from __future__ import annotations

"""Multi-Scale TRAM — Robust token selection combining multiple strategies.

Unlike standard TRAM which relies solely on attention centrality, MultiScaleTRAM
combines three complementary selection strategies:
    1. Attention-based (70%) — discriminative regions via ViT attention
    2. Uniform spatial (20%) — guaranteed spatial coverage
    3. Random sampling (10%) — regularization to prevent selection bias

This design makes token selection more robust to:
    - Domain shift (attention bias from different distributions)
    - Training instability (poor early-stage attention)
    - Over-concentration (selecting only high-attention regions)
"""

import math

import torch
import torch.nn as nn


class MultiScaleTRAM(nn.Module):
    """Multi-scale token selection for robust feature extraction.

    Parameters
    ----------
    num_tokens : int
        Total number of tokens to select (K). Default 30 for fingerprints.
    attention_ratio : float
        Fraction of tokens selected via attention centrality (0-1).
    uniform_ratio : float
        Fraction of tokens selected via uniform spatial sampling (0-1).
    random_ratio : float
        Fraction of tokens selected randomly (0-1).
        Note: attention_ratio + uniform_ratio + random_ratio must equal 1.0
    grid_size : tuple[int, int]
        Spatial grid dimensions (H, W) for uniform sampling.
        Default (14, 14) for 224px images with 16px patches.
    method : str
        Attention aggregation method: "incoming_sum" (default) | "eigenvector".
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        num_tokens: int = 30,
        attention_ratio: float = 0.7,
        uniform_ratio: float = 0.2,
        random_ratio: float = 0.1,
        grid_size: tuple[int, int] = (14, 14),
        method: str = "incoming_sum",
    ):
        super().__init__()

        # Validate ratios sum to 1
        total_ratio = attention_ratio + uniform_ratio + random_ratio
        if not math.isclose(total_ratio, 1.0, abs_tol=1e-6):
            raise ValueError(
                f"Ratios must sum to 1.0, got {total_ratio:.4f} "
                f"({attention_ratio} + {uniform_ratio} + {random_ratio})"
            )

        self.num_tokens = num_tokens
        self.attention_ratio = attention_ratio
        self.uniform_ratio = uniform_ratio
        self.random_ratio = random_ratio
        self.grid_size = grid_size
        self.method = method

        # Compute number of tokens per strategy
        self.k_attention = max(1, int(num_tokens * attention_ratio))
        self.k_uniform = max(1, int(num_tokens * uniform_ratio))
        self.k_random = max(0, num_tokens - self.k_attention - self.k_uniform)

        # Adjust if rounding causes mismatch
        total_k = self.k_attention + self.k_uniform + self.k_random
        if total_k != num_tokens:
            # Give extra tokens to attention strategy
            self.k_attention += (num_tokens - total_k)

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    def forward(
        self,
        patch_tokens: torch.Tensor,
        attn_maps: list[torch.Tensor],
        num_prefix_tokens: int = 1,
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        """Select K tokens using multi-scale strategy.

        Args:
            patch_tokens: (B, P, D) patch features from ViT.
            attn_maps: List of L tensors, each (B, H, N, N) where N = P + num_prefix_tokens.
            num_prefix_tokens: Number of prefix tokens (CLS + registers) to skip.

        Returns:
            selected_tokens: (B, K, D) features of selected tokens.
            selected_indices: (B, K) indices into the P patch tokens (sorted).
            centrality_scores: (B, P) attention centrality score for every patch.
        """
        B, P, D = patch_tokens.shape
        device = patch_tokens.device

        # 1. Attention-based selection
        centrality, attention_indices = self._select_by_attention(
            attn_maps, num_prefix_tokens, B, P, device
        )

        # 2. Uniform spatial selection
        uniform_indices = self._select_uniform_spatial(B, P, device)

        # 3. Random selection (avoid already selected)
        random_indices = self._select_random(
            attention_indices, uniform_indices, B, P, device
        )

        # 4. Combine all indices and sort to preserve spatial order
        all_selected = torch.cat([attention_indices, uniform_indices, random_indices], dim=1)
        all_selected_sorted, _ = all_selected.sort(dim=-1)

        # 5. Gather selected token features (WITH gradient for end-to-end training)
        selected_tokens = torch.gather(
            patch_tokens,
            dim=1,
            index=all_selected_sorted.unsqueeze(-1).expand(-1, -1, D),
        )

        return selected_tokens, all_selected_sorted, centrality

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    def _select_by_attention(
        self,
        attn_maps: list[torch.Tensor],
        num_prefix_tokens: int,
        B: int,
        P: int,
        device: torch.device,
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        """Select tokens based on attention centrality.

        Returns:
            centrality: (B, P) centrality scores.
            indices: (B, k_attention) selected token indices.
        """
        centrality = torch.zeros(B, P, device=device)

        if self.method == "incoming_sum":
            # Aggregate incoming attention across all layers
            for attn in attn_maps:
                # attn: (B, H, N, N)
                a = attn.max(dim=1).values  # (B, N, N) - max across heads
                a_pp = a[:, num_prefix_tokens:, num_prefix_tokens:]  # (B, P, P)
                # Incoming attention: sum over source dimension
                centrality = centrality + a_pp.sum(dim=1)  # (B, P)

        elif self.method in ("eigenvector", "tram"):
            # Original TRAM paper centrality (Marchetti et al.)
            L = len(attn_maps)
            for idx, attn in enumerate(attn_maps):
                a = attn.max(dim=1).values  # (B, N, N)
                a_pp = a[:, num_prefix_tokens:, num_prefix_tokens:]  # (B, P, P)
                # In-degree: how much each token is attended to
                d_in = a_pp.sum(dim=1)  # (B, P)
                # Rescale: weight rows by source's in-degree
                a_rescaled = a_pp * d_in.unsqueeze(-1)  # (B, P, P)
                # Weighted in-degree for this layer
                centrality_l = a_rescaled.sum(dim=1)  # (B, P)
                # Accumulate with linear layer weighting
                layer_weight = (idx + 1) / L
                centrality = centrality_l * layer_weight + centrality
        else:
            raise ValueError(f"Unknown method: {self.method}")

        # Select top-k by centrality
        _, top_indices = centrality.topk(self.k_attention, dim=-1)

        return centrality, top_indices

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    def _select_uniform_spatial(
        self,
        B: int,
        P: int,
        device: torch.device,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Select tokens uniformly from spatial grid.

        Strategy: Divide grid into regions and sample 1 token per region.

        Returns:
            indices: (B, k_uniform) selected token indices.
        """
        grid_h, grid_w = self.grid_size
        expected_P = grid_h * grid_w

        if P != expected_P:
            # Fallback: random sampling if grid size mismatch
            indices = torch.randint(0, P, (B, self.k_uniform), device=device)
            return indices

        # Compute step size for uniform sampling
        # Want sqrt(k_uniform) regions per dimension
        n_regions_per_dim = max(1, int(math.sqrt(self.k_uniform) + 0.5))
        step_h = max(1, grid_h // n_regions_per_dim)
        step_w = max(1, grid_w // n_regions_per_dim)

        # Generate uniform grid indices
        uniform_indices_flat: list[int] = []
        for i in range(0, grid_h, step_h):
            for j in range(0, grid_w, step_w):
                if len(uniform_indices_flat) < self.k_uniform:
                    idx = i * grid_w + j
                    uniform_indices_flat.append(idx)

        # Pad if needed
        while len(uniform_indices_flat) < self.k_uniform:
            uniform_indices_flat.append(P // 2)  # Center token as fallback

        uniform_indices_flat = uniform_indices_flat[:self.k_uniform]
        uniform_indices = torch.tensor(
            uniform_indices_flat, device=device, dtype=torch.long
        ).unsqueeze(0).expand(B, -1)

        return uniform_indices

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    def _select_random(
        self,
        attention_indices: torch.Tensor,
        uniform_indices: torch.Tensor,
        B: int,
        P: int,
        device: torch.device,
    ) -> torch.Tensor:
        """Select random tokens, avoiding already selected ones.

        Returns:
            indices: (B, k_random) selected token indices.
        """
        if self.k_random == 0:
            return torch.zeros(B, 0, dtype=torch.long, device=device)

        # Build mask of already selected tokens
        selected_mask = torch.zeros(B, P, dtype=torch.bool, device=device)
        selected_mask.scatter_(1, attention_indices, True)
        selected_mask.scatter_(1, uniform_indices, True)

        # Sample from remaining tokens
        random_indices_list: list[torch.Tensor] = []
        all_indices = torch.arange(P, device=device)

        for b in range(B):
            available = all_indices[~selected_mask[b]]

            if len(available) >= self.k_random:
                # Sample without replacement
                perm = torch.randperm(len(available), device=device)[:self.k_random]
                random_idx = available[perm]
            else:
                # Not enough unique tokens - sample with replacement from all tokens
                random_idx = all_indices[
                    torch.randint(0, P, (self.k_random,), device=device)
                ]

            random_indices_list.append(random_idx)

        random_indices = torch.stack(random_indices_list, dim=0)
        return random_indices

    # ------------------------------------------------------------------
    def extra_repr(self) -> str:
        """String representation for debugging."""
        return (
            f"num_tokens={self.num_tokens}, "
            f"attention={self.k_attention}, "
            f"uniform={self.k_uniform}, "
            f"random={self.k_random}, "
            f"grid_size={self.grid_size}, "
            f"method={self.method}"
        )