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14,868 | # International Mathematical Union
The **International Mathematical Union** (**IMU**) is an international organization devoted to international cooperation in the field of mathematics across the world. It is a member of the International Science Council (ISC) and supports the International Congress of Mathematicians (... | 537 | International Mathematical Union | 0 |
14,868 | # International Mathematical Union
## Membership and General Assembly {#membership_and_general_assembly}
The IMU\'s members are Member Countries and each Member country is represented through an Adhering Organization, which may be its principal academy, a mathematical society, its research council or some other insti... | 1,671 | International Mathematical Union | 1 |
14,868 | # International Mathematical Union
## Membership and General Assembly {#membership_and_general_assembly}
### Affiliate members {#affiliate_members}
The IMU has five affiliate members:
- African Mathematical Union (AMU)
- European Mathematical Society (EMS)
- Mathematical Council of the Americas (MCofA)
- Sou... | 53 | International Mathematical Union | 2 |
14,868 | # International Mathematical Union
## Organization and Executive Committee {#organization_and_executive_committee}
The International Mathematical Union is administered by an executive committee (EC) which conducts the business of the Union. The EC consists of the President, two vice-presidents, the Secretary, six Mem... | 632 | International Mathematical Union | 3 |
14,868 | # International Mathematical Union
## Presidents
List of presidents of the International Mathematical Union from 1952 to the present:
1952--1954: `{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} Marshall Harvey Stone (vice: `{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} Émile Borel, `{{flagicon|Germany}}`{=mediawiki} Erich Kamke)
1955--1958: `{{... | 185 | International Mathematical Union | 4 |
14,869 | # International Council for Science
The **International Council for Science** (**ICSU**, after its former name, **International Council of Scientific Unions**) was an international non-governmental organization devoted to international cooperation in the advancement of science. Its members were national scientific bod... | 618 | International Council for Science | 0 |
14,869 | # International Council for Science
## Member organizations {#member_organizations}
Abbreviation Union Member Since Field
-------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------- --------------------... | 323 | International Council for Science | 1 |
14,872 | # IBM mainframe
**IBM mainframes** are large computer systems produced by IBM since 1952. During the 1960s and 1970s, IBM dominated the computer market with the 7000 series and the later System/360, followed by the System/370. Current mainframe computers in IBM\'s line of business computers are developments of the bas... | 601 | IBM mainframe | 0 |
14,872 | # IBM mainframe
## IBM System/360 {#ibm_system360}
IBM announced the System/360 (S/360) line of mainframes in April 1964. The System/360 was a single series of compatible models for both commercial and scientific use. The number \"360\" suggested a \"360 degree,\" or \"all-around\" computer system. System/360 incorpo... | 465 | IBM mainframe | 1 |
14,872 | # IBM mainframe
## Today\'s systems {#todays_systems}
The IBM Z family, introduced in 2000 with the z900, supports z/Architecture, which extends the architecture used by the System/390 mainframes to 64 bits.
### Processor units {#processor_units}
The different processors on current IBM mainframes are:
- CP, cent... | 417 | IBM mainframe | 2 |
14,878 | # International Astronomical Union
The **International Astronomical Union** (**IAU**; *Union astronomique internationale*, **UAI**) is an international non-governmental organization (INGO) with the objective of advancing astronomy in all aspects, including promoting astronomical research, outreach, education, and deve... | 429 | International Astronomical Union | 0 |
14,878 | # International Astronomical Union
## History
The IAU was founded on 28 July 1919, at the Constitutive Assembly of the International Research Council (now the International Science Council) held in Brussels, Belgium. Two subsidiaries of the IAU were also created at this assembly: the *International Time Commission* s... | 363 | International Astronomical Union | 1 |
14,878 | # International Astronomical Union
## Composition
As of 1 August 2019, the IAU has a total of 13,701 *individual members*, who are professional astronomers from 102 countries worldwide; 81.7% of individual members are male, while 18.3% are female.
Membership also includes 82 *national members*, professional astronom... | 443 | International Astronomical Union | 2 |
14,878 | # International Astronomical Union
## General Assemblies {#general_assemblies}
Since 1922, the IAU General Assembly meets every three years, except for the period between 1938 and 1948, due to World War II. After a Polish request in 1967, and by a controversial decision of the then President of the IAU, an *Extraordi... | 837 | International Astronomical Union | 3 |
14,878 | # International Astronomical Union
## Publications
In 2004 the IAU contracted with the Cambridge University Press to publish the *Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union*.
In 2007, the Communicating Astronomy with the Public Journal Working Group prepared a study assessing the feasibility of the *Communi... | 52 | International Astronomical Union | 4 |
14,891 | # Incremental reading
**Incremental reading** is a software-assisted method for learning and retaining information from reading, which involves the creation of flashcards out of electronic articles. \"Incremental reading\" means \"reading in portions\". Instead of a linear reading of articles one at a time, the method... | 339 | Incremental reading | 0 |
14,891 | # Incremental reading
## Method
When reading an electronic article, the user extracts the most important parts (similar to underlining or highlighting a paper article) and gradually distills them into flashcards. Flashcards are information presented in a question-answer format (making active recall possible). Cloze d... | 293 | Incremental reading | 1 |
14,904 | # Intensive insulin therapy
**Intensive insulin therapy** or **flexible insulin therapy** is a therapeutic regimen for diabetes mellitus treatment. This newer approach contrasts with conventional insulin therapy. Rather than minimize the number of insulin injections per day (a technique which demands a rigid schedule ... | 268 | Intensive insulin therapy | 0 |
14,904 | # Intensive insulin therapy
## General description {#general_description}
A working pancreas continually secretes small amounts of insulin into the blood to maintain normal glucose levels, which would otherwise rise from glucose release by the liver, especially during the early morning dawn phenomenon. This insulin i... | 944 | Intensive insulin therapy | 1 |
14,904 | # Intensive insulin therapy
## Semantics of changing care: why \"flexible\" is replacing \"intensive\" therapy {#semantics_of_changing_care_why_flexible_is_replacing_intensive_therapy}
Over the last two decades, the evidence that better glycemic control (i.e., keeping blood glucose and HbA1c levels as close to normal... | 412 | Intensive insulin therapy | 2 |
14,907 | # Inverse function
`{{Functions}}`{=mediawiki} In mathematics, the **inverse function** of a function `{{Mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki} (also called the **inverse** of `{{Mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki}) is a function that undoes the operation of `{{Mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki}. The inverse of `{{Mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki} exists if and only if `{{... | 687 | Inverse function | 0 |
14,907 | # Inverse function
## Examples
### Squaring and square root functions {#squaring_and_square_root_functions}
The function `{{math|''f'': '''R''' → [0,∞)}}`{=mediawiki} given by `{{math|1=''f''(''x'') = ''x''<sup>2</sup>}}`{=mediawiki} is not injective because $(-x)^2=x^2$ for all $x\in\R$. Therefore, `{{Mvar|f}}`{=me... | 395 | Inverse function | 1 |
14,907 | # Inverse function
## Properties
Since a function is a special type of binary relation, many of the properties of an inverse function correspond to properties of converse relations.
### Uniqueness
If an inverse function exists for a given function `{{mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki}, then it is unique. This follows since the ... | 655 | Inverse function | 2 |
14,907 | # Inverse function
## Real-world examples {#real_world_examples}
- Let `{{mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki} be the function that converts a temperature in degrees Celsius to a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit, $F = f(C) = \tfrac95 C + 32 ;$ then its inverse function converts degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius, $C = f^{-1}(... | 353 | Inverse function | 3 |
14,907 | # Inverse function
## Generalizations
### Partial inverses {#partial_inverses}
Even if a function `{{mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki} is not one-to-one, it may be possible to define a **partial inverse** of `{{mvar|f}}`{=mediawiki} by restricting the domain. For example, the function
: $f(x) = x^2$
is not one-to-one, since... | 1,278 | Inverse function | 4 |
14,922 | # If and only if
In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, \"**if and only if**\" (often shortened as \"**iff**\") is paraphrased by the biconditional, a logical connective between statements. The biconditional is true in two cases, where either both statements are true or both are false. The con... | 322 | If and only if | 0 |
14,922 | # If and only if
## Usage
### Notation
The corresponding logical symbols are \"$\leftrightarrow$\", \"$\Leftrightarrow$\", and $\equiv$, and sometimes \"iff\". These are usually treated as equivalent. However, some texts of mathematical logic (particularly those on first-order logic, rather than propositional logic)... | 710 | If and only if | 1 |
14,922 | # If and only if
## More general usage {#more_general_usage}
*Iff* is used outside the field of logic as well. Wherever logic is applied, especially in mathematical discussions, it has the same meaning as above: it is an abbreviation for *if and only if*, indicating that one statement is both necessary and sufficient... | 384 | If and only if | 2 |
14,928 | # Isaac Ambrose
**Isaac Ambrose** (1604 -- 20 January 1664) was an English Puritan divine. He graduated with a BA from Brasenose College, Oxford, on 1624. He obtained the curacy of St Edmund's Church, Castleton, Derbyshire, in 1627. He was one of king\'s four preachers in Lancashire in 1631. He was twice imprisoned by... | 710 | Isaac Ambrose | 0 |
14,933 | # International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
The **International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling** is an international environmental agreement aimed at the \"proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry\". It governs the commercial, sci... | 525 | International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling | 0 |
14,943 | # Irish traditional music session
**Irish traditional music sessions** are mostly informal gatherings at which people play Irish traditional music. The Irish language word for \"session\" is *seisiún*. This article discusses tune-playing, although \"session\" can also refer to a singing session or a mixed session (tun... | 572 | Irish traditional music session | 0 |
14,951 | # Ionic bonding
**Ionic bonding** is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, or between two atoms with sharply different electronegativities, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. It is one of the main types of bonding, along with co... | 544 | Ionic bonding | 0 |
14,951 | # Ionic bonding
## Formation
Ionic bonding can result from a redox reaction when atoms of an element (usually metal), whose ionization energy is low, give some of their electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. In doing so, cations are formed. An atom of another element (usually nonmetal) with greater ele... | 519 | Ionic bonding | 1 |
14,951 | # Ionic bonding
## Structures
Ionic compounds in the solid state form lattice structures. The two principal factors in determining the form of the lattice are the relative charges of the ions and their relative sizes. Some structures are adopted by a number of compounds; for example, the structure of the rock salt so... | 484 | Ionic bonding | 2 |
14,951 | # Ionic bonding
## Comparison with covalent bonding {#comparison_with_covalent_bonding}
In ionic bonding, the atoms are bound by the attraction of oppositely charged ions, whereas, in covalent bonding, atoms are bound by sharing electrons to attain stable electron configurations. In covalent bonding, the molecular ge... | 551 | Ionic bonding | 3 |
14,962 | # Identity element
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 27, column 2):
unexpected ' '
| {{mvar|m}}-by-{{mvar|n}} [[matrix (mathematics)|matrices]] || [[Matrix addition]]
^
`` | 24 | Identity element | 0 |
14,971 | # Industrial archaeology of Dartmoor
The **industrial archaeology of Dartmoor** covers a number of the industries which have, over the ages, taken place on Dartmoor, and the remaining evidence surrounding them. Currently only three industries are economically significant, yet all three will inevitably leave their own ... | 712 | Industrial archaeology of Dartmoor | 0 |
14,971 | # Industrial archaeology of Dartmoor
## Warrens
From at least the 13th century until early in the 20th, rabbits were kept on a commercial scale, both for their flesh and their fur. Documentary evidence for this exists in place names such as Trowlesworthy Warren (mentioned in a document dated 1272) and Warren House In... | 228 | Industrial archaeology of Dartmoor | 1 |
14,982 | # Isidore of Miletus
**Isidore of Miletus** (*Ἰσίδωρος ὁ Μιλήσιος*; Medieval Greek pronunciation: `{{IPA|el|iˈsiðoros o miˈlisios|}}`{=mediawiki}; *Isidorus Miletus*) was one of the two main Byzantine Greek mathematician, physicist and architects (Anthemius of Tralles was the other) that Emperor Justinian I commission... | 493 | Isidore of Miletus | 0 |
14,982 | # Isidore of Miletus
## Biography
### Hagia Sophia {#hagia_sophia}
Emperor Justinian I appointed his architects to rebuild the Hagia Sophia following his victory over protesters within the capital city of the Roman Empire, Constantinople. The first basilica was completed in 360 and remodelled from 404 to 415, but had... | 647 | Isidore of Miletus | 1 |
14,997 | # International African Institute
The **International African Institute** (**IAI**) was founded (as the **International Institute of African Languages and Cultures** - **IIALC**) in 1926 in London for the study of African languages. Frederick Lugard was the first chairman (1926 to his death in 1945); Diedrich Hermann ... | 319 | International African Institute | 0 |
15,004 | # Idiot
`{{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
An **idiot**, in modern use, is a stupid or foolish person.
\"Idiot\" was formerly a technical term in legal and psychiatric contexts for some kinds of profound intellectual disability where the mental age is two years or less, and the person cannot guard themsel... | 680 | Idiot | 0 |
15,004 | # Idiot
## In literature {#in_literature}
A few authors have used \"idiot\" characters in novels, plays and poetry. Often these characters are used to highlight or indicate something else (allegory). Examples of such usage are William Faulkner\'s *The Sound and the Fury*, Daphne du Maurier\'s *Rebecca* and William Wo... | 195 | Idiot | 1 |
15,014 | # Instructional theory
An **instructional theory** is \"a theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop.\" It provides insights about what is likely to happen and why with respect to different kinds of teaching and learning activities while helping indicate approaches for their ev... | 273 | Instructional theory | 0 |
15,014 | # Instructional theory
## Overview
Instructional theories identify what instruction or teaching should be like. It outlines strategies that an educator may adopt to achieve the learning objectives. Instructional theories are adapted based on the educational content and more importantly the learning style of the stude... | 427 | Instructional theory | 1 |
15,014 | # Instructional theory
## Critiques
Paulo Freire\'s work appears to critique instructional approaches that adhere to the knowledge acquisition stance, and his work *Pedagogy of the Oppressed* has had a broad influence over a generation of American educators with his critique of various \"banking\" models of education... | 426 | Instructional theory | 2 |
15,018 | # Infusoria
**Infusoria** is a word used to describe various freshwater microorganisms, including ciliates, copepods, euglenoids, planktonic crustaceans, protozoa, unicellular algae and small invertebrates. Some authors (e.g., Bütschli) have used the term as a synonym for Ciliophora. In modern, formal classifications,... | 382 | Infusoria | 0 |
15,023 | # Icosidodecahedron
In geometry, an **icosidodecahedron** or **pentagonal gyrobirotunda** is a polyhedron with twenty (*icosi-*) triangular faces and twelve (*dodeca-*) pentagonal faces. An icosidodecahedron has 30 identical vertices, with two triangles and two pentagons meeting at each, and 60 identical edges, each s... | 583 | Icosidodecahedron | 0 |
15,023 | # Icosidodecahedron
## Related polytopes {#related_polytopes}
The icosidodecahedron is a rectified dodecahedron and also a rectified icosahedron, existing as the full-edge truncation between these regular solids.
The icosidodecahedron contains 12 pentagons of the dodecahedron and 20 triangles of the icosahedron: `{{... | 384 | Icosidodecahedron | 1 |
15,023 | # Icosidodecahedron
## Graph
The skeleton of an icosidodecahedron can be represented as the symmetric graph with 30 vertices and 60 edges, one of the Archimedean graphs. It is quartic, meaning that each of its vertex is connected by four other vertices.
## Applications
The icosidodecahedron may appear in structures... | 112 | Icosidodecahedron | 2 |
15,028 | # International Seabed Authority
The **International Seabed Authority** (**ISA**; *Autorité internationale des fonds marins*) is a Kingston, Jamaica-based intergovernmental body of 167 member states and the European Union. It was established under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and its 1994 Agre... | 290 | International Seabed Authority | 0 |
15,028 | # International Seabed Authority
## Origin
The Authority held its inaugural meeting in its host country, Jamaica, on 16 November 1994, the day the Convention came into force. The articles governing the Authority have been made \"noting the political and economic changes, including market-oriented approaches, affectin... | 563 | International Seabed Authority | 1 |
15,028 | # International Seabed Authority
## Jurisdiction
UNCLOS defines the international seabed area---the part under ISA jurisdiction---as \"the seabed and ocean floor and the subsoil thereof, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction\" UNCLOS outlines the areas of national jurisdiction as a \"12 nautical-mile territorial... | 853 | International Seabed Authority | 2 |
15,028 | # International Seabed Authority
## Controversy
### Environmental concerns and climate crisis {#environmental_concerns_and_climate_crisis}
Environmentalists, scientists from 44 countries, Google, BMW and Volvo, World Wildlife Fund and several Pacific nations, including Fiji and Papua New Guinea, have called for a mo... | 1,077 | International Seabed Authority | 3 |
15,028 | # International Seabed Authority
## Activities
### Legislative
The Authority\'s main legislative accomplishment has been the adoption, in the year 2000, of regulations governing exploration for polymetallic nodules. These resources, also called manganese nodules, contain varying amounts of manganese, cobalt, copper ... | 828 | International Seabed Authority | 4 |
15,028 | # International Seabed Authority
## Voluntary commitments {#voluntary_commitments}
In 2017, the Authority registered seven voluntary commitments with the UN Oceans Conference for Sustainable Development Goal 14. These were:`{{clarify|reason=8 in ref, 7 in this phrase, 6 listed below|date=March 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
1.... | 126 | International Seabed Authority | 5 |
15,029 | # Industry Standard Architecture
**Industry Standard Architecture** (**ISA**) is the 16-bit internal bus of IBM PC/AT and similar computers based on the Intel 80286 and its immediate successors during the 1980s. The bus was (largely) backward compatible with the 8-bit bus of the 8088-based IBM PC, including the IBM PC... | 1,393 | Industry Standard Architecture | 0 |
15,029 | # Industry Standard Architecture
## ISA bus architecture {#isa_bus_architecture}
+---+---+
| \ | |
+---+---+
The **PC/XT-bus** is an eight-bit ISA bus used by Intel 8086 and Intel 8088 systems in the IBM PC and IBM PC XT in the 1980s. Among its 62 pins were demultiplexed and electrically buffered versions of the 8... | 627 | Industry Standard Architecture | 1 |
15,029 | # Industry Standard Architecture
## Past and current use {#past_and_current_use}
ISA is still used today for specialized industrial purposes. In 2008, IEI Technologies released a modern motherboard for Intel Core 2 Duo processors which, in addition to other special I/O features, is equipped with two ISA slots. It was... | 999 | Industry Standard Architecture | 2 |
15,029 | # Industry Standard Architecture
## Standardization
IEEE started a standardization of the ISA bus in 1985, called the P996 specification. However, despite books being published on the P996 specification, it never officially progressed past draft status.
## Modern ISA cards {#modern_isa_cards}
There still is an exis... | 74 | Industry Standard Architecture | 3 |
15,034 | # Information Sciences Institute
The **USC Information Sciences Institute** (**ISI**) is a component of the University of Southern California (USC) Viterbi School of Engineering, and specializes in research and development in information processing, computing, and communications technologies. It is located in Marina d... | 459 | Information Sciences Institute | 0 |
15,034 | # Information Sciences Institute
## History
ISI was founded by Keith Uncapher, who headed the computer research group at RAND Corporation in the 1960s and early 1970s. Uncapher decided to leave RAND after his group\'s funding was cut in 1971. He approached the University of California, Los Angeles about creating an o... | 736 | Information Sciences Institute | 1 |
15,040 | # Ido
**Ido** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|d|oʊ}}`{=mediawiki}) is a constructed language derived from a reformed version of Esperanto, and designed similarly with the goal of being a universal second language for people of diverse languages. To function as an effective *international auxiliary language*, Ido was designed specifi... | 297 | Ido | 0 |
15,040 | # Ido
## History
The idea of a universal second language is not new, and constructed languages are not a recent phenomenon. During the 12th century Hildegard of Bingen invented a set of words known as the Lingua Ignota. The concept did not attract significant interest until the language Volapük was created in 1879. V... | 776 | Ido | 1 |
15,040 | # Ido
## History
### Changes
Few changes have been made to Ido since 1922.
Camiel de Cock was named secretary of linguistic issues in 1990, succeeding Roger Moureaux. He resigned after the creation of a linguistic committee in 1991. De Cock was succeeded by Robert C. Carnaghan, who had the title from 1992 to 2008. N... | 435 | Ido | 2 |
15,040 | # Ido
## Orthography
Ido uses the same 26 letters as the English alphabet and ISO Basic Latin alphabet with three digraphs and no ligatures or diacritics. Where the table below lists two pronunciations, either is perfectly acceptable.
Letter IPA English ... | 287 | Ido | 3 |
15,040 | # Ido
## Grammar
The definite article is *la* and is invariable. The indefinite article (a/an) does not exist in Ido. Each word in the Ido vocabulary is built from a root word. A word consists of a root and a grammatical ending. Other words can be formed from that word by removing the grammatical ending and adding a ... | 1,330 | Ido | 4 |
15,040 | # Ido
## Grammar
### Compound formation {#compound_formation}
Composition in Ido obeys stricter rules than in Esperanto, especially formation of nouns, adjectives and verbs from a radical of a different class. The reversibility principle assumes that for each composition rule (affix addition), the corresponding decom... | 228 | Ido | 5 |
15,040 | # Ido
## Vocabulary
Vocabulary in Ido is derived from French, Italian, Spanish, English, German, and Russian. Basing the vocabulary on various widespread languages was intended to make Ido as easy as possible for the greatest number of people possible. Early on, the first 5,371 Ido word roots were analyzed compared t... | 712 | Ido | 6 |
15,040 | # Ido
## Sample
The Lord\'s Prayer:
+--------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
| **Ido** Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo,\ | **English** Our Father, who art in heaven,\ |
| tua nomo santigesez;\ | hallowed be your name.\ |
| ... | 462 | Ido | 7 |
15,040 | # Ido
## International Ido conventions {#international_ido_conventions}
ULI organises Ido conventions yearly, and the conventions include a mix of tourism and work. `{{div col|colwidth=15em}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2024: Madrid, Spain ([1](https://www.idohispania.com))
- 2023: Kassel, Germany ([2](http://www.ido.li/inde... | 396 | Ido | 8 |
15,045 | # Cosmicomics
***Cosmicomics*** (*Le cosmicomiche*) is a collection of twelve short stories by Italo Calvino first published in Italian in 1965 and in English in 1968. The stories were originally published between 1964 and 1965 in the Italian periodicals *Il Caffè* and *Il Giorno*. Each story takes a scientific theory... | 729 | Cosmicomics | 0 |
15,046 | # IA-32
**IA-32** (short for \"**Intel Architecture, 32-bit**\", commonly called *i386*) is the 32-bit version of the x86 instruction set architecture, designed by Intel and first implemented in the 80386 microprocessor in 1985. IA-32 is the first incarnation of x86 that supports 32-bit computing; as a result, the \"I... | 295 | IA-32 | 0 |
15,046 | # IA-32
## Architectural features {#architectural_features}
The primary defining characteristic of IA-32 is the availability of 32-bit general-purpose processor registers (for example, EAX and EBX), 32-bit integer arithmetic and logical operations, 32-bit offsets within a segment in protected mode, and the translatio... | 282 | IA-32 | 1 |
15,047 | # Internalism and externalism
**Internalism** and **externalism** are two opposite ways of integrating and explaining various subjects in several areas of philosophy. These include human motivation, knowledge, justification, meaning, and truth. The distinction arises in many areas of debate with similar but distinct m... | 389 | Internalism and externalism | 0 |
15,047 | # Internalism and externalism
## Moral philosophy {#moral_philosophy}
### Reasons
There is also a distinction in ethics and action theory, largely made popular by Bernard Williams (1979, reprinted in 1981), concerning internal and external reasons for an action. An *internal reason* is, roughly, something that one ha... | 516 | Internalism and externalism | 1 |
15,047 | # Internalism and externalism
## Epistemology
### Justification
#### Internalism
Two main varieties of epistemic internalism about justification are access internalism and ontological internalism. Access internalists require that a believer must have internal access to the justifier(s) of their belief *p* in order ... | 641 | Internalism and externalism | 2 |
15,047 | # Internalism and externalism
## Epistemology
### As a response to skepticism {#as_a_response_to_skepticism}
In responding to skepticism, Hilary Putnam (1982) claims that semantic externalism yields \"an argument we can give that shows we are not brains in a vat (BIV). (See also DeRose, 1999.) If semantic externalism... | 446 | Internalism and externalism | 3 |
15,047 | # Internalism and externalism
## Semantics
Semantic externalism comes in two varieties, depending on whether meaning is construed cognitively or linguistically. On a cognitive construal, externalism is the thesis that what concepts (or contents) are available to a thinker is determined by their environment, or their ... | 1,094 | Internalism and externalism | 4 |
15,048 | # Isolationism
**Isolationism** is a term used to refer to a political philosophy advocating a foreign policy that opposes involvement in the political affairs, and especially the wars, of other countries. Thus, isolationism fundamentally advocates neutrality and opposes entanglement in military alliances and mutual d... | 895 | Isolationism | 0 |
15,048 | # Isolationism
## By country {#by_country}
### Korea
In 1863, Emperor Gojong took the throne of the Joseon Dynasty when he was a child. His father, Regent Heungseon Daewongun, ruled for him until Gojong reached adulthood. During the mid-1860s he was the main proponent of isolationism and the principal instrument of t... | 583 | Isolationism | 1 |
15,052 | # Image and Scanner Interface Specification
**Image and Scanner Interface Specification** (**ISIS**) is an industry standard interface for image scanning technologies, developed by Pixel Translations in 1990 (which became EMC Corporation\'s Captiva Software and later acquired by OpenText).
ISIS is an open standard fo... | 279 | Image and Scanner Interface Specification | 0 |
15,053 | # Ivo Caprino
**Ivo Caprino** (17 February 1920 -- 8 February 2001) was a Norwegian film director and writer, best known for his puppet films. His most noted film, *Flåklypa Grand Prix* (Pinchcliffe Grand Prix), was made in 1975.
## Early life {#early_life}
Caprino was born 17 February 1920 in Oslo, the son of Itali... | 542 | Ivo Caprino | 0 |
15,053 | # Ivo Caprino
## *The Pinchcliffe Grand Prix* {#the_pinchcliffe_grand_prix}
In 1970, Caprino and his small team of collaborators, started work on a 25-minute TV special, which eventually became *The Pinchcliffe Grand Prix*. Based on a series of books by Norwegian cartoonist and author, Kjell Aukrust, it featured a gr... | 394 | Ivo Caprino | 1 |
15,053 | # Ivo Caprino
## Later career {#later_career}
Except for some TV work in the late 1970s, Caprino made no more puppet films, focusing instead on creating attractions for the *Hunderfossen* theme park outside Lillehammer based on his folk tale movies, and making tourist films using a custom built multi camera setup of ... | 112 | Ivo Caprino | 2 |
15,059 | # Isaac Bonewits
**Phillip Emmons Isaac Bonewits** (October 1, 1949 -- August 12, 2010) was an American Neo-Druid who wrote a number of books on the subject of Neopaganism and magic. Bonewits was a public speaker, liturgist, singer and songwriter, and founder of the Neopagan organizations Ár nDraíocht Féin (ADF) and t... | 273 | Isaac Bonewits | 0 |
15,059 | # Isaac Bonewits
## Career
### 1970s: writer and editor {#s_writer_and_editor}
Bonewits\' first book, *Real Magic*, was published in 1971. Between 1973 and 1975 Bonewits was employed as the editor of *Gnostica* magazine in Minnesota (published by Llewellyn Publications). He established an offshoot group of the Refor... | 624 | Isaac Bonewits | 1 |
15,059 | # Isaac Bonewits
## Contributions to Neopaganism {#contributions_to_neopaganism}
In his book *Real Magic* (1971), Bonewits proposed his \"Laws of Magic\". These \"laws\" are synthesized from a multitude of belief systems from around the world to explain and categorize magical beliefs within a cohesive framework. Many... | 243 | Isaac Bonewits | 2 |
15,066 | # Insulator (electricity)
An **electrical insulator** is a material in which electric current does not flow freely. The atoms of the insulator have tightly bound electrons which cannot readily move. Other materials---semiconductors and conductors---conduct electric current more easily. The property that distinguishes ... | 282 | Insulator (electricity) | 0 |
15,066 | # Insulator (electricity)
## Physics of conduction in solids {#physics_of_conduction_in_solids}
Electrical insulation is the absence of electrical conduction. Electronic band theory (a branch of physics) explains that electric charge flows when quantum states of matter are available into which electrons can be excite... | 444 | Insulator (electricity) | 1 |
15,066 | # Insulator (electricity)
## Uses
A flexible coating of an insulator is often applied to electric wire and cable; this assembly is called *insulated wire*. Wires sometimes don\'t use an insulating coating, just air, when a solid (e.g. plastic) coating may be impractical. Wires that touch each other produce cross conn... | 278 | Insulator (electricity) | 2 |
15,066 | # Insulator (electricity)
## Insulation in electrical apparatus {#insulation_in_electrical_apparatus}
The most important insulation material is air. A variety of solid, liquid, and gaseous insulators are also used in electrical apparatus. In smaller transformers, generators, and electric motors, insulation on the wir... | 588 | Insulator (electricity) | 3 |
15,066 | # Insulator (electricity)
## Telegraph and power transmission insulators {#telegraph_and_power_transmission_insulators}
Conductors for overhead high-voltage electric power transmission are bare, and are insulated by the surrounding air. Conductors for lower voltages in distribution may have some insulation but are of... | 585 | Insulator (electricity) | 4 |
15,066 | # Insulator (electricity)
## Telegraph and power transmission insulators {#telegraph_and_power_transmission_insulators}
### Types
thumb\|upright=0.8\|A three-phase insulator used on distribution lines, typically 13.8 kV phase to phase. The lines are held in a diamond pattern, multiple insulators used between poles. I... | 478 | Insulator (electricity) | 5 |
15,066 | # Insulator (electricity)
## Telegraph and power transmission insulators {#telegraph_and_power_transmission_insulators}
### Suspension insulators {#suspension_insulators}
+---------------+-------+
| Line voltage\ | Discs |
| (kV) | |
+===============+=======+
| 34.5 | 3 |
+---------------+... | 775 | Insulator (electricity) | 6 |
15,066 | # Insulator (electricity)
## Insulation of antennas {#insulation_of_antennas}
Often a broadcasting radio antenna is built as a mast radiator, which means that the entire mast structure is energised with high voltage and must be insulated from the ground. Steatite mountings are used. They have to withstand not only th... | 297 | Insulator (electricity) | 7 |
15,067 | # Internetworking
**Internetworking** is the practice of interconnecting multiple computer networks. Typically, this enables any pair of hosts in the connected networks to exchange messages irrespective of their hardware-level networking technology. The resulting system of interconnected networks is called an *interne... | 519 | Internetworking | 0 |
15,067 | # Internetworking
## Interconnection of networks {#interconnection_of_networks}
Internetworking, a combination of the components *inter* (between) and *networking*, started as a way to connect disparate types of networking technology, but it became widespread through the developing need to connect two or more local a... | 527 | Internetworking | 1 |
15,072 | # Instruction register
In computing, the **instruction register** (**IR**) or **current instruction register** (**CIR**) is the part of a CPU\'s control unit that holds the instruction currently being executed or decoded. In simple processors, each instruction to be executed is loaded into the instruction register, wh... | 206 | Instruction register | 0 |
15,076 | # International Data Encryption Algorithm
In cryptography, the **International Data Encryption Algorithm** (**IDEA**), originally called **Improved Proposed Encryption Standard** (**IPES**), is a symmetric-key block cipher designed by James Massey of ETH Zurich and Xuejia Lai and was first described in 1991. The algor... | 552 | International Data Encryption Algorithm | 0 |
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