the surface 11 and a conical surface of a metal ring 13 actuated in the axial direction by a compression spring 14. The ■ > wedging force of the spring 14 will cause the gland 12 to be forced radic¬ ally inwards against the surface of the piston rod 6. The gas pressure in the cavity 10 will multiply this force. - : The gland 12 is provided with a tubular extension 15 having an inner dia¬ meter increasing slightly in the direction upwards (towards the high pressure chamber 4). The drawing shows the increase in diameter exaggerate The actual dimensions may be the following: - . OΛIPI . A. diameter of piston rod 12 mm axial length of gland at piston rod surface 9 -ran axial length of gland extension 11 mm inner diameter of gland extension at top 12,9 mm During operation of the device oil is constantly supplied to the lower end of the piston rod via a passage 16. Said oil lubricates and cools the piston rod 6. A thin film of oil is drawn into the narrow space between the engaging surfaces of the gland 12 and the piston rod 6. This film of oil will effectively prevent any escape of gas between the piston rod and the gland 12. However, any constant flow of oil in the upward direction along, the piston- rod 6. should be avoided as it eventually would cause oil to enter into the space 10 and finally into the chamber 4. The conically ring shaped part of the space 10 limited by the surface of the piston rod 6 and the inner surface of the tubular extension 15 of the gland 12 will cause any oil accumulated therein to be moved downwardly as a consequence of a pumping effect caused by the oscillating movement of the piston rod 5. Thus a balance of oil flows in two axial directions will occur and no resulting oil transport will arrise. The gland 12 and its extension 15 may be manufactured by originally shaping a unit having a uniform diameter cylindrical hole and subsequently deforming the extension part by fitting it on a conical mandrel. The deformation may be made permanent by heating the unit while mounted on the mandrel. A device having the above specific dimensions was tested with a piston stroke of 42 mm at a speed of 3100 double-strokes per minute. The pressure of-the gas to be sealed from the atmosphere was varying 3100 cycles per ininute between 8 and 10 MPa during 300 hours. After the test no oil could be traced to have passed the seal and no wear of the gland or of the piston rod could be seen or measured.";CLAIMS 1. A construction comprising sealing means for preventing gas leakage along a rectlinearly - reciprocating piston rod (6), a wall (1, 2) through which the piston rod (6) extends, a high pressure gas chamber (4) at one side of said wall (1, 2), a low pressure gas chamber (5) at the other side of said wall (1, 2), said sealing means including oil-feed means (16) inducing around the piston rod (6) in the low pressure gas chamber (5) a film of oil and biassing means (13, 14) maintaining radial forces on the gland (12) mounted around the piston rod (6) adjacent to said wall (1, 2), characterised in that the sealing gland (12) is provided with a tubular extension (15) having a slightly increasing inner diameter in the direction towards the high pressure chamber (4), the extension (15) being located outside the part (12) of the gland exposed to radial forces ' . 2. A construction as claimed in claim 1 characterised in that said gland (12) is made of graphite reinforced polytetraflourethylene and is inte¬ gral with its tubular extension (15).;SKOOG K;SKOOG K, UNITED STIERLING AB & CO;1978
+WO-1980001319-A1;19800626.0;19781218;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141306.0;G01N1;;G01F23;G01F  23/04;COMBINED DIPSTICK BREATHER TUBE;A combined dipstick-breather tube device (13) for use in measuring the level of a body of liquid (L) in a housing (11) wherein turbulence may occur in the liquid making it difficult to make an accurate reading of the level thereof by conventional dipstick devices. The device (13) includes an outer dipstick tube (14) having a vent opening (22) adjacent its upper end above the level of liquid in the housing. The dipstick (18) extends downwardly through the tube (14) and further through a tubular guide (26) which serves as a baffle for preventing impingement of liquid passed inwardly through opening (22) against the dipstick so as to avoid erroneous level readings. The baffle (26) may be defined by a tubular element having integrally formed spacers (28, 29) extending outwardly there from into engagement with the dipstick tube wall. The upper spacers (28) provide for flow of gaseous fluids between the upper end (23) of the dipstick tube and the opening (22) and the lower spacer (29) provides for a liquid passage (30) to return liquid back to the body thereof in the lower portion of the housing (11) as a result of such liquid passing inwardly through the vent opening (22). The dipstick may be provided with a conventional breather cap (25).;"- - Description Combined Dipstick Breather Tube —-• Technical..Field This invention relates to dipstick devices and 5 in particular to a combined dipstick breather tube device. Background Art It is conventional in vehicles and the like hav¬ ing σrankcases or other housings holding liquid, such as lubricating oil, to provide a dipstick means for use in 10 measuring the level of the liquid or oil in the housing. It is further, conventional in connection with such dip¬ stick means to utilize a support tube through which the removable dipstick is inserted to have its lower end. ex¬ tend downwardly into the body of oil or liquid, thereby 15 to provide an indication of the level of the oil or liquid in the housing. Such structure is utilized to prevent .tur¬ bulence of the liquid from providing an erroneous reading of the level by effectively preventing such turbulence from . splashing or otherwise affecting the level of the liquid at 20 the dipstick. In certain forms of dipstick devices, the dip¬ stick tube is further arranged to define a breather device. However, where the dipstick tube is so used, the lower end of the tube cannot be disposed below the normal level of 25 the liquid within the housing, otherwise the breather ac¬ tion is prevented. Where the tube is permitted to be dis¬ posed normally above the level of the liquid, a portion of ' the dipstick is therefore- exposed to the turbulent movement of the liquid and erratic or erroneous readings are obtained. 30 Disclosure of Invention The present invention comprehends an improved de¬ vice having means for measuring the level of liquid in a housing notwithstanding- turbulence of the liquid therein and further defining breather means for passing gaseous fluids into and from the housing above the level of the liquid therein. More specifically, the invention comprehends providing such a device wherein a vent opening' is provided in the dipstick tube above the level of the liquid in the housing. The tube is preselected to have its lower end disposed within the body of liquid so that the dipstick extending downwardly through the tube is prevented from having the turbulently moving and splashing liquid from impinging thereon so as to effectively assure an accurate reading of the liquid level in the housing. To prevent liquid passed inwardly through the ve opening from impinging on the dipstick within the dipstick tube, a baffle is provided therein inwardly of the vent opening. The baffle is arranged to define with the dip¬ stick tube a gaseous fluid flow passage between the open upper end of the dipstick tube and the vent opening so as to permit the desired breather action of the device. The baffle preventing the impingement of liquid passed through the vent opening onto the dipstick is further arranged to conduct that liquid back to the lower end of the tube and into the body of liquid in the housing. In the illustrated embodiment, the baffle define a tubular element. The tubular element extends downwardly within the dipstick tube to adjacent the level of the liqu in the housing so as to prevent impingement of the liquid passed inwardly through the vent opening onto any portion of the dipstick above the level of the liquid in the hous¬ ing being measured. In the illustrated embodiment, the tubular eleme is centered coaxially within the dipstick tube by spacer means. In the illustrated embodiment, the spacer means comprise deformed portions of the baffle tubular element projecting outwardly into engagement with the dipstick tub wall. Means may be provided for limiting the insertion of the baffle tube within the dipstick tube, and in the illustrated embodiment, comprise annular shoulder means on the dipstick, tube engaged by the lower spacing means 5 of the baffle tubular element. The combined dipstick breather tube device of - - -the- present-invention is. extremely simple and economical of construction while yet providing the highly desirable features discussed above. i0 Brief Description of the Drawing FIGURE 1 is a fragmentary elevation of an appa¬ ratus including a housing containing a body of liquid and an improved combined dipstick-breather tube device embody¬ ing the invention for selectively determining the level of 15 the liquid in the housing; FIGURE 2 is a fragmentary enlarged- diametric sec¬ tion of the combined dipstick-breather tube device; and FIGURE 3 is a transverse section taken substan¬ tially along the line 3-3 of Figure 2. 20 . Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention In the illustrative embodiment of the invention as disclosed in the drawing, an apparatus generally designated 10 includes a housing 11 for holding a body of liquid L. Turbulence may be effected in the liquid by virtue of moving 25 elements 12, such as gears, etc. "" Notwithstanding such tur¬ bulence, it is desirable to accurately measure the level of the liquid L at times. The present invention comprehends an improved com¬ bined dipstick-breather tube device generally designated 13 30 for effecting such measurement and acting as a breather for the housing 11. More specifically, device 13 includes a dipstick tube 14 having a first, lower end portion 15 extending down¬ wardly into the liquid L, an upper end portion 16 projecting 35 upwardly through a portion 34 of the housing 11, and a mid- portion 17 disposed within the housing above the level of the level L. OMPI /v. WIIPPOO . * A' dipstick generally designated 18 defines a low end portion 19 received within the lower end portion i5 of. the dipstick tube 14 so as to extend to below the upper level of the liquid L in the housing 11. The upper end 20 of the dipstick de ines a manipulating portion for faci itated movement of the dipstick into and outwardly from th dipstick tube, as desired. The dipstick further defines a midportion 21 disposed within the midportion 17 of the dip stick tube when the dipstick is installed in its normal inserted disposition within the dipstick tube, as shown in Figures 1 and 2. To permit the dipstick tube i4 to further serve as a breather tube, a vent opening 22 is provided in dip¬ stick tube midportion 17 so as to cooperate with the. upper open end 23 of the dipstick tube 14 in defining a gaseous fluid flow passage communicating between the ambient atmos phere exteriorly of the housing 11 and the space 24 within housing 11 above the level of liquid L therein. Thus, tub 14 may serve as a breather tube for passing air inwardly into the space 24 and vapors outwardly therefrom, as may occur in the normal • operation of the apparatus 10. As shown in Figure 1, the dipstick may include a breather cap 25 carried on its outer end portion 20 over¬ lying but spaced from the upper end 23 of the breather tub in the conventional manner. The invention comprehends providing means within dipstick tube 14 for preventing impingement of liquid whic may inadvertently pass inwardly through vent opening 22 against the dipstick 18, or more specifically, against the dipstick portion 21 inwardly of the opening 22 and extendi downwardly therefrom to the upper level of the liquid L. In the illustrated embodiment, the means for pre venting such impingement comprises a baffle generally desi nated 26 having a portion 27 disposed inwardly of the vent opening 22. As shown in Figure 2, the baffle extends down wardly from the level of the vent opening 22 to adjacent OM /», WIP the upper level of the liquid L. In the illustrated embodi¬ ment, the baffle comprises a tubular element which is posi¬ tioned longitudinally coaxially within the dipstick tube. 14. More specifically, spacer means generally designated 5 .28 may be .provided at the . upper end of.±he....b.affie..tube, above the level of opening 22 to center that end of the tube in the dipstick tube 14. The lower end of the baffle tube may be centered within the dipstick tube by lower spacer means 29. Thus, the spacer means 28 and 29 cooperate to 10 center the entire baffle tube within the dipstick tube so • as to define an annular liquid flow passage 30 therebetween. As shown in Figure 3, the spacer means 29 comprise integral portions of the lower end of the baffle tube pro- • r jecting- outwardly therefrom, into engagement with the wall 15 17 defining the midportion of the dipstick tube. The spacer means 29 are annularly spaced to define therebetween a plur¬ ality of openings 31. Thus, any liquid which inadvertently passes through the vent opening 22 to within the dipstick, tube 14 is pre- _-O vented from impinging on- the dipstick 18 and instead is caused to flow downwardly through space 30 and through the openings 31 back to the body of liquid L in the lower por¬ tion of housing 11. In the illustrated embodiment, the dipstick tube 25 14 is inclined to the vertical so that such liquid is caused to flow along the lower side of the tube below the lower end of the baffle tube in returning to the liquid body L. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, the baffle tube may. be arranged to extend fully downwardly to below 30 the upper level of the liquid if desired. • The "" spacer"" means 28 -is- reversely identical to the spacer means 29 and, thus, defines a plurality of openings 32 similar to openings 31. Openings 32 provide communica¬ tion between the ven passage 22 and the open upper end 23 35 of the dipstick tube 14 so as to provide for the desired breather action discussed above. The upper end of the baffle -fQ z OMPI ^ S if tube is disposed above the- level of the vent opening so as . to effectively preclude impingement of the liquid passing through opening 22 onto the upper end of the dipstick. The baffle tube 26 may be positioned within the dipstick tube by means of an annular shoulder (33) formed in the dipstick tube adjacent the upper level of the liquid body L. Spacer means 29 may project into abutment with the shoulder 33 to limit the downward movement of the baffle tube to the position shown in Figure 2, thereby providing an automatic positioning means in the assembly of the device 13. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, any suitable means may be provided for effecting the desired retention of the baffle 26 in the desired disposition with¬ in the dipstick tube. In the illustrated embodiment, the spacers 28 and 29 are formed integrally from the baffle tube. As will be obvious to those skilled in the art, any suitable spacing means may be provided in association with the baffle tube, as desired, the formed spacing means being illustrative of one novel arrangement only. Similarly,- any suitable means may be provided on -the dipstick tube 14 for cooperation with the baffle tube in effectively locating the baffle tube therein.' Alternatively, the baffle tube may be located within the dipstick tube by suitable apparatus and then fixed in such disposition as by welding, etc. Industrial Applicability The invention comprehends that the combined dip¬ stick-breather tube device be useful in all forms of indus¬ trial applicationswherein sensing of the level of a body of liquid within a container is to be effected with the measure ment being accurately made notwithstanding turbulence in the liquid being sensed. ' The improved dipstick-breather tube device 13 may be utilized illustratively for determining the level of lubricating oil in a.gearbox, such as in the. illustrative OM embodiment 10 of apparatus embodying the invention. Further illustratively, the device 13 may be utilized in determining the level of lubricating oil in a crankcase, such as pro¬ vided in conventional vehicles, including tractors and the like-.- 1 "" The- improved-level measuring'-and -breather device is extremely simple and economical of construction and, thus,, may advantageously be utilized in a wide range of industrial applications. Other aspects, objects and advantages of this in- vention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. The foregoing disclosure of specific embodiments is illustrative of the broad inven¬ tive concepts comprehended by the invention. OMPI /M. WIPO .Λ.";"Claims 1. A device (13) having means for measuring the level of liquid (L) in a housing (11) notwithstanding tur¬ bulence of the liquid therein and defining means for passin gaseous fluids into and from the housing above the level of 5 the liquid therein, said device comprising: a tube (14) having a first end portion (15) adapted to be received in the liquid ( ) , an opposite second end por¬ tion (16) adapted to project upwardly through a portion (34 of the housing and having- an upper open end (23) , and a 10 midportion (17) having an opening (22) therein for passing gaseous fluids; a dipstick (18) extending removably longitudinally within said tube (14) and having an end portion (20) out¬ wardly of said tube second end portion for manipulation of 15 the dipstick; and a baffle (26) in said tube midportion (17) inwardly .of said opening (22) for preventing liquid passed inwardly through said opening such as a result of turbulence in the liquid for impinging against said dipstick thereof, said 20 tube and baffle cooperatively defining a gaseous fluid flow passage between said upper end (23) of the tube and said opening (22) . 2. The device of Claim 1 wherein said baffle(26) comprises a tubular element extending longitudinally within 25 the tube (14), and means (28,29) for spacing said element inwardly of said opening (22) . 3. The device of Claim 1 wherein said baffle (26 comprises a tubular element extending longitudinally within the tube (14), and means (28,29) for spacing said element 30 inwardly of said opening (22) comprising spacer elements (28) extending from an upper portion (27) of said tubular element outwardly to said tube "" (14). : ^^S t ( O 4. The device of Claim 1 wherein said baffle (26) comprises a tubular element extending longitudinally within the tube (14), and -means (28,29) for spacing said element inwardly of said opening (22) comprising spacer elements (28) extending from an tipper portion (27) of said tubular element outwardly to said tube (14) above the level of said opening (22) . 5. The device of Claim 1 wherein said baffle (26) comprises a tubular element extending coaxially within the tube (14), and means (28,29) for spacing said element in¬ wardly of said opening (22) comprising spacer elements (28) extending from an upper portion (27) of said tubular ele¬ ment outwardly to said tube (14) above the- level of said opening (22) . 6. The device of Claim 1 wherein said baffle (26) comprises a tubular element extending longitudinally within the tube (14), and means (28,29) for spacing said element inwardly of said opening (22) -comprising spacer elements (28) extending both from an upper portion (27) and a lower portion (35) of said tubular element outwardly to said tube (14). 7. The device of Claim 1 wherein said baffle (26) comprises a tubular element extending longitudinally within the tube (14), and means (28,29) for spacing said element inwardly of said opening (22) comprising means formed inte¬ grally in said tubular element and extending outwardly into engagement with said, tube (14) . 8. A device (13) having means for measuring the level of liquid (L) in a housing (11) notwithstanding tur- bulence of the liquid therein and defining means for passing gaseous fluids into and from the housing above the level of the liquid therein, said device comprising: OMPI "" a tube (14) having a first end portion -(15) adapted t be received in the liquid. (1), an opposite second end por¬ tion (16) adapted to project upwardly through a portion (34) of the housing and having an upper open end (23), and a midportion (17) having an opening (22) therein for passing gaseous fluids; a dipstick (18) extending removably longitudinally within said tube (14) and having an end portion (20) out¬ wardly of said tube second end portion for manipulation of the dipstick; a baffle (26) in said tube midportion (-17) inwardly of said opening (22) for preventing liquid passed inwardly through said opening such as a result of turbulence in the liquid for impinging against said dipstick thereof, said tube and baffle cooperatively defining a gaseous fluid flow passage between said upper end (23) of the tube and said opening (22) ; and means (33) for limiting downward movement of the baff with the tube to prevent displacement of said baffle to below said opening. 9. The device of Claim 8 wherein said means for limiting downward movement of the tube comprises shoulder means (33) on said tube and cooperating shoulder means (29) on the baffle (26). 10. The device of Claim 8 wherein said means for limiting downward movement of the tube comprises shoulder means (33) on said tube and cooperating shoulder means (29) ' on the baffle (26) defining the lower end (35) of the baffle. 11. The device-of Claim 8 wherein said means for limiting downward movement of the tube comprises shoulder means (33) on said tube and cooperating shoulder means (29) on the baffle (26) spacing said baffle radially inwardly of said tube (14) . OM 12. The device of Claim 8 wherein said baffle (26) comprises a tubular element and said means, for limit¬ ing downward movement of the tube defines means (29) for coaxially centering the tubuiar element within said tube. OMPI";KEFFELER G;CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, KEFFELER G;1978
+WO-1980001325-A1;19800626.0;19781218;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141305.0;G06K9;;G06K9;G06K   9/50, G06K   9/62B;OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION DEVICE;An optical character recognition device including means to define a scanning area which includes portions of a printed character to be scanned by a television camera (1), said camera (1) scanning discrete points of said area arrange vertical paths, and including means (1, 2, 3) to measure the optical density of the character portion encountered at each point and to assign a binary-coded numerical value to each point and to store each of said numerical values in a matrix-like fashion corresponding to the respective point's position in said scanning area. Electronic circuitry (5-950) is also provided to derive a plurality of identifying characteristics from said numerical values which uniquely describe the scanned character, said identifying characteristics of a predetermined number of reference characters by application of predetermined comparison criteria to determine which reference character is the closest match to the scanned character, said closest reference character is then ouputted, and means (979, 980) are also provided for modifying the identifying characteristics of said reference characters to compensate for type irregularities and typing ribbon wear.;"OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION DEVICE BACKGROUND -AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A great deal of research and development money has been spent by the electronic industry to produce a satisfactory optical character recognition device which is capable of identifying the characters produced in con¬ ventional printing styles, thus eliminating the require¬ ment that the characters be specifically malformed in order to permit electronic recognition thereof either by magnetic ink and sensing devices or by optical sensing and identification circuitry. Such systems are commonly in use by banks for identifying preprinted checking ac¬ count numbers and by other industries for rapidly hand¬ ling preprinted and coded items, such as coupons, labels and the like. In addition to such limited use of equip¬ ment, there are a number of OCR devices which purport to read conventional printed characters, but do so at only relatively slow speeds and with considerable inaccuracy, and in a manner entirely different from the manner em- bodied in this invention. This invention embodies the use of a television camera scanning unit which permits successive scanning of the characters to be identified and permits the sensing of the identifying characteristics required for accurate and positive identification at extremely high speeds on the order of 66,000 characters per second, as compared with devices presently on the market operating at between 500 and 3,000 characters per second. Further, this in¬ vention is more compact and inexpensive than other OCR machines presently on the market. The high speed capabilities of this invention are attributable to the asynchronous design of the logic circuitry and to the manner of storage of the scanned character identifying characteristics which enables the television camera to continuously scan the input material without having to stop after every character, as is the requirement of some OCR machines. Other advantages of this invention include the capability of accurately recognizing characters which are too large to totally fit into the scanning area and the capability of automatically correcting any mispositioning of the scanned character in the scanning area. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Figures la and lb combined provide a block dia¬ gram of the general circuitry embodying this invention. Figure 2a is a representation of the character ""2"" and where typically the scanning points would be lo¬ cated thereupon. Figure 2b is a pictorial representation of the binary values of the typical optical densities correspond¬ ing to each scanning point of Figure 2a, said values being arranged in a matrix-like fashion analogous to their stor¬ age positions in CIR 3. Figure 3 is a circuit diagram for the control unit designated (Control 600) circuit in Figures la and lb. Figures 4a through 4g constitute the timing bar charts showing the signals produced by the control unit shown in Figure 2. Figure 5 is a circuit diagram showing a portion of the character image register (CIR 3) shown in Figures la and lb. Figure 6 is a circuit diagram for the north character segment detector (NCSD 17) , the north character line total circuit (NCLT 18) and the multiplier 20 shown in Figure lb. Figure 7 is a circuit diagram for the east character segment detector (ECSD 5) , the east character line total circuit (ECLT 9) and the multiplier 10 shown in Figure la. Figure 8 is a circuit diagram for the east character segment total circuit (ECST 6) . Figure 9 is a circuit diagram for the north character segment total (NCST 15) shown in Figure lb. Figure 10 is a circuit diagram showing adder 12 Q PI WIPO with its respective connections to ECST 6 and multiplier 10 shown in Figure la and is typical of the adders 13, 22 and 23 and their respective connections. Figure 11 is a circuit diagram showing the cir- cuitry comprising north, south, east and west accumulators, respectively designated in Figures la and lb as NA 400, SA 403, EA 401 and WA 402. Figure 12 is a circuit diagram showing the cir¬ cuitry for the north normalizer (NN 330) as shown in Fig- ure lb. Figure 13 is a circuit diagram showing the cir¬ cuitry for the north comparison circuit (NCC 380) shown in Figure lb. Figure 14 is a circuit diagram showing the cir- cuitry for the east contour value circuit (ECVC 710) shown in Figure la. Figures 15a and 15b are circuit diagrams showing the horizontal style value circuit (HSVC 700) and the vertical style value circuit (VSVC 705) , respectively. Figure 16 is a circuit diagram showing the cir¬ cuitry for comparators 715, 716, 717 and 718, a portion of the judgment circuit (JC 650) and the circuitry for com¬ parators 707 and 708. Figure 17 is a circuit diagram showing the rest of the circuitry for judgment circuitry (JC 650) . Figure 18 is a circuit diagram showing the cir¬ cuitry to enable the operator to compensate for type ir¬ regularities and ribbon wear. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS (1) General Description of Operation In Figures la and lb, a conventional video scan¬ ner 1 scans input material along laterally spaced vertical paths. The scanning process is momentarily stopped between paths, this time being sufficient (as further described later) to allow the below described identification process to take place. Each scanning path is broken down in this embodiment into twelve uniformly spaced scanning points, as shown in Figure 2a. Signals corresponding to each of said scanning points are transmitted to an analog to digital converter (ADC) 2 whereby said analog signals are converted into three digit binary signals which are then stored in indi¬ vidual scanning point positions in a character image regis¬ ter (CIR) 3. Figure 2b is a representation of the contents of the scanning point positions of CIR 3 after the char¬ acter ""2"" of Figure 2a is completely scanned by this invention. East character segment detector (ECSD) 5 pro¬ duces signals for each horizontal line of said scanning point signals held in CIR 3, said signals relating to whether or not input material (e.g. dark material on an otherwise light background) was encountered at each scan¬ ning point. For example, for the third top horizontal line of Figure 2b, ECSD 5 produces signals showing input material was encountered at the fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh scanning points (going from left to right) , and that no input material was encountered at the first, second, third and eighth scanning points. The signals from ECSD 5 are transmitted to both the east character line total circuit (ECLT) 9 and to the west character line total circuit (WCLT) 8. For each horizontal line of scanning point signals contained in CIR 3, ECLT 9 samples the scanning point positions contained in said line starting from the left most (east) point con¬ tained in said horizontal line until it perceives a dark to light transition point (that is, until it encounters a scanning point position adjacent to the right of a scan¬ ning point position containing at least the binary repre¬ sentation of one is found to contain all zeros) . ECLT 9 determines the number of scanning point positions prior to the said dark to light transition point (which will be de- fined at the east transition point) and transmits this number to a multiplier 10 which multiplies said number by a factor of seven. West character line total circuitry (WCLT) 8 determines the number of scanning point positions going from right to left (west) in the horizontal line of CIR 3 that ECLT 9 is simultaneously operating upon before a dark to light transition point (defined to be the west trans¬ ition point) is encountered. This last mentioned number of scanning point positions is then transmitted to multiplier 11 which multiplies the number of a factor of seven. For example, the number of scanning points in the third top horizontal line of Figure 2b before the east transition point is seven, while there are five scanning point posi¬ tions before the west transition point. East character segment total circuitry (ECST) 6 sums the binary representations of each scanning point position prior to the east transition point detected by ECLT 9. For example, in the third top horizontal line, the sum is twenty-five (i.e. Ill + 111 + 111 + 100). Adder 12 subsequently substracts this number from twice the num¬ ber outputted by multiplier 10 (which in our example is 2 x 7 x 7, or 98). In our example adder 12, therefore, subtracts 25 from 98, which results in 74. This resultant number is the east penetration value for the third top horizontal line of CIR 3, and is accumulated with all other east penetration values of the character being scanned in east accumulator (EA) 401. A similar operation is per¬ formed by west character segment detector circuitry (WCST) 7 and adder 13, the resultant number, or west penetration value (in our example equal to 70 - 25, or 45) being accum¬ ulated with all other west penetration values of the character being scanned in west accumulator (WA) 402. North character segment detector (NCSD) 17 per¬ forms a function on each vertical line of scanning point positions in CIR 3 which is analogous to the functioning of ECSD 5 on each vertical line of CIR 3. The output of an NCSD 17 is transmitted both to the north character line total circuitry (NCLT) 18 and to a south character line total circuitry (SCLT) 19. NCLT 18 determines the number OMPI of point positions in each vertical line starting at the top (north) of each line before a dark to light transition point (north transition point) is encountered on each ver¬ tical line of CIR 3. SCLT 19 determines the number of scanning point positions on the same vertical line NCLT 18 is simultaneously operating on before a dark to light tran¬ sition point (south transition point) is encountered, start¬ ing at the bottom (south) of said vertical line being oper¬ ated upon. The number of scanning point positions prior to the north transition point determined by NCLT 18 (for example, for the third from left vertical line this number is 5) is multiplied by a factor of seven by multiplier 20. The number of scanning point positions in each vertical line of CIR 3 prior to the south transition point deter- mined by SCLT 19 (in our example, four points precede the south transition point) is also multiplied by a factor of seven by multiplier 21. North character segment total cir¬ cuitry (NCST) 15 sums the binary representations of each of the scanning points comprising the vertical line before north transition (in our example, the sum would be 9) and transmits them to an adder 22 where said sum is subtracted from twice the quantity contained in multiplier 20. (In our example this would be 70 - 9 equals 61.) This resul¬ tant quantity (i.e. 61) is the north penetration value for that vertical line, and is accumulated with all other north penetration values for the character being scanned in north accumulator (NA) 400. A south character segment total cir¬ cuitry (SCST) 16 sums the binary representation of each scanning point contained in a vertical line of CIR 3 prior to said south transition point. In our example, this sum is 14. This sum is subtracted from twice the quantity in multiplier 21 by adder 23. (in our example, this would be 56- 14 equals 42.) This resultant quantity is the south penetration value for that vertical line and is accumulated with all other south penetration values of the character being scanned in south accumulator (SA) 403. These four accumulated north, south, east and ^TEZ» OMPI W WIIPFOU . west penetration values are four identifying character¬ istics of the scanned character. Two other identifying characteristics are the horizontal (or east-west) and vertical (or north-south) style values. Horizontal style value circuit (HSVC) 700 counts each dark to light transition point of every horizontal line of CIR 3, and transmits the highest total transition points contained in a single horizontal line, called the horizontal style value (HSV) , to horizontal style value register (HSVR) 701. Vertical style value circuit (VSVC) 705 counts each dark to light transition point occurring in every vertical line in CIR 3, and transmits the highest number of said points contained in a single vertical line, called the vertical style value (VSV) , to vertical style value register (VSVR) 706. The last four identifying characteristics are the north, south, east and west contour values. The con¬ tour value for the number ""2"" in Figure 2a is derived in the following manner. East contour value circuit (ECVC) 710 compares each east penetration value with the succeed¬ ing value is less than the prior value (by an arbitrary amount) , that succeeding value will be saved as the prior value, and will then be compared with another succeeding value. If the succeeding value is less than the prior value, the succeeding value again will be saved as the prior value. However, if the succeeding value is greater than the prior value (by an arbitrary amount to compensate for printing and darkness variations) , a counter will be incremented by one and the succeeding value is saved as the prior value. This process continues until all east penetration values have been compared. In our example, the east contour value will be 2, the west contour value will be 2, the north contour value will be 1, and the south con¬ tour value will also be 1. The north, west and south con- tour values are derived by north, west and south contour value circuits 711, 712 and 713 respectively, and are stored therein. Initially, before the scanned material can be correctly identified, an education cycle must be completed. This comprises scanning the characters in the particular type font to be used in the following material, deriving the accumulated penetration values, the four contour values and the two style values for each character as described above and then writing this information for each character in that type font into conventional memory device, which is a con¬ ventional RAM-type (random access memory) device 950 in this parti-ular embodiment. The first north, south, east and west memory penetration values contained in RAM 950 are loaded into memory registers 370, 333, 372 and 371, respectively. The east accumulated penetration value (EAPV) contained in east accumulator 401 is then normalized in east normalizer (EN) 361. This normalization process comprises deriving the difference between the west accumulated penetration value (WAPV) contained in west accumulator 402 and the west memory penetration value (WMPV) contained in register 371, respec- tively and adding algebraically this difference to the EAPV contained in east accumulator 401. The normalization pro¬ cess carried out in west normalizer (WN) 362 is analogous to that of east normalizer (EN) 361 in that the difference between the EAPV in east accumulator 401 is subtracted from the east memory penetration value (EMPV) contained in regis¬ ter 372, and the difference added algebraically to WAPV con¬ tained in west normalizer (WN) 402. Similar normalization processes are done by north normalizer (NN) 330 and south normalizer (SN) 360. The east normalized accumulated penetration value (ENAPV) contained in east normalizer (EN) 361 is transmitted to east comparison circuitry (ECC) 500. ECC 500 adds the value of EMPV contained in register 372 to the east candidate accumulated penetration value (ECAPV) contained in the east candidate register 450, which is in this initial comparison equal to zero. The average of the values con¬ tained in registers 372 and 450 is then compared to ENAPV. OMPI /., I1PFOU _ The ENAPV will be either greater than, equal to or less than the average of EMPV and ECAPV. If said ENAPV is less than said average of EMPV and ECAPV and EMPV is smaller than ECAPV, EMPV is further compared with ENAPV. If this comparison falls within an arbitrary tolerance limit, in this embodiment equal to 6.25%, a ""yes"" signal will be derived and transmitted to judgment circuitry 650. If ENAPV is greater than said average and EMPV is larger than ECAPV, ENAPV will be further compared with EMPV. If this comparison falls within the arbitrary tolerance, in this embodiment equal to 6.25%, a ""yes"" signal will also be generated and transmitted to judgment circuitry 650. If the normalized value and the average value are equal to each or EMPV is equal to ECAPV, a ""no decision"" signal will be generated and transmitted to judgment circuitry 650. If, in the first two circumstances described imme¬ diately above, the value contained in either register 372 or register 450 does not fall within the arbitrary toler¬ ance limit set or if EMPV and ENAPV do not have identical greater than or less than relationships to said average, no signal will be transmitted to the judgment circuitry 650. Similar processes are carried out by the west compari¬ son circuitry (WCC) 501, south comparison circuitry (SCC) 502, and north comparison circuitry (NCC) 380, and the resultant ""yes"" and ""no decision"" signals are also trans- ' itted to judgment circuitry 650. Simultaneously with the loading of the NMPV, SMPV, EMPV and WMPV, the vertical and horizontal memory style values (VMSV and HMSV) corresponding to the loaded memory penetration values are loaded into vertical and horizontal memory style value registers (VMSVR and HMSVR) 780 and 781, respectively. Also simultaneously with the loading of the VMSV and HMSV, the north, south, east and west memory contour values (NMCV, SMCV, EMCV and WMCV) , corresponding to the loaded memory style values, are loaded into memory contour registers 790, 791,792 and 793, respectively. ( G PI The VMSV in register 780 is compared with the VSV in register 706 by vertical style value comparator 707, and the HMSV in register 781 is compared with the HSV in register 701 by horizontal style value comparator 708. The NMCV is compared with the NCV by comparator 715, the SMCV is compared with the SCV by comparator 716, the EMCV is compared with the ECV by comparator 717, and the WMCV is compared with the WCV by comparator 718, and the results are transmitted to judgment circuitry 650. Judgment circuitry 650 decides whether or not the values contained in memory registers 370, 372, 371 and 333 are a better ""fit"" for the normalized value of the un¬ known character being scanned than the value contained in candidate registers 390, 450, 451 and 452. Said judgment circuitry 650 gives a value of ""2"" to each ""yes"" signal received, and a value of ""1"" for each ""no decision"" signal received. Said circuitry 650 then sums the values of the signals received, and will gate the values contained in registers 370, 371, 372 and 333 into candidate registers 390, 451, 450 and 452 if the sum of such signals is greater than four, and if at least three out of the four memory contour values are equal to their corresponding unknown character contour values (e.g. if NMCV equals NCV, SMCV equals SCV and EMCV equals ECV) . If the sum is less than or equal to four or if two or more of the memory contour values do not equal their corresponding contour values, or if NSV and ESV do not equal NMSV and EMSV, respectively, the values contained in said candidate registers remain the same. The four accumulated penetration values corres- ponding to the next character contained in RAM 950 are then clocked into registers 371, 372, 370 and 333 and the cor¬ responding contour values and style values contained in said RAM 950 are clocked into registers 790, 791, 792 and 793 and 780 and 781. The normalization and comparison process des¬ cribed above will then be performed again, with either the values of said memory registers being clocked into said candidate registers if the values in said registers are a better ""fit"" to the unknown value, or with the contents of said candidate registers being unchanged if the values con¬ tained in said candidate registers are a better ""fit"" to the normalized values of the unknown character scanned. This normalized and comparison process continues until all of the values contained in said conventional memory have been compared to the normalized values of said unknown character. Address register 900 contains the RAM 950 address corresponding to the character values contained in said candidate registers, the address changing every time the value of a new character is clocked into said candidate registers. After all the characters in RAM have been com¬ pared with the unknown character, register 900 contains the address of the ""best fit"" character, said address being the conventional character identification code for the ""best fit"" character. If, after all the character information contained in RAM is compared with the unknown character information, register 900 contains zero, which means that no character contained in RAM was an acceptable fit, control circuitry 600 disables the scanning sweep and the unknown character is displayed by conventional video means. The operator must then visually determine the identity of the unknown char- acter. In this invention, when the operator has determined the identity, control circuitry 600 enables the operator to address RAM 950 to the identified character position, place RAM 950 in write mode, and write the information contained in the four candidate registers, the four contour value circuits -and the two style value registers into RAM. The scanning sweep is again enabled. This procedure allows the operator to easily correct for gradual deterioration in the image quality of a character due to wear of the typewriter ribbon, or ink supply, or due to the wear of the type, among other factors. (2) Control Circuitry In Figure 3, control circuitry 600 is shown. A clock 27 is connected to an input of an AND 28 and to an OMPI WIPO input of AND 29. Another input of AND 28 is connected to terminal 971a, while another input of AND 29 is connected to terminal 970a. Outputs 2a and 2b of ADC 2 (Figure 1) are connected to the inputs of NAND 30. The output of NAND 30 is connected to an input NAND 31 and to the input of inver¬ ter 32. The output of inverter 32 is connected to the reset inputs of counter 67. The output of NAND 31 is connected to an input of NAND 33 and to the other input of AND 28. The output of NAND 33 is connected to the other input of NAND 31 to comprise a set-reset flip-flop circuit. The output of AND 28 is connected to the clock of a sixteen-bit shift register 34. The first eleven outputs Q A through Q„ inclu¬ sive of register 34 are fed respectively numbered 34a through 34k through registers as current inputs to a summing point forming the inverting input of operational amplifier 35. A resistor 36 connects the input of amplifier 35 to the output of said amplifier 35 to complete a negative feedback loop. Output Q of register 34 is connected to an input of exclusive OR 37, while output Q M of register 34 is connected to the other input of exclusive OR 37, and also to an input of exclusive OR 38 and NAND 39. Output Q of register 34 is connected to both the other input of exclu¬ sive OR 38 and to an input of exclusive OR 40. Output Q n of register 34 is connected both to the other input of exclusive OR 40 and to an input of exclusive OR 41. Output Q p of register 34 is connected both to the other input of exclusive OR 41 and to the input of inverter 41b. The in¬ put of inverter 41 is also connected to terminal 41a, while the output of said inverter 41 is connected to the JK input of register 34 and to terminal 41b. The outputs of exclusive OR's 37, 38, 40 and 41 are connected to the inputs of NOR 42. The outputs of said exclusive OR's 37, 38, 40 and 41 are also respectively con¬ nected to terminals 37a, 38a, 40a and 41a. The other input of NAND 39 and an input of NAND 43 are also connected to the output of exclusive OR 37. The outputs of NAND's 39 and 43 are respectively connected to terminal 39a and an inverting input of OR 44. The other inverting input of OR 44 is connected to the output of NAND 29, while. the other input of NAND 29 and NAND 43 are connected to the output of NAND 31. The output of OR 44 is connected to the clocks inputs of up-down counters 45, 46 and 47 which are cascade connected. Three comparators 48, 49 and 50 are cascade con¬ nected and have four inputs each connected to a suitable bank of switches 51. The ""less than"" output of comparator 50 is connected to the set input of set-reset flip-flop circuit formed by NAND 52 and NAND 53. The carry output of counter 45 is fed to the inverted reset input to NAND 53 while the output of NAND 53 is connected to the reset input to NAND 33, The output of NAND 52 is connected to the up- down inputs of counters 45, 46 and 47. The first output of counter 45 and a first, input of comparator 48 are connected together and are subse¬ quently fed through R55 to form a current input to a sum¬ ming point forming the inverting input to operational amplifier 54. The second output of said counter 45 is connected to a second input of comparator 48 and subse¬ quently fed through R56 to form a second current input to the inverting input to operational amplifier 54. In a similar manner the third and fourth outputs of inputs, respectively counter 45 and comparator 48, are connected together and subsequently connected by resistors 57 and 58 respectively to said input of operational amplifier 54. The first, second, third and fourth outputs of counter 46 and first, second, third and fourth inputs of 49 are re- spectively connected together and are subsequently con¬ nected to said amplifier by resistors 59, 60, 61 and 62 respectively. The first, second and third outputs of counter 47 and first, second and third inputs of compara¬ tor 50 are respectively connected together and are subse- quently connected to said amplifier 54 by resistors 63, 64 and 65 respectively. A resistor 66 is connected between the output and input of amplifier 54 to complete a negative OMPI WIPO feedback loop. The output of amplifier 54 is connected to terminal 54a. Figures 4a-4g show typical waveforms produced by the control circuitry of Figure 3. Figure 4a is the CLOCK 2 signal produced by clock 22. Figure 45 is the VDS signal which is derived from output 35b of operational amplifier. Figure 4c shows the SI signal from output 42a of OR 42. The EOL signal shown in Figure 4d appears at output 37a of OR 37. Figure 4e is the LNS signal from output 39a of NAND 39; Figure 4f is the LCI signal from output 38a of OR 38; and Figure 4g is the LC2 signal from output 40a of OR 40. (3) Character Image Register (CIR) In Figure 5, the circuitry of the CIR 3 corres¬ ponding to one output bit 2a of ADC is shown. The circuitry of CIR corresponding to the other two bits outputs, 2b and 2c, of ADC is identical to that of output 2a. Otuput 2a of ADC 2 is connected to an input of both AND 70 and 71. The other input of AND is connected to terminal 41a of the control circuitry to receive the SSN signal while the other input of AND 71 is connected to terminal 41b. The output of AND 71 is connected to the first parallel input of register 72. Shift registers 72 through 83 inclusive are connected in stacked relation, as shown, with each of the outputs of a register connected to the corresponding parallel input of the succeeding register, except that the first through seventh outputs of register 83 are connected to the second through parallel inputs of register 72. The output of AND 70 is connected to the serial input of register 84. The first through eighth outputs of said register 84 are connected to the serial inputs of registers 83, 82, 81, 80, 79, 78, 77 and 76 respectively. The eighth output of register 84 is connected to the serial inputs of registers 75, 74, 73 and 72 respectively. Terminal 39a (of the control circuitry) provides the LNS signal to the S/L input of each of registers 72 through 82, inclusive, while the S/L inputs of registers 84 and 85 are tied to a positive voltage source. Clock 27 OMPI WIPO and terminal 42a (of the control circuitry) provide the CLOCK 2 and SI signals, respectively, to the inputs of AND 86, the output of which is in turn connected to the clock input of each of registers 72 through 85 inclusive. The clear inputs of registers 72 through 85 inclusive are con¬ nected to terminal 315a. As shown in Figure 5, the first through eighth outputs of register 83 are labeled Al, Bl, Cl, Dl, El, Fl, Gl and HI, respectively. The first inputs of registers 72 through 83 are labeled Jl, Kl, LI, Ml, Nl, PI, Ql, SI, Tl, Ul and Al, respectively. In regard to the circuitry of CIR 3 corresponding to output 2b of converter 2, output 2b corresponds to out¬ put 2a, the first through eighth outputs of the register corresponding to register 83 are labeled A2, B2 , C2, D2, E2, F2, G2 and H2, respectively, while the first outputs of the registers corresponding to registers 72 through 83 are labeled J2, K2, L2, M2 , N2, P2, R2 , S2, T2, U2 and A2. In regard to the circuitry of CIR corresponding to output 2c of converter 2, output 2c corresponds to output 2a, the first through eighth, outputs of the register corresponding to register 83 are labeled A4, B4, C4 , D4, E4, F4, G4 and H4 , respectively, while the first outputs of the registers corresponding to registers 72 through 83 are labeled J4, K4, L4, M4, N4, P4, Q4, R4, S4, T , U4 and A4, respectively. (4) North Character Segment Detector, North Character Line Total, and Multiplier Cir¬ cuitry Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the circuitry for the north character segment detector NCSD 17, north character line total circuit NCLT 18 and multiplier 20. The outputs Jl, J2 and J4 of CIR 3 are connected to the inputs of OR 98. Outputs Kl, K2 and K4 of CIR 3 are connected to the inputs of OR 97. In a similar manner, the outputs LI, L2 , L4 and Ml, M2, M4 and Nl, N2, N4 and PI, P2, P4 and Ql, Q2, Q4 and Rl, R2 , R4 and SI, S2, S4 and Tl, T2, T4 and Ul, U2, U4 and Al, A2 , A4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to the inputs of ORs 96, 95, 94, 93, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88 and 87, respectively. The outpus of OR's 87 through 98 are connected respectively to an input of NAND's 110 through 120, inclu- sive, and are also respectively connected to the inputs of inverters 99 through 109 inclusive. The outputs of inver¬ ters 99 through 109 inclusive are respectively connected to the other inputs of NAND's 110 through 120 inclusive. The outputs of NAND's 111 through 120 inclusive are respectively connected to an input of AND's 121 through 131, while the outputs of AND's 121 through 130 inclusive are respectively connected to the other inputs of AND's 122 through 131 respectively. The output of NAND 110 is con¬ nected to both the other input of AND 121 and to an input of exclusive OR 132 and 133, while the output of OR 98 is con¬ nected to an input of AND 131. The outputs of AND's 121 through 129 inclusive are respectively connected to an input of exclusive OR's 134 through 142 inclusive, while the outputs of AND's 121 through 130 inclusive are respectively connected to the other input of exclusive OR's 133 through 142 inclusive. The other input of exclusive OR 132 is connected to a positive level fixed voltage source. The outputs of exclusive OR's 132, 134, 136, 138, 140 and 142 are respectively connected to an input of OR 143, while the output of exclusive OR's 133, 134, 137, 138 and 142 are respectively connected to an input of OR 144. The outputs of exclusive OR's 135, 136, 137, 138 and 131 are connected to the inputs of OR 145, while the outputs of exclusive OR's 139, 140, 141, 142 and 131 are connected to the inputs of OR 146. The output of OR 143 is connected to inputs Al and B2 of adder 147 and input B3 of adder 148. The output of OR 144 is connected to inputs A2 and B3 of adder 147 and input B4 of adder 148. The output of OR 145 is connected to inputs A3 and B4 of adder 147, and input Bl of adder 150. The output of OR 146 is connected to the input A4 of adder 147, the input Al of adder 149 and input B2 of adder 150. -The four outputs of SI through S4 of adders 147 and 149 are respectively connected to the four inputs Al through A4 of adders 148 and 150. The circuitry of the SCLT 19 and multiplier 21 is identical to the circuitry for NCLT 18 and multiplier 20, but the outputs of OR's 87 through 98 inclusive are con¬ nected in reverse order to the NAND's of SCLT 19 corres¬ ponding to NAND's 110 through 120 of NCLT 18. That is, the output of OR 87 would be connected to the input of the NAND corresponding to NAND 120, etc. (5) East Character Segment Detector, East Character Line Total and Multiplier Circuitry The circuitry for the ECSD 5 , ECLT 9 and multi¬ plier 10 is shown in Figure 7. Outputs Al, A2 and A4 of CIR 3 are connected to the inputs of OR 240. In a similar manner, the outputs Bl, B2, B4 and Cl, C2, C4 and Dl, D2, D4 and El, E2, E4 and Fl, F2, F4 and Gl, G3, G4 and HI, H2, H4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to the inputs of OR's 241, 242, 244, 245, 246 and 247 as shown. The output of OR 240 is connected to an input of NAND 255, while the output of OR 241 is connected both to the other input of NAND 255 by an inverter 248 and to an input of NAND 256. The output of OR 242 is connected both to the other input of NAND 256 by an inverter 249 and to an input of NAND 257 by inverter 250 and to an input of NAND 258. The output of OR 244 is both connected to the other input of NAND 258 by inverter 251 and to an input of NAND 259. The output of OR 245 is both connected to the output of NAND 259 by inverter 252 and to an input of NAND 260. The output of OR 246 is both connected to the other input of NAND 260 by inverter 253 and to an input of NAND 261. The output of OR 247 is both connected to the other input of NAND 261 by inverter 254 and to an input of AND 268, The outputs of NAND's 255 and 256 are connected to the inputs of AND 262. The output of AND 262 is C PI connected to an output of exclusive OR's 270 and 271 and to an input of AND 263. The other input of AND 263 is con¬ nected to the output of NAND 257. The output of AND 263 is connected to the other input of exclusive OR 221, to an input of exclusive OR 272 and to an input of AND 264. The other input of AND 264 is connected to the output of NAND 258. The output of AND 264 is connected to the other input of exclusive OR 272, to an input of exclusive OR 273 and to an input of AND 265, The other input of AND 265 is connected to the output of NAND 259. The output of AND 265 is connected to the other input of exclusive OR 273, to an input of exclusive OR 274 and to an input of AND 266. The other input of AND 266 is con¬ nected to the output of NAND 260. The output of AND 266 is connected to the other input of exclusive OR 274, to an in¬ put of exclusive OR 275 and to an input of AND 267. The output of AND 267 is connected to the other input of exclu¬ sive OR 275 to an input of AND 268. The other input of AND 268 is connected to the output of OR 247. The output of NAND 255 is connected to an input of exclusive OR 269 and to the other input of exclusive OR 270. The other input of exclusive OR 269 is connected to a positive fixed voltage source. The outputs of exclusive OR's 269, 271, 273 and 275 are connected to the inputs of OR 276. The outputs of exclusive OR's 270, 271, 274 and 275 are connected to the inputs of OR 277. The outputs of exclusive OR's 272, 273, 274 and 275 are connected to the inputs of 278. The output of OR 276 is connected to inputs Al and B2 of adder 279 and to an input B3 or adder 281. The out- out of OR 277 is connected to inputs A2 and B3 of adder 279 and to input B4 of adder 281. The output of OR 278 is con¬ nected to inputs A3 and B4 of adder 279 and input Bl of adder 282. The output of AND 268 is connected to input A4 of adder 279, input Al of adder 280 and input B2 of adder 282. The outputs 1, 2, 3 and 4 of adder 279 are connected to the inputs of Al, A2, A3 and A4 of adder 281, respectivel OMPI while the outputs of 1, 2, 3 and 4 of adder 280 are con¬ nected to the inputs Al, A2, A3 and A4 of adder 282, re¬ spectively. Outputs C4 of adders 279 and 281 are respec¬ tively connected to inputs of CO of adders 280 and 282. Circuitry for WCLT 8 and multiplier 11 is identi¬ cal to ECLT 9 and multiplier 10. The outputs of OR's 240 through 247 inclusive are connected to WCLT 8 in a manner similar to that of ECLT 9 except that the orientation is reversed, that is, the output of OR 240 is connected to the inverter of WCLT 8 corresponding to inverter 254, the out¬ put of OR 240 is connected to the inverter and the NAND of WCLT 8 corresponding to inverter 253 and NAND 261, and so forth. (6) East Character Segment Total (ECST 6) Circuitry Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the circuitry for ECST 6. The outputs Hi, H2 and H4 of CIR 3 are respec¬ tively connected to inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 201. The outputs Gl, G2 and G4 of CIR 3 are connected respectively to an input of AND's 180, 181 and 182, while the other inputs of said AND's 180, 181 and 182 are connected to the output of D2 and ECLT 9. The outputs of AND's 180, 181 and 182 are respectively connected to the inputs Bl, B2 and B3 of adder 201. The outputs Fl, F2 and F4 of CIR 3 are con- nected respectively to an input of AND's 183, 184 and 185, while the other inputs of AND's 183, 184 and 185 are con¬ nected to the output D3 of ECLT 9. The outputs of AND's 183, 184 and 185 are respectively connected to the inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 202. The outputs El, E2 and E4 of CIR. 3 are connected respectively to an input of AND's 186, 187 and 188, while the other inputs of said AND's 186, 187 and 188 are respectively connected to the inputs Bl, B2 and B3 of adder 202. The outputs Dl, D2 and D4 of CIR 3 are connected respectively to an input of 189, 190, 191, while the other inputs of said AND's 189, 190 and 191 are con¬ nected to the output D5 of ECLT 9. The outputs of AND's 189, 190 and 191 are respectively connected to inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 203. The outputs Cl, C2 and C4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 192, 193 an 194, while the other inputs of said AND's 192, 193 and 194 are connected to the outputs D6 of ECLT 9. The outputs of AND's 192, 193 and 194 are respectively connected to the inputs of Bl, B2 and B3 of adder 203. The outputs of Bl, B2 and B4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 195, 196 and 197, while the other inputs of said AND's 195, 196 and 197 are respectively connected to inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 204. The outputs of Al, A2 and A4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 198, 199 and 200, while the other inputs of said AND's 198, 199 and 200 are connected to the output D8 of ECLT 9. The out¬ puts of AND's 198, 199 and 200 are connected to inputs Bl, B2 and B3 of adder 204. The four outputs of adder 201 are connected to four inputs of adder 205 as shown, while the other four inputs of adder 205 are connected to the four outputs of adder 202. The four outputs of adder 203 are connected to four inputs of adder 206 as shown, while the other four inputs of adder 206 are connected to the four outputs of adder 205. The outputs of adders 205 and 206 are connected to the eight inputs of adder 207. The three carry outputs of adders 205, 206 and 207 are connected to the inputs of adder 208 as shown. The circuitry for WCST 8 is exactly the same as the circuitry in Figure 8. (7) North Character Segment Total (NCST 15) Circuitry The circuitry for NCST 15 is shown in Figure 9. Outputs Al, A2 and A4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 209. Outputs Ul, U2 and U4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 223, 224 and 225, while the other inputs of said AND's 223, 224 and 225 are connected to the output of NCLT 18. The out puts of AND's 223, 224 and 225 are respectively connected to inputs Bl, B2 and B3 of adder 209. Outputs Tl, T2 and T4 OMPI of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 226, 227 and 228, while the other inputs of AND's 226, 227 - and 228 are connected to the output D3 of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 226, 227 and 228 are connected to the in- puts Al, A2 and A3 of adder 210. The outputs SI, S2 and S4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 229, 230 and 231, while the other inputs of said AND's 229, 230 and 231 are connected to output D4 of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 229, 230 and 231 are respectively connect- ed to the inputs of Bl, B2 and B3 of adder 210. The outputs Rl, R2 and R4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an in¬ put of AND's 232, 233 and 234, while the other inputs of AND's 232, 233 and 234 are connected to the output D5 of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 232, 233 and 234 are respec- tively connected to the inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 211. The outputs Ql, Q2 and Q4 of CIR 3 are respectively con¬ nected to an input of AND's 235, 236 and 237, while the other inputs of AND's 235, 236 and 237 are connected to an output D6 of NCLT 18, The outputs of AND's 235, 236 and 237 are connected to output D6 of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 235, 236 and 237 are respectively connected to the inputs of Bl, B2 and B3 of adder 211. The outputs of PI, P2 and P4 of CIR 3 are con¬ nected respectively to an input of AND's 238, 239 and 240, while the other inputs of AND's 238, 239 and 240 are con¬ nected to output D7 of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 238, 239 and 240 are respectively connected to inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 202. The outputs Nl, N2 and N4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 241, 242. and 243, while the other inputs of AND's 241, 242 and 243 are connected to output D8 of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 241, 242 and 243 are respectively connected to in¬ puts Bl, B2 and B3 of adder 212. Outputs Ml, M2 and M4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 244, 245 and 246, while the other inputs of AND's 244, 245 and 246 are connected to output D9 of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 244, 245 and 246 are respectively connected to inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 213. Outputs LI, L2 and L4 of CIR 3 are respectively connected to an input of AND's 247, 248 and 249, while the other inputs of said AND's 247, 248 and 249 are connected to output D10 of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 247, 248 and 249 are respectively connected to inputs Bl, B2 and B4 of adder 213. Outputs Kl, K2 and K4 are respectively con¬ nected to an input of AND's 910, 911 and 912, while the other inputs of said AND's 910, 911 and 912 are connected to output Dll of NCLT 18. The outputs of AND's 910, 911 and 912 are connected respectively to inputs Al, A2 and A3 of adder 214. Outputs Jl, J2 and J4 of CIR 3 are respec¬ tively connected to an input of AND's 913, 914 and 915, while the other inputs of AND's 913, 914 and 915 are con- nected to output D12 of NCLT 18. The outputs of said AND's 913, 914 and 915 are connected to inputs Bl, B2 and B3 respectively of adder 214, The four outputs of adders 209 and 210, respectively, are connected to the eight in¬ puts of adder 215. The four outputs of adder 211 and 212 respectively are connected to the eight inputs of adder 216. The four outputs of adders 213 and 214, respectively, are connected to the eight inputs of adder 217, as shown. The four outputs of said adders 215 and 216, respectively, are connected to the eight inputs of adder 218, while the four outputs of adders 218 and 217, respectively, are con¬ nected to the eight inputs of adder 219. The carry out¬ puts of adders 215, 218 and 219 are connected to the three inputs of adder 220. The outputs of adders 220 and the carry outputs of adders 216 and 217 are connected to the three inputs of adder 221. The two carry outputs of adders 220 and 221 are connected to the two inputs of OR 222. The circuitry for SCST 16 is identical to the circuitry for NCST 15. (.8) Adder and Accumulator Circuitry Figure 10 shows adder 12, which received signals from ECST 6 and multiplier 10 and provides signals to cost accumulator EA 401. In Figure 10 the outputs 207b, c, d and 208a and d of ECST 6 are connected to five inputs of adder 12, as shown. The six outputs of multiplier 10 are connected to six inputs of adder 12, as shown. The other inputs of adder 12 are tied to a positive voltage source. Adders 13, 22 and 23 of Figures la and lb are generally similar to adder 12. The outputs of multiplier 10 and WCST 7 are connected to adder 13, the outputs of multiplier 20. and NCST 15 are connected to adder 22, and the outputs of multiplier 21 and SCST 16 are connected to adder 23. Figure 11 shows the north, east, west and south accumulator circuits - NA400, EA401, WA402 and SA403 and associated circuitry. In Figure 11, the six outputs of adder.22 are connected respectively to six inputs of com¬ parator 300 and to the six inputs A2 through A7 of adder 201. The eight outputs of adder 301 are connected respec¬ tively to the eight inputs of accumulator storage register 302. The carry output of adder 301 is connected to- the D9 input of register 302. The first eight outputs of register 302 are connected to the eight inputs Bl through B8, respectively, of adder 301, All nine outputs of reg¬ ister 302 are also connected to inputs Dl through D9, re¬ spectively of storage register 303. The six outputs of adder 73 are connected to inputs A2 through A7 of adder 304. The eight outputs of adder 304 are connected to eight inputs, respectively, of accumulator storage register 305, while the carry output of adder 304 is connected to the D9 input of register 30.5. The first eight outputs of register 305 are respectively connected to inputs Bl through B8 of adder 304. All nine outputs of register 305 are also connected respectively to the nine inputs of shift register 306. The six outputs of adder 12 are connected to in¬ puts A2 through A7 of adder 307. The eight outputs of adder 307 are connected to the first eight inputs, respec- tively, of shift register 308, while the carry output of adder 307 is connected to the ninth input of register 308. The first eight outputs of. register 308 are respectively connected to inputs Bl through B8 of adder 307. All nine outputs of register 308 are also connected respectively to the nine inputs of register 309. The six outputs of adder 13 are connected to in- puts A2 through A7 of adder 310. The eight outputs of adder 310 are connected to the first eight inputs, respec¬ tively, of accumulator storage register 311, while the carry output of adder 310 is connected to the ninth input of register 311. The first eight outputs of register 311 are respectively connected to inputs Bl through B8 of adder 310. All nine outputs of register 311 are also respec¬ tively connected to the nine inputs of register 312, Terminal 38a (of the control circuitry) provides the LCI signal to the input of inverter 313, the clock in- puts of registers 302 and 305 and to an input of NAND 319. Terminal 37a is connected to an input of NAND 314 to pro¬ vide the IOL signal. The ""greater than"" output of compara¬ tor 300 is connected to the other input of NAND 314 and also to an input of AND 317, The output of inverter 313 is connected to an input of AND 317, while the output of NAND 314 is connected to an input of NAND 315. The output of NAND 315 is connected to an input of NAND 316 and also to the other input of NAND 319. The other input of NAND 316 is connected to the output of NAND 317. The output of NAND 316 is connected to an input of NAND 317, to an input of NAND 315 to complete a set-reset flip-flop circuit con¬ sisting of 315 and 316 to an input of NAND 318. Terminal 40a of the control circuitry provides the LC2 signal to the • other input of NAND 318, while the output of NAND 318 is connected to the clear inputs of registers 302 and 305. The output of NAND 319 is connected to the clear inputs of registers 308 and 311, while the clock inputs of registers 308 and 311 are connected to the output of AND 320. The inputs of AND 320 are respectively connected to clock 27 (to receive the clock 2 signal) and the output of exclusive OR 321. The inputs of said exclusive OR 321 are connected respectively to terminals 42a and 37a to receive the SI and EOL signals. The clock inputs of registers 303, 306, 309 and 312 are connected to the output of AND 317. (9) Normalizer Circuitry Figure 12 shows the circuitry for North normalizer NN 330. The outputs of register 303 are connected to the eight inputs Al through A8 of adder 331 as shown. The out¬ puts of register 306 are connected ' to eight inputs Al through A8 of comparator 332, while the outputs of registers 333 are connected to the other eight inputs Bl through B8 of comparator 332, as shown. Each of the eight outputs of register 305 is connected to an input of one of the exclu¬ sive OR's 334 through 341, while the other inputs of exclu¬ sive OR's through 341 are tied to the ""less -than"" output of comparator 332. Each of the eight outputs of register 333 is also connected to an input of one of the exclusive OR's through 349, while the other inputs of exclusive OR's 342 through 349 are tied to the output of inverter 350. The input of inverter 350 is tied to the ""less than"" output of comparator 332. Each output of exclusive OR 334 through 341 is connected to an input Al through A8 of adder as shown. Each output of exclusive OR 342 through ' 349 is connected to an input Bl through B8 of said adder 351 as shown. The carry input of adder 351 is connected to a positive fixed voltage source. Each output of adder 351 is connected to an input of one of exclusive OR's 352 through 359- The other inputs of exclusive OR's 352 through 359 and the carry input of adder 331 are connected to the ""less than"" output of com¬ parator 332. Each output of exclusive OR 352 through 359 is connected to an input Bl through. B8, respectively, of adder 331 as shown. The Q1-Q8 outputs of adder 331 are the normalized outputs of NN330 which are supplied to north com¬ parison circuitry NCC380. The circuitry for SN .360, EN 361 and WN 362 is identical to that of NN330. The inputs of NN330 which are connected to the outputs of registers- 303, 306 and 333 correspond to the inputs of SN 360 connected to the outputs - jfEXD"" of registers 306, 303 and 370, The inputs of EN 361 which are connected to registers 309, 312 and 371 correspond to the inputs of NN 330 connected to the outputs of registers 303,.306 and 333. The inputs of WN 362 connected to regis- ters 312, 309 and 372 correspond to the inputs of NN 330 connected to the outputs of registers 303, 306 and 333. (10) Comparison Circuitry In Figure 13 north comparison circuitry NCC 380 is shown. The outputs of register 370 are connected to eight inputs each of adder 381 and comparator 382. The outputs of adder 381 are connected to nine inputs of com¬ parator 381. The outputs of NN 330 are connected to eight other inputs of comparator 383, with one input tied to ground as shown. The eight outputs of register 390 are connected to the other eight inputs each of adder 381 and comparator 382. The ""greater than"", ""equal"", and ""less than"" outputs of comparators 383 are connected, respec¬ tively, to the other inputs of AND 387, OR 386 and AND 389. The output of AND's 387 and 389 are connected to the inputs of OR 388. The output of OR 388, the ""greater than"" output of comparator 392, the ""less than"" output of comparator 391 and terminals 570a and 571a are connected to the in¬ puts of AND 393. The eight outputs of NN 330 are connected to six¬ teen inputs of adder 384 as shown, while nine other inputs of adder 384 are grounded. The thirteen outputs of adder 384 are connected to thirteen inputs of comparator 392, the outputs of register 370 being connected to the fifth through twelfth other inputs of comparator 392. All other inputs of comparator 392 are grounded. The eight outputs of NN 330 are also connected to sixteen inputs of adder 385 as shown, while nine other in¬ puts of adder 385 are tied to a positive fixed voltage source. The first twelve outputs of adder 385 are con¬ nected to the first twelve inputs of comparator 391. The outputs of register 370 are connected to. the fifth through twelfth other inputs of comparator 391 as shown. All other inputs of comparator 391 are gounded. The circuitry for SCC 502, ECC 500 and WCC 501 is identical to the circuitry of NCC 380. (11) Contour Value Circuitry In Figure 14, the circuitry of east contour value circuitry ECVC 710 is shown. The six outputs of adder 12 are connected to six inputs of adder 470, six inputs of comparator 471, and six inputs of register 472 as shown. The six outputs of adder 470 are connected to six inputs respectively of comparator 473, while the six outputs of register 472 are connected to. the six inputs of adder 475 and the other six inputs of comparator 471, The six out¬ puts of adder 475 are connected to the other six inputs of comparator 473, respectively. Terminal 320a is connected to an input of NAND's 476, 477, 478, 480 and 482. Terminal 319a is connected to the clear inputs of counter 484 and register 472. The other inputs of NAND's 480 and 482 are connected respec- tively to the ""greater than"" and ""less than"" outputs of comparator 473. OR 474 has its inputs connected to the ""greater than"" and ""less than"" outputs of comparator 473, the outputs of OR 474 being connected to the other input of NAND 476. The outputs of NAND's 480 and 482 are con- nected, respectively, to an input of NAND's 481 and 483. The other inputs of NAND's 481 and 483 are connected, respectively to outputs of NAND's 482 and 481. The output of NAND 481 is connected to the input of adder 484, a second input of NAND 477, and to the carry input of adder 470. The output of NAND 483 is connected to a second input of NAND 478, and to the carry input of adder 475. The third input of NAND 478 is connected to the ""less than"" output- of comparator 471, while the third input of NAND 477 is connected to the ""greater than"" output of said com- parator 471. The outputs of NAND's 476, 477 and 478 are inverted at the inputs to OR 479. The output of said OR 479 is connected to the clock input of register 472. - "" REX^ OMPI WIPO - The circuitry for WCVC 712, SCVC 713 and NCVC 711 is identical to the circuitry for ECVC 710, except that for SCVC 713 and NCVC 711, terminal 38a is substituted for terminal 320a, and terminal 318a is substituted for terminal 319a. (12) Style Value Circuitry The circuitry for horizontal style value cir¬ cuitry HSVC 700 is shown in Figure 15a. The outputs of NAND's 255 and 256 are connected to and inverted at the inputs of OR 680, the outputs of NAND's 257 and 258 are connected to and inverted at the inputs of OR 681, the out¬ puts of NAND's 259 and 260 are connected to and inverted at the inputs of OR 682, and the outputs of NAND 261 and OR 247 are connected to and inverted at the inputs of OR 683. The outputs of OR's 680 and 681 are connected to the inputs of adder 684, while the outputs of OR's 682 and 683 are connected to the inputs of adder 685. The carry outputs of adders 684 and 685 are connected to the inputs of adder 686, while the sum outputs of adder 684 and 685 are con- nected to the inputs of adder 687. The sum output of adder 686 and the carry output of adder 687 are connected to the inputs of adder 688, while the carry outputs of adder 686 and 688 are connected to the inputs of OR 689, The outputs of adder 687 and 688 and the output of OR 689 are connected to the inputs of comparator 690 and also to the inputs of register 692. The outputs of register 692 are connected both to the other inputs of comparator 690 and to the inputs of HSVR 701. The ""greater than"" output of comparator 690 and terminal 320a are connected to the inputs of AND 691. The clear input of register 692 is connected to terminal 319a, while the clock input of reg¬ ister 692 is connected to the output of AND 691. The circuitry for VSVC 705 is shown in Figure 15b. It is similar to the circuitry for HSVC 700 except that there are twelve inputs (from NCLT 18) instead of the eight inputs into HSVC 700. (13) Contour Value and Style Value Comparators OMPI In Figure 16, the circuitry for north, south, east and west contour value comparators 715, 716, 717 and 718 is comprised of a register 731, 732, 733 and 734, respectively, the outputs of which are connected to inputs of comparators 735, 736, 737 and 738, as shown. The other inputs of com¬ parators 735, 736, 737 and 738 are respectively connected to the outputs of east, west, north and south memory con¬ tour registers 792, 793, 790 and 791, respectively. Termi¬ nal 317a is connected to the clock input of each register 731, 732, 733 and 734. The ""equal"" outputs of comparators 735, 736, 737 and 738 are connected to a portion of judgment circuit 650 as contained within the broken line in Figure 16. The ""equal"" output of comparator 735 is connected to an input of AND's 739, 740 and 741, while the ""equal"" output of comparator 736 is connected to a second input of AND's 739 and 740, respectively, and to an input of AND 742. The ""equal"" output' of comparator 737 is connected to a third input of AND 739, a second input of AND 741 and AND 742, respectively, while the ""equal"" output of compara¬ tor 738 is connected to a third input of AND 740, AND 741 and AND 742, respectively. The outputs of AND's 739, 740, 741 and 742 are connected to the inputs of OR 570, the output of which is connected to terminal 570a. Figure 16 also shows the horizontal and vertical style value registers HSVR 701 and VSVR 706 and the hori¬ zontal and vertical style value comparators 708 and 707. As shown in Figure 16, HSVR 701 and VSVR 706 are combined in this embodiment into a six bit register 703, the clock input of which is connected to terminal 317a. Horizontal, and vertical style value comparators 708 and 707 in this embodiment are combined into one six bit comparator 571, six inputs of which are connected to the six outputs of register 703. The other six inputs are connected to the outputs of horizontal and vertical memory style value registers HMSVR and VMSVR 780 as shown. The ""equal"" output of comparator 571 is connected to terminal 571a. (.14) Judgment Circuit A portion of the circuitry. for judgment circuit 650 is shown in Figure 17. Inputs A2 and Al of adder 620 are connected to the terminals 338a and 386a of NCC 380. 5 Inputs B2 and Bl of adder 620 are connected to the termi- I- nals of SCC 502 corresponding to said terminals 388a and 386a. Inputs of A2 and Al of adder 621 are connected to the terminals of ECC 500 corresponding to said terminals 3-8a and 386a, while inputs B2 and Bl of said adder 621 10 are connected to the terminals of WCC 501. I. "" The three outputs, of each of adder 620 and 621 are connected to the six inputs of adder 622 as shown. The four outputs of adder 622 are connected to four inputs of comparator 623. The three inputs Bl, B2 and B4 of com- 15 parator 623 are connected to ground while input B3 is con- ;_5 nected to a high fixed voltage source. The ""greater than"" output of comparator 623 is connected to one input of AND 623b, the other input of AND 623b being connected to clock 27. The output of AND 623b is connected to the clock in- 20 put of registers 390, 450, 451, 452 and 900. '-:'; (15) Detailed Description of Operation The typical operation of the invention will be explained by use of the numeral ""2"" shown as an example character in Figure 2a, As shown in Figure 3, a 2mHz 25 clock 27 is provided to give the device a speed of identi- . ' , fication of more than 15,000 characters per second. Each cycle of clock 27 clocks shift register 34, the first eleven outputs connected through resistors to operational amplifier 35. The VDS signal at terminal 35a is shown at 0 Figure 4b, and is connected to conventional vertical de- \' flection drive circuitry for a conventional video camera tube to provide twelve scanning point positions in each vertical line. After the twelfth scanning point is en¬ countered, the VDS signal at terminal 35a remains steady 5 for six cycles of clock 27. During the sixth cycle the _ j ' cascaded counter arrangement comprising counters 45, 46 and 47 is incremented by one, causing a step increase in the voltage level of the output of operational amplifier 54, which is connected to the horizontal deflection drive circuitry of said tube and causes the scanning point to move horizontally to the adjoining vertical scanning line. The VDS signal at terminal 35a will then cause said tube to scan said new vertical scanning line at twelve discrete scanning point positions as shown in Figure 2a. The bank of switches 51 preset the number of vertical lines the tube will scan to the right before re- turning to the leftmost vertical line. When this right¬ most limit has been reached, NAND's 52 and 53 put the device in search mode by causing said cascaded counter arrangement to be counted down by one for each cycle of clock 27 until said counters 45, 46 and 47 zero out moving the scanning point horizontally to the leftmost limit. Then the cas¬ caded counter arrangement is incremented by one for each cycle of clock 27 moving the scanning point to the right along the next lowest horizontal line until the rightmost limit is encountered. This procedure is repeated until a scanning point position is encountered which generates an arbitrarily set binary value of 110 from the conventional 3 binary bit analog to digital converter (ADC) 2, which then enables NAND 30 to take the invention out of the search mode, and enables the vertical scanning process to proceed once again. As shown in Figure 5, the ones bit output of ADC 2, output 2a, is connected to AND's 70 and 71, which pro¬ vide a gating function depending on whether the scanning point is moving upwardly (south to north) or downwardly (north to south) . If the scanning point is being moved downwardly, terminal 41b is high and enables AND 71. AND 86 enables clock 27 to clock registers 72 through 85, and thus the ones bit output 2a will first be introduced.into the first position of register 72, and then be clocked into the succeeding registers through 83, as succeeding one bit outputs are clocked into the registers until the twelfth ones bit output 2a, corresponding to the last scanning point position in that vertical, line, has been clocked into register 72. Terminal 41b will then go low and disable AND 71, and terminal 41a will go high, thus enabling AND 70. When the device now scans upwardly along the next vertical scanning path, the ones bit binary output 2a will tie stored sequentially in the shift registers 84 and 85. After all twelve scanning point positions have been scanned, terminal 39a goes low and permits the contents of registers 84 and 85 to be loaded serially into registers 72 through 83 as shown. The process is simultaneously done with identical circuitry for the twos bit output 2b, and fours bit output 2c of ADC 2. After the registers 72 through 83 are serially loaded, terminal 41b goes high and terminal 41a. goes low. Thus the next ones bit output of ADC 2 will be clocked into the first position of register 72 and the contents in any position of registers 72 through 82 will be clocked into the corresponding position of the register connected to the outputs of said first register. However, the contents of each position in register 83 will be clocked into the next highest position of register 72; i.e. the contents of the first position of register 83 will be clocked into the second position of register 72, and so on. Thus, CIR 3 will contain a binary representation of the character being as shown in Figure 2a. North and south penetration values are derived for each vertical line immediately upon the storage of the complete line in the right hand position of registers 72 through 83, and the corresponding registers for the outputs of 2b and 2c of ADC 2. For convenience, the third vertical line from the left in Figure 2b will be assumed to be the last complete vertical line clocked into CIR 3. Therefore, in Figure 6, the outputs of OR's 87, 88 and 89 will be zero, since the first three scanning point positions contain no character material and thus the outputs of ADC stored in said positions were loxv. The outputs of OR's 90 and 91 will be high, since the fourth and fifth scanning positions from the top contains character material. The output of OR 92 will be low. This causes the output of NAND 114 to be low, which in turn forces the outputs of AND's through 131 to be low, while the outputs of AND's 121 through 123 will be high. In turn, only exclusive OR 136 will be high., and the outputs of OR 143 and 145 will be high, signifying that five positions of the third-left vertical line going down¬ ward are encountered before a dark to light transition point (defined prior as the north transition point) is en- countered. Adders 147 through 150 comprise multiplier 20 and are connected so that the number represented by the outputs of OR's 143 through 146 (in our case, 5) is multi¬ plied by a factor of seven. Simultaneously, NCST 15, shown in Figure 9, sums the binary representations of the scanning point positions in said last-clocked vertical line contained in CIR. 3 be¬ fore said north transition point is encountered. This is accomplished by the enable outputs D2 through D12 of NCLT 18; the output must be high before the binary representa- tion contained in CIR 3 corresponding to said enable output may be gated to the adders 209 through 214. In the instant example, outputs D2 through D5 are high, thus enabling the top five positions in the third leftmost vertical line of CIR 3 to be summed by the adders 209 through 221, thus causing the binary representation of the number 9, which is 001001, to appear at terminals 222a, 221a and 219a, c, b and a, respectively. The outputs of multiplier 20 and NCST 15 are con¬ nected to adder 22, a conventional six bit binary adder, in the way shown in Figure 10, to cause the output to be the difference between twice the number outputted by multiplier 20 and the number produced by NCST 15, which is 2 x 35 - 9 = 61. In Figure 11, this number, the north penetration for this vertical line, is added to all the other north pene- tration values previously derived and held in register 302 of NA 400 by adder 301, the output of adder 301 then being gated into register 302 by the LCI signal (Figure 4f) gives sufficient time to a.ll.ow all transients to die in the circuitry before, register 302 is clocked to accept the new accumulated north penetration value, ' The same procedure is performed by similar cir- cuitry for the south, penetration value for the vertical line last stored in CIR 3 by SCLT 19, multiplier 21, SCST 16, and adder 23. Said south penetration value is then added to the accumulated south penetration values con¬ tained in register 305 by adder 304, the output of adder 304 then being gated back into register 305. Determining the east and west accumulated pene¬ tration values requires a different procedure. In Figure 11, registers 308 and 311 of east west accumulator 401 and 402, respectively, are cleared after every complete verti- cal line is stored in CIR 3, unless the north, penetration values of the last stored line is less than an arbitrary number set at seven by comparator 300. This is called a ""clean"" line. As soon as the entire vertical line preceding a clean line is clocked into CIR 3, the representation of the top horizontal line in CIR 3 is transmitted to ECSD 5, initiating the process of generating east and west penetra¬ tion values corresponding to said top horizontal line. When the first binary representation of said clean line is clocked into the first position of register 72, this causes the binary representations of the top horizontal lines to be clocked into register 72, this moving up the initial second-top horizontal lines into register 83, Said cir¬ cuitry then produces east and west penetration values for this line, which are subsequently accumulated in EA 401 and WA 402. In a similar manner, all horizontal line binary representations are moved into register 83 to be transmit¬ ted to other circuitry. Assume that the third top hori¬ zontal line of CIR 3, as shown in Figure 2b, is now in register 83 and the two other topmost registers for the twos bit and fours bit output of ADC 2. Since the clean line is not yet complete in CIR 3, the representation is: 000 000 000 000 111 111 111 100 assuming no character material was sensed in the line pre¬ ceding the left most line shown in Figure 2b, In Figure 7, the outputs of OR's 244 through 247 would be low, since all the inputs are low. The outputs of OR's 240 through 243 would be high. This causes the outputs of NAND's 255, 256, 257, 259, 260 and 261 and the outputs of AND's 262 and 263 to be high. The outputs of AND's 264 through 268 will be low. Only the Output of ex- elusive OR 272 will be high, signifying that four scanning point positions will be to the east of the east transition point. This number 4 is multiplied by a factor of seven by multiplier 10 to produce 28, This number is transmitted to adder 12 as shown. Simultaneously, ECST 6 sums the binary represen¬ tations of each scanning point position to the right, or east, of the east transition point. Otuputs D5 through D8 of ECLT 9 are high, while outputs D2 through D4 are low. Therefore, only the four eastmost positions of the line will be gated to the adders 203 and 204. In the instant example, the resultant sum would be 25. This number is fed to adder 12 which subtracts the number outputted by ECST 6 from twice the number outputted by multiplier 10, or 2 JX 28 - 25 = 31. This is th east penetration value for the third top horizontal line and is transmitted to adder 307 of EA 401, where it is summed with the prior east penetra¬ tion values, and then clocked into register 308 by AND 320. The same procedure is followed by WCLT 8, multi¬ plier 11, WCST 7, and adder 13 to derive the. west pene- tration value for the third top horizontal line which is 87. This penetration value is then summed with the prior west penetration values stored in register 311 by adder 310, and the resultant sum is clocked into register 311 by AND 320. As shown in Figure 11, if a clean line is sensed by comparator 300 and its associated logic when terminal 38a is pulsed, the contents of registers 302, 305, 308 and OMPI 311 are gated into registers 303, 306, 309 and 312, re¬ spectively, where the accumulated penetration values for that unknown character may be held safely while the in¬ vention starts scanning the next unknown character, In Figure 14, ECVC 710 receives the individual east penetration values commencing at the top of the un¬ known character generated by the above circuitry and incre¬ ments counter 484 by one every time the penetration values reach a local minimum, i.e,, when the penetration values start getting larger after a series of progressively smaller penetration values have been received. The contents of counter 484 are cleared after each line is clocked into CIR 3 unless said last-clocked line was a clean line, at which time the contents of counter 484 will be stored in comparator 717 and compared with east contour values of known characters stored in RAM 950, as more fully explained below. Similar procedures are followed by WCVC 712, NCVC 711 and SCVC 713. In Figure 15a, HSVC 700 adds the number _of posi- tive logic low level signals produced by outputs SI through S8 of ECLT 9. Each of said low level signals corresponds to a dark to light transition point, and HSVC 700 counts the transition points encountered in each horizontal line contained in CIR 3 and compares that number with the hori- zontal value contained in register 692. If the first number is greater than the horizontal style value contained in register 692, said first number will be gated into regis¬ ter 692. Register 692 is cleared, along with registers 308 and 311, if the end of the character scanned is not sensed (i.e., if a ""clean"" line has not yet been intro¬ duced into CIR 3) . When a clean line is sensed, the number contained in register 692, which, is the highest number of dark to light transition points sensed in any horizontal line in CIR 3, is gated into HSVR 701. VSVC 705 performs the same function, counting dark to light transition points, on the latest-entered vertical line in CIR 3. The highest number of dark to light transitions is stored until a clean OMPI WIPO line is entered into. CIR 3, whereupon this number is trans¬ mitted to VSVR 706, and the registers of VSVC 705 are cleared to begin the same procedure for the next character to be sensed, Before the mechanism is able to recognize char¬ acters, it must be first ""educated"". This is accomplished by scanning a line of material that contains examples ' of all the characters in a particular type font, deriving north, south, east and west accumulated penetration alues, horizontal and vertical style values, and north, south, east and west contour values for each character scanned and storing these values for each character in a memory, such as a random access memory 950, The mechanism then draws on these stored values to find the best ""fit"" to the particular unknown character. In operation, after the various values of the unknown character are derived, means (.not shown) retrieve the stored values from RAM 950 and compare the values for each stored character in RAM 950 with the values derived for the unknown character. For each comparison, the accumulated penetration values of the unknown character are ""normalized"" by the penetration values of the known character retrieved from RAM 950, This normalization process adjusts any displace- ment of the unknown character upon the background relative to the placement of said example character used in the education cycle. The circuitry for north normalizer 330 is shown in Figure 12, and shows that the normalization pro¬ cess begins by comparing the south accumulated penetration value of the unknown character with the south accumulation value retrieved from RAM 950. If the first said penetra¬ tion value is greater than the second said value, this indicates that the unknown character is shifted upwards on the background, as compared with the known character being compared. The difference between two penetration values is derived by adders 351 and this difference is then added to the north accumulated penetration value of the unknown character, thus in effect ""moying down"" the character to conform to the known cha.ra.cter. This same process is performed for the south., east and west accumulated pene¬ tration values of the unknown character by south, east and west normalizers 360,- 361 and 362, The normalized values are then compared with the penetration values of the known character. In Figure 13, the north, accumulated penetration value of the known character, held in register 370, is added to the number contained in candidate register 390, which contains the north accumulated penetration value of a previously retrieved known character which has so far best fit the unknown character. The register 390 will con¬ tain zero if no previously known character retrieved from RAM.950 has fit the unknown character within certain pre¬ set limits as explained below. If twice the normalized north accumulated penetration value equals the sum of the penetration values contained in register 370 and 390, the output of OR 386 will be a positive logic high level, cor- responding to a ""no decision"" signal. If the normalized value of NN 330 is less than said sum, and the value in register 370 (the currently retrieved value) is less than the value in register 390 (previously retrieved value) , or if the normalized value of NN 330 is greater than said sum, and the value in register 370 is greater than the value in register 390, the output of OR 388 will be at a positive logic high level, signifying that the currently retrieved NAPV is closer to the unknown character normalized NPAV than the value stored in register 390. Adders 384 and 385 and comparators 391 and 392 test the value contained in register 370 to determine whether said value is within 6.25% (1.16) of the normalized NAPV of the unknown char¬ acter. If this is true, the outputs of comparators 391 and 392 that are connected to AND 393 will be at a posi- tive logic high level. The other two inputs of AND 393 will be at a positive logic high level if three out of the four unknown character contour values are equal to the OMPI corresponding contour values of the currently retrieved known character? and if both the horizontal and vertical style values of the unknown character are equal to the corresponding values of the currently retrieved known character. If all five inputs of AND 393 are high, the output of AND 393 will be high, indicating a ""yes"" vote. The outputs of NCC 380, SCC 502, ECC 500 and WCC 501 are then added together by judgment circuitry 650. As shown in Figure 16, said ""yes"" vot from any comparison circuitry, (indicating that the currently retrieved accumulated pene¬ tration value, with the associated style and contour values, have satisfied the above stated criteria) is given a value of two, while each ""no decision"" vote is given a value of one. If the total of all said votes is greater than four, the output of comparator 623 will be at a positive logic high level, and the north, south, east and west accumulated penetration of the current known character will be gated into the candidate registers 390, 452, 450 and 451, respec¬ tively, and the current RAM 950 address will be gated into register 900. The process will then be repeated once per cycle of clock 27, retrieving the penetration, style, and con¬ tour values of the next known character contained in RAM 950, and comparing said values in the same manner as ex- plained above. After all the character values of the un¬ known character, register 900 will contain the RAM address of the known character which is the best fit to the unknown character. The identification process complete, suitable interface circuitry (not shown) may retrieve the address stored in register 900, said address being identical to the computor character code for the character identified. If, however, no character stored in RAM 950 satisfies the comparison requirement, the circuitry in Figure 18 provides a method of visual identification of that unknown character. As shown, a shift register 9.72 holds the last-scanned unknown character. As the unknown characters are scanned, as long as the output of NAND 971 is high, the information from ADC 2 is gated through OR 973, and 974 and OR. 975 and into register 972, The output of NAND 971 will go low if, at the beginning of the scan¬ ning of a new unknown character, the flip-flop comprising NAND's 976 and 977 has not been triggered by AND 623b, signifying that identifying values were loaded into the respective candidate registers. This will have the effect of ""looping"" the characters stored in register 972 through AND 978 and OR 975, enabling the stored characters to be viewed by the operator upon a viewing device such as CRT 979, The operator, upon viewing the unknown character, • decides what it is and presses the appropriate key on a keyboard 980. Means (not shown) access RAM 950 at the address selected by keyboard 980, and write the penetration, style and contour values of the unknown character into the proper positions in RAM 950 corresponding to the selected address. During this time, the scanning of the mechanism is disabled by the outputs of NAND's 970 and 971. After the values are written into RAM 950 at the proper address, the outputs of NAND's 976 and 971 are set high, and the outputs of NAND's 977 and 970 are set low, thus enabling the mechanism to resume scanning the unknown characters. This provides an easy method of correcting for variations in character darkness, due to wear of the type ribbon and other factors. (.16) Conclusion The optical character recognition system of the present invention offers significant improvements over the prior art systems. It is capable of high speed scanning and identification of conventional printed characters in a variety of different fonts. Automatic correction of mis- positioning of characters and capability for compensation of type ribbon wear are among the other advantageous fea¬ tures of the system. Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art of optical character recognition will recognize OMPI - that changes may be made in form and details without de¬ parting from the spirit aηd scope of the present invention.";"WHAT IS CLAIMED IS: 1. A character recognition system comprising: scanning means for scanning characters and pro¬ ducing electrical scan output signals in response to the characters; means for producing style value signals for each character scanned, the style value signals being indicative of the largest number of scan output signal producing transitions from any particular line of scan of a plurality of lines of scan; means for producing penetration value signals for each character scanned, the penetration value signals being indicative of the dis- tance from a predetermined reference loca¬ tion to signal producing portions of the character disposed closest to said reference location; storage means for storing style value signals and penetration value signals for a plurality of known characters; and comparing means for comparing the style value and penetration value signals for the scanned characters with the stored style value and penetration value signals. 2. The character recognition system of Claim. 1 and further comprising: utilization means having an output of the com¬ paring means connected thereto. 3. The character recognition system of Claim 1 and further comprising: means for producing contour value signals for each character scanned, and wherein the storage means also stores contour value signals for the plurality of known char¬ acters and wherein the comparing means also compares the contour value signals for the OMPI WIPO scanned characters with the stored contour value signals. 4. The character recognition system of Claim 3 wherein the penetration value signals comprise north, south, east and west accumulated penetration value signals. 5. The character recognition system of Claim 4 wherein the style value signals comprise horizontal and vertical style value signals. 6. The character recognition system of Claim 5 wherein the contour value signals comprise north, south, east and west contour value signals. 7. The character recognition system of Claim 1 further comprising: character image register means for storing repre- sentations of a plurality of individual scanning positions of a character scanned by the scanning means. 8. The character recognition system of Claim 7 wherein the means for producing penetration value signals comprises: character segment detector means for producing signals indicating scanning positions at which nput material is present; character line total means for receiving signals from the character segment detector means for producing a signal indicative of the number of scanning positions from a prede¬ termined position to a transition point at which input material is encountered; character segment total means for producing a - signal indicative of the sum of the repre¬ sentation stored in the character image register means for the scanning positions prior to the transition point; and means for deriving penetration value signals from the signals from the character line total means and the character segment total means. 9. The character recognition system of Claim 34 wherein -^- EAlT OMPI the means for producing penetration value signals further comprises: accumulator means for accumulating the penetra¬ tion value signals for a plurality of lines of scanning positions and producing an accumulated penetration value signal. 10. The character recognition system of Claim 9 wherein th means for producing penetration value signals further com¬ prises: normalizer means for normalizing the accumulated penetration value signal to compensate for displacement of characters, the normalizer means producing a normalized accumulated penetration value signal. 11. The character recognition system of Claim 10 wherein the comparing means compares the normalized accumulated penetration value signal with stored accumulated penetra¬ tion value signals. 12. The character recognition system of Claim 34 wherein the means for deriving penetration value signals comprises: multiplier means for multiplying the signal from the character line total means by a con¬ stant; and adder means for subtracting the signal from the character segment total means from twice the multiplied signal from the character line total means to produce the penetration value signal. 13. The character recognition system of Claim 34 wherein the means for producing style value signals comprises: style value circuit means for deriving style value signals from the signals produced by the character line total means. 14. The character recognition system of Claim 13 and fur- ther comprising: contour value circuit means for deriving contour value signals from penetration value signals ( OMPI for a plurality of lines of scanning posi¬ tions. 15. The character recognition system of Claim 14 wherein the storage means also stores contour value signals for the plurality of known characters and wherein the comparing means also compares the contour value signals for the scan¬ ned characters with the stored contour value signals. 16. The character recognition system of Claim 15 wherein the means for producing penetration value signals further comprises: accumulator means for accumulating the penetra¬ tion value signals for a plurality of lines of scanning positions and producing an ac¬ cumulated penetration value signal; and normalizer means for normalizing the accumulated penetration value signal to compensate for displacement of characters, the normalizer means producing a normalized accumulated penetration value signal. 17. The character recognition system of Claim 16 wherein the comparing means comprises: penetration value comparing means for comparing normalized accumulated penetration value signals with stored accumulated penetration value signals; style value comparing means for comparing style value signals from a scanned character with stored style value signals; contour value comparing means for comparing con- tour value signals from a scanned character with stored contour value signals; and judgment circuit means for determining the iden¬ tity of a character scanned based upon the comparisons by the penetration value com- paring means, the style value comparing means, and the contour value comparing means. 18. The character recognition system of Claim 17 wherein the accumulated penetration value signals comprise north, south, east and west accumulated penetration value signals; wherein the style value signals comprise horizontal and vertical style value signals; and wherein the contour value signals comprise north, south, east and west contour value signals. 19. The character recognition system of Claim 18 wherein the judgment circuit means identifies a scanned character if at least one of the normalized accumulated penetration value signals is similar to a stored accumulated penetra¬ tion value signal of the known character and all of the style and contour value signals of the scanned character are similar to stored style value and contour value signals of the known character. 20. A character recognition system comprising: scanning means for scanning characters; means for producing contour value signals for each character scanned, the contour value signals being indicative of the number of sign changes in the slope of the character; means for producing penetration value signals for each character scanned, the penetration value signal being indicative of the dis- tance from a predetermined reference loca¬ tion to signal producing portions of the character located closest to said reference location; storage means for storing contour value signals and penetration value signals for a plural¬ ity of known characters; and comparing means for comparing the contour value - and penetration value signals for the scan¬ ned characters with the stored contour value and penetration value signals. 21. The character recognition system of Claim 20 wherein the penetration value signals comprise north, south, east OMPI and west accumulated penetration value signals. 22. The character recognition system of Claim 20 wherein the contour value signals comprise north, south, east and west contour value signals. 23. A character recognition system comprising: scanning means for scanning characters and pro¬ ducing electrical scan output signals in response to the characters; means for producing style value signals for each character scanned, the style value signals being indicative of the largest number of scan output signal producing transitions from any particular line of scan of a plur¬ ality of lines of scan; means for producing contour value signals for each character scanned, the contour, value signals being indicative of the number of sign changes in the slope of the character; storage means for storing style value signals and contour value signals for a plurality of known characters; and comparing means for comparing the "" style value and contour value signals for the scanned characters with the stored style value and contour value signals. 24. The character recognition system of Claim 23 wherein the style value signals comprise horizontal and vertical style value signals. 25. The character recognition system of Claim 23 wherein the contour value signals comprise north, south, east and west contour value signals. 26. A character recognition system comprising: scanning means for scanning characters; means for producing penetration value signals for each line of scan of a character scan¬ ned, the penetration value signals being indicative of the distance from a predetermined reference position to signal producing portions of the character on the line of scan which are disposed closest to said reference location; accumulator means for accumulating the penetra¬ tion value signals for a plurality of lines of scan and producing an accumulated pene¬ tration value signal; normalized means for normalizing the accumulated penetration value signal to compensate for displacement of characters, the normalizer means producing a normalized accumulated penetration value signal; storage means for storing accumulated penetration value signals for a plurality of known char¬ acters; and comparing means for comparing the normalized accumulated penetration value signals. 27. A character recognition system comprising: means for scanning a predetermined area which in¬ cludes at least the identifying portions of a character to be identified; means for locating a center of density of the predetermined area; means for determining the penetration values to the center of density from each side of the predetermined area; and means for comparing the penetration values to stored penetration values of known char- acters, 28. A method of electronically recognizing characters, comprising: scanning an area containing characters to be identified and producing electrical signals indicative of scanning positions at which input material of the characters is present; producing style value criteria for each character OMPI to be identified by counting the number of signal producing transitions from each scanning operation; producing penetration value criteria for each character to be identified by sensing the distance from a predetermined reference location to signal producing portions of the character disposed closest to said reference location; deriving style value and penetration value signals respectively indicative of the sensed style ■ value criteria and the sensed penetration value criteria for each character to be identified; and utilizing the style value and penetration value signals to identify each character-. 29. A method of identifying characters comprising: providing a plurality of first electrical signals indicative of predetermined identifying characteristics of the characters to be identified; examining characters to be identified; deriving second electrical signals representative of the desired identifying characteristics of the characters to be identified; averaging the first electrical signals of a first selected group of known characters; comparing the second electrical signal of a char¬ acter to be identified with the average of the first electrical signals of the first selected group; choosing a group of known characters from the first selected group which has the same re¬ lationship to the average of the first electrical signal of the first selected group as the character to be identified; averaging the first electrical signals of a OMPI second selected group of known characters, the second selected group including the chosen group; comparing the derived second electrical signal of the character to be identified with the average of the first electrical signals of the second selected group; choosing a group from the second selected group which has the same relationship to the aver- age of the first electrical signals of the second selected group as the character to be identified; and repeating the averaging, comparing and choosing steps for the remaining characters of the set of known characters to ultimately pro¬ duce a decision by process of elimination that the identifying characteristics of the character to be identified most closely re¬ semble the identifying characteristics of one of the unknown characters. 30. The method of Claim 29 wherein each selected group of known characters constitutes a pair of characters. 31. The method set forth in Claim 29 wherein deriving second electrical signals representative of the desired identifying characteristics of the character to be identi¬ fied comprises: scanning a predetermined area which includes at least the identifying portions of the character to be identified; sensing the number of light transitions produced by each scanning path along a line of the scanning path to produce a plurality of style values; deriving density measuring characteristic values for the areas of selected light transitions; locating the center of density of each of the selected areas; determining the penetration values to each center of density measured from each of the sides of the predetermined area; determining the contour values from each scanning path; and comparing the respective identifying character¬ istic values for the style, penetration and contour values for each of the comparing steps. 32. A method of identifying characters comprising: providing first electrical signals indicative of predetermined identifying characteristics for a set of known characters; deriving a second electrical signal indicative of the identifying characteristics of a char¬ acter to be identified; averaging the first electrical signals indicative ■ of identifying characteristic values of a selected group of known characters; comparing the second electrical signal with the average value of the first electrical sig¬ nals of the selected group of known char¬ acters; choosing the known characters of the group which have the same relationship to the average value as the unknown character has to the average value; proceeding with the comparison of the unknown between the chosen character and each of the remaining characters of the set of known characters to ultimately produce the identi¬ fication of the unknown character as being more closely- related to one of the known characters of the set than to any of the others. 33. A method of electronically recognizing characters, the method comprising: -£TREAlr OMPI defining a scanning area of sufficient size to include the required identifying character¬ istics for all of the characters to be identified; scanning the scanning area at a plurality of spaced sensing positions to identify a scan¬ ning pattern covering said area; producing electrical signals indicative of the light reflective characteristics sensed at each of said sensing positions; counting the number of light transitions sensed from said scanning operation, and deriving signals indicative of the number of light transitions counted to provide style value identifying signals for the character to be identified; sensing the distance from a predetermined refer¬ ence location to portions of the character disposed closest to said reference location; deriving signals indicative of the sensed dis¬ tance to produce penetration value identify¬ ing criteria for the character to be iden¬ tified; and deriving a character identifying signal from said style value signal and said penetration value signals. 34. A character recognition system comprising: scanning means for scanning characters; character image register means for storing repre- sentations of a plurality of individual scan¬ ning positions of a character scanned by the scanning means; means for producing style value signals for each character scanned; means for producing penetration value signals for each character scanned comprising: character segment detector means for producing signals indicating scan¬ ning positions at which input material is present; character line total means for receiv- ing signals from the character segment detector means for pro¬ ducing a signal indicative of the number of scanning positions from a predetermined position to a transition point at which input material is encountered; character segment total means for pro¬ ducing a signal indicative of the sum of the representation stored in the character image register . means for the scanning positions prior to the transition point; and means for deriving penetration value signals from the signals from the characte line total means and the character segment total means; storage means for storing style value signals and penetration value signals for a plurality of known characters; and comparing means for comparing the style value and penetration value signals for the scanned characters with the stored style value and penetration value signals.";ENGELMANN R;ENGELMANN R;1978
+WO-1980001401-A1;19800710.0;19781226;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141313.0;F15B13;;F04C2, F04C11, F16H39, F16H41;F04C  11/00;MANIFOLDED MULTIPLE HYDRAULIC PUMP STRUCTURE;An improved hydraulic pump structure for hydraulic systems which require a plurality of rotary pumps has a pump casing assembly (20) consisting of a plurality of pump casing elements (23-29) which are fastened together in abutting relationship to define a first pump cavity (54) and a second pump cavity (55a) with aligned drive shaft holes (56-61) and a drive shaft (62-63) which is journalled in the holes (56-61) and carries a rotary pump member (76-77 or 80-81) in each cavity (54 and 55a). The casing elements (23-29) are manifolded to provide a first fluid inlet passage (82), a first fluid delivery passage (84) which terminates in a port in a fluid delivery end plate (29), a second fluid inlet passage (86) which has an entrance opening (H6) in the fluid delivery end plate (29), and a second fluid outlet passage (87) which terminates in a port in the fluid delivery end plate (29). There may be two subassemblies (21 and 22) with two pumps in each, secured together in face abutting relationship with an axially interengaged driving connection (62a-63a) between drive shaft segments (62 and 63) in the two subassemblies (21 and 22) and with fluid delivery passages (83 and 84) extending from one assembly through the other.;"- 1 - Description Manifolded Multiple Hydraulic Pump Structure Technical Field This invention relates to a manifolded, multiple hydraulic pump structure which may be used wherever two or more rotary pumps may be driven by a single drive shaft. It is expressly disclosed herein as applied to a heavy vehicle having a hydraulic trans¬ mission and a hydraulic torque converter; but is not limited to such application. Background Art \ There are numerous situations in which a hydraulic power circuit requires a plurality of rotary pumps to supply fluid to various power elements in the system. Commonly such pumps are completely independent of one another, which requires plural mountings and a substantial number of conduits of varying length/ all of which are subject to possible leakage at their various connections and to breakage under operating stress. The arrangement of separate pumps, separately mounted, gives very poor space utilization and requires a separate drive train to each of the pumps. Typical of such hydraulic systems are those in heavy vehicles, such as crawler tractors, wheel loaders, and large capacity dump trucks. Such vehicles commonly have a hydraulic transmission and a hydraulic torque converter. The hydraulic system for such a vehicle requires a charging pump for the hydraulic trans¬ mission, a fluid conduit from the pump to the trans- mission, a charging pump for the torque converter, a fluid conduit from the torque converter charging pump to the torque converter, scavenging pumps, scavenging con¬ duits from the transmission and the torque converter to O PI /JI. WIPO * v the scavenging pumps, fluid delivery lines to both - charging pumps, and return lines from the scavenging pumps to the sump. Disclosure of Invention The present invention is directed to overcoming one or more of the problems as set forth above. According to the present invention, an improved pump structure has a pump casing assembly consisting of a plurality of rotary pump casing elements disposed in face abutting relationship, with sealing means between the casing elements and means detachably securing the casing elements in- assembled, face abutting relation¬ ship. The casing elements cooperate to define a first pump cavity and a second pump cavity, with a single drive shaft extending through an opening in a drive end plate of the casing elements and through both pump cavities in each of which it carries a rotary pump member. The cas¬ ing elements also are provided with a plurality of mani¬ fold passages including a first fluid inlet passage for admitting fluid to the first pump, a first fluid deliv¬ ery passage from the first pump which has a port in a fluid delivery end plate of the casing elements, a second fluid inlet passage and a second fluid outlet passage. When the invention is applied to a heavy vehicle which has a hydraulic transmission and a hy¬ draulic torque converter, the pump casing elements de¬ fine a transmission charging pump cavity and a torque converter charging pump cavity with the drive shaft extending through both cavities and a rotary charging pump member in each cavity, the charging, fluid inlet passage also supplies the torque converter pump cavity, there is a torque converter charging fluid delivery passage from that pump to a charging fluid port in the fluid delivery end plate, and a second scavenging pump which also has a pump member on the drive shaft. OMPI IPO Brief Description of Drawings Fig. 1 is a side elevational view of the im¬ proved hydraulic pump structure of the present invention, mounted upon a gear housing wall of a heavy vehicle, with parts broken away and illustrated in section; Fig. 2 is an end elevational view illustrating the fluid delivery end of the pump structure, taken sub¬ stantially as indicated along the line II-II of Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is an elevational view taken substan- tially as indicated along the line III-III of Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a horizontal sectional view taken substantially as indicated # along the line IV-IV of Fig. 2; Fig. 5 is a sectional view taken substantially as indicated along the line V-V of Fig. 4; Fig. 6 is a fragmentary sectional view taken substantially as indicated along the line VI-VI of Fig. 5; Fig. 7 is a sectional view taken substantially as indicated along the line VII-VII of Fig. 6; Fig. 8 is a fragmentary sectional view taken substantially as indicated along the line VIII-VIII of Fig. 7; ' Fig. 9 is a fragmentary sectional view taken substantially as indicated along the line IX-IX of Fig. 2; Fig. 10 is a fragmentary sectional view taken substantially as indicated along the line X-X of Fig. 9; and Fig. 11 is a diagrammatic view illustrating the operative relationship between the pump structure of the present invention and functionally related parts of a heavy vehicle power train and hydraulic system. Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring to Figs. 1-4 of the drawings, the improved pump structure of the present invention com- OMPI / .- wIiPrOu . _.ΛΛ^ prises a pump casing assembly, indicated generally at 20, which includes a charging pump subassembly, indicated generally at 21, and a scavenging pump subassembly, indi¬ cated generally at 22. The pump casing elements forming the charging pump subassembly include a drive end plate 23 and a first set of casing elements consisting of a torque converter charging pump element 24, a transmission charging pump casing element 25, and a charging subassem¬ bly transition casing element 26. The scavenging pump subassembly 22 consists of a second set of casing ele¬ ments including a scavenging inlet casing element 27, a scavenging pump casing element 28, and a fluid delivery end plate 29. The casing elements 23-26 of the charging pump subassembly 21 are aligned by means of a pair of align¬ ment pins 30 which make a snug sliding fit in alignment sleeves 31 and screw into threaded bores 32 in the transition casing element 26. Assembly of the charging pump subassembly 21 is by means of four long machine screws 33 which have their heads seated in counterbores 34 in a transition face 35 of the transition casing ele¬ ment 26, and the machine screws 33 extend through aligned bores 36 in the casing elements 24, 25 and 26, and screw into threaded bosses 37 which project from the outer surface of the drive end plate 23. The three casing elements of the scavenging pump subassembly 22 are aligned with one another and with the charging pump subassembly 21 by means of guide pins 38 in the scavenging inlet casing element 27 and the fluid delivery end plate 29 which seat in sockets 39 in the scavenging pump casing element 28 and in the transi¬ tion face 35 of the transition casing element 26. The three casing elements of the scavenging pump subassembly 22 are assembled by means of four long machine screws 40 which have their heads recessed in counterbores 41 formed in a front face 42 of the subassembly 22, and the machine O PI IPO r 5 - screws 40 extend through aligned bores 43 in the casing elements 27 and 28 and screw into threaded bores 44 in the fluid delivery end plate 29. As best seen in Figs. 1 and 2, the fluid delivery end plate 29 is provided with mounting flanges 45 in which there are bolt holes 46; and there are also four peripheral mounting bosses 47 on the transitional pump casing element 26, and aligned with the bosses 47 on the pump casing elements 27, 28 and 29 are mounting bosses 48, and continuous bolt holes 49 extend through the aligned bosses 47 and 48. The bolt holes 46 and the bolt holes 49 receive mounting bolts 50 and 51, respectively, by means of which the subassemblies 21 and 22 are inde¬ pendently secured to a housing wall H of a bevel gear housing which is a part of the vehicle drive. The housing wall H has threaded holes HI into which the mounting bolts 50 are screwedto secure the scavenging pump subassembly 22 to the wall H and there are also threaded bolt holes H2 in the wall H which receive the mounting bolts 51 that secure the charging pump subassembly 21 to the wall. In addition to securing the charging pump subassembly 21 to the housing wall H, the threaded bolts 51 also detachably secure the two subassemblies 21 and 22 in face abutting relationship as illustrated in Fig. 1. In addition to the mounting bolts 50, guide pins 52 which are aligned with the guide pins 38 in the fluid delivery end plate 29 seat in holes H3 in the housing wall H. Referring now to Fig. 4, the pump casing ele¬ ments 23 and 24 cooperate to define a torque converter charging pump cavity 53; and the casing element 24 also cooperates with casing elements 25 and 26 to define a transmission charging pump cavity 54. The three casing elements of the subassembly 22 cooperate to define scavenging pump cavities 55 and 55a. The pump casing elements of the charging pump subassembly 21 are pro¬ vided with a series of aligned pump drive shaft openings O PI 56, 57 and 58 which are provided with respective sleeve bearings 56a, 57a and 58a; and in the scavenging pump subassembly 22 are aligned pump drive shaft openings 59, 60 and 61 which are provided, respectively, with sleeve bearings 59a, 60a and 61a. A charging pump drive shaft segment 62 is journalled in the sleeve bearings 56a-58a, while a scavenging pump drive shaft segment 63 is jour¬ nalled in the bearings 59-61; and the two drive shaft segments have an axially interfitting drive connection provided by a slot 62a at the inner end of the drive shaft segment 62 and a lug 63a at an end of the drive shaft segment 63 which makes a sliding fit in the slot 62a. The drive shaft segment 62 has an end portion 62b which extends through the drive shaft opening 56 in the drive end plate 23 which is adapted for operative con¬ nection to driving means through a drive pulley assembly, indicated generally at 64, by means of which a drive pulley 65 is mounted upon the drive shaft segment 62 through a splined connection 62c. The drive pulley as- sembly forms no part of the novel subject matter of the present invention, so it is not described in detail. Alongside the drive shaft openings 56-58 in the charging pump subassembly 21 are idler shaft openings 66, 67 and 68 which are provided with respective sleeve bearings 66a-68a; and alongside the drive shaft openings 59, 60 and 61 in the subassembly 22 are idler shaft openings 69, 70 and 71 which are provided, respectively, with sleeve bearings 69a-71a. A charging pump idler shaft 72 is journalled in the sleeve bearings 66a-68a, while an idler shaft 73 is journalled in the sleeve bearings 69a-71a. Keyed to the drive shaft segment 62 and to the idler shaft 72 in the torque converter charging pump cavity 53 are meshing gear pump members 74 and 75 which form a rotary, gear type torque converter charging pump; and on said shafts 62 and 72 in the transmission charging O PI WIPO - - pump cavity 54 are inter eshing gear pump members 76 and 77 which provide a rotary transmission charging pump. Similarly, on the drive shaft segment 63 and the idler shaft 73, in the scavenging pump cavity 55 are inter- meshing gear pump members 78 and 79 which provide a first rotary scavenging pump; while intermeshing gear pump members 80 and 81 in the scavenging pump cavity 55a pro¬ vide a second rotary scavenging pump. The first rotary scavenging pump 78-79 scavenges fluid from a torque con- verter C, while, the second rotary scavenging pump 80-81 scavenges fluid from a transmission T. Referring now particularly to Figs. 1, 2 and 5-10, the present hydraulic pump structure 20 is mani¬ folded to provide a charging fluid inlet passage 82 (Figs. 1, 5, 6 and 8); a torque converter charging delivery passage 83 (Figs. 3, 5, 6 and 7); a transmission charging fluid delivery passage 84 (Figs. 2, 7 and 8) ; a torque converter scavenging inlet passage 85 (Figs. 1, 2, 9 and 10) ; a transmission scavenging fluid inlet passage 86 (Figs. 2 and 9); and a scavenging fluid outlet passage 87 (Figs. 2 and 9) . Because of the fact that the pump structure is mounted on the gear housing wall H with the fluid deliv¬ ery end plate 29 abutting the wall, the wall is provided with holes which are seen in Figs. 2 and 3 to be in register with the ports for the passages 83, 84, 86 and 87, and said holes are identified in Fig. 3 by the respec-* tive numerals H4, H5, H6 and H7. When the structure 20 is assembled, annular seals 88, which are mounted in grooves in certain of the casing element faces in abutment with the adjacent casing element faces and with the wall H, seal the entire struc¬ ture against leakage from the pump cavities. In addi¬ tion, leakage from the charging delivery passages 83 and 84 is minimized or provided by means of annular seals 89 (see Figs. 6 and 8) at the abutting faces between the casing elements through which those passages pass. OMPI "" 8 - Industrial Applicability The improved pump structure 20 of the present invention can be used in any hydraulic system having two rotary pumps that can be driven off the same shaft. A particularly advantageous use is illustrated in Fig. 11, where the pump structure 20 is mounted on a housing wall H of a gear housing G that is in direct communication with the housing for the hydraulic transmission T of a heavy vehicle. This permits a transmission charging con- duit 90 to conduct fluid from the transmission charging delivery passage 84 to the transmission through the gear housing and also permits a transmission scavenging con¬ duit 91 to extend through the gear housing. This pro¬ tects such conduits from damage that could result from their being mounted in exposed locations, and also causes any leakage from the conduits to remain inside the housing. Furthermore, the entrance to the charging fluid inlet passage 82 is very close to, and directly in line with the outlet from a screen F which is also mount- ed upon the wall H, so that a charging fluid conduit 92 may be straight and only a few inches long. Likewise, although the torque converter charging fluid conduit 93 must go outside the gear housing, its connection to the pump through the hole H4 is inside the housing, and thus more protected than would otherwise be the case. A por¬ tion of the gear housing G provides a sump S to receive scavenged fluid from the passage 87 through the conduit 94, for return to the pump through the screen F. 95 is a scavenging fluid conduit which connects the torque converter to the scavenging inlet passage 85 of the scavenging pump subassembly 22. Other aspects, objects and advantages of this invention can be obtained from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. The foregoing detailed description has been given for clearness of understanding only and no unnecessary limitations should OMPI WIPO be un d erstoo d therefrom as modifications will be obvious to those skilled in the art. • ^OREXCΓ O PI /.. WIPO \. K VS";"- 10- Claims 1. In a hydraulic system which has a plurality of pumps, an improved pump structure comprising: a pump casing assembly (20) consisting of a plurality of rotary pump casing elements (23-29) dis- posed in face abutting relationship, said casing ele¬ ments (23-29) cooperating to define a first pump cavity (54) and a second pump cavity (55a) , there being a plu¬ rality of manifold passages (82,84,86,87) formed in said casing elements (23-29) for admitting hydraulic fluid to said cavities (54 and 55a) and delivering fluid from said cavities, and a series of aligned pump drive shaft open¬ ings (56-61) connecting said pump cavities, and said casing elements (23-29) including a fluid delivery end plate (29) and a drive end plate (23) ; a drive shaft (62-63) journalled in said drive shaft openings (56-61) which has an end portion (62b) extending through an opening (56) in the drive end plate (23) and adapted (64) for operative connection to driving means; a first rotary pump (76-77) in said first pump cavity (54) and a second rotary pump (80-81) in said second pump cavity (55a) , each of said pumps having a pump member (76 or 80) mounted on the drive shaft (62-63), and said manifold passages including a first fluid inlet passage (82) for admitting fluid to the first pump (76- 77), a first fluid delivery passage (84) from said first pump (76-77) , said first fluid delivery passage (84) having a port in said fluid delivery end plate (29) , a second fluid inlet passage (86) for admitting fluid to the second pump (80-81) , and a fluid outlet passage (87) from said second pump (80-81) , said fluid outlet passage (87) having a port to let fluid out of said casing assembly (20) ; sealing means (88-89) between said casing elements (23-29); - B Λ OMPI IPO $ - - 11 - and means (33,44,50,51) detachably securing- said casing elements (23-29) in assembled, face abutting relationship. 2. The improved structure of claim 1 in which the pumps (76-77 and 80-81) are gear pumps, a first gear (76 or 80) of each pump is on the drive shaft (62-63) , the casing elements (23-29) are provided with aligned idler shaft openings (66-71) , idler shaft means (72 and 73) is mounted in the idler shaft openings, and a second gear (77 or 81) of each pump is on the idler shaft means (72-73) . 3. The improved structure of claim 1 in which the port of the fluid outlet passage (87) and an entrance to the second fluid inlet passage (86) are both in the fluid delivery end plate (29). 4. The improved structure of claim 3 in which the casing elements (23-29) are pre-assembled into first (21) and second (22) subassemblies, said first subassem¬ bly (21) includes the drive end plate (23) and a first set of casing elements (24-26) which define the first pump cavity (54) and which contain the first fluid in¬ let passage (82) and a first part of the first fluid delivery passage (84) terminating in an open delivery end (84a) , and said second subassembly (22) includes the fluid delivery end plate (29) and a second set of casing elements (27 and 28) which contain a second part of the first fluid delivery passage (84) that has an open re¬ ceiving end in communication with said open delivery end (84a) , said second set of casing elements (27 and 28) defining the second pump cavity (55a) and also contain¬ ing the fluid outlet passage (87) which terminates at the port of said outlet passage (87) in the fluid deliv¬ ery end plate (29) , and a drive shaft segment (62 and 63) O PI in each subassembly (21 and 22) , said segments (62 and 63) including an axially interfitting drive connection (62a-63a) . 5. The improved structure of claim 4 in which first mounting means (50) secures the second subassembly (.22) to a support (H) , and second mounting means (51) secures the first subassembly (21) to the same support (H) and also provides means detachably securing said two subassemblies (21 and 22) in abutting relationship with said drive connection (62a-63a) axially interfitted. 6. The improved structure of claim 3 which includes means (50 and 51) for mounting the casing assem¬ bly with the fluid delivery end plate (29) abutting a wall (H) of a housing (G) which communicates directly with a hydraulic power element (T) , said wall (H) having a hole (H5) registering with the port of the first fluid delivery passage (84) , having a hole (H6) registering with theentrance to the second fluid inlet passage (86) , and having a hole (H7) registering with the port of the fluid outlet passage (87) , whereby all the fluid connections between the pump structure (20) and the hydraulic power element (T)' may be located within said housing (G) . 7. The improved structure of claim 1 in which the casing elements (23-29) are pre-assembled into first (21) and second (22) subassemblies, said first subassem¬ bly (21) includes the drive end plate (23) and a first set of casing elements (24-26) which define the first pump cavity (54) and which contain the first fluid in¬ let passage (82) and a first part of the first fluid delivery passage (84) terminating in an open delivery end (84a), and said second subassembly (22) includes the fluid delivery end plate (29) and a second set of casing elements (27 and 28) which contain a second part of the first fluid delivery passage (84) that has an open -gTREAl O PI WIPO - 13 - receiving end in communication with said open delivery end (84a) , said second set of casing elements (27 and 28) defining the second pump cavity (55a) and also containing the fluid outlet passage (87) , and a drive shaft segment (62 and 63) in each subassembly (21 and 22) , said seg¬ ments (62 and 63) including an axially interfitting drive connection (62a and 63a) . 8. The improved structure of claim 7 in which the casing elements (23-29) are pre-assembled into first (21) and second (22) subassemblies, said first subassem¬ bly (21) includes the drive end plate (23) and a first set of casing elements (24-26) which define the first pump cavity (54) and which contain the first fluid in¬ let passage (82) and a first part of the first fluid delivery passage (84) terminating in an open delivery end (84a) , and said second subassembly (22) includes the fluid delivery end plate (29) and a second set of casing elements (27 and 28) which contain a second part of the first fluid delivery passage (84) that has an open receiving end in communication with said open delivery end (84a) , said second set of casing elements (27 and 28) defining the second pump cavity (55a) and also containing the fluid outlet passage (87) , and a drive shaft segment (62 and 63) in each subassembly (21 and 22) , said seg- ments (62 and 63) including an axially interfitting drive connection (62a and 63a) . 9. The improved structure of claim 1 in which there is an entrance to the second fluid inlet passage (86) in the fluid delivery end plate (29) which includes means for mounting the casing assembly (20) with the fluid delivery end plate (29) abutting a wall (H) of a housing (G) which communicates directly with a hydraulic power element (T) , said wall (H) having a hole (H5) registering with the port of the first fluid delivery - 14 - passage (84) , and having a hole (H6) registering with the entrance to the second fluid inlet passage (86) whereby all the fluid connections between the pump structure (20) and the hydraulic power element (T) may be located within said housing (G) . 10. In a hydraulic system for a heavy vehicle which has a hydraulic torque converter (C) and a hy¬ draulic transmission (T) , an improved pump structure comprising: a pump casing assembly (20) consisting of a plurality of rotary pump casing elements (23-29) disposed in face abutting relationship, said casing elements (23- 29) -cooperating to define a torque converter charging pump cavity (53) , a transmission charging pump cavity (54), a first scavenging pump cavity (55), and a second scavenging pump cavity (55a) , there being a plurality of manifold passages (82-87) formed in said casing elements (23-29) for admitting hydraulic fluid to said cavities (53-55a) and delivering fluid from said cavities, and a series of aligned pump drive shaft openings (56-61) con¬ necting said pump cavities (53-55a) , and said casing elements (23-29) including a fluid delivery end plate (29) and a drive end plate (23) ; a drive shaft (62-63) journalled in said drive shaft openings (56-61) which has an end portion (62a) extending through an opening (56) in the drive end plate and adapted (64) for operative connection to driving means; a rotary torque converter charging pump (74- 75) and a rotary transmission charging pump (76-77) in said respective charging pump cavities (53 and 54) , first and second rotary scavenging pumps (78-79 and 80- 81) in said scavenging pump cavities (55 and 55a) respec¬ tively, each of said pumps having a pump member (74,76, 78 or 80) mounted on the drive shaft (62-63) , and said - - manifold passages (.82-87) including a charging fluid inlet passage ( . 82) for admitting fluid to the two charging pumps (74-75 and 76-77) , a torque converter charging fluid delivery passage (83) from said torque converter charging pump (74-75) , said torque converter charging fluid passage (83) having a port in said fluid delivery end plate (29), a transmission charging fluid delivery passage (84) from said transmission charging pump (76-77) , said transmission charging fluid passage (84) having a port in said fluid delivery end plate (29) , a first scavenging fluid inlet passage (85) for admitting fluid from the torque converter (C) to the first scaven¬ ging pump (78-79), a second scavenging fluid inlet pas¬ sage (86) for admitting fluid from the transmission (T) to the second scavenging pump (80-81) , and a scavenging fluid outlet passage (87) from said scavenging pumps, said passage (87) having a scavenging fluid outlet port; sealing means (88-89) between said casing elements; and means (33,44,50,51) detachably securing said casing elements (23-29) in assembled, face abutting relationship. 11. The improved structure of claim 10 in which the port of the scavenging fluid outlet passage (87) and an entrance to the second scavenging fluid inlet passage (86) are both in the fluid delivery end plate (29) . 12. The improved structure of claim 11 in which the casing elements (23-29) are pre-assembled into first (21) and second (22) subassemblies, said first subassembly (21) includes the drive end plate (23) and a first set of casing elements (24-26) which define the two charging pump cavities (53 and 54) and which contain the charging fluid inlet passage (82) and a first part -fTΪJREA "" ; O PI of each of the charging fluid delivery passages (.83 and 84) each of which terminates in a respective open deliv¬ ery end (83a or 84a) , and said second subassembly (22) includes the fluid delivery end plate (29) and a second set of casing elements (27-28) which contain a second part of each charging fluid delivery passage (83 and 84) each of which has an open receiving end in communication with one of said open delivery ends (83a or 84a) , the casing elements of said second subassembly (22) defining the two scavenging pump cavities (55 and 55a) and also containing the scavenging fluid outlet passage (87) which terminates at its outlet port in the fluid delivery end plate (29) , and a drive shaft segment (62 or 63) in each subassembly (21 or 22) , said segments (62 and 63) including an axially interfitting drive connection (62a- 63a) . 13. The improved structure of claim 12 in which first mounting means (50) secures the second subassembly (22) to a support (H) , and second mounting means (51) secures the first subassembly (21) to the same support (H) and also provides means detachably securing said two subassemblies (21 and 22) in abutting relationship with said drive connection (62a-63a) axially interfitted. 14. The improved structure of claim 11 which includes means (50 and 51) for mounting the casing assembly (20) with the. fluid delivery end plate (29) abutting a wall (H) of a vehicle housing (G) which com¬ municates directly with the hyraulic transmission (T) , said wall (H) having a transmission charging fluid hole (H5) registering with the port of the transmission charging fluid passage (84), having a torque converter charging fluid hole (H4) registering with the port of the torque converter charging fluid passage (83) , having a scavenging fluid hole (H6) registering with the en- trance to the second scavenging fluid inlet passage 86, - 17 - and having a scavenging fluid hole (H7) registering with the port of the scavenging fluid outlet passage (87) . , whereby all the fluid connections (90 and 91) between the pump structure (20) and the transmission (T) and a part of the charging connection (93) between the pump structure (20) and the torque converter (C) are located within said housing (G) . 15. The improved structure of claim 10 in which the casing elements (23-29) are pre-assembled into first (21) and second (22) subassemblies, said first subassembly (21) includes the drive end plate (23) and a first set of casing elements (24-26) which define the two charging pump cavities (53 and 54) and which contain the charging fluid inlet passage (82) and a first part of each of the charging fluid delivery passages (83 and 84) each of which terminates in a respective open deliv¬ ery end (83a or 84a) , and said second subassembly (22) includes the fluid delivery end plate (29) and a second set of casing elements (27-28) which contain a second part of each charging fluid delivery passage (83 and 84) each of which has an open receiving end in communication with one of said open delivery ends (83a or 84a) , the casing elements of said second subassembly (22) defining the two scavenging pump cavities (55 and 55a) and also containing the scavenging fluid outlet passage (87) , and a drive shaft segment (62 or 63) in each subassembly (21 or 22) , said segments (62 and 63) including an axially interfitting drive connection (62a-63a) . 16. The improved structure of claim 10 in which the entrance to the second scavenging fluid inlet passage (86) is in the fluid delivery end plate (29) and which includes means (50 and 51) for mounting the casing assembly (20) with the fluid delivery end plate (29) abutting a wall (H) of a vehicle housing (G) which co - municates directly with the hydraulic transmission (T) , O PI / t o WIPO v- - 18 - said wall having a transmission charging fluid hole (H5) registering with the port of the transmission charging fluid passage (84) , having a torque converter charging fluid hole (H4) registering with the port of the torque converter charging fluid passage (83) , and having a scavenging fluid hole (H6) registering with the entrance to the scavenging fluid inlet passage (86) , whereby all the fluid connections (90 and 91) between the pump struc¬ ture (20) and the transmission (T) and a part of the charging connection (93) between the pump structure (20) and the torque converter (C) are located within said housing. 17. The improved structure of claim 10 which includes a direct, short connecting tube (92) between a fluid filter (F) and the entrance opening of the charging fluid inlet passage (82) . 18. In a hydraulic system which has a plural¬ ity of pumps, an improved pump structure comprising: a first pump subassembly (21) comprising a plurality of pump casing elements (23-26) , a first rotary pump (76-77) in a cavity (54) in said first pump subassembly (21) , said first rotary pump (76-77) in¬ cluding a drive shaft segment (62) which has an end portion (62b) extending through an end plate (23) of the subassembly (21) and adapted (64) for operative connection to driving means, and said drive shaft seg¬ ment (62) having an exposed opposite end, a fluid inlet passage (82) for admitting fluid to the first rotary pump (76-77) , and a first part of a fluid delivery passage (84) from said pump (76-77) in certain (25-26) of said casing elements which has an open end (84a) adjacent the exposed drive shaft end; a second pump subassembly (22) comprising a plurality of pump casing elements. (27-29) , a second rotary pump (80-81) in a cavity (55a) in said second -gUREAlT' OMPI WIPO pump subassembly ( . 22) , said second rotary pump (.80-81) having a drive shaft segment (63) which has an end adapted to make an axially interfitting drive connection (62a-63a) with the exposed end of the first drive shaft segment (62) , a fluid inle passage (86) for admitting fluid to the second rotary pump (80-81) , a fluid outlet passage (87) from said second rotary pump, and a second part of said fluid delivery passage (84) which is adapted to communicate directly with said open end (84a) ; first means (50) securing said second pump sub- assembly (22) to a support (H) ; second means (51) securing said first pump sub- assembly (21) directly to said support (H) and in end abutting relationship to the second pump subassembly (22) with said axially interfitting drive connection (62a-63a) engaged and with said two parts of the fluid outlet pas¬ sage (84) in direct communication with one another; and sealing means (88 and 89) between the abutting ends of said two pump subassemblies (21 and 22) . 19. The improved pump structure of claim 18 in which all the fluid passages (84,86 and 87) in the second pump subassembly (22) are open at an end plate (29) of said second pump subassembly (22) , and the sup¬ port CH) is a wall of a housing (G) which has respective holes (H5, H6 and H7) registering with the open ends of said passages (84,86 and 87), whereby all connections (90,91 and 94) to said passages (84,86 and 87) are within said housing (G) .";BEHRENDS B, SHELBY R;BEHRENDS B, CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO, SHELBY R;1978
+WO-1980001405-A1;19800710.0;19781226;WO;A1;EN;20090507.0;new;22141315.0;F16J15;;F16C33, F16J15;F16C  33/76, F16J  15/32B7;SEAL AND SEAL ASSEMBLY;A seal (16) has a body (38), a leg (40) and first and second sealing areas (42, 44). The seal (16) is used in a seal assembly (10) having first and second members (12, 14) such as, for example, a frame portion (20) and steering knuckle (27) of a work vehicle. Apparatus (28) such as a bearing (30) supports the knuckle (27) in rotation relative to a king pin (24) of the frame portion (20). The foreign matter can enter between the frame portion (20) and steering knuckle (27) and interfere with vehicle steering. In the assembly (10), the sealing surfaces (42, 44) contact substantially perpendicular surfaces (32, 34) of the frame portion (20) to block passage of foreign matter to the bearing (30). A second end portion (54) of the seal leg (40) can be controllably deflectable in order to permit overfill of lubricant to pass from the bearing cavity between the frame portion (20) and steering knuckle (27).;"Description Seal and Seal Assembly Technical Field The invention relates to a seal and seal assembly. More particularly, the invention relates to a leg of a seal which is controllably deflectable and has first and second sealing areas in slidable contact with substantially perpendicular surfaces in the seal assembly. Background Art In the use of a seal and seal assembly, it is desirable to block passage of foreign matter in one direction but to permit deflection of the seal in another direction to, for example, allow overfilling a bearing with lubricant to clean the bearing. U.S. Patent 4,043,620 which issued to Otto on August 23, 1977, discloses configurations of bearing seals used to seal openings between a housing and a rotatable shaft. U.S. Patent 3,687,464 which issued to Jackson et al on August 29, 1972, discloses a seal which has a U-shaped cross-section and is used to seal against a shaft and a housing perpendicularly oriented to the shaft.* U.S. Patent 3,841,723 which issued on October 15, 1974, to Kelso shows a seal having a dust lip and a spring biased seal lip. For example, a steering assembly for a work vehicle commonly includes an axle or frame mounted king pin about which a steering knuckle is rotatable. Rotation of the steering knuckle provides corresponding rotation of a spindle to controllably turn a wheel of the vehicle attached thereto. The steering knuckle is OMPI / t o WIPO .vv. supported about the king pin by a bearing which must be protected and periodically lubricated to assure proper performance of the steering assembly. The bearing is exposed to the environment of the work vehicle through an opening located between the steering knuckle and axle owing to the relative rotation of the two components. Heretofore, a seal having two lips or legs and being connected to the steering knuckle has been used. The two lips contact or seal against a surface on the frame or axle to block passage of foreign matter to the bearing. However, when lubricant is subsequently injected into the bearing said seal also blocks passage of the lubricant out of the bearing. In situations where the bearing is overfilled, such as to drive old lubricant from the bearing, this can cause damage to the seal or improper performance of the steering assembly. The result is a waste of time and labor owing to the reduced performance of the steering assembly or downtime in replacing the seal. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a seal which blocks passage of foreign matter in one direction, such as to the bearing, and controllably deflects in another direction to permit lubricant overfill of the bearing to relieve for substantially preventing damage to the seal as a result of the overfill. Disclosure of Invention In one aspect of the present invention, a seal has a body and a leg connected at a first end portion to the body. The leg has first, second and third sides and a second end portion of a construction sufficient for being controllably deflectable in response to a force exerted on at least one of the first and third sides. The seal has first and second sealing areas positioned on the leg adjacent the intersection of the first and third sides and second and third sides, respectively. O In another aspect of the present invention, a seal assembly has first and second members. The first me "" mber has first and second surfaces oriented substan¬ tially perpendicular one relative to the other. The second member is positioned adjacent said first member. A seal body is connected to the second member. A seal leg is connected to the body and extends outwardly from said body. First and second sealing areas are positioned on said leg. The first sealing area is in slidable contact with the first surface of the first member. The second sealing area is in slidable contact with the second surface of the second member. The first and second members of the seal assembly are, for example, a frame portion and a steering knuckle, respectively. The steering knuckle is support¬ ed relative to the frame portion by a bearing. In operation of an associated work vehicle, foreign matter can pass between the frame portion and steering knuckle and interfere with the bearing. The seal blocks passage of the foreign matter and is also controllably deflect¬ able to permit passage of lubricant overfill from the bearing for cleaning said bearing. Brief Description of Drawings FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view showing one embodiment of the seal assembly of the present invention associated with a steering mechanism; FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic partial view of FIG. 1 showing the invention in greater detail; FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing one embodiment of the seal of the present invention; and FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view showing another embodiment of the seal and seal assembly of the present• invention associated with a steering mechanism. OMPI Best Mode for Carrying Out the Invention Referring to FIG. 1, a seal assembly 10 includes first and second members 12,14 rotatable one relative to the other and a seal 16. The first member 5. 12 is, for example, a frame portion 20 of a work vehicle 21. Said frame portion 20 includes an axle 22, king pin 24 and a spacer 26. The second member 14 is, for example, a steering knuckle 27 of the work vehicle which is positioned adjacent said frame portion 20. The 0 steering knuckle 27 is rotatable about the fixed frame portion 20 in response to input forces exerted in steering the work vehicle 21. Means 28, shown as a bearing 30, is provided for supporting said frame portion 20 and the steering knuckle 27 in rotation one 5 relative to the other. Such wheel steering construction is well known in the vehicle art. The frame portion 20 has first and second surfaces 32,34 oriented substantially perpendicular one relative to the other and defined by the spacer 26 and 0 axle 22, respectively. The frame portion 20 and steer¬ ing knuckle 27 define an annular opening 36 between said steering knuckle 27 and said first and second surfaces 32,34. The seal 16 in the seal assembly 10 is annular in configuration and is positioned at a 5 location sufficient for controllably sealing the passage of material through said annular opening 36 as will be hereinafter described. Referring particularly to FIG. 3, the seal 16 includes a body 38, a leg 40 and first and second 0 sealing areas 42,44. The leg 40 has first, second and third sides 46,48,50, first and second end portions 52,54 and a middle portion 56. Said leg 40 is connected at the first end portion 52 to the body 38 and extends outwardly from said body 38. The first and second 5 sides 46,48 are substantially linear, and generally opposed one to the other. The third side 50 intersects the first and second sides 46,48 at the second- end portion 54 preferably at respective angles , ,A 2 of about 90°. Said seal 16 preferably has only a single leg 40 as shown. The first and second sealing areas 42,44 are each positioned on the leg 40 adjacent the intersection of the first and third sides 46,50 and the intersection of the second and third sides 48,50, respectively. Said sealing areas 42,44 are preferably located at or formed by the intersection of the first and third sides 46,50 and the second and third sides 48,50 respectively. The second end portion 54 of the leg 40 is of a construction sufficient for being controllably deflectable relative to the first end portion 52 in response to a force exerted on at least one of the first and third sides 46,50 of the leg 40. In the embodiment shown, the second side 48 of the leg 40, which is generally opposed to the first side 46, is of a configuration sufficient for-defining a reduced cross-sectional area of said leg 40 at the middle portion 56 relative to said second end portion 54. The reduction in cross-sectional area, as further defined below by the configuration of said second side 48, provides controllable deflection of the second end portion 54 for the purposes hereinafter discussed. The second side 48 of the leg 40 has an arcuate surface 58 extending curvilinearly inwardly on said leg 40 from the second end portion 54 toward the middle portion 56 in a direction generally toward the first side 46. The leg 40 has "" a width at W, defined by the distance between the first and second sides 46,48 and the arcuate surface 58 extends inwardly at the middle portion 56 about one-half of said width (shown at 2 ) . In other words, the second side 48 extends curvilinearly inwardly and progressively reduces the cross-sectional area of the second leg 40 from the second end portion 54 toward the middle portion 56. Thus, the cross-sectional area adjacent - is less than the cross-sectional area adjacent W, . It is also desirable that said arcuate surface 58 further extend curvilinearly outwardly from the middle portion 56 toward the first end portion 52 of the leg 40 in a direction from the first side 46 and intersect the body 38 at a location 60 at which the leg 40 connects at the second side 48 to the body 38. The second side 48 has an arcuate portion 62 defining the arcuate surface 58 of said second side 48 and a substantially linear portion 64 intersecting the third side 50 of the leg 40 and which is preferably substantially parallel to the first side 46 of said leg 40. Said linear portion 64 has a length (L,l about one-third the length L^ of the first side 46 in order to maintain sufficient width at the second end portion 54 of the leg 40 for adequate rigidity of the seal 16 in position in the seal assembly 10 against the first and second surfaces 32,34 of the frame portion 20. Further, the first sealing area 42 is positioned on the leg 40 at a location immediately adjacent a point 66 on the second side 48 from which the arcuate surface 58 extends inwardly toward the first side 46. Referring to the embodiment of FIG. 4, means 63 is provided for biasing the second end portion 54 of the leg 40 relative to the first end portion 52 of said leg 40 in a direction D, from the second side 48 toward the first side 46 of the leg 40. Said biasing means 63 is shown as a spring 65, such as a helical spring, positioned on the second side 48 of the leg 40 and retained in a groove 67 formed in the arcuate portion 62 of said second side 48. In an annular configuration of the seal 16, which is the preferred embodiment, the spring 65 tends to bias outwardly against and about OMPI ^ΪRYA -7- said second side 48 to urge said first and second sealing areas 42,44 into contact with the first and second surfaces 32,34 when the seal 16 is positioned in the seal assembly 10. Said biasing means 63 can also 5. be, for example, a ring or similar element which tends to expand outwardly against the second side 48. The body 38, leg 40 and first and second sealing areas 42,44 are preferably of unitary, elasto- meric construction. The seal 16 also has a carrier 0 element 68 connected or molded to the body 38 on at least first and second sides 70,72 of said body 40. The carrier element 68 is of metallic construction as is known in the art. The first and second sides 46,50 of the leg 40 intersect third and fourth sides 74,76 of 5 the body 38 and define the orientation of the leg 40 relative to the body 38 as shown. It should be under¬ stood that the seal 16 can be of other configurations as is known in the art without departing from the invention. 0 In the installed position of the seal 16 in the seal assembly 10, the seal body 38 is connected to the steering knuckle 27 and positioned adjacent and extending about the annular opening 36. In- the embodi¬ ment shown, said seal 16 is press fit into a substan- 5 tially circular bore 77 defined by the steering knuckle 27 owing to the oversize configuration of the metallic carrier element 68. The first sealing area 42 is positioned in sealing, slidable contact with the first surface 32 of the frame portion 20. The second sealing 0 surface 44 is positioned in sealing slidable contact with the second surface 34 of the frame portion 20. It is desirable that the second end portion 54 of the leg 40 be controllably deflectable as above described with respect to the individual seal 16. The first and 5 second sealing areas 42,44 are thus removable from contact with the first and second surfaces 32,34, OMPI ^εlxm respectively, in response to controllably deflecting the second end portion 54. A line 78 passing between the first and second sealing areas 42,44 intersects the first surface 5 32 of the frame portion 20 at an angle A ς in a range of about 45° to about 90°. The third side 50 extends be¬ tween said sealing areas 42,44 and defines said line 78. The angle 5 in the preferred embodiment is about 45°. In other words, said line 78 passing between the 0 sealing areas 42,44 defines a chord 80 of a circle 82 having a radial line 84. The radial line 84 substan¬ tially bisects the chord 8Q and passes immediately adjacent the intersection 86 of first and second planes 32' ,34' defined by.the first and second surfaces 32,34 5 of the frame portion 20. As is also shown, the first •side 42 of the leg 40 intersects the first surface 32 of the frame portion 20 at an angle Ag of about 60°. The linear portion 64 of the second side 44 intersects the second surface 34 of the frame portion 20 at an 0 angle A 7 of about 60°. It is desirable that the first and second sealing areas 42,44 urge against the first and second surfaces 32,34 of the frame portion 20, respectively, in order to maintain a positive ""seal"" against said 5 surfaces 32,34. The biasing means 65 or spring 67 in the embodiment of FIG. 4 biases the second end portion 54 of the leg 40 relative to the first end portion 52 of the leg 40 in a direction D 2 toward the first surface 32 of the frame portion 20 to assure the positive Q ""seal"". Said direction D 2 is shown substantially the same as the direction D, . The positive ""seal"" can also be assured by preloading the leg 40. In other words, the orientation of the first side 46 of the leg 40, as represented by angle A 3 , (.FIG. 3) can be provided in 5 the seal 16 such that said first side 46 is displaced from said angle A, to an installation angle A, (FIG. 2) OMPI ^RTAII when the seal 16 is in the installed position. Thus, angle A 3 is provided less than angle A. to establish the preloaded condition. On the sealed assembly 10, the leg 40 forms 5. an annular chamber 88 with the frame portion 20. The annular chamber 88 is defined by the first and second surfaces 32,34 of said frame portion 20 and the third side 50 of the leg 40. The leg 40 also forms first and second channels 90,92 with said frame portion 20. Said 0 first and second channels 90,92 are defined by the first side 42 of the leg 40 and the first surface of the frame portion 20 and"" the second side 44 of the leg 40 and the second surface 34 of the frame portion 20, respectively. Said channels 90,92 are of a construction 5 sufficient for being positionable in communication one with the other ' in response to removing the first and second sealing areas 42,44 from contact with the first and second surfaces 32,34 respectively. It is desirable that in the seal assembly 10 0 the second end portion 54 of the leg 40 be controllably deflectable relative to the first end portion 52 of the leg 40, as was explained previously with respect to the seal 16. Also, the configuration of said seal 16 is preferably also as above explained with respect o the 5 seal 16. The first and second sealing areas 42,44 are removable from contact with the first and second surfaces 32,34 of the frame portion 20, respectively, in response to controllably deflecting said second end portion 54, as is shown by way of example in FIG. 1. The channels 0 90,92 are in fluid communication one with the other in response to exerting a force on at least one of the first and third sides 46,50 of the leg 40 for deflecting said second end portion 54. It should be understood that the seal 16 and 5 seal assembly 10 can be of other configurations as is known in the art without departing from the invention. OMPI ^S_-° -10- • Industrial Applicability In the use of the seal 16 in the seal assembly 10, the first and second sealing areas 42,44 slidably contact the first and second surfaces 32,34 of the 5. frame portion 20 to block passage of foreign matter through the annular opening 36 and to the bearing 30. Overfill of lubricant in the bearing 30 controllably deflects the second end portion 54 of the leg 40 to relieve lubricant through the annular opening 36 to 0 clean the bearing 30. For example, input forces on the steering knuckle 27 through a steering arm 93 cause said knuckle 27 to rotate relative to the frame portion 20. In rotation the first-and second sealing, surfaces 42,44 5 wipe or slide along the frame portion 20 to prevent passage of dirt, water of the 'like through the annular opening 36 to -the bearing 30. Thus, the bearing 30 is substantially protected from the effects of the environ¬ ment of the work vehicle 21. Said sealing surfaces 0 42,44 remain seated on the surfaces 32,34 of the frame portion 20 and the second end portion 54 of the leg 40 resists deflection from forces exerted on the seal 16 by dirt or the like owing to the substantially linear configuration of the first side 46 of the leg 40 and 5 its orientation relative to the frame portion 20. After a period of use of the steering of the vehicle, it may be desirable to relubricate said bear¬ ing 30. The bearing 30 is commonly overfilled to permit flushing of the old lubricant from the bearing 0 30. As the lubricant passes through the bearing 30, it will urge initially against the first side 46 of the leg 40 and exert a force on said first side 46. Where the force is sufficient, the second end portion 54 of the leg 40 will deflect about the point of intersection 5 of the first side 46 of the leg 40 and the body 38 owing to the curvilinear configuration of the -second OMPI - - side 48 of the leg 40 and the corresponding reduction in cross-sectional area. Deflection of the second end portion 54 removes the sealing surfaces 42,44 from contact with the frame portion 20. The lubricant then flows from the first channel 90 through the annular chamber 88 and out the second channel 92. This action is represented by flow lines 94 in FIG. 1. Force is also exerted on the third side 50 of the leg 40 during overfill. This tends to promote relief or escape of the lubricant from the bearing 30. Where the first and second sealing surfaces 32,34 urge against the frame portion 20, the relief of said lubricant tends to slow owing to the greater force required to overcome, for example, the spring 65 or preload of the leg 40. Following overfill some lubri¬ cant will be trapped in the annular chamber 88 and will act as an additional barrier to foreign matter. It should be understood that a force exerted on only the third side 50'of the leg 40 will also deflect the seal 16. The first and second sealing areas 42,44 preferably are represented by points of contact such as are formed by the intersections of the first and third sides 46,50 and second and third sides 48,50 of the legs 40, respectively, to reduce friction between the seal 16 and frame portion 20. The first sealing area 42 will, however, tend to wear a groove into the first surface 32 during operation of the vehicle steering. The wearing action on the first sealing area 42 results in movement of the second sealing surface 34 toward the first surface 32, but does not interfere substantially with the performance of the seal 16. The preferred. orientation and configuration of the seal 16 is shown in the drawings. The third side 50 intersects the first surface 32 at the angle Ac which is about 45°. The first side 46 and linear OMPI ^tomΦ portion 64 of the second side 48 intersect the first and second surfaces 32,34, respectively, at angles Ag,A 7 of about 60°. It will be evident from a study of the drawings that other orientations or configurations of the seal 16 will to some degree lessen or increase the effect of the deflection and sealing capabilities of the seal 16. For example, a greater angle A 5 tends to reduce the capabilities of seal 16 to relieve the lubricant flowing through the bearing 30 owing to a reduction in the size of the relief pathway available to said lubricant. Other aspects, objects and advantages will become apparent from a study of the specification, drawings and appended claims.";"Clai s 1. A seal (16) , comprising: a body (38) ; a leg (.40) having first, second and third sides (46,48,50) and first and second end portions 5 (52,54) and being connected at the first end portion (52) to the body (38) and extending outwardly from said body (38), said first and second sides (46,48) being generally opposed, said third side intersecting said first and second sides (.46,48) at the second end portion 10 (.54) , said second end portion (.54) being of a construc¬ tion sufficient for being controllably deflectable relative to said first end portion (52) in response to a force exerted on at least one of the first and third sides (56,50) ; 15 first and second sealing areas (42,44) posi¬ tioned on said leg (.40) adjacent the intersection of the first and third sides C46,50) , and the intersection of the second and third sides (.46,50), respectively. 2. The seal (16) , as set forth in claim 1, 20 wherein said leg (40) has a middle portion (.56) and said second side (48) is of a configuration sufficient for defining a reduced cross-sectional area of said leg (40) at the middle portion (56) relative to said second end portion (54) of the leg (40).. 25 3. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 2, wherein said second side (48) has an arcuate surface (58) extending curvilinearly inwardly from the second end portion (54) toward the middle portion (56) in a direction generally toward the first side (46) . 4. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 1, wherein said first and second sealing areas (42,44) are located at the intersection of the first and third sides (46,50) and second and third sides (48,50), respectively. 5. The seal (16) , as set forth in claim 1, wherein said seal (16) has only a single leg (40) . 6. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 1, wherein said third side (50) intersects the first side (46) at an angle ( l of about 90°. 7. The "" seal (16), as set forth in claim 1, wherein said third side (50) intersects the second side (48) at an angle (50) of about 90°. 8. The seal (.16), as set forth in claim 1, wherein said third side (.50) is substantially linear. 9. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 1, wherein said first side (56) is substantially linear. 10. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 3, wherein said second side (48) has a substantially linear portion (.64) intersecting the third side (50) and an arcuate portion (62) defining the arcuate surface (58) of said second side (48) . 11. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 10, wherein said first side (46) of the leg (40) is sub- stantially parallel to said linear portion (64) of the second side (48) . 12. The seal (16) , as set forth in claim -1, wherein said first sealing area (42) is on said leg (40) at a location immediately adjacent a point (66) on said second side (48) from which said arcuate surface - (58) extends inwardly toward said first side (46). 13. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 1, wherein said leg (40) has a width (W, ) defined by the distance between the first and second sides (46,48) and the arcuate surface (58) of said second side (48) extends inwardly about one-half of said width (W, ) . 14. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 3, wherein said arcuate surface (58) extends outwardly from the middle portion (56) toward the first end portion (52) in a direction from the first side (46) and intersects the body (38) of the seal (16) at a location (60) at which said leg (40) connects at the second side (.48) to said body (38) . 15. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 10, wherein the length (L,l of the linear portion (64) of the second side (72) is about one-third the length ( 2 ) of the first side (46) . 16. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 1, wherein said seal (16) has a carrier element (68) connected to the body (38) . 17. The seal (16) , as set forth in claim 1, wherein said body (38) , leg (40) and first and second sealing areas (42,44) are of unitary, elastomeric construction. 18. The seal (16) , as set forth in claim 1, wherein said seal (16) is of an annular configuration. 19. The seal (16), as set forth in claim 1, including means (63) for biasing said second end portion (54) of the leg (40) relative to said first end portion (52) of the leg (40) in a direction (D,) from the second (34) toward the first side (32) of the leg (40) . 20. The seal (161, as set forth in claim 19, wherein said biasing means (63) is a spring (65) posi- tioned on the second side (34) of the leg (40) . 21. A seal (16), comprising: a body (38) ; a leg (40). having first, second and third sides (46,48,50), first and second end portions (52,54) and a middle portion (56) and being connected at the first end portion "" (52) to the body (38) and extending outwardly from said body (38), said first and second sides (46,48) being generally opposed, said third side (50) intersecting said first and second sides (46,48) at the second end portion (54) , said second end portion (54) being of a construction sufficient for being con¬ trollably deflectable relative to said first end portion (52) in response to a force exerted on at least one of the first and third sides (46,50) and defining a reduced cross-sectional area of said leg (40) at the middle portion (56) relative to said second end portion (54) ; first and second sealing areas (42,44) each positioned on said leg (40) , said first sealing surface (42) being formed at the intersection of the first and third sides (46,50), said second sealing surface (44) being formed at the intersection of the second and third sides (48,50) . - f /., 22. A seal assembly (10) , comprising: a first member (12) having first and second surfaces (32,34) oriented substantially perpendicular one relative to the other; 5 a second member (14) positioned adjacent said first member (12), said first and second members (12,14) being rotatable one relative to the other and defining an annular opening (36) between said second member (14) and the first and second surfaces (32,34) of said first 10 member (12) ; means (28) for supporting said first and second members (12,14) in rotation one relative to the other; a seal body (38) connected to said second 15 member (14) and positioned adjacent and extending about said annular opening (36) ; a seal leg (40) having first, second and third sides (46,48,50) and first and second end portions (52,54) and being connected at the first end portion 20 (52) to the body (38) and extending outwardly from.said body (38) about the annular opening (36) and in a direction toward said first and second surfaces (32,34) of the first member (14) , said first and second sides (46,48) being generally opposed, said third side (50) 25 intersecting said first and second sides (46,48) at the second end portion (54) ; and first and second sealing areas (42,44) posi¬ tioned on said leg (40) adjacent the intersection of the first and third sides (46,48) and the second and 30 third sides (48,50), respectively, said first sealing area (42) being in sealing, slidable contact with said first surface (46) of the first member (12) , said second sealing area (48) being in sealing, slidable contact with said second surface (34) of the first 35 member (14) . - ΕE ^ OMPI ^wlτi -18- 23. The seal assembly (10) , as set forth in claim 22, wherein said second end portion (54) of the leg (40) is of a construction sufficient for being con¬ trollably deflectable relative to said first end portion (52) of the leg (40) in response to a force exerted on at least one of the first and third sides (46,50) of the leg (40) and said first and second sealing areas (42,44) are removable from contact with the first and second surfaces (32,34) of the first member (12), respectively, in response to controllably deflecting said second end portion (54). 24. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in . claim 23, wherein said leg (40) has a middle portion (56) and said second side of the leg (40) is of a configuration sufficient for defining a reduced ' cross- sectional area of said leg (40) at the middle portion (56) relative to the second end portion (54) of said leg (40) . 25. The seal assembly (10) , as set forth in claim 24, wherein said second side (48) has an arcuate surface (58) extending curvilinearly inwardly from the second end portion (54) toward the middle portion (56) in a direction generally toward the first side (46) . 26. The seal assembly (10) , as set forth in claim 22, wherein the first and second sealing areas (42,44) are located at the intersection of the first and third sides (46,50) and the second and third sides (48,50) , respectively. 27. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 22, wherein said seal assembly (10) has only a single leg (40) . OMP -c fy WIP - 28. The seal assembly (10) , as set forth in claim 22, including a line (78) passing through said first and second sealing areas (42,44), said line (78) intersecting the first surface (32) of the first member (12) at an angle (A g ) in a range of about 45° to about 90°. 29. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 28, wherein said angle (Ac) is about 45°. 30. The seal assembly (10) , as set forth in claim 28, wherein said third side (50) defines the line (78) passing through said first and second sealing surfaces (42,44). 31. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 22, wherein said first side (46) intersects the first surface (32) of the first member (12) at an angle (Ag) of about 60°. 32. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 25, wherein said second side (48) has a sub¬ stantially linear portion (64) intersecting the third side (50) and an arcuate portion (62) defining the arcuate surface (58) of said second side (48) . 33. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 32, wherein said linear portion (64) of the second side (48) intersects the second surface (34) of the first member (12) at an angle (A.,) of about 60°. OMPI /to WIPO ,. 34. The seal assembly (10) , as set forth in claim 22, wherein said first and second surfaces (32,34) of the first member (12) define first and second sub¬ stantially perpendicular intersecting planes (32',34'), - respectively, and including a line (78) passing between said first and second sealing areas (42,44), said line (78) defining a chord (80) of a circle (82) having a radial line (84) , said radial line (84) substantially bisecting said chord (80) and passing immediately adjacent the intersection (86) of said planes (32',34'). 35. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 32, said first side (461 of the leg (40) is sub¬ stantially parallel to said linear portion (64) of the second side (48) . 36. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 22, wherein said first and second sealing areas (42,44) urge against said first and second surfaces (32,34) of the first member (121, respectively. 37. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 22, wherein said seal body (38), leg (40) and first and second sealing areas (42,44) are of unitary, elastomeric construction. 38. The seal assembly (10), as. set forth in claim 23, wherein the third side (50) of the leg (40) extends between said first and second sealing areas (42,44) and said leg (40) forms an annular chamber (88) with said first member (12) , said annular chamber (88) being defined by the first and second surfaces (32,34) of said first member (12) and the third side (50) of the leg (40 ) . OMPI /., WIPO 39. The seal assembly (10), as set forth in claim 38, wherein the leg (40) forms first and second channels (90,92) with said first member (12), said first and second channels (90,92) being defined by the 5. first side (46) of the leg (40) and first surface (32) of the first member (12) and the second side (48) of the leg (40) and the second surface (34) of the first member (12) , respectively, and being of a construction sufficient for being positionable in communication one 0 with the other in response to removing the first and second sealing areas (42,44) from contact with the first and second surfaces (32,34), respectively. 40. The -seal assembly (10) , as set forth in claim 22, including means (63) for biasing the second 5 end portion (54) of the leg (40) relative to the first end portion (52) of the leg (40) in a direction (D ) toward the first surface (32) of the first member (12) . 41. The seal assembly (10) , as set forth in claim 40, wherein said biasing means (63) is a spring 0 (65) positioned on the second side (48) of the leg (40). 42. A seal assembly (10) , for a work vehicle (21) comprising: a frame portion (20) having first and second 5 surfaces (32,34) and being connected to said work vehicle (10), said first and second surfaces (32,34) being oriented substantially perpendicular one relative to the other; a steering knuckle (27) positioned adjacent 0 said frame portion (20), said steering knuckle (27) and • frame portion (20)' being rotatable one relative to the other and defining an annular opening (36) between said steering knuckle (27) and said first and second sur¬ faces (32,34) '-»;' OMPI ^^7-\Φ (Claim 42 continued:) means for supporting said frame portion (20) . and steering knuckle (27) in rotation one relative to the other; a seal body (38) connected to said steering 5. knuckle (27) and positioned adjacent and extending about said annular opening (36) ; a seal leg (40) having first, second sides and third sides (46,48,50) and first and second end portions (52,54) and being connected at the first end 0 portion (52) to the body (38) and extending outwardly from said body (38) about the annular opening (36) and in a direction toward said first and second surfaces (32,34) of the frame portion (201, said first and second sides (46,48) being generally opposed, said 5 third side (50). intersecting said first and second sides (46,48) at the second end portion (54) ; and first and second sealing areas (42,44) posi¬ tioned on said leg (40) adjacent the intersection of the first and third sides (46,50) and the second and 0 third sides (48,50), respectively, said first sealing area (42) being in sealing, slidable contact with said first surface (32) of the frame portion (20) , said second sealing area (44) being in sealing, slidable contact with said second surface (34) of the frame 5 portion (20) . 43. A seal assembly (10) , comprising: a first member (12) having first and second surfaces (32,34) oriented substantially perpendicular one relative to the other; 0 a second member (12) positioned adjacent said first member (12) , said first and second members (12,14) being rotatable one relative to the other and defining an annular opening (36) between said second member (14) and the first and second surfaces (32,34) of the first 5 member (14) ; (Claim 43 continued:) .means (28) for supporting said first and second members (12,14) in rotation one relative to the other; a seal body (38) connected to said second member (14) and positioned adjacent and extending about said annular opening (36) ; a seal leg (40) having first, second and third sides (46,48,50) and first and second end portions (52,54) and a middle portion (56) and being connected at the first end portion (52) to the body (38) and extending outwardly from said body (38) about the annular opening (36) and in a direction toward said first and second surfaces (32,34) of the first member (12) , said second end portion (54) being of a con- struction sufficient .for being controllably deflectable relative to said first end portion (52) in response to a force exerted on at least one of the first and third sides (46,50) , said second side (48) being generally opposed to said first side (461 and defining a reduced cross-sectional area of said leg (40) at the middle portion (56) relative to said second end portion (54) , said third side (50) intersecting said first and second sides (46,48) at the second end portion (54); and first and second sealing areas (42,44) posi- tioned on said leg (40) and formed at the intersection of the first and third sides (46,50) and the second and third sides (48,50), respectively, said first sealing surface (42) being in sealing, slidable contact with said first surface (321 of the first member (12) , said second sealing surface (44) being in sealing, slidable contact with, said second surface (34). of the first member (14) .";POVEJSIL J;POVEJSIL J, TOWMOTOR CORP;1978